DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18271/ria.2015.74 7IK@9LCF FI@>@E7C Qar- Hjraopec- @hpk]j`ej- 1/04; Ukh 06 M• 09 22 , 3/ Zffb3((iii'g`Sb'WVg'bW(ag[(d[S( & Zffb3((ZgS\eSbSfS'g`Sb'WVg'bW(d[S <`Wda & 7Td[^ & @JJE M'@3 +,)/&1.1+ M';3 +,*,&+2.0 REV. INVESTIG. ALTOANDIN Mujeres empresarias de éxito en Puno-Perú Iao o D- Sqie Pqeola]; Xqoau `ah Oeh]n Ehknao B]jk^ ;F9<EK< GI@E9@G7C ;< C7 =79LCK7; ;< 9@<E9@7J JF9@7C<J P <J9L<C7 ;< GFJK>I7;F ;< C7 LE@M<IJ@;7; E79@FE7C ;<C 7CK@GC7EF GLEF4 8 @EM<JK@>7;FI I<; ;< @E@9@7K@M7J ;< 9FE9<IK79@zE G7I7 <C ;<J7IIFCCF JFJK<E@8C< GLEF G<I{' 7 I<JLD<E @E=FID79@zE ;<C 7IK@9LCF @np- Qa_e^e`k 1/./1.04 @np- @_alp]`k 01./3.04 GgT^[USVa3 2/./3.04 G7C78I7J 9C7M<3 )Lqfanao ailnao]ne]o )b]_pknao a_kj ie_ko )ok_e]hao u _qhpqn]hao Dh k^faperk `ah aopq`ek aop kneajp]`k ] at]iej]n hko b]_pknao a_kj ie_ko+ ok_e]hao u _qhpqn]hao mqa ej_e`aj aj ah tepk `a h]o iqfanao ailnao]ne]o `a Oqjk aj h] lnkik_e j `a ailnaj`eieajpko a_kj ie_ko `a ^eajao k lnaop]_e j `a oanre_eko- K] ejraopec]_e j ao `a _]n _pan jk atlaneiajp]h+ _q]hep]perk+ oa__ekj]h `a _knpa `ao_nelperk- K] lk^h]_e j klan]_ekj]h ao `a _]oko aola_e]hao+ _kjbkni]`k lkn 03 qje`]`ao ailnao]ne]hao caopekj]`]o lkn iqfanao `a h] _eq`]` `a Oqjk- Kko naoqhp]`ko `a h] ejraopec]_e j okj9 Kko b]_pknao a_kj ie_ko mqa ej_e`aj aj ah tepk `a hko ailnaj`eieajpko 'ie_nk u lamqa ]o ailnao]o( lnkikre`]o lkn iqfanao+ oa oqopajp]j aj ah _kjk_eieajpk `a h] `ai]j`] u kbanp] `ah ian_]`k+ ]__aok ] pa_jkhkc] iafkn]`] u _n `epk; hko _q]hao+ lkoe^ehep]j oq lkoe_ekj]ieajpk aj ah ian_]`k+ ej_naiajp]n oqo jerahao `a lnk`q__e j u lnk`q_pere`]`+ ]h_]jv]n qj] _qhpqn] `a _]he`]` u at_ahaj_e]+ ]ilhe]n k `eranoebe_]n ah opk_g `a lnk`q__e j `a ^eajao k lnaop]_e j `a oanre_eko- Kko b]_pknao ok_e]hao mqa _kjpne^quankj ]h tepk `a hko ailnaj`eieajpko a_kj ie_ko+ ao ah jerah `a _kjk_eieajpko mqa lkoaaj ok^na caope j ailnao]ne]h; _quk ]__aok+ ej`eopejp]iajpa+ bqa ia`e]jpa h] a`q_]_e j bkni]h 'bkni]_e j ]_]` ie_] `ena_p](+ jk bkni]h 'ia`e]jpa ah ]__aok ] _qnoko `a _]l]_ep]_e j u ]oeopaj_e] p _je_]( a ejbkni]h 'k^oanr]_e j `a atlaneaj_e] `a pn]^]f]`knao k `a ailnao]o _kjat]o(- Dop] oepq]_e j+ oajp h]o ^]oao bqj`]iajp]hao l]n] h] ahar]_e j `a oq aop]pqo ok_e]h u oq ]lknpa ]h ^eajaop]n b]iehe]n u ok_e]h- Dh aolnepq `a ]dknnk `a h]o iqfanao ailnao]ne]o _kjpne^qu ]h tepk `a hko ailnaj`eieajpko a_kj ie_ko+ aj h] ia`e`] mqa ]be]jv h] naejranoe j lnk`q_per] `a oqo at_a`ajpao l]n] ]ilhe]n ah rkhqiaj `a ^eajao+ `eranoebe_]n h] lnk`q__e j k ej_qnoekj]n aj kpnko oq^oa_pknao a_kj ie_ko _kj lkpaj_e]h _kilapeperkO]n]hah]iajpa+ aopko b]_pknao ]be]jv]nkj ah ej_naiajpk `a oq ]qpkjki] a_kj ie_] u ]qpkaopei]NFD<E <EKI<GI<E<LIJ F= JL99<JJ @E GLEF&G<IL 7IK@9C< @E=F @npe_ha Qa_aera` 1/./1.04 @npe_ha @__alpa` 01./3.04 GgT^[eZWV32/./3.1/04 B<P NFI;J3 ) Vkiaj ajpnalnajaqno ) a_kjkie_ ) ok_e]h ]j` _qhpqn]h b]_pkno 78JKI79K Sda k^fa_pera kb pdeo opq`u eo pk at]ieja pda a_kjkie_+ ok_e]h ]j` _qhpqn]h b]_pkno pd]p ]bba_p pda oq__aoo kb skiaj ajpnalnajaqno ej Oqjk+ ej pda lnkikpekj kb a_kjkie_ aj`a]rkno kb ckk`o kn oanre_ao- Sda naoa]n_d eo jkj,atlaneiajp]h+ ]j` mq]hep]pera oa_pekj]h `ao_nelpera- Sda lklqh]pekj eo klan]pekj]h ej ola_e]h _]oao+ _kilneoa` kb 03 ^qoejaoo qjepo i]j]ca` ^u skiaj kb pda _epu kb Oqjk- Sda naoqhpo kb pda naoa]n_d ]na9 D_kjkie_ b]_pkno ]bba_pejc pda oq__aoo kb pda ajpanlneoao 'ie_nk ]j` oi]hh ajpanlneoao( lnkikpa` ^u skiaj+ ]na ^]oa` kj gjksha`ca kb `ai]j` ]j` i]ngap oqllhu+ eilnkra` ]__aoo pk _na`ep ]j` pa_djkhkcu; sde_d+ aj]^hejc pdaen i]ngap lkoepekj+ ej_na]oa lnk`q_pekj ]j` lnk`q_perepu haraho+ ]_dearejc ] _qhpqna kb mq]hepu ]j` at_ahhaj_a+ atl]j` kn `eranoebu lnk`q_pekj opk_g kb ckk`o kn oanre_ao- Rk_e]h b]_pkno _kjpne^qpejc pk pda oq__aoo kb a_kjkie_ qj`anp]gejco eo pda harah kb gjksha`ca pdau d]ra kj _knlkn]pa ckranj]j_a; sdkoa ]__aoo ej`eopej_phu s]o pdnkqcd+ jkj,bkni]h 'pdnkqcd ]__aoo pk pn]ejejc ]j` pa_dje_]h ]ooeop]j_a( ]j` ejbkni]h 'k^oanr]pekj kb skngano atlaneaj_a kn nah]pa` _kil]jeao( bkni]h a`q_]pekj '`ena_p ]_]`aie_ pn]ejejc(- Sdeo h]e` pda bkqj`]pekjo bkn n]eoejc pdaen ok_e]h op]pqo ]j` pdaen _kjpne^qpekj pk b]iehu ]j` ok_e]h sahb]na- Sda pdnebp kb skiaj ajpnalnajaqno _kjpne^qpa` pk pda oq__aoo kb a_kjkie_ rajpqnao+ pk pda atpajp pd]p opnajcpdaja` pda lnk`q_pera naejraopiajp kb oqnlhqoao pk atl]j` pda rkhqia kb ckk`o+ `eranoebu lnk`q_pekj kn ajpan kpdan a_kjkie_ oq^oa_pkno sepd _kilapepera lkpajpe]h- Reieh]nhu+ pdaoa b]_pkno naejbkn_a` pda ej_na]oa ej pdaen a_kjkie_ ej`alaj`aj_a ]j` oahb,aopaai- DN^% <V^N[\RP% 3T\WJVMRV% )'(,2 HWT (. @ZW (1 ** $ +' ** 2-<`< -% =>51 9>1<8- $ B><-B ,-4 814); .47;-< +)67 @EKIF;L99@zE Dh Oan + ] ia`e]`ko `a h] ` _]`] `ah k_dajp]+ `ajkp] qj _kjpatpk `a _neoeo a_kj ie_]+ ok_e]h u lkhpe_] cajan]hev]`]- Dop] oepq]_e j+ oa atlnao] aj ah _na_eajpa lnk_aok `a `aoailhak u `aok_ql]_e j+ ]_na_ajp]ieajpk `a h] `aoecq]h`]` ok_e]h u hko jerahao `a lk^nav] atpnai]+ h] `a^ehe`]` a ejaop]^ehe`]` ejopepq_ekj]h+ cajan]j`k qj ]i^eajpa `a `ao_kjbe]jv] a ejoacqne`]` aj h] lk^h]_e j- Dj h] ` _]`] `ah jkrajp]+ aj ah i]n_k `ah ik`ahk `a ]_qiqh]_e j jakhe^an]h+ h] a_kjki] `ah l]o u `a h]o nacekjao ajpn aj qj lnk_aok `a na_qlan]_e j u aop]^ehe`]` a_kj ie_]- K]o lkhpe_]o `a ]fqopa ]lhe_]`]o aj ah l]o jk o hk d]j naranpe`k ah lnk_aok ejbh]_ekj]nek oejk mqa nalan_qpeankj jac]per]iajpa aj hko jerahao `a ailhak a ejcnaoko+ `eoiejquaj`k ah lk`an ]`mqeoeperk `a h] lk^h]_e j 'Bknp o B]opahh]jko+ 1//1(- Dh _kjpatpk `a aopq`ek ao h] _eq`]` `a Oqjk+ oa`a `a hko ailnaj`eieajpko a_kj ie_ko lnkikre`ko lkn iqfanao+ mqa aj pkp]h okj 48 ailnao]o ajpna lnk`q_pkn]o `a ^eajao u oanre_eko- Ca aopa qjeranok+ ]lhe_]j`k ah i pk`k `a iqaopnak `a _]oko aola_e]hao+ h] lk^h]_e j klan]_ekj]h aop] _kjbkni]`k lkn 03 qje`]`ao ailnao]ne]hao caopekj]`]o lkn iqfanao- K] qje`]` `a ]j heoeo ao h] iqfan ailnao]ne]; aj p]jpk mqa h] qje`]` `a k^oanr]_e j aop] _ajpn]`] aj ah ]j heoeo `a hko b]_pknao ok_eka_kj ie_ko u _qhpqn]haoI<JLCK7;FJ Dh tepk mqa pqreankj h]o iqfanao ailnao]ne]o `a Oqjk aj h] lnkik_e j `a oqo ailnaj`eieajpko bqankj `ej]iev]`ko lkn b]_pknao `a kn`aj a_kj ie_k+ ok_e]h u _qhpqn]h* =79KFI<J <9FEzD@9FJ Dj ah `al]np]iajpk `a Oqjk+ aj h]o lnej_el]hao _eq`]`ao `a Iqhe]_] u Oqjk u aj iajkn ia`e`] aj Hh]ra u Iqhe aj ah Rqn u `a @u]rene+ @v jc]nk u L]_qo]je aj h] vkj] jknpa+ oa `ajkp] ah oqnceieajpk `a ailnaj`eieajpko ailnao]ne]hao `a j]pqn]hav] `erano] 'Ehknao B]jk; 1//6(+ lnej_el]hiajpa `a ie_nk u lamqa ]o ailnao]o lnk`q_pkn]o `a ^eajao k lnaop]`kn]o `a oanre_eko 'Cena_pknek LHSHMBH Oqjk; 1///(- @oeieoik+ ah ej_naiajpk `a h] ]_pere`]` `ah pqneoik ejpanjk u atpanjk+ aola_e]hiajpa aj Oqjk+ `ej]iev h] lnk`q__e j `a ^eajao ']npao]j]o `a _an ie_] u `a pafe`ko( u oanre_eko 'naop]qn]jpao+ dkpahao+ oanre_eko `a pn]jolknpao(Dj hko hpeiko ] ko+ oa aop]^ha_eankj jqarko ailnaj`eieajpko ailnao]ne]hao he`an]`]o lkn iqfanao+ rej_qh]`ko lnej_el]hiajpa ] h] ]_pere`]` `ah pqneoik u ] h]o `ai]j`]o `ah _na_eieajpk qn^]jk `a h]o lnej_el]hao _eq`]`ao `a Oqjk 'LHSHMBH Oqjk; 1///(- Dhhk oa narah] aj ah l]`n j `a ]behe]`ko `a hko cnaieko ailnao]ne]hao+ `kj`a h] lnklkn_e j `a ]behe]`ko `a ailnaj`eieajpko ao `a 220 u hko `enece`ko lkn iqfanao ao oqlanekn ]h 0/% 'B i]n] `a Bkian_ek u Onk`q__e j `a Oqjk; 1//4(- Kko b]_pknao a_kj ie_ko mqa ej_e`aj aj ah tepk mqa d]j paje`k h]o iqfanao l]n] eilqho]n oq ailnaj`eieajpk a_kj ie_k+ oa atlnao]j aj ah _kjk_eieajpk `a h] `ai]j`] u kbanp] `ah ian_]`k+ ah ]__aok ] _n `epk u pa_jkhkc]S# 9a`aU[_[W`fa VW ^S VW_S`VS k aXWdfS VW^ _WdUSVa Dh _kjk_eieajpk `a h] `ai]j`] u kbanp] `ah ian_]`k+ rej_qh]`k ] oq atlaneaj_e] ]_]` ie_] u lnkbaoekj]h lkn l]npa `a h]o iqfanao ailnao]ne]o u ah _na_eieajpk qn^]jk+ oa _kjbecqn]j aj b]_pknao bqj`]iajp]hao l]n] h]o lkoe^ehe`]`ao `a tepk `a oqo ailnaj`eieajpko a_kj ie_koDj aba_pk+ `a qj h]`k+ ah _kjk_eieajpk `a h] `ai]j`] `a ian_]`k aj oe d] oanre`k l]n] `abejen ah nq^nk `a _]`] ailnaj`eieajpk a_kj ie_k u l]n] iafkn]n h] lnk`q__e j `a ^eajao k oanre_eko; u] mqa ah ian_]`k oa _kjbecqn] _kik b]_pkn mqa `apaniej] mqa jack_eko peajaj bqpqnk u mqa jack_eko oa aop]j_]j- Dj _kjoa_qaj_e]+ ah _na_eieajpk `a h]o lamqa ]o u ie_nkailnao]o lnk`q_pkn]o `a ^eajao k oanre_eko+ ]^ne qj jqark ao_aj]nek l]n] h]o iqfanao mqa he`an]nkj aopko ailnaj`eieajpko+ lkn hko jqarko nkhao mqa ]oqieankj aj ah ajpknjk b]iehe]n u ok_e]h u hko tepko mqa ]h_]jv]nkj+ _kjopepqua qj eilan]perk jk o hk l]n] _kjk_an ] h]o iqfanao ailnao]ne]o `a Oqjk `ao`a oq na]h `eiajoe j+ oq lajo]ieajpk ejjkr]`kn+ oejk p]i^e j `a^a oanren `a i]n_k l]n] h] `abeje_e j `a lkhpe_]o aba_per]o aj h] lnkik_e j `ah `ao]nnkhhk a_kj ie_k _kj amqe`]` a ej_hqoe j ok_e]h aj lanola_per] okopaje`]-| kH_R` P\`N` ZR `V_cVR_\[ QR VZ]bY`\ ]N_N RZ]RgN_ R`aR _bO_\3 `NOqN ^bR UNOqN ObR[N QRZN[QN ]N_N R`aR ]_\QbPa\ f ZR QVWR ]\_^bR [\ ]bRQ\ R[ cRg QR aRWR_ ]N_N \a_\`& UNPR_Y\ ]N_N Zq f TN[N_ Zo`& NQRZo` fN P\[\PqN Y\` P\[aNPa\`n#8D9(hEG h.$( Enajpa ] aop] lnk^hai pe_] _kilhaf] u `a i hpelhao `apaniej]_ekjao+ ah aopq`ek naolkj`a ] h] oecqeajpa ejpannkc]jpa _ajpn]h9 Bq hao okj hko b]_pknao a_kj ie_ko+ ok_e]hao u _qhpqn]hao mqa atlhe_]j ah tepk mqa pqreankj h]o iqfanao ailnao]ne]o `a Oqjk l]n] lnkikran oqo ailnaj`eieajpko a_kj ie_ko> kGV[ QbQN YN QRZN[QN P\[QVPV\[N RY Sbab_\ QR [bR`a_N` RZ]_R`N`4 Eb[\ R` ab_q`aVP\ aR[RZ\` aN[a\` Na_NPaVc\`& UNf aRZ]\_NQN` NYaN` P\Z\ WbYV\ f SRO_R_\& R` NUq Q\[QR UNf a_NONW\ SbR_aR f aR[RZ\` ^bR N]_\cRPUN_n #8D9hEG'1$( D7K<I@7C<J P DwKF;FJ K] ejraopec]_e j ao `a pelk jk atlaneiajp]h+ _q]hep]perk u oa__ekj]h+ `ajpnk `a _quk i]n_k oa ]npe_qh] hko lnk_a`eieajpko bajkiajkh ce_ko u apjkcn be_ko+ oqopajp]`ko aj paopeikjeko u k^oanr]_e j l]npe_el]jpa; 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`ajkp]j`k qj _]n _pan n]_ekj]h aj h] ]oecj]_e j `a ikjpko ] hko c]opko `a nalnk`q__e j+ ^eajaop]n b]iehe]n u c]opko `a na`eopne^q_e j; `a h]o _q]hao ao lna`kiej]jpa h] lnklkn_e j `a hko ejcnaoko cajan]`ko ] h] naejranoe j lnk`q_per] mqa _]oe aj h] i]ukn] `a hko _]oko ]h_]jv] qj 7/% `a hko ejcnaoko pkp]hao+ ah lkn_ajp]fa naop]jpa oa ]oecj] l]n] c]opko `a ^eajaop]n b]iehe]n u na`eopne^q_e jkBV` V[T_R`\` Y\` QV`a_VObf\ `RTt[ ZV` ]_V\_VQNQR` ^bR Sb[QNZR[aNYZR[aR `\[ Q\` RY 1)" R` ]N_N _RV[cR_aV_Y\ R[ YN RZ]_R`N f RY +)" `\O_N[aR R`aN QR`aV[NQ\ N ZV U\TN_& [\ ZR Tb`aN QR`]VYSN__N_ R[ SVR`aN` \ P\`N` N`q4 ^bR [\ ZR QN[ `NaV`SNPPV\[R`n #8D9'E7'.$( kA\` V[T_R`\` QR YN RZ]_R`N TR[R_NYZR[aR Y\` _RV[cVR_a\ R[ YN NQ^bV`VPVs[ QR ZN^bV[N_VN`& V[`bZ\` ]N_N a_NONWN_ f `bRYQ\` QR Y\` a_NONWNQ\_R` R[ b[ 1)" f Y\ ^bR `\O_N R` ]N_N Y\` TN`a\` QR YN SNZVYVN& [\ ZR Tb`aN TN`aN_ RY QV[R_\ R[ P\`N` `V[ VZ]\_aN[PVNn #8D9'E7'/$( kA\` V[T_R`\` QR YN 6TR[PVN R`ao[ QR`aV[NQ\` R[ b[ /)" ]N_N YN ZV`ZN RZ]_R`N& b[ +)" ]N_N YN SNZVYVN f RY \a_\ +)" R[ TN`a\` ^bR `R ]_R`R[aN[ \PN`V\[NYZR[aR f ^bR N cRPR` [\ R`ao[ ]YN[VSVPNQ\`n #8D9'EG'0$( */ U# DW\adS VW ^S 7gfaWef[_S Bkjoe`an]j`k mqa h] ]qpkaopei] ao ah ]ba_pk u r]hkn]_e j mqa _]`] lanokj] peaja `a oieoi]+ u ] l]npen `a ahhk h] r]hkn]_e j u ah naolapk d]_e] hko `ai o 'An]j`aj; 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u mqa h]o lan_al_ekjao ok^na tepk okj iafknao aj ah _]ok `a h]o iqfanao oeaj`k oecjebe_]per]o h]o `ebanaj_e]o aj bqj_e j `ah c jank@ jerah `a hko b]_pknao aj` cajko mqa atlhe_]j ah tepk `a h]o iqfanao ailnao]ne]o+ aop j nah]_ekj]`ko _kj h]o ikper]_ekjao+ r]hkn]_e j `ah pn]^]fk u h] cajan]_e j `ah ]qpkailhak+ aj pknjk ] hko _q]hao cq]n`] _kj_kn`]j_e] _kj kpnko aopq`eko9 Dj _q]jpk ] oqo ikper]_ekjao+ Ganj j`av '1/00( okopeaja mqa hko aopq`eko `a`e_]`ko ]h pai] d]j lqaopk jb]oeo aj h]o n]vkjao mqa ]ncqiajp]j h]o iqfanao l]n] eje_e]noa aj `e_d]o ]_pere`]`ao9 h] ja_aoe`]` `a ej`alaj`aj_e] ]h `aoaila ]n oq pn]^]fk+ h] bnqopn]_e j ]jpa h] `aoecq]h`]` mqa ajbnajp]j aj oq _]nnan] lnkbaoekj]h u h] b]hp] `a qj pn]^]fk _kj bhate^ehe`]` `a dkn]nek mqa hao laniep] ]paj`an oqo ]_pere`]`ao `ki ope_]o; ah aopq`ek `a Nnpev ap- ]h- '1//7(+ ]h lnaoajp]n qj] nareoe j `a hko aopq`eko na]hev]`ko ok^na ah pai] `ah ailnaj`eieajpk baiajejk `ajkp]j mqa ateopa qj ejpan o lkn _kilnaj`an hko b]_pknao mqa _kj`e_ekj]j+ ejbhquaj u `apaniej]j hko ailnaj`eieajpko baiajejko+ aola_be_]iajpa aj hk nah]_ekj]`k _kj h] _na]_e j+ `ao]nnkhhk u i]jpajeieajpk `a jqar]o ailnao]oDj _q]jpk ] h] r]hkn]_e j `ah pn]^]fk+ Lq kv u Qk`ncqav '0888(+ ajb]pev]j ]_an_] `a h] ]olen]_e j ] oan na_kjk_e`]o _kik lanokj]o aj h] ok_ea`]`+ u ok^na oq `eolkoe_e j ] ]_pq]n naolkjo]^haiajpa aj hko `eranoko _kjpatpko aj hko mqa `aoajrqahra oq ]_pere`]`; Dj _q]jpk ] h] cajan]_e j `a ]qpkailhak u h] _kjpne^q_e j a_kj ie_] ] hko ejcnaoko b]iehe]nao+ ah aopq`ek _kj_qan`] _kj Aancan u Aqreje_ '0877(+ mqa okopeajaj mqa h]o iqfanao mqa ejcnao]j lkn lneian] rav ]h ian_]`k `a pn]^]fk k ej_hqok h]o mqa u] d]j aop]`k ailha]`]o+ l]n] ^qo_]n k_ql]_e j ] bej `a i]jpajan ] h] b]iehe] k _kjpne^qen _kj oq ejcnaok u mqa bnajpa ] h]o ja_aoe`]`ao a_kj ie_]o _na_eajpao u h] b]hp] `a ailhak aj h]o _kil] ]o `ah oa_pkn ik`anjk+ h] iqfan oa ra bknv]`] ] _na]n oq lnklek ailhak; u ah aopq`ek `a Bd]_]hp]j] u F]n_] '0888(+ mqa `]j _qajp] `ah ej_naiajpk `ah ]lknpa `a h]o iqfanao ] h]o a_kjki]o b]iehe]nao+ aba_pk mqa oa d] are`aj_e]`k i o aj hko dkc]nao lk^nao eil]_p]j`k aj na`q__e j `a h] lk^nav] aj hko l]oao ]j`ejko- K] l]npe_el]_e j `a h]o iqfanao d]_eaj`k ailnao] aj h] vkj] ]j`ej] _kik Oqjk jk d]_a oejk _kjbeni]n aopko lh]jpa]ieajpkoCa kpnk h]`k+ aj hk nah]perk ]h lanbeh u ah _kilknp]ieajpk `a h]o iqfanao ailnao]ne]o mqa ej_e`aj aj ah tepk `a oqo ailnaj`eieajpko+ oa `ajkp] hko r]_ko u heiep]_ekjao `ah aopq`ek9 @h naola_pk+ ok^na ah lanbeh `a h] iqfan ailnao]ne] lanq]j] Od]j Kqjc '1///(+ ajb]pev] oqo _]n]_panope_]o lanokj]hao+ lnkbaoekj]hao u ailnao]ne]hao; ah aopq`ek `a Ueh`kok '0886(+ okopeaja mqa h]o iqfanao peajaj mqa raj_an _eanp]o `ebe_qhp]`ao l]n] d]_an na]he`]` ah lnkua_pk `a bkni]n qj] ailnao]; Fqannank ap- ]h- '1/03(+ are`aj_e]j qj lna`kiejek `a h] _kjfqj_e j `a ikperko _kik h] ja_aoe`]` u klknpqje`]` l]n] ailnaj`an qj jack_ek+ i]ukn _kj_ajpn]_e j aj hko oa_pknao `a _kian_ek u oanre_eko- Dj _q]jpk DN^% <V^N[\RP% 3T\WJVMRV% )'(,2 HWT (. @ZW (1 ** $ +' ]h _kilknp]ieajpk `a iqfanao ailnao]ne]o+ Eanj j`av u L]npjav '1/0/(+ ]h ]j]hev]n hko lnk_aoko u bkni]o `a l]npe_el]_e j `a h]o iqfanao aj `ko pelko `a ailnao]o pqnope_]o 'lner]`]o u _kiqjep]ne]o(+ okopeajaj mqa h]o iqfanao mqa lanpaja_aj ] ailnao]o _kj qj] aopnq_pqn] knc]jev]per] `a pelk _kiqjep]nek d]j hkcn]`k qj i]ukn jerah `a ailk`an]ieajpk mqa h]o iqfanao mqa l]npe_el]j aj h]o ailnao]o _kj qj aomqai] knc]jev]perk lner]`k; Do_]iehh] ap- ]h- '1/01(+ ]h aopq`e]n hko b]_pknao `a a`]`+ a`q_]_e j u na`ao ok_e]hao l]n] atlhe_]n ah _kilknp]ieajpk ailnao]ne]h `a iqfanao ailnaj`a`kn]o `ah Dop]`k `a L te_k+ okopeajaj mqa h] r]ne]^ha re]^ehe`]` ej`e_] mqa h]o iqfanao ajpnareop]`]o oa lan_e^aj oej _]l]_e`]`ao u d]^ehe`]`ao l]n] hhar]n ] _]^k qj _kilknp]ieajpk ailnao]ne]h- @`]io u U]h`ere] '0880(+ nah]per]o ] h]o nach]o `a _kilknp]ieajpk `a h] _qhpqn] _]ilaoej] aj h] ]hp] r]hkn]_e j `ah pn]^]fk+ qj i]jafk _qe`]`kok `a hko ao_]oko na_qnoko a_kj ie_ko+ d]^ehe`]`ao l]n] lh]jebe_]n aj _kj`e_ekjao iqu ]`rano]o u ah _qilheieajpk `a `a^anao _kiqj]haoDj oqi]+ hko d]hh]vcko `a aopko aopq`eko u kpnko+ `ajkp]j mqa hko b]_pknao `a tepk `a h]o iqfanao ailnao]ne]o aj h] lnkik_e j `a oqo ailnaj`eieajpko+ ao iqhpe`eiajoekj]h u iqhpe_]qo]h9FE9CLJ@FE<J Kko ailnaj`eieajpko lnkikre`ko lkn iqfanao ailnao]ne]o aj Oqjk+ kneajp]`]o ] h] lnk`q__e j `a ^eajao k lnaop]_e j `a oanre_eko+ _kjoe`an]j`k ah r]hkn `a rajp]o u ah j iank `a pn]^]f]`knao+ oa _]n]_panev]j _kik ie_nk u lamqa ]o ailnao]o; aj oq i]ukn]+ aop j ]ok_e]`ko ] h] B i]n] `a Bkian_ek u h] Onk`q__e j `a Oqjk aj h] lanola_per] `a ranoa b]rkna_e`ko _kj h] ]oeopaj_e] p _je_]+ _]l]_ep]_e j u k^pajan ]r]h l]n] ah ]__aok ]h _n `epk `a h] ^]j_] bej]j_ean]Kko b]_pknao a_kj ie_ko mqa ej_e`aj aj ah tepk `a h]o ailnao]o lnkikre`]o lkn iqfanao aj Oqjk+ oa oqopajp]j aj ah _kjk_eieajpk `a h] `ai]j`] u kbanp] `ah ian_]`k+ `]`k ah _na_eieajpk qn^]jk u ah ej_naiajpk `ah pqneoik+ ah ]__aok ] pa_jkhkc] iafkn]`] u ah ]__aok ]h _n `epk; hko _q]hao+ lkoe^ehep]n j hkcn]n oq lkoe_ekj]ieajpk aj ah ian_]`k+ ej_naiajp]n oq jerahao `a lnk`q__e j u lnk`q_pere`]`+ ]h_]jv]n qj] _qhpqn] `a _]he`]` u at_ahaj_e]+ ]ilhe]n k `eranoebe_]n ah opk_g `a lnk`q__e j `a ^eajao k lnaop]_e j `a oanre_ekoKko b]_pknao ok_e]hao mqa _kjpne^quankj ]h tepk `a hko ailnaj`eieajpko a_kj ie_ko lnkikre`ko lkn h]o iqfanao aj Oqjk+ ao ah cn]`k `a _kjk_eieajpko mqa lkoaaj ok^na caope j ailnao]ne]h; _quk ]__aok+ ej`eopejp]iajpa+ pqreankj ia`e]jpa h] a`q_]_e j bkni]h 'bkni]_e j ]_]` ie_] `ena_p](+ jk bkni]h 'ia`e]jpa ah ]__aok ] _qnoko `a _]l]_ep]_e j u ]oeopaj_e] p _je_]( a ejbkni]h 'k^oanr]_e j `a atlaneaj_e] `a pn]^]f]`knao k `a ailnao]o _kjat]o(- Dop] oepq]_e j p]i^e j oajp h]o ^]oao bqj`]iajp]hao l]n] h] ahar]_e j `a oq aop]pqo ok_e]h u oq _kjpne^q_e j lkpaj_e]h ]h ^eajaop]n b]iehe]n u ok_e]hDh aolnepq `a ]dknnk `a h]o iqfanao ailnao]ne]o+ _kik l]npa `a h] e`ajpe`]` ]j`ej]+ _kjopepqua kpnk b]_pkn mqa _kjpne^qu ]h tepk `a oqo ailnaj`eieajpko a_kj ie_ko+ aj h] ia`e`] mqa ]be]jv h] naejranoe j lnk`q_per] `a oqo at_a`ajpao k c]j]j_e]o l]n] ]ilhe]n ah rkhqiaj `a ^eajao+ `eranoebe_]n h] lnk`q__e j k ej_qnoekj]n aj kpnko oq^oa_pknao a_kj ie_ko _kj lkpaj_e]h _kilapeperk- *0 2-<`< -% =>51 9>1<8- $ B><-B ,-4 814); .47;-< +)67 O]n]hah]iajpa+ aopko b]_pknao _kjpne^quankj aj ah ej_naiajpk `a oq ]qpkjki] a_kj ie_] u ]qpkaopei]7>I7;<9@D@<EKF @ h] B i]n] `a Bkian_ek u Onk`q__e j `a Oqjk lkn h] ejbkni]_e j ejopepq_ekj]h- @ h]o ailnao]ne]o9 Nhc] R]j Qki j 'O]j]`an] B]bapan] Qe_ko O]j(+ I]japd B]nr]f]h 'Gkpah Pqahm]p]je(+ L]n] `ah B]niaj Lq kv '@caj_e] `a Ue]fao J]ban(+ Uehi] Djnmqav 'H-D-OOnao_kpp(+ Aa]pnev L]i]je 'EDLR@(+ L]n_e] B]nr]f]h 'Gkpah Rehhqop]je(+ Rkn]u] B]nr]f]h '@caj_e] `a Ue]fao STQOTMN(+ @hej] U omqav '@caj_e] `a Ue]fao @KHM@ SNTQR(+ L]npd] L]i]je 'Ceopne^qe`kn] C@RTQ(+ B]niaj L]npjav 'Qaop]qn]jp u peaj`]o @OT R@KJ@MS@X(+ Xq`u B]nnehhk '@KO@J@y R(+ O]qh] L]i]je '@npa u Lk`] @KO@L@(+ Caiapne] B]pkdq]j_] 'S@AKHS@R( u T^]h`ej] @uan^a 'O]j]`an] B]bapan] K]o Lan_a`ao(- Rq r]hekok peailk u l]_eaj_e] ejr]hkn]^ha laniepeankj lh]oi]n h] ejraopec]_e j- Eanj j`av+ L]n] Iko u L]npjav A]n j+ Kqv @`ne]j] '1/0/(O]npe_el]_e j `a h]o iqfanao aj h]o ailnao]o pqnope_]o lner]`]o u _kiqjep]ne]o `a ^]d]o `a Gq]pqh_k+ L te_k9 d]_e] qj _]i^ek aj ah Qkh `a c jank>- Bq]`anjko `a Sqneoik+ j i- 15+ 1/0/+ ll- 018,040- Tjeranoe`]` `a Lqn_e]- Dol] ] Ehknao B]jk+ Xqoau "1//6(Lqfanao ailnao]ne]o aj Oqjk9 kl_ekjao u ikper]_ekjao- Saoeo Rk_ekhkc] TM@- Oqj Fqannank+ Kehe]j] ap- ]h- '1/03(- Lqfanao ailnaj`a`kn]o9 Reiehepq`ao u `ebanaj_e]o ajpna h]o _eq`]`ao `a Sknna j u R]hpehhk+ Bk]dqeh]- Tjeranoe`]` @qp jki] `a Bk]dqeh]- L te_kFqvi j+ Ik]mqj ap- ]h- '1//7(- Bkilknp]ieajpk `a h]o iqfanao ailnao]ne]o9 qj] reoe j chk^]h- Qareop] `a D_kjki] Lqj`e]h+ j i- 07+ ll- 270,281- Rk_ea`]` `a D_kjki] Lqj`e]h- Gqahr]+ Dol] ] I<=<I<E9@7J 8@8C@F>Iv=@97J @`]io+ Mkni] & M opkn U]h`ere] '0880(- Kko kpnko ailnao]neko pe_] `a iecn]jpao u bkni]_e j `a ailnao]o aj Kei]- D`e_HDO- Kei] @caj_e] l]n] ah Cao]nnkhhk Hjpanj]_ekj]h+ Onkcn]i] `a _qnok `a Cena__e j @`iejeopn]per] '0877(- E]_pknao `a tepk u bn]_]ok aj h] lamqa ] ailnao]- D`epkne]h BNCD- Aqajko @enao An]j`aj+ M]pd]jeah "0882(- Dh lk`an `a h] ]qpkaopei]- D`epkne]h O]e`ko- @ncajpej]Ankkgo+ C]re` '0882(- L]jq]h `a nal]n]_e j u i]jpajeieajpk `a h] @qpkaopei]- D`ep- O]jkn]i]Bd]_]hp]i]+ Iq]j] u F]n_]+ Mkn^anpk '0888(- Lqfan+ ailhak u lk^nav]9 K] atlaneaj_e] na_eajpa `a hko l]oao ]j`ejkoNbe_ej] Hjpanj]_ekj]h `ah Sn]^]fk- Kei],Oan Ce cqav+ L]n] Ho]^ah '1/0/(- tepk ailnao]ne]h u c jank aj pqneoik nqn]h- Dj_kjpnko _eajpbe_ko , pkqneoi & i]j]caiajp opq`eao M 5- Tjeranoe`]` `a Ueck+ Dol] ]Ceav Bkhh]`k+ Iko '0881(- Dh ^eajaop]n ok_e]h- Bkj_alpk u ia`e`]D`ep- Oklqh]n R-@- L]`ne` Dol] ]Do_]iehh]+ Yqc]e`a ap- ]h- '1/01(- Oknmq h]o iqfanao lkpaj_e]hiajpa ailnaj`a`kn]o oa _kjreanpaj aj ailnao]ne]o- WUHH Bkjcnaok Hjpanj]_ekj]h `a Bkjp]`qn]+ ]`iejeopn]_e j a ejbkni pe_]- Tjeranoe`]` @qp jki] Lapnklkhep]j]- L te_k- Ganj j`av @cqeh]n+ Ykeh] '0887(- Bn `epk u ailk`an]ieajpk aj ie_nkailnao]o `a iqfanao- BNEHCD- Kei],Oan Ganj j`av+ Dhaj] '1/00(- Mqar]o paj`aj_e]o aj ah iqj`k ailnao]ne]h9 K] l]npe_el]_e j `a h]o iqfanao- K] rajp]j] M 419 05,40 Lq kv+ Gknpaj_e] u Qk`ncqav+ Xkh]j`] '0888(- Le_nkailnao]neko9 Djpna `ai]j`]o `a na_kjk_eieajpk u `ehai]o `a naolkjo]^ehe`]`- D`e_- Hjopepqpk `a pe_] u Cao]nnkhhk `a h] Do_qah] Rqlanekn @jpkjek Qqev `a Lkjpku]- Kei] Nnkv_k Yar]hhko+ Nhej`] '0881(- Le_nkailnao]ne]o aj ah _kjpatpk `a h] ejbkni]he`]`9 qj] atlaneaj_e] `a lnkik_e j- Celhki] `a Dopq`eko `a F jank+ Okjpebe_] Tjeranoe`]` B]p he_] `ah Oan - Kei] Nnpev+ B]nkhej]+ ap- ]h '1//7(- Tj] nareoe j ] h] ejraopec]_e j aj ailnaj`eieajpk baiajejk- Qareop] E]_qhp]` `a Beaj_e]o D_kj ie_]o9 Hjraopec]_e j u Qabhate j+ rkh- WUH+ j i- 0+ fqjek+ 1//79 74,0/3+ Tjeranoe`]` Lehep]n Mqar] Fn]j]`]Bkhki^e] Od]j Kqjc+ S]pe]j] '1///(- Lqfan u ailnao]9 qj] ]lnktei]_e j ]h lanbeh `a h] iqfan ailnao]ne] lanq]j] `a _h]oa ia`e]Celhki] `a Dopq`eko `a F jank+ Okjpebe_e] Tjeranoe`]` B]p he_] `ah Oan - Kei] Ueh`kok Bdenejko+ B]niaj '0886(- K]o canajp]o- D`ep- D`]lnkolkKei],Oan Uehh]jqar]+ @he_e] '0884(- Lqfan u ailnao]9 Do ja_ao]nek `]njko qj ailqfkj_epk- Lkreieajpk L]jqah] Q]iko- Kei]- +' DN^% <V^N[\RP% 3T\WJVMRV% )'(,2 HWT (. @ZW (1 ** $ +'