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FORENSIC LINGUISTICS AND TRANSLATION
DEFINITION
The focus is on language in language driven activities such as interpreting legal contracts,
witness testimony and translation, and witness interviewing with interpreters.
CHARACTERISTICS
-the relevant contrasts between different languages that cause misunderstandings and problems
in translation and to suggest ways in which professional practice and services can be improved.
-forensic and critical analysis of witness statements in different languages as well as using linguistic
evidence for legal purposes in both criminal and civil cases.
-effects of language differences on the kind of information that is easy or hard to provide in
spoken and written communication in different languages and in translation.
-to gain and improve a number of transferable skills, such as synthetic and analytic skills in data
analysis, effective structuring, supporting and presenting of specialist arguments.
PRAGMATICS
DEFINITION
Pragmatics outlines the study of meaning in the interactional context
It looks beyond the literal meaning of an utterance and considers how meaning is constructed as
well as focusing on implied meanings. It considers language as an instrument of interaction, what
people mean when they use language and how we communicate and understand each other.
CHARACTERISTICS
The study of language use and its relation to language structure and context of utterance.
The study of how meaning is related to context and situation.
The study of the effect of context on meaning.
Speakers’ and addressees’ background attitudes and beliefs, their understanding of the context of
an utterance, and their knowledge of how language can be used for a variety of purposes.
The beliefs, attitudes, and knowledge of the world that speakers and listeners assume in
communication.
The study of how language is used to communicate within its situational context.
The branch of linguistics that studies language use, in particular the relationship among syntax,
semantics, and interpretation in light of the context of the situation.
STYLISTICS
DEFINITION
is a branch of linguistics which studies style in scientific and systematic way concerning the
manners/ linguistic features of different varieties of language at different levels.
TYPES
Linguistic Stylistics
studies the devices in language of literary texts (such as rhetorical fugures and syntactical
pattners) that are employed to produce expressive or literary style.
Literary Stylistics
is synonymous to literary criticism rests solely on subjective interpretation of texts
to decipher message.
INTERLINGUISTICS
DEFINITION
is the study of various aspects of linguistic comunication. It is concerned with investigating how
ethnic and auxiliary languages (lingua franca) work in such situations and with the possibilities of
optimizing interlinguistic communication, for instance by use of international auxiliary languages,
such as Esperanto or Interlingua. These are languages that are created by an intentional
intellectual effort, usually with the aim of facilitating interlinguistic communication, but there are
also interlanguages that have arisen spontaneously.
INTERLINGUISTICS INTERPRETED IN TWO WAYS:
1. Study of interlinguae, i.e., of interlanguages that serve for interlinguistic communication - not to
be confused with the interim languages of language learners, which also came to be called
“interlanguages” by some authors.
2. Study of phenomena that can be observed inter linguae 'between languages'.
Language Planning and Policy
LANGUAGE PLANNING POLICY
DEFINITION
Language planning’ and 'language policy' are "two different yet related concepts", which "share
some common characteristics”. They are both top down, "involving deliberate and organized
efforts to solve language problems, which very often have a social, political and/or economic
orientation.
The major difference between these two constructs is that language planning is "a macro
sociological activity at a governmental and national level" only, whereas language policy can be
"either a macro- or micro sociological activity at a governmental and national level or at an
institutional level”
LANGUAGE PLANNING
Is a body of ideas, laws and regulations (language policy), change rules, beliefs, and practices
intended to achieve a planned change in the language use in one or more communities. Language
planning involves deliberate future oriented change in systems of language code and or speaking
in a societal context.
LANGUAGE POLICY
may operate at either a governmental or an institutional level in absence of language planning.
Therefore, language policy covers a wider range of situations than Language planning, which is
government-directed and deals with status planning and corpus planning only.
Second Language Acquisition
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
DEFINITION
is learning and acquisition of a second language once the mother tongue or first language
acquisition is established. SLA is the process of learning other languages in addition to the native
language. For instance, a child who speaks Hindi as the mother tongue starts learning English
when he starts going to school. English is learned by the process of second language acquisition.
WAYS TO INTRODUCE THE SECON LANGUAGE
A second language can be acquired at any time after a child has developed language skills. A
second language is often called the target language while the native language is known as “L1.”
The second language can be introduced in following ways.
introduced by speakers of the second language
introduced as a second language that is part of the curriculum at school
TEACHING SECOND LANGUAGE
Students can learn better by responding to pictures and visuals. Attention to listening
comprehension and building a receptive and active vocabulary is essential. describes the process
of understanding, speaking and writing another language fluently.