PDF

TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
э 1 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
э2 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
7(55,725,26(1&21)5217$&,21
,PSDFWRGHOFRQÀLFWRDUPDGRVREUHODSREODFLyQFLYLOHQOD2ULQRTXtD\$PD]RQtD&RORPELDQD
э 3 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
Impacto del conflicto armado sobre la población civil en la Orinoquía y Amazonía Colombiana
(C) Consultoría para los Derechos Humanos y el Desplazamiento CODHES
ISBN: 978-­958-­99715-­3-­6
Jorge Enrique Rojas Rodríguez
Presidente
Marco Alberto Romero Silva
Director
Este documento es uno de los productos del proyecto: “Seguimiento a la dinámica del conflicto armado, desplazamiento forzado y transfronterizo en la Amazonía y Orinoquia Colombiana”, financiado por la oficina en Colombia del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados –ACNUR-­ La compilación y preparación de la versión final de este documento estuvo a cargo de Karina Ríos Cano, analista regional de CODHES y coordinadora del proyecto. En la preparación del mismo colaboraron Sol Alejandra Gaitán y Miguel Antonio Cruz, analistas regionales de CODHES. Fotografia
Karina Ríos Cano
Mapas
Jhon Rátiva
Diseño, Diagramación e Impresión
GRUPO NATIVO
Contacto: [email protected]
Impreso en Colombia
Consultoría para los Derechos Humanos
y el Desplazamiento CODHES
Bogotá -­ Colombia
Carrera 6 No 34-­62 Of. 302
PBX (571) 2325666
www.codhes.org
Quito -­ Ecuador
Av. de la República E4-­87
e Inglaterra -­ Oficina 11A
Teléfonos: (593-­2) 6012081
Celular: 081691603
“El contenido de la información reproducida en este documento no representa necesariamente la opinión del ACNUR” э4 э Contenido
TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
Pag.
Presentación
9
Introducción
13
Estructura del documento
15
-­ 17
1. CARACTERISTICAS GENERALES DE LA REGION. Territorio, población y recursos
22
24
24
25
Delimitación subregional
SUBREGION 1. Sur del Meta, Caquetá, Guaviare y Cumaribo (Vichada)
SUBREGION 2. Casanare, Arauca, Puerto Gaitán (Meta) y norte del Vichada
SUBREGION 3. Guainía, Vaupés y Amazonas
28
2. LA DISPUTA POR EL TERRITORIO Y LA CONFRONTACION ARMADA EN EL SUR ORIENTE COLOMBIANO
33
34
La intervención centrada en lo militar
El escenario de crisis humanitaria
47
3. 47
55
62
Sur del Meta, Guaviare y Caquetá. El eje del conflicto en el Sur Oriente
Arauca, Casanare, norte del Vichada y Puerto Gaitán (Meta)
Guainía, Vaupés y Amazonas
69
4. LA SITUACION DE LAS COMUNIDADES INDIGENAS
79
79
82
83
85
87
Anotaciones de carácter metodológico
DINAMICAS SUBREGIONALES
La crisis humanitaria de los pueblos indígenas en el Guaviare
El Pueblo Nukak
El Pueblo Jiw
La crisis humanitaria de los pueblos indígenas en Arauca
El Pueblo Hitnu
Situación de las comunidades indígenas en Casanare
э 5 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
э6 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
PRESENTACIÓN
(QHVWHLQIRUPH&2'+(6SUHVHQWDXQEDODQFHGHODGLQiPLFDGHOFRQÀLFWR
DUPDGR\ODFULVLVKXPDQLWDULDHQODVUHJLRQHV$PD]RQtD\2ULQRTXLD&R-­
ORPELDQD1 6H SDUWH GH OD FRQVWDWDFLyQ GH DFXHUGR FRQ OD FXDO OD GHJUD-­
GDFLyQUHFLHQWHGHOFRQÀLFWRDUPDGRHQHVWDSDUWHGHOSDtVKDGDGROXJDU
DXQDJUDYHVLWXDFLyQKXPDQLWDULDTXHDIHFWDJUDYHDODSREODFLyQFLYLOHQ
SDUWLFXODUDODSREODFLyQFRORQD\DODVFRPXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDVTXHVHFRQ-­
FHQWUDQHQDOWDSURSRUFLyQHQHVWDVUHJLRQHV
(VWH GRFXPHQWR HV XQR GH ORV SURGXFWRV GHO SUR\HFWR ³6HJXLPLHQWR D OD
GLQiPLFDGHOFRQÀLFWRDUPDGRGHVSOD]DPLHQWRIRU]DGR\WUDQVIURQWHUL]RHQ
OD$PD]RQtD\2ULQRTXLD&RORPELDQD´LPSOHPHQWDGRHMHFXWDGRSRU&2'-­
+(6HQFRQYHQLRFRQODR¿FLQDHQ&RORPELDGHO$OWR&RPLVLRQDGRGHODV
1DFLRQHV8QLGDVSDUDORV5HIXJLDGRV±$&185GXUDQWHHODxR6LQ
HPEDUJRORVHOHPHQWRVGHDQiOLVLVDTXtSODQWHDGRVUHVSRQGHQVDODSUHVHQ-­
FLD\REVHUYDFLyQFRQWLQXDGHVDUUROODGDSRU&2'+(6HQODUHJLyQHQORV
~OWLPRVFLQFRDxRV\DODLQWHUORFXFLyQFRQDFWRUHVKXPDQLWDULRVORFDOHVD
ORODUJRGHORV~OWLPRVDxRVGXUDQWHORVFXDOHV&2'+(6KDPDQWHQLGRXQD
SUHVHQFLDFRQWLQXDHQODPD\RUSDUWHGHODUHJLyQHQGHVDUUROORGHLQLFLDWL-­
YDVTXHWDPELpQKDQFRQWDGRFRQHOUHVSDOGRGHO$&185
'XUDQWHHVWRVDxRVKDVLGRSRVLEOHGHVDUUROODUXQWUDEDMRKXPDQLWDULRHQOD
UHJLyQGHVGHXQDHVWUDWHJLDTXHKDDSRVWDGRSRUODDUWLFXODFLyQGHHVIXHU-­
]RVGHXQJUXSRGHLQVWLWXFLRQHVTXHKDQVDELGRVXPDUVXVFDSDFLGDGHVHQ
GLUHFFLyQDWHQHUXQDPHMRULQWHUYHQFLyQHQHOWHUUHQR\DVtSRWHQFLDUORV
UHVXOWDGRV\WHQHUPD\RUHVLPSDFWRV(VWHJUXSRGHLQVWLWXFLRQHVVHKDLQ-­
WHJUDGRSRUOD'HIHQVRUtDGHO3XHEORHO6HFUHWDULDGR5HJLRQDOGH3DVWRUDO
6RFLDO&DULWDV6XU2ULHQWH&2'+(6\ODVR¿FLQDVGHO$&185HQWHUUHQR
%XHQDSDUWHGHORVHOHPHQWRVGHDQiOLVLVTXHFRQWLHQHHVWHLQIRUPHKDQVXU-­
JLGR\VHKDQDOLPHQWDGRHQORVHVFHQDULRVGHGLVFXVLyQTXHHVWHJUXSRKD
GHVDUUROODGR
/D UHJLyQ 2ULQRTXtD FRPSUHQGH HQ WpUPLQRV
JHQHUDOHV ORV GHSDUWDPHQWRV GH $UDXFD &DVDQDUH
9LFKDGD\0HWD&RQUHVSHFWRDODUHJLyQ$PD]yQLFD
HVWH LQIRUPH GD FXHQWD GH ORV GHSDUWDPHQWRV GH
&DTXHWi *XDYLDUH *XDLQtD 9DXSpV \ $PD]RQDV
$XQ FXDQGR HO GHSDUWDPHQWR GH 3XWXPD\R KDFH
SDUWH LQWHJUDO GH OD $PD]RQtD &RORPELDQD QR
HV DERUGDGR HQ HVWH HVWXGLR GHELGR D TXH GHVGH
&2'+(6 pVWH HV DQDOL]DGR HQ VX UHODFLyQ FRQ
&2'+(6DJUDGHFHHODSRUWHUHDOL]DGRSRUODVGLIHUHQWHVLQVWLWXFLRQHV\RU-­
JDQL]DFLRQHVFRQODVFXDOHVKDWHQLGRODSRVLELOLGDGGHDUWLFXODUVXWUDEDMR
HQWHUUHQRHQSDUWLFXODUDORVIXQFLRQDULRVGHODVR¿FLQDVUHJLRQDOHVGHOD
'HIHQVRUtD GHO 3XHEOR \ GHO $&185 DVt FRPR DO HTXLSR GH VDFHUGRWHV
UHOLJLRVDV \ ODLFRV TXH WUDEDMDQ FRQ HO 6HFUHWDULDGR 5HJLRQDO GH 3DVWRUDO
э 7 э 1DULxR HQ XQD OHFWXUD TXH SULRUL]D OD GLQiPLFD GH
IURQWHUDFRQ(FXDGRU9HUHOHVWXGLR³7HQVLyQHQODV
IURQWHUDV 8Q DQiOLVLV VREUH HO FRQÀLFWR DUPDGR HO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRIRU]DGR\HOUHIXJLRHQODVIURQWHUDV
GH &RORPELD FRQ (FXDGRU 9HQH]XHOD \ 3DQDPi´
'RFXPHQWRV &2'+(6 1R %RJRWi DJRVWR GH
TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
6RFLDO(OLQWHUFDPELRGHRSLQLRQHVFRQIXQFLRQDULRVGHGLIHUHQWHVHQWLGDGHV
GH RUGHQ PXQLFLSDO \ GHSDUWDPHQWDO WDPELpQ QRV KD SHUPLWLGR DFFHGHU D
LQIRUPDFLyQYDOLRVDSDUDHODQiOLVLVTXHDTXtVHSUHVHQWD
0HQFLyQSDUWLFXODUPHUHFHQODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVOtGHUHV\FRPXQLGDGHVLQGt-­
JHQDVTXHUHVLVWHQDOFRQÀLFWRHQHVWDVUHJLRQHVDVtFRPRORVOtGHUHVFRPX-­
QLWDULRV\RUJDQL]DFLRQHVVRFLDOHVFRPXQDOHV\GHSREODFLyQHQVLWXDFLyQGH
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRFRQTXLHQHVKHPRVSRGLGRWUDEDMDUHQGLIHUHQWHVPRPHQWRV
6LQHOUHVSDOGREULQGDGRSRUWRGDV\FDGDXQDGHODVSHUVRQDVTXHKDQSR-­
VLELOLWDGR QXHVWUD SUHVHQFLD \ PRYLOLGDG SRU ORV DSDUWDGRV ULQFRQHV GH ORV
OODQRV\VHOYDVGH&RORPELDHVWHWUDEDMRQRKDEUtDVLGRSRVLEOH
Marco Alberto Romero
Director CODHES
э8 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
INTRODUCCIÓN
&RQ OD SXEOLFDFLyQ GH HVWH LQIRUPH &2'+(6 EXVFD HYLGHQFLDU OD FUL-­
VLV KXPDQLWDULD TXH WLHQH OXJDU HQ ORV GHSDUWDPHQWRV GH OD ³PHGLD
&RORPELD´ WHUULWRULR HQ HO FXDO VH KD FRQFHQWUDGR OD FRQIURQWDFLyQ
DUPDGD GH IRUPD SDUWLFXODU GXUDQWH OD ~OWLPD GpFDGD DIHFWDQGR FRQVL
GHUDEOHPHQWHDFDPSHVLQRV\FRORQRVTXHIXHURQSREODQGRHVWDVUHJLRQHV
GHVGHPHGLDGRVGHOVLJORDQWHULRUHQPXFKRVFDVRVKX\HQGRGHODYLROHQFLD
\TXHVRQIUHFXHQWHPHQWHREMHWRGHHVWLJPDWL]DFLyQSRUGHULYDUVXVXVWHQWR
GHOFXOWLYR\UHFROHFFLyQGHODKRMDGHFRFD9DOHGHFLUTXHHVWHFXOWLYRUH
SUHVHQWDXQDGHODVPiVUHFLHQWHVIDVHVGHH[SORWDFLyQGHUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV
TXHKDFDUDFWHUL]DGRHVWDUHJLyQGHOSDtV\TXHKDPDUFDGRODKLVWRULDGHVX
DUWLFXODFLyQDOPHUFDGRLQWHUQDFLRQDO(VWRVFXOWLYDGRUHVVRQFRPRVHKD
GHPRVWUDGRHQHVWXGLRVHVSHFLDOL]DGRVHOHVODEyQPiVGpELO\TXHPHQRU
JDQDQFLDSHUFLEHHQODFDGHQDGHSURGXFFLyQ\WUi¿FRGHHVWXSHIDFLHQWHV
VLQHPEDUJRKDVLGRHOPiVJROSHDGRHQODHVWUDWHJLDGHOXFKDDQWLQDUFyWL-­
FRVTXHVHKDHMHFXWDGRFRQSDUWLFXODULQWHQVLGDGHQGHSDUWDPHQWRVFRPR
*XDYLDUH\&DTXHWi\FX\RVUHVXOWDGRVQRVHFRUUHVSRQGHQFRQODFDQWLGDG
GHUHFXUVRVLQYHUWLGRV\ORVGDxRVDPELHQWDOHV\VRFLDOHVJHQHUDGRV
&2'+(6KDSRGLGRFRQVWDWDUDSDUWLUGHODODERUGHVHJXLPLHQWRGHVDUUR
OODGDHQODUHJLyQTXHODFRQIURQWDFLyQDUPDGDVHH[SDQGLy\FRQVROLGyHQ
HVWDV]RQDVGHOSDtVTXHODVSDUWHVHQIUHQWDGDVVRQUHVSRQVDEOHVGHYLRODFLR-­
QHVDORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRV\GHJUDYHV\FRQWLQXDVLQIUDFFLRQHVDOGHUHFKR
LQWHUQDFLRQDOKXPDQLWDULR\TXHHVWDVSUiFWLFDVGHULYDQHQXQDGHJUDGDFLyQ
GHOFRQÀLFWRORTXHVHPDQL¿HVWDHQXQLPSDFWRQHJDWLYR\GHVSURSRUFLR-­
QDGRVREUHODSREODFLyQFLYLO$VtRFXUUHSRUHMHPSOR\GHPDQHUDSDU-­
WLFXODUVREUHORVSXHEORVLQGtJHQDVTXHOXHJRGHUHVLVWLUDGLIHUHQWHVIRUPDV
GHYLROHQFLDKX\HQGRHLQWHUQiQGRVHHQORPiVSURIXQGRGHODVHOYDKR\
KDQ WHQLGR TXH DEDQGRQDU VX WHUULWRULR \ UHDVHQWDUVH HQ ]RQDV XUEDQDV \
HQWRUQRVVRFLRFXOWXUDOHVDGYHUVRVFRPRGHVSOD]DGRVGHHVWDQXHYDRODGH
YLROHQFLD
/DLQGLIHUHQFLDTXHVXVFLWDHVWDUHJLyQGHOSDtVHQDOJXQRVVHFWRUHVGHOD
RSLQLyQXUEDQDGH&RORPELDHVWiHVWUHFKDPHQWHYLQFXODGRFRQODPDQHUDHQ
TXHKLVWyULFDPHQWHHVWRVWHUULWRULRVKDQVLGRDUWLFXODGRVDOLPDJLQDULRQD-­
FLRQDO&RQIUHFXHQFLDDOKDEODUGHORV/ODQRV2ULHQWDOHVRGHOD$PD]RQtD
VH SLHQVD HQ WHUULWRULRV PiV R PHQRV GHVLHUWRV \ GHVSREODGRV LJQRUDQGR
ODKLVWRULDGHRFXSDFLyQSRUSDUWHGHSXHEORVLQGtJHQDVTXHKDQKDELWDGR
DQFHVWUDOPHQWHHQHVWDVUHJLRQHV6LPXOWiQHDPHQWHVHDVRFLDQHVWDV]RQDV
FRQGHSyVLWRVGHULTXH]DVQDWXUDOHVTXHFRQVWLWX\HQXQDJUDQUHVHUYDSDUDOD
э 9 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
KXPDQLGDG(VWHWLSRGHLPDJLQDULRV\UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVWLHQHFRQVHFXHQFLDV
HQODIRUPDHQTXHQRVDSUR[LPDPRVDOWHUULWRULR\ORVPLVPRVVHHQFXHQ-­
WUDQHQODEDVHGHORVGLVFXUVRVGHDFXHUGRFRQORVFXDOHVWRGRWLSRGHDF-­
FLRQHVGHIXHU]DOpDVHIXPLJDFLRQHVERPEDUGHRVHWFVHMXVWL¿FDQHQDUDV
GHOOHYDU³HOGHVDUUROOR´DHVWDV]RQDV
(QOD~OWLPDGpFDGDHVWDVUHJLRQHVKDQDGTXLULGRXQUHQRYDGRLQWHUpVGL-­
UHFWDPHQWHDVRFLDGRDODH[SORWDFLyQGHUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHVSURFHVRTXHQR
HVQXHYRHQODKLVWRULDGHODUHJLyQ\TXHPiVELHQUHLWHUDODIRUPDPHGLDQWH
ODFXDOHVWHWHUULWRULRVHKDDUWLFXODGRDOSDtV\DOPXQGR/DSRVLELOLGDGGH
LQFRUSRUDUYDVWDVH[WHQVLRQHVGHVDEDQDVDOGHVDUUROORGHFXOWLYRVDJURLQGXV-­
WULDOHVSULQFLSDOPHQWHHQHO9LFKDGD\VXUGHO0HWDDSDUHFHFRPRXQDSRVL-­
ELOLGDGGH³GHVDUUROOR´SDUDODUHJLyQHQXQPRGHORTXHTXHGyHYLGHQFLDGR
FRQHOFDVR&DULPDJXD\TXHVHLQWHJUDHQHOPDUFRGHOPHJDSUR\HFWR5H-­
QDFLPLHQWRGHOD2ULQRTXtD$OWD&RORPELDQD/DH[SORWDFLyQGHKLGURFDU-­
EXURVTXHVHGHVDUUROODGHIRUPDVLJQL¿FDWLYDGHVGHKDFHDOJXQDVGpFDGDV
HQORV GHSDUWDPHQWRVGH0HWD$UDXFD&DVDQDUH\PiVUHFLHQWHPHQWH HQ
&DTXHWiSDUHFHH[WHQGHUVHKDFLDHORULHQWHDEDUFDQGRORVWHUULWRULRVGHOVXU
GHO0HWD*XDYLDUH\9LFKDGD0LQHUDOHVFRPRHORURTXHDQWHVVHH[SORWy
GH IRUPD DUWHVDQDO \ IXH OD FDXVD GH JUDQGHV PLJUDFLRQHV HQ OR SURIXQGR
GHO*XDLQtD\HO9DXSpVHVDKRUDREMHWRGHJUDQLQWHUpVFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLD
GH VX UHYDORUL]DFLyQ HQ ORV PHUFDGRV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV \ VH DEUHQ SDVR ODV
FRQFHVLRQHVDFRPSDxtDVH[WUDQMHUDVSDUDVXH[SORWDFLyQ$VLPLVPRVHFRQ-­
RFHODH[LVWHQFLDHQHOH[WUHPRRULHQWDOGHOWHUULWRULRGHUHVHUYDVGHRWURV
PLQHUDOHVSHVDGRVFRPRWLWDQLR\FROWDQHVWH~OWLPRXQUHFXUVRHVWUDWpJLFR
LPSUHVFLQGLEOH HQ OD IDEULFDFLyQ GH FRPSRQHQWHV HOHFWUyQLFRV DYDQ]DGRV
TXHWLHQHJUDQGHPDQGDLQWHUQDFLRQDO/RVSREODGRUHVWLHQHQUD]yQHQH[-­
SUHVDUWHPRUHVDQWHODSRVLELOLGDGGHTXHODH[SORWDFLyQGHHVWRVUHFXUVRV
YHQJDDFRPSDxDGDGHQXHYRVFLFORVGHYLROHQFLDFRPRKDVLGRWUDGLFLRQDO
HQHVRVWHUULWRULRV
5(38%/,&$'(&2/20%,$0,1,67(5,2
'(
$*5,&8/785$
<
'(6$552//2
585$/ (O 5HQDFLPLHQWR GH OD 2ULQRTXtD $OWD
GH &RORPELD 8Q PHJDSUR\HFWR SDUD HO PXQGR
%RJRWi VHSWLHPEUH GH 6H SXHGH DFFHGHU D
ODFDUWLOODFRPSOHWDHQ
KWWSZZZPLQDJULFXOWXUDJRYFRDUFKLYRV
$SDUWLUGHORDQWHULRUHOSURSyVLWRGH&2'+(6HVOODPDUODDWHQFLyQVREUH
ORTXHRFXUUHHQHVWDVUHJLRQHVHOFRQWH[WR\ORVLQWHUHVHVTXHLQFLGHQ\HQ
RFDVLRQHVGHWHUPLQDQHOFRQÀLFWR\ODVGLQiPLFDVGHODFRQIURQWDFLyQDVt
FRPRODVWHQGHQFLDV\FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRIRU]DGR(ODQiOL-­
VLV VH UHPRQWD D WRPD OD ~OWLPD GpFDGD SHUtRGR GH WLHPSR TXH SHUPLWH
HYLGHQFLDUODUHODFLyQHQWUHHOFRQÀLFWRDUPDGRODFULVLVKXPDQLWDULD\ODV
IRUPDVGHGLVSXWDSRUHOFRQWURO\ODDSURSLDFLyQGHXQWHUULWRULRHFRQyPL-­
FDPHQWHHVWUDWpJLFRSRUVXVULTXH]DVQDWXUDOHV\SRUODVH[SHFWDWLYDVGHOD
FDUWLOODRULQRFRFRPSOHWDSGI
э10 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
LQFRUSRUDFLyQDODIURQWHUDDJUtFRODHQXQPRPHQWRFDUDFWHUL]DGRSRUOD
GLVFXVLyQVREUHODWLHUUD\HOWHUULWRULRHQ&RORPELD
э 11 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
э12 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
Estructura del documento
(VWH GRFXPHQWR HVWi RUJDQL]DGR HQ FXDWUR FDStWXORV (Q SULPHU OXJDU VH
SUHVHQWDQODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVJHQHUDOHVGHODUHJLyQFRQpQIDVLVHQODFRQIRU-­
PDFLyQWHUULWRULDO\HOSURFHVRGHSREODPLHQWRFRQHOREMHWLYRGHVLWXDUORV
HOHPHQWRVFHQWUDOHVHQODGLVFXVLyQVREUHODVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVUHFLHQWHVTXH
FRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHOFRQÀLFWRDUPDGRKDQWHQLGROXJDUHQODUHJLyQ6H
WUDWDIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHGHXELFDUODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSDUWLFXODUHVTXHSHU-­
PLWHQFRPSUHQGHUODVGLQiPLFDVGHOFRQÀLFWRDUPDGRTXHDOOtWLHQHQOXJDU
\ODIRUPDHQTXHpVWHVHDJXGL]DHQOD~OWLPDGpFDGDSURGXFLHQGRDVX
YH]IXHUWHVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVHQODFRQ¿JXUDFLyQUHJLRQDO\ODFRPSRVLFLyQ
SREODFLRQDO
(QXQVHJXQGRDSDUWDGRVHSUHVHQWDXQSDQRUDPDJHQHUDOGHODVLWXDFLyQ
GHFRQÀLFWRDUPDGRHQODUHJLyQFRQpQIDVLVHQOD~OWLPDGpFDGDFRQHO
SURSyVLWRGHHYLGHQFLDUODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSDUWLFXODUHVTXHWRPDODFRQIURQ-­
WDFLyQDUPDGD\ORVLPSDFWRVTXHHOORKDWHQLGRSDUDORVKDELWDQWHVGHOD
UHJLyQ$OOtVHREVHUYDFyPRHOFRQÀLFWRVHFRQFHQWUDHQWRUQRDGRVHMHV
FHQWUDOHV (O SULPHUR HV HO HMH GHO SLHGHPRQWH DPD]yQLFR VXU RFFLGHQWH
GHO0HWD\DOWR\PHGLR&DJXiQGLUHFWDPHQWHUHODFLRQDGRFRQHOOHYDQWD-­
PLHQWRGHOD]RQDGHVPLOLWDUL]DGDFUHDGDSRUHOJRELHUQRQDFLRQDOHQ
SDUDVRVWHQHUGLiORJRVGHSD]FRQODJXHUULOODGHODV)$5&8QVHJXQGRHMH
VHVLW~DHQORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH$UDXFD\&DVDQDUHHQXQSURFHVRPDUFDGR
SRU OD FRQIURQWDFLyQ HQ WRUQR D ODV UHQWDV GHULYDGDV GH OD H[SORWDFLyQ GH
KLGURFDUEXURVHQODUHJLyQ/DDJXGL]DFLyQGHOFRQÀLFWRHQHVWDViUHDVWLHQH
XQRVHIHFWRVGHLUUDGLDFLyQKDFLDHOVXURULHQWHGHODUHJLyQHQXQSURFHVR
TXHKDWHQLGRLPSDFWRVSURIXQGRVVREUHORVFLYLOHV
(QHOWHUFHUFDStWXORVHDERUGDODVLWXDFLyQHQFDGDXQDGHODVWUHVVXEUHJLR-­
QHVHQODVTXHVHGLYLGHODUHJLyQHQHOSUHVHQWHLQIRUPH(VWDVXEGLYLVLyQ
WLHQHHOSURSyVLWRGHH[DPLQDUFRQPD\RUGHWDOOHODVGLQiPLFDVGHFRQÀLFWR
\ORVLPSDFWRVTXHODVPLVPDVKDQWHQLGRVREUHWHUULWRULRV\SREODFLRQHV
TXHFRPSDUWHQXQDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVVLPLODUHV3DUDHOORHQHVWHFDStWXORVH
DERUGDQFDVRVHPEOHPiWLFRVDSDUWLUGHORVFXDOHVHVSRVLEOHGLPHQVLRQDUOD
VLWXDFLyQGHFRPXQLGDGHV\SREODFLRQHVDIHFWDVSRUHOFRQÀLFWR
'DGDODJUDYHGDGGHODVLWXDFLyQKXPDQLWDULDGHORVSXHEORVLQGtJHQDVGHOD
UHJLyQHOFXDUWRFDStWXORVHFRQFHQWUDHQH[DPLQDUORVLPSDFWRVGHVSURSRU-­
FLRQDGRVGHOFRQÀLFWRDUPDGRVREUHHVWDVFRPXQLGDGHVSULQFLSDOPHQWHHQ
HOH[WUHPRVXURULHQWDOGHODUHJLyQ6HEXVFDHYLGHQFLDUDSDUWLUGHDOJXQDV
FLIUDVH[LVWHQWHVSHURIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHDSDUWLUGHODLQIRUPDFLyQUHFDED-­
GDHQHOWHUUHQRODGLPHQVLyQGHODFULVLVKXPDQLWDULDTXHDPHQD]DFRQOD
э 13 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
H[LVWHQFLDPLVPDGHORVSXHEORVLQGtJHQDVTXHKDELWDQHQOD$PD]RQLD
\2ULQRTXLD
э14 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
Anotaciones de carácter metodológico
(QWpUPLQRVPHWRGROyJLFRVHVLPSRUWDQWHDFODUDUTXHODVFLIUDVSUHVHQWDGDVHQHVWH
LQIRUPHFRUUHVSRQGHQSULQFLSDOPHQWHDIXHQWHVR¿FLDOHV$SHVDUGHODGLVFXVLyQ
VREUHHOVXEUHJLVWURH[LVWHQWHHQWRUQRDOVLVWHPDGHLQIRUPDFLyQVREUHSREODFLyQ
GHVSOD]DGD6,32'GH$FFLyQ6RFLDOFRQVLGHUDPRVTXHODVFLIUDVGLVSRQLEOHVHQ
PDWHULDGHH[SXOVLyQGHSREODFLyQHQHVWDUHJLyQGHOSDtVFRQVWLWX\HQXQLQGLFDGRU
VX¿FLHQWHPHQWHJUDYHGHODVLWXDFLyQKXPDQLWDULDTXHDOOtWLHQHOXJDU
(OVXEUHJLVWURFRQWLQ~DVLHQGRXQGHEDWHSHQGLHQWHHQODPHGLGDHQTXHVHREVHUYD
XQD IXHUWH WHQGHQFLD D QHJDU OD LQFOXVLyQ HQ HO UHJLVWUR GH SHUVRQDV DGXFLHQGR
IDFWRUHVFRPR³IDOWDDODYHUGDG´SRU¿JXUDUSUHYLDPHQWHHQEDVHVGHGDWRVFRPR
OD GHO 6,6%(1 (Q PXFKRV FDVRV VLQ HPEDUJR ODV UHVROXFLRQHV GH QR LQFOXVLyQ
VRQUHYHUVDGDVWUDVODLQWHUSRVLFLyQGHUHFXUVRVSRUSDUWHGHODVYtFWLPDVORFXDO
GHPXHVWUD ODV LQFRQVLVWHQFLDV GHQWUR GHO PLVPR VLVWHPD GH UHJLVWUR $Vt HQ HO
GHSDUWDPHQWRGHO&DTXHWiGXUDQWHHODxRGHGHFODUDFLRQHVTXHIXHURQ
QRLQFOXLGDVHQSULPHUDLQVWDQFLDVHSUHVHQWDURQUHFXUVRVGHUHSRVLFLyQ
GHORVFXDOHVVHUHVROYLHURQIDYRUDEOHPHQWH\VHFRQ¿UPyODGHFLVLyQHQGH
ORVFDVRV(QHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH*XDLQtDVHREVHUYDXQDWHQGHQFLDVLPLODUFRQOD
LQWHUSRVLFLyQGHUHFXUVRVGHUHSRVLFLyQGHORVFXDOHVIXHURQIDOODGRVIDYRU-­
DEOHPHQWH
$SHVDUGHHVWDVOLPLWDFLRQHVQRVHFXHQWDFRQXQDIXHQWHTXHSXHGDVHUHPSOHDGD
SDUDFRQWUDVWDUORVGDWRVR¿FLDOHVVREUHH[SXOVLyQGHSREODFLyQSRUORFXDOHQHVWH
LQIRUPHVHDFXGHDO6,32'QRVLQDQWHVKDFHUGRVDGYHUWHQFLDVDGLFLRQDOHVTXH
HQORUHIHULGRDHVWDUHJLyQFREUDQSDUWLFXODULPSRUWDQFLD
(Q SULPHU OXJDU GHEH FRQVLGHUDUVH HO KHFKR GH TXH HO 6,32' QR GD FXHQWD GHO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRTXHVHSURGXFHHQHOPDUFRGHRSHUDFLRQHVGHIXPLJDFLyQFRQWUD
FXOWLYRVGHXVRLOtFLWR(VWHDVSHFWRTXHKDVLGRDERUGDGRSRU&2'+(6HQGLIHUHQ-­
WHVGRFXPHQWRVWLHQHXQSHVRSDUWLFXODUHQHVWDUHJLyQGDGDODDOWDLQFLGHQFLDGH
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRVTXHVHRULJLQDQHQHOPDUFRGHRSHUDFLRQHVGHVSOHJDGDVFRQWUDHO
FXOWLYR\WUi¿FRGHFRFDFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHODVDFFLRQHVGHFRPEDWHFRQWUDOD
SURGXFFLyQGHFRFD(OVHJXQGRDVSHFWRTXHHVQHFHVDULRGHVWDFDUHQWpUPLQRVGH
ODVOLPLWDFLRQHVGHODVFLIUDVR¿FLDOHVSDUDHODQiOLVLVWLHQHTXHYHUFRQHOGHVSOD]D-­
PLHQWRGHLQWHJUDQWHVGHFRPXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDV'DGDODLPSRUWDQFLDTXHWLHQHQ
HVWDVFRPXQLGDGHVHQODUHJLyQDTXtDERUGDGD\VXDOWDDIHFWDFLyQHQHOPDUFRGHO
FRQÀLFWRDUPDGRODQRLGHQWL¿FDFLyQGHOJUXSRpWQLFRDOTXHSHUWHQHFHQTXLHQHV
KDQVLGRYtFWLPDVGHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRIRU]DGRFRQVWLWX\HXQDIRUPDGHLQYLVLELOL-­
]DUODDIHFWDFLyQFRQFUHWDVREUHHVWDVFRPXQLGDGHVHQODVTXHFRPRVHREVHUYDUi
PiV DGHODQWH OD YDORUDFLyQ GHO LPSDFWR GH ODV YLRODFLRQHV D VXV GHUHFKRV GHEH
KDFHUVHHQUHODFLyQGLUHFWDFRQHOWDPDxRGHFDGDXQRGHORVSXHEORV
э 15 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
э16 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
1. CARACTERISTICAS GENERALES DE LA REGIÓN. Territorio, población y recursos
(QVXFRQMXQWRORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGHOD2ULQRTXLD\$PD]RQtDUHSUHVHQ-­
WDQXQiUHDTXHFRUUHVSRQGHDOGHOWHUULWRULRFRORPELDQR\HQODFXDO
KDELWDQDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHPLOORQHVGHSHUVRQDVTXHHTXLYDOHDO
GHODSREODFLyQQDFLRQDO$VXYH]HVWDUHJLyQVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUXQD
DOWD SUHVHQFLD GH SREODFLyQ LQGtJHQD HTXLYDOHQWH DO GHO WRWDO GH OD
SREODFLyQPX\VXSHULRUDOSRUFHQWDMHQDFLRQDOTXHHVGHDSHQDVGH
DFXHUGRFRQHO&HQVR*HQHUDOGH3REODFLyQUHDOL]DGRHQHODxR
/DVFRPXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDVVHFRQFHQWUDQSULQFLSDOPHQWHHQORVGHSDUWD-­
PHQWRV VLWXDGRVHQHOH[WUHPRVXURULHQWHGHODUHJLyQOOHJDQGRDUHSUH-­
VHQWDU PiV GH OD PLWDG GH OD SREODFLyQ HQ ORV GHSDUWDPHQWRV GH *XDLQtD
\9DXSpVORVTXHMXQWRFRQ/D*XDMLUD9LFKDGD\$PD]RQDVUHFRJHQOD
PD\RU SREODFLyQ LQGtJHQD GH WRGR HO SDtV (VWDV FRPXQLGDGHV KDELWDQ HQ
WHUULWRULRVWLWXODGRVFRPRUHVJXDUGRVTXHHTXLYDOHQDOGHOWRWDO
GHUHVJXDUGRVUHFRQRFLGRVOHJDOPHQWHDQLYHOQDFLRQDO
э 17 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
7$%/$&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVSREODFLRQDOHVGHORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGHOD$PD]RQtD\2ULQRTXtD
DEPARTAMENTO AREA (km2) POBLACION* PORCENTAJE POBLACIÓN NÚMERO DE INDÍGENA** RESGUARDOS Amazonas 109.664 67.726 43,43% 26 Arauca 23.818 232.118 2,24% 26 Caquetá 88.965 420.337 1,61% 45 Casanare 44.640 295.353 1,48% 10 Guainía 72.238 35.230 64,9% 25 Guaviare 53.460 95.551 4,3% 24 Meta 85.635 783.168 1,28% 20 Vaupés 54.135 39.279 66,6% 3 Vichada 98.970 55.872 44,35% 32 TOTAL 631.525 2.024.634 25,6% 206*** 55,3% 4,7% N.A. 32,4%**** Porcentaje respecto al total nacional *Fuente: DANE. Censo General 2005. Resultados población conciliada a Junio 30 de 20005. En: www.dane.gov.co **DANE. Colombia una nación multicultural. Su diversidad étnica. Bogotá, Mayo de 2007. ***La diferencia entre la suma del número de resguardos de cada departamento y el total de res-­
guardos de la región se explica porque algunos resguardos abarcan áreas correspondientes a más de un departamento. ****Sobre un total de 634 resguardos legalmente titulados a comunidades indígenas en el país, VHJ~QHO6LVWHPDGH,QIRUPDFLyQ*HRJUi¿FRGH2UGHQDPLHQWR7HUULWRULDO±6,*27GHO,QVWLWXWR
*HRJUi¿FR$JXVWtQ&RGD]]L
N.A. No aplica
12 э18 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
Mapa 1. departamentos que integran el área de análisis
э 19 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
(QWpUPLQRVWHUULWRULDOHVHVWDVUHJLRQHVSUHVHQWDQSDLVDMHVSUHGRPLQDQWH-­
PHQWHGHVDEDQD\VHOYDEXHQDSDUWHGHORVFXDOHVVHHQFXHQWUDQOHJDOPHQWH
EDMRODFDWHJRUtDGHiUHDVQDWXUDOHVSURWHJLGDVDWUDYpVGHODV¿JXUDVGH
3DUTXHV1DFLRQDOHV1DWXUDOHV5HVHUYDV1DFLRQDOHV1DWXUDOHV6DQWXDULRV
GH)ORUD\)DXQDÈUHDVGH5HVHUYD)RUHVWDOÈUHDVGH0DQHMR,QWHJUDGR
HQWUHRWUDV'HpVWDVVHGHVWDFDQOD5HVHUYD)RUHVWDOGHOD$PD]RQtDHV-­
WDEOHFLGDDWUDYpVGHOD/H\GH\HOÈUHDGH0DQHMR(VSHFLDOGHOD
0DFDUHQD ±$0(0 FUHDGD PHGLDQWH HO 'HFUHWR /H\ GH TXH
FXEUHQSRUFLRQHVVLJQL¿FDWLYDVGHOWHUULWRULRDTXHVHKDFHUHIHUHQFLDHQHVWH
GRFXPHQWR\TXHGHEHQVHUFRQVLGHUDGDVSRUODVLPSOLFDFLRQHVTXHWLHQHQ
HQDOJXQRVDVSHFWRVGHODQiOLVLVTXHDTXtVHSUHVHQWD
/D5HVHUYD)RUHVWDOGHOD$PD]RQtDWLHQHXQiUHDDFWXDOGHKHF-­
WiUHDVHTXLYDOHQWHDPiVGHOGHOWRWDOGHÈUHDVGH5HVHUYD)RUHVWDOD
QLYHOQDFLRQDO\FXEUHODPD\RUSDUWHGHORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH*XDYLDUH
*XDLQtD&DTXHWi9DXSpV$PD]RQDV\HOVXUGHO0HWDGRQGHVHVREUH-­
SRQHHQFHUFDGHGHKHFWiUHDVFRQHOÈUHDGH0DQHMR(VSHFLDOGH
OD0DFDUHQD9DOHGHFLUDGHPiVTXHEXHQDSDUWHGHHVWDViUHDVSURWHJLGDV
VHVXSHUSRQHQFRQORV5HVJXDUGRV,QGtJHQDVHQHVWDUHJLyQORFXDOJHQHUD
FRQÀLFWRVGHFRPSHWHQFLDVHQWUHODVDXWRULGDGHVDPELHQWDOHV\ODVDXWRUL-­
GDGHVLQGtJHQDVHQGHWULPHQWRGHOGHUHFKRDODDXWRQRPtD\DOWHUULWRULRGH
HVWDV~OWLPDV
'H DFXHUGR FRQ OD LQIRUPDFLyQ FRQVROLGDGD SRU HO 3UR\HFWR GH SURWHF-­
FLyQGHWLHUUDV\SDWULPRQLRGHODSREODFLyQGHVSOD]DGDODVXSHUSRVLFLyQ
WHUULWRULDOHQWUH5HVJXDUGRV\OD=RQDGH5HVHUYD)RUHVWDO$PD]yQLFDDI-­
HFWDDUHVJXDUGRVFRQXQiUHDDSUR[LPDGDGHKHFWiUHDV$GL-­
FLRQDOPHQWH VH SUHVHQWDQ WUDVODSHV HQWUH 5HVJXDUGRV \ ORV 3DUTXHV \
5HVHUYDV1DFLRQDOHV1DWXUDOHV$OWR)UDJXD±,QGL:DVL$PDFD\DFX&D-­
KXLQDUL (O &RFX\ 1XNDN 3XLQDZL 5tR 3XUp 6HUUDQtD GH &KLULELTXHWH
7LQLJXD\<DLJRMH$SDSRULV
6H HQWLHQGHQ FRPR iUHDV SURWHJLGDV ORV
³WHUULWRULRV GH PDQHMR HVSHFLDO SDUD OD
FRQVHUYDFLyQGHODPELHQWH\ORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV
UHQRYDEOHV´ 9HU $FFLyQ 6RFLDO ± 3UR\HFWR
SURWHFFLyQGHWLHUUDV\SDWULPRQLRGHODSREODFLyQ
GHVSOD]DGD&DUDFWHUL]DFLyQGHODVWLHUUDVUXUDOHV\
VX FRUUHODFLyQ FRQ HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR IRU]DGR HQ
&RORPELD%RJRWiMXOLRGH
&RQ EDVH HQ $FFLyQ 6RFLDO ± 3UR\HFWR
SURWHFFLyQGHWLHUUDV\SDWULPRQLRGHODSREODFLyQ
GHVSOD]DGD&DUDFWHUL]DFLyQGHODVWLHUUDVUXUDOHV\
VX FRUUHODFLyQ FRQ HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR IRU]DGR HQ
&RORPELD%RJRWiMXOLRGHFDS,EtGHP
&LIUDV SUHVHQWDGDV SRU ,EiQ GH 5HPHQWHUtD HQ
(QWpUPLQRVHFRQyPLFRVHOiUHDDJUtFRODVHFRQFHQWUDHQHO'HSDUWDPHQWR
GHO0HWDTXHUHSUHVHQWDFHUFDGHOGHOWRWDOGHWLHUUDFXOWLYDGDHQWRGDOD
UHJLyQVHJXLGRSRUORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH&DVDQDUH\$UDXFDFX\DSDUWLFL-­
SDFLyQHVGHORUGHQGH\UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH$VXYH]ORVGHSDUWD-­
PHQWRVGH&DTXHWi\3XWXPD\RUHSUHVHQWDQFHUFDGHOGHOiUHDDJUtFROD
GHODUHJLyQHQWDQWRTXHODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVVLWXDGRVHQ
HO H[WUHPR RULHQWDO HV PX\ PDUJLQDO GDGDV ODV FRQGLFLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV
GHOWHUULWRULR\ORVSDWURQHVGHRFXSDFLyQ\XVRGHODWLHUUDVSRUSDUWHGHODV
FRPXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDVDVHQWDGDVPD\RULWDULDPHQWHHQGLFKD]RQD
VXFRQIHUHQFLD³(OLPSDFWRGHORVFXOWLYRVLOtFLWRV
HQHO2ULHQWHGH&RORPELD´RIUHFLGDHQHOPDUFR
GH OD &iWHGUD -RUJH (OLpFHU *DLWiQ ³$PD]RQtD
&RORPELDQD ,PDJLQDULRV \ 5HDOLGDGHV´ GH OD
8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH&RORPELD%RJRWi
8Q UHQJOyQ LPSRUWDQWH GH OD HFRQRPtD HQ OD UHJLyQ 2ULQRTXtD HV OD JD-­
QDGHUtDTXHUHSUHVHQWDODFXDUWDSDUWHGHODJDQDGHUtDQDFLRQDO\VHVLW~DHQ
э20 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
ORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH&DVDQDUH0HWD\$UDXFDTXHFRQFHQWUDQHOGH
ODSURGXFFLyQJDQDGHUDUHJLRQDO(OGHSDUWDPHQWRGH&DTXHWiWDPELpQWLHQH
XQDSDUWLFLSDFLyQLPSRUWDQWHFRQHOGHOKDWR.
$GHPiVGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVDJURSHFXDULDVODH[SORWDFLyQSHWUROHUDFRQVWL-­
WX\H OD EDVH GH OD HFRQRPtD SDUD ORV GHSDUWDPHQWRV GH OD 2ULQRTXLD 'H
DFXHUGR FRQ OD LQIRUPDFLyQ FRQVROLGDGD SRU HO 0LQLVWHULR GH 0LQDV \
(QHUJtD D QRYLHPEUH GH ORV GHSDUWDPHQWRV GH 0HWD &DVDQDUH \
$UDXFD UHSUHVHQWDQ HO GH OD SURGXFFLyQ QDFLRQDO GH SHWUyOHR FRQ
SURPHGLRVPHQVXDOHVGH\EDUULOHVPHQVXDOHVUH-­
VSHFWLYDPHQWH$OH[DPLQDUODLQIRUPDFLyQGHOD$JHQFLD1DFLRQDOGH+L-­
GURFDUEXURVVREUHiUHDVGHH[SORUDFLyQ\H[SORWDFLyQSHWUROHUDHQODUHJLyQ
VHREVHUYDODDOWDFRQFHQWUDFLyQTXHHQHVWDPDWHULDSUHVHQWDQORVGHSDU-­
WDPHQWRV \D VHxDODGRV DXQTXH OD WHQGHQFLD HQ PDWHULD GH H[SORUDFLyQ VH
GLULJHKDFLDHOVXU\RULHQWHGHODUHJLyQHQSDUWLFXODUORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH
9LFKDGD&DTXHWi\*XDYLDUH
(Q UHODFLyQ FRQ OD SURGXFFLyQ GH FXOWLYRV GH XVR LOtFLWR HQ ODV UHJLRQHV
DPD]yQLFD\RULQRTXHQVHVHxDODHOLQYHVWLJDGRU,EiQGH5HPHQWHUtD
“en el Oriente de Colombia se han instalado 31.657 hectáreas de cul-­
tivos ilícitos de coca que generan 295 toneladas de cocaína por un YDORUDQXDOHVWLPDGRGH8«(VVXSHU¿FLHHTXLYDOHD
casi el 40% del área total de cultivos ilícitos de coca en Colombia, no obstante las hectáreas de coca instaladas en el Putumayo son el 12% del total nacional y a nivel departamental constituyen el segundo cul-­
tivo ilícito después del instalado en Nariño, el tercer lugar lo ocupa HO*XDYLDUHFRQHOGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQQDFLRQDO6LELHQORVFXOWLYRV
LOtFLWRVGHFRFDVyORSDUWLFLSDQFRQHOGHODVXSHU¿FLHDJUtFROD
WRWDOHQXVRGHODUHJLyQRULHQWDOGHOSDtVHOORVJHQHUDQHOGHO
producto agrícola regional y el 21,1% del producto agropecuario total de la región oriental
(VWH LQYHVWLJDGRU GHVWDFD WDPELpQ TXH OD GHSHQGHQFLD GH ORV FXOWLYRV
LOtFLWRVSDUDODUHJLyQRULHQWDOHQFRPSDUDFLyQFRQHOLQJUHVRDJURSHFXDULR
WRWDOVHHQFXHQWUDGLUHFWDPHQWHGHWHUPLQDGDSRUODGLVWDQFLDFRQUHVSHFWR
DOSLHGHPRQWHGHOODFRUGLOOHUDRULHQWDOGHPDQHUDTXHPLHQWUDVGHSDUWD-­
PHQWRVFRPR0HWD\*XDYLDUHVyORGHSHQGHQHQXQGHHVWRVFXOWLYRV
DTXHOORVVLWXDGRVHQHOH[WUHPRRULHQWDO*XDLQtD9DXSpV\$PD]RQDVGH-­
SHQGHQHQXQGHHVWDSURGXFFLyQ(OQLYHOGHGHSHQGHQFLDVHH[SOLFD
SRUODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHRWURVSURGXFWRVHQODFRPSRVLFLyQGHODSURGXFFLyQ
DJURSHFXDULD \ ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH TXH pVWRV OOHJXHQ D ORV PHUFDGRV GHO
FHQWURGHOSDtV
,EtGHP
'RFXPHQWRERUUDGRUGLVSRQLEOHHQ
http://www.catedras-bogota.unal.edu.co/
gaitan/2010-I/Gaitan%202010/Documentos.
html
э 21 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
Delimitación subregional
3DUD HIHFWRV GH XQD PHMRU FRPSUHQVLyQ HQ HO DQiOLVLV GH ODV GLQiPLFDV
TXH WLHQHQ OXJDU HQ XQD UHJLyQ WDQ DPSOLD \ GLYHUVD HQ HVWH LQIRUPH VH
HVWDEOHFHXQDVXEUHJLRQDOL]DFLyQHQODFXDOVHDJUXSDQORVGHSDUWDPHQWRV\
HQDOJXQRVFDVRVORVPXQLFLSLRVFRQEDVHHQODH[LVWHQFLDGHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
FRPXQHVTXHSHUPLWHQVLWXDUORVFRPRXQFRPSOHMRWHUULWRULDO(VWDVFDUDF-­
WHUtVWLFDVHVWiQGDGDVSULQFLSDOPHQWHSRUODKLVWRULDGHOSREODPLHQWR\RFX-­
SDFLyQGHOWHUULWRULRORVFLUFXLWRVGHSURGXFFLyQ\WUDQVLWRTXHGHWHUPLQDQ
FHQWUDOLGDGHV\ODVGLQiPLFDVGHOFRQÀLFWRDUPDGRHQODV~OWLPDVGpFDGDV
9DOH GHFLU TXH OD GLVWLQFLyQ GH HVWRV WUHV HVFHQDULRV QR LPSOLFD TXH VHDQ
GLQiPLFDVTXHRSHUDQGHIRUPDDLVODGD\TXHVHSXHGHQVHSDUDUWD[DWLYD-­
PHQWH 6H WUDWD PiV ELHQ GH XQD KHUUDPLHQWD SDUD GHVDUUROODU HO DQiOLVLV
D SDUWLU GH ORV pQIDVLV TXH VH REVHUYDQ HQ ODV GLIHUHQWHV iUHDV GH ORV GH-­
SDUWDPHQWRV VLQ TXH HOOR REVWH SDUD VHxDODU TXH VREUH WRGD OD UHJLyQ VH
HVWiMXJDQGRXQHVFHQDULRGHGLVSXWDSRUHODFFHVRDUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHVQR
UHQRYDEOHVSULQFLSDOPHQWHKLGURFDUEXURV\PLQHUDOHVTXHVHKDQKHFKRHYL-­
GHQWHVHQOD~OWLPDGpFDGDDVtFRPRSRUHODFFHVRDDPSOLDVSRUFLRQHVGH
WLHUUDHQXQDUHJLyQTXHKLVWyULFDPHQWHKDVLGRFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRXQDIURQ-­
WHUDDJUtFRODDELHUWD\TXHKDVHUYLGRFRPRDPRUWLJXDGRUGHORVFRQÀLFWRV
DJUDULRVHQHOFHQWURGHOSDtV.
8QHOHPHQWRFHQWUDOHQHODQiOLVLVGHORTXHRFXUUHHQHVWDUHJLyQHQPDWHULD
GHFRQÀLFWRDUPDGRHVWiYLQFXODGRFRQHOFDUiFWHUGHIURQWHUDLQWHUQDFLRQDO
TXHSUHVHQWDQYDULRVGHORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVORFXDOKDFHGHHOORVXQHVSDFLR
HVWUDWpJLFRSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHDFFLRQHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQHOWUi¿FRGHHV-­
WXSHIDFLHQWHV\DUPDVIDFLOLWDGRVSRUODGHELOLGDGHQORVFRQWUROHVHMHUFLGRV
SRUSDUWHGHODVDXWRULGDGHVFRORPELDQDVHQODVDPSOLDV\SRURVDVIURQWHUDV
FRQ9HQH]XHOD%UDVLO\3HU~/DVGLPHQVLRQHVGHHVWDViUHDVIURQWHUL]DVVH
SUHVHQWDQHQOD7DEOD
(VWH DUJXPHQWR VH HQFXHQWUD DPSOLDPHQWH
GHVDUUROODGR HQ )$-$5'2
0217$f$
'DUtR ³/D $PD]RQLD &RORPELDQD HQ OD QXHYD
IDVHDJUtFROD´(Q&RORPELD$PD]yQLFD1R
%RJRWi ,QVWLWXWR$PD]yQLFR GH ,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV
&LHQWt¿FDV ±6,1&+, 'LFLHPEUH GH SS
э22 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
FRONTERA DEPARTAMENTO EXTENSIÓN FRONTERA COLOMBO VENEZOLANA Arauca 396 km. Vichada 529 km. Guainía 453 km. Extensión total 1.378 km. Porcentaje respecto al total de la 62% frontera Colombo Venezolana FRONTERA COLOMBO BRASILERA Guainía 601 km. Vaupés 650 km. Amazonas 393 km. Extensión total 1.644 km. Porcentaje respecto al total de la 100% frontera Colombo Brasilera FRONTERA COLOMBO PERUANA Amazonas 1.458 km. Extensión total 1.458 km. Porcentaje respecto al total de la 90% frontera Colombo Peruana (ODERUDFLyQSURSLDDSDUWLUGHGDWRVGHO,QVWLWXWR*HRJUi¿FR$JXVWtQ&RGD]]L±,*$&
э 23 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
&RQEDVHHQORVDQWHULRUHVHOHPHQWRVHODQiOLVLVTXHDFRQWLQXDFLyQVHSUH-­
VHQWDVHRUJDQL]DHQWUHVVXEUHJLRQHVTXHHQWpUPLQRVJHQHUDOHVFRUUHVSRQ-­
GHQDORTXHHQORVHVWXGLRVUHJLRQDOHVHQ&RORPELDVHKDWUDEDMDGRFRPR
/ODQRV 2ULHQWDOHV $PD]RQtD 2FFLGHQWDO \ $PD]RQtD 2ULHQWDO FRPR VH
GHVFULEHDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
SUBREGION 1. Sur del Meta, Caquetá, Guaviare y Cumaribo (Vicha-­
da).
(VWD]RQDVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUVHUHOFHQWURGHODGLVSXWDSRUHOFRQWUROWHUULWR-­
ULDOHQHOPDUFRGHODFRQIURQWDFLyQHQWUH)XHU]D3~EOLFD\ODJXHUULOODGH
ODV)$5&GHIRUPDSDUWLFXODUGHVGHFRPLHQ]RVGHODGpFDGDGHOHQ
HOPDUFRGHXQDHVWUDWHJLDHQODFXDOOD)XHU]D3~EOLFDEXVFDURPSHUXQDGH
ODV]RQDVGHGRPLQLRGHHVWHJUXSRDUPDGRKLVWyULFRHQWpUPLQRVSROtWLFRV
\ PLOLWDUHV \ TXH VH KD DUWLFXODGR HQ ORV VXFHVLYRV 3ODQ &RORPELD 3ODQ
3DWULRWD\3ODQ&RQVROLGDFLyQ(VWDVLWXDFLyQDIHFWDHQWpUPLQRVJHQHUDOHV
DORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH&DTXHWi*XDYLDUH\HQHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGHO0HWD
HOiUHDJHQHUDOGHOD6HUUDQtDGHOD0DFDUHQD\HO6XUGHO0HWDOLPtWURIH
FRQHO*XDYLDUH\VHH[WLHQGHKDVWDHOPXQLFLSLRGH&XPDULERHQHOVXUGH
9LFKDGD(VWDVXEUHJLyQFRQFHQWUDODPD\RUSREODFLyQGHOFRQMXQWRUHJLRQDO
DQDOL]DGRHQHVWHLQIRUPHFRQXQWRWDOGHKDELWDQWHVHQPXQL-­
FLSLRV
&RQVWLWX\HXQD]RQDGHGRPLQLRKLVWyULFR\GHSUHVHQFLDHVWUDWpJLFDSDUDOD
JXHUULOODGHODV)$5&GHVGHVXFRQIRUPDFLyQ'HDKtTXHFRQSRVWHULRULGDG
DO OHYDQWDPLHQWR GH OD ]RQD GHVPLOLWDUL]DGD GHFUHWDGD SRU HO JRELHUQR GH
$QGUpV3DVWUDQDSDUDDGHODQWDUGLiORJRVGHSD]pVWDVHKD\DFRQYHUWLGRHQ
HOHVFHQDULRGHODRIHQVLYDGHOD)XHU]D3~EOLFDFRQWUDHVWHJUXSRDUPDGR
SDUDORFXDOVHKDGHVSOHJDGRXQIXHUWHGLVSRVLWLYRPLOLWDUTXHKDLGRDP-­
SOLDQGRVXUDGLRGHDFFLyQDWRGDODUHJLyQORTXHKDUHGXQGDGRDGHPiV
GHHYLGHQWHVLPSDFWRVDODHVWUXFWXUDPLOLWDUGHODV)$5&HQJUDYHVFRQVH-­
FXHQFLDVHQWpUPLQRVKXPDQLWDULRVHQXQHVFHQDULRFDUDFWHUL]DGRSRUXQD
IXHUWHPLOLWDUL]DFLyQGHODYLGDFLYLO
'H DFXHUGR FRQ HO ,QVWLWXWR 6,1&+,
FRPSRQHQOD$PD]RQtD2FFLGHQWDOORVWHUULWRULRV
GHO VXU RULHQWH GH 1DULxR HO VXU RULHQWH GHO
SUBREGION 2. Casanare, Arauca, Puerto Gaitán (Meta) y norte del Vichada.
&DXFD HO VXU RFFLGHQWH GHO 0HWD *XDYLDUH
&DTXHWi \ 3XWXPD\R 3DUD HIHFWRV GH HVWH
WUDEDMRVHFRQVLGHUDQHO6XUGHO0HWD*XDYLDUH
\ &DTXHWi WHUULWRULRV TXH FRPSDUWHQ DGHPiV
GH ODV GLQiPLFDV KLVWyULFDV GH SREODPLHQWR
DPD]yQLFRFRQGLFLRQHVVLPLODUHVDVRFLDGDVFRQ
ODGLQiPLFDGHOFRQÀLFWRDUPDGRHQHVWDSDUWHGHO
SDtVHQODV~OWLPDVGpFDGDV
(VWD]RQDSUHVHQWDHQWpUPLQRVJHQHUDOHVXQHVFHQDULRGRQGHHOFRQÀLFWR
VHYLQFXODFRQHODFFHVRDWLHUUDVULFDVHQUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV\HODSURYH-­
FKDPLHQWRGHODVUHQWDVGHULYDGDVGHVXH[SORWDFLyQ(VWiLQWHJUDGDSRUORV
GHSDUWDPHQWRVGH&DVDQDUH$UDXFDQRURULHQWHGHO0HWD\WLHQGHDH[SDQ-­
GLUVHHQORV~OWLPRVDxRVKDFLDHOQRUWHGHO9LFKDGD
э24 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
(VWDiUHDVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUVXDOWRSRWHQFLDOHQPDWHULDGHUHFXUVRVQDWX-­
UDOHVQRUHQRYDEOHVSULQFLSDOPHQWHKLGURFDUEXURV(QVXFRQMXQWRORVGH-­
SDUWDPHQWRVGH&DVDQDUH$UDXFD\0HWDFRQFHQWUDQHOGHODSUR-­
GXFFLyQSHWUROHUDDQLYHOQDFLRQDO\UHFHSFLRQDQXQDOWRSRUFHQWDMHGHODV
UHJDOtDVGLUHFWDVSRUHVWHFRQFHSWR
(OFRQÀLFWRDUPDGRHQHVWD]RQDVHDVRFLDFRQHOLQWHUpVGHORVJUXSRVDU-­
PDGRVSRUKDFHUVHDOFRQWUROGHORVUHFXUVRVGHULYDGRVGHHVWDHFRQRPtD
(VWD KLSyWHVLV VH FRQ¿UPD DO REVHUYDU HO LQWHUpV TXH KDQ WHQLGR ORV GLIH-­
UHQWHV DFWRUHV DUPDGRV SRU FRQWURODU ODV DGPLQLVWUDFLRQHV PXQLFLSDOHV \
GHSDUWDPHQWDOHVORTXHHQORV~OWLPRVDxRVVHKDFRQRFLGRFRPRHOFDStWXOR
OODQRVGHOIHQyPHQRGHOD3DUDSROtWLFD
&RPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHODERQDQ]DSHWUROHUD\DSR\DGRHQODVGLQiPLFDV
SUHYLDVGHFRORQL]DFLyQGHORVOODQRVRULHQWDOHVHVWRVGHSDUWDPHQWRV±H[-­
FHSWR9LFKDGDSUHVHQWDQXQQLYHOGHGHVDUUROORHQWpUPLQRVGHLQIUDHVWUXF-­
WXUDYLDOGRWDFLRQHVXUEDQDV\SUHVWDFLyQGHVHUYLFLRVEiVLFRVVXSHULRUVLVH
FRPSDUDFRQRWURVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGHOD]RQD
6LQHPEDUJRODPD\RUGLVSRQLELOLGDGGHUHFXUVRVQRKDUHGXQGDGRHQXQD
PHMRUDVLJQL¿FDWLYDGHODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHYLGDGHODVSREODFLRQHVGHHVWD
SDUWHGHOSDtVGHELGRDODOWRJUDGRGHFRUUXSFLyQFRQTXHVHKDQPDQHMDGR
ORVGLQHURVSURFHGHQWHVGHODVUHJDOtDV&RPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHHOORVHRE-­
VHUYDQVLWXDFLRQHVFUtWLFDVGHGHVDWHQFLyQDODSREODFLyQHQJHQHUDO\DODV
FRPXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDVHQSDUWLFXODUFRPRVHSUHVHQWDUiPiVDGHODQWH
(VWDHVODVHJXQGD]RQDHQWpUPLQRVSREODFLRQDOHVHQHOFRQMXQWRGHOiUHD
GHTXHGDFXHQWDHVWHGRFXPHQWRFRQXQWRWDOGHKDELWDQWHVGLVWUL-­
EXLGRVHQPXQLFLSLRV
SUBREGION 3. Guainía, Vaupés y Amazonas.
(VWD]RQDVHLQWHJUDSRUORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVVLWXDGRVHQHOH[WUHPRRULHQWDO
GHODUHJLyQDPD]yQLFDTXHFRQVWLWX\HQXQiUHDGHSURSDJDFLyQGHOFRQ-­
ÀLFWRHQODPHGLGDHQTXHODVDFFLRQHVDUPDGDVWLHQGHQDH[WHQGHUVHKDFLD
ORSURIXQGRGHODVHOYDGHIRUPDSDUWLFXODUHQORV~OWLPRVFLQFRDxRV
&RUUHVSRQGHDOVXUGHO9LFKDGD\ORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH*XDLQtD9DXSpV\
$PD]RQDV(VOD]RQDTXHFRQFHQWUDPHQRVSREODFLyQGHOWRWDOGHODUHJLyQ
FRQDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHKDELWDQWHVHQPXQLFLSLRV\FRUUHJLPLHQ-­
WRV
$VXYH]HVODVXEUHJLyQTXHFRQFHQWUDXQPD\RUSRUFHQWDMHGHSREODFLyQ
LQGtJHQD OD FXDO UHSUHVHQWD FHUFD GHO WRWDO GH KDELWDQWHV GH ORV WUHV
GHSDUWDPHQWRV\HVWiLQWHJUDGDSRUJUXSRVpWQLFRVGLIHUHQWHVHVWRHV
FHUFDGHODPLWDGGHORVSXHEORVLQGtJHQDVTXHKDELWDQHQHOSDtV
э 25 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
(OH[WUHPRRULHQWDOGHOD$PD]RQLD&RORPELDQDHVODUHJLyQPHQRVLQWH-­
JUDGDDORVFLUFXLWRVGHSURGXFFLyQ\FRQVXPRQDFLRQDO\SUHVHQWDXQDOWR
Gp¿FLWHQORUHIHUHQWHDSUHVHQFLDGHLQVWLWXFLRQHVGHO(VWDGR\SUHVWDFLyQ
GHVHUYLFLRVEiVLFRVSDUDVXVSREODGRUHV(OtQGLFHGHQHFHVLGDGHVEiVLFDV
LQVDWLVIHFKDVSDUDHVWDVXEUHJLyQHYLGHQFLDHVWDVLWXDFLyQDOVLWXDUVHHQSUR-­
PHGLRHQ
э26 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
э 27 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
2. La disputa por el territorio y la confrontación armada en el sur oriente colombiano
&RQFHSWR HPSOHDGR SRU HO SURIHVRU 'DUtR
)DMDUGR HQ VX FRQIHUHQFLD ³/D $PD]RQtD
&RORPELDQD HQ OD QXHYD IDVH DJUtFROD´ RIUHFLGD
HQ HO PDUFR GH OD &iWHGUD -RUJH (OLpFHU *DLWiQ
³$PD]RQtD&RORPELDQD,PDJLQDULRV\5HDOLGDGHV´
GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO GH &RORPELD %RJRWi
DEULOGH
02/$12 $OIUHGR 6HOYD DGHQWUR
8QD KLVWRULD RUDO GH OD FRORQL]DFLyQ GHO *XDYLDUH
%RJRWi (O $QFRUD (GLWRUHV '20,1*8(=
&DPLOR \ *20(= $XJXVWR 1DFLyQ \
HWQLDV /RV FRQÀLFWRV WHUULWRULDOHV HQ OD $PD]RQLD
%RJRWi'LVORTXH(GLWRUHV
/DVUHJLRQHV2ULQRTXHQVH\$PD]yQLFDKDQVLGR³WHUULWRULRVPDUJLQDOL]D-­
GRV11´ HQ HO SURFHVR GH MHUDUTXL]DFLyQ UHJLRQDO GHO WHUULWRULR FRORPELDQR
6XVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVJHRJUi¿FDVUHIRU]DGDVSRUORVLPDJLQDULRVFRQVWUXLGRV
GHVGHHOSHUtRGRFRORQLDOKDQLPSOLFDGRXQDGpELODUWLFXODFLyQDORVFLUFXL-­
WRVHFRQyPLFRVQDFLRQDOHV\SRUHQGHDODVGLQiPLFDVGHSREODPLHQWR(V
VyORDSDUWLUGHODVHJXQGDPLWDGGHOVLJOR;,;FXDQGRSRUHIHFWRGHODGH-­
PDQGDLQWHUQDFLRQDOGHSURGXFWRVFRPRHOFDXFKR\ODTXLQDDEXQGDQWHVHQ
HVWDV]RQDVGHOSDtVVHHPSLH]DQDGDUROHDGDVGHFRORQL]DFLyQLPSXOVDGD
SRU OD H[SORWDFLyQ GH HVWRV UHFXUVRV (VWD IRUPD GH FRORQL]DFLyQ KD VLGR
FDUDFWHUL]DGDSRUHOVRFLyORJR$OIUHGR0RODQRFRPR³FRORQL]DFLyQUDSD]´
HQODPHGLGDHQTXHQRVHJHQHUDQDVHQWDPLHQWRVSREODFLRQDOHVSHUPDQHQ-­
WHVHQODUHJLyQVLQRTXHVyORVHRFXSDPLHQWUDVVHH[WUDHQORVUHFXUVRV\
ODVJDQDQFLDVJHQHUDGDVQRVHLQYLHUWHQHQHOWHUULWRULR
(VWD SULPHUD ROHDGD GH LQWHUYHQFLyQ VREUH OD UHJLyQ DIHFWy GH IRUPD
SDUWLFXODU D ODV FRPXQLGDGHV LQGtJHQDV SREODGRUHV DQFHVWUDOHV GHO WHUUL-­
WRULRTXHIXHURQHVFODYL]DGRVGXUDQWHHVWHSHUtRGR\VXSREODFLyQVHYLR
GLH]PDGD FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GHO UpJLPHQ LPSXHVWR SRU HPSUHVDULRV FR-­
э28 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
ORPELDQRV\SHUXDQRVTXHOLGHUDURQODH[WUDFFLyQGHORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV
/DVFRPXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDVGH/D&KRUUHUDHQHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH$PD-­
]RQDVVHGHGHOD&DVD$UDQD\HQJHQHUDOORVLQGtJHQDVGHOD$PD]RQtD\
OD2ULQRTXtD&RORPELDQDUHODWDQFRQGRORUORVLPSDFWRVTXHODH[SORWDFLyQ
FDXFKHUDTXLQHUD\OXHJRGHSLHOHVSOXPDV\WDQWDVRWUDV¿HEUHVH[WUDFWLY-­
LVWDVKDQGHMDGRVREUHVXVSXHEORV
(VWHPRGHORJHQHUyXQDGLQiPLFDPX\SDUWLFXODUHQODTXHOD$PD]RQtD
VHLQWHJUDSULPHURDODHFRQRPtDLQWHUQDFLRQDOSRUYtDGHVXH[WUDFFLyQGHO
FDXFKR\ODTXLQDDQWHVTXHDODHFRQRPtDFRORPELDQDVHJ~QORVLQYHVWLJD-­
GRUHVH[SHUWRVHQODUHJLyQ
<DHQODVSULPHUDVGpFDGDVGHOVLJOR;;\FRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHORVFRQ-­
ÀLFWRVDJUDULRVTXHHPSH]DURQDKDFHUVHHYLGHQWHVHQODUHJLyQDQGLQD\HQ
HOFHQWURGHOSDtVPLOHVGHFDPSHVLQRVHPLJUDURQKDFLDODVSODQLFLHVVLWXD-­
GDVHQHORULHQWHSDUDFRORQL]DUWLHUUDVTXHOHVSHUPLWLHUDQDOFDQ]DUXQVXV-­
WHQWRSDUDVXVIDPLOLDV(VWDVPLJUDFLRQHVVHGLULJLHURQHQGRVGLUHFFLRQHV
SULQFLSDOHV/DSULPHUDKDFLDHOSLHGHPRQWHOODQHURGRQGHGDGDODFHUFDQtD
FRQODFDSLWDO\ODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQDYtDHQDFHSWDEOHVFRQGLFLRQHVVHIXH
FRQIRUPDQGRHOQ~FOHRSREODFLRQDOTXHKR\HV9LOODYLFHQFLRDFWXDOPHQWH
HOSULQFLSDOFHQWURXUEDQRGHORULHQWHGHOSDtVFRQXQDSREODFLyQFHUFDQDD
ORVKDELWDQWHVTXHFRPRREVHUYDUHPRVSRVWHULRUPHQWHHVWDPELpQ
XQRGHORVSULQFLSDOHVFHQWURVUHFHSWRUHVGHSREODFLyQYtFWLPDGHOGHVSOD]D-­
PLHQWRHQODV~OWLPDVGpFDGDV8QVHJXQGRQ~FOHRVHYDDDUWLFXODUHQWRUQR
DOSLHGHPRQWHDPD]yQLFRDSDUWLUGHROHDGDVPLJUDWRULDVSURFHGHQWHVGHO
+XLOD\7ROLPDTXHYDQDFRQIRUPDUSDXODWLQDPHQWHD)ORUHQFLDFRPRHO
SULQFLSDOQ~FOHRSREODGRGHOD$PD]RQtD&RORPELDQD
$VtODEDMDGHQVLGDGSREODFLRQDOGHORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGHOD$PD]RQtD\
2ULQRTXLD&RORPELDQDVHH[SOLFDHQWpUPLQRVGHODKLVWRULDGHODRFXSDFLyQ
GHOWHUULWRULRHQ&RORPELDGHPDQHUDTXHODViUHDVGHODVVHOYDV\ORVOODQRV
HPSH]DURQDVHUREMHWRGHFRORQL]DFLyQ\HVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHDVHQWDPLHQWRV
SHUPDQHQWHVDSHQDVDSDUWLUGHODVHJXQGDPLWDGGHOVLJOR;;HQXQSUR-­
FHVRHVWUHFKDPHQWHYLQFXODGRFRQORVFRQÀLFWRVSRUODWLHUUD\ODYLROHQFLD
HQHOFHQWURGHOSDtV6LELHQODFRORQL]DFLyQ\ODLQWHUYHQFLyQGHOWHUULWRULR
DPD]yQLFRSRUSDUWHGHSREODGRUHVQRLQGtJHQDVHVXQSURFHVRTXHQRVH
LQLFLDHQODPLWDGGHOVLJOR;;GDGRTXHGHVGHORVWLHPSRVGHODRFXSDFLyQ
HVSDxROD VH UHJLVWUD LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH GLYHUVDV H[SHGLFLRQHV VREUH HVWDV
UHJLRQHVIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHGLULJLGDVDODH[SORWDFLyQGHUHFXUVRVQDWXUD-­
OHV \ODHYDQJHOL]DFLyQGHODVFRPXQLGDGHVQDWLYDVHVVyORKDVWDHOVLJOR
DQWHULRUTXHVHFRQVROLGDXQSURFHVRGHRFXSDFLyQWHUULWRULDOSHUPDQHQWH\
HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH DVHQWDPLHQWRV KXPDQRV HQ HVWDV UHJLRQHV SDUWLFXODU-­
PHQWHSRUSDUWHGHFDPSHVLQRVTXHIXHURQH[SXOVDGRVGHODViUHDVGHSUR-­
GXFFLyQDJUtFRODWUDGLFLRQDO\TXHEXVFDEDQDEULHQGRWURFKD\WXPEDQGR
э 29 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
VHOYDXQQXHYRHVSDFLRHQHOTXHYLYLU
(VWRVSURFHVRVGHFRORQL]DFLyQTXHKDQFRQIRUPDGRHOWHUULWRULRTXHKR\
FRQRFHPRVHQOD$PD]RQtD\2ULQRTXLD&RORPELDQDKDQHVWDGRDFRPSD-­
xDGRVGHDOJXQRVHVIXHU]RVGHVGHHO(VWDGRSDUDLQWHJUDUHVWDVUHJLRQHVD
ORV FLUFXLWRV GH SURGXFFLyQ \ FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ QDFLRQDO (Q ODV SULPHUDV
GpFDGDVGHOVLJOR;;\SDUWLFXODUPHQWHDSDUWLUGHODGpFDGDGHVH
SURPRYLHURQDFFLRQHVLQVWLWXFLRQDOHVSDUDIDYRUHFHUODFRORQL]DFLyQGHODV
]RQDVGHOSLHGHPRQWHRULHQWDOWDQWRDPD]yQLFRFRPROODQHURDWUDYpVGH
SROtWLFDV GH WLWXODFLyQ GH EDOGtRV FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH YtDV H LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV
EiVLFDV\RWRUJDPLHQWRGHFUpGLWRV(VWDVDFFLRQHVHVWXYLHURQHQDOWRJUDGR
GLULJLGDVDGLVPLQXLUODVWHQVLRQHVGHULYDGDVGHODFUHFLHQWHFRQFHQWUDFLyQ
GHWLHUUDVHQHOFHQWURGHOSDtV(VSRUHVWRTXHVHKDEODGHODDPSOLDFLyQGH
ODIURQWHUDDJUtFRODHQHVWDUHJLyQFRPRXQSURFHVRGHDPRUWLJXDPLHQWRGHO
FRQÀLFWRDJUDULR
6LQ HPEDUJR ODV GHPDQGDV GH ORV FRORQRV TXH OOHJDURQ HQ JUDQGHV FDQ-­
WLGDGHV D HVWDEOHFHUVH HQ OD UHJLyQ SURQWR VXSHUDURQ OD FDSDFLGDG GH
UHVSXHVWDGHO(VWDGR\ODVSHUVSHFWLYDVGHFRQVROLGDUHVWDV]RQDVFRPRiUHDV
GHSURGXFFLyQDJUtFRODLQWHJUDGDVDXQPHUFDGRQDFLRQDOQRVHFRQFUHWDURQ
H[FHSWRHQFDVRVFRPRHOGHODSURGXFFLyQGHDUUR]HQHO'HSDUWDPHQWRGHO
0HWDTXHVHIXHDSXQWDODQGRJUDFLDVHQWUHRWURVIDFWRUHVDODH[LVWHQFLDGH
XQDYtDGHFRPXQLFDFLyQFRQODFDSLWDOGHOSDtV
(QHOUHVWRGHODUHJLyQVHKLFLHURQHYLGHQWHVODVIXHUWHVUHVWULFFLRQHVSDUD
HOGHVDUUROORGHXQDHFRQRPtDORFDOFDSD]GHJHQHUDUQLYHOHVGHLQJUHVRV
VX¿FLHQWHVSDUDJDUDQWL]DUODFDOLGDGGHYLGDGHVXVSREODGRUHV(QHVWHFRQ-­
WH[WRHVHQHOTXHGHEHFRPSUHQGHUVHHODXJHGHORVFXOWLYRVGHXVRLOtFLWR
PDULKXDQD\FRFDSULQFLSDOPHQWHTXHHPSLH]DQDRFXSDUXQOXJDUSUHSRQ-­
GHUDQWHHQODHFRQRPtDUHJLRQDODSDUWLUGHODGpFDGDGHORVDxRVVHWHQWD
JHQHUDQGRXQQXHYRLPSXOVRFRORQL]DGRUTXHYHQGUtDDUHLWHUDUODWHQGHQFLD
KLVWyULFDGHODUHJLyQFRPRHVSDFLRFDUDFWHUL]DGRSRUODVERQDQ]DVH[WUDF-­
WLYDVGHUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHVTXHHQHVWDRSRUWXQLGDGHVWDUtDDFRPSDVDGR
FRPRHQDQWHULRUHVSHUtRGRVGHOLQLFLRGHXQQXHYRFLFORGHYLROHQFLDTXHVH
H[WLHQGHKDVWDQXHVWURVGtDV
(V HQ HVWH HVFHQDULR FDUDFWHUL]DGR SRU OD FRQÀXHQFLD GH IXHUWHV FRQÀLF-­
WRVVRFLDOHVYLQFXODGRVFRQODHVFDVH]GHDOWHUQDWLYDVHFRQyPLFDVSDUDXQD
SREODFLyQTXHSUHYLDPHQWHIXHH[SXOVDGDGHRWUDVUHJLRQHVGHOSDtV\TXH
EXVFyDWUDYpVGHODFRORQL]DFLyQKDFHUVHDXQSHGD]RGHWLHUUDSDUDSRGHU
FXOWLYDU\VRVWHQHUDVXIDPLOLDGRQGHODSUHVWDFLyQGHVHUYLFLRVEiVLFRVSRU
SDUWHGHO(VWDGRKDVLGRXQDGHPDQGDUHLWHUDGDSRUSDUWHGHODVFRPXQL-­
GDGHVODVPiVGHODVYHFHVGHVRtGDGRQGHVHVLW~DODIXHUWHFRQIURQWDFLyQ
DUPDGDTXHHQODV~OWLPDVGpFDGDKDJHQHUDGRSURIXQGDVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV
HQODVGLQiPLFDVGHSREODPLHQWRHQHVWDUHJLyQGHOSDtV(QHVWHSURFHVR
э30 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
PLOHV GH IDPLOLDV KDQ WHQLGR TXH DEDQGRQDU VXV SDUFHODV SDVDQGR D HQ-­
JURVDUORVVHFWRUHVPDUJLQDOHVGHODVPD\RUHVFDEHFHUDVPXQLFLSDOHVGHOD
UHJLyQSULQFLSDOPHQWHORVPXQLFLSLRVGH9LOODYLFHQFLR)ORUHQFLD6DQ-RVp
GHO*XDYLDUH\$UDXFD
(QWUHWDQWRHQODViUHDVUXUDOHVVHKDLGRFRQVROLGDQGRXQPRGHORGHPLOL-­
WDUL]DFLyQGHODYLGDFLYLOTXHKDDIHFWDGRGHGLYHUVDVIRUPDVDODSREODFLyQ
TXHDOOtKDELWDTXLHQHVVHYHQVRPHWLGRVDGLYHUVDVIRUPDVGHYXOQHUDFLyQ
GHVXVGHUHFKRVSRUSDUWHGHWRGRVORVDFWRUHVGHOFRQÀLFWR(VWDVLWXDFLyQ
VHKDLGRH[WHQGLGRGHIRUPDSDXODWLQDKDFLDODViUHDVPiVVHOYiWLFDVGHO
WHUULWRULRHQODVTXHKDELWDQHQVXPD\RUtDFRPXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDVTXHKDQ
UHVLVWLGRDGLYHUVDVIRUPDVGHYLROHQFLDTXHGXUDQWHHO~OWLPRVLJORKDQGLV-­
PLQXLGRGHIRUPDDFHOHUDGDVXSREODFLyQ\PRGL¿FDGRVXVIRUPDVGHYLGD
KDVWDXELFDVHKR\HQXQDVLWXDFLyQGHPi[LPRULHVJRTXHKDVLGRDGYHUWLGD
SRU RUJDQLVPRV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV VRFLDOHV \ PiV UHFLHQWH-­
PHQWHSRUHO7ULEXQDO&RQVWLWXFLRQDO&RORPELDQR.
&257( &2167,78&,21$/ 6DOD 6HJXQGD
GH 5HYLVLyQ $XWR GH 3URWHFFLyQ GH
ORV GHUHFKRV IXQGDPHQWDOHV GH ODV SHUVRQDV \ ORV
SXHEORV LQGtJHQDV GHVSOD]DGRV SRU HO FRQÀLFWR
DUPDGR R HQ ULHVJR GH GHVSOD]DPLHQWR IRU]DGR
%RJRWiGHHQHURGH
э 31 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
э32 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
/DLQWHUYHQFLRQFHQWUDGDHQORPLOLWDU
'XUDQWH ODV GRV ~OWLPDV GpFDGDV HQ HO VXU RULHQWH FRORPELDQR KD WHQLGR
OXJDUXQFRQVLGHUDEOHGHVSOLHJXHPLOLWDUDWUDYpVGHOFXDOOD)XHU]D3~EOLFD
EXVFDUHFXSHUDUHOWHUULWRULR\GHUURWDUDORVJUXSRVDUPDGRVTXHKDQHMHU-­
FLGRGRPLQLRVREUHYDVWDV]RQDVFRQFUHWDPHQWHODJXHUULOODGHODV)$5&(O
GLVSRVLWLYRPLOLWDUGHOD)XHU]D3~EOLFDSDUDHVWDUHJLyQHVWiRUJDQL]DGRHQ
WUHVGLYLVLRQHVGHO(MpUFLWR±FXDUWDVH[WD\RFWDYDLQWHJUDGRSRUEULJD-­
GDVGHODVFXDOHVGHSHQGHQEDWDOORQHVDORVTXHVHDJUHJDHOFRPSR-­
QHQWHDpUHRSUHVWDGRGHVGHODEDVHGH0DUDQG~DHQ9LFKDGDGRQGHRSHUDHO
*UXSR$pUHRGH2ULHQWH$GLFLRQDOPHQWHHQ6DQ-RVpGHO*XDYLDUHVHXELFD
OD(VFXHODGH)XHU]DV(VSHFLDOHVVLWXDGDHQSUR[LPLGDGDO5HVJXDUGR
%DUUDQFyQ.
(QHODxRVHFRQIRUPyOD)XHU]DGH7DUHD&RQMXQWD2PHJD±)7&2
FRQHOSURSyVLWRGHFRRUGLQDUODDFFLyQGHVSOHJDGDSRUOD)XHU]D3~EOLFDHQ
HOVXURULHQWHGHOSDtVDWUDYpVGHXQDDUWLFXODFLyQHIHFWLYDHQWUH(MpUFLWR
)XHU]DÈUHDH,QIDQWHUtDGH0DULQD
/D)7&2HVWiLQWHJUDGDSRUEULJDGDVPyYLOHV\FXHQWDFRQHOFRPSRQHQWH
ÀXYLDOEDVDGRHQ7UHV(VTXLQDV&DTXHWi\HOFRPSRQHQWHDpUHRHQODEDVH
GH/DUDQGLD/D)7&2WLHQHFRPRHMHGHVXVRSHUDFLRQHVORVGHSDUWDPHQWRV
GH*XDYLDUH&DTXHWi\6XUGHO0HWDWHUULWRULRVTXHVRQLGHQWL¿FDGRVFRPR
HO³7HDWURGH'HFLVLyQ´HQHOFRPEDWHFRQWUDODJXHUULOODGHODV)$5&\HQ
ORVFXDOHVVHVLW~DHOHSLFHQWURGHODFRQIURQWDFLyQDUPDGDHQHOVXUGHOSDtV
(O PD\RU GHVSOLHJXHPLOLWDUTXHKDWHQLGROXJDUHQOD~OWLPDGpFDGDHMH-­
FXWDGRHQHOPDUFRGHORVGHQRPLQDGRV3ODQ&RORPELD\3ODQ3DWULRWDFRQ
HODSR\RWHFQROyJLFRORJtVWLFR\¿QDQFLHUR¿QDQFLHURGHOJRELHUQRQRUWHDP-­
HULFDQRKDGHWHUPLQDGRXQPD\RUSRWHQFLDOGHDFFLyQGHOD)XHU]D3~EOLFD
HQHOWHUULWRULR\HOORJURGHUHVXOWDGRVVLJQL¿FDWLYRVHQHOSURSyVLWRGHGLH]-­
PDUDODV)$5&\FRQWHQHUVXSURSyVLWRGHDYDQ]DUKDFLDHOFHQWURGHOSDtV
/DV XQLGDGHV RSHUDWLYDV TXH FRQIRUPDQ ODV
FLWDGDV GLYLVLRQHV VRQ VLQ HPEDUJR DTXt VH
KDFHUHIHUHQFLDDODVTXHWLHQHQMXULVGLFFLyQHQORV
GHSDUWDPHQWRVGHTXHWUDWDHVWHLQIRUPH
'HVGH VX FRQVWUXFFLyQ HQ HO DxR ORV
LQGtJHQDV -LZ KDQ SODQWHDGR TXH ODV LQVWDODFLRQHV
GH OD (VFXHOD GH )XHU]DV (VSHFLDOHV GHO (MpUFLWR
QR VyOR HVWDEDQ HQ SUR[LPLGDG DO 5HVJXDUGR VLQR
6LQHPEDUJRFRPR\DKDVLGRUHVDOWDGRHQRWURVHVWXGLRVVREUHHOWHPDOD
HVWUDWHJLDGHUHFXSHUDFLyQGHOWHUULWRULRFRQFHQWUDGDHQHOHVIXHU]RPLOLWDU\
ODFRQIURQWDFLyQDUPDGDKDWHQLGRIXHUWHVLPSDFWRVVREUHODYLGDGHORVSR-­
EODGRUHVGHHVWDVUHJLRQHVTXLHQHVKDQOODPDGRUHLWHUDGDPHQWHODDWHQFLyQ
VREUHHVWHpQIDVLVFDVLH[FOXVLYRHQODDFFLyQEDVDGDHQODIXHU]D/DHVFDVD
LQYHUVLyQ VRFLDO \ ORV UHFXUUHQWHV DWURSHOORV GH TXH KDQ VLGR YtFWLPDV ORV
FLYLOHVSRUSDUWHGHWRGRVORVDFWRUHVDUPDGRVHQHVWHHVFHQDULRFRQGXFHD
TXHVHUHSURGX]FDXQFtUFXORYLFLRVRHQHOFXDOHVWDVUHJLRQHVVLJXHQVLHQGR
PDUJLQDOHVHQWpUPLQRVGHDFFHVRDELHQHV\VHUYLFLRVEiVLFRVSRUSDUWHGH
э 33 э TXHLQYDGtDQXQDSRUFLyQGHOPLVPR&DWRUFHDxRV
GHVSXpV\DSHVDUGHTXHHO0LQLVWHULRGH'HIHQVDKD
UHFRQRFLGRHVWDVLWXDFLyQQRVHKDDYDQ]DGRHQODV
DFFLRQHVQHFHVDULDVSDUDTXHVHUHVSHWHODLQWHJULGDG
WHUULWRULDO GHO 5HVJXDUGR %DUUDQFyQ \ VH UHSDUHQ
ORV GDxRV TXH VH KDQ FDXVDGR D HVWD FRPXQLGDG
FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH OD LQYDVLyQ GH VX WHUULWRULR
KWWSZZZDUPDGDPLOFR"LGFDWHJRULD 9HU 2EVHUYDWRULR '(6& $PD]RQLD 1RGR
&RORPELD 6LWXDFLyQ GH ORV GHUHFKRV
HFRQyPLFRV VRFLDOHV \ FXOWXUDOHV HQ OD $PD]RQLD
&RORPELDQD %RJRWi ,/6$ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ ZZZ
LOVDRUJFR
TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
VXVSREODGRUHVFRQORFXDOQRVHDYDQ]DHQWpUPLQRVGHUHFRQRFLPLHQWR
GHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHV\SRUHQGHPD\RUOHJLWLPLGDGGHO(VWDGRHQHVWDV]RQDV
GHOSDtV
(OHVFHQDULRGHFULVLVKXPDQLWDULD
/DDJXGL]DFLyQGHOFRQÀLFWRHQORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGHOVXURULHQWHFRORP-­
ELDQRKDLPSDFWDGRGHPDQHUDJUDYH\SHUVLVWHQWHODSREODFLyQFLYLO(QOD
PHGLGDHQTXHVHDYDQ]DHQXQDPLOLWDUL]DFLyQGHODYLGDFRWLGLDQDHQHVWDV
UHJLRQHVODSREODFLyQKDTXHGDGRHQPHGLRGHXQDJXHUUDLUUHJXODUHQOD
TXHPLOLWDUHVSROLFtDVJXHUULOOHURV\SDUDPLOLWDUHVVHxDODQ\HVWLJPDWL]DQ\
ORVFLYLOHVFRPHWLHQGRDWURSHOORVFRQWUDVXYLGDVXGLJQLGDG\VXVGHUHFKRV
\SURYRFDQGRXQp[RGRTXHVHUHÀHMDHQXQDFRQWLQXDUHDFRPRGDFLyQVR-­
FLRGHPRJUi¿FDGHORVKDELWDQWHVGHODUHJLyQ
6LELHQHOGHVFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOSULQFLSLRGHGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHFRPEDWLHQWHV
\FLYLOHVKDVLGRXQDFRQVWDQWHHQHOFRQÀLFWRDUPDGRHQHVWDV]RQDVGHO
VXRULHQWHGHOSDtVVHKDFHPiVHYLGHQWHHOGHVFRQRFLPLHQWRGHHVWDQRUPD
FODYHGHOGHUHFKRLQWHUQDFLRQDOKXPDQLWDULR
,EtGHP&DS
(Q HVWH VHQWLGR HQIDWL]DED HQ HO DxR HO LQIRUPH ³/D DJRQtD GHO -DJXDU 'HUHFKRV
KXPDQRVGHORVSXHEORVLQGtJHQDVGHOD$PD]RQLD
&RORPELDQD´ SXEOLFDGR SRU OD $VRFLDFLyQ
'XUDQWHOD~OWLPDGpFDGDHQORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGHOD$PD]RQtD\2ULQR-­
TXLDKDQVLGRYtFWLPDVGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRIRU]DGRSHUVRQDVGH
DFXHUGRFRQODVPLVPDVFLIUDVR¿FLDOHVVREUHHVWDPDWHULD&DEHGHVWDFDU
TXHDSHQDVODFXDUWDSDUWHGHORVPXQLFLSLRVTXHFRPSRQHQHVWDVUHJLRQHV
HVWRHVGHPXQLFLSLRVFRQFHQWUDQHOGHOWRWDOGHSREODFLyQTXH
KDVLGRYtFWLPDGHHVWHGHOLWR(VWRVPXQLFLSLRVFRUUHVSRQGHQDORVGHSDU-­
WDPHQWRV GH $UDXFD *XDYLDUH 0HWD &DTXHWi \ 9LFKDGD
(QWUHHVWRVSULPHURVPXQLFLSLRVH[SXOVRUHVDSDUHFHQWUHVFDSLWDOHV
GHSDUWDPHQWDOHV$UDXFD6DQ-RVpGHO*XDYLDUH\)ORUHQFLD/DVLJXLHQWH
JUi¿FDLOXVWUDHVWDVLWXDFLyQ
/DWLQRDPHULFDQD SDUD ORV 'HUHFKRV +XPDQRV ±
$/'+8\OD8QLyQ(XURSHD
(Q HVWH VHQWLGR HQIDWL]DED HQ HO DxR HO LQIRUPH ³/D DJRQtD GHO -DJXDU 'HUHFKRV
KXPDQRVGHORVSXHEORVLQGtJHQDVGHOD$PD]RQLD
&RORPELDQD´ SXEOLFDGR SRU OD $VRFLDFLyQ
/DWLQRDPHULFDQD SDUD ORV 'HUHFKRV +XPDQRV ±
$/'+8\OD8QLyQ(XURSHD
9DOH SUHFLVDU TXH VH KDFH UHIHUHQFLD DTXt DO
Q~PHURGHSHUVRQDVTXHGHDFXHUGRFRQHOUHJLVWUR
R¿FLDOKDQVLGRYtFWLPDVGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRIRU]DGR
GXUDQWHHOSHUtRGRTXHDERUGDHVWHLQIRUPHFRQOR
FXDOQRVHKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDODVLWXDFLyQDFWXDOGHHVH
JUXSRSREODFLRQDO
э34 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
0iVD~QVHREVHUYDTXHORVGLH]SULPHURVPXQLFLSLRVH[SXOVRUHVGHODUHJLyQ
SDUDHVWHSHUtRGRFRQFHQWUDQHOGHODH[SXOVLyQHQWRGDODUHJLyQ\WRGRV
HOORVH[FHSWR7DPH±$UDXFDVHVLW~DQHQORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH*XDYLDUH
&DTXHWi\6XUGHO0HWDHQORVFXDOHVFRPRVHKDVHxDODGRVHXELFDHOHSL-­
FHQWURGHODFRQIURQWDFLyQDUPDGDHQODUHJLyQHQOD~OWLPDGpFDGD
$ODQDOL]DUHVWDGLQiPLFDGHH[SXOVLyQGHSREODFLyQDWUDYpVGHOLPSDFWRTXH
VREUHFDGDPXQLFLSLRWLHQHODPLVPDHVWRHVVHJ~QWDVDGHH[SXOVLyQSRUFDGD
KDELWDQWHVHQFRQWUDPRVTXHHQHVWDUHJLyQGHOSDtVPXQLFLSLRV
SUHVHQWDQXQDWDVDGHH[SXOVLyQGHPiVGHSRUFDGDKDELWDQ-­
WHVPXQLFLSLRVSUHVHQWDQXQDWDVDGHH[SXOVLyQGHPiVGHSRUFDGD
KDELWDQWHVHVGHFLUPiVGHODPLWDGGHVXSREODFLyQ\VHSUHVHQWDQ
FDVRVGHPXQLFLSLRVFRPR9LVWDKHUPRVD0HWD\&KDPH]D±&DVDQDUHHQ
ORVTXHODWDVDGHH[SXOVLyQHVGHPiVGHSRUFDGDKDELWDQ-­
WHVORFXDOHYLGHQFLDTXHEXHQDSDUWHGHODSREODFLyQGHHVWRVPXQLFLSLRVKD
GHELGRGHVSOD]DUVHHQPiVGHXQDRFDVLyQ
/DVLWXDFLyQSDUWLFXODUGHHVWRVPXQLFLSLRVVHUiDQDOL]DGDHQHODSDUWDGRFRU-­
UHVSRQGLHQWHDODVVXEUHJLRQHV9DOHGHFLUTXHSDUDODUHJLyQHQVXFRQMXQWR
ODWDVDGHH[SXOVLyQHVGHSRUFDGDKDELWDQWHVORTXHHTXLYDOH
DVHxDODUTXHXQSRFRPiVGHODTXLQWDSDUWHGHODSREODFLyQWRWDOGHOD$PD-­
]RQtD \ 2ULQRTXLD KD VLGR YtFWLPD GH GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GXUDQWH ORV ~OWLPRV
GLH]DxRV(VWDPHGLGDQRVVLW~DHOLPSDFWRGHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRIRU]DGRHQ
HVWDUHJLyQPX\SRUHQFLPDGHOSURPHGLRQDFLRQDOGRQGHD~QODGUDPiWLFD
FLIUDGHYtFWLPDVGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRTXHFDOFXOD&2'+(6SDUDHO
SHUtRGRQROOHJDDVHUHTXLYDOHQWHDOGHOWRWDOGHODSREODFLyQ
FRORPELDQD/DJUi¿FD\PDSDTXHVHSUHVHQWDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQLOXVWUDQORV
SULPHURVPXQLFLSLRVH[SXOVRUHVGHODUHJLyQVHJ~QHOLPSDFWRSRUWDVDGH
H[SXOVLyQ
э 35 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
э36 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
э 37 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
$O REVHUYDU OD UHODFLyQ GH ORV SULQFLSDOHV PXQLFLSLRV H[SXOVRUHV GH OD
UHJLyQVHLGHQWL¿FDQFLQFR]RQDVTXHFRUUHVSRQGHQDORVHMHVGHOFRQÀLFWR
DUPDGRHQHVWDSDUWHGHOSDtVGXUDQWHOD~OWLPDGpFDGD
(O 6XU GHO 0HWD iUHD LQWHJUDGD SRU ORV PXQLFLSLRV GH 9LVWDKHUPRVD
3XHUWR5LFR0HVHWDV6DQ-XDQGH$UDPD8ULEH3XHUWR/OHUDV(O&DV-­
WLOOR \ /HMDQtDV /D GLQiPLFD GH H[SXOVLyQ HQ HVWD SDUWH GHO SDtV VH KDOOD
HVWUHFKDPHQWHYLQFXODGDFRQORVKHFKRVTXHVXFHGLHURQFRQSRVWHULRULGDG
DOOHYDQWDPLHQWRGHOD]RQDGHGLVWHQVLyQGHFUHWDGDSDUDORVGLiORJRVGHSD]
HQWUHHOJRELHUQRFRORPELDQR\ODV)$5&HQHODxR(QHOPDUFRGHO
3ODQ1DFLRQDOGH&RQVROLGDFLyQ7HUULWRULDOORVSULPHURVFLQFRPXQLFLSLRV
PiVHOPXQLFLSLRGH/D0DFDUHQDLQWHJUDQOD]RQD&&$,GH/D0DFDUHQD
\HQHOORVVHFRQFHQWUDHOGHOWRWDOGHSREODFLyQH[SXOVDGDHQHOGHSDU-­
WDPHQWRGHO0HWDGXUDQWHOD~OWLPDGpFDGD
(O5tR*XDYLDUHiUHDLQWHJUDGDSRUORVPXQLFLSLRVGH6DQ-RVpGHO*XD-­
YLDUH0DSLULSiQ±0HWD\%DUUDQFRPLQDV±*XDLQtD/DGLQiPLFDGHH[SXO-­
VLyQHQHVWDPLFURUUHJLyQVHYLQFXODFRQODLPSRUWDQFLDHVWUDWpJLFDGHO5tR
*XDYLDUHSDUDHOFRQMXQWRGHODUHJLyQ\HQSDUWLFXODUVHGHVDWDDSDUWLUGH
ODHQWUDGDGHORVJUXSRVSDUDPLOLWDUHVDOD]RQDPDUFDGDGHIRUPDPDFDEUD
FRQODHMHFXFLyQGHODVPDVDFUHVGH0DSLULSiQ\3XHUWR$OYLUDHQORVDxRV
MXOLRGH\PD\RGHUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
(O SLHGHPRQWH DPD]yQLFR QRUWH GHO &DTXHWi iUHD LQWHJUDGD SRU ORV
PXQLFLSLRVGH&XULOOR6ROLWD9DOSDUDtVR0LOiQ&DUWDJHQDGHO&KDLUi6DQ
-RVp GH )UDJXD /D 0RQWDxLWD %HOpQ GH ORV $QGDTXtHV 6DQ 9LFHQWH GHO
&DJXiQ3XHUWR5LFR\0RUHOLD(VWD]RQDFRPR\DVHKDVHxDODGRFRQVWL-­
WX\HMXQWRFRQHO6XUGHO0HWDHOHSLFHQWURGHODFRQIURQWDFLyQPLOLWDUHQOD
UHJLyQFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHORFXDOFLHQWRVGHSHUVRQDVIXHURQREOLJDGDV
DGHVSOD]DUVHHQSDUWLFXODUDSDUWLUGHODxR
(O5tR9DXSpViUHDLQWHJUDGDSRUORVPXQLFLSLRVGH&DODPDU\0LUDÀRUHV
*XDYLDUH\&DUXU~±9DXSpV(VWDPLFURUUHJLyQFRQVWLWX\HXQiUHDGHH[-­
SDQVLyQGHOFRQÀLFWRGRQGHODH[SXOVLyQGHSREODFLyQVHDFHQW~DDSDUWLU
GHODxRSDUDORVGRVSULPHURVPXQLFLSLRV\HQHOFDVRGH&DUXU~
\VHHQFXHQWUDIXHUWHPHQWHYLQFXODGDFRQHOLQJUHVRGHOD)XHU]D3~EOLFD
DOWHUULWRULR\ODFRQVHFXHQWHDJXGL]DFLyQGHODFRQIURQWDFLyQDUPDGDDVt
FRPRODVDFFLRQHVGHHUUDGLFDFLyQGHFXOWLYRVGHXVRLOtFLWR
(O GHSDUWDPHQWR GH $UDXFD SULQFLSDOPHQWH ORV PXQLFLSLRV GH 7DPH
&UDYR1RUWH\3XHUWR5RQGyQ/DIRUPDSDUWLFXODUHQTXHHOFRQÀLFWRVHKD
GHVDUUROODGRHQHVWHGHSDUWDPHQWR\ORVLPSDFWRVTXHKDWHQLGRHQWpUPLQRV
GHH[SXOVLyQGHSREODFLyQVHDERUGDUiQPiVDGHODQWH
э38 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
8QVHJXQGRLQGLFDGRUTXHSHUPLWHREVHUYDUODGLPHQVLyQGHFULVLVKXPDQL-­
WDULD\ODGHJUDGDFLyQGHODVSUiFWLFDVHPSOHDGDVSRUWRGRVORVDFWRUHVGHO
FRQÀLFWRHQVXLQWHQWRGHGRPLQDUWHUULWRULRVHVWUDWpJLFRVHVWiGDGRSRUORV
DFFLGHQWHVFRQPLQDVDQWLSHUVRQDOHV\PXQLFLRQHVVLQH[SORWDU'XUDQWHHO
SHUtRGRFRPSUHQGLGRHQWUHORVDxRV\VHKDQSUHVHQWDGRXQWRWDO
GHDFFLGHQWHVFRQPLQDVDQWLSHUVRQDOHV\PXQLFLRQHVVLQH[SORWDUHQ
ORVFXDOHVSHUVRQDVUHVXOWDURQDIHFWDGDVHOGHHOODVFLYLOHV/D
PD\RULQFLGHQFLDGHHVWHWLSRGHDFFLGHQWHVVHSUHVHQWDHQORVGHSDUWDPHQWRV
GH$UDXFD6XUGHO0HWD&DTXHWi\*XDYLDUH$SHQDVHQPXQLFLSLRVGH
HVWRVGHSDUWDPHQWRVRFXUULHURQHOGHOWRWDOGHHYHQWRVRFXUULGRVHQ
WRGDODUHJLyQFRPRVHPXHVWUDHQODVLJXLHQWHJUi¿FD
8QSDWUyQVLPLODUVHREVHUYDDODQDOL]DUORVPXQLFLSLRVTXHFRQFHQWUDQOD
PD\RU FDQWLGDG GH YtFWLPDV SRU DFFLGHQWHV FRQ PLQDV DQWLSHUVRQDOHV 'H
QXHYRPXQLFLSLRVGHORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH$UDXFD*XDYLDUH&DTXHWi\
6XUGHO0HWDDGHPiVGHOPXQLFLSLRGH0LW~TXHSUHVHQWDXQDOWRQ~PHUR
GHHYHQWRVFRQFHQWUDGRVHQORVDxRV\DJUXSDQHOGHO
WRWDOGHYtFWLPDVFLYLOHVTXHKDQVLGRDIHFWDGDVSRUHVWHWLSRGHDUWHIDFWRV
э 39 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
Principales municipios afectados por accidentes MAP -­‐MUSE 2000-­‐
2010
Número de vícƟmas civiles
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
e
Ur
ib
re
nc
ia
Ar
au
ca
M
itú
Flo
Ta
sé
m
d
e
el
G
ua
via
La
re
M
Sa
on
n ta
Ju
ñi
an
ta
d
e Ar
am
Pu
a
er
to
R
ico
Ar
au
qu
ita
M
es
et
La
as
M
ac
ar
en
a
Ca
S
rt a
ar
av
ge
en
na
a
d
el
C
ha
irá
Sa
n Jo
Vi
st
ah
er
m
os
a
0
Fuente: Programa presidencial de acción integral contra minas anƟpersonal. PAICMA. Cifras con corte a 30 de noviembre de 2010. (VQHFHVDULRDQRWDUVLQHPEDUJRTXHVyORWUHVPXQLFLSLRV7DPH$UDXFD
9LVWDKHUPRVD 0HWD \ 6DQ 9LFHQWH GHO &DJXiQ &DTXHWi FRQFHQWUDQ HO
GHORVDFFLGHQWHVFRQPLQDVDQWLSHUVRQDOHVTXHVHSUHVHQWDURQGXUDQWH
OD GpFDGD HQ WRGD OD UHJLyQ \ HQ WUHV PXQLFLSLRV 9LVWDKHUPRVD ± 0HWD
7DPH±$UDXFD\6DQ-RVpGHO*XDYLDUHVHSURGXMHURQHOGHOWRWDOGH
YtFWLPDVFLYLOHV
8QDWHUFHUDFDWHJRUtDGHLQIUDFFLyQDORVSULQFLSLRVKXPDQLWDULRVTXHVHRE-­
VHUYDHQLQFUHPHQWRHQHVWDUHJLyQ\TXHFRQVWLWX\HXQDHYLGHQFLDGHODGH-­
JUDGDFLyQGHOFRQÀLFWRHVHOUHFOXWDPLHQWRGHPHQRUHV6REUHHVWHSDUWLFXODU
QRH[LVWHQHVWDGtVWLFDVFRPSOHWDVTXHSHUPLWDQGLPHQVLRQDUORVQLYHOHVGH
DIHFWDFLyQ6LQHPEDUJRYDULRVKHFKRVSHUPLWHQFRQVWDWDUTXHHVXQGHOLWR
TXHYDHQLQFUHPHQWRHQODUHJLyQ\TXHHYLGHQFLDODDOWDYXOQHUDELOLGDGTXH
WLHQHQORVPHQRUHVHQHVWHHVFHQDULRGHFRQIURQWDFLyQ(VWRVKHFKRVVRQ
(QXQDOWRSRUFHQWDMHGHODVGHFODUDFLRQHVGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRUHFHSFLRQD-­
GDVHQORVPXQLFLSLRVGH6DQ-RVpGHO*XDYLDUH\0LW~9DXSpVODVYtFWLPDV
VHxDODQFRPRPRWLYDFLyQGHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRHOUHFOXWDPLHQWRGHPHQRUHV
GHQWURGHVXJUXSRIDPLOLDU$XQFXDQGRQRHVSRVLEOHSUHVHQWDUGDWRVFRQ-­
FUHWRVHQHVWDPDWHULDVLHVFODURTXHHVWDHVXQDFDXVDTXHDSDUHFHGHIRUPD
FDGDYH]PiVUHFXUUHQWHGHQWURGHODVGHFODUDFLRQHVUHQGLGDVDQWHHO0LQLV-­
WHULR3XEOLFRHQHVWRVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGXUDQWHORV~OWLPRVDxRV
э40 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
(QHODxRHO&RQVHMR5HJLRQDO,QGtJHQDGHO9DXSpV&5,9$SUHVHQWy
XQLQIRUPHHQHOTXHODQ]yXQIXHUWHOODPDGRIUHQWHDODRFXUUHQFLDGHFDVRV
GHUHFOXWDPLHQWRGHPHQRUHVHQODVFRPXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDVGHO9DXSpV(Q
HVWHGRFXPHQWRHO&5,9$VHxDODODVGLYHUVDVPRGDOLGDGHV\PHFDQLVPRV
D WUDYpV GH ORV FXDOHV ORV JUXSRV DUPDGRV EXVFDQ LQYROXFUDU D ORV PHQR-­
UHVHQVXV¿ODVGHVWDFDQGRORVIDFWRUHVGHYXOQHUDELOLGDGH[LVWHQWHVHQOD
UHJLyQTXHLQFUHPHQWDEDQHOULHVJRSDUDHVWDSREODFLyQ'HDFXHUGRFRQOD
LQIRUPDFLyQUHFRSLODGDSRUHO&5,9$DWUDYpVGHGHODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHV
]RQDOHVHQODVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDRUJDQL]DGRPHQRUHVIXHURQUHFOXWDGRV
SRUODJXHUULOODGHODV)$5&HQHOSHUtRGRFRPSUHQGLGRHQWUH\
'XUDQWHHODxROD'HIHQVRUtDGHO3XHEORGHPDQGRDFFLRQHVHIHFWLYDV
SRUSDUWHGHODVDXWRULGDGHVWUDVFRQVWDWDUTXHPHQRUHVIXHURQUHFOXWD-­
GRVHQORVEDUULRVSHULIpULFRVGH9LOODYLFHQFLRHQWUHHODxR\HOSULPHU
VHPHVWUHGH(OPLVPRRUJDQLVPRGHFRQWUROVHxDOyTXHSRUORPHQRV
PHQRUHVHQHOPXQLFLSLRGH*UDQDGD±0HWDIXHURQLQYROXFUDGRVIRU]D-­
GDPHQWHDORVJUXSRVDUPDGRVLOHJDOHVTXHRSHUDQHQOD]RQD
6LPLODUHVVLWXDFLRQHVSRGUtDQHVWDUVHSUHVHQWDQGRHQODPD\RUSDUWHGHORV
PXQLFLSLRVGHO0HWDGHDFXHUGRFRQODVDOHUWDVHPLWLGDVSRUOD'HIHQVRUtD
GHO3XHEORDVtFRPRORVLQIRUPHVTXHDOUHVSHFWRKDHODERUDGRHO,QVWLWXWR
&RORPELDQRGH%LHQHVWDU)DPLOLDU.
'XUDQWH ORV GRV ~OWLPRV DxRV KDQ VLGR FRQRFLGRV ORV RIUHFLPLHQWRV
HFRQyPLFRVDSDUWLUGHORVFXDOHVORVJUXSRVSDUDPLOLWDUHVKDQEXVFDGRLQ-­
YROXFUDUDPHQRUHVHQVXV¿ODVHQHOPXQLFLSLRGH6DQ-RVpGHO*XDYLDUH
(QHOPHVGHGLFLHPEUHGHIXHURQUHFOXWDGRVHQODFDEHFHUDGHHVWH
PXQLFLSLRSRUORPHQRVPHQRUHVGHORVSXHEORVLQGtJHQDV-LZ\1XNDN
TXHKDELWDQDOOtWUDVKDEHUVLGRGHVSOD]DGRVGHVXVWHUULWRULRVDQFHVWUDOHV
WDPELpQKX\HQGRDQWHODDPHQD]DGHUHFOXWDPLHQWRGHVXVKLMRV
/DUHFHSFLyQGHODSREODFLyQYtFWLPDGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRDEUHRWUDYHWDGH
DQiOLVLV FHQWUDGR HQ OD SURIXQGD PRGL¿FDFLyQ GH OD GLQiPLFD GH SREOD-­
PLHQWRUHJLRQDOTXHVHKDSURGXFLGRHQORV~OWLPRVDxRVFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLD
GHO FRQÀLFWR DUPDGR OR TXH KD JHQHUDGR XQ FUHFLPLHQWR SREODFLRQDO QR
SODQHDGRGHODVSULQFLSDOHVFDEHFHUDVPXQLFLSDOHVFRQODPD\RUGHPDQGD
GH ELHQHV \ VHUYLFLRV VLWXDFLyQ TXH KD LPSDFWDGR ODV GpELOHV HVWUXFWXUDV
HFRQyPLFDVGHHVWRVPXQLFLSLRV
&216(-2 5(*,21$/ ,1',*(1$ '(/
9$83(6 ±&5,9$ 3ULPHU LQIRUPH GHO &5,9$
VREUHUHFOXWDPLHQWRGHPHQRUHVLQGtJHQDV0D\R
GH
/DOOHJDGDGHIDPLOLDVHQVLWXDFLyQGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVHFRQFHQWUDHQODV
SULQFLSDOHVFDEHFHUDVPXQLFLSDOHVGHODUHJLyQHVWRHV9LOODYLFHQFLR)ORU-­
HQFLD6DQ-RVpGHO*XDYLDUH$UDXFD7DPH\<RSDO/RDQWHULRUFRLQFLGH
FRQODWHQGHQFLDJHQHUDOTXHHQWpUPLQRVGHUHFHSFLyQVHGDDQLYHOQDFLR-­
QDOHQWDQWRODVFLXGDGHVFDSLWDOHVSRVHHQXQDPD\RUGRWDFLyQGHELHQHV\
'()(1625,$ '(/ 38(%/2 'HIHQVRUtD
GHOHJDGD SDUD OD HYDOXDFLyQ GH ULHVJR GH OD
SREODFLyQ FLYLO FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GHO FRQÀLFWR
DUPDGR 6LVWHPD GH $OHUWDV 7HPSUDQDV ,QIRUPH
GH5LHVJR1R-XQLRGH
/ODQR GtDV GH IHEUHUR GH KWWSP
HOWLHPSRFRPFRORPELDOODQRUHFOXWDPLHQWR
LOHJDOGHPHQRUHVGHHGDG
э 41 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
VHUYLFLRV\EULQGDQSRUORPHQRVHQWpUPLQRVJHQHUDOHVPHMRUHVFRQGLFLR-­
QHVGHVHJXULGDGHQFRPSDUDFLyQFRQODViUHDVUXUDOHV
'XUDQWHODGpFDGDTXHVHDQDOL]DHQHVWHLQIRUPHXQWRWDOGHSHU-­
VRQDVDUULEDURQHQVLWXDFLyQGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRDORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH2UL-­
QRTXtD\$PD]RQtDODPD\RUSDUWHGHHOORVSURFHGHQWHVGHODPLVPDUHJLyQ
'H ORV PXQLFLSLRV UHFHSWRUHV GH SREODFLyQ GHVSOD]DGD DSHQDV FRQ-­
FHQWUDQHOGHOWRWDOGHYtFWLPDVGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRIRU]DGR\ORVGRV
SULPHURV 9LOODYLFHQFLR \ )ORUHQFLD KDQ UHFHSFLRQDGR HO GH HVWD SR-­
EODFLyQ /D JUi¿FD \ PDSD TXH VH SUHVHQWDQ D FRQWLQXDFLyQ LOXVWUDQ HVWD
WHQGHQFLD
$ODQDOL]DUODUHFHSFLyQVHJ~QWDVDSRUFDGDKDELWDQWHVVHREVHUYDHOLP-­
SDFWRTXHYDULRVPXQLFLSLRVGHODUHJLyQKDQUHFLELGRFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHOFRQ-­
ÀLFWRDUPDGRHQODViUHDVUXUDOHV8QWRWDOGHPXQLFLSLRVSUHVHQWDQWDVDVGHUH-­
FHSFLyQSRUHQFLPDGHSRUFDGDKDELWDQWHVORTXHHTXLYDOHDGHFLU
TXHHQOD~OWLPDGpFDGDHVWRVPXQLFLSLRVKDQYLVWRLQFUHPHQWDGDVXSREODFLyQHQ
DOPHQRVXQDTXLQWDSDUWH(QWUHHVWHJUXSRVHGHVWDFDQORVPXQLFLSLRVGH&KD-­
PH]D ± &DVDQDUH )ORUHQFLD ± &DTXHWi 6DQ -RVp GHO *XDYLDUH 9LVWDKHUPRVD ±
0HWD6iFDPD±&DVDQDUH\(O&DVWLOOR±0HWDHQORVFXDOHVODVWDVDVGHUHFHSFLyQ
VRQVXSHULRUHVDHVGHFLUSRUORPHQRVODWHUFHUDSDUWHGHVXSREODFLyQHV
SREODFLyQYtFWLPDGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRTXHVHKDXELFDGRDOOtHQORV~OWLPRVDxRV
9DOHVHxDODUDGHPiVTXHODWDVDGHUHFHSFLyQSURPHGLRSDUDWRGDODUHJLyQHVGH
SRUFDGDKDELWDQWHVPX\VXSHULRUDODWDVDQDFLRQDO/DJUi¿FD\
PDSDTXHVLJXHQLOXVWUDQHVWDVLWXDFLyQ
э42 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
э 43 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
э44 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
(VLPSRUWDQWHVHxDODUHQHVWHSXQWRODDSDULFLyQGHPXQLFLSLRVFRPR3XHUWR
&DUUHxR±9LFKDGDH,QtULGD±*XDLQtDORVFXDOHVHQFRPSDUDFLyQFRQVX
SREODFLyQWRWDOKDQUHFLELGRXQDOWRYROXPHQGHSREODFLyQYtFWLPDGHGHV-­
SOD]DPLHQWRIRU]DGR/DFDSLWDOGHO*XDLQtD¿JXUDFRPRHOVH[WRPXQLFLSLR
UHFHSWRUHQWRGDODUHJLyQFRQXQWRWDOGHSREODFLyQUHJLVWUDGDKDVWDGLFLHP-­
EUHGHGHSHUVRQDVSDUDXQPXQLFLSLRFX\DSREODFLyQHVGH
SHUVRQDVVHJ~QHO'$1((VWHFDVRVHUiREMHWRGHDQiOLVLVHQHOWHUFHUFDSt-­
WXORHQHOTXHVHSUHVHQWDXQEDODQFHGHODGLQiPLFDGHOFRQÀLFWRGHDFXHUGR
FRQODGLYLVLyQVXEUHJLRQDOVHxDODGDHQODSULPHUDSDUWHGHHVWHGRFXPHQWR
(QFRQFOXVLyQREVHUYDPRVTXHHQORV~OWLPRVDxRVHO6XU2ULHQWHGH&RORP-­
ELDVHKDFRQYHUWLGRHQXQHVFHQDULRGHIXHUWHFRQIURQWDFLyQPLOLWDUTXHKD
LPSDFWDGRGHIRUPDJUDYHDODSREODFLyQFLYLO(VWDFRQIURQWDFLyQVHGDHQ
HOPDUFRGHOUHVXUJLPLHQWRGHLQWHUHVHVHQWRUQRDODH[SORWDFLyQGHUHFXUVRV
QDWXUDOHVHQODUHJLyQSRUORFXDOQRSXHGHFRQVLGHUDUVHVLPSOHPHQWHFRPR
XQDGLVSXWDHQHOWHUUHQRPLOLWDUVLQRTXHVHWUDWDGHXQSURFHVRHQHOFXDO
VHEXVFDFRQVROLGDUGRPLQLRVWHUULWRULDOHVHQWRUQRDLQWHUHVHVHVSHFt¿FRV
$VtWUDVODUXSWXUDGHODVQHJRFLDFLRQHVGHSD]UHDOL]DGDVGXUDQWHHOJREL-­
HUQR3DVWUDQD\PiVHVSHFt¿FDPHQWHFRQHOLQLFLRGHODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHO
3ODQ&RORPELDVHREVHUYDXQFDPELRVXVWDQFLDOHQODIRUPDFRPRHO(VWDGR
DFW~DHQORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGHTXHGDFXHQWDHVWHLQIRUPH6HDVXPHTXHHQ
HVWRVWHUULWRULRVVHVLW~DODFRQIURQWDFLyQHVWUDWpJLFDFRQWUDODJXHUULOODGHODV
)$5&\DSDUWLUGHDOOtVHGLVHxDXQGLVSRVLWLYRPLOLWDUGLULJLGRDPHUPDUOD
FDSDFLGDGGHHVWHJUXSRDUPDGRUHVTXHEUDMDUVXVEDVHVGHDSR\R\FRPEDWLU
HOQHJRFLRGHOQDUFRWUi¿FRTXHSDUDHVHHQWRQFHVHUD\DXQDEDVHLPSRUWDQWH
GHODHFRQRPtDGHODUHJLyQ\XQDIXHQWHFRQVLGHUDEOHGHUHFXUVRVSDUDORV
JUXSRVDUPDGRVDOPDUJHQGHODOH\
7UDVGLH]DxRVGHLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHHVWDHVWUDWHJLDTXHVXFHVLYDPHQWHKD
LGRFDPELDQGRGH3ODQ&RORPELDD3ODQ3DWULRWD\PiVUHFLHQWHPHQWH3ODQ
&RQVROLGDFLyQORVUHVXOWDGRVTXHVHREVHUYDQDQLYHOVRFLDO\KXPDQLWDULR
VRQDODUPDQWHV
/RVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGHOD$PD]RQtD\2ULQRTXtDQRPXHVWUDQXQDYDQFH
HQ PDWHULD GH LQGLFDGRUHV VRFLDOHV TXH SHUPLWD KDEODU GH PHMRUHV FRQGL-­
FLRQHVGHYLGDSDUDVXVSREODGRUHV$OFRQWUDULRODHVFDVDLQYHUVLyQVRFLDO
GHVDUUROODGDHQODUHJLyQ\HQpQIDVLVHQHOFRPEDWHDORVFXOWLYRVGHXVR
LOtFLWRKDJHQHUDGRXQDFULVLVHFRQyPLFDHQGLYHUVDV]RQDVGHXQWHUULWRULR
GRQGHEXHQDSDUWHGHVXVSREODGRUHVGHULYDEDQVXVLQJUHVRVGHOFXOWLYRGH
FRFD(ODEDQGRQRGHDOJXQRVSREODGRVHVHYLGHQWH\TXLHQHVKDQRSWDGR
SRUTXHGDUVHSXHVQRFXHQWDQFRQRWUDRSFLyQSDUDVXEVLVWLUVHHQFXHQWUDQ
HQSUHFDULDVFRQGLFLRQHV\GHPDQGDQGHO(VWDGRDOWHUQDWLYDVTXHSHUPLWDQ
SHQVDUHQGHVDUUROORVRVWHQLEOHSDUDHVWDVUHJLRQHV
э 45 э (Q GLYHUVDV ]RQDV TXH KD YLVLWDGR &2'+(6
HQHOPDUFRGHOWUDEDMRHQWHUUHQRTXHGHVDUUROOD
VH KD HQFRQWUDGR FRQ VLWXDFLRQHV HQ ODV ORV
SREODGRUHV QR FXHQWDQ FRQ ELHQHV GH FRQVXPR
EiVLFRFRPRFDIp\SDQHODGDGDODSURIXQGDFULVLV
TXH DIHFWD OD HFRQRPtD ORFDO WUDV OD FDtGD HQ OD
SURGXFFLyQGHFRFD
TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
6HKDFRQVROLGDGRXQPRGHORGHPLOLWDUL]DFLyQGHODYLGDFLYLOHQHOFXDOVHKDQ
KHFKR FRUULHQWHV SUiFWLFDV FODUDPHQWH YLRODWRULDV GH OD QRUPDWLYD KXPDQLWDULD
TXH SRQHQ HQ ULHVJR D OD SREODFLyQ FLYLO 5HFLHQWHPHQWH HQ HO PDUFR GHO 3ODQ
&RQVROLGDFLyQ D WUDYpV GH ORV &HQWURV GH &RRUGLQDFLyQ GH $FFLyQ ,QWHJUDO VH
DYDQ]DHQXQPRGHORHQHOFXDOLQFOXVRODDFFLyQKXPDQLWDULDSLHUGHVXFDUiFWHU
DOYLQFXODUVHHQVXGHVDUUROORFRQOD)XHU]D3~EOLFD(OURPSLPLHQWRGHOSULQFLSLR
GHGLVWLQFLyQKDJHQHUDGRTXHLQFOXVRORVKDELWDQWHVGHHVWDV]RQDVVHDQREMHWRGH
DPHQD]DVSRUSDUWHGHORVJUXSRVDUPDGRVTXHRSHUDQHQOD]RQDSRUHOKHFKR
GHVHUEHQH¿FLDULRGHDOJ~QELHQRVHUYLFLRSUHVWDGRSRUHO(VWDGRHQGHVDUUROOR
GHHVWDHVWUDWHJLD
(OGHVSOD]DPLHQWRIRU]DGRORVDFFLGHQWHVFRQPLQDVDQWLSHUVRQDOHV\HOUHFOXWD-­
PLHQWRGHPHQRUHVDSDUHFHQFRPRDOJXQDVGHODVYLRODFLRQHVDORVGHUHFKRVKX-­
PDQRVHLQIUDFFLRQHVDOGHUHFKRLQWHUQDFLRQDOKXPDQLWDULRPiVUHFXUUHQWHVHQOD
UHJLyQ\VHREVHUYDXQDOWRGp¿FLWHQORTXHKDFHDODDWHQFLyQHIHFWLYDHLQWHJUDO
DODVYtFWLPDVGHHVWRVGHOLWRV6LQHPEDUJRHOHVFHQDULRGHFULVLVKXPDQLWDULDHV
PiVDPSOLRHLQFOX\HDVHVLQDWRVVHOHFWLYRVDPHQD]DVGHWHQFLRQHVDUELWUDULDVTXH
VRQIUHFXHQWHVHQODUHJLyQ
6REUHORVDVHVLQDWRVVHOHFWLYRV\KRPLFLGLRVFRPHWLGRVFRQWUDFLYLOHVGXUDQWHHO
DxRVHFRQRFLHURQODVGHQXQFLDVUHDOL]DGDVSRUXQJUXSRGHSDUODPHQWDULRV
OLGHUDGRVSRU,YiQ&HSHGD\*ORULD,QpV5DPtUH]TXLHQHVOODPDURQODDWHQFLyQ
VREUH XQ SDWUyQ VLVWHPiWLFR GH HMHFXFLRQHV FRPHWLGDV HQ PXQLFLSLRV FRPR /D
0DFDUHQD\*UDQDGDHQHO0HWD\6DQ-RVpGHO*XDYLDUH(VWDVGHQXQFLDVTXH
VRQPDWHULDGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQDFWXDOPHQWHSRQHQGHSUHVHQWHODFRPSOHMLGDGGH
ODVLWXDFLyQTXHKDWHQLGROXJDUHQHVWDUHJLyQHQOD~OWLPDGpFDGDPDUFDGDSRU
ODRIHQVLYDGHUHFXSHUDFLyQGHOWHUULWRULRSRUSDUWHGHOD)XHU]D3~EOLFDWUDVHO
OHYDQWDPLHQWRGHOD]RQDGHGLVWHQVLyQHQODHQWUDGDGHJUXSRVSDUDPLOLWD-­
UHVDODUHJLyQ\ODDFFLyQGHUHSOLHJXHSRUSDUWHGHODV)$5&WRGRORFXDOVHKD
FRQMXJDGRHQXQHVFHQDULRHQHOTXHORVSULQFLSDOHVDIHFWDGRVKDQVLGRORVFLYLOHV
8QDUHODFLyQFRPSOHWDVREUHHVWHWHPDVHSXHGH
YHU HQ %DQFR GH GDWRV GH GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV
\ YLROHQFLD SROtWLFD 6XU 2ULHQWH &RORPELDQR
³7URFKDV GH PHPRULD 6XU 2ULHQWH &RORPELDQR´
9LOODYLFHQFLRGLFLHPEUHGH
э46 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
'LQiPLFDVVXEUHJLRQDOHV
0RQXPHQWR HQ PHPRULD GH ODV YtFWLPDV GH OD PDVDFUH GH 3XHUWR $OYLUD ± 0HWD FRPHWLGD SRU
JUXSRVSDUDPLOLWDUHVHOGHPD\RGH
6XUGHO0HWD*XDYLDUH\&DTXHWD
(MHGHOFRQÀLFWRHQHOVXURULHQWH
&RPRORDGYLUWLy&2'+(6GHVGHHOFRQÀLFWRDUPDGRHQ&RORPELDVH
H[SDQGLyKDFLDHOVXURULHQWHGHOSDtVXQDWHQGHQFLDTXHUHVSRQGHDGLQiPL-­
FDV GH UHDFRPRGDPLHQWR \ UHHVWUXFWXUDFLyQ TXH VLJXH D RIHQVLYDV \ FRQ-­
WUDRIHQVLYDV\FRQYHUVDFLRQHV\UXSWXUDVGHOSURFHVRVGHSD]/DVXEUHJLyQ
LQWHJUDGDSRUHO6XUGHO0HWD\ORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH&DTXHWi\*XDYLDUH
FRQVWLWX\HKR\HOHSLFHQWURGHODFRQIURQWDFLyQDUPDGDHQHO6XUGH&RORP-­
ELD
9HU&2168/725,$3$5$/26'(5(&+26
+80$126 < (/ '(63/$=$0,(172 ³/RV
OtPLWHVGHODJXHUUD&RQÀLFWRGHUHFKRVKXPDQRV
\ GHVSOD]DPLHQWR IRU]DGR HQ HO 6XU 2ULHQWH
FRORPELDQR´ 'RFXPHQWRV &2'+(6 1R %RJRWi$EULOGH
6H HQWLHQGH SRU 6XU GHO 0HWD ORV PXQLFLSLRV
LQWHJUDQWHVGHODQLOORGHSREODPLHQWRDPD]yQLFR
HQORVWpUPLQRVHQTXHHVWHFRQFHSWRHVHPSOHDGR
SRU HO ,QVWLWXWR 6,1&+, H[FHSWXDQGR D 3XHUWR
*DLWiQ&RPSUHQGHSRUWDQWRDORVPXQLFLSLRVGH
6HWUDWDIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHGHWHUULWRULRVHQORVTXHFRQYHUJHQOD2ULQRTXtD
\$PD]RQtD&RORPELDQD\FRQVWLWX\HQXQiUHDTXHVHH[WLHQGHGHVGHODV
HVWULEDFLRQHVGHODFRUGLOOHUDRULHQWDOHOSLHGHPRQWHOODQHUR\DPD]yQLFR
/D 0DFDUHQD 8ULEH 0DSLULSiQ 0HVHWDV 3XHUWR
&RQFRUGLD 3XHUWR 5LFR 6DQ -XDQ GH $UDPD \
9LVWDKHUPRVD9HU$5&,/$2VFDU6$/$=$5
&DUORV$ULHO6XUGHO0HWD7HUULWRULRDPD]yQLFR
%RJRWi ,QVWLWXWR $PD]yQLFR GH ,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV
&LHQWt¿FDV±6,1&+,
э 47 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
\TXHWLHQHFRQWLQXLGDGFRQOD6HUUDQtDGHOD0DFDUHQDSDUDGDUSDVRDXQ
HQWRUQRVHOYiWLFRHQHOFXDOHVGLItFLOGH¿QLUFRQH[DFWLWXGGyQGHHPSLH]D\
GyQGHWHUPLQDXQD\RWUDUHJLyQ
(Q WDO VHQWLGR /D 0DFDUHQD KD VLGR GH¿QLGD FRPR HVSDFLR GH HQFXHQWUR
GHSDLVDMHV\GHSXHEORVHQHOTXH³FRQYHUJHQOD$PD]RQtDOD2ULQRTXtD
\ORV$QGHVHVXQJUDQiQJXORSRUGRQGHKDQSDVDGR\GHEHUiQSDVDUODV
PLJUDFLRQHVGHPXFKRVSXHEORV´(VMXVWRDOOtGRQGHQDFHQORVSULQFLSDOHV
DÀXHQWHVGHODVFXHQFDVGHO2ULQRFR\GHO$PD]RQDVUtRVFRPRHO*XDYLDUH
\HO&DJXiQTXHDGHPiVGHFDQDOHVÀXYLDOHVKDQVLGRYtDVGHSHQHWUDFLyQ
SULYLOHJLDGDVSDUDHVWDVUHJLRQHV\SRUHQGHHMHVTXHSHUPLWHQHQWHQGHUOD
KLVWRULDGHOSREODPLHQWR\GHOFRQÀLFWRDUPDGRHQHVWDSDUWHGHOSDtV
3HURWDPELpQ/D0DFDUHQDSUHVHQWDXQDXELFDFLyQHVWUDWpJLFDHQWpUPLQRV
GHFRQH[LyQFRQHO9DOOHGHO0DJGDOHQD\SRUHVWDYtDKDFLDHO3DFt¿FR(Q
WDOGLUHFFLyQDYDQ]DDFWXDOPHQWHODFDUUHWHUDTXHFRQHFWDUiDOPXQLFLSLRGH
8ULEH0HWDFRQ&RORPELD+XLOD\SRUHVWDYtDORVOODQRVRULHQWDOHVFRQ-­
WDUtDQFRQXQDVDOLGDDOPDU
/DLPSRUWDQFLDHVWUDWpJLFDGHHVWHWHUULWRULRSDUDHIHFWRVGHODQiOLVLVGHOD
GLQiPLFD GHO FRQÀLFWR DUPDGR UDGLFD SUHFLVDPHQWH HQ OD FRQÀXHQFLD GH
FDPLQRVTXHDQXGDHOVXURFFLGHQWHGHO0HWDFRPRSXQWRGHFRQH[LyQHQWUH
HOFHQWURGHOSDtV\ORVSLHGHPRQWHVOODQHUR\DPD]yQLFR'HVGHODGpFDGD
GHODJXHUULOODGHODV)$5&HVWDEOHFLypVWHFRPRXQWHUULWRULREDMRVX
GRPLQLRDSDUWLUGHOFXDODYL]RUyHODFFHVRDODFDSLWDOGHOSDtVDVtFRPROD
H[SDQVLyQKDFLDHORULHQWHTXHKDEUtDGHPDUFDUVXHVWUDWHJLDHQODGpFDGD
GHORVRFKHQWD
(OGRPLQLRHVWDEOHFLGRSRUODV)$5&VREUHHVWHWHUULWRULRFRQGXMRDTXHHO
PLVPRKD\DVLGRVHxDODGRFRPRVHGHGHGLiORJRVFRQHOJRELHUQRFRORP-­
ELDQRSULPHURHQFXDQGRVHSDFWyXQDWUHJXDHQHOPXQLFLSLRGH8ULEH
\SRVWHULRUPHQWHFXDQGRVHGHFUHWRXQD]RQDGHVPLOLWDUL]DGDHQHODxR
TXHFXEUtDORVPXQLFLSLRVGH0HVHWDV8ULEH9LVWDKHUPRVD\/D0DFDUHQD
HQHO0HWD\6DQ9LFHQWHGHO&DJXiQHQ&DTXHWi
'20,1*8(=
&DPLOR
³0DFDUHQD
HQFUXFLMDGD GH WRGRV ORV FDPLQRV´ (Q$5&,/$
2VFDU 6$/$=$5 &DUORV $ULHO 6XU GHO
0HWD 7HUULWRULR DPD]yQLFR %RJRWi ,QVWLWXWR
$PD]yQLFR GH ,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV &LHQWt¿FDV ±
6,1&+,
(VSUHFLVDPHQWHWUDVHOOHYDQWDPLHQWRGHOD]RQDGHVPLOLWDUL]DGDHQHODxR
TXHVHGHVDWDXQDIXHUWHROHDGDGHYLROHQFLDHQODUHJLyQFX\DVFRQ-­
VHFXHQFLDVKDQDIHFWDGRSULQFLSDOPHQWHDODSREODFLyQFLYLOFRQYLUWLHQGRD
HVWD]RQDHQHOFHQWURGHODFRQIURQWDFLyQDUPDGDHQWUHOD)XHU]D3~EOLFD
\ODV)$5&TXHVHKDFHPiVFRPSOHMD\HQRFDVLRQHVFRQWUDGLFWRULDSRU
ODSUHVHQFLDGHHODFFLRQDUGHORVJUXSRVSDUDPLOLWDUHVDTXHOORVTXHQXQFD
VHGHVPRYLOL]DURQRWURVTXHVHUHDUPDURQ\RWURVPiVTXHVXUJLHURQWUDV
ODGHVPRYLOL]DFLyQGHODV$XWRGHIHQVDV8QLGDVGH&RORPELD\TXHHOJREL-­
HUQRGHQRPLQDFRPR³EDQGDVFULPLQDOHV´/DVGLQiPLFDVGHODJXHUUDKDQ
OOHYDGRDDFXHUGRVLQpGLWRVHQWUHXQRV\RWURVPRWLYDGRVHQUD]RQHVWiFWLFDV
э48 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
\RSHUDWLYDV\HQODGLVWULEXFLyQGHOFRQWUROGHOWUi¿FRGHGURJDV3DUDHQ-­
IUHQWDUDODJXHUULOOD\FRQWURODUVXVWHUULWRULRVHVWUDWpJLFRVORVSDUDPLOLWDUHV
LPSOHPHQWDURQ HO PRGHOR GH JXHUUD PHGLDQWH HO FXDO VH LPSRQH HO WHUURU
HQWUHODSREODFLyQFRQVLGHUDGDEDVHVRFLDOGHODLQVXUJHQFLDDSOLFDGRFRQ
³p[LWR´HQHOQRUWHGHOSDtVDWUDYpVGHPDVDFUHVLQWLPLGDFLyQ\GHVSOD]D-­
PLHQWR /D JXHUULOOD SRU VX SDUWH VH GLVHPLQD HQ SHTXHxRV JUXSRV SDUD
KDFHUIUHQWHDODRIHQVLYD\PLHQWUDVpVWD~OWLPDSUHWHQGHGHPRVWUDUVXIRU-­
WDOH]DDOPDQWHQHUVXSUHVHQFLD\FRQWUROWHUULWRULDO\VRFLDO
(QHOPDUFRGHHVWDGLVSXWDSRUHOFRQWUROWHUULWRULDOWLHQHOXJDUXQDJUDYH
FULVLVKXPDQLWDULDFDUDFWHUL]DGDSRUODPLOLWDUL]DFLyQGHODYLGDFLYLOHQWHQ-­
GLHQGRSRUHVWDXQDVLWXDFLyQHQODFXDOODVDXWRULGDGHVPLOLWDUHVGHIDFWR
UHPSOD]DQDODVDXWRULGDGHVFLYLOHVHLPSRQHQSDXWDVSDUDODYLGDFRWLGLDQD
DWUDYpVGHOHMHUFLFLRGHSUiFWLFDVTXHHQDOJXQRVFDVRVVRQFRQWUDULDVDORV
SULQFLSLRVGHO'HUHFKR,QWHUQDFLRQDO+XPDQLWDULR
/D FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH XQ IXHUWH GLVSRVLWLYR PLOLWDU HQ HVWD UHJLyQ GHO SDtV
KDHVWDGRDFRPSDxDGDGHOD³QDWXUDOL]DFLyQ´GHSUiFWLFDVFRPRHOHPSD-­
GURQDPLHQWRODVUHVWULFFLRQHVDOWUDQVSRUWHGHSHUVRQDVDOLPHQWRV\PHGL-­
FDPHQWRVODVGHWHQFLRQHVPDVLYDV\ODVHMHFXFLRQHVH[WUDMXGLFLDOHV
(VWDV SUiFWLFDV GHULYDQ HQ ODV DPHQD]DV VHxDODPLHQWRV H LQWLPLGDFLRQHV
TXHFRQVWLWX\HQXQPRGXVRSHUDQGLGHWRGRVORVDFWRUHVHQFRQIURQWDFLyQ
TXHKDJHQHUDGRXQSURIXQGRUHVTXHEUDMDPLHQWRGHODVHVWUXFWXUDVFRPX-­
QLWDULDV\GHODYLGDVRFLDOHQJHQHUDO/DSHUVLVWHQFLDGHOVHxDODPLHQWR\OD
DFXVDFLyQGHVHUFRODERUDGRUHLQIRUPDQWHFRQVWLWX\HXQDJUDYHYLRODFLyQDO
SULQFLSLRGHGLVWLQFLyQEDVHGHOGHUHFKRLQWHUQDFLRQDOKXPDQLWDULRQRUPD-­
WLYLGDGTXHHVIUHFXHQWHPHQWHLJQRUDGDSRUWRGRVORVDFWRUHVGHOFRQÀLFWR
(QHOPDUFRGHODSROtWLFDGHFRQVROLGDFLyQGHOD6HJXULGDG'HPRFUiWLFD
DSDUWLUGHODxRVHSXVRHQPDUFKDHO3ODQGH&RQVROLGDFLyQ,QWHJUDO
GH/D0DFDUHQD±3&,0TXHLQFRUSRUDDORVPXQLFLSLRVGH/D0DFDUHQD
9LVWDKHUPRVD3XHUWR5LFR6DQ-XDQGH$UDPD0HVHWDV\8ULEH(QLJXDO
VHQWLGR D SDUWLU GHO DxR ORV PXQLFLSLRV GH 6DQ 9LFHQWH GHO &DJXiQ
\&DUWDJHQDGHO&KDLUiIXHURQLQWHJUDGRVEDMROD¿JXUDGHORV&HQWURVGH
&RRUGLQDFLyQ\$FFLyQ,QWHJUDO±&&$,(QHVWHHVFHQDULRGHDYDQFHPLOLWDU
GHO(VWDGRODV)$5&KDQDGDSWDGRVXVWiFWLFDVFRQHOREMHWRGHKDFHUVHQWLU
VXSUHVHQFLDHQODUHJLyQHLPSHGLUHOGHVDUUROORGHSURJUDPDVVRFLDOHVSRU
SDUWHGHO(VWDGR
$ SHVDU GH FRQVWLWXLU JUDYHV LQIUDFFLRQHV DO
'HUHFKR,QWHUQDFLRQDO+XPDQLWDULRODUHFXUUHQFLD
GH HVWDV DFFLRQHV HQ XQ HVFHQDULR HQ HO TXH OD
DXWRULGDGFLYLOKDVLGRGHVGLEXMDGD\UHHPSOD]DGD
SRUODDXWRULGDGPLOLWDUFRQGXFHDTXHSRUYtDGHOD
SUiFWLFDFRWLGLDQDWHUPLQHQVLHQGRDVXPLGDVFRPR
VLWXDFLRQHVSURSLDV\SRVLEOHVGHMXVWL¿FDFLyQHQ
XQD]RQDGHFRQÀLFWR
$ SHVDU GH FRQVWLWXLU JUDYHV LQIUDFFLRQHV DO
8QDGHODVWiFWLFDVTXHPiVKDQLPSODQWDGRSDUDHVWH¿QKDVLGRODVLHPEUD
GHPLQDVDQWLSHUVRQDOHVTXHFRQVWLWX\HQXQDDPHQD]DUHFXUUHQWHSDUDOD
SREODFLyQHQHVWDSDUWHGHOSDtV\TXHKDGHMDGRYtFWLPDVFLYLOHVDIHFWD-­
GDVHQHYHQWRVTXHVHFRQFHQWUDQHQORVPXQLFLSLRVGH9LVWDKHUPRVD
\8ULEHHQHO0HWD\6DQ9LFHQWHGHO&DJXiQ\/D0RQWDxLWDHQ&DTXHWi
э 49 э 'HUHFKR,QWHUQDFLRQDO+XPDQLWDULRODUHFXUUHQFLD
GH HVWDV DFFLRQHV HQ XQ HVFHQDULR HQ HO TXH OD
DXWRULGDGFLYLOKDVLGRGHVGLEXMDGD\UHHPSOD]DGD
SRUODDXWRULGDGPLOLWDUFRQGXFHDTXHSRUYtDGHOD
SUiFWLFDFRWLGLDQDWHUPLQHQVLHQGRDVXPLGDVFRPR
VLWXDFLRQHVSURSLDV\SRVLEOHVGHMXVWL¿FDFLyQHQ
XQD]RQDGHFRQÀLFWR
TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
'XUDQWHOD~OWLPDGpFDGDHQHVWDSDUWHGHOSDtVSHUVRQDVKDQVLGR
YtFWLPDVGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRIRU]DGRHVGHFLUHOGHOWRWDOGHODSREODFLyQ
YtFWLPDGHHVWHGHOLWRHQWRGDODUHJLyQGHTXHGDFXHQWDHVWHLQIRUPH(VWR
~OWLPRVHFRUUHVSRQGHFRQODFHQWUDOLGDGTXHWLHQHHVWDVXEUHJLyQHQWpUPL-­
QRVGHODGLQiPLFDGHOFRQÀLFWRDUPDGRSDUDWRGDODUHJLyQ
(QWpUPLQRVGHLPSDFWRORVPXQLFLSLRVTXHFRQFHQWUDQODPD\RUH[SXOVLyQ
GHSREODFLyQVHJ~QWDVDSRUFDGDVHVHxDODQHQHOJUi¿FR\PDSD
TXHVHSUHVHQWDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
э50 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
э 51 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
/DFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRHQHVWDV]RQDVHVWiYLQFXODGRFRPR
\DVHKDGLFKRFRQWUHVGLQiPLFDVFRQFXUUHQWHVODPD\RUSUHVLyQGHOD)XHU-­
]D 3~EOLFD HQ VX HVWUDWHJLD GH UHFXSHUDFLyQ WHUULWRULDO OD HQWUDGD GH JUX-­
SRV SDUDPLOLWDUHV D OD ]RQD \ HO UHSOLHJXH GH ODV )$5& KDFLD WHUULWRULRV
PiVVHOYiWLFRVHQVXSURSyVLWRGHPDQWHQHUHOFRQWUROVREUHFRUUHGRUHVHV-­
WUDWpJLFRV SDUD OD PRYLOL]DFLyQ GH WURSDV HO WUi¿FR GH DUPDV \ HO FRQWURO
VREUHORVLQVXPRVSDUDHOSURFHVDPLHQWRGHODFRFDDVtFRPRVXSRVWHULRU
FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ
/DDOWDWDVDGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRTXHSUHVHQWDHOPXQLFLSLRGH9LVWDKHUPRVD
VHH[SOLFDSRUODLPSRUWDQFLDTXHpVWHWLHQHFRPRFRUUHGRUGHHQWUDGDDWRGD
HOiUHDGHOVXUGHO0HWDHQSDUWLFXODUD/D0DFDUHQD(VWDVLWXDFLyQKL]R
TXHHQVXPRPHQWRHQHVWHPXQLFLSLRVHFRQFHQWUDUDQEXHQDSDUWHGHORV
FXOWLYRVGHFRFDGHODUHJLyQ\TXHKDVWDHVWHPRPHQWRVHDHOHSLFHQWURGHOD
FRQIURQWDFLyQHQWUHOD)XHU]D3~EOLFD\ODV)$5&\HQWUHpVWDV\ORVJUXSRV
SDUDPLOLWDUHV
+DFLDHORULHQWHGHODUHJLyQVHREVHUYDRWURIRFRGHH[SXOVLyQGHSREODFLyQ
HQHOPXQLFLSLRGH0DULULSiQ(VWDVLWXDFLyQVHHQFXHQWUDGLUHFWDPHQWHUH-­
ODFLRQDGDFRQODGLVSXWDSRUHOFRQWUROWHUULWRULDOTXHVHGHVDWyHQOD]RQD
GHOPHGLR5tR*XDYLDUHGHVGH¿QDOHVGHODGpFDGDGHORVQRYHQWDFXDQGR
ORVJUXSRVSDUDPLOLWDUHVKLFLHURQVXLQFXUVLyQHQOD]RQDSHUSHWUDQGRODV
PDVDFUHVGH0DSLULSiQ\3XHUWR$OYLUDHQMXOLRGH\PD\RGH
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
$SDUWLUGHHVWRVKHFKRVGHWHUURUSRUORVFXDOHV\DIXHFRQGHQDGRHO(V-­
WDGR&RORPELDQRDOFRQ¿UPDUVHODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHDJHQWHVGHOD)XHU]D
3~EOLFDHQODFRQFUHFLyQGHFUtPHQHVGHOHVDKXPDQLGDGVHGHVDWyXQDHV-­
WHODGHWHUURUTXHKDDIHFWDGRGHIRUPDJUDYHDORVSREODGRUHVGHWRGDHOiUHD
GHO5tR*XDYLDUHGRQGHODGLVSXWDHQWUHORVGLIHUHQWHVEDQGRVGHOFRQÀLFWR
KDRFDVLRQDGRHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHFLHQWRVGHIDPLOLDVGHFRORQRV\GHLQ-­
GtJHQDVTXHKDELWDQHQHVWDUHJLyQTXLHQHVKDQTXHGDGRHQPHGLRGHXQD
GLVSXWDWHUULWRULDOHQODFXDOORVGRPLQLRVVREUHGHWHUPLQDGDV]RQDVVHYDQ
PRGL¿FDQGRHQIXQFLyQGHOPD\RUDYDQFHGHXQRXRWURDFWRU
&RQFRPLWDQWHPHQWHFRQODDJXGL]DFLyQGHOFRQÀLFWRDUPDGRVREUHHOHMHGHO
5tR*XDYLDUHGXUDQWHORV~OWLPRVDxRVKDWHQLGROXJDUODLQFRUSRUDFLyQGH
DPSOLDVSRUFLRQHVGHWLHUUDHQHOVXUGHO0HWDSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHFXOWLYRV
DJURLQGXVWULDOHV(QHOPXQLFLSLRGH0DSLULSiQVHKDQDGMXGLFDGRGHVGHHO
DxRDPSOLDVSRUFLRQHVGHWLHUUDDFRPSDxtDVGHGLFDGDVDOFXOWLYRGH
SDOPDGHDFHLWH\VHDYDQ]DHQODVODERUHVGHH[SORUDFLyQSHWUROHUDHQWRGD
HOiUHDVXUGHO0HWD\QRUWHGHO*XDYLDUH
&RUWH ,QWHUDPHULFDQD GH 'HUHFKR +XPDQRV
6HQWHQFLDGHOGH6HSWLHPEUHGH&DVRGH
OD³0DVDFUHGH0DSLULSiQ´YV&RORPELD
/DSUHJXQWDSRUODUHVWLWXFLyQGHWLHUUDVDORVPLOHVGHFDPSHVLQRVTXHKDQ
э52 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
VLGRGHVSOD]DGRVHQPXQLFLSLRVFRPR0DSLULSiQDVtFRPRODSURWHFFLyQGH
ORVWHUULWRULRVGHORVSXHEORVLQGtJHQDVTXHWDPELpQKDQVLGRDEDQGRQDGRV
VHHQFXHQWUDHQHVWHPRPHQWRHQHOFHQWURGHODGLVFXVLyQ
(Q WpUPLQRV GH UHFHSFLyQ GH SREODFLyQ VH REVHUYD VHJ~Q ORV GDWRV GLV-­
SRQLEOHV TXH GXUDQWHOD~OWLPDGpFDGDFHUFDGHSHUVRQDVKDQDU-­
ULEDGRDODVSULQFLSDOHVFDEHFHUDVPXQLFLSDOHVKX\HQGRGHODYLROHQFLD/D
UHFHSFLyQVHKDFRQFHQWUDGRHQORVPXQLFLSLRVGH)ORUHQFLD\6DQ-RVpGHO
*XDYLDUHTXHVRQFDSLWDOHVGHSDUWDPHQWDOHVSHURWDPELpQHQPXQLFLSLRV
FRPR9LVWDKHUPRVD\0DSLULSiQFRPRVHREVHUYDHQODJUi¿FD\PDSDTXH
VHSUHVHQWDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
э 53 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
э54 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
/DV WDVDV GH UHFHSFLyQ TXH SUHVHQWDQ )ORUHQFLD \ 6DQ -RVp GHO *XDYLDUH
GH\SRUFDGDKDELWDQWHVPXHVWUDQODSUHVLyQTXHHO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRKDWHQLGRVREUHHVWRVPXQLFLSLRVFX\DGLQiPLFDSREODFLR-­
QDOVHKDYLVWRSURIXQGDPHQWHPRGL¿FDGDFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHOFRQÀLFWR
DUPDGRORFXDOJHQHUDXQDVHULHGHGHPDQGDVHQORUHIHUHQWHDSURYLVLyQGH
ELHQHV\VHUYLFLRVSDUDORVFXDOHVHVWRVPXQLFLSLRVQRFXHQWDQFRQORVUHFXU-­
VRVVX¿FLHQWHV'XUDQWHODVDXGLHQFLDVUHJLRQDOHVFRQYRFDGDVSRUOD&RUWH
&RQVWLWXFLRQDOHQHOSULPHUVHPHVWUHGHODxRHQGHVDUUROORGHOSURFHVR
GH VHJXLPLHQWR DO FXPSOLPLHQWR GH ODV yUGHQHV GH OD 6HQWHQFLD 7 GH
VHHYLGHQFLySRUSDUWHGHODVDXWRULGDGHVORFDOHVGHHVWRVPXQLFLSLRVOD
QHFHVLGDGGHGH¿QLUFULWHULRVGHFRUUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHQWUHQLYHOHVWHUULWRULD-­
OHVTXHSHUPLWDQUHVSRQGHUGHIRUPDHIHFWLYDIUHQWHDXQDVLWXDFLyQKXPDQL-­
WDULD\VRFLDOTXHGHVERUGDVXVFDSDFLGDGHV¿QDQFLHUDVHLQVWLWXFLRQDOHV
$UDXFD&DVDQDUH1RUWHGHO9LFKDGD\3XHUWR
*DLWiQ0HWD
(QHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH$UDXFDVHKDSUHVHQWDGRXQDKLVWyULFDGLVSXWDHQWUH
ODVJXHUULOODVGHODV)$5&\HO(/1GHVGHODGpFDGDGHORVDxRVQRYHQWD(V-­
WRVJUXSRVVHHQIUHQWDQSRUHOFRQWUROWHUULWRULDO\GHODVUHQWDVGHOSHWUyOHR\
HOQDUFRWUi¿FRDGHPiVGHODSRVLELOLGDGGHOOHYDUDFDERHQDFWLYLGDGHVH[-­
WRUVLYDV\VHFXHVWURVDGLYHUVRVVHFWRUHVHFRQyPLFRVHQVXV]RQDVGHFRQWURO
,JXDOPHQWHODSRVLFLyQJHRHVWUDWpJLFDGHOGHSDUWDPHQWR\ODVFRQGLFLRQHVGH
SHUPHDELOLGDGGHODIURQWHUDVHFRQYLHUWHQHQXQDWUDFWLYRSDUDORVJUXSRV
DUPDGRVTXHEXVFDQHOGRPLQLRGHHVWDV]RQDVFRPRFRUUHGRUHVGHPRYLOL-­
GDG\DEDVWHFLPLHQWR
$HVWHHVFHQDULRGHGLVSXWDHQWUHODVJXHUULOODVVHVXPDODHQWUDGDGHO%OR-­
TXH9HQFHGRUHVGH$UDXFDGHODV$8&TXLHQHVGHVGH¿QDOHVGHODGpFDGD
GHEXVFDURQGLSXWDUiUHDVTXHUHSUHVHQWDQXQERWtQUHQWtVWLFR\FX\RV
UHGXFWRVSRVGHVPRYLOL]DFLyQFRQWLQ~DQSDUWLFLSDQGRGHHVWHQHJRFLR$Vt
SXHVORVPXQLFLSLRVGH$UDXTXLWD6DUDYHQD7DPH\)RUWXO\HVSHFLDOPHQWH
VX IURQWHUD FRPSDUWLGD VH FRQ¿JXUDQ FRPR HO SULQFLSDO IRFR GH FRQÀLFWR
GHVGHKDFHPiVGHXQDGpFDGD
&DEH PHQFLRQDU TXH HQ GLFLHPEUH GHO ODV )$5& \ HO (/1 SDFWDQ D
QLYHOQDFLRQDOXQFHVHGHKRVWLOLGDGHV\ODSRVLELOLGDGGHDFFLRQHVFRQMXQWDV
6LQHPEDUJRHQ$UDXFDODWUHJXDQRGXUyPXFKR(O~OWLPR¿QGHVHPDQD
GHOPHVGHPD\RHQSOHQRFHUWDPHQHOHFWRUDOUHVXUJLHURQORVFRPEDWHVHQ-­
WUHODVGRVJXHUULOODVTXHGHMyXQVDOGRGHLQVXUJHQWHVGDGRVGHEDMD\
FHUFDGHIDPLOLDVGHVSOD]DGDVHQORVPXQLFLSLRVGH7DPH$UDXTXLWD\
6DUDYHQDTXHKX\HURQGHORVHQIUHQWDPLHQWRV
э 55 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
$VtSXHVODGLVSXWDHQHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH$UDXFDVHGDHQHOPDUFRGHXQ
FRQÀLFWR SRU HO FRQWURO WHUULWRULDO 8QD GLQiPLFD VLPLODU VH REVHUYD HQ HO
GHSDUWDPHQWRGHO9LFKDGDGRQGHHQHOPDUFRGHXQDHFRQRPtDPX\GpELO
XQDGHODVPD\RUHVIXHQWHVGHLQJUHVRVVRQORVFXOWLYRVGHFRFDTXHVHFRQ-­
FHQWUDQSULPRUGLDOPHQWHHQHOPXQLFLSLRGH&XPDULERGRQGHORVQ~FOHRVGH
PD\RUFRQFHQWUDFLyQVHHQFXHQWUDQHQORVVHFWRUHVGH&KXSDEH3XHUWR3UtQ-­
FLSH\HO5tR8YD/RVPXQLFLSLRVGH/D3ULPDYHUD\6DQWD5RVDOtDWDPELpQ
UHJLVWUDQSUHVHQFLDGHFXOWLYRVDXQTXHHQPHQRUPHGLGD.
(QHIHFWR&XPDULERKDRFXSDGRGXUDQWHYDULRVDxRVORVSULPHURVOXJDUHVHQ
HOUHJLVWURGHPXQLFLSLRVGHOSDtVFRQPD\RUFDQWLGDGGHKHFWiUHDVGHFRFD
VHPEUDGDV
(QHVHPXQLFLSLRMXQWRFRQHOIUHQWHGHODV)$5&VHFRQ¿JXUDQFRPR
DFWRUHVGHGLVSXWDORVQXHYRVJUXSRVSDUDPLOLWDUHVFRPRHO(MpUFLWR5HYR-­
OXFLRQDULR 3RSXODU $QWLFRPXQLVWD GH &RORPELD (53$& FRPDQGDGR KDV-­
WD GLFLHPEUH GHO DxR DQWHULRU SRU DOLDV ³&XFKLOOR´ TXH FXHQWD HQWUH RWURV
FRQGLVLGHQWHVGHO%ORTXH&HQWDXURVDOLDGRVFRQQDUFRWUD¿FDQWHV\QXHYRV
FRPEDWLHQWHV\ODHVWUXFWXUDGHORV³3DLVDV´R³0DFDFRV´FRQIRUPDGDSRU
GHVPRYLOL]DGRVSURYHQLHQWHVGH8UDEi$QWLRTXLD\0DJGDOHQD0HGLRTXH
EXVFDQFRSDUHOWHUULWRULRGHDFFLyQGHOGHVPRYLOL]DGR)UHQWH9LFKDGDGHO
%ORTXH&HQWUDO%ROtYDU/DFRQIURQWDFLyQHQWUHHVWRVJUXSRVKDJHQHUDGRQR
VRODPHQWHORVDVHVLQDWRVVHOHFWLYRVVLQRHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHSREODFLyQHQ
]RQDVHVWUDWpJLFDV
<HVMXVWDPHQWHHQ&XPDULERGRQGHVHSUHVHQWDHOPD\RUHVFHQDULRGHGLV-­
SXWDHQWUHHO)UHQWHGHODV)$5&\ORVJUXSRVSDUDPLOLWDUHVSRUFRQWURO
WHUULWRULDOFRQWUROGHODVUHQWDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQHOQHJRFLRGHOQDUFRWUi¿FR
FRQWUROGHUXWDVGHVDOLGDGHHVWXSHIDFLHQWHV\HQWUDGDGHLQVXPRV\DUPDV
(QHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGHO&DVDQDUHVHREVHUYDFRPRXQRGHORVREMHWLYRVSULQ-­
FLSDOHVGHODFFLRQDUSDUDPLOLWDUIXHH[SURSLDU\REOLJDUODYHQWDGHWLHUUDV
FRQDPHQD]DVGHPXHUWH\GHVDSDULFLRQHVKHFKRVTXHSURYRFDURQXQIXHUWH
LQFUHPHQWRGHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRIRU]DGRHQODUHJLyQ(VWDGLVSXWDSRUODWLHU-­
UDVHH[SOLFDSRUODVH[SHFWDWLYDVGHH[SORUDFLyQ\H[SORWDFLyQSHWUROHUD\GH
ORVPHJDSUR\HFWRVGHSDOPDGHDFHLWHSUR\HFWDGRV\HMHFXWDGRVHQODUHJLyQ
2WURGHORVHVFHQDULRVGHODGLVSXWDIXHODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQS~EOLFD\HOERWtQ
TXHSDUDORVJUXSRVDUPDGRVUHSUHVHQWDURQODVUHJDOtDV\SUHVXSXHVWRVPX-­
QLFLSDOHVDOWLHPSRTXHODVH[WRUVLRQHV\SDJRVSRUVHJXULGDGTXHWDQWRODV
)$5&FRPRORVJUXSRVSDUDPLOLWDUHVREWHQtDQGHJDQDGHURVFRPHUFLDQWHV
\HPSUHVDVSHWUROHUDVHQWUHRWURV
9pDVH &XOWLYRV GH FRFD HVWDGtVWLFDV
PXQLFLSDOHV&HQVRGHGLFLHPEUHGH
+773ZZZELHVLPFLRUJ'RFXPHQWRVDUFKLYRV
PXQLFLSLRVBSGI
(QHVWHHVFHQDULRGXUDQWHOD~OWLPDGpFDGDSHUVRQDVKDQVLGRYtF-­
WLPDVGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRIRU]DGRHQXQDGLQiPLFDTXHKDLPSDFWDGRSULQ-­
э56 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
FLSDOPHQWH D ORV PXQLFLSLRV GH &KDPH]D 7DPH 5HFHWRU &UDYR 1RUWH \
$UDXTXLWDTXHSUHVHQWDQWDVDVGHH[SXOVLyQVXSHULRUHVDSRUFDGD
KDELWDQWHVFRPRVHREVHUYDHQODJUi¿FD\PDSDTXHVLJXHQ
э 57 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
э58 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
/RVKDELWDQWHVWLHPSRGHVSXpVIXHURQUHWRUQDQGRDOPXQLFLSLRVLQHPEDUJR
XQVHJXQGRGHVSOD]DPLHQWRPDVLYRVHGLRHQHOPHVGHRFWXEUHGRQGH
IDPLOLDVGHODYHUHGD7HJXLWD$OWDHQWUHHOORVQLxRVVHGHVSOD]DURQKDFLD
HOPXQLFLSLRGH3DMDULWRHQ%R\DFiGHELGRDQXHYRVHQIUHQWDPLHQWRVHQWUH
ODV)$5&\ODV$XWRGHIHQVDV&DPSHVLQDVGHO&DVDQDUH
(QHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH$UDXFDHOPXQLFLSLRGH6DUDYHQDSUHVHQWDXQSLFR
GH H[SXOVLyQ GH SREODFLyQ HQWUH ORV DxRV \ FRQ \ SHUVRQDVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH/DPD\RUSDUWHGHHVWRVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVIXHURQ
GHWLSRLQGLYLGXDOPLHQWUDVTXHSRUKHFKRVPDVLYRVVHYLHURQLQYROXFUDGDV
SHUVRQDVHQ\HQ(VWDVLWXDFLyQVHH[SOLFDSRUODFRQ-­
IURQWDFLyQHQWUHODV)$5&\HO(/1WUDVHOURPSLPLHQWRGHODSDUWHVGHXQ
DFXHUGRGHGLVWULEXFLyQSRU]RQDVGHDFFLyQ(VWDJXHUUDVHSRWHQFLDOL]yD
UDt]GHODVHVLQDWRGH³'RQ&Kp´HOMHIHGH¿QDQ]DVGHODV)$5&SRUSDUWHGH
XQPLHPEURGHO(/1HQXQELOODUHQ(VWROOHYRDXQUHFUXGHFLPLHQWR
GHORVHQIUHQWDPLHQWRVHQWUHJXHUULOODVGXUDQWHORVDxRVVLJXLHQWHV
6XPDGRDHVWRVHGHEHPHQFLRQDUFRPRFDXVDGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRHQHOPX-­
QLFLSLRODVLWXDFLyQGHYLRODFLyQDORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVSURGXFWRGHOFRQ-­
ÀLFWR(QHOPXQLFLSLRVHUHJLVWUyXQDXPHQWRHQHOQ~PHURGHKRPLFLGLRV
TXHSDVyGHHQHODKHFKRVHQHO\HQHOGHHOORV
LQGtJHQDV,JXDOPHQWHVHGLRXQDXPHQWRGHORVVHFXHVWURVSUHVHQWiQGRVH
FDVRVHQHOPXQLFLSLRHQHODxR.
$GHPiVGHHVWRVHSUHVHQWDURQKHFKRVGHHMHFXFLRQHVH[WUDMXGLFLDOHVDPHQ-­
D]DV\VHxDODPLHQWRGHODSREODFLyQFLYLOSRUSDUWHGHUHGXFWRVSDUDPLOLWDUHV
\DFFLRQHVYLROHQWDVFRQWUDOtGHUHVSROtWLFRV\GHRUJDQL]DFLRQHVVRFLDOHVH
LQGtJHQDV\VXVIDPLOLDVDOWLHPSRTXHFRQWUDVXVVHGHVGHWUDEDMR
&DEHPHQFLRQDUTXHODWHQGHQFLDGHDXPHQWRHQQ~PHURGHSHUVRQDVGHV-­
SOD]DGDVGXUDQWHORVDxRV\QRHVH[FOXVLYDGH6DUDYHQDpVWD
VHSXHGHREVHUYDUWDPELpQHQORVPXQLFLSLRVGH7DPH)RUWXO\$UDXTXLWD
HSLFHQWURVMXQWRD6DUDYHQDGHODFRQIURQWDFLyQHQWUHODVJXHUULOODV
(OPXQLFLSLRGH0DQL±&DVDQDUHUHJLVWUDGHVGHHODxRKDVWDHOXQ
WRWDOGHSREODFLyQH[SXOVDGDGHSHUVRQDVGHODVFXDOHVHVGHFLU
HOVXIULHURQGHVSOD]DPLHQWRHQHODxR
(QWUHORVDxRV\HO%ORTXH&HQWDXURVGHOD$8&FRPDQGDGRSRU
0LJXHO$UUR\DYHHQWUyHQXQDIXHUWHGLVSXWDFRQODV$XWRGHIHQVDV&DPSHVL-­
QDVGHO&DVDQDUHDOPDQGRGH0DUWtQ/ODQRVSRUHOFRQWUROGHOQDUFRWUi¿FR
ODVUHJDOtDVSHWUROHUDV\PLOHVGHKHFWiUHDVGHWLHUUDVGHOGHSDUWDPHQWR
(O HVFHQDULR GH HVWD OXFKD LQFOX\y ORV PXQLFLSLRV GH <RSDO 7DXUDPHQD
0RQWHUUH\0DQt9LOODQXHYD\2URFXpHQ&DVDQDUH%DUUDQFRGH8StD6DQ
э 59 э 9pDVH 9LFHSUHVLGHQFLD GH OD 5HS~EOLFD
2EVHUYDWRULRGH'HUHFKRV+XPDQRV'LDJQRVWLFR
HVWDGtVWLFR$UDXFD
TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
0DUWtQODVVHOYDVGH0HO~DHQ3XHUWR/ySH]\0DSLULSiQHQ0HWDDGHPiV
GHYDULRVFRUUHJLPLHQWRVDOQRUWHGHO*XDYLDUH
(QHOPDUFRGHHVDJXHUUDHQWUHJUXSRVSDUDPLOLWDUHVVHSUHVHQWDXQKHFKR
GHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRPDVLYRHQDEULOGHOHQGRQGHSHUVRQDVFHUFDGH
QLxRVVHGHVSOD]DURQDOFDVFRXUEDQRGHOPXQLFLSLRGHVGHODVYHUHGDV
GH&DPSDQHUR*XD\DQDV6DQWD+HOHQD/ODQHULWD&KDQLYDYH,VODV\6DQWD
0DUtDUHIXJLiQGRVHHQHOSROLGHSRUWLYRGHOPXQLFLSLR(VWHFKRTXHDUPDGR
VH H[WHQGLy WDPELpQ D ORV PXQLFLSLRV GH 0RQWHUUH\ 7DXUDPHQD \ 9LOODQ-­
XHYDHQOtPLWHVFRQHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGHO0HWD
(QWpUPLQRVGHUHFHSFLyQGHSREODFLyQGHVSOD]DGDFHUFDGHSHUVRQDV
KDQOOHJDGRDODVFDEHFHUDVGHORVPXQLFLSLRVTXHLQWHJUDQHVWD]RQDHQVLWX-­
DFLyQGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWR(VWDUHFHSFLyQVHFRQFHQWUDHQORVPXQLFLSLRVGH
&KDPH]D\6iFDPDHQ&DVDQDUH\7DPH\3XHUWR5RQGyQHQ$UDXFD&RPR
VHREVHUYDHQODJUi¿FD\PDSDTXHVHSUHVHQWDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQORVSULP-­
HURVPXQLFLSLRVKDQUHFLELGRHOGHOWRWDOGHSREODFLyQGHVSOD]DGDHQ
ODUHJLyQ
э60 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
/D DOWD UHFHSFLyQ HQ HO PXQLFLSLR GH &KDPH]D HQ HO FXDO GH XQ WRWDO GH
SREODFLyQ GH SHUVRQD FRUUHVSRQGHQ D SHUVRQDV HQ VLWXDFLyQ GH
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRUHFLELGDVHQHOPXQLFLSLRHVGHFLUHOVLHQGRORVDxRV
GH\ORVGHPD\RUUHFHSFLyQFRQ\SHUVRQDVUHVSHFWLYD-­
PHQWHVHH[SOLFDSRUODGLQiPLFD\DFLWDGDHQHODSDUWDGRDQWHULRU
э 61 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
*XDLQtD9DXSpV\$PD]RQDV
/DVXEUHJLyQFRPSXHVWDSRUORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVVLWXDGRVHQHOH[WUHPRVVXU
RULHQWHGHODUHJLyQSUHVHQWDQYDULDVSDUWLFXODULGDGHVTXH\DKDQVLGRVH-­
xDODGDVHQHVWHGRFXPHQWR(QSULPHUWpUPLQRVRQORVWHUULWRULRVPHQRVDU-­
WLFXODGRVDODVGLQiPLFDVHFRQyPLFDV\GHSREODPLHQWRFRQUHVSHFWRDOUHVWR
GHODUHJLyQREVHUYDGD\PiVD~QFRQUHVSHFWRDOFHQWURGHOSDtV'DGDVVXV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVJHRJUi¿FDVHODYDQFHFRORQL]DGRUKDVLGROLPLWDGR\SRUHOOR
ODSREODFLyQLQGtJHQDFRQWLQXDVLHQGRPD\RULWDULDHQHVWRVGHSDUWDPHQWRV
6LQHPEDUJRHQOD~OWLPDGpFDGD\FRQSDUWLFXODULQWHQVLGDGHQORV~OWLPRV
FLQFRVDxRVHVWRVGHSDUWDPHQWRVHPSLH]DQDSHUFLELUORVLPSDFWRVGHULYD-­
GRVGHXQFRQÀLFWRTXHVHH[WLHQGHKDFLDORVWHUULWRULRVPiVSURIXQGRVGH
ODVHOYDHQORVFXDOHVODFDSDFLGDGGHUHVSXHVWDWDQWRGHODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHV
FRPRGHODVDXWRULGDGHVORFDOHVHVEDVWDQWHOLPLWDGD
0HGLUORVLPSDFWRVTXHKDWHQLGRODDJXGL]DFLyQGHODFRQIURQWDFLyQDUPDGD
HQHVWDSDUWHGHOWHUULWRULRHVVXPDPHQWHFRPSOHMR'DGDVODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
GHOSREODPLHQWRGHORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGHOD$PD]RQLD2ULHQWDOHVQHFHVDULR
D¿QDUORVLQVWUXPHQWRVGHDQiOLVLVGHFDUDDWHQHUXQDPHMRUDSUR[LPDFLyQD
ORTXHVLJQL¿FDSDUDORVSXHEORVLQGtJHQDVTXHKDELWDQHVWDSDUWHGHOSDtVHO
FRQÀLFWRTXHVHKDDFHQWXDGRHQVXVWHUULWRULRVHQORV~OWLPRVDxRV
(QHVWHVHQWLGRODVFLIUDVVREUHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRTXHDTXtVHSUHVHQWDQVRQ
DSHQDVLQGLFDWLYDVGHXQDUHDOLGDGTXHHVPXFKRPiVFRPSOHMD\TXHWUDQV-­
FXUUHHQWHUULWRULRVDSDUWDGRVHQORVFXDOHVODVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHGHQXQFLDU
KHFKRVGHYLRODFLyQGHORVGHUHFKRVLQGLYLGXDOHV\FROHFWLYRVGHODVFRPXQL-­
GDGHVLQGtJHQDVHVWiPHGLDGDSRUODGpELOHVWUXFWXUDGHSURWHFFLyQH[LVWHQWH
FRQ OR FXDO PXFKRV GH ORV HSLVRGLRV TXH KDQ WHQLGR OXJDU HQ ORV ~OWLPRV
DxRV\TXHKDQDIHFWDGRDHVWDVFRPXQLGDGHVQRDSDUHFHQHQORVUHJLVWURV
R¿FLDOHV
6HJ~QHO6,32'GXUDQWHORV~OWLPRVGLH]DxRVKDQVLGRYtFWLPDVGHGHV-­
SOD]DPLHQWRIRU]DGRHQORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH*XDLQtD9DXSpV\$PD]RQDV
XQWRWDOGHSHUVRQDV/RVPXQLFLSLRVGH&DUXU~%DUUDQFRPLQDV0LW~
\0DSLULSDQDKDQH[SXOVDGRGHOWRWDOGHYtFWLPDVGHHVWHGHOLWRFRPR
VHREVHUYDHQODJUi¿FD\PDSDTXHVHSUHVHQWDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
э62 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
э 63 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
/DXELFDFLyQGHHVWRVPXQLFLSLRV\FRUUHJLPLHQWRVFRPRSULQFLSDOHVH[SXO-­
VRUHVGHSREODFLyQFRUUHVSRQGHDODGLVSXWDSRUHOFRQWUROGHGRVHMHVÀXYLD-­
OHVTXHVRQHVWUDWpJLFRVHQODGLQiPLFDGHH[SDQVLyQGHOFRQÀLFWRKDFLDHVWD
UHJLyQGHORULHQWHVHOYiWLFR
(QSULPHUOXJDUHO5tR*XDYLDUHVREUHHOFXDOVHVLW~DQORVFRUUHJLPLHQWRV
GHSDUWDPHQWDOHV GH 0DSLULSDQD \ %DUUDQFRPLQDV HV XQ HMH FHQWUDO HQ OD
FRQIURQWDFLyQ DUPDGD SDUD WRGR HO RULHQWH GHO SDtV HQ OD PHGLGD HQ TXH
FRQVWLWX\HODPHMRUYtDGHFRPXQLFDFLyQGHVGHHO0HWD\HO*XDYLDUHKDFLD
ODIURQWHUDFRQ9HQH]XHOD(OLQWHUpVGHFRQWURODUHVWHFRUUHGRUÀXYLDOSDUD
HOWUi¿FRGHHVWXSHIDFLHQWHV\DUPDVHQWUHRWURVVHHQFXHQWUDHQHOFHQWUR
GHODGLVSXWDTXHKDWHQLGROXJDUHQHVWDUHJLyQHQORV~OWLPRVDxRV\TXH
64 э э
TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
WLHQHFRPRSXQWRGHUHIHUHQFLDHODxRFXDQGRORVJUXSRVSDUDPLOLWD-­
UHVDUULEDURQDOD]RQDFRQODHMHFXFLyQGHODPDVDFUHGH0DSLULSiQ'HVGH
HQWRQFHV HO 5tR *XDYLDUH VH FRQYLUWLy HQ XQ HVFHQDULR GH GLVSXWD TXH KD
OOHYDGRDTXHFLHQWRVGHSREODGRUHVKD\DQWHQLGRTXHGHVSOD]DUVHGHODUHJLyQ
HQORV~OWLPRVDxRV
(OVHJXQGRHMHGHH[SDQVLyQGHOFRQÀLFWRHQODUHJLyQHVHO5tR9DXSpVTXH
FRQVWLWX\H GHVGH OD GpFDGD GH ORV QRYHQWD XQ FRUUHGRU GH LQWHUpV SDUD ORV
JUXSRVDUPDGRVTXHRSHUDQHQOD]RQDFRPRYtDGHSHQHWUDFLyQGHVGHHOVXU
GHO*XDYLDUHPXQLFLSLRGH0LUDÀRUHVKDFLDHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGHO9DXSpV\
SRUHVDYtDKDFLDODIURQWHUDFRQ%UDVLO(VWHHMHHPSOHDGRSRUODJXHUULOOD
GHODV)$5&FRPRFRUUHGRUGHPRYLOLGDGWDPELpQVHFDUDFWHUL]ySRUODDOWD
LQFLGHQFLD GH FXOWLYRV GH XVR LOtFLWR SULQFLSDOPHQWH HQ ORV PXQLFLSLRV GH
0LUDÀRUHV\&DUXU~UD]yQSRUODFXDOFRQODHQWUDGDGHOD)XHU]D3~EOLFD
KDFLDHODxRVHSURGXMRXQDLQWHQVL¿FDFLyQGHODFRQIURQWDFLyQDUPDGD
DFRPSDxDGD SRU HO HPSOHR GH SUiFWLFDV YXOQHUDGRUDV GH ORV GHUHFKRV GH
OD SREODFLyQ FLYLO FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH OR FXDO VH REVHUYDQ XQRV DOWRV
tQGLFHVGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHVGHPHGLDGRVGHODGpFDGD(QORUHIHUHQWHD
UHFHSFLyQGHSREODFLyQGXUDQWHHOSHUtRGRTXHVHDQDOL]DHQHVWHLQIRUPHXQ
WRWDOGHSHUVRQDVOOHJDURQDODVSULQFLSDOHVFDEHFHUDVPXQLFLSDOHVHQ
VLWXDFLyQGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHpVWDVHOORKLFLHURQDORVPXQLFLSLRVGH
,QtULGD0LW~\&DUXU~FRPRVHREVHUYDHQODJUi¿FD\PDSDTXHVLJXHQ
э 65 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
э66 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
/DDOWDUHFHSFLyQGHSREODFLyQHQVLWXDFLyQGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRHQHOPXQL-­
FLSLRGH,QtULGDTXHORVLW~DFRPRHOSULPHUUHFHSWRUDQLYHOGHODVXEUHJLyQ
\FRPRHOVpSWLPRHQWRGDODUHJLyQTXHVHDQDOL]DHQHVWHLQIRUPHFRQXQ
WRWDOGHSREODFLyQUHJLVWUDGDGHSHUVRQDVIUHQWHDXQDSREODFLyQGH
VHH[SOLFDSRUODGLQiPLFDGHFRQÀLFWRTXHVHGDHQWRUQRDOHMHGHO
5tR*XDYLDUHGHVGH¿QDOHVGHODGpFDGDGHORVQRYHQWD
(O LQJUHVR GH ORV JUXSRV SDUDPLOLWDUHV D HVWD ]RQD GHO PHGLR 5tR *XDYLDUH
JHQHUy HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GH FLHQWRV GH SHUVRQDV TXH KXtDQ GHO WHUURU TXH
VH LQVWDOy HQ OD ]RQD WUDV ODV PDVDFUHV GH 0DSLULSiQ \ 3XHUWR $OYLUD (O
GRPLQLRHMHUFLGRSRUHVWRVJUXSRVHQWRGDODIUDQMDTXHYDGHVGH6DQ-RVp
GHO*XDYLDUHKDVWD0DSLULSiQFRQGXMRDTXHTXLHQHVVHGHVSOD]DURQHQODV
YHUHGDVTXHVHVLW~DQDJXDVDEDMRGH0DSLULSiQORKLFLHUDQVLJXLHQGRHOFXUVR
GHOUtRKDFLDHORULHQWH\SRUHVWDYtDPXFKDVGHHVWDVIDPLOLDVOOHJDURQDOD
FDSLWDOGHO*XDLQtD$FWXDOPHQWHODVIDPLOLDVGHVSOD]DGDVGH3XHUWR$OYLUD
WDPELpQFRQRFLGRFRPR&DxR-DEyQFRQVWLWX\HQXQQ~FOHRFRPSOHWRGHOD
SREODFLyQHQVLWXDFLyQGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRDVHQWDGDHQ,QtULGD
(QWUHWDQWRODGLQiPLFDGHUHFHSFLyQHQORVPXQLFLSLRVGH0LW~\&DUXU~VH
UHODFLRQDFRQHOLQFUHPHQWRGHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRHQODV]RQDVPiVVHOYiWLFDV
GHO9DXSpVHQVXPD\RUtDPLHPEURVGHFRPXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDVTXHKX\HQ
GHOFRQÀLFWR\EXVFDQSURWHFFLyQHQORVSULQFLSDOHVFHQWURVSREODGRVGHOGH-­
SDUWDPHQWR6REUHODVLWXDFLyQSDUWLFXODUGHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRHQODVFRPXQL-­
GDGHVLQGtJHQDVGHODUHJLyQVHRFXSDHOVLJXLHQWHFDStWXOR
э 67 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
PUERTO ALVIRA – META. LA GUERRA EN EL RÍO GUAVIARE
Puerto Alvira es una inspección del municipio de Mapiripán -­Meta, situada a RULOODVGHO5tR*XDYLDUHPiVFRQRFLGDFRPR&DxR-DEyQ(OGHPD\RGH
un grupo paramilitar perteneciente a las Autodefensas Campesinas de Córdoba y Urabá incursionó en este caserío ejecutando una más de la larga lista de masacres cometidas por estos grupos a lo largo y ancho del territorio colombiano. Luego de HVWRVKHFKRVPLOHVGHIDPLOLDVDEDQGRQDURQ&DxR-DEyQKX\HQGRSRUYtDÀXYLDO
hacia la capital del Guainía, o por vía aérea hacia Villavicencio. Lo que no podían hacer era pasar por Mapiripán, ya para entonces este era ya un punto controlado por los paramilitares y cualquier persona procedente de los caseríos ubicados DJXDV DEDMR GHO *XDYLDUH HUDQ VHxDODGD GH FRODERUDU FRQ ±R SHUWHQHFHU D OD
guerrilla, lo cual equivalía a una sentencia de muerte. Caño Jabón quedó entonces convertido en un pueblo fantasma. Las casas abandonadas y el temor instalado en sus calles son muestra de la barbarie cometida contra la población inerme que sigue esperando justicia frente a estos hechos, pero sobre todo saber porqué se cometieron los mismos. Pero la guerra en el río Guaviare no se detuvo ahí. En RFWXEUHGHODxRPiVGHLQGtJHQDV-LZOOHJDURQD3XHUWR$OYLUDKX\HQGR
GHOFRQÀLFWR/DH[SORVLyQGHXQDPLQDDQWLSHUVRQDOHQHO5HVJXDUGR%DUUDQFR
&HLED/DJXQD$UDKXDWRVHJyODYLGDGH0DUtD&ULVWLQD0HOpQGH]GHDxRVGH
HGDG\VXKLMDGHPHVHV7RGDODFRPXQLGDGTXHKDELWDEDHQHVWHUHVJXDUGRWXYR
que hacer lo mismo que venían haciendo sus paisanos desde hacia varios años;; DEDQGRQDUVXVWHUULWRULRV7RPDURQVXVFDQRDV\QDYHJDQGRDJXDVDUULEDOOHJD-­
ron a Caño Jabón. Desde entonces los Jiw están ubicados en las casas que años atrás otros habían abandonado, cultivan en pequeños espacios que pueden utili-­
]DUGHO5HVJXDUGR&DxR-DEyQGHO3XHEOR6LNXDQL\UHFXHUGDQFRQWULVWH]DTXHQR
pueden regresar a su territorio. Viven en condiciones precarias, en espera de la ayuda alimentaria que deben entregar las instituciones del Estado. En ocasiones estos alimentos se han dañado en las bodegas del pueblo, pues los funcionarios argumentan no tener condiciones de seguridad para trasladarse a entregarlas. Entre tanto, las empresas petroleras han llegado desde el 2009 para iniciar la H[SORUDFLyQGHKLGURFDUEXURV(O(MpUFLWREXVFDJDUDQWL]DUOHVODVHJXULGDGSDUD
el desarrollo de sus actividades. Los grupos armados continúan presionando. Las mujeres y niñas son objeto de abusos. Los indígenas siguen reclamando su derecho a retornar a su territorio.
э68 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
4. LA SITUACION DE LAS COMUNIDADES INDIGENAS
Asentamiento de indígenas Nukak desplazados en San José del Guaviare-­‐ Finca Aguabonita.
/DVFRPXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDVTXHKDELWDQHQODVUHJLRQHV$PD]RQtD\2ULQR-­
TXLDKDQVLGRLGHQWL¿FDGDVFRPRFRPXQLGDGHVHQDOWRULHVJRGHGHVDSDUHFHU
FRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHGLYHUVRVIDFWRUHVTXHFRQVWLWX\HQJUDYHVDPHQD]DV\
ULHVJRSDUDVXVXSHUYLYHQFLDItVLFD\FXOWXUDO
$HVWHUHVSHFWRVHSURQXQFLyHQHODxRHOUHODWRUHVSHFLDOGH1DFLR-­
QHV8QLGDVSDUDORVGHUHFKRV\OLEHUWDGHVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHORVLQGtJHQDV
WUDVVXYLVLWDD&RORPELDGRQGHHYLGHQFLyTXH³ODVLWXDFLyQGHORVGHUHFKRV
KXPDQRV GH ORV LQGtJHQDV GH &RORPELD HV JUDYH FUtWLFD \ SURIXQGDPHQWH
SUHRFXSDQWH 8Q JUDQ Q~PHUR GH FRPXQLGDGHV VXIUH FRQGLFLRQHV GH YLR-­
OHQFLD SHUVLVWHQWH HQ HO PDUFR GH XQ FRQÀLFWR DUPDGR TXH WLHQH LPSDFWRV
FRQVLGHUDEOHVHQVXVFRQGLFLRQHVGHYLGDFRWLGLDQD(VWDLQFOXVRDPHQD]DGD
OD VXSHUYLYHQFLD ItVLFD \ FXOWXUDO GH DOJXQDV FRPXQLGDGHV LQGtJHQDV PX\
YXOQHUDEOHVHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQOD$PD]RQLD´
'LYHUVRVSURQXQFLDPLHQWRVKDQVHJXLGRDHVWDREVHUYDFLyQGHO5HODWRU(VSH-­
FLDOHQWUHORVFXDOHVYDOHODSHQDGHVWDFDUHOHVIXHU]RUHDOL]DGRSRUOD$VR-­
FLDFLyQ/DWLQRDPHULFDQDSDUDORV'HUHFKRV+XPDQRV±$/'+8TXHFRQ
э 69 э ,QIRUPHGHO5HODWRU(VSHFLDOVREUHODVLWXDFLyQ
GH ORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV \ ODV OLEHUWDGHV
IXQGDPHQWDOHV GH ORV LQGtJHQDV 6U 5RGROIR
6WDYHQKDJHQGHQRYLHPEUHGHS
TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
HODXVSLFLRGHOD8QLyQ(XURSHDSXEOLFyHQHODxRHOOLEUR³/DDJRQtD
GHO -DJXDU 'HUHFKRV KXPDQRV GH ORV SXHEORV LQGtJHQDV GH OD $PD]RQLD
&RORPELDQD´(QHVWHWUDEDMRVHSURIXQGL]DHODQiOLVLVVREUHHVWHWHPD\VH
UHLWHUDODSUHRFXSDFLyQHQWRUQRDORVJUDYHVLPSDFWRVTXHODH[WHQVLyQGHO
FRQÀLFWRWLHQHVREUHORVSREODGRUHVDQFHVWUDOHVGHOD$PD]RQLD
,QIRUWXQDGDPHQWHHOSDVRGHORVDxRVPXHVWUDTXHDOQRWRPDUVHDFFLRQHV
HIHFWLYDVODVLWXDFLyQGHHVWRVSXHEORVOHMRVGHPHMRUDUDSDUHFHFDGDGtD
PiVGHWHULRUDGDFRPRORSXVRGHSUHVHQWHHQHODxROD2UJDQL]DFLyQ
1DFLRQDO,QGtJHQDGH&RORPELDFRQHOODQ]DPLHQWRGHOD&DPSDxD,QWHUQD-­
FLRQDOSRUODSHUYLYHQFLDGHORVSXHEORVLQGtJHQDV³3DODEUD'XOFH$LUHGH
9LGD´
/DSURIXQGL]DFLyQGHOFRQÀLFWRDUPDGRTXHKDRFXUULGRHQHVWDVUHJLRQHV
GXUDQWHOD~OWLPDGpFDGD\HQSDUWLFXODUODH[WHQVLyQGHOPLVPRKDFLDORV
WHUULWRULRVVHOYiWLFRVPiVSURIXQGRVGRQGHKDELWDODPD\RUSDUWHGHODVFR-­
PXQLGDGHV LQGtJHQDV KD WHQLGR FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD XQD IXHUWH FULVLV KX-­
PDQLWDULDODFXDOHVDGHPiVLQYLVLEOHSDUDODPD\RUSDUWHGHODVRFLHGDG
\D~QGHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVGHO(VWDGRFRORPELDQRHQFDUJDGDVGHJDUDQWL]DU
HIHFWLYDPHQWHVXVGHUHFKRV
/DJUDYHVLWXDFLyQDTXHVHYHQDERFDGDVODVFRPXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDVFRPR
FRQVHFXHQFLDGHODGHVDWHQFLyQHVWUXFWXUDOGHTXHKDQVLGRREMHWRODSUR-­
IXQGL]DFLyQ GHO FRQÀLFWR DUPDGR DXQDGR D ORV LQWHUHVHV \ DPELFLRQHV
H[LVWHQWHVHQWRUQRDVXVWHUULWRULRVOOHYyDOD&RUWH&RQVWLWXFLRQDOHQHQHUR
GHDFRQFOXLUTXHEXHQDSDUWHGHORVSXHEORVLQGtJHQDVHQ&RORPELDVH
HQFXHQWUDQHQULHVJRGHGHVDSDUHFHU\DSDUWLUGHDOOtRUGHQyDO*RELHUQR
&RORPELDQRWRPDUODVDFFLRQHVQHFHVDULDVSDUDVDOYDJXDUGDUODYLGDHLQWH-­
JULGDGGHORVPLVPRV
/D &RUWH &RQVWLWXFLRQDO REVHUYy HQWUH RWURV DVSHFWRV TXH OD GHWHULRUDGD
VLWXDFLyQ GH ODV FRPXQLGDGHV LQGtJHQDV HQ PDWHULD GH UHVSHWR \ JDUDQWtD
GHVXVGHUHFKRVVHDFHQW~DHQWDQWRODVDFFLRQHVGHVDUUROODGDVSRUHO(V-­
WDGR&RORPELDQRQRKDQSDVDGRGHGHFODUDFLRQHVIRUPDOHV\IRUPXODFLyQ
GH LQVWUXPHQWRV GH SROtWLFD S~EOLFD FX\RV UHVXOWDGRV FRQFUHWRV VRQ PX\
SUHFDULRV$HVWRVHVXPDODDJXGL]DFLyQGHODFRQIURQWDFLyQDUPDGDHQORV
WHUULWRULRV LQGtJHQDV WRGR OR FXDO FRQWLQ~D GHMDQGR D PLOHV GH LQGtJHQDV
GHVSOD]DGRVOtGHUHV\DXWRULGDGHVWUDGLFLRQDOHVDPHQD]DGRV\DVHVLQDGRV
FLHQWRVGHYtFWLPDVGHPLQDVDQWLSHUVRQDPHQRUHVUHFOXWDGRVIRU]RVDPHQWH
HQWUHRWUDVIRUPDVGHYLROHQFLDTXHDWHQWDQFRQWUDODLQWHJULGDGItVLFD\FXO-­
WXUDOGHHVWRVSXHEORV
(Q ODV UHJLRQHV $PD]RQLD \ 2ULQRTXtD KDELWDQ SXHEORV LQGtJHQDV
TXLHQHVRFXSDQUHVJXDUGRVFRPRVHREVHUYDHQODWDEOD(QODDFWX-­
DOLGDGDOJXQRVGHHVWRVSXHEORVFXHQWDQFRQXQDSREODFLyQLQIHULRUD
SHUVRQDV\ODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHYXOQHUDELOLGDGHQTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQVRQWDQ
JUDYHVTXHUHTXLHUHQVHUDIURQWDGDVGHPDQHUDLQPHGLDWDD¿QGHHYLWDUVX
GHVDSDULFLyQFXOWXUDOHLQFOXVRItVLFD
э70 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
TABLA 6. PUEBLOS INDIGENAS EN LAS REGIONES AMAZONIA Y ORINOQUIA DEPARTAMENTO Amazonas NÚMERO DE RESGUARDOS 26 Arauca 26 Caquetá 45 Casanare Guainía Guaviare 10 25 24 Meta Vaupés 20 3 Vichada TOTAL REGION 32 206 PUEBLOS INDIGENAS Ticuna, yucuna, miraña, tanimuka, matapí, cubeo, cocama, huitoto, letuama, nonuya, muinane, andoque, yagua, murui, bora, okaina, carijona, cabiyari, inga, siona, macuna, barasano, yuhup Betoye, Chiricoa, Hitnu, Kuiba, Piapoco, Sikuani, U´wa, Makaguan, Inga Andoque, Coreguaje, Coyaima, Embera, Inga, Macaguaje, Nasa, Uitoto Amorúa, Kuiba, Masiguare, Sáliba, Sikuani, Tsiripu, Yaruro, U´wa. Curripaco, piapoco, puinave, sikuani, yeral Jiw, nukak, sikuani, cubeo, tucano, desano, carijona, curripaco, piaroa, piratapuyo, puinave, wanano Achagua, Jiw, Nasa, Piapoco, Sikuani Cubeo, yuruơ, wanano, tariano, tucano, siriano, carapana, desano, piratapuyo, tuyuca, makú, bará, curripaco, makuna, cabiyarí, taibano, tatuyo, jupda, barasano, lituana, pisamira, itanas Sikuani, piapoco, curripaco, piaroa, puinave, sáliba, Amorúa 66 Elaboración propia a paƌƟr de datos DANE э 71 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
э72 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
(QHVWDUHJLyQVHFRQFHQWUDODPD\RUGLYHUVLGDGpWQLFDGHOSDtVFRQPiVGHO
SRUFLHQWRGHORVSXHEORVLQGtJHQDVUHFRQRFLGRVHQ&RORPELD6yORHQ
HOGHSDUWDPHQWRGHO9DXSpVKDELWDQSXHEORVGLIHUHQWHVPXFKRVGHHOORV
FRUUHVSRQGHQDOJUXSRGHSXHEORVTXHOD2UJDQL]DFLyQ1DFLRQDO,QGtJHQD
GH&RORPELDKDGHQRPLQDGR³HQYtDGHH[WLQFLyQ´GDGRTXHVXSREODFLyQ
DFWXDOHVLQIHULRUDSHUVRQDV\HQRFDVLRQHVHVGHPHQRVGH(V-­
WRV SXHEORV VRQ 3LVDPLUD 3LDURD 0XLQDQH -XSGD <DXQD %DUD 2FDLQD
<RKRS1RQX\D&DEL\DUL<XUL0DWDSL.DFXD&DULMRQD7DWX\R7DULDQR
<DJXD1XNDN&DUDSDQD\%RUD
/DVDQWHULRUHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHEHQVHUFRQVLGHUDGDVDODQDOL]DUODGLPHQ-­
VLyQGHODFULVLVKXPDQLWDULDTXHDIURQWDQHVWRVSXHEORVLQGtJHQDVTXLHQHV
KDELWDQ HQ FRPXQLGDGHV DLVODGDV HQ ODV FXDOHV OD SUHVWDFLyQ GH VHUYLFLRV
EiVLFRVSRUSDUWHGHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVHVWDWDOHVHVPX\SUHFDULD'XUDQWHVL-­
JORVHOWHUULWRULRVHOYiWLFROHVKDEULQGDGRHOVXVWHQWRQHFHVDULRSDUDH[LVWLU
FRPRSXHEORVFRQWUDGLFLRQHV\FXOWXUDVSURSLDVSHURTXHKR\VHFRQVWLWX\H
HQXQHVFHQDULRGHJXHUUDHQHOFXDOVXVGHUHFKRVKDQVLGRDWURSHOODGRVSRU
SDUWHGHWRGRVORVDFWRUHVGHOFRQÀLFWR&RPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHHOORFLHQWRV
GHLQGtJHQDVVHKDQYLVWRREOLJDGRVDDEDQGRQDUVXWHUULWRULR\KR\DIURQ-­
WDQVLWXDFLRQHVGUDPiWLFDVHQORVSULQFLSDOHVFHQWURVXUEDQRVGHODUHJLyQ
SULQFLSDOPHQWH 6DQ -RVp GHO *XDYLDUH ,QtULGD \ 0LW~ $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH
UHVHxDQDOJXQRVGHORVSDWURQHVFRPXQHVGHDIHFWDFLyQTXHVHREVHUYDQHQ
HVWDUHJLyQ
1. Presencia de actores armados en territorios indígenas.
(QHO6XU2ULHQWH&RORPELDQRKDWHQLGROXJDUGXUDQWHORV~OWLPRVDxRVXQ
FUHFLHQWHSURFHVRGHPLOLWDUL]DFLyQGHOWHUULWRULRTXHQRHVDMHQRDORVWHUUL-­
WRULRVLQGtJHQDV/RVJUXSRVSDUDPLOLWDUHVLQFXUVLRQDURQHQOD]RQDHQHODxR
FXDQGRHMHFXWDURQODPDVDFUHGH0DSLULSiQ±0HWD\DSDUWLUGHHQWRQ-­
FHVHMHUFHQFRQWUROHQDPSOLDV]RQDVGHOVXUGHO0HWD\QRUWHGHO*XDYLDUH
DVtFRPRHQHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH9LFKDGD/DJXHUULOODGHODV)$5&WLHQHXQD
SUHVHQFLDWUDGLFLRQDOHQOD]RQD\GXUDQWHORV~OWLPRVDxRVKDH[SDQGLGRVX
DFFLRQDUKDFLDHORULHQWHVHOYiWLFRWHUULWRULRTXHHVWiHPSOHDQGRFRPRUHWD-­
JXDUGLDHVWUDWpJLFDGHPRYLOLGDG\SDUDHOWUi¿FRGHHVWXSHIDFLHQWHV
(QWUHWDQWROD)XHU]D3~EOLFDKDIRUWDOHFLGRVXSUHVHQFLD\DFFLRQDUHQOD
]RQD HQ ORV ~OWLPRV FLQFR DxRV FRQ OD LQVWDODFLyQ GH EDVHV PLOLWDUHV \ HO
LQFUHPHQWR GHOSLHGHIXHU]D(QYDULDVRFDVLRQHVODLQVWDODFLyQGHEDVHV
PLOLWDUHVVHKDHIHFWXDGRHQWHUULWRULRVLQGtJHQDVFRQORFXDOVHYXOQHUDQOD
OHJLVODFLyQLQGtJHQD\VHH[SRQHDODVFRPXQLGDGHVDXQDOWRQLYHOGHULHVJR
HQHOPDUFRGHOFRQÀLFWRDUPDGR
(QFDVRVFRPRHOGHOD%DVHGH)XHU]DV(VSHFLDOHVGHO(MpUFLWR1DFLRQDO
XELFDGDHQODVDIXHUDVGH6DQ-RVpGHO*XDYLDUHFROLQGDQWHFRQHO5HVJXDU-­
э 73 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
GR%DUUDQFyQORVLQGtJHQDVKDQGHQXQFLDGRUHLWHUDGDPHQWHODVFRQVHFXHQ-­
FLDVTXHHOOROHVKDWUDtGR(QWUHRWURVHOHPHQWRVHOGHVDUUROORFRQVWDQWHGH
HMHUFLFLRVGHHQWUHQDPLHQWRPLOLWDUFRQVWLWX\HXQIDFWRUGHULHVJRSDUDORV
LQGtJHQDV-LZTXHDOOtKDELWDQ
2. Confrontación entre actores armados
/D PD\RU SUHVHQFLD GH DFWRUHV DUPDGRV HQ HO WHUULWRULR KD FRQOOHYDGR DO
LQFUHPHQWRGHDFFLRQHVGHFRQIURQWDFLyQHQWUHORVPLVPRVHQPHGLRGHOR
FXDOKDQTXHGDGRDWUDSDGDVODVFRPXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDV(OGHDJRVWRGH
WUDVHQIUHQWDPLHQWRVHQWUHORVJUXSRVSDUDPLOLWDUHVFRQRFLGRVFRPR
³&XFKLOORV´\³0DFDFRV´IDPLOLDVSHUVRQDVSHUWHQHFLHQWHVDOSXHE-­
OR6LNXDQLVHYLHURQIRU]DGDVDGHVSOD]DUVHGHO5HVJXDUGR3XQWD%DQGHUDDO
5HVJXDUGR/D(VPHUDOGDHQMXULVGLFFLyQGH6DQ/XLVGHO7RPRPXQLFLSLR
GH&XPDULER±9LFKDGD
/RVHQIUHQWDPLHQWRVHQWUHSDUDPLOLWDUHVJXHUULOOD\HMpUFLWRHQWHUULWRULRGH
OD*UDQ5HVHUYD1XNDNKDJHQHUDGRGLIHUHQWHVHSLVRGLRVGHp[RGRGHHVWH
SXHEORGHVGHHODxRWUDVORVFXDOHVHOWHUULWRULRKDVLGRDEDQGRQDGR
\FRQYHUWLGRHQWHDWURGHRSHUDFLRQHVHQWUHORVGLIHUHQWHVDFWRUHVDUPDGRV
3. Instalación de minas antipersonales y abandono de municiones sin explotar.
(OPLQDGRGHWHUULWRULRVFRQVWLWX\HXQRGHORVSULQFLSDOHVULHVJRVDTXHHVWiQ
H[SXHVWDV ODV FRPXQLGDGHV LQGtJHQDV HQ HO 6XU 2ULHQWH &RORPELDQR /RV
DFFLGHQWHVHLQFLGHQWHVTXHVHKDQSURGXFLGRSRUHVWDUD]yQHQWHUULWRULRGHO
SXHEOR-LZ*XD\DEHURFRQVWLWX\HQXQDGHODVPD\RUHVFDXVDVGHDEDQGRQR
GHUHVJXDUGRVFRPR%DUUDQFR&HLEDHQHOH[WUHPRRULHQWDOGH6DQ-RVpGHO
*XDYLDUH
(OGHIHEUHURGHPiVGHSHUVRQDVHQWUHHOORVYDULRVPHQRUHVGH
HGDG UHVXOWDURQ KHULGDV DO PDQLSXODU PXQLFLRQHV VLQ H[SORWDU HPSOHDGDV
SRUHO(MpUFLWRHQVXVHMHUFLFLRVGHHQWUHQDPLHQWRHQOD(VFXHODGH)XHU]DV
(VSHFLDOHVVLWXDGDHQSUR[LPLGDGDO5HVJXDUGR%DUUDQFyQ(VWHKHFKRSXVR
HQHYLGHQFLDXQDYH]PiVORVULHVJRVDORVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDH[SXHVWDODFR-­
PXQLGDGSRUODFHUFDQtDGHHVWDLQVWDODFLyQPLOLWDU\DSHVDUGHTXHHQVX
PRPHQWR VH DVXPLHURQ FRPSURPLVRV SDUD UHVROYHU GLFKD VLWXDFLyQ KDVWD
DKRUDQRVHKDQWRPDGRPHGLGDVDOUHVSHFWR
(OViEDGRGHPD\RGH0DUWKD/HPLV9DOHQFLDLQGtJHQDGHOSXHEOR
FXEHRIXHYtFWLPDGHXQDPLQDDQWLSHUVRQDOFXDQGRVHGLULJtDDVXFKDJUDHQ
HOVHFWRUpWQLFRGHOPXQLFLSLRGH&DUXU~±9DXSpV&RPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGH
HOORHVWDPXMHUGHDxRVPDGUHGHGRVPHQRUHVGHDxRV\PHVGHHGDG
э74 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
TXLHQHVODDFRPSDxDEDQFXDQGRRFXUULyHODFFLGHQWHVXIULyDPSXWDFLyQGH
PLHPEURLQIHULRU(OWUDVODGRGHODYtFWLPDDXQFHQWURDVLVWHQFLDODSURSLDGR
SDUDDWHQGHUODJUDYHGDGGHVXVOHVLRQHVVyORIXHSRVLEOHKRUDVGHVSXpV
GH RFXUULGR HO DFFLGHQWH GHELGR D ODV UHVWULFFLRQHV TXH LPSRQH OD )XHU]D
3~EOLFDSDUDGHVDUUROODUYXHORVDHVWHPXQLFLSLRHQKRUDVGHODQRFKH/DYtD
DpUHDHVOD~QLFDSRVLELOLGDGGHDFFHVRD&DUXU~
4. Asesinato selectivo de líderes y autoridades tradicionales.
(ODVHVLQDWRVHOHFWLYRGHOtGHUHVKDVLGRHPSOHDGRFRPRHVWUDWHJLDGHDPH-­
GUHQWDPLHQWR GH ODV FRPXQLGDGHV SRU GH ORV JUXSRV DUPDGRV TXH DFW~DQ
HQ OD UHJLyQ \ VH UHODFLRQD FRQ SUiFWLFDV GH VHxDODPLHQWR \ DFXVDFLyQ GH
FRODERUDUyEULQGDULQIRUPDFLyQDXQRGHORVEDQGRVHQGLVSXWD
(QHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH*XDYLDUHORVLQGtJHQDV-LZ\1XNDNKDQVLGRYtFWL-­
PDVIUHFXHQWHVGHHVWRWLSRGHDWURSHOOR(QORVPHVHVGHIHEUHUR\PDU]RGH
IXHURQDVHVLQDGRV0RQLNDUR1XNDN\'DQLHO1XNDNHQHO5HVJXDUGR
%DUUDQFR&RORUDGR(QWUHORVDxRV\VHLVOtGHUHVGHOSXHEOR-LZ
IXHURQ DVHVLQDGRV \ FLQFR GHVDSDUHFLGRV (Q OD PD\RU SDUWH GH ORV FDVRV
HVWRV KHFKRV IXHURQ FDXVD GHO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GH IDPLOLDV \ FRPXQLGDGHV
HQWHUDV
&RQ¿QDPLHQWR
(QXQHVFHQDULRFDUDFWHUL]DGRSRUODPD\RUSUHVHQFLDGHDFWRUHVDUPDGRV\
ODFRQVWDQWHFRQIURQWDFLyQHQWUHHVWRVDOJXQDVFRPXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDVVRQ
VRPHWLGDVDIXHUWHVUHVWULFFLRQHVTXHDPHQD]DQFRQVXSHUYLYHQFLDItVLFD\
FXOWXUDO
(O 5HVJXDUGR 0RFXDUH XELFDGR HQ HO PXQLFLSLR GH 0DSLULSiQ ± 0HWD HV
XQRGHORVUHVJXDUGRVPiVJUDQGHVGHO3XHEOR-LZFRQFHUFDGHKHF-­
WiUHDV /D SUHVHQFLD GH JUXSRV DUPDGRV HQ OD ]RQD OD VLHPEUD GH PLQDV
DQWLSHUVRQDOHV\ORVFRQVWDQWHVHQIUHQWDPLHQWRVHQWUHHO(MpUFLWR\ODV)$5&
KDQRFDVLRQDGRTXHHOJUXSRGHSHUVRQDVTXHSHUPDQHFHQHQHVWHUHV-­
JXDUGROXHJRGHTXHODVWUHVFXDUWDVSDUWHVGHODSREODFLyQIXHUDQREOLJDGDV
DGHVSOD]DUVHHQVXFHVLYRVHSLVRGLRVGHVGHHODxRHVWpQDFWXDOPHQWH
FRQ¿QDGDVHQXQDSRUFLyQPtQLPDGHOWHUULWRULRFRQUHVWULQJLGDVSRVLELOL-­
GDGHVSDUDPRYLOL]DUVH\GHVDUUROODUVXVDFWLYLGDGHVEiVLFDVFRQORFXDOVH
HVWiJHQHUDQGRDGHPiVGHOGDxRFXOWXUDOXQDVREUHH[SORWDFLyQGHUHFXUVRV
TXHLPSOLFDULHVJRVHYLGHQWHVSDUDODSHUYLYHQFLDGHHVWDFRPXQLGDG
э 75 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
6. Restricciones a la movilidad de personas, alimentos, medicamentos, combustibles, bienes y servicios básicos.
(QHOPDUFRGHODVRSHUDFLRQHVTXHGHVDUUROODHO(MpUFLWR1DFLRQDOHQFRQWUD
GHORVJUXSRVDUPDGRVTXHDFW~DQHQOD]RQDVRQFRPXQHVORVFRQWUROHVDO
LQJUHVRGHPHGLFDPHQWRV\DOLPHQWRVTXHFLUFXODQHQVXPD\RUSDUWHSRUYtD
ÀXYLDO(VWRVDWURSHOORVKDQVLGRGHQXQFLDGRVSRUFRPXQLGDGHVTXHKDELWDQ
ODVULEHUDVGHORVUtRV*XDYLDUH\9DXSpVSDUWLFXODUPHQWH(VWHKHFKRFRQ-­
VWLWX\HXQIDFWRUGHULHVJRSDUDODVFRPXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDV\HQJHQHUDOSDUD
ODSREODFLyQFLYLODOOtDVHQWDGD
7. Señalamientos.
/DFRQÀXHQFLDGHDFWRUHVDUPDGRVHQWHUULWRULRVLQGtJHQDV\GHPDQHUDSDU-­
WLFXODUHOGHVDUUROORGHDFFLRQHVGHQRPLQDGDV³FtYLFRPLOLWDUHV´SRUSDUWH
GH OD )XHU]D 3~EOLFD GHULYD HQ DFWRV GH LQYROXFUDPLHQWR GH OD SREODFLyQ
FLYLOHQHOFRQÀLFWRORFXDOFRQGXFHDUHWDOLDFLRQHVSRUSDUWHGHODFWRUDU-­
PDGRFRQWUDULR/DOyJLFDGHOVHxDODPLHQWR\ODDFXVDFLyQGHVHUFRODERUDGRU
GHOEDQGRFRQWHQGLHQWHHVXQDSUiFWLFDJHQHUDOL]DGDSRUSDUWHGHWRGRVORV
DFWRUHVDUPDGRVHQHO6XU2ULHQWH&RORPELDQR
(QWUHHO\GHMXQLRGHODV)$5&DVHVLQDURQDFLQFRLQGtJHQDV
6LNXDQLKDELWDQWHVGHODFRPXQLGDG%DUUDQTXLOOLWDXELFDGDDNLOyPHWURV
GHODFDEHFHUDPXQLFLSDOGH0LUDÀRUHV±*XDYLDUH/RVDFXVDEDQGHKDEHU
SUHVWDGRFRODERUDFLyQDO(MpUFLWRGXUDQWHVXHVWDGtDHQOD]RQDXQRGHORV
DVHVLQDGRV HUD PHQRU GH HGDG (O FDSLWiQ GH OD FRPXQLGDG TXH WDPELpQ
HUDREMHWLYRGHODV)$5&ORJUyKXLUKDFLD0LUDÀRUHVGHMDQGRDVXIDPLOLD
(QUHWDOLDFLyQODIDPLOLDIXHUHWHQLGDSRUODJXHUULOOD&RPRFRQVHFXHQFLD
GHHVWRVKHFKRVODVIDPLOLDV6LNXDQLTXHKDELWDEDQHQHVWHUHVJXDUGRVH
YLHURQIRU]DGDVDGHVSOD]DUVHKDFLDODFDEHFHUDPXQLFLSDOGH0LUDÀRUHV\
KDFLD6DQ-RVpGHO*XDYLDUH
8. Reclutamiento de menores
(QHO6XU2ULHQWH&RORPELDQRVHKDEODFDGDYH]PiVGHOUHFOXWDPLHQWRGH
PHQRUHVFRPRXQDSUiFWLFDH[WHQGLGDSULQFLSDOPHQWHHMHFXWDGDSRUODJXHU-­
ULOODGHODV)$5&HQODViUHDVPiVVHOYiWLFDVGHOWHUULWRULRFRPRHVWUDWHJLD
SDUD UHFRPSRQHU VXV IXHU]DV HQ UHVSXHVWD D ORV JROSHV SURSLQDGRV SRU OD
)XHU]D 3~EOLFD HQ ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV HQ FRQWUD GH HVWH JUXSR (Q ODV iUHDV
XUEDQDVVHREVHUYDHOLQFUHPHQWRGHFDVRVGHUHFOXWDPLHQWRGHPHQRUHVD
PDQRVGHJUXSRVSDUDPLOLWDUHVSDUWLFXODUPHQWHHO(53$&TXHHMHUFHXQD
IXHUWHLQÀXHQFLDHQORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH0HWD\*XDYLDUH
$SHVDUGHODGL¿FXOWDGGHFRQWDUFRQHVWDGtVWLFDVH[DFWDVIUHQWHDHVWHGHOLWR
э76 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
DOJXQRVLQGLFDGRUHVUHVXOWDQUHOHYDQWHVSDUDREVHUYDUHOFUHFLPLHQWRGHHVWD
SUiFWLFD\ODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVTXHHOORKDWHQLGRHQPDWHULDGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWR
IRU]DGR GH LQGtJHQDV HQ OD UHJLyQ (Q SDUWLFXODU GXUDQWH HO DxR VH
REVHUYyXQLQFUHPHQWRHQODUHIHUHQFLDDOUHFOXWDPLHQWRGHPHQRUHVFRPR
FDXVDO GH GHVSOD]DPLHQWR HQWUH ODV SHUVRQDV TXH SUHVHQWDURQ GHFODUDFLyQ
SRUWDOGHOLWRDQWHHO0LQLVWHULR3~EOLFRHQORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH9DXSpV\
*XDYLDUHSULQFLSDOPHQWH
(QHODxRHO&RQVHMR5HJLRQDO,QGtJHQDGHO9DXSpV±&5,9$SURGXMR
XQ LQIRUPH HQ HO TXH KDFH XQ SULPHU HVIXHU]R SRU VLVWHPDWL]DU ORV GDWRV
H[LVWHQWHVVREUHFDVRVGHUHFOXWDPLHQWRIRU]DGRHQHVWHGHSDUWDPHQWR&RQ
LQIRUPDFLyQ SURFHGHQWH GH GH ODV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV ]RQDOHV ¿OLDOHV GHO
&5,9$VHFRQVWDWyHOTXHHQORV~OWLPRVDxRVSRUORPHQRVPHQRUHV
KDQVLGRYLQFXODGRVPHGLDQWHHVWUDWHJLDVGHHQJDxR\SRUYtDGHFRDFFLyQD
ODV¿ODVGHODV)$5&/DVHWQLDVPiVDIHFWDGDVSRUHVWHGHOLWRVRQORV&XEHR
\ <XUXWt 'H PDQHUD SDUWLFXODU HO &5,9$ OODPD OD DWHQFLyQ VREUH FDVRV
FRPRHOGHOSXHEOR3LVDPLUDFRQIRUPDGRDFWXDOPHQWHDSHQDVSRUSHUVR-­
QDVGRQGHVHKDQSUHVHQWDGRWUHVFDVRVGHUHFOXWDPLHQWRGHPHQRUHVORFXDO
FRQVWLWX\HXQIDFWRUDGLFLRQDOGHULHVJRGHGHVDSDULFLyQSDUDHVWHSXHEOR
9. Homicidio, hostigamientos y amenazas a maestros, promotores de salud y defensores de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas.
(QHOHVFHQDULRGHFRQÀLFWRTXHWLHQHOXJDUHQODUHJLyQORVOtGHUHVLQGtJHQDV
VRQREMHWRGHFRQVWDQWHVDWURSHOORVSRUSDUWHGHWRGRVORVDFWRUHVDUPDGRVH
LQFOXVRGHGHVFRQRFLPLHQWRGHVXFDUiFWHUGHDXWRULGDGWUDGLFLRQDOSRUSDUWH
GHODVDXWRULGDGHVFLYLOHV(QHVFHQDULRVGHIXHUWHPLOLWDUL]DFLyQFRPRHOTXH
VHREVHUYDHQHVWDUHJLyQHVIUHFXHQWHHOGHVFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOFDUiFWHUGH
DXWRULGDGTXHOD&RQVWLWXFLyQ3ROtWLFD\ORV7UDWDGRV,QWHUQDFLRQDOHVUHFRQR-­
FHQ D ORV OtGHUHV LQGtJHQDV (Q FDVRV FRPR HO GHO SXHEOR -LZ HO SDWUyQ GH
DPHQD]DVKRVWLJDPLHQWRV\KRPLFLGLRVFRQWUDOtGHUHVGHODVFRPXQLGDGHV
DSDUHFHGLUHFWDPHQWHUHODFLRQDGRFRQORVGLIHUHQWHVHSLVRGLRVGHp[RGRTXH
KDVXIULGRHVWHSXHEOR
2FXSDFLyQWHPSRUDOGHYLYLHQGDVHVFXHODV\HGL¿FLRVFRPXQLWDULRV
(QPHGLRGHODRIHQVLYDPLOLWDUGHVSOHJDGDSRUHO(MpUFLWRHQOD]RQDUHVXOWD
PX\SUHRFXSDQWHODUHFXUUHQWHSUiFWLFDGHRFXSDFLyQGHELHQHVFLYLOHVTXH
KDVLGRGHQXQFLDGDSRUYDULDVFRPXQLGDGHVGHODUHJLyQ(QXQDFODUDLQIUDF-­
FLyQDOGHUHFKRLQWHUQDFLRQDOKXPDQLWDULROD)XHU]D3~EOLFDDUULEDDODVFR-­
PXQLGDGHV\RFXSDLQWHUQDGRV\YLYLHQGDVGHFLYLOHVyLQVWDODFDPSDPHQWRV
HQSUR[LPLGDGDORVPLVPRV(QHOPHVGHPD\RGHHO(MpUFLWRRFXSy
SRUYDULDVVHPDQDVFDVDVGHFLYLOHVHQODFRPXQLGDG/D/LEHUWDG5HVJXDUGR
$UDUD%DFDWt/DJRVGH-DPDLFXU~±9DXSpV
э 77 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
11. Desarrollo de actividades económicas lícitas e ilícitas en territorios indígenas.
(OGHVDUUROORGHDFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDVOtFLWDVHLOtFLWDVHQORVUHVJXDUGRV
LQGtJHQDVGHO6XU2ULHQWH&RORPELDQRHVWiJHQHUDQGRFRQVHFXHQFLDVQHJD-­
WLYDVSDUDODVFRPXQLGDGHV
6LELHQXQRGHORVLPSDFWRVPiVDFHQWXDGRVHVWDGDGRSRUODLPSODQWDFLyQ
GHFXOWLYRVSDUDODSURGXFFLyQGHFRFDtQDHOGHVDUUROORGHFXOWLYRVOtFLWRV\
H[SORWDFLyQ GH UHFXUVRV QDWXUDOHV WDPELpQ FRQVWLWX\H XQD DPHQD]D SDUD D
OD LQWHJULGDG WHUULWRULDO GH ODV FRPXQLGDGHV /DV DFWLYLGDGHV UHODFLRQDGDV
FRQHOFXOWLYRGHFRFD\HOSURFHVDPLHQWRGHFRFDtQDHQODUHJLyQJHQHUDQ
LPSDFWRVPHGLRDPELHQWDOHVTXHKDQVLGRGHQXQFLDGRVSRUODVFRPXQLGDGHV
LQGtJHQDV/DFRQWDPLQDFLyQGHIXHQWHVGHDJXD\RWURVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV
HVXQDVSHFWRTXHWLHQHJUDYHVFRQVHFXHQFLDVHQHOPHGLDQR\ODUJRSOD]R
/RV LQGtJHQDV -LZ KDQ OODPDGR OD DWHQFLyQ VREUH ODV H[SHFWDWLYDV GH H[-­
SORWDFLyQSHWUROHUDTXHVHFLHUQHQVREUHVXVWHUULWRULRVHQODULEHUDGHO5tR
*XDYLDUHDOJXQRVGHHOORVDEDQGRQDVWUDVHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRDTXHKDQVLGR
VRPHWLGRV
(QRWURVUHVJXDUGRVRHQSUR[LPLGDGDORVPLVPRVVHFRQRFHODH[LVWHQFLD
GH PLQHUDOHV FRPR HO WLWDQLR \ RUR TXH HVWiQ VLHQGR H[SORWDGRV SRU SDU-­
WLFXODUHVVLQQLQJXQDFRQFHUWDFLyQFRQORVLQGtJHQDV8QDVLWXDFLyQGHHVWH
RUGHQKDVLGRSXHVWDHQFRQRFLPLHQWRSRUSDUWHGHORVOLGHUHV6LNXDQLGHO
5HVJXDUGR%DUUDQFR/LQGR6LDUH±'HSDUWDPHQWRGH9LFKDGD
12. Desarrollo de fumigaciones de cultivos de uso ilícito en territorios indígenas.
(QHOPDUFRGHODOXFKDDQWLGURJDVTXHDGHODQWDHOJRELHUQRFRORPELDQRODV
RSHUDFLRQHVGHIXPLJDFLyQGHFXOWLYRVLOtFLWRVHQHO6XU2ULHQWHVRQIUHFXHQ-­
WHV(QHVWHVHQWLGRODVFRPXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDVKDQUHLWHUDGRHOUHFODPRSRU
HOUHVSHWRDORVFULWHULRVGHFRQVXOWDTXHGHEHQGDUVHHQORVFDVRVHQORVTXH
HVWDVRSHUDFLRQHVLQYROXFUHQWHUULWRULRVLQGtJHQDV
6REUHHVWHDVSHFWRORVOtGHUHVLQGtJHQDVGHO$OWR9DXSpV\GHRWUDV]RQDVGH
OD$PD]RQLDKDQUHFODPDGRTXHVHGHVDUUROOHXQDYHUL¿FDFLyQSUHYLDSDUD
FRQVWDWDUODH[LVWHQFLDGHFXOWLYRVGHXVRLOtFLWRHQVXWHUULWRULRJDUDQWL]DQGR
TXHQRVHDIHFWHQORVFXOWLYRVGHKRMDGHFRFDTXHWLHQHQODVFRPXQLGDGHV
SDUDVXVSUiFWLFDVWUDGLFLRQDOHV
6,32'6LVWHPDGH,QIRUPDFLyQGH3REODFLyQ
'HVSOD]DGD$JHQFLD3UHVLGHQFLDOSDUDOD$FFLyQ
6RFLDO\OD&RRSHUDFLyQ,QWHUQDFLRQDO
э78 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
13. Desplazamiento forzado
6HJ~QGDWRVR¿FLDOHVVREUHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRIRU]DGRSDUDHOSHUtRGRFRP-­
SUHQGLGRHQWUH\LQGtJHQDVIXHURQH[SXOVDGRVGHVXVWHU-­
ULWRULRVDQFHVWUDOHVFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHOFRQÀLFWRHQHVWDUHJLyQ(QGH-­
SDUWDPHQWRV FRPR *XDLQtD \ 9DXSpV HVWH GHVSOD]DPLHQWR UHSUHVHQWD PiV
GHOGHOWRWDOGHYtFWLPDVGHHVWHGHOLWR
(VLPSRUWDQWHVHxDODUVLQHPEDUJRTXHHVWHGDWRFRUUHVSRQGHDSHQDVDXQD
SRUFLyQ GHO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR LQGtJHQD TXH VH SUHVHQWD HQ OD UHJLyQ HO GHV-­
SOD]DPLHQWRTXHVHUHFHSFLRQD\VHUHJLVWUDHQODVFDEHFHUDVPXQLFLSDOHV
'HEH WHQHUVH HQ FXHQWD TXH GDGDV ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH ORV WHUULWRULRV GHO
RULHQWH VHOYiWLFR EXHQD SDUWH GHO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GH SXHEORV LQGtJHQDV VH
GD DO LQWHULRU GH ORV UHVJXDUGRV y HQWUH HVWRV GH PDQHUD TXH ODV PLVPDV
FRPXQLGDGHVEXVFDQVDOYDJXDUGDUVXVYLGDVDWUDYpVGHODFRQWLQXDFLyQGH
SUiFWLFDVGHPRYLOLGDGDOLQWHULRUGHODVHOYD\VyORHQFDVRVPX\H[WUHPRV
RSWDQSRUGHVSOD]DUVHKDFLDODVFDEHFHUDVPXQLFLSDOHV
&RPR\DVHKDVHxDODGRDODQDOL]DUHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRHQSXHEORVLQGtJHQDV
\HQSDUWLFXODUHQORVSXHEORVGHOD$PD]RQLD\2ULQRTXLDODUHDOGLPHQ-­
VLyQGHODDIHFWDFLyQVHHYLGHQFLDDOH[DPLQDUHOLPSDFWRVREUHFDGDJUXSR
SREODFLRQDO(QHVWRVWpUPLQRVVHSUHVHQWDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQDOJXQRVFDVRV
HPEOHPiWLFRVGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHFRPXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDVHQHVWDUHJLyQ
GHOSDtVDSDUWLUGHORVFXDOHVHVSRVLEOHGLPHQVLRQDUPiVFRQFUHWDPHQWHORV
LPSDFWRVTXHHVWHGHOLWRWLHQHHQWpUPLQRVGHSHUYLYHQFLDItVLFD\FXOWXUDOGH
HVWRVSXHEORV
LA CRISIS HUMANITARIA DE LOS PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS EN EL GUAVIARE /DLQH[LVWHQFDGHSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVHIHFWLYDVTXHJDUDQWLFHQORVGHUHFKRVGH
ORVSXHEORVLQGtJHQDVHQHO*XDYLDUHKDFHTXHD~QGHVSXpVGHKDEHUVLGR
GHVSOD]DGRV GH VXV WHUULWRULRV VLJDQ VLHQGR YtFWLPDV GH YLRODFLRQHV D VXV
GHUHFKRVLQGLYLGXDOHV\FROHFWLYRV\FRQHOORVXH[LVWHQFLDPLVPDVHYHD
JUDYHPHQWHDPHQD]DGD5HFOXWDPLHQWRGHPHQRUHVYLROHQFLDFRQWUDODVPX-­
MHUHV\QXHYRVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVVRQODPDQLIHVWDFLyQGHXQDFULVLVKXPDQL-­
WDULDTXHVLJXHVLQVHUDWHQGLGD
El pueblo Nukak /DVLWXDFLyQGHOSXHEOR1XNDNHYLGHQFLDODSURIXQGDLQFDSDFLGDGGHODVLQ-­
VWLWXFLRQHVGHO(VWDGR&RORPELDQRSDUDKDFHUHIHFWLYRVORVSRVWXODGRVFRQ-­
VWLWXFLRQDOHVGHJDUDQWtD\SURWHFFLyQGHORVGHUHFKRVGHORVSXHEORVLQGtJH-­
QDVDVtFRPRODQRUPDWLYLGDGLQWHUQDFLRQDOTXHSURWHJHDHVWRVSXHEORV\
э 79 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
TXHKDVLGRDGRSWDGDDWUDYpVGHFRQYHQLRV\WUDWDGRVTXHKDQVLGRUDWL¿FD-­
GRVSRU&RORPELD
(VWHSXHEORFXHQWDHQODDFWXDOLGDGFRQXQDSREODFLyQDSUR[LPDGDGH
SHUVRQDV\KDVLGRYtFWLPDHQODV~OWLPDVGpFDGDVGHP~OWLSOHVIRUPDVGH
YLROHQFLDTXHKDQDIHFWDGRVXLQWHJULGDGWHUULWRULDO\KDQJHQHUDGRGHVGH
HODxRHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHPiVGHODPLWDGGHVXSREODFLyQ\DVHD
GHQWURGHVXSURSLRUHVJXDUGR±KDFLDWHUULWRULRVGHRWURVJUXSRV1XNDN
HQFHUFDQtDVGHOPLVPRUHVJXDUGRyKDFLDODFDEHFHUDPXQLFLSDOGH6DQ
-RVpGHO*XDYLDUH
$FWXDOPHQWHFXDWURJUXSRV1XNDNSHUPDQHFHQHQVLWXDFLyQGHGHVSOD]D-­
PLHQWRHQDVHQWDPLHQWRVXELFDGRVHQSUR[LPLGDGD6DQ-RVpGHO*XDYLDUH
(VWRVJUXSRVDIURQWDQXQDJUDYHVLWXDFLyQDOLPHQWDULDDVRFLDGDFRQODHV-­
FDVH]GHUHFXUVRVSURSLRVGHVXGLHWDWUDGLFLRQDODVtFRPRODH[LVWHQFLDGH
FRQÀLFWRVFRQODSREODFLyQTXHKDELWDHQYHFLQGDGDORVOXJDUHVGHDVHQWD-­
PLHQWR\VHHQFXHQWUDQH[SXHVWRVDGLYHUVRVIDFWRUHVGHULHVJRTXHQRKDQ
VLGRDIURQWDGRVGHIRUPDHIHFWLYD\TXHSDXODWLQDPHQWHYDQHYLGHQFLDQGR
SpUGLGDVFXOWXUDOHVSULQFLSDOPHQWHHQODSREODFLyQPiVMRYHQ
)UHQWHDHVWDVLWXDFLyQVHKDQUHDOL]DGRP~OWLSOHVSURQXQFLDPLHQWRVGHDX-­
WRULGDGHVQDFLRQDOHV\RUJDQLVPRVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVHQHOVHQWLGRGHH[LJLUOD
SURWHFFLyQGHORVGHUHFKRVGHHVWHSXHEORGHWUDGLFLyQQyPDGDHQSDUWLFX-­
ODUUHVDOWDQGRODQHFHVLGDGGHJDUDQWL]DUODDWHQFLyQHIHFWLYD\GLIHUHQFLDO
GHORVJUXSRVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQVLWXDFLyQGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWR(OPiV
UHFLHQWHGHHVWRVSURQXQFLDPLHQWRVHVHOHIHFWXDGRSRUOD&RUWH&RQVWLWX-­
FLRQDODWUDYpVGHODXWRGHHQHOFXDODSDUWLUGHOEDODQFHGHODV
DFFLRQHVGHVSOHJDGDVSRUHO*RELHUQR1DFLRQDOHO$OWR7ULEXQDOFRQFOX\H
TXHORVSXHEORVLQGtJHQDVHQ&RORPELDHVWiQHQDOWRULHVJRGHGHVDSDUHFHU
\ RUGHQD TXH VH IRUPXOHQ SODQHV GH VDOYDJXDUGD SDUD SXHEORV TXH VH
VLW~DQHQXQPD\RUJUDGRGHYXOQHUDELOLGDGHQWUHORVFXDOHVVHLQFOX\HHO
3XHEOR1XNDN
/RV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV &DUORV )UDQNO\ \ 'DQ\
0DKHFKD KDQ GHVWDFDGR OD GLIHUHQFLD TXH GHEH
FRQVLGHUDUVH HQWUH HO WHUULWRULR pWQLFR GHO 3XHEOR
1XNDN FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHHQWpUPLQRVJHQHUDOHVDO
5HVJXDUGRWLWXODGRHQ\DPSOLDGRHQ
\HOWHUULWRULRGHFDGDXQRGHORVJUXSRVORFDOHVHQ
&RQODPLVPDSUHRFXSDFLyQVHUHDOL]yHOGHGLFLHPEUHGHHQ6DQ
-RVpGHO*XDYLDUHXQDVHVLyQHVSHFLDOGHOD&RPLVLyQGH'HUHFKRV+XPD-­
QRVGHO6HQDGRGHOD5HS~EOLFDHQODTXHVHHVFXFKDURQODVYRFHVGHORV
LQGtJHQDVTXLHQHVSODQWHDURQFRPRORKDQYHQLGRKDFLHQGRHQORV~OWLPRV
DxRVDQWHGLIHUHQWHVLQVWDQFLDVTXHVX~QLFRGHVHRHVUHWRUQDUDVXWHUUL-­
WRULRHQWHQGLGRFRPRHOHVSDFLRTXHOHVEULQGDODVFRQGLFLRQHVQHFHVDULDV
SDUDVXUHSURGXFFLyQItVLFD\FXOWXUDO,QIRUWXQDGDPHQWHHQHVWDDXGLHQFLD
QRVHFRQWyFRQODSUHVHQFLDORVPLQLVWURV\GHPiVIXQFLRQDULRVGHOJREL-­
HUQRQDFLRQDOTXHKDEtDQVLGRFLWDGRVSDUDTXHGLHUDQUHVSXHVWDVSXQWXDOHV
IUHQWHDODFULVLVKXPDQLWDULDTXHYLYHQHVWDVFRPXQLGDGHV
TXHVHHQFXHQWUDRUJDQL]DGRHVWHSXHEOR
э80 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
$Vt D SHVDU GH ORV HVIXHU]RV DGHODQWDGRV SRU GLIHUHQWHV LQVWLWXFLRQHV TXH
GHVGH HO QLYHO ORFDO KDQ EXVFDGR DOWHUQDWLYDV GH VROXFLyQ D HVWD VLWXDFLyQ
FUtWLFDORVUHVXOWDGRVQRVHPDWHULDOL]DQHQSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVTXHVHDQFD-­
SDFHVGHDUWLFXODUXQDUHVSXHVWDHIHFWLYD'HQWURGHODVDFFLRQHVDGHODQWDGDV
VHGHVWDFDHOHVIXHU]ROLGHUDGRSRUHO318'TXHDWUDYpVGHXQFRQYHQLR
FRQOD8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOVHGH$PD]RQDVTXHSURGXMRXQDSURSXHVWDGH
³/LQHDPLHQWRVSDUDXQ3ODQ,QWHJUDOGH$WHQFLyQ'LIHUHQFLDOSDUDHOSXHEOR
1XNDN´HQODFXDOVHUHFRJHXQHMHUFLFLRGHGLDORJRUHDOL]DGRFRQODVPLV-­
PDV FRPXQLGDGHV SDUD SHQVDU ORV PHFDQLVPRV QHFHVDULRV SDUD JDUDQWL]DU
VXVXSHUYLYHQFLDpWQLFD\FXOWXUDO$SHVDUGHODYDOLGH]GHHVWHWUDEDMR\
ODVLPSRUWDQWHVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHVTXHDOOtVHIRUPXODURQODPDWHULDOL]DFLyQ
GHODVDFFLRQHVDFDUJRGHODVHQWLGDGHVJXEHUQDPHQWDOHVUHVSRQVDEOHVQR
VHREVHUYDQ\PLHQWUDVWDQWRODVYLRODFLRQHVDORVGHUHFKRVGHHVWHSXHEOR
VLJXHQRFXUULHQGRDGLDULR
/DLQH[LVWHQFLDGHPHGLGDVGHSURWHFFLyQHIHFWLYDVSDUDJDUDQWL]DUODYLGD
\ OD LQWHJULGDG FXOWXUDO GHO 3XHEOR 1XNDN VH KD HYLGHQFLDGR HQ HO ~OWLPR
DxR FRQ OD RFXUUHQFLD GH DFWRV GH YLROHQFLD VH[XDO FRQWUD PHQRUHV HQ HO
DVHQWDPLHQWR$JXDERQLWDORVFXDOHVKDQVLGRDVXPLGRVMXUtGLFDPHQWHSRU
OD 21,& \ HQ ORV ~OWLPRV PHVHV GHO DxR FDVRV GH UHFOXWDPLHQWR GH
PHQRUHV HQ HVWH PLVPR OXJDU TXH HYLGHQFLDURQ OD YXOQHUDELOLGDG GH HVWD
SREODFLyQIUHQWHDODSUHVHQFLD\DFFLRQDUGHJUXSRVDUPDGRVDOPDUJHQGH
ODOH\TXHDFW~DQHQOD]RQD
(OUHFODPRSHUPDQHQWHGHORV1XNDNSDUDSRGHUUHWRUQDUDVXWHUULWRULRVLJXH
VLHQGRXQDRSFLyQOHMDQDGDGDODFUHFLHQWHVLWXDFLyQGHFRQÀLFWRTXHWLHQH
OXJDUHQHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGHO*XDYLDUH\TXHHQiUHDVFRPRODFRUUHVSRQGL-­
HQWHDO5HVJXDUGR1XNDN±HQOD]RQDPiVRULHQWDOGHOGHSDUWDPHQWRWLHQH
XQRORVPD\RUHVHSLFHQWURVGHDFFLRQHVDUPDGDVHQHOPDUFRGHODGLVSXWD
SRU FRQWURO WHUULWRULDO HQWUH OD )XHU]D 3~EOLFD \ OD JXHUULOOD GH ODV )$5&
(QHVWDVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVODREOLJDFLyQGHO(VWDGR&RORPELDQRHVDWHQGHUGH
PDQHUD HIHFWLYD DO 3XHEOR 1XNDN \ JDUDQWL]DU ODV PHGLGDV GH SURWHFFLyQ
QHFHVDULDVHQWDQWRVHGDQODVFRQGLFLRQHVSDUDTXHHODQKHORGHUHWRUQRVH
SXHGDPDWHULDOL]DU
/RV1XNDNWXYLHURQTXHDEDQGRQDUVXWHUULWRULR\OOHJDURQD6DQ-RVpGHO
*XDYLDUHHVSHUDQGRTXHHVWHIXHUDXQHVSDFLRHQHOTXHSXGLHVHQHVWDUWUDQ-­
TXLORV/RVKHFKRVUHFLHQWHVVLQHPEDUJRPXHVWUDQORFRQWUDULR$ODPDUFD-­
GDGHVDWHQFLyQGHTXHKDQVLGRREMHWRHQORV~OWLPRVDxRVVHVXPDDKRUDOD
RFXUUHQFLDGHDWURSHOORVDFWRVGHYLROHQFLDVH[XDO\UHFOXWDPLHQWRGHPHQR-­
UHVHQHOSURSLRDVHQWDPLHQWRHQTXHIXHURQXELFDGRV³WHPSRUDOPHQWH´KDFH
PiVGHFLQFRDxRV
)LQFD GH SURSLHGDG GH OD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ
PXQLFLSDO HQ TXH KDQ VLGR XELFDGRV WUHV JUXSRV
1XNDN HQ VLWXDFLyQ GH GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GHVGH HO
3RUWDQWRXQDYH]PiVHVQHFHVDULROODPDUODDWHQFLyQ\GHPDQGDUGHO(V-­
э 81 э DxR (VWD ¿QFD VH VLW~D D SRFRV NLOyPHWURV
GHODFDEHFHUDPXQLFLSDOGH6DQ-RVpGHO*XDYLDUH
TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
WDGR&RORPELDQRODDGRSFLyQGHPHGLGDVGHSURWHFFLyQ\JDUDQWtDHIHFWLYD
GHGHUHFKRVSDUDHVWHSXHEOR/DVyUGHQHVGHOD&RUWH&RQVWLWXFLRQDOHQHO
DXWRGHGHEHQVHUREVHUYDGDVHQpVWH\HQWRGRVORVSXHEORVHQ
ULHVJRHQHOSDtVJDUDQWL]DQGRHQWRGRFDVRHOGHUHFKRDODFRQVXOWDSUHYLD
OLEUHHLQIRUPDGD\ODSDUWLFLSDFLyQHIHFWLYDGHODVDXWRULGDGHVLQGtJHQDVHQ
ODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHV
Pueblo Jiw 0iVGHOGHO3XHEOR-LZFRQIRUPDGRSRUFHUFDGHSHUVRQDVKD
VLGRYtFWLPDGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRIRU]DGR'HVGHHODxR\FRPRFRQVH-­
FXHQFLDGHODDJXGL]DFLyQGHOFRQÀLFWRDUPDGRHQHOPHGLR5tR*XDYLDUH
VHKDQSURGXFLGRGLIHUHQWHVHSLVRGLRVGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRSULQFLSDOPHQWHGH
ORV5HVJXDUGRV0RFXDUH%DUUDQFR&HLED±/DJXQD$UDKXDWR\%DUUDQFR
&RORUDGR
%XHQDSDUWHGHODVIDPLOLDV-LZTXHKDQVLGRGHVSOD]DGDVGHVXVUHVJXDUGRV
VHKDQXELFDGRHQUHVJXDUGRVGHOPLVPRSXHEORXELFDGRVHQSUR[LPLGDGDOD
FDEHFHUDPXQLFLSDOGH6DQ-RVpGHO*XDYLDUHSULQFLSDOPHQWHHO5HVJXDUGR
%DUUDQFyQ(VWHKHFKRKDJHQHUDGRFRQÀLFWRVDOLQWHULRUGHODVFRPXQLGDGHV
GHELGR D OD IDOWD GH UHFXUVRV SDUD HO VRVWHQLPLHQWR GH SREODFLRQHV TXH VH
KDQLQFUHPHQWDGRGHIRUPDGHVSURSRUFLRQDGDHQORV~OWLPRVDxRV3HURDVt
PLVPR KD KHFKR TXH HO IHQyPHQR VHD PHQRV YLVLEOH SDUD ODV DXWRULGDGHV
ORFDOHV\ODUHVSRQVDELOLGDGGHDWHQFLyQHQRFDVLRQHVHOXGLGD
(VWDVLWXDFLyQVXPDGDDODVJUDYHVIDOHQFLDVHQORUHIHUHQWHDDWHQFLyQ\UH-­
VSXHVWDSRUSDUWHGHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVHQFDUJDGDVGHJDUDQWL]DUORVGHUHFKRV
GHHVWDVFRPXQLGDGHVKDFRQOOHYDGRDTXHDOJXQDVGHHVWDVIDPLOLDVGHFLGDQ
UHWRUQDUSRUVXVSURSLRVPHGLRVDVXVWHUULWRULRVGHRULJHQDXQFXDQGRODV
FRQGLFLRQHVGHVHJXULGDGQRHVWiQGDGDVSDUDHOOR
(Q ORV SULPHURV PHVHV GHO DxR VH SURGXMR HO UHWRUQR GH Q~FOHRV
IDPLOLDUHVFRPSXHVWRVSRUSHUVRQDVKDFLDHO5HVJXDUGR%DUUDQFR&ROR-­
UDGRTXLHQHVOXHJRGHKDEHUSHUPDQHFLGRSRUYDULRVDxRVHQVLWXDFLyQGH
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRHQHO5HVJXDUGR%DUUDQFyQ\DQWHODIDOWDGHDWHQFLyQQHFH-­
VDULDSDUDHOUHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHVXVGHUHFKRVRSWDURQSRUUHJUHVDUGHPDQH-­
UDHVSRQWiQHDDVXWHUULWRULRHQWDQWRTXHRWURJUXSRVHXELFyHQODUHVHUYD
&DxR0LQDVLWXDGDHQMXULVGLFFLyQGHOPXQLFLSLRGH0DSLULSiQHQWHUULWRULR
TXHHVUHFODPDGRFRPRDQFHVWUDOSRUHO3XHEOR-LZ
(QHODxRHVWDVIDPLOLDVWXYLHURQTXHYROYHUDGHVSOD]DUVHFRPRFRQ-­
VHFXHQFLDGHODSHUVLVWHQFLDGHOFRQÀLFWRHQOD]RQDODVDPHQD]DV\VHxDOD-­
PLHQWRVGHTXHIXHURQREMHWR$PHGLDGRVGHOPHVGHVHSWLHPEUHXQJUXSR
LQWHJUDGRSRUIDPLOLDV±SHUVRQDVHQWUHHOORVPHQRUHVVHGHVSOD]y
э82 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
GHVGHOD5HVHUYD&DxR0LQDTXHVHUYtDFRPRDVHQWDPLHQWRDIDPLOLDVGHV-­
SOD]DGDV GH ORV 5HVJXDUGRV 0RFXDUH \ %DUUDQFR &RORUDGR OOHJDQGR D OD
FDEHFHUDPXQLFLSDOGH0DSLULSiQ±0HWDGRQGHKDQVLGRXELFDGRVHQXQ
VHFWRU GH XQ SUHGLR DUUHQGDGR SRU OD *REHUQDFLyQ GHO 0HWD \ TXH VLUYH
GHDVHQWDPLHQWRDIDPLOLDV-LZHQVLWXDFLyQGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHVGHKDFH
DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHDxRV
(QGLFLHPEUHGHORWURJUXSRLQWHJUDGRSRUIDPLOLDV±SHUVRQDV
TXHKDEtDUHWRUQDGRGHIRUPDLUUHJXODUHQDO5HVJXDUGR%DUUDQFR&RO-­
RUDGRVHYLRWDPELpQREOLJDGRDGHVSOD]DUVHQXHYDPHQWHDO5HVJXDUGR%DU-­
UDQFyQDOVHUYtFWLPDVGHDPHQD]DV\VHxDODPLHQWRVSRUSDUWHGHORVJUXSRV
DUPDGRVTXHRSHUDQHQOD]RQD
$ORDQWHULRUVHVXPDHOUHFOXWDPLHQWRGHPHQRUHV-LZHQORV~OWLPRVPH-­
VHVGHODxRXELFDGRVHQHO5HVJXDUGR%DUUDQFyQ\HQOD)LQFD3XHUWR
&DFDR±DVHQWDPLHQWRGHIDPLOLDVHQVLWXDFLyQGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVLWXDGRHQ
HOPXQLFLSLRGH3XHUWR&RQFRUGLD±0HWD
(OWHPRUDQWHHOUHFOXWDPLHQWRGHORVPHQRUHVKDVLGRXQRGHODVFDXVDVGH
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHO3XHEOR-LZHQORV~OWLPRVDxRV/RRFXUULGRHQORV~O-­
WLPRVPHVHVGHODxRHYLGHQFLDTXHHVWDDPHQD]DSHUVLVWHDXQHQORV
OXJDUHVGHUHFHSFLyQGHIDPLOLDVTXH\DKDQVLGRGHVSOD]DGDVSRUSDUWHGH
RWURV DFWRUHV DUPDGRV TXH KDFHQ SUHVHQFLD \ RSHUDQ HQ SUR[LPLGDG D ODV
FDEHFHUDVPXQLFLSDOHV
(VWHSDQRUDPDSRQHGHSUHVHQWHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVTXHWLHQHODDXVHQFLDGH
SROtWLFDVGHSUHYHQFLyQ\SURWHFFLyQHIHFWLYDVTXHUHVSRQGDQDODVQHFHVL-­
GDGHVGHODVFRPXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDVTXHKDELWDQHQWHUULWRULRVTXHVHKDQ
FRQYHUWLGRHQWHDWURVGHFRQIURQWDFLyQDUPDGDHQORVFXDOHVHVSHUVLVWHQWH
ODLQREVHUYDQFLDGHORVSULQFLSLRVKXPDQLWDULRVSRUSDUWHGHWRGRVORVDFWR-­
UHVGHOFRQÀLFWR
LA CRISIS HUMANITARIA DE LOS PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS EN ARAUCA
/DVFRPXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDVHQ$UDXFDKDQVLGRLGHQWL¿FDGDVFRPRFRPX-­
QLGDGHV HQ ULHVJR GH GHVDSDULFLyQ ItVLFD SRU OD DPHQD]D TXH FRQVWLWX\H HO
FRQÀLFWR DUPDGR ODV UHFXUUHQWHV YLRODFLRQHV D ORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV ODV
SUHVLRQHVVREUHORVWHUULWRULRVHOGHWHULRURDPELHQWDO\ODVGpELOHVFRQGLFLR-­
QHVGHQXWULFLyQVDOXGHGXFDFLyQ\GHFRQVHUYDFLyQGHODFXOWXUDSURSLD
7RGRV HVWRV KHFKRV KDQ FDXVDGR VLWXDFLRQHV GH GHVSOD]DPLHQWR IRU]DGR
FRQ¿QDPLHQWRHLPSRVLELOLGDGGHUHWRUQRDOWLHPSRTXHXQDSpUGLGDGHOD
QRFLyQGHUHVSHWRSRUORVWHUULWRULRVDQFHVWUDOHV\GHODYLVLyQGHOWHUULWRULR
э 83 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
FRPRSURSLHGDGFROHFWLYD
$QWHHVWDVLWXDFLyQOD&RUWH&RQVWLWXFLRQDOGLFWyPHGLGDVGHSURWHFFLyQSDUD
FXDWURGHORVVHLVSXHEORVGH$UDXFDHQHOPDUDFRGHODXWR%HWR\6L-­
NXDQL8ZDH,QJD3RVWHULRUPHQWHGHELGRDVXVFRQGLFLRQHVGHYXOQHUDEL-­
OLGDGHPLWLyXQDXWRHVSHFLDOSDUDHOSXHEOR+LWQXHQHOTXHRUGHQDDFFLRQHV
XUJHQWHVSDUDVXSURWHFFLyQ
&DVRPXQLFLSLRGH7DPH5HVJXDUGRSDUUHURV&RPXQLGDGHVGHVSOD]DGDVGH
/D(VSHUDQ]D&DxR&ODURH,JXDQLWRVSHUWHQHFLHQWHVDORVSXHEORV0DND-­
JXDQ\6LNXDQL
(VWDVFRPXQLGDGHVVHHQFXHQWUDQDORMDGDVDFWXDOPHQWHHQHOUHVJXDUGR3DU-­
UHURVTXLHQHVDVXYH]IXHURQGHVSOD]DGRVHQGHVSXpVGHKDEHUVLGR
GHVSOD]DGDVGHVXVWHUULWRULRVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQXQD]RQDVHOYiWLFDGHO
GHSDUWDPHQWRORFXDOOHVGDXQFDUiFWHUHVWUDWpJLFRGHVGHODPLUDGDGHORV
JUXSRVDUPDGRVLOHJDOHVTXHORJUDQHQFRQWUDUDOOtVLWLRVGHUHIXJLR\DSURYL-­
VLRQDPLHQWR
/DFRPXQLGDGGH&DxR&ODURVHGHVSOD]yHQGHVSXpVGHODVHVLQDWRGH
ODSURIHVRUD\VXHVSRVRDPDQRVGHXQJUXSRDUPDGRLOHJDOTXHORVDFXVDED
GHVHULQIRUPDQWHV
0HVHVGHVSXpVUHJUHVDURQHQHOPDUFRGHXQUHWRUQRQRDFRPSDxDGR\HO
GHHQHURGHVHYLHURQREOLJDGRVDGHVSOD]DUVHQXHYDPHQWHGHELGRD
XQDRODGHDVHVLQDWRVDFDPSHVLQRVGHODVYHUHGDVDOHGDxDVHVSHFLDOPHQWHD
PLHPEURVGHOD-XQWDGH$FFLyQ&RPXQDOGH/D$UDELDPXQLFLSLRGH7DPH
HQHOPDUFRGHOHQIUHQWDPLHQWRHQWUHODV)$5&\HO(/1
/DFRPXQLGDGGHOUHVJXDUGR,JXDQLWRVVHGHVSOD]DHOGHHQHURGH
GHELGRHQWUHRWUDVDODVHVLQDWRGHGRVGHVXVPLHPEURV\HOUHVWRGHLQGtJH-­
QDVIXHURQFRQPLQDGRVDVDOLUGHVXWHUULWRULR
/RVLQGtJHQDVGHOUHVJXDUGR/D(VSHUDQ]DVHGHVSOD]DURQHQDEULOGH
HQHOPDUFRGHXQGHVSOD]DPLHQWRPDVLYRSURGXFLGRSRUORVDVHVLQDWRVVH-­
OHFWLYRVORVHQIUHQWDPLHQWRV\ODVDPHQD]DVGHORVJUXSRVDUPDGRVLOHJDOHV
DORVFDPSHVLQRVGHODVYHUHGDVFHUFDQDVDOUHVJXDUGR(QVXWHUULWRULRWDP-­
ELpQIXHURQVHPEUDGDVPLQDVDQWLSHUVRQD
(VWDVWUHVFRPXQLGDGHVRSDUWHGHHOODVKDQLQWHQWDGRHQP~OWLSOHVRFDVLRQHV
UHWRUQDUVLQp[LWRRVLQJDUDQWtDVSDUDHVHSURFHVRHMHPSORGHHVWRHVTXH
GHIDPLOLDVGHODFRPXQLGDGGH&DxR&ODURKDQUHWRUQDGRDVXOXJDUGH
RULJHQFHUFDGHDOWLHPSRTXHPLHPEURVGHODFRPXQLGDGOD(VSHUDQ]D
LQWHQWDURQUHDOL]DUXQUHWRUQRHOSDVDGRGHRFWXEUHGH\PLHQWUDVOO-­
HYDEDQDFDERODERUHVGHOLPSLH]DHQHOUHVJXDUGRIXHURQLQWHUUXPSLGRVSRU
э84 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
LQWHJUDQWHVGHODV)$5&TXLHQHVORVDPHQD]DURQ\OHVGLHURQGRVGtDVSDUD
UHWLUDUVHGHOD]RQDDOWLHPSRTXHOHVUHFRUGDURQTXHVRORSXHGHQHQWUDUDO
UHVJXDUGRVLFXHQWDQFRQODDXWRUL]DFLyQGHOJUXSR
/D FRQYLYHQFLD GH HVWDV WUHV FRPXQLGDGHV HQ HO UHVJXDUGR GH 3DUUHURV KD
JHQHUDGR\DP~OWLSOHVLQFRQYHQLHQWHVTXHWLHQHQTXHYHUSULQFLSDOPHQWHFRQ
HOKDFLQDPLHQWR\ODFDGDYH]PHQRUGLVSRQLELOLGDGGHUHFXUVRVHQHOWHUULWR-­
ULRSDUDVRVWHQHUDWRGRVORVLQGtJHQDVVREUHWRGRGHDOLPHQWRV(VWRKDJHQ-­
HUDGRP~OWLSOHVSUREOHPDVGHFRQYLYHQFLD\HVFODUDODQHFHVLGDGGHUHXEL-­
FDFLyQRGHFRQVHFXFLyQGHXQDVHQWDPLHQWRWHPSRUDOSDUDODVFRPXQLGDGHV
SHURODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVDVHJXUDUTXHQRSRVHHQUHFXUVRVSDUDODDGTXLVLFLyQ
GHWLHUUDV(OKHFKRGHQRWHQHUXQWHUULWRULRSURSLRWDPELpQKDHQWRUSHFLGR
SURJUDPDVHLQLFLDWLYDVGHDXWRVRVWHQLELOLGDGVDQHDPLHQWRRYLYLHQGDVH-­
JXULGDGDOLPHQWDULDHQWUHRWURV
&DEH UHVDOWDU TXH GHELGR D HVWDV FRQGLFLRQHV GH YLGD XQR GH ORV PD\RUHV
SUREOHPDV GH VDOXG GH ORV LQGtJHQDV WLHQH TXH YHU FRQ FXDGURV GH GHVQX-­
WULFLyQ6HJ~QXQLQIRUPHGH0pGLFRVVLQIURQWHUDVGHVXVYLVLWDVDODVFRPX-­
QLGDGHVGH&DxR&ODUR,JXDQLWRV/D(VSHUDQ]D\3DUUHURVHQWUHRWUDVODV
HQIHUPHGDGHVPiVUHFXUUHQWHVVRQODVGLDUUHLFDVUHVSLUDWRULDVSDUDVLWDULDV
GHUPDWROyJLFDV\JLQHFRREVWHWULFDVODPD\RUtDGHHOODVDVRFLDGDVDFXDGURV
GHGHVQXWULFLyQ(QHIHFWRDOLQLFLRGHODVODERUHVGHHVWDHQWLGDGHQDEULO
GHO HQ HO,QWHUQDGR,QGtJHQDGH%HWR\HV³HOHTXLSRGHVDOXGLGHQWL-­
¿FyFRPRFDXVDGHFRQVXOWDUHFXUUHQWHTXHORVSDFLHQWHVPDQLIHVWDEDQHVWDU
SDVDQGRXQDVLWXDFLyQGHKDPEUH´
$GHPiVGHORVSUREOHPDVGHVDOXGDOLPHQWDFLyQHGXFDFLyQ\FRQYLYHQFLD
TXHVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOUHVJXDUGR3DUUHURVODVFRPXQLGDGHVHVWiQDWUDYHV-­
DQGRSRUVHULRVSUREOHPDVGHJREHUQDELOLGDG\SpUGLGDGHVXFXOWXUD+D\
XQ GHVDUUDLJR JHQHUDOL]DGR FDXVDGR HQ EXHQD SDUWH SRU ODV SUREOHPiWLFDV
WHUULWRULDOHV\DPHQFLRQDGDVDFRPSDxDGRDVXYH]SRUXQGHVLQWHUpVGHODV
QXHYDVJHQHUDFLRQHVSRUSHUSHWXDUVXFXOWXUDHQEXHQDSDUWHFDXVDGRSRUHO
SURFHVRGHDFXOWXUDFLyQFRQVHFXHQWHFRQODLQWHUDFFLyQFRQVWDQWHFRQFRV-­
WXPEUHV\VLVWHPDVGHYDORUHVFRORQRV(QHVWHPDUFRSUHRFXSDODUXSWXUD
GH ORV FDQDOHV GH WUDQVPLVLyQ GHO VDEHU WUDGLFLRQDO TXH GHVDSDUHFH FRQ OD
PXHUWHGHORVDQFLDQRV
7DPELpQ SXHGH REVHUYDUVH XQ GHVFRQRFLPLHQWR GH ORV GHUHFKRV \ GHEHUHV
LQGtJHQDV XQD DOWtVLPD GHSHQGHQFLD GH ODV D\XGDV \ DVLVWHQFLDV JXEHUQD-­
PHQWDOHV \ XQD JUDQ GHELOLGDG GH OD DXWRULGDG WUDGLFLRQDO MXQWR FRQ EDMRV
QLYHOHVGHLQFLGHQFLDIUHQWHDODVDXWRULGDGHVS~EOLFDV+HFKRHVWRVTXHWRGRV
FRQMXJDGRV HVWiQ OOHYDQGR SDXODWLQDPHQWH D OD GHVDSDULFLyQ GH OD FXOWXUD
LQGtJHQDGHHVWDVFRPXQLGDGHV
9pDVH 0pGLFRV VLQ IURQWHUDV 3DWRORJtDV
HQFRQWUDGDVHQODFRQVXOWDGHDWHQFLyQSULPDULDHQ
VDOXGGHODSREODFLyQLQGtJHQD%HWR\HV,QWHUQDGR
0D\RD0D\R3iJ
э 85 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
El Pueblo Hitnu (O 3XHEOR +LWQX SHUWHQHFH D OD IDPLOLD OLQJtVWLFD *XDKLER UHFRQRFLGRV
FRPRSXHEORVGHWUDGLFLyQQyPDGDHQORVOODQRVRULHQWDOHV(QODDFWXDOLGDG
VXSREODFLyQHVWiLQWHJUDGDSRUFHUFDGHSHUVRQDV\VHXELFDQHQOD]RQD
VHOYiWLFDGHO/LSDRFXSDQGRORVVLJXLHQWHVUHVJXDUGRV
ǜ6DQ-RVpGH/LSDPXQLFLSLRGH$UDXFDFRPXQLGDGHV/D&RQTXLVWD\(O
5RPDQR
ǜ/D9RUiJLQHPXQLFLSLRGH$UDXFDFRPXQLGDGGH/D,OXVLyQ
ǜ&XLORWR0DUUHURV±PXQLFLSLRGH3XHUWR5RQGyQFRPXQLGDG&XLORWR0DU-­
UHURV(VWHWHUULWRULRVHHQFXHQWUDHQSURFHVRGHOHJDOL]DFLyQ
/RV+LWQXVHKDQYLVWRDIHFWDGRVSRUXQSURFHVRSDXODWLQRGHUHGXFFLyQWHU-­
ULWRULDOFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHODYDQFHGHODFRORQL]DFLyQORFXDOKDLPSOL-­
FDGRXQDSURIXQGDWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHVXSDWUyQGHYLGDQyPDGDWUDQVLWDQGR
GHIRUPDVRVWHQLGDDOVHGHQWDULVPR(VWRVFDPELRVKDQLPSOLFDGRTXHFDGD
YH]WHQJDQPD\RUHVGL¿FXOWDGHVSDUDREWHQHUORVUHFXUVRVQHFHVDULRVSDUD
JDUDQWL]DUVXVRVWHQLPLHQWRGHIRUPDDXWyQRPDDSDUWLUGHOGHVDUUROORGH
VXVDFWLYLGDGHVKDELWXDOHVGHFD]DSHVFD\UHFROHFFLyQ
$ORDQWHULRUVHVXPDXQDPD\RUSUHVLyQVREUHWHUULWRULRVFDGDYH]PiVUH-­
GXFLGRVTXHQRVRQVX¿FLHQWHVSDUDVRVWHQHUDODVFRPXQLGDGHVJHQHUDQGR
FRQHOORXQGHWHULRURDPELHQWDO\XQFDPELRHQODVFRVWXPEUHV\IRUPDVGH
YLGDSDUDDGHFXDUVHDODVQXHYDVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVFDUDFWHUL]DGDVSRUODGLV-­
PLQXFLyQ\DJRWDPLHQWRGHIXHQWHVGHDJXDDQLPDOHV\SODQWDV
(QHVWHSURFHVRORV+LWQXWDPELpQKDQVLGRDIHFWDGRVSRUKHFKRVGHKHFKRV
GH SURIDQDFLyQ GHVSRMR H LQYDVLyQ GH VLWLRV VDJUDGRV FRPR OD ODJXQD GHO
/LSDDJXDDQLPDOHV\SODQWDV
$ OR DQWHULRU VH VXPD OD DPHQD]D TXH UHSUHVHQWD HO GHVDUUROOR GH PDFUR-­
SUR\HFWRVHQOD]RQDWRGRORFXDOFRQ¿JXUDXQHVFHQDULRHQHOFXDOORV+LWQX
KDQSODQWHDGRODQHFHVLGDGGHTXHVXVUHVJXDUGRVVHDQREMHWRGHDPSOLDFLyQ
/DXELFDFLyQGHORVWHUULWRULRVGHHVWHSXHEORORVKDFRQYHUWLGRHQHVSDFLRV
HVWUDWpJLFRVSDUDHOWUiQVLWRGHORVWRGRVORVDFWRUHVDUPDGRVTXHGLVSXWDQ
HQODUHJLyQFRQORFXDOVHUHVWULQJHHOGHVDUUROORGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVFRWLGL-­
DQDVGHODVFRPXQLGDGHVVHLPSLGHHOHMHUFLFLRGHODDXWRQRPtDVREUHVXV
WHUULWRULRV
/DSUHVHQFLD\FLUFXODFLyQGHJUXSRVDUPDGRVHQHOWHUULWRULRLPSOLFDXQD
э86 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
VHULH GH ULHVJRV SDUD ODV FRPXQLGDGHV SULQFLSDOPHQWH VH KD GHVWDFDGR HO
ULHVJRGHVHUDIHFWDGRVHQHOGHVDUUROORGHHQIUHQWDPLHQWRVHQWUHODVSDUWHV
DVtFRPRODSRVLELOLGDGGHUHFOXWDPLHQWRGHPHQRUHV\VHUYtFWLPDGHPLQDV
DQWLSHUVRQDOHVTXHKDQVLGRVHPEUDGDVHQVXWHUULWRULR
7DOFRPRKDVHxDODGROD&RUWH&RQVWLWXFLRQDOHQUHFLHQWHSURQXQFLDPLHQWR
HOULHVJRGHGHVDSDULFLyQItVLFDGHORV+LWQXQRVHGDVRODPHQWHSRUHOGH-­
WHULRURGHODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHVXVWHUULWRULRVVLQRSRUODSUHFDULHGDGGHORV
VLVWHPDVGHVDOXGHQODVFRPXQLGDGHVTXHVXIUHQGLYHUVDVDIHFFLRQHVUHOD-­
FLRQDGDVFRQDOWRVJUDGRVGHGHVQXWULFLyQHQIHUPHGDGHVWURSLFDOHVUHVSL-­
UDWRULDVGHWUDQVPLVLyQVH[XDO\DOFRKROLVPR(VWDVLWXDFLyQVHYHDJUDYDGD
SRUODSpUGLGDGHJUDQSDUWHGHOVDEHUGHODPHGLFLQDWUDGLFLRQDO\ODUXSWXUD
GHPHFDQLVPRVGHWUDQVPLVLyQGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRDODVQXHYDVJHQHUDFLRQHV
$FWXDOPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDQIXHUWHVSURFHVRVGHDFXOWXUDFLyQDVRFLDGRVFRQ
OD SUHVHQFLD GH FRORQRV \ HO GHVLQWHUpV GH ORV PiV MyYHQHV SRU SHUSHWXDU
ODVFRVWXPEUHV\FUHHQFLDVGHVXSXHEORODHQWUDGDGHOGLQHURDODVFRPX-­
QLGDGHVKDJHQHUDGRGHVHTXLOLEULRGHQWURGHOVLVWHPDHFRQyPLFRSURSLR\D
TXHVXHFRQRPtDWUDGLFLRQDOHVWiEDVDGDHQODVXSHUYLYHQFLDDPELHQWDOQR
PRQHWDULD3RUORDQWHULRUORV+LWQXVHKDQYLVWRREOLJDGRDEXVFDUQXHYDV
IXHQWHVGHVXVWHQWR\WUDEDMRDFRUGHVDODFXOWXUDFRORQD
SITUACIÓN DE LAS COMUNIDADES INDÍGENAS EN CASANARE (QHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH&DVDQDUHVREUHVDOHODYXOQHUDELOLGDGGHODVFRPXQL-­
GDGHVLQGtJHQDVVREUHWRGRHQHOUHVJXDUGRGH&DxR0RFKXHOR\HOUHVJXDU-­
GRGH&KDSDUUDO%DUUR1HJURTXLHQHVVHYHQDIHFWDGRVQRVyORSRUSUHFDULDV
FRQGLFLRQHVGHVDOXGHGXFDFLyQ\VHJXULGDGDOLPHQWDULDVLQRSRUODSRVLEOH
LQYDVLyQGHVXVWHUULWRULRVSRUSDUWHGHDFWRUHVDUPDGRVGHWLSROHJDOHLOH-­
JDO(QORVUHVJXDUGRVGH2URFXpSRUVXSDUWHHOPD\RUIDFWRUGHULHVJROR
FRQVWLWX\HQODVHPSUHVDVSHWUROHUDVTXHKDFHQSUHVHQFLDHQOD]RQD
(Q HO UHVJXDUGR &KDSDUUDO %DUUR 1HJUR HVWiQ EDMR FRQGLFLRQHV GH ULHVJR
GHELGR DO FRQVWDQWH WUDQVLWR GH ODV JXHUULOODV )DUF \ (OQ GHQWUR GHO UHV-­
JXDUGRDOWLHPSRTXHODUHVWULFFLyQGHOSDVRDORVLQGtJHQDVKDFLDWHUULWRULRV
DQFHVWUDOHVTXHQRVHHQFXHQWUDQGHQWURGHOUHVJXDUGR\DTXHODVJXHUULOODV
ORVDFXVDQGHHVSLRQDMH(VWHWUiQVLWRORIDFLOLWDHOKHFKRGHTXHEXHQDSDUWH
GHOWHUUHQRGHOUHVJXDUGRHVPRQWDxRVR\VHHQFXHQWUDHQORVOtPLWHVGHORV
GHSDUWDPHQWRVGHO&DVDQDUH$UDXFD\%R\DFi
/DVUHVWULFFLRQHVDODPRYLOLGDG\DODVDFWLYLGDGHVFRWLGLDQDVWDPELpQVRQ
SURYRFDGDVSRUHOHMpUFLWRTXHVHxDODDORVLQGtJHQDVGHFRODERUDUFRQODV
JXHUULOODVFXDQGRVDOHQGHOUHVJXDUGR\SRUODSUHVHQFLDGHPLQDVDQWLSHU-­
VRQDHQOD]RQDKHFKRHVWHTXHWDPELpQDIHFWDODVHJXULGDGDOLPHQWDULDGH
ODVFRPXQLGDGHVTXHQRSXHGHQGHGLFDUVHOLEUHPHQWHDODDJULFXOWXUD\OD
э 87 э ,QIRUPDFLyQ UHFROHFWDGD SRU &2'+(6 HQ VX
YLVLWDDO&DVDQDUHGHODOGHMXQLRGH
TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
JDQDGHUtD (Q HVWH UHVJXDUGR ORV LQGtJHQDV VRQ LQYLWDGRV FRQVWDQWHPHQWH
SRUODIXHU]DS~EOLFDDLQYROXFUDUVHHQODUHGGHFRRSHUDQWHVYLRODQGRVX
QHXWUDOLGDGHQHOFRQÀLFWR.
Caso Municipio de Hato Corozal y Paz de Ariporo. Resguardo Caño Mochuelo.
(VWiXELFDGRHQHOH[WUHPRQRURULHQWDOGHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGHO&DVDQDUHHQ
ORV PXQLFLSLRV GH +DWR &RUR]DO \ 3D] GH $ULSRUR WLHQH XQD H[WHQVLyQ GH
KHFWiUHDV (Q HVWH UHVJXDUGR VH DJUXSDQ QXHYH JUXSRV pWQLFRV ORV
0DLEHQ $PRUXD <DPDOHURV 7VLULSXV :LSLZL \ <DUXUR HQ HO WHUULWRULR
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDOPXQLFLSLRGH3D]GH$ULSRUR\DORV6LNXDQL6iOLEDV\
&XLYDVHQHOWHUULWRULRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDOPXQLFLSLRGH+DWR&RUR]DO (Q
HVWHUHVJXDUGRKDELWDQVHJ~QOD21,&VLHWHSXHEORVLQGtJHQDVHQSHOLJUR
GH H[WLQFLyQ $PRU~D 0DVLJXDUH <DPDOHUR 7VLULSX (GXULD :LSLMLZL \
<DUXUR.
/DVFRPXQLGDGHVTXHKDELWDQ&DxR0RFKXHORKDQVLGRKLVWyULFDPHQWHSHU-­
VHJXLGDV\VXVWHUULWRULRVIXHURQOLPLWDGRVFDGDYH]PiVSRUODSUHVLyQGH
ORVFRORQRV\SUiFWLFDVFRPRODVJXDKLELDGDVKDFHDxRV/DOLPLWDFLyQ
GHVXVWHUULWRULRV\ORVSUREOHPDVGHRUGHQS~EOLFROHVKDLPSXHVWRXQDFHO-­
HUDGRSURFHVRGHVHGHQWDUL]DFLyQTXHKDWUDtGRQHIDVWDVFRQVHFXHQFLDVSDUD
ODFXOWXUD\PRGRGHYLGDGHODVFRPXQLGDGHVGHELGRDTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQ
DOHMDGRVWDQWRGHVXVOXJDUHVVDJUDGRVFRPRGHORVOXJDUHVHQGRQGHDQWH-­
ULRUPHQWHVHSURYHtDQGHDOLPHQWRV\GHSODQWDVPHGLFLQDOHV6HHYLGHQFLD
XQGHELOLWDPLHQWRGHVXPXQGRHVSLULWXDO\XQDXPHQWRHQODIUHFXHQFLDGH
ODVHQIHUPHGDGHV
$FWXDOPHQWH XQD GH ODV PD\RUHV DPHQD]DV VREUH VX WHUULWRULR \ VREUH VX
LQWHJULGDG ItVLFD \ FXOWXUDO OD FRQVWLWX\HQ ODV LQLFLDWLYDV HFRQyPLFDV TXH
VHSUR\HFWDQVREUHODUHJLyQFRPRORVSUR\HFWRVGHQDYHJDELOLGDGGHO5tR
0HWDTXHIRUPDQSDUWHGHOD,QLFLDWLYDGH,QWHJUDFLyQGHOD,QIUDHVWUXFWXUD
GH6XGDPpULFD,,56$\TXHDIHFWDUtDQFHUFDGHXQGHOiUHDWRWDOGHO
UHVJXDUGRORVSUR\HFWRVGHDJURFRPEXVWLEOHV\ODVH[SHFWDWLYDVSHWUROHUDV
9pDVH21,&,QIRUPHDO5HODWRU(VSHFLDOGHOD
218SDUDORVGHUHFKRVGHORV3XHEORV,QGtJHQDV
%RJRWiMXOLRGH3iJ
9pDVH
KWWSZZZURQGDFRORPELD
FRPFRQWHQLGRSKS"G ODQJ 9pDVH
³(Q &DVDQDUH YLYHQ RFKR GH ODV FRPXQLGDGHV
LQGtJHQDVHQULHVJRGHGHVDSDUHFHU´0D\RGH
0LYLOODQRFRPKWWSZZZPLYLOODYRFRP
DUWLFOHSKS"VLG Â
(QHIHFWROD]RQDGHOUHVJXDUGRVHHQFXHQWUDDGMXGLFDGDEDMRFRQWUDWRVGH
(YDOXDFLyQ7pFQLFD(VSHFLDO7($DFDUJRGH(FRSHWURO\VXSULQFLSDOREMH-­
WLYRHVHYDOXDUHOSRWHQFLDOKLGURFDUEXUtIHURGHOiUHDHLGHQWL¿FDUSURVSHF-­
WRVSDUDFHOHEUDUXQHYHQWXDOFRQWUDWRGHH[SORWDFLyQ\SURGXFFLyQ(QHVH
PDUFRVHOOHYDQDFDERDFWLYLGDGHVGHH[SORUDFLyQVXSHU¿FLDOGHJHRORJtD
SR]RVHVWUDWLJUi¿FRVDHURItVLFDHWFHQWUHRWUDV.
,JXDOPHQWH ORV KDELWDQWHV GHO UHVJXDUGR WLHQHQ HO ULHVJR GH LQYDVLRQHV \
WUiQVLWRHQVXVWHUULWRULRVGHJUXSRVJXHUULOOHURVSURYHQLHQWHVGHOGHSDUWD-­
э88 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
PHQWRGH$UDXFDORTXHJHQHUDWHPRU\OLPLWDHOOLEUHWUiQVLWRGHQWURGHO
WHUULWRULR
$GHPiVODVFRPXQLGDGHVTXHDOOtKDELWDQVHHQFXHQWUDQHQFRQGLFLRQHVSUH-­
FDULDVGHYLGD\WLHQHQIXHUWHVSUREOHPDVGHVHJXULGDGDOLPHQWDULDSRUHO
GHWHULRUR TXH KDQ VXIULGR ORV HFRVLVWHPDV \ OD LPSRVLELOLGDG GH OOHYDU D
FDERORVFLFORVGHUHFROHFFLyQ\ODVDFWLYLGDGHVGHFD]D\SHVDVREUHWRGR
GHODVFRPXQLGDGHVVHPLQyPDGDVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQDOOt
(VWRUHSHUFXWHHQODGHOLFDGDVLWXDFLyQGHVDOXGGHORVLQGtJHQDVGH&DxR
0RFKXHORTXHVXIUHQGHGHVQXWULFLyQDQHPLDGLDEHWHVDUWULWLVHQIHUPH-­
GDGHVHQODSLHOSUREOHPDVGHYLVLyQGLVFDSDFLGDGDXGLWLYDSUREOHPDVSVL-­
FROyJLFRV\RGRQWROyJLFRVDGHPiVGHHQIHUPHGDGHVWURSLFDOHVHQWUHRWUDV
$HVWRVHVXPDODSUHFDULHGDGHQODDWHQFLyQ\DTXHOD(36&DSUHVRFDDOD
TXHHVWiQDGVFULWRVVRORSUHVWDDWHQFLyQHQ<RSDO\DWUDYLHVDSRUXQDJUDYH
FULVLVKHFKRTXHKDJHQHUDGRODPXHUWHGHDOPHQRVLQGtJHQDVHQOD]RQD
GXUDQWHHO$GHPiVODVEULJDGDV\MRUQDGDVGHVDOXGVRQHVFDVDV\HV-­
SRUiGLFDVHQWUHRWUDVSRUODFRPSOHMLGDGGHODFFHVRDOUHVJXDUGR
/DMXVWL¿FDFLyQTXHODVHQWLGDGHVS~EOLFDVGDQDHVWHDEDQGRQRVHUH¿HUH
SULQFLSDOPHQWHDODGLVWDQFLDDODTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHVWRVUHVJXDUGRV\DOR
FRPSOLFDGR\FRVWRVRTXHUHVXOWDOOHJDUDODV]RQDVVREUHWRGRHQpSRFDVGH
LQYLHUQR6LQHPEDUJR&2'+(6SXGRFRQVWDWDUHQVXYLVLWDDOPXQLFLSLRGH
+DWR&RUR]DOGRQGHVHXELFD&DxR0RFKXHOR\XQDSDUWHGH%DUUR1HJUR
TXHH[LVWHXQDGLQiPLFDJHQHUDOL]DGDGHGHVSUHRFXSDFLyQ\GHVGpQIUHQWHD
HVWDVFRPXQLGDGHVSRUSDUWHGHODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQS~EOLFDHMHPSORGHHVWR
HVHOWRWDOGHVFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOD$OFDOGtD\OD3HUVRQHUtDVREUHODVDFWXDOHV
FRQGLFLRQHVGHHVRVUHVJXDUGRVHOQ~PHURGHKDELWDQWHVODVFRPXQLGDGHV
DOOtSUHVHQWHVRORVOtGHUHVTXHODVUHSUHVHQWDQ
8QRGHORVFDVRVPiVFRPSOHMRV\SUHRFXSDQWHVHVHOGHORV&KLULSRVXQDGH
ODVFRPXQLGDGHVVHPLQyPDGDVGHOUHVJXDUGRTXHDSDUHFLyHQOD]RQDKDFH
DxRVFXDQGRHOSULPHUJUXSRFRQIRUPDGRSRUKRPEUHV\PXMHUHV
OOHJyKX\HQGRGHODVJXDKLELDGDV$FWXDOPHQWHHVWDUHGXFLGRDSHUVRQDV
KRPEUHVPXMHUHVGHORVFXDOHVPiVGHODPLWDGVRQQLxRV.
$FWXDOPHQWHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQSUHFDULDVFRQGLFLRQHVGHYLGD\VXSREODFLyQ
UHGXFLGDSXHGHGHVDSDUHFHUDQWHFXDOTXLHUHSLGHPLDRGHVDVWUHQDWXUDO6H
GHGLFDQDODFD]DODSHVFD\ODUHFROHFFLyQSHURGHELGRDODLQWHUYHQFLyQ
FRORQD\HOGDxRHQORVHFRVLVWHPDVORVUHFXUVRVVRQFDGDYH]PiVHVFD-­
VRV\VXVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHQXWULFLyQVRQSUHFDULDV5HFLEHQDWHQFLyQPpGLFD
VRORHQ<RSDOTXHVHHQFXHQWUDDDOPHQRVKRUDVGHFDPLQRSRUWURFKD
\UtRGHVGHHOUHVJXDUGRUD]yQSRUODFXDOGHEHQGHVSOD]DUVHDOPXQLFLSLR
9pDVH ³(Q &DVDQDUH YLYHQ RFKR GH ODV
FRPXQLGDGHVLQGtJHQDVHQULHVJRGHGHVDSDUHFHU´
0D\R GH 0L YLOODQRFRP KWWSZZZ
PLYLOODYRFRPDUWLFOHSKS"VLG ‡
э 89 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
GH&UDYR1RUWHHQ$UDXFDXELFDGRDXQDVKRUDV\GRQGHUHFLEHQDWHQFLyQ
PiVTXHWRGRSRUWXEHUFXORVLVDSHVDUGHTXHQRVHHQFXHQWUDFXELHUWDSRU
HOVLVWHPDGHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGHO&DVDQDUH
/RVSRFRVSODQHVGHJRELHUQRHMHFXWDGRVHQOD]RQDQRKDQVLGRH[LWRVRV
SRUQRWHQHUHQFXHQWDSURFHVRVGHFRQVXOWDSUHYLD\SRUQRDMXVWDUVHDODV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHULYDGDVGHVXFRQGLFLyQGHVHPLQyPDGDV
(Q&DxR0RFKXHORORVLQGtJHQDVVHKDQUHVLVWLGRFRQWLQXDPHQWHDODHQWUD-­
GDRSUHVHQFLDHQHOUHVJXDUGRGHDFWRUHVDUPDGRV\DVHDQOHJDOHVRLOHJDOHV
(QHVWHPDUFRHVGHPHQFLRQDUTXHHQRFWXEUHGHOVHUHJLVWUySUHVHQFLD
GHODDUPDGDHQOtPLWHVFRQHOUHVJXDUGRPiVH[DFWDPHQWHHQFHUFDQtDVGHO
WHUULWRULR&KLULSR(VWHKHFKRSURYRFyHOWUDVODGRGHODFRPXQLGDGHQWHUDD
OD]RQDGH*XDSL\DOGRQGHQRFXHQWDQFRQQLQJ~QWLSRGHYLYLHQGDHQVHUHV
RELHQHVSDUDYLYLU
(QMXQLRGHOORV&KLULSRVIXHURQYLVLWDGRVSRUXQDFRPLVLyQLQWHULQVWL-­
WXFLRQDOTXHYHUL¿FyVXVLWXDFLyQ6LELHQDSDUWLUGHORREVHUYDGRODFRPLV-­
LyQFRQFOX\yTXHQRVHSXHGHFRQVLGHUDUODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQGHVSOD]DPLHQWR
IRU]DGRSRUHOFRQÀLFWRSXHVQRKXERDFFLRQHVYLROHQWDVGHSRUPHGLROR
FLHUWRHVTXHODSUHVHQFLDGHODDUPDGDVLIXHXQIDFWRUGHWHUPLQDQWHSDUD
TXHODFRPXQLGDGGHFLGLHUDXELFDUVHHQRWUD]RQDGHOWHUULWRULR
'H LJXDO IRUPD GHEH VHxDODUVH TXH HQ HVD YLVLWD VH DGTXLULHURQ GLYHUVRV
FRPSURPLVRV SRU SDUWH GH ODV LQVWLWXFLRQHV TXH QR VH FXPSOLHURQ HQ ODV
IHFKDVHVWLSXODGDVDSHVDUGHODGHOLFDGDVLWXDFLyQGHORV&KLULSRVFRPRIH-­
FKDGHHQWUHJDGHD\XGDVVHHVWDEOHFLyHOGHMXQLRGHO(VDVtFRPR
SRUHMHPSOR³HO6HFUHWDULRGH*RELHUQR'HSDUWDPHQWDO&DUORV$ORQVR&D-­
PDUJR5RGUtJXH]VHFRPSURPHWLyFRQODGRWDFLyQGH.LWVGHKDELWDTXH
FRPSUHQGHKDPDFDVWROGLOORV\FRELMDVHQWUHRWURVLPSOHPHQWRVQHFHVDULRV
SDUDSHUVRQDVTXHFRQIRUPDQODHWQLD3RUSDUWHGHODDOFDOGtDGH3D]GH
$ULSRUR VH KDUtD HQWUHJD GH PHUFDGRV DO 5HVJXDUGR GH ORV FXDOHV VH
RWRUJDUDQORVTXHVHUHTXLHUDQSDUDODVIDPLOLDVTXHFRQIRUPDQODFRPX-­
QLGDG(O,&%)VHFRPSURPHWLyFRQORVGHVD\XQRVHVFRODUHV\GHVD\XQRV
LQIDQWLOHVGHDFXHUGRFRQHOQ~PHURGHQLxRVTXHVHWHQJDQHQHOFHQVR´
9pDVH ³&RPXQLGDG LQGtJHQD 7VLULSX HQ
DOWR JUDGR GH YXOQHUDELOLGDG´ -XQLR GH *REHUQDFLyQ GHO &DVDQDUH (1 KWWSZZZ
FDVDQDUHJRYFR"LGFDWHJRULD э90 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
“El contenido de la información reproducida en este documento no representa necesariamente la opinión del ACNUR” э 91 э