UNIT 3 – THE IMPERIALISM AND THE EARLY 20th CENTURY INDEX UNIT 3 – THE IMPERIALISM AND THE EARLY 20th CENTURY 1- The rise of nationalism in Europe (Textbook pages 76-77) 2- Imperialism (Textbook pages 80-81) 3- The colonial empires (Textbook pages 82-83) 4- The Second Industrial Revolution and the late 19th century society (Textbook p. 84-85-86-87) 5- The Armed Peace (Textbook pages 100-101) 6- World War I (Textbook pages 102-103) 7- The Russian Revolution (Textbook pages 104-105) 8- The Paris Peace Conference and the consequences of the war (Textbook p. 106-107-108-109) 1. THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY ORIGIN GERMAN CONFEDERATION (ASSOCIATION OF GERMAN STATES DUE TO CONGRESS OF VIENNA) STAGES GERMAN NATIONALISTS (AFTER FAILED 1848 REVOLUTIONS) LED BY AUSTRIA AND CATHOLIC LED BY PRUSSIA (OTTO VON BISMARK) AND PROTESTANT 1864 AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA vs DENMARK AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA SHARED OUT NEW TERRITORIES 1866 PRUSSIA vs AUSTRIA DUE TO ADMINISTRATI ON OF THOSE NEW TERRITORIES PRUSSIA UNIFY NORTHEN GERMANY (DEFEAT AUSTRIA) 1870-71 GERMAN STATES (LED BY PRUSSIA) DEFEAT FRANCE AND ASSIMILATE ALSACE AND LORRAINE PRUSSIAN KING WILLIAM I BECAME KAISER GERMANY AS FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY 1. THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY ITALIAN PENINSULA (AFTER CONGRESS OF VIENNA) NORTH-EAST OCCUPIED BY AUSTRIA NORTH-WEST – KINGDOM OF PIEDMONT-SARDINIA (TURIN)// FOCAL POINT WITH CAVOUR, MAZZINI AND GARIBALDI CENTER – PAPAL STATES SOUTH – KINGDOM OF TWO SICILIES STAGES 1859-60 PIEDMONT (WITH FRANCE) DEFEAT AUSTRIA AND ASSIMILATE LOMBARDY (MILAN) NATIONALIST INSURRECTIONS (PARMA, TUSCANY…) JOIN PIEDMONT BY REFERENDUMS 1860-61 “RED SHIRTS” (ARMY OF VOLUNTEERS) LED BY GARIBALDI CONQUER KINGDOM OF TWO SICILIES (NAPLES AND SICILY) KINGDOM OF ITALY PROCLAIMED WITH VICTOR EMMANUEL II 1866-70 ITALY ASSIMILATED VENICE (AFTER PURSSIA DEFEAT AUSTRIA) ITALY ASSILITAED ROME (1871) AND BECAME CAPITAL 2. IMPERIALISM CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM (ARGUMENTS TO JUSTIFY IT) DEMOGRAPHIC SURPLUS OF POPULATION IN EUROPE / EMIGRATE TO THE COLONIES POLITICAL EUROPEAN POWERS ASSIMILATE TERRITORIES DUE TO THEIR GEOSTRATEGIC LOCATION (TRADE AND “JEALOUS”) PROVIDE PRESTIGE IDEOLOGICAL RACISM, BELIEF IN THE SUPPOSED SUPERIORITY OF WHITE RACE THAT PRODUCE A FEELING OF A SUPPOSE CIVILISING MISSION WITH NATIVE POPULATION ECONOMIC EUROPEAN POWERS NEEDED CHEAP RAW MATERIALS AND ENERGY SOURCES MARKETS TO SELL EUROPEAN´S PRODUCTS 2. IMPERIALISM RESPECT FOR OTHER CULTURES THE PROCESS OF EUROPEAN COLONIAL EXPANSION WAS JUSTIFIED BY VIEWING OTHER PEOPLES AS INFERIOR AND IN NEED OF GUIDANCE AND PROTECTION. IN OUR GLOBALISED WORLD, THE GOAL SHOULD BE MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING. THIS DOES NOT MEAN IMPOSING ONE CULTURAL MODEL ON THE OTHERS, BUT RECOGNISING AND RESPECTING OTHER CULTURES BASED ON ETHICAL CRITERIA. Value, textbook page 80 2. IMPERIALISM IMPERIALISM CONTROL EXERCISED BY CERTAIN EUROPEAN STATES OVER OTHER TERRITORIES OUTSIDE EUROPE TYPES OF COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION CHARACTERISTICS MAINLY BETWEEN 1870-1914 (2nd HALF OF 19th CENTURY AND 1st HALF OF 20th CENTURY) INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES COLONIAL EMPIRES (AFRICA, ASIA, PACIFIC) COLONY METROPOLE DOMINATED ENTIRELY SETTLER COLONIES EXPLOITATION COLONIES PROTECTORATE METROPOLE “RESPECT” NATIVE GOVERNMENT BUT CONTROL ECONOMY (RESOURCES) AND FOREIGN POLICIES CONCESSION FOR TRADE, METROPLE CONTROL PORTS OF OTHER TERRITORIES 3. THE COLONIAL EMPIRES EUROPEAN EXPANSION SURVIVING EARLY MODERN EMPIRES PORTUGAL (TERRITORIES IN AFRICA, INDIAN OCEAN AND CHINA) NETHERLANDS (INDONESIA) SPAIN (SMALL TERRITORIES IN AFRICA) GREAT COLONIAL EMPIRES BRITISH EMPIRE (INDIA, TERRITORIES IN AFRICA, OCEANIA, NORTH AMERICA, ASIA) FRANCE (TERRITORIES IN AFRICA, INDOCHINA, INDIAN AND PACIFIC OCEAN) LATER COLONIAL EMPIRES (JOIN THE “SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA”) GERMANY ITALY BELGIUM BERLIN CONFERENCE (1885) TO PREVENT CONFLICTS AND REGULATE AFRICAN COLONISATION AND TRADE 3. THE COLONIAL EMPIRES NON EUROPEAN METROPOLES UNITED STATES WESTWARDS OF NORTH AMERICA / PHILIPPINES… MONROE DOCTRINE (CONTROL AMERICAN CONTINENT) JAPAN FORCED TO TRADE WITH INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES (MID 19th CENTURY) MEIJI RESTORATION IMPLEMENTED A EUROPEAN STYLE EXPAND WITH CONFLICTS (CHINA, RUSSIA) 4. THE 2nd INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE LATE 19th CENTURY SOCIETY THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1870-1914 ELECTRICITY AND PETROLEUM (NEW ENERGY SOURCES) INNOVATIONS IN TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS NEW INSDUSTRIES (CARS, ELECTRICITY…) FINANCIAL CAPITALISM DUE TO THE NEED OF BIG AMOUNT OF MONEY FOR THE INCREASING SIZE OF COMPANIES LARGE INDUSTRIAL AND FINANCIAL CONSOLIDATION (MONOPOLISE AND CONTROL MARKETS) MONOPOLIES ASSEMBLY LINES, MASS PRODUCTION… 4. THE 2nd INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE LATE 19th CENTURY SOCIETY SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT LATE 19th CENTURY SOCIETY URBAN SOCIETY ORIGINS OF WELFARE STATE LABOUR MOVEMENT PEOPLE CONTINUE MOVING FROM RURAL TO URBAN AREAS (INDUSTRIES) DUE TO THE RISE OF SOCIALISM AND LABOUR MOVEMENT WITH UNIVERSAL MALE SUFFRAGE TRY TO COORDINATE THE WORKING CLASS AND THE CLASS STRUGGLE BOURGEOISIE AND NOBILITY MERGED AS CONSERVATIVE CLASS MIDDLE CLASSES (SERVICES SECTOR INCREASE) PEASANTS DECREASED AS PROLETARIAT (WORKING CLASS) INCREASED FIRST INTERNATIONAL (IWA) COMPULSORY EDUCATION SOCIAL INSURANCE (UNEMPLOYMENT AND DISEASES) PUBLIC HEALTH AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT MARXIST (KARL MARX) POLITICAL PARTIES TO SEIZE BOURGEOISIE POWER ANARCHIST (BAKUNIN) ABOLISH ALL AUTHORITY SECOND INTERNATIONAL (SOCIALIST) SOCIALDEMOCRATIC (ROSA LUXEMBURGO) NATIONALISM vs INTERNATIONALISM 5. THE ARMED PEACE (1880-1914) THE ARMED PEACE (PERIOD OF TENSION AND CONFRONTATION) TERRITORIAL RIVALRIES TO ACQUIRE NEW COLONIES (OUTSIDE EUROPE) ALSACE-LORRAINE (GERMANY-FRANCE) ISTRIA, DALMATIA (ITALY – AUSTROHUNGARIAN) MOROCCO (ANGLO-FRENCH ENTENTE - GERMANY) BALKANS (MESS: AUSTRIA-HUNGAY, RUSSIA, NEW NATIONALIST STATES, OTTOMAN EMPIRE) MILITARY ALLIANCES CONFLICTS – ARMS RACEINDUSTRIALIZATION ALLIANCES – WARS??? RIVAL COALLITIONS TRIPLE ENTENTE (“ALLIES”) RUSSIA, FRANCE AND UK SUPPORTED BELGIUM AND SERBIA TRIPLE ALLIANCE (“CENTRAL POWERS”) GERMANY, AUSTRIAHUNGARY AND ITALY 6. WORLD WAR I (GREAT WAR / 1914-1918/19) WAR BREAKS OUT (JUNE-AUGUST 1914) EXTREME TENSION, CONFLICTS, RACE ARMS… OF ARMED PEACE PERIOD AUSTRIAN ARCHDUKE (HEIR) FRANZ FERDINAND ASSASSINATED IN SARAJEVO BY A BOSNIAN SERB NATIONALIST / SERBIAN TERRORIST GROUP? AUSTRIA-HUNGARY vs SERBIA GERMANY SUPPORTS AUSTRIA-HUNGARY / RUSSIA SUPPORTS SERBIA ULTIMATUM GIVEN BY AUSTRIAHUNGARY TO SERBIA, REJECTED VIENNA DECLARED WAR TO BELGRADE, SO RUSSIA MOBILISE THE ARMY, SO GERMANY DECLARE WAR TO RUSSIA…AND SO ON (SYSTEM OF ALLIANCES) GERMANY INVADES BELGIUM…START THE WAR 6. WORLD WAR I (GREAT WAR / 1914-1918/19) STAGES OF WORLD WAR I WAR OF MOVEMENT (SEPT 1914) TRENCH WARFARE (1914-1917) PRE-ESTABISHED PLAND TO MOBILIZE ARMIES…SUPPOSE TO BE A SHORT WAR… WESTERN FRONT GERMANY INVADE BELGIUM AND ENTER FRANCE TILL BEING STOPPED BY FRANCE AND UK FIRST BATTLE OF THE MARNE – STATIONARY FRONT LINE HUGE NUMBER OF CASUALITIES BUT NO ONE COULD ADVANCE EASTERN FRONT RUSSIA INVADE EAST PRUSSIA BUT GERMANY DEFEAT RUSSIA (TANNENBERG) AUSTRIAHUNGARY vs SERBIA IN BALKANS NAVAL BLOCKADE BY UK / SUBMARINE WAR BY GERMANY OTTOMANS AND BULGARIA (CENTRAL POWERS) / ITALY AND ROMANIA (ALLIES) STALEMATE (1917-18) 1917 CHANGE THE BALANCE OF POWER DUE TO WITHDRAWAL OF RUSSIA (TREATY OF BRESTLITOVSK MARCH 1918) USA ENTRY IN THE CONFLICT AND REVITALISE ALLIES GREAT GERMAN OFFENSIVE IN FRANCE FAIL NOVEMBER 1918 GERMAN EXHAUSTED ALLIES ABANDON / KAISER ABDICATED / ARMISTICE 7. THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ORIGINS AUTOCRATIC SOCIOPOLITICAL SYSTEM OF TSARS (≈ABSOLUTISM) AGRARIAN SOCIETY ARISTOCRACY PROPERTY OF LANDS NASCENT PROLETARIAT WITHOUT RIGHTS REVOLUTION OF 1905 DEMONSTRATIONS AND STRIKES (RUSSOJAPANESE WAR) GAINS THE SUPPORT OF ARMY AND PROLETARIAT FORMED SOVIETS NICHOLAS II MAKE CONCESSIONS (DUMA…) OPPOSITION TO TSARIST REGIME BOURGEOISIE PEASANTS PROLETARIAT (MARXIST) MENSHEVIKS BOLSHEVIKS 7. THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION RUSSIAN REVOLUTION REVOLUTIONS OF 1917 FEBRUARY (LIBERAL) UPRISING IN PETROGRAD PRODUCE THE END OF MONARCHY (NO ONE FIGHT FOR THE TSAR) PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT (BOURGEOISIE, LIBERALISM) CIVIL WAR (1918-1921) OCTOBER (SOCIALIST) STILL AT WAR, WITHOUT ELECTIONS PETROGRAD SOVIET (PROLETARIAT AND SOLDIERS. GREAT REFORMS) APRIL THESES (LENIN, BOLSHEVIK) BOLSHEVIKS SEIZE POWER UPRISING IN PETROGRAD (TROTSKY) COUNCIL OF PEOPLE´S COMMISSARS (LENIN) REVOLUTIONARY REFORMS (MARXISM) NOVEMBER 1917 ELECTIONS BUT JANUARY 1918 BOLSHEVIK DICTATORSHIP LIBERALS AND TSARISTS OPPOSE WHITE ARMY (SUPPORTED BY FRANCE, UK, USA AND JAPAN) RED ARMY (TROTSKY) AND CHEKA (POLITICAL POLICE) 8. THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE (1919) BIG FOUR “WINNERS” PEACE TREATIES UK – MAINTAIN BALANCE OF POWER USA (WILSON) – PREVENTING WAR AND SELFDETERMINATION (NATIONALISM) FRANCE – DEMILITARISE GERMANY FOR FRENCH SECUTIRY + WAR REPARATIONS + ALSACELORRAINE ITALY – TERRITORIES PROMISED VERSAILLES GERMANY LOST TERRITORIES ALSACELORRAINE / DANZING / COLONIES GERMANY FORCED TO REDUCE ARMY AND ARSENAL OTHERS GERMANY HAD TO PAY WAR REPARATIONS SAINT GERMAIN (DISOLVE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE: YUG, CZ…) TRIANON NEUILLY SÉVRES (DISOLVE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, UK AND FR MANDATES) 8. THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR DEMOGRAPHIC ECONOMIC SOCIAL POLITICAL CASUALITIS (ALSO BIRTH RATE) RESTORE ECONOMIC SYSTEMS (AFTER ECONOMY WAR) WOMEN RISE OF NON EUROPEAN COUNTRIES (USA, JAPAN…) “SPANISH FLU” (PANDEMIC) DEBTS (MOSTLY TO USA) / HYPERINFLATION POLITICAL AND RULIG CLASSES PRESTIGE DECREASE END OF EMPIRES IN EUROPE AND NEW STATES ORIGING OF GLOBAL ECONOMY (NOT ONLY EUROPE…) PESSIMISM (IMP FOR TOTALITARISM) LEAGUE OF NATIONS (WEAK) http://clio.rediris.es/udidactica/IGM/tablas.htm#EL%20COSTE%20HUMAN O%20DE%20LA%20GRAN%20GUERRA https://www.infoplease.com/us/gender-sexuality/womens-suffrage
