EL PAPEL DE SIYAJ K´AHK´ EN UAXACTUN Y EL PETÉN CENTRAL
Anuncio
&RQWULEXWLRQVLQ1HZ:RUOG
$UFKDHRORJ\±
EL PAPEL DE SIYAJ K´AHK´ EN UAXACTUN
Y EL PETÉN CENTRAL
0,/$1.29Èý
,QVWLWXWR(VORYDFRGH$UTXHRORJLDH+LVWRULD%UDWLVODYD
RAMZY R. BARROIS
eFROHGX/RXYUH3DULV
Abstract
2QWKHWKRI-DQXDU\$'DQH[FHSWLRQDOFKDUDFWHUDUULYHVLQWKHUHDOPRI0XWXOE\WKHQDPHRI6L\DM
.¶DKN¶%HIRUHDUULYLQJDW7LNDOKHSDVVHGWKURXJKRWKHU0D\DFLWLHVZKLFKUHJLVWUHGKLVMRXUQH\+LVH[SHGLWLRQ
SUREDEO\UHDFKHG5LR$]XO7KHDUULYDORIWKLVFKDUDFWHUFDXVHGUDGLFDOFKDQJHVLQWKHFHQWHURI3HWHQ7KLVYR\DJH
LQWURGXFHG7HRWLKXDFDQLQÀXHQFHVLQDUFKLWHFWXUHDQGLFRQRJUDSK\DFURVVWKH0D\DODQG6RPHVFKRODUVEHOLHYH
WKDW 6L\DM .¶DKN¶ ZDV DQ LQYDGHU ZRUNLQJ RQ WKH EHKDOI RI WKH *UHDW &LW\ RI &HQWUDO 0H[LFR7KLV DUWLFOH ZLOO
IRFXVRQWKHWUDYHORI6L\DM.¶DKN¶DFFRUGLQJWRSUHYLRXVO\FROOHFWHGGDWDDQGWKDWFROOHFWHGE\WKH6$+,8D[DFWXQ
SURMHFWGXULQJWKH¿HOGVHDVRQ$GGLWLRQDOO\ZHZLOOWU\WRGH¿QHWKHUROHRIWKLVFKDUDFWHUZKRZDVWKH¿UVW
WRKDYHWKHWLWOHRI.DORRPWH¶ORUGRIORUGV7KLVWLWOHZLOOEHKROGGXULQJWKH/DWH&ODVVLFE\WKHPDMRU0D\D
OHDGHUVRI&DODNPXO&RSDQ7LNDODQG'RV3LODV2QHRIWKHPRVWHQLJPDWLFDVSHFWVRI6L\DM.¶DKN¶LVZKHUHKLV
VHDWRIDXWKRULW\VWHPV5HFHQWGLVFRYHULHVPDGHE\WKH6$+,8D[DFWXQSURMHFWSURYLGHQHZK\SRWKHVLV
Resumen
(OGHHQHURGHG&OOHJDDOUHLQRGH0XWXOXQSHUVRQDMHH[FHSFLRQDOOODPDGR6L\DM.¶DKN¶. Antes de
OOHJDUD7LNDOSDVySRURWUDVFLXGDGHVPD\DVTXHUHJLVWUDURQVXYLDMH6XH[SHGLFLyQSDUHFHKDEHUOOHJDGRKDVWD
5tR$]XO/DOOHJDGDGHHVWHSHUVRQDMHLPSOLFDFDPELRVUDGLFDOHVHQWRGRHOFHQWURGHO3HWHQ6HYHXQDLQÀXHQFLD
GH7HRWLKXDFDQ HQ ODV FLXGDGHV PD\DV WDQWR HQ OD LFRQRJUDItD FRPR HQ OD DUTXLWHFWXUD$OJXQRV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV
SLHQVDQTXH6L\DM.¶DKN¶HUDXQLQYDVRUHQYLDGRSRUODJUDQFLXGDGGHOFHQWURGH0p[LFR(VWHDUWtFXORVHHQIRFD
sobre el viaje de 6L\DM .¶DKN¶ VHJ~Q ORV GDWRV FRQRFLGRV GHVGH KDFH PXFKR WLHPSR \ WDPELpQ ORV UHFRJLGRV
GXUDQWHODWHPSRUDGDGHOSUR\HFWR6$+,8D[DFWXQ/XHJRLQWHQWDUHPRVGH¿QLUHOSDSHOGHHVWHKRPEUHTXH
IXHHOSULPHURHQOOHYDUHOWtWXORGH.DORRPWH¶VHxRUGHORVVHxRUHV(VWHWtWXORVHYROYHUiHQHO&OiVLFR7DUGtRHO
SULYLOHJLRGHORVPiVJUDQGHVGLULJHQWHVPD\DVGH&DODNPXO&RSDQ7LNDO\'RV3LODV8QRGHORVDVSHFWRVPiV
HQLJPiWLFRVGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶HVQRVDEHUODVHGHGHVXSRGHU/RV~OWLPRVGHVFXEULPLHQWRVKHFKRVSRUHOSUR\HFWR
6$+,8D[DFWXQSHUPLWHQHPLWLUQXHYDVKLSyWHVLV
INTRODUCCIÓN
8D[DFWXQMXHJDXQSDSHOLPSRUWDQWHHQWRGRVORVGDWRVTXHVHUHODFLRQDQFRQHOSHUVRQDMHGH6L\DM
.¶DKN¶ &RJJLQV 0DWKHZV 6FKHOH \ )UHLGHO 6WXDUW 5HHVH7D\ORU :DONHU
%UDVZHOOD%RRW(VWHLQGLYLGXRFDVLPtWLFRDSDUHFHHQOD]RQDPD\DFHQWUDOPiVR
112
0LODQ.RYiþ5DP]\5%DUURLV
PHQRVDOPLVPRWLHPSRTXHODLQWURGXFFLyQPDVLYDGHHOHPHQWRVVXSXHVWDPHQWHWHRWLKXDFDQRVHQHO
3HWpQ(VWHSHUVRQDMHHVWiDVRFLDGRDOLQLFLRGHXQSHUtRGRFRQRFLGRFRPRHO1XHYR2UGHQTXHWRGDYtD
QRVHH[SOLFDPX\FODUDPHQWH6WXDUW+D\TXLHQHVKDEODQGHXQLPSHULRWLNDOHxRDSR\DGRSRU
XQDDOLDQ]DFRQ7HRWLKXDFDQ5HHVH7D\ORU:DONHU/RVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVHVWiQGHDFXHUGR
HQVXEUD\DUHOSDSHOLPSRUWDQWHGH7LNDOGXUDQWHHVWH1XHYR2UGHQ\HORULJHQFRP~QFRQODOOHJDGD
GH6L\DM.¶DKN¶HQ*UXEH0DUWLQ
$XQTXH VH FRQRFHQ YDULDV LQVFULSFLRQHV TXH PHQFLRQDQ VX SUHVHQFLD HQ 5tR $]XO HQ (O 3HU~
HQ /D 6XIULFD\D HQ %HMXFDO \ HQ 3DOHQTXH H[LVWHQ HVWHODV 1~PHUR \ \ XQ PXUDO HQ
8D[DFWXQGRQGHVHPHQFLRQDVXQRPEUH'HODPLVPDPDQHUDFRQRFHPRVFXDWURIXHQWHVHQ7LNDOTXH
PHQFLRQDQVXQRPEUHODVHVWHODV\HQHO³0DUFDGRU´6WXDUW
(O SUR\HFWR GHO ,QVWLWXWR (VORYDFR GH$UTXHRORJtD H +LVWRULD 6$+, HQ 8D[DFWXQ HPSH]y HQ OD
SULPDYHUD GHO DxR .RYiþ $UUHGRQGR SHUR XQD SDUWH LPSRUWDQWH GH HVWH SUR\HFWR KD
VLGRGHVGHHOLQLFLRXQDUHYLVLyQ\XQHVWXGLRGHODVLQVFULSFLRQHVMHURJOt¿FDVGHOVLWLR
&RQHVWHREMHWLYRKHPRVUHDOL]DGRKDVWDODDFWXDOLGDGWUDEDMRVSUHOLPLQDUHV6LQHPEDUJRFUHHPRV
TXH\DSRGHPRVFRQWULEXLUDODGLVFXVLyQJHQHUDOVREUHHOSDSHOGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶HQ(O3HWpQ&RPRVH
VDEHODVHVWHODVGH8D[DFWXQHVWiQPX\HURVLRQDGDV$GHPiVODVLQVFULSFLRQHVGHO&OiVLFR7HPSUDQR
QRVRQPX\IiFLOHVGHHQWHQGHUGHELGRSULQFLSDOPHQWHDODHURVLyQGHORVPRQXPHQWRV3DUDUHDOL]DU
ORVHVWXGLRVKHPRVUHFXUULGRDYDULRVPpWRGRVGHWUDEDMRFRPELQDQGRFDOFRVPX\¿QRVFRQXQDJUDQ
FDQWLGDGGHIRWRVQRFWXUQDVGHYDULRViQJXORVSDUDFDGDJOLIR3RGROLQVNiHWDO&UHHPRVTXH
HVWH WLSR GH DQiOLVLV SHUPLWH YHU FDGD JOLIR GHVGH WRGRV ORV SXQWRV GH YLVWD SRVLEOHV SRU VXSXHVWR
FRQ ORV OtPLWHV GHO PDWHULDO HURVLRQDGR \ GH QXHVWUR FRQRFLPLHQWR OLPLWDGR /D UHDOL]DFLyQ GH XQ
FDWiORJR FRPSOHWR GH ODV LQVFULSFLRQHV GHQWUR GHO SUR\HFWR 6$+,8D[DFWXQ LPSOLFD PXFKR WLHPSR
SHURFRQVLGHUDPRVTXHFRQUHVXOWDGRVSDUFLDOHV\DSRGHPRVSURSRQHUDOJXQDVLGHDV
3DUD HVWH WUDEDMR HPSH]DPRV FRQ OD HYLGHQFLD SUHVHQWH HQ 8D[DFWXQ 3RU HVD UD]yQ FDVL QR
PHQFLRQDUHPRVD-DW]¶RP.XFRQRFLGRWDPELpQFRPR6SHDUWKURZHU2ZOTXLHQIXHUDHOFRPSDxHUR
de 6L\DM.¶DKN¶FRPRVHSXHGHOHHUHQHO³0DUFDGRU´GH7LNDO\HQODHVWHODGHOPLVPRVLWLR
3ULPHUR UHVXPLUHPRV HO YLDMH H[WUDRUGLQDULR GH 6L\DM .¶DKN¶ DO 3HWpQ \ OXHJR DQDOL]DUHPRV ORV
YtQFXORVHQWUH7LNDO\8D[DFWXQ'HVSXpVHVWXGLDUHPRVORVWtWXORVGHHVWHLPSRUWDQWHSHUVRQDMHSDUD
GH¿QLUODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHVXSDSHO\GHOVLVWHPDSROtWLFRTXHDSDUHFLyGXUDQWHHO&OiVLFR7HPSUDQR
3RU~OWLPRYHUL¿FDUHPRVVL8D[DFWXQSXGRKDEHUVLGRXQFHQWURGHSRGHUGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶\EXVFDUHPRV
WRGDVODVSRVLELOLGDGHVSDUDODLGHQWL¿FDFLyQGHVXVHGH
EL VIAJE DE SIYAJ K’AHK’
$FWXDOPHQWHVHFRQRFHQWUHFHRFDWRUFHWH[WRVTXHPHQFLRQDQD6L\DM.¶DKN¶(QFRQWUDPRVHOJOLIR
VREUH XQ SDQHO HQ 3DOHQTXH XQD HVWHOD HQ (O 3HU~:DND WUHV HVWHODV XQD HVWDWXD \ HO ³0DUFDGRU´
HQ 7LNDO XQD HVWHOD HQ %HMXFDO RWUDV WUHV HQ 8D[DFWXQ XQD UHIHUHQFLD SRVLEOH HQ 5tR $]XO \ XQD
~OWLPDGXGRVDHQ&RSiQ/RLQWHUHVDQWHHVTXHSDUHFHTXHHVWHSHUVRQDMHVLJXLyXQDUXWDGHVGHXQ
SXQWR WRGDYtD GHVFRQRFLGR HQ HO RFFLGHQWH GHO 3HWpQ KDVWD HO RULHQWH 1LQJXQR GH ORV PRQXPHQWRV
PHQFLRQDGRVWLHQHIHFKDVGHHYHQWRVSHURODVSRFDVUHIHUHQFLDVFURQROyJLFDVPXHVWUDQXQDHYROXFLyQ
HVSDFLRWHPSRUDOGHODSUHVHQFLDGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶.
3ULPHURHQFRQWUDPRVVXQRPEUHHQ3DOHQTXHGRQGHVHSXHGHQGHGXFLUPX\SRFRVHOHPHQWRVSRU
FRPSOHWDDXVHQFLDGHOFRQWH[WR(OQRPEUHPLVPRHVWiWRWDOPHQWHGHVFRQHFWDGRGHFXDOTXLHUFRQWH[WR
JUDPDWLFDO\DSDUHFHDVRFLDGRDOJOLIRDMDZVLODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGH0HUOH*UHHQH5REHUWVRQHVFRUUHFWD
*UHHQH5REHUWVRQ3ODWH
(OSDSHOGH6L\DM.DKNHQ8D[DFWXQ\HO3HWpQ&HQWUDO
113
6L\DM.¶DKN¶DSDUHFHWDPELpQHQ(O3HU~HVWHOD\XQRVGtDVGHVSXpVOOHJDD7LNDO(QODHVWHOD
VH SXHGH OHHU HQ OD SRVLFLyQ & HO JOLIR +8/ TXH VLJQL¿FD OOHJDU (VWH PLVPR JOLIR VH SXHGH
REVHUYDUHQ%GHODHVFXOWXUDFRQRFLGDFRPRHO³0DUFDGRU´GH7LNDO
(VLQWHUHVDQWHQRWDUTXHHVWHPLVPRHYHQWRIXHUHJLVWUDGRQXHYDPHQWHHQ8D[DFWXQHQODVHVWHODV
\(VRLQGLFDTXHHVWHDFRQWHFLPLHQWRTXHWXYROXJDUHQODPLVPDIHFKD(EWHQtDVLPLODUFDUiFWHU
HQDPERVVLWLRV3RUVXSXHVWRDXQVLHQGRSRVLEOHTXHXQSHUVRQDMHOOHJDUDDGRVOXJDUHVGLVWDQFLDGRV
SRU PiV GH YHLQWH NLOyPHWURV HO PLVPR GtD FUHHPRV TXH 6L\DM .¶DKN¶ QR HVWXYR ItVLFDPHQWH HQ ODV
GRVFLXGDGHV3UREDEOHPHQWHHVWXYRHQ7LNDOSHUR8D[DFWXQVHDSURSLyHOHYHQWR/DUHIHUHQFLDGH
HVWH DFRQWHFLPLHQWR HQ DPEDV FLXGDGHV SXHGH VLJQL¿FDU TXH7LNDO 0XWXO \ 8D[DFWXQ WXYLHURQ XQD
UHODFLyQPX\IXHUWHFRQXQDKLVWRULDFRP~QDQWHVGHODOOHJDGDGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶.
$OJXQRV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV KDQ DSR\DGR OD LGHD GH TXH 7LNDO GLULJLGR SRU 6L\DM .¶DKN¶ KL]R XQD
JXHUUDFRQWUD8D[DFWXQ0DWKHZV6FKHOH)UHLGHO3RUHOFRQWUDULRQRVRWURV
FRQVLGHUDPRVTXHORVDUJXPHQWRVGHODH[LVWHQFLDGHHVWDJXHUUDQRVRQVX¿FLHQWHVDQWHODHYLGHQFLD
DUTXHROyJLFD1RKHPRVHQFRQWUDGRQLQJXQDHYLGHQFLDFODUDGHDOJ~QHYHQWREpOLFR&UHHPRVTXHOD
LGHDGHODJXHUUDVHKDGHULYDGRGHODVSULPHUDVLQWHUSUHWDFLRQHVVREUHODOOHJDGDGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶ y de la
LFRQRJUDItDH[WUDxDGHODHVWHODGH8D[DFWXQ0DWKHZVGRQGHVHSXHGHYHUDXQSHUVRQDMH
TXHSDUHFHFDPLQDUFRQXQDDUPDGHWLSRDWODWOHVGHFLUSURFHGHQWHGH7HRWLKXDFDQ$GHPiVWDPSRFR
KD\HYLGHQFLDVFODUDVHQHOPDWHULDOHSLJUi¿FRGH8D[DFWXQRGH7LNDOVREUHDOJXQDJXHUUDRFRQTXLVWD
6WXDUW
(Q ODV H[FDYDFLRQHV GH OD &DUQHJLH 6PLWK HQ ORV DxRV WUHLQWD DVt FRPR GXUDQWH ODV
WHPSRUDGDVGHOSUR\HFWR1DFLRQDO7LNDOGHOD86$&/DSRUWH9DOGpVRPiVUHFLHQWHPHQWH
ODVH[FDYDFLRQHVGHOSUR\HFWR6$+,8D[DFWXQQRVHHQFRQWUyHYLGHQFLDVGHJXHUUDRDFWREpOLFRFRQ
ODH[FHSFLyQQRWDEOHGHODWXPEDHQFRQWUDGDGHEDMRGHODSLUiPLGH%
&RPR OR LQGLFD 6WXDUW ORV FXDWUR WH[WRV VLJQL¿FDWLYRV GH 7LNDO \ 8D[DFWXQ QR WLHQHQ
³JOLIRVGHJXHUUD´FRQRFLGRV$OFRQWUDULRVHSXHGHLGHQWL¿FDUGHPDQHUDPX\FLHUWDHOWHUPLQR+8/
HVWHOD >HQ HVWD HVWHOD VH YH XQD YDULDQWH TXH VH SXHGH OHHU +8/2.DM@ \ ³0DUFDGRU´ GH7LNDO
HVWHODV\GH8D[DFWXQOOHJDUFRPR~QLFDDFFLyQGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶6WXDUW
$GHPiVHOHQWLHUURTXHVHXELFDEDMRODHVWUXFWXUD%HQ8D[DFWXQQRFRLQFLGHFRQODHUHFFLyQGH
ODHVWHODDWULEXLGDDODOOHJDGDGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶6HLQWHUSUHWyTXH6L\DM.¶DKN¶PDWyDODIDPLOLDGHO
UH\GH8D[DFWXQ\HULJLyXQDHVWHODIUHQWHDOHQWLHUURSDUDPRVWUDUHOFDPELRGHSRGHU9DOGpVHWDO
3HURODVH[FDYDFLRQHVGH/DSRUWH/DSRUWHFRQ¿UPDURQTXHHOHQWLHUURSURYLHQH
GH XQD IDVH SUHFHGHQWH D OD HUHFFLyQ GHO PRQXPHQWR (QWRQFHV HVWD LQIRUPDFLyQ QR FRLQFLGH \ QR
FRQ¿UPDQDGDVREUHXQDJXHUUDKLSRWpWLFD
'HHVWDSUHVXQWDJXHUUDVHGHGXMHURQYDULDVFXHVWLRQHVPHWRGROyJLFDVFRPRODGLYLVLyQKLVWyULFDGH
8D[DFWXQSDUDHO&OiVLFR7HPSUDQRHQGRVSDUWHVDQWHV\GHVSXpVGHODYLFWRULD\FRQTXLVWDGH7LNDO
VREUH8D[DFWXQ9DOGpVHWDO
(VSRVLEOHTXHVHHULJLHVHODHVWHOD)LJGH8D[DFWXQFRQSRVWHULRULGDGSDUDFRQPHPRUDUOD
llegada de un personaje TXHUHSUHVHQWDEDDTXLHQHVLQWURGXMHURQHO1XHYR2UGHQ(QHIHFWRODHVFHQD
VHSXHGHLQWHUSUHWDUFRPRODOOHJDGDGHXQSHUVRQDMHDUPDGRFRQXQDWODWODXQOXJDUGH¿QLGRHVSHFt¿FR
6FKHOH )UHLGHO $ OD GHUHFKD VH SXHGH REVHUYDU XQD IRUPD GLYLQL]DGD GHO FRQFHSWR
FKH¶H¶QODFXHYD\SRUH[WHQVLyQHOOXJDU(QWRQFHVVHJ~QODSUHVXPLEOHDQDORJtDHQWUHLQVFULSFLRQHV
\GLEXMRVHQODVHVWHODVODHVWHODGH8D[DFWXQWDPELpQSRGUtDUHSUHVHQWDUVLPEyOLFDPHQWHODOOHJDGD
a Mutul de 6L\DM.¶DKN¶6WXDUW
(QODUHYLVLyQDFWXDO\FRPSDUDFLyQGHODVLQVFULSFLRQHVGHODHVWHODGH7LNDOFRRSHUDPRVFRQ%RJXFKZDáD
7XV]\ĔVND\+HFWRU&KRN;RO
114
0LODQ.RYiþ5DP]\5%DUURLV
Figura 1. (VWHOD 8D[DFWXQ 5HWUDWR VXSXHVWR GH 6L\DM
.¶DKN¶ HO SULPHU NDORRPWH¶ y protagonista del Nuevo
2UGHQ'LEXMRSRU,DQ*UDKDP*UDKDP
Figura 2. (VWHOD 8D[DFWXQ (Q OD
SRVLFLyQ % OHHPRV 2FKN¶LQ .¶DZLLO
'LEXMR SRU ,DQ *UDKDP *UDKDP
(OSDSHOGH6L\DM.DKNHQ8D[DFWXQ\HO3HWpQ&HQWUDO
115
7DPELpQHVSRVLEOHTXHVHWUDWHDTXtGHXQUH\GHO1XHYR2UGHQTXHWHQtDHQVXURSDHYLGHQFLDV
GHXQDLQÀXHQFLDQRORFDOFRPRHVWRVHOHPHQWRVWHRWLKXDFDQRVWDOYH]GHSURFHGHQFLDGH7LNDORTXH
IXHUDXQFRPSDxHURGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶OOHJDQGRD8D[DFWXQ2WUDSRVLELOLGDGHVTXHVHWUDWHGHXQUH\
ORFDOTXHDGRSWyODVFRVWXPEUHVGHO1XHYR2UGHQFRPRORVDWULEXWRVWHRWLKXDFDQRV
3DUHFHTXHHOUH\GH7LNDO<D[1XXQ$\LLQKLMRSURSLRGH-DW]¶RP.XSURYLHQHGH7LNDO6KDUHU
0DUWLQSHURHQODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVWLHQHXQDYHVWLPHQWDPX\WHRWLKXDFDQD(VWHUDVJRHV
LQWHUSUHWDGRFRPRVLJQRYLVLEOHGHVXSHUWHQHQFLDDO1XHYR2UGHQ6WXDUW9DULRVLQYHVWLJDGRUHV
WDPELpQVXSRQHQTXHHOWUDVODGRGHSRGHUHQWUH&KDN7RN,FKDDN y <D[1XXQ$\LLQ puede representar
HOWULXQIRGHXQUHJUHVRDOSRGHUGHXQDIUDFFLyQGHODIDPLOLDUHDOH[LOLDGD/DSRUWH)LDONR
%RURZLF]%UDVZHOOE
¿QUIÉN FUE SIYAJ K’AHK’?
$OOHHUORVWH[WRVVHREVHUYDQYDULDVIRUPDVSDUDOODPDUD6L\DM.¶DKN¶(VHQODHVWHODGH7LNDO
GRQGH VH YH OD IRUPD PiV FRPSOHWD GH VX QRPEUH 2&+.¶,1 .$:,,/OD 6,<.¶$+.¶ HV GHFLU (O
)XHJR1DFLHQGR.¶DZLLOGHO3RQLHQWH.
(QORVRWURVPRQXPHQWRVVHSXHGHQYHUSDUWHVGHVXQRPEUHJHQHUDOPHQWH6L\DM.¶DKN¶SHURD
YHFHVHVWHODGH8D[DFWXQVRODPHQWH2FKN¶LQ.¶DZLLO)LJ
/DIXQFLyQGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶IXHGHXQFDUiFWHUPX\QRYHGRVRHQOD]RQDPD\D(VWiWLWXODGRFRPR
NDORRPWH¶ 7RGDYtD QR VH SXHGH WUDGXFLU HVWH WpUPLQR SHUR VH VDEH TXH LPSOLFD XQ SRGHU SROtWLFR
JUDQGH 0iV WDUGH HO WHUPLQR NDORRPWH¶ VRODPHQWH VH DVRFLD FRQ ORV UH\HV TXH YHQFLHURQ HQHPLJRV
6WXDUW0DUWLQ*UXEH
1R HQFRQWUDPRV HO QRPEUH 6L\DM .¶DKN¶ HQ DVRFLDFLyQ FRQ HO WtWXOR DMDZ. Este personaje tan
LPSRUWDQWH HQWRQFHV QR HUD UH\ FRPR ORV JREHUQDQWHV FRQWHPSRUiQHRV GHO 3HWpQ &RPR VDEHPRV
0DUWLQ*UXEHHOWtWXORDMDZWLHQHVXVUDtFHVHQHO&OiVLFR7HPSUDQRRWDOYH]\DHQHO
3UHFOiVLFR7DUGtR6DWXUQRHWDO\PXHVWUDXQVLVWHPDGHUHLQRVDJUDGRWtSLFRGHOPXQGRPD\D
6L\DM.¶DKN¶QXQFDORXVySRUHOORSRGHPRVVXSRQHUTXHQRHVWDEOHFLyVXSURSLDGLQDVWtDUHDO\TXH
VXSDSHOIXHGLIHUHQWH
El título NDORRPWH¶ QR VH HQFXHQWUD HQ ORV PRQXPHQWRV TXH WUDWDQ GH ORV UH\HV DQWHULRUHV GH
7LNDO\HQORVVLWLRVGHDOUHGHGRU8QDH[FHSFLyQHVODGH-DJXDU)ROLDGRGH7LNDOSHURVXPHQFLyQ
SURYLHQHGHOD(VWHODODFXDOIXHHVFXOSLGDGXUDQWHHOUHLQDGRGHOUH\6L\DM&KDQ.¶DZLLOHVGHFLU
SRVWHULRUPHQWH3RUORWDQWRQRVHFRQRFHQUHIHUHQFLDVGHOWtWXORNDORRPWH¶ antes de la llegada de 6L\DM
.¶DKN¶\HOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHO1XHYR2UGHQ
&RQ HVWH KHFKR SRGHPRV GHGXFLU DOJXQDV FXHVWLRQHV (VWH WtWXOR IXH XWLOL]DGR SRU 6L\DM .¶DKN¶
GHVGH ODV SULPHUDV HYLGHQFLDV GH VX SUHVHQFLD HQ OD ]RQD PD\D /R HQFRQWUDPRV HQ OD HVWHOD GH
(O3HU~HQODHVWHODGH8D[DFWXQ\HQODVLQVFULSFLRQHVSRVWHULRUHV*UDFLDVDXQRVQXHYRVFDOFRV
SRGHPRVFRQ¿UPDUWDPELpQODSUHVHQFLDGHHVWHWtWXORHQODHVWHODGH8D[DFWXQ)LJ6REUHHVWH
PRQXPHQWRVHSXHGHOHHUGH%KDVWD&³KXOLL\.DORRPWH¶ 6L\DM.¶DKN¶ 0XWXO´RVHD³HO.DORRPWH¶
6L\DM.¶DKN¶OOHJyD0XWXO´)LJ
6L\DM.¶DKN¶LQWURGXMRHQHO3HWpQFHQWUDOXQDQXHYDIRUPDGHSRGHUTXHVHUHODFLRQDFRQHVWHQXHYR
WtWXOR(VQRWDEOHWDPELpQTXHDXQTXH6L\DM.¶DKN¶HVWpIUHFXHQWHPHQWHDVRFLDGRDOJOLIRWRSRQtPLFR
GH7LNDOHQODPDUFDGHOHSLVRGLRGHODOOHJDGDGHHODMDZGH0XWXOIXHVXYDVDOOR\DTXHVHOHH
(OJOLIR.DORRPWHHQODHVWHODGH8D[DFWXQIXHLGHQWL¿FDGRUHFLHQWHPHQWHSRU7DWLDQD3RGROLQVNi\0LODQ
.RYiþ
116
0LODQ.RYiþ5DP]\5%DUURLV
Figura 3. (VWHOD 8D[DFWXQ /DGR GHUHFKR JOLIRV % & % & % & &URTXLV GHO FDOFR SRU 7DWLDQD
3RGROLQVNi
Figura 4. (VWHOD8D[DFWXQ*OLIRV%&%&KXOLL\.DORRPWH6L\DM.¶DKN¶0XWXO'LEXMRSRU0LODQ.RYiþ
(OSDSHOGH6L\DM.DKNHQ8D[DFWXQ\HO3HWpQ&HQWUDO
117
HOJOLIR\DMDZVREUHORVPRQXPHQWRV\GH7LNDO(QDPERVFDVRVVHWUDWDGHODFRQPHPRUDFLyQ
GHO¿QGHONDWXQGLHFLRFKRGRQGHHOUH\GH7LNDOYDVDOORGHONDORRPWH¶SUHVLGLyODFHUHPRQLD
(QHOFDVRGH7LNDO\8D[DFWXQSRGHPRVFRQVWDWDUTXHDPERVIXHURQVXERUGLQDGRVDONDORRPWH¶ y
TXHQRKDEtDGRPLQDFLyQGHXQDFLXGDGVREUHRWUD0X\SUREDEOHPHQWH6L\DM.¶DKN¶IXHNDORRPWH¶
WDPELpQ HQ RWURV VLWLRV GRQGH WHQHPRV HYLGHQFLDV GH VX SUHVHQFLD 6LQ GXGD SRGHPRV D¿UPDU TXH
NDORRPWH¶IXHXQWtWXORVXSHULRUDOGHDMDZ\TXH6L\DM.¶DKN¶IXHHOSULPHURGHORVNDORRPWH¶ en la
]RQDPD\DTXHWXYRVXERUGLQDGRVDORVDMDZR¶REGHDOJXQDVFLXGDGHVFRPR(O3HU~7LNDO%HMXFDO
\8D[DFWXQ6WXDUW
$GHPiV OD IXQFLyQ GHO NDORRPWH¶ FRPR OD SRUWDGD SRU 6L\DM .¶DKN¶ HYROXFLRQy GHVSXpV GH pO
0X\SUREDEOHPHQWHUHSUHVHQWyXQDQXHYDFRQFHSFLyQLQFRUSRUDGDHQDTXHOORVWLHPSRVDODHVWUXFWXUD
SROtWLFDPD\D±ODLGHDGHOLPSHULR6FKHOH)UHLGHO(QHIHFWRGXUDQWHHO&OiVLFR7DUGtR
el título de NDORRPWH¶ HVWXYR WRWDOPHQWH DVRFLDGR DO WtWXOR GH DMDZ FRPR VH REVHUYD HQ VLWLRV FRPR
7LNDO&DODNPXO\&RSiQ/RVUH\HVDFXPXODURQORVGRVWtWXORVSHURNDORRPWH¶ estaba reservado a los
UH\HVGHODVJUDQGHVFLXGDGHVTXHWHQtDQXQDSUHHPLQHQFLDSROtWLFDVREUHRWURVDMDZR¶RE.
7HQHPRVHYLGHQFLDVGHOWtWXORNDORRPWH¶ para el personaje de -DW]¶RP.XHOFRPSDxHURyiitGH
6L\DM .¶DKN¶ HQ HO ³0DUFDGRU´ GH7LNDO \ VREUH REMHWRV SRUWiWLOHV GH SURFHGHQFLD LQFLHUWD GH 3HWpQ
0DUWLQ(QHVWHFDVRNDORRPWH¶VHXVyDOPLVPRWLHPSRTXHHOWtWXORDMDZFRQRFHPRV
VX VHGH +R 1RK :LW] %UDVZHOO E DXQTXH D~Q QR IXH LGHQWL¿FDGD FRQ DOJXQD ORFDOLGDG
DUTXHROyJLFD(OSDSHOGH-DW]RP.XHQHO1XHYR2UGHQWRGDYtDSHUPDQHFHRVFXUR\VXSRGHUQR
SXHGH FRPSDUDUVH FRQ HO GH 6L\DM .¶DKN¶ (V QRWDEOH TXH VX SURSLR KLMR <D[ 1XXQ$\LQ KD\D VLGR
subordinado al NDORRPWHDWR de 6L\DM.DKNQRDpO(VWHDUWtFXORQRVHHQIRFDVREUHHVWDSHUVRQDOLGDG
PLVWHULRVDSRUTXHVHYLQFXODFRQODVHYLGHQFLDVGH8D[DFWXQ\VXNDORRPWHDWRSDUDOHORQRGHMyKXHOODV
WDQFODUDVHLPSRUWDQWHVSDUDODKLVWRULDGH3HWpQFRPRHOGH6L\DM.DKN
3URSRQHPRVWUHVKLSyWHVLVVREUHHORULJHQGHOWtWXORNDORRPWHUHODFLRQDGDVFRQXQDQXHYDIRUPD
GHRUJDQL]DFLyQSROtWLFD
El NDORRPWH¶DWRWHQGUtDXQRULJHQPD\DHQHO3HWpQ\HYROXFLRQyGHVSXpVGHORVFDPELRVSROtWLFRV
iniciados por 6L\DM.¶DKN¶'HXQWtWXORSROtWLFRRPLOLWDUVHWUDQVIRUPyHQXQWtWXORWRWDOPHQWHDVRFLDGR
DODIXQFLyQUHDO\DOSRGHUSROtWLFRGHXQDFLXGDGVREUHRWUDGXUDQWHHO&OiVLFR7DUGtR
2WUD SRVLELOLGDG HV TXH HO FRQFHSWR GH NDORRPWH¶ SRGUtD SURYHQLU GHO FHQWUR GH 0p[LFR (VR
H[SOLFDUtDODSUHVHQFLDGHOWHUPLQR2FKN¶LQRHVWHHQDVRFLDFLyQDOWtWXORFRPRHQ7LNDO\&RSiQ\DO
QRPEUHGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶VLDTXHOYLQRGH0p[LFR/XHJRHOWtWXORPLVPRGHNDORRPWH¶ estuvo asociado
D HVWD GLUHFFLyQ FDUGLQDO DXQTXH KXELHUD SHUGLGR VX VHQWLGR GH RULHQWDFLyQ JHRJUi¿FD RULJLQDO /D
SDODEUD³2FKN¶LQ .DORRPWH¶´UHÀHMDXQSXQWRGHYLVWDPD\DTXHLQGLFDXQRULJHQRFFLGHQWDOGHHVWD
IXQFLyQ3$GHPiV HV XQ WtWXORTXH QR VH UHODFLRQDGHVGH HO LQLFLR FRQ ODV GLQDVWtDV VDJUDGDVPD\DV
6XFRQWHQLGRVHSXHGHFRPSDUDUPiVFRQXQDUHDOLGDGSROtWLFDGHO0p[LFRFHQWUDOHQORVLQLFLRVGHO
&OiVLFR7HPSUDQR
3RU~OWLPRH[LVWHODSRVLELOLGDGGHTXHHVWHQXHYRVLVWHPDSURYHQJDGHODV7LHUUDV$OWDV&RJJLQV
(VWRSRGUtDVHUXQFRPSURPLVRSRUTXHDOOtVHKDEUtDSRGLGRUHDOL]DUXQVLQFUHWLVPRHQWUHORV
FRQFHSWRV PH[LFDQRV \ PD\DV$ ¿QDOHV GHO VLJOR ,9 .DPLQDOMX\~ IXH XQ FHQWUR PX\ SRGHURVR \
PX\WHRWLKXDFDQL]DGR(QODVH[FDYDFLRQHVGHORVPRQWtFXORV$\%SRUHMHPSORHQWUHORVREMHWRV
GH ³HVWLOR WHRWLKXDFDQR´ VH HQFRQWUy VRODPHQWH XQ GH YDVLMDV ³$QDUDQMDGR 'HOJDGR´ SURFHGHQWH
GH7HRWLKXDFDQR0p[LFR&HQWUDOSRUFRPHUFLRVLHQGRXQFRSLDV)RLDV$VLPLVPRHQWUH
ODVYDVLMDVFLOtQGULFDVWUtSRGHVVRODPHQWHXQFRUUHVSRQGHFRQXQPRGHORWHRWLKXDFDQR%UDVZHOO
$VtGXUDQWHHO&OiVLFRWDUGtRDSDUHFLyHOWLWXOR/DN¶LQ.DORRPWH¶.DORRPWH¶GHOHVWHFRPRSDUDXQDGRxDGH
&DODNPXO(QHVWHFDVRSDUHFHXQDYROXQWDGGHXELFDFLyQGHOUH\RGHODUHLQDGHQWURGHOPXQGRPD\D
3
118
0LODQ.RYiþ5DP]\5%DUURLV
F(VWDFRVWXPEUHGHUHDOL]DUFRSLDVSXHGHKDEHUVLGRH[SRUWDGDHQOD]RQDPD\DFHQWUDO
GRQGHVHFRSLyHOHVWLORWHRWLKXDFDQRFRQVXURSDVXFHUiPLFDVXVDUPDVHWF'HODPLVPDPDQHUDHO
UH\OODPDGR³H[WUDQMHUR´<D[1XXQ$\LLQSURYLHQHGH7LNDOVHJ~QORVDQiOLVLVGHLVyWRSRVGHORVKXHVRV
GHOHQWLHUUR9DOGpV:ULJKWDOFRQWUDULRGHORTXHKDFHQVXSRQHUVXVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV
PX\WHRWLKXDFDQDV6LQHPEDUJRHQODV7LHUUDV$OWDVQRHQFRQWUDPRVHOWtWXORNDORRPWH¶$GHPiVODV
LQÀXHQFLDVGH7HRWLKXDFDQHQ7LNDOVRQDQWHULRUHVDODpSRFDGHODOOHJDGDGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶HQOD]RQD
/DSRUWH
(QHO3DODFLRGH3DOHQTXHVHSXHGHYHUHOJOLIRGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶FHUFDGHXQJOLIRTXHSRGUtDVHUHO
título DMDZ)LJ(VWDLQVFULSFLyQSURYLHQHSUREDEOHPHQWHGHOVLJORVLHWHSHURFRQPHPRUDHYHQWRV
KLVWyULFRVPiVDQWLJXRV0DUWLQ*UXEH([LVWHXQDSRVLELOLGDGGHTXHHVWHPHQFLRQDGR
6L\DM .¶DKN¶ VHD RWUD SHUVRQD FRQ HO PLVPR QRPEUH 6L VH WUDWDUD GH QXHVWUR SHUVRQDMH WHQGUtDPRV
XQHMHPSORGHVXDVRFLDFLyQFRQHOWtWXORDMDZSHURFRPRVHWUDWDGHXQDUHFRQVWUXFFLyQKLVWyULFD\
DGHPiV VLQ FRQWH[WR FODUR QR VH SXHGH VLPSOHPHQWH GHGXFLU TXH 6L\DM .¶DKN¶ IXH RULJLQDOPHQWH XQ
DMDZGH3DOHQTXH
EL CENTRO DE KALOOMTE’ATO DE SIYAJ K’AHK’
6LHO1XHYR2UGHQHVXQDUHDOLGDGSROtWLFDGHGRPLQDFLyQ\FRQWUROGHXQWHUULWRULRJUDQGHKD\TXH
descubrir la sede del NDORRPWH¶DWR(QWRQFHVKD\TXHLGHQWL¿FDUHOOXJDUGRQGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶KDEUtD
SRGLGR GLULJLU SUiFWLFDPHQWH D VXV YDVDOORV GHO 3HWpQ FHQWUDO 7HQHPRV TXH PHQFLRQDU TXH QR KD\
QDGDHQODVLQVFULSFLRQHVFRQRFLGDVTXHSHUPLWDKDFHUXQDDVRFLDFLyQGLUHFWDHQWUH6L\DM.¶DKN¶ y la
JUDQFLXGDGFRQWHPSRUiQHDGH7HRWLKXDFDQ3RUHVRQRYDPRVDEXVFDUGHPDQHUDHVSHFt¿FDDOJXQD
UHODFLyQFRQHVWDFLXGDGDOHMDGDVLQRTXHH[SORUDUHPRVFDGDRSFLyQ
6HSUHVXSRQHTXHHOFHQWURGHSRGHUGHO1XHYR2UGHQHVWDEDHQ8D[DFWXQRHQ7LNDO6FKHOH
)UHLGHO7DPELpQVHGLFHTXHDOOtHVWDEOHFLyVXSURSLDGLQDVWtD7HQHPRVYHUGDGHUDVGXGDV
VREUHHOKHFKRGHTXHHOHQWLHUURGHODHVWUXFWXUD$HQ8D[DFWXQSXHGDVHUODWXPEDGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶
FRPRORKDQSURSXHVWRRWURVDXWRUHV9DOGpVHWDO
(Q HIHFWR HQ HO HQWLHUUR QR VH HQFXHQWUD QL XQ WH[WR VREUH ODV YDVLMDV HQFRQWUDGDV TXH
PHQFLRQH D 6L\DM .¶DKN¶ $GHPiV HQ HVWD WXPED QR VH YH QDGD ³WHRWLKXDFDQR´ 6L 6L\DM .¶DKN¶
SUHVHQWy XQD QXHYD PDQHUD GH YLYLU R FRPR PtQLPR GH YHVWLUVH PiV ³WHRWLKXDFDQD´ QR KD\ QDGD
SDUDFRUURERUDUORHQODWXPED3RURWURODGRHVWDFRVWXPEUHVtIXHDGRSWDGDSRU<D[1XXQ$\LLQ en
7LNDO\VHREVHUYDGHPDQHUDPX\FODUDHQVXWXPED
$GHPiVHVSRFRSRVLEOHTXHODWXPEDGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶IXHUDXELFDGDHQODHVWUXFWXUDGHGLFDGDDOD
GLQDVWtDDQWHULRU/DVFUHHQFLDVPD\DVSUHVXSRQHQDOJXQDFRPXQLFDFLyQFRQORVDQFHVWURV6LKXELHUD
YHQLGR XQ H[WUDQMHUR TXH QR IXHUD GH OD GLQDVWtD ORFDO SDUD HVWDEOHFHU XQD GLQDVWtD QXHYD HV PiV
UD]RQDEOHSUHVXSRQHUTXHFRQVWUX\HUDXQHGL¿FLRQXHYRSDUDVXOLQDMH
1RSDUHFHWDPSRFRSRVLEOHTXH6L\DM.¶DKN¶HVWDEOHFLHUDHQ8D[DFWXQVXSURSLDGLQDVWtDSRUTXH
\DYLPRVTXHQXQFDIXHDMDZGH8D[DFWXQ
$GHPiV FRQWDPRV FRQ QRPEUHV R GLQDVWtDV GH JREHUQDQWHV GHO &OiVLFR 7HPSUDQR DOUHGHGRU GHO
G&TXHVHHQFRQWUDURQVREUHWUHVYDVLMDVHVWXFDGDVGHODWXPEDQ~PHURGHODHVWUXFWXUD$(O
QRPEUHGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶QXQFDHVWiPHQFLRQDGR9DOGpVHWDO(VWHSHUVRQDMHHVWDQIDPRVR
HQODUHJLyQPD\DFHQWUDOGHHVWDpSRFDTXHSDUHFHSRFRFUHtEOHTXHXQUH\QRLQGLFDUDVXYtQFXORGH
OLQDMHFRQXQLQGLYLGXRWDQLPSRUWDQWH
/DHVWHODGH8D[DFWXQIXHHULJLGDPDVGHVHLVNDWXQHVFLHQWRYHLQWHDxRVGHVSXpVGHODOOHJDGD
GH G& \ FRQPHPRUD DGHPiV GH XQ WDQODP PLWDG GH SHUtRGR OD OOHJDGD GH 2FKN¶LQ .¶DZLLO
RWUR QRPEUH GH 6L\DM .¶DKN¶ (VWD HVWHOD HV XWLOL]DGD FRPR RWUR DUJXPHQWR GHO SDSHO GLQiVWLFR GH
(OSDSHOGH6L\DM.DKNHQ8D[DFWXQ\HO3HWpQ&HQWUDO
Figura 5. 3DQHO GHO 3DODFLR GH 3DOHQTXH (Q
ODSRVLFLyQ$SRGHPRVOHHU6L\DM.¶DKN¶y en
ODSRVLFLyQ%VHYHXQDSDUWHGHOWtWXORDMDZ
Dibujo por Merle Greene Robertson *UHHQH
5REHUWVRQ
119
Figura 6. (VWHOD 8D[DFWXQ /DGR GH DWUiV &URTXLV GHO
FDOFRSRU7DWLDQD3RGROLQVNi
6L\DM.¶DKN¶HQ8D[DFWXQ6FKHOH)UHLGHOSHURQRWHQHPRVHYLGHQFLDGHH[SUHVLRQHVGH
SDUHQWHVFRRGHOLQDMH(VPiVSUREDEOHTXHHOUH\GHHVWHVLJOR9,TXHHULJLyODHVWHODTXLVLHUD
VXEUD\DU HO YtQFXOR GHO SRGHU UHDO FRQ OD OOHJDGD GH $GHPiV HV SRVLEOH TXH ODV GLQDVWtDV GH
8D[DFWXQ\7LNDOIXHUDQHQHVWRVWLHPSRVDOLDGDV\FXDOTXLHUGHVFHQGLHQWHGLUHFWRRLQGLUHFWRGH<D[
1XXQ$\LLQSXGRKDEHUFRQPHPRUDGRODOOHJDGDGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶FRPRXQDFWRIXQGDGRUGHVXSURSLR
reino.
$KRUDWHQHPRVWDPELpQHOHPHQWRVTXHQRVSHUPLWHQDEDQGRQDUODKLSyWHVLVGHXQVXSXHVWRJRELHUQR
de 6L\DM.¶DKN¶HQ8D[DFWXQ/DHYLGHQFLDVHHQFXHQWUDHQODHVWHODQ~PHUR)LJ6HREVHUYDOD
IHFKD6RW]¶TXHVHUHODFLRQDFRQODFHOHEUDFLyQGHO¿QGHONDWXQGLHFLRFKRHVGHFLUHQG&6L
6L\DM.¶DKN¶VHGRPLFLOLyHQ8D[DFWXQ\HVWDEOHFLyDOOtVXSURSLDGLQDVWtDWXYRTXHKDEHUHULJLGROD
HVWHODFRPRUH\ORFDO6LQHPEDUJRVHOHHODIUDVHyita(j)".DZLLO6L\DM.¶DKN¶.DORRPWH¶.¶LN¶
7XQ"HVGHFLU".DZLLO6L\DM.¶DKN¶.DORRPWH¶.¶LN¶7XQ"ORHOHYHQWRsupervisó4)LJ(QOD
2UGHQGHOHFWXUDSODQWHDGRSRU(ULN%RRWFRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDOQRYLHPEUHGH7RGDYtDORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHV
QRHVWDQWRWDOPHQWHVHJXURGHHVWHRUGHQ(QHIHFWRSRGUtDVHUH[FHSFLRQDOPHQWHOLQHDSRUOLQHD
4
120
0LODQ.RYiþ5DP]\5%DUURLV
Figura 7.(VWHOD8D[DFWXQ*OLIRV$%$%$%\LWDM".DZLLO6L\DM.¶DKN¶.DORRPWH¶.¶LN¶
7XQ"'LEXMRSRU0LODQ.RYiþ
SRVLFLyQ$HOJOLIRTXHVHOHH³\LWDM´VLJQL¿FD³HQFRPSDxtDGH´eVWHHVXQJOLIRFRP~QTXHVHXVD
HQFDVRGHFHOHEUDFLyQGHO¿QGHSHUtRGRFXDQGRXQUH\KDFHXQDFHUHPRQLDHLQYLWDDXQPLHPEURGH
ODHOLWHGHUDQJR³VXSHULRU´SDUDDVLVWLUDOHYHQWR'HVSXpVGHHVWHJOLIRYLHQHQJHQHUDOPHQWHWtWXORV
\QRPEUHVGHOLQYLWDGR$TXtVHHQFXHQWUDHQODSRVLFLyQ%XQWtWXORGHVSXpVVHOHH.¶DZLLO6L\DM
.¶DKN¶.DORRPWH¶\XQJOLIRTXHGHEHVHUSDUWHGHVXWtWXORRXQWRSyQLPR'HVSXpVGHEHUtDHVWDUHO
QRPEUH GHO UH\ ORFDO SHUR QR VH LGHQWL¿FD FODUDPHQWH SRUTXH HO JOLIR TXH LQGLFDUtD VX QRPEUH HVWi
DOJRHURVLRQDGRHQODSRVLFLyQ'
(VSUREDEOHTXHHO¿QGHNDWXQIXHFHOHEUDGRSRUXQUH\ORFDOFRQODsupervisión de 6L\DM.¶DKN¶.
eVWHQRHUDHOUH\ORFDOVLQRXQinvitado para supervisar el evento.
(OPLVPRHYHQWRHVWiUHJLVWUDGRHQ7LNDOHVWHODV\GHXQDPDQHUDDOJRGLIHUHQWHSHURFRQHO
PLVPRVHQWLGR<D[1XXQ$\LLQHQFDEH]yODVFHUHPRQLDV\ORVPRQXPHQWRVLQGLFDQVRODPHQWHTXHVX
título es yDMDZHVGHFLUYDVDOORRVXERUGLQDGRGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶'HEHQRWDUVHTXHQRVHXVDODPLVPD
H[SUHVLyQ\LWDMSRUTXH6L\DM.¶DKN¶QRHVWXYRItVLFDPHQWHSUHVHQWH
6H YH HQWRQFHV FODUDPHQWH TXH HQ HO DxR ¿Q GHO NDWXQ GLHFLRFKR QR KD\ HYLGHQFLD GH
GRPLQDFLyQGH7LNDOVREUH8D[DFWXQQLWDPSRFRORFRQWUDULR$PERVVLWLRVHVWXYLHURQVXERUGLQDGRV
a un poder superior dirigido por 6L\DM.¶DKN¶ NDORRPWH¶
(OSDSHOGH6L\DM.DKNHQ8D[DFWXQ\HO3HWpQ&HQWUDO
121
/D IUDVH WLWXODUtD GH 6L\DM .¶DKN¶ LQFOX\H WDPELpQ QRPEUHV GH OXJDUHV $TXt HQFRQWUDPRV HO
JOLIRWRSRQtPLFRGH0XWXO7LNDOSHURFRPR\DKHPRVYLVWRQRIXHDMDZGH7LNDO$ODpSRFDGHO
NDORRPWH¶DWR de 6L\DM.¶DKN¶HOUH\LGHQWL¿FDGRGHHVWDFLXGDGIXH<D[1XXQ$\LLQ. Luego reinaron
los descendientes de este DMDZ y no los del NDORRPWH¶6L\DM.¶DKN¶.
(OVLJQR0XWXO7VHSXHGHYHUHQODPX\WHPSUDQDHVWHODGH8D[DFWXQTXHVHxDODTXH6L\DM
.¶DKN¶YLQRD7LNDOFRQODH[SUHVLyQ+8/TXHVLJQL¿FD³OOHJDUD´DOFRQWUDULRGHOYHUERPD\D7$/
venir de Este verbo +8/VHHQFXHQWUDWDPELpQHQODVHVWHODVGH8D[DFWXQGH7LNDO\HQHO
³0DUFDGRU´GHOPLVPRVLWLR6WXDUW(VWDHYLGHQFLDVXEUD\DTXHHOHYHQWRGHO(EHVVLHPSUH
HOPLVPRSDUDORVGRVVLWLRVODOOHJDGDGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶ a Mutul.
(QWRQFHV HQ ODV LQVFULSFLRQHV 0XWXO QR LQGLFD HO OXJDU GH RULJHQ VLQR GH GHVWLQR (V WDPELpQ
SRVLEOH TXH 8D[DFWXQ \7LNDO XVDUDQ HQ DTXHOORV WLHPSRV HO PLVPR JOLIR WRSRQtPLFR 0XWXO, TXH GH
HVWHPRGRSRGUtDH[SOLFDUVXSUHVHQFLDHQODHVWHOD\HOKHFKRGHTXHODVGRVFLXGDGHVFHOHEUDUDQHO
PLVPRHYHQWR$VtODFRQPHPRUDFLyQGHHVWHDFRQWHFLPLHQWRSRUODVJHQHUDFLRQHVSRVWHULRUHVSDUHFHQ
LJXDOHVHQ7LNDOHVWHOD\8D[DFWXQHVWHOD
(VWRVKHFKRVVHFRQWUDSRQHQDODLGHDGHTXHHOFHQWURGHONDORRPWH¶DWRHVWXYRHQ7LNDO'HELGR
DOKHFKRGHTXHQRVHSXHGHQFRQ¿UPDUQLD8D[DFWXQQLD7LNDOFRPRFHQWURVGHONDORRPWH¶DWRKD\
TXH EXVFDU PiV HYLGHQFLDV DIXHUD GH HVWRV VLWLRV /DV HYLGHQFLDV TXH QRV GLULJHQ DO RHVWH SHUPLWHQ
FRQVLGHUDUWDPELpQ3DOHQTXHFRPRVHGHSRVLEOH/DLQVFULSFLyQGHVXQRPEUHSRGUtDLQGLFDUVXRULJHQ
RVXGRPLFLOLR(VWDKLSyWHVLVSURSXHVWD\DSRU0DUWLQ\*UXEHSXHGHDSR\DUVHHQHOKHFKR
TXH3DOHQTXHHVWDHQHORHVWHGHOD]RQDFHQWUDOORTXHSRGUtDH[SOLFDUDOWtWXOR2FKN¶LQ .DORRPWH¶
de 6L\DM.¶DKN¶$GHPiVFRLQFLGHWDPELpQFRQODGLUHFFLyQGHSURFHGHQFLDGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶VHJ~QOR
TXHSRGHPRVOHHUHQORVWH[WRVTXHPHQFLRQDQODOOHJDGDHQOD]RQDPD\D3RU~OWLPR3DOHQTXHHVWD
MXQWRD7DEDVFRGRQGHWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHVHPH]FODURQLQÀXHQFLDVGHOPXQGRPD\D\0p[LFRFHQWUDO
(QWRQFHVSUREDEOHPHQWHVHWUDWyGHXQDSXHUWDFXOWXUDO%DOO7DVFKHNFRQODVLQÀXHQFLDV
WHRWLKXDFDQDV(VWRWDPELpQSRGUtDFRQWULEXLUDODH[SOLFDFLyQVREUHHOYtQFXORIXHUWHHQWUHODGLIXVLyQ
GHO 1XHYR 2UGHQ FRQ HOHPHQWRV LFRQRJUi¿FRV WHRWLKXDFDQRV 3HUR FRPR \D OR PHQFLRQDPRV OD
HURVLyQGHOSDQHOHQWHURODDXVHQFLDGHFRQWH[WRGHHVWHJOLIRHOKHFKRTXHVHDPXFKRPiVWDUGtR\
ODIDOWDGHHYLGHQFLDGLQiVWLFDGHORVUH\HVSRVWHULRUHVQRVKDFHQGXGDUGHOHVWDWXVGHDMDZ de 6L\DM
.¶DKN¶ HQ 3DOHQTXH 0iV SUREDEOHPHQWH SRGHPRV VXSRQHU TXH HVWD FLXGDG IXH WDPELpQ XQR GH ORV
VLWLRVWHPSUDQRVSRUGRQGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶SDVyHVGHFLUGRQGHLQLFLyVXLQÀXHQFLDHQOD]RQDPD\D
(QFRQWUDPRVHYLGHQFLDVDOJRPiVFODUDVHQODVLQVFULSFLRQHVGHO3HWpQFHQWUDO(VSHFLDOPHQWHHQ
OD HVWHOD GH 8D[DFWXQ GRQGH VH YH XQ JOLIR TXH SRGHPRV OHHU DKRUD FRPR .¶LN¶"7XQ".6 Este
JOLIR HVWi HQ OD SRVLFLyQ GRQGH SRGHPRV HVSHUDU XQ ORFDWLYR SUREDEOHPHQWH VH WUDWH GHO OXJDU GH
procedencia de 6L\DM .¶DKN¶ $XQTXH DKRUD QR SRGDPRV UHODFLRQDU HO WpUPLQR .LN"7XQ" con
XQVLWLRFRQRFLGRHVSRVLEOHTXHSXHGDUHSUHVHQWDUHOWRSyQLPRGHOFHQWURGHVXNDORRPWH¶DWR con el
RULJHQJHRJUi¿FRGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶.
CONCLUSIONES
3RUORWDQWRQRVHSXHGHFRQ¿UPDUXQDJXHUUDHQWUH7LNDO\8D[DFWXQ7DPSRFRVHSXHGHDVHJXUDU
OD SUHVHQFLD GH XQD WXPED GH 6L\DM .¶DKN¶ HQ 8D[DFWXQ 7HQHPRV HYLGHQFLDV GH TXH 6L\DM .¶DKN¶
QR HVWDEOHFLy XQD GLQDVWtD SURSLD HQ 8D[DFWXQ SRUTXH OD HVWHOD LQGLFD TXH HVWH NDORRPWH¶ era un
HVSHFWDGRULQYLWDGRGXUDQWHODVFHUHPRQLDVGHO¿QGHNDWXQ. 6L\DM.¶DKN¶IXHHOSULPHUSHUVRQDMHTXH
6
'PLWUL%HOLDHYFRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDOQRYLHPEUHGH
'PLWUL%HOLDHYFRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDOQRYLHPEUHGH
122
0LODQ.RYiþ5DP]\5%DUURLV
XVyHODSHODWLYRNDORRPWH¶\VXQRPEUHHVWiVLHPSUHDVRFLDGRDHVWHWtWXOR3RUHOFRQWUDULRSDUHFHTXH
6L\DM.¶DKN¶QRIXHDMDZDOPLVPRWLHPSR(VRVLJQL¿FDTXHODIRUPDGHSRGHUSROtWLFRTXHUHSUHVHQWD
el NDORRPWH¶IXHHQVXRULJHQPX\GLIHUHQWHGHORTXHIXHXQDMDZDOFRQWUDULRGHORTXHVHVDEHGHO
&OiVLFR7DUGtRGRQGHXQNDORRPWH¶HVVLHPSUHDMDZ.
'HODPLVPDPDQHUDTXHHQ8D[DFWXQQRVHSXHGHFRQ¿UPDUHOFHQWURGHVXNDORRPWH¶DWRHQ7LNDO
Mutul estaba bajo el poder del NDORRPWH¶ DO LJXDO TXH ORV RWURV VLWLRV VXERUGLQDGRV (O HYHQWR GH OD
³OOHJDGD´GHO(E¶GHHQHURGHQRRFXUULyGHVGH7LNDOVLQRKDFLD 7LNDO
(Q3DOHQTXHHQFRQWUDPRVXQDDVRFLDFLyQGHOWtWXORDMDZFRQHOQRPEUHGH6L\DM.¶DKN¶SHURFRPR
YLPRVHVWDPHQFLyQHVWiIXHUDGHWRGRFRQWH[WR\HVXQPRQXPHQWRPX\WDUGtRQRFRQWHPSRUiQHR
FRQODpSRFDGHOSULPHUNDORRPWH¶DWR6LQHPEDUJRHVXQDIXHQWHLQWHUHVDQWHSDUDODVKLSyWHVLVVREUH
el lugar de origen de 6L\DM.¶DKN¶.
(OVLVWHPDGHNDORRPWH¶DWRIXHLQWURGXFLGRSUREDEOHPHQWHSRU6L\DM.¶DKN¶PLVPR8QHVWXGLRGH
ODHYROXFLyQGHHVWHVLVWHPDSRGUtDFRQWULEXLUDFRQRFHUHORULJHQGHOIHQyPHQRKDVWDVXVFRQVHFXHQFLDV
HQODRUJDQL]DFLyQSROtWLFDGHODVVXSHUSRWHQFLDVGHOD]RQDPD\D
3RU~OWLPRREVHUYDPRVXQJOLIRORFDWLYRUHODFLRQDGRD6L\DM.¶DKN¶.¶LN¶7XQ\SUHVXSRQHPRV
TXHpVWHSRGUtDLQGLFDUVXRULJHQ7RGDYtDQRVHSXHGHLGHQWL¿FDUDTXpOXJDUJHRJUi¿FRFRUUHVSRQGH
)LQDOPHQWH TXHUHPRV GHFLU TXH VRODPHQWH SURSRQHPRV VXJHUHQFLDV SDUD DOLPHQWDU OD GLVFXVLyQ
\D TXH D~Q QR FRQWDPRV FRQ UHVXOWDGRV GH¿QLWLYRV 'XUDQWH ODV SUy[LPDV WHPSRUDGDV HQ 8D[DFWXQ
HVSHUDPRVHQFRQWUDUQXHYDVHYLGHQFLDVHSLJUi¿FDV\DUTXHROyJLFDV\DFODUDUXQSRFRPiVODKLVWRULD
GHOSULPHUNDORRPWH¶DWRGHOD]RQDPD\D
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
%$//-26(3+:-(11,)(577$6&+(.
7HRWLKXDFDQV)DOODQGWKH5LVHRIWKH,W]D(Q0HVRDPHULFDDIWHUWKH'HFOLQHRI
7HRWLKXDFDQ
HGLWDGRSRU5LFKDUG'LHKO\-DQHW%HUOR:DVKLQJWRQ'XPEDUWRQ2DNV
%252:,&=-$0(6
,PDJHVRI3RZHUDQGWKH3RZHURI,PDJHV(Q7KH0D\DDQG7HRWLKXDFDQHGLWDGRSRU*%UDVZHOO
$XVWLQ8QLYHUVLW\RI7H[DV3UHVV
%227(5,.
&RQWLQXLW\DQG&KDQJHLQ7H[WDQG,PDJHDW&KLFKHQ,W]D<XFDWDQ0H[LFR$6WXG\RIWKH
,QVFULSWLRQV,FRQRJUDSK\DQG$UFKLWHFWXUHDWD/DWH&ODVVLFWR(DUO\3RVWFODVVLF0D\D6LWH Leiden: CNWS
Publications.
%5$6:(//*(2))5(<(('
D7KH0D\DDQG7HRWLKXDFDQ5HLQWHUSUHWLQJ(DUO\&ODVVLF,QWHUDFWLRQ$XVWLQ8QLYHUVLW\RI7H[DV3UHVV
E,QWURGXFWLRQ5HLQWHUSUHWLQJ(DUO\&ODVVLF,QWHUDFWLRQ(Q7KH0D\DDQG7HRWLKXDFDQHGLWDGRSRU*
%UDVZHOO$XVWLQ8QLYHUVLW\RI7H[DV3UHVV
F8QGHUVWDQGLQJ(DUO\&ODVVLF,QWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQ.DQLQDOMX\XDQG&HQWUDO0H[LFR(Q7KH0D\DDQG
7HRWLKXDFDQHGLWDGRSRU*%UDVZHOO$XVWLQ8QLYHUVLW\RI7H[DV3UHVV
&2**,16&/(0(1&<
3DLQWLQJDQG'UDZLQJ6W\OHVDW7LNDO$Q+LVWRULFDODQG,FRQRJUDSKLF5HFRQVWUXFWLRQTesis doctoral.
&DPEULGJH+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\'HSDUWPHQWRI$UW
)2,$6$1721,$(
7KH ,QIOXHQFH RI 7HRWLKXDFDQ LQ WKH 0D\D &XOWXUH GXULQJ WKH 0LGGOH &ODVVLF $ 5HFRQVLGHUDWLRQ RI WKH &HUDPLF (YLGHQFH IURP .DPLQDOMX\X 8D[DFWXQ DQG &RSiQ %$ WHVLV &DPEULGJH
'HSDUWPHQWRI$QWKURSRORJ\+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\
*5$+$0,$1
&RUSXVRI0D\D+LHURJO\SKLF,QVFULSWLRQV9RO3DUWH8D[DFWXQ&DPEULGJH3HDERG\0XVHXP
RI$UFKDHRORJ\DQG(WKQRORJ\+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\
(OSDSHOGH6L\DM.DKNHQ8D[DFWXQ\HO3HWpQ&HQWUDO
123
*5((1(52%(576210(5/(
7KH6FXOSWXUHRI3DOHQTXH. 9RO,,,7KH/DWH%XLOGLQJVRIWKH3DODFH. Princeton: Princeton University
Press.
*58%(1,.2/$,6,0210$57,1
&RPLQJRINLQJV:ULWLQJDQGG\QDVWLFNLQJVKLSLQWKH0D\DDUHDEHWZHHQWKH/DWH3UHFODVVLFDQGWKH
Early Classic. En: 7KH 3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH0D\D+LHURJO\SKLF:RUNVKRS7KH&RPLQJRI.LQJV(SL2OPHF
:ULWLQJ0DUFK8QLYHUVLW\RI7H[DVDW$XVWLQHGLWDGRSRU3KLO:DQ\HUND$XVWLQ8QLYHUVLW\
RI7H[DV'HSDUWPHQWRI$UW
.29Èý0,/$1(51(672$55('21'2/(',725(6
1XHYDV([FDYDFLRQHVHQ8D[DFWXQ,WHPSRUDGD1XHYD*XDWHPDODGHOD$VXQFLyQ\%UDWLVODYD
SAHI.
/$3257(-8$13('52
(O JUXSR % 8D[DFWXQ $UTXLWHFWXUD \ UHODFLRQHV VRFLRSROtWLFDV GXUDQWH HO &OiVLFR 7HPSUDQR (Q
0HPRULDVGHO6HJXQGR&RORTXLR,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH0D\LVWDV9RO,0p[LFR')&HQWURGH(VWXGLRV
0D\DV8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWRQRPDGH0p[LFR
$UFKLWHFWXUDO$VSHFWV RI ,QWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ7LNDO DQG7HRWLKXDFDQ GXULQJ WKH (DUO\ &ODVVLF 3HULRG
En: 7KH0D\DDQG7HRWLKXDFDQHGLWDGRSRU*%UDVZHOO$XVWLQ8QLYHUVLW\RI7H[DV3UHVV
/$3257(-8$13('529,/0$),$/.2
1HZ3HUVSHFWLYHVRQ2OG3UREOHPV(Q9LVLRQDQG5HYLVLRQLQ0D\D6WXGLHVHGLWDGRSRU)&ODQF\\
3+DUULVRQ$OEXTXHUTXH8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ0H[LFR3UHVV
/$3257(-8$13('52-8$1$1721,29$/'e6
7LNDO \ 8D[DFWXQ HQ HO 3UHFOiVLFR 0p[LFR ') &HQWUR GH (VWXGLRV 0D\DV 8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO
$XWRQRPDGH0p[LFR
0$57,16,021
,Q/LQHRIWKH)RXQGHU$9LHZRI'\QDVWLF3ROLWLFVDW7LNDO(Q7LNDO'\QDVWLHV)RUHLJQHUV$IIDLUV
of StateHGLWDGRSRU-$6DEORII6DQWD)H6FKRRORI$PHULFDQ5HVHDUFKHV3UHVV
0$57,16,0211,.2/$,*58%(
&KURQLFOH RI WKH 0D\D .LQJV DQG 4XHHQV 'HFLSKHULQJ WKH '\QDVWLHV RI WKH$QFLHQW 0D\D. London
7KDPHVDQG+XGVRQ
0$7+(:63(7(5
0D\D(DUO\&ODVVLF0RQXPHQWVDQG,QVFULSWLRQV En: $&RQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKH(DUO\&ODVVLF3HULRGLQ
WKH0D\D/RZODQGV,QVWLWXWHIRU0HVRDPHULFDQ6WXGLHV3XEOLFDWLRQHGLWDGRSRU*RUGRQ5:LOOH\\3HWHU
0DWKHZV$OEDQ\6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ<RUN
32'2/,16.È7$7,$1$5$0=<5%$552,60,*8(/0(',1$
,QYHVWLJDFLyQVREUHORVPRQXPHQWRVGH8D[DFWXQ(Q1XHYDV([FDYDFLRQHVHQ8D[DFWXQ,,WHPSRUDGD
HGLWDGRSRU0LODQ.RYiþ\(UQHVWR$UUHGRQGR/1XHYD*XDWHPDODGHOD$VXQFLyQ\%UDWLVODYD6$+,
5((6(7$</25.$7+5<1'(%5$:$/.(5
3DVVDJHRIWKH/DWH3UHFODVVLFLQWRWKH(DUO\&ODVVLF(Q$QFLHQW0D\D3ROLWLFDO(FRQRPLFVHGLWDGR
SRU0DULO\Q$0DVVRQ\'DYLG$)UHLGHO:DOQXW&UHHN&$$OWD0LUD3UHVV
6$78512:,//,$0'$9,'678$57.$5/7$8%(
,GHQWL¿FDWLRQRIWKH:HVW:DOO)LJXUHVDW3LQWXUDV6XE6DQ%DUWROR3HWpQ(Q;9,,,6LPSRVLRGH
,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV$UTXHROyJLFDV HQ *XDWHPDOD HGLWDGR SRU -XDQ 3HGUR /DSRUWH %iUEDUD$UUR\R \ +pFWRU (
0HMtD*XDWHPDOD0XVHR1DFLRQDOGH$UTXHRORJtD\(WQRORJtD
6&+(/(/,1'$'$9,')5(,'(/
$)RUHVWRI.LQJV1HZ<RUN:LOOLDP0RUURZDQGFRPSDQ\,QF
6+$5(552%(57-6,0210$57,1
6WUDQJHUVLQWKH0D\D$UHD(DUO\&ODVVLF,QWHUDFWLRQZLWK7HRWLKXDFDQ(Q/RUGVRI &UHDWLRQ7KH
2ULJLQVRI6DFUHG0D\D.LQJVKLSHGLWDGRSRU9LUJLQLD0)LHOGV\'RULH5HHQWV%XGHW/RQGRQ6FDOD
3XEOLVKHUV
60,7+$/('<$5'
8D[DFWXQ*XDWHPDOD([FDYDWLRQVRI&DUQHJLH,QVWLWXWLRQRI:DVKLJWRQ3XEOLFDWLRQ
:DVKLJWRQ'&&DUQHJLH,QVWLWXWLRQ
124
0LODQ.RYiþ5DP]\5%DUURLV
678$57'$9,'
7KH$UULYDORI6WUDQJHUV7HRWLKXDFDQDQG7ROODQLQ&ODVVLF0D\D+LVWRU\(Q0HVRDPHULFDV&ODVVLF
+HULWDJHIURP7HRWLKXDFDQWRWKH$]WHFVHGLWDGRSRU'DYLG&DUUDVFR/LQGVD\-RQHV\6FRWW6HVVLRQV
%RXOGHU8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVRI&RORUDGR
9$/'e6-8$1$1721,2)('(5,&2)$+6(1+e&725/(6&2%('2
5H\HV7XPEDV\3DODFLRV/DKLVWRULDGLQiVWLFDGH8D[DFWXQ0p[LFR')\*XDWHPDOD8QLYHUVLGDG
1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR,QVWLWXWRGH$QWURSRORJtDH+LVWRULDGH*XDWHPDOD
9$/'e6-8$1$1721,2/25,(:5,*+7
7KH(DUO\&ODVVLFDQGLWV$QWHFHGHQWVDW.DPLQDOMX\~$&RPSOH[6RFLHW\ZLWK&RPSOH[3UREOHPV
En: 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ(DUO\&ODVVLF&RSiQHGLWDGRSRU(%HOO0&DQXWR\56KDUHU 3KLODGHOSKLD
8QLYHUVLW\RI3HQQV\OYDQLD0XVHXPRI$UFKDHRORJ\DQG$QWKURSRORJ\
