Informe de Desarrollo Humano 2005

*/'03.&%&%&4"330--0)6."/0
ª130(3"."%&/"$*0/&46/*%"41"3"&-%&4"330--0
/
11SPHSBNBEFMBT/BDJPOFT6OJEBTQBSBFM%FTBSSPMMP/JDBSBHVB
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP-BTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
EFMB$PTUB$BSJCF{/JDBSBHVBBTVNFTVEJWFSTJEBE 1SPHSBNB
EFMBT/BDJPOFT6OJEBTQBSBFM%FTBSSPMMPo‹FE‰.BOBHVB
1/6%
QJMDPMUBCMBTNBQBTHSÈGDT
*4#/
%&4"330--040$*"-$045""5-«/5*$"
/*$"3"(6"
$045""5-«/5*$"/*$"3"(6"
$0/%*$*0/&4
&$0/».*$"4
"650/0.¶"*/'03.&
&%*$*»/:$6*%"%0%&&%*$*»/
*SFOF"HVEFMP#VJMFT
$033&$$*»/%&&45*-0
'MPSJDFMEB3JWBT"SBV[
%*4&º0%&1035"%"
*BSB7FHB-JOIBSFT
%*"(3"."$*»/
-MVJNBO.PSB[ÈO
'050(3"'¶"4
.BSHBSJUB.POUFBMFHSF$POUSBQPSUBEB
,JNNP-FIUPOFOJOUFSJPSFT
0#3"41035"%":$0/53"1035"%"
+VOF#FFS
$BTBCMVFGJMF×BTGZ+VFHPTEFJOGBODJB0MFPTPCSFUFMB
*.13&4*»/
*/1"4"
-BTQVCMJDBDJPOFTEFM1/6%HP[BOEFQSPUFDDJØOEFMPTEFSFDIPTEFQSPQJFEBEJOUFMFDUVBMFOWJSUVEEFMQSPUPDPMPBOFYPB
MB$POWFODJØO6OJWFSTBMTPCSFFM%FSFDIPEF"VUPS/PPCTUBOUFFYUSBDUPTEFFTUBTQVCMJDBDJPOFTQVFEFOSFQSPEVDJSTFTJO
BVUPSJ[BDJØODPOMBDPOEJDJØOEFRVFTFNFODJPOFMBGVFOUF1BSBPCUFOFSMPTEFSFDIPTEFSFQSPEVDDJØOPUSBEVDDJØOIBZRVF
GPSNVMBSMBDPSSFTQPOEJFOUFTPMJDJUVEEFMBPGJDJOBEFM1/6%FO.BOBHVB/JDBSBHVB
Presentaci—n
&MQSPQØTJUPEFMPTJOGPSNFTEFEFTBSSPMMPIVNBOPRVFFM1SPHSBNBEFMBT/BDJPOFT6OJEBTMBO[Ø
BOJWFMHMPCBMFOFTDPOUSJCVJSBMBEJTDVTJØOTPCSFUFNBTDFOUSBMFTQBSBMBBHFOEBEFEFTB
SSPMMPHMPCBM&MNJTNPPCKFUJWPBOJWFMOBDJPOBMOPTMMFWBBQSPNPWFSMBQSFQBSBDJØOEFEJDIPT
JOGPSNFTFOMPTEJGFSFOUFTQBÓTFT
&M *OGPSNF /BDJPOBM EF %FTBSSPMMP )VNBOP EF /JDBSBHVB EFM DFOUSB TV BUFODJØO FO MBT
SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT EF MB $PTUB $BSJCF 4V UÓUVMP FT VOB JOUFSSPHBOUF QBSB MPT OJDBSBHàFOTFT
{/JDBSBHVBBTVNFTVEJWFSTJEBE
-B$POTUJUVDJØO1PMÓUJDBSFDPOPDFMBOBUVSBMF[BNVMUJÏUOJDBZQMVSJDVMUVSBMEF/JDBSBHVB%FJHVBM
NBOFSBFOMPTÞMUJNPTB×PTTFIBOPCTFSWBEPJNQPSUBOUFTBWBODFTKVSÓEJDPTFOGBWPSEFMPTEFSF
DIPTJOEJWJEVBMFTZDPMFDUJWPTEFMBQPCMBDJØODPTUF×B/PPCTUBOUFMBSFBMJEBEDPUJEJBOBOPSFGMFKB
FOQMFOJUVEMBBTVODJØOEFMBEJWFSTJEBEÏUOJDBZDVMUVSBMOJDBSBHàFOTFQPSQBSUFEFMBTJOTUJUVDJPOFT
ZMBTPDJFEBEFOHFOFSBM
%FTEFFTBQFSTQFDUJWBFMQSFTFOUF*OGPSNFQSPQPSDJPOBFMFNFOUPTZQVOUPTEFWJTUBRVFTPOVOB
JOWJUBDJØOBMBTPDJFEBEOJDBSBHàFOTFBEFTQFKBSMPTiEFTFODVFOUSPTIJTUØSJDPTwZDPOTUSVJSVO&TUB
EPNVMUJDVMUVSBMRVFSFDPOP[DBTJOUFNPSFTMBSJRVF[BEFMBEJWFSTJEBE
&M QBSBEJHNB EFM EFTBSSPMMP IVNBOP QMBOUFBEP DPNP FM QSPDFTP EF BNQMJBDJØO EF PQDJPOFT
SFDPOPDF MPT EFSFDIPT JOEJWJEVBMFT BTÓ DPNP MPT EFSFDIPT DPMFDUJWPT EF MPT EJGFSFOUFT QVFCMPT Z
DPNVOJEBEFT-BUSBOTGPSNBDJØOEFJEFBMFTFOSFBMJEBEFTDPODSFUBTSFRVJFSFEFMBJNQMFNFOUBDJØO
EFQPMÓUJDBTZQSÈDUJDBTRVFQPUFODJFOFMMJCSFFKFSDJDJPEFFTPTEFSFDIPTZUBNCJÏOQBSBSPNQFSDPO
FMDJDMPEFFYDMVTJØOBMRVFIBOFTUBEPTPNFUJEPTFTUPTHSVQPTFTQFDJBMNFOUFQVFCMPTJOEÓHFOBTZ
BGSPEFTDFOEJFOUFT
&MEFTBSSPMMPIVNBOPSFRVJFSFUBNCJÏOVOBCBTFNBUFSJBMEFTVTUFOUBDJØOBQBSUJSEFVOBFDP
OPNÓBEJOÈNJDBFJODMVZFOUF4JOFNCBSHPFMQSPDFTPFDPOØNJDPIJTUØSJDPEFMBTSFHJPOFTZMB
TPCSFFYQMPUBDJØO EF TV CBTF NBUFSJBM HFOFSBO MB OFDFTJEBE EF TPTUFOFS VO NPEFMP PSJHJOBM FO
BSNPOÓBDPOMBTPTUFOJCJMJEBEEFMPTSFDVSTPTOBUVSBMFTZBDPSEFDPOMBSFBMJEBEÏUOJDBZDVMUVSBMEF
MBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT&OFTFDPOUFYUPTFEFCFWBMPSBSMBDPOUSJCVDJØOFDPOØNJDBNVDIBTWFDFT
OPSFDPOPDJEBEFMBTQSÈDUJDBTTPTUFOJCMFTZNPEPTEFQSPEVDDJØOEFQSPGVOEPBSSBJHPDVMUVSBM
1PS PUSB QBSUF FTF EFTBSSPMMP FDPOØNJDP EFCFSÓB QFSNJUJS TVQFSBS MBT TFSJBT EFGJDJFODJBT TPDJBMFT
FYJTUFOUFTFODPODPSEBODJBDPOMB%FDMBSBDJØOEFM.JMFOJP&TUFJOGPSNFNVFTUSBRVFFOMBTSFHJP
OFTBVUØOPNBTIBZSFDVSTPTZIBZDBQBDJEBEFTRVFSFRVJFSFOTFSEJOBNJ[BEBTQBSBFTUBSFONFKPS
QPTJDJØOFOVONVOEPHMPCBMJ[BEPRVFQSFTFOUBSJFTHPTZUBNCJÏOPQPSUVOJEBEFTRVFMPTQVFCMPT
ZDPNVOJEBEFTEFMBDPTUB$BSJCFQVFEFOBQSPWFDIBS
*EFBMNFOUFQSFUFOEFNPTRVFFMEFCBUFTPCSFMPTDPOUFOJEPTEFFTUF*OGPSNFUSBTDJFOEBBMDPSUP
QMB[PZTFUSBEV[DBFOQPMÓUJDBTOBDJPOBMFTZSFHJPOBMFTJODMVZFOUFT"TJNJTNPEFTFBSÓBNPTRVFEF
MBEJTDVTJØOSFTVMUFVOBWJTJØOOBDJPOBMDPNQBSUJEBZFOQPMÓUJDBTQÞCMJDBTDPNQSPNFUJEBTDPOFM
SFDPOPDJNJFOUPBMBEJWFSTJEBEZDPOMBTBTQJSBDJPOFTZSFBMJEBEFTEFMBTDPNVOJEBEFTDPTUF×BT
'JOBMNFOUFFTQFSBNPTRVFFTUFJOGPSNFUBNCJÏODPOUSJCVZBBMQSPDFTPEFBSNPOJ[BDJØOZBMJOFB
NJFOUPEFMBDPPQFSBDJØOJOUFSOBDJPOBM4VTQPTJCMFTDPOUSJCVDJPOFTFOFTUFDBNQPTPODPOTPMJEBS
VOBBHFOEBDPNÞOQBSBMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTEFMB$PTUB$BSJCFFOFMDPOUFYUPOBDJPOBMBTÓ
DPNPFTUBCMFDFSVOQVOUPEFQBSUJEBQBSBNFEJSFMQSPHSFTPFOEFTBSSPMMPIVNBOPRVF/JDBSBHVB
ZTVTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTVSHFOUFNFOUFOFDFTJUBO
+PSHF$IFEJFL
3FQSFTFOUBOUF3FTJEFOUF
1SPHSBNBEF/BDJPOFT6OJEBTQBSBFM%FTBSSPMMP
1SFTFOUBDJØO
JJJ
$0/4&+0%*3&$5*70
+PSHF$IFEJFL
3FQSFTFOUBOUF3FTJEFOUF1/6%
(3610%&53"#"+0*%)
+PSHF$IFEJFL
+BGFU&OSJRVF[
&EEZ+FSF[
.BSÓB3PTB3FO[J
"EPMGP$BTUSJMMP
8BMUFS-BDBZP
/VOP2VFJSP[
"4&403&41/6%
1FESP(àFMM$PPSEJOBEPS*%)$IJMF.BSÓB3PTB3FO[J
&26*10$003%*/"%03
(BMJP(VSEJÈO$PPSEJOBEPS1SPZFDUP*%)
$FDJMJB.FEBM"TJTUFOUFFJOWFTUJHBEPSB
&26*10%&-"6/*%"%&45"%¶45*$"
.BZSB$BMFSP4JMWB$PPSEJOBEPSB
"SMFO%VBSUF
-PMB)FSOÈOEF[
+FTTZ+BNFT
0DUBWJP;FMFEØO
&26*105²$/*$04&$&1
+VBO4FCBTUJÈO$IBNPSSP
-VJT"OHFM)FSOÈOEF[
"SNBOEP/BWBSSFUF $BSMPT4FWJMMB4JFSP .JHOPOF7FHB
&MJ[BCFUI&TQJOPTB
«MWBSP.POUBMCÈO
)PSBDJP3PTF
5VMJP5BCMBEB
$0/4&+0"4&403%&-*/'03.&%&%&4"330--0)6."/0
&NJMJP«MWBSF[.POUBMCÈO
"OBMJTUBQPMÓUJDP
3WEP4UFBENBO#FOU
4VQFSJOUFOEFOUFEFMB*HMFTJB.PSBWB
.JDIBFM$BNQCFMM
$PPSEJOBEPSEFMBPSHBOJ[BDJØOKVWFOJM
EFM$FOUSPEF%FSFDIPT)VNBOPT
$JVEBEBOPTZ"VUPOØNJDPTEFMB
$PTUB"UMÈOUJDB$&%)&$"
"SUVSP$SV[4FRVFJSB
"OBMJTUBQPMÓUJDPZQSPGFTPSEFM*/$"&
.JSOB$VOOJOHIBN
$POTVMUPSB
'BSBO%PNFU[
3FDUPSEFMB#VGJFMET*OEJBO
$BSJCCFBO6OJWFSTJUZ#*$6
.BVSJDJP(ØNF[
7JDFNJOJTUSPEF$PPQFSBDJØO&YUFSOB
+VBO(PO[ÈMF[
1SFTJEFOUFEFM$POTFKP3FHJPOBM
3""/
.JHVFM(PO[ÈMF[
*OWFTUJHBEPS6SBDDBO
.BSHBSJUB(VSEJÈO
.JOJTUSBEF4BMVE
"MUB)PPLFS
3FDUPSBEFMB6OJWFSTJEBEEFMBT
3FHJPOFT"VUØOPNBTEFM$BSJCF
/JDBSBHàFOTF6SBDDBO
.ZSJBN)PPLFS
%JSFDUPSBEFM$FOUSPEF%FSFDIPT
)VNBOPT$JVEBEBOPTZ"VUPOØNJDPT
EFMB$PTUB"UMÈOUJDB$&%)&$"
$BSMPT)VSUBEP
4FDSFUBSJPQBSB"TVOUPTEFMB$PTUB
"UMÈOUJDBEFMB1SFTJEFODJBEFMB
3FQÞCMJDB
#JTNBSDL-FF
7JDFSSFDUPSEFMB6OJWFSTJEBEEF
MBT3FHJPOFT"VUØOPNBTEFM$BSJCF
/JDBSBHàFOTF6SBDDBO4JVOB
(SFHPSJP-JOP
%JSJHFOUFTVNVNBZBOHOBZFYBMDBMEF
EF#POBO[B
.BUJMEF.PSEU
$POTVMUPSB
.BOVFM0SUFHB)FHH
%JSFDUPSEFM$FOUSPEF"OÈMJTJT4PDJP
$VMUVSBM6$"$"4$6$"
4FSHJP3BNJSF[.FSDBEP
&TDSJUPS
"MGPOTP4BOEJOP
7JDFNJOJTUSPEF)BDJFOEBZ$SÏEJUP
1ÞCMJDPQBSBBTVOUPTEFMBQSPQJFEBE
.POTF×PS1BCMP4DINJU[
0CJTQPEFM7JDBSJBUP"QPTUØMJDPEFMB
*HMFTJB$BUØMJDBEF#MVFGJFMET
.JSOB5BZMPS
"TPDJBDJØOEF.VKFSFT*OEÓHFOBTEFMB
$PTUB"UMÈOUJDB".*$"
Reconocimientos
-
B QSFQBSBDJØO EFM JOGPSNF EF EFTB
SSPMMP IVNBOP DPNQSPNFUF MPT FT
GVFS[PTZBQPSUFTEFVOHSBOOÞNFSP
EFQFSTPOBTFJOTUJUVDJPOFTRVFDPONBZPS
P NFOPS HSBEP EF QBSUJDJQBDJØO WBO TV
NBOEPTVTFYQFDUBUJWBTFYQFSJFODJBTZDP
OPDJNJFOUPTRVFEBOGPSNBBMPTNFOTBKFT
Z DPOUFOJEPT EFM JOGPSNF 1PS FMMP QVFEF
EFDJSTF RVF FM NJTNP FT VO NPTBJDP RVF
JOUFOUBSFDPHFSMPTNÞMUJQMFTNFOTBKFTRVF
IPNCSFT Z NVKFSFT SFQSFTFOUBOUFT EF MPT
QVFCMPT JOEÓHFOBT Z DPNVOJEBEFT ÏUOJDBT
JOTUJUVDJPOFTQÞCMJDBTZQSJWBEBTEFMB$PT
UB$BSJCFZEFUPEPFMQBÓTRVJFSFOUSBOT
NJUJS BMSFEFEPS EFM EFTBSSPMMP IVNBOP FO
MBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTEFMB$PTUB$BSJCF
EF/JDBSBHVB
&MJOGPSNFIBTJEPQPTJCMFHSBDJBTBMBQPZP
HFOFSPTP EJSFDUP P JOEJSFDUP EF EJWFSTBT
SFQSFTFOUBDJPOFT EJQMPNÈUJDBT Z PSHBOJT
NPT EF DPPQFSBDJØO -B &NCBKBEB EF
'JOMBOEJBBUSBWÏTEFM'POEPEF%FTBSSPMMP
-PDBMZEFTVDPPSEJOBEPSB.BBSJB4FQQB
OFOBQPZØMPTUSBCBKPTEFJOWFTUJHBDJØOEF
$*%$" 6$" JEFOUJEBE Z BVUPOPNÓB
$JQSFT*OWFOUBSJPZDÈMDVMPEFMBQSPEVD
DJØOBHSPQFDVBSJBFOMB3""/Z3""4Z
6SBDDBO #BMBODF EF MB JOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBE
BVUPOØNJDB
-B"HFODJB4VFDBQBSBFM%FTBSSPMMP*OUFS
OBDJPOBM "4%* B USBWÏT EFM QSPHSBNB
3""/"4%* 3""4 BQPZØ MB FODVFTUB
EFQFSDFQDJØOZDPOPDJNJFOUPEFMJOGPSNF
SFMBUJWB BM DFOUSP Z QBDÓGJDP EFM QBÓT &M
%FQBSUBNFOUPQBSBFM%FTBSSPMMP*OUFSOB
DJPOBM %'*% EFM 3FJOP 6OJEP B USBWÏT
EF TV SFQSFTFOUBOUF QBSB $FOUSPBNÏSJDB
1FOOZ%BWJTZEFMBDPPSEJOBEPSBEFMQSP
HSBNB EF HPCFSOBCJMJEBE .BSÓB +PTÏ +BS
RVÓOBQPZØMBFTUSBUFHJBEFDPNVOJDBDJØO
Z FEVDBDJØO -B &NCBKBEB EF %JOBNBSDB
BQPZØMBFEJDJØOQSPEVDDJØOZEJWVMHBDJØO
EFMQSFTFOUFWPMVNFO
&M *OGPSNF EF %FTBSSPMMP )VNBOP -BTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTEFMB$PTUB$BSJ
CF {/JDBSBHVB BTVNF TV EJWFSTJEBE UJFOF
USFT GVFOUFT BOBMÓUJDBT Z EF JOGPSNBDJØO
MBTJOWFTUJHBDJPOFTDVBMJUBUJWBTMBFODVFTUB
TPCSF QFSDFQDJPOFT Z DPOPDJNJFOUPT RVF
FYJTUFO FO MBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT Z FO FM
DPOKVOUPEFMQBÓTZFMDPNQFOEJPFTUBEÓT
UJDP-PTJOWFTUJHBEPSFTZDPOTVMUPSFTQBS
UJDJQBOUFT EJSFDUPT FO FTUPT USFT FTGVFS[PT
GVFSPOBQSPYJNBEBNFOUF-PTQBSUJDJ
QBOUFTJOEJSFDUPTTVNBOBQSPYJNBEBNFOUF
QFSTPOBTTFMFDDJPOBEBTQPSMB
NVFTUSB EF MB FODVFTUB Z MPT QBSUJDJQBOUFT
FOMPTHSVQPTGPDBMFTFJOGPSNBOUFTDMBWF
2VJTJÏSBNPTSFDPOPDFSEFNBOFSBFTQFDJBM
FM JOWBMVBCMF BQPSUF EF IPNCSFT Z NVKF
SFT SFQSFTFOUBOUFT EF QVFCMPT JOEÓHFOBT
BGSPEFTDFOEJFOUFT DPNVOJEBEFT ÏUOJDBT Z
DPNBSDBT HPCJFSOPT MPDBMFT NVOJDJQBMFT
SFHJPOBMFTJHMFTJBTPSHBOJ[BDJPOFTQPMÓUJDBT
SFHJPOBMFT Z HSFNJPT RVF QBSUJDJQBSPO FO
MPT UBMMFSFT EF DPOTVMUB FO MPT NVOJ
DJQJPT EF MB 3""/ Z 3""4 B JOJDJPT EFM
B×P 4VT DPOUSJCVDJPOFT GBDJMJUBSPO
MPT QSJNFSPT JOTVNPT QBSB GPSNVMBS VOB
QSPQVFTUB EF MPT UFNBT Z DPOUFOJEPT RVF
USBUBSÓBFTUFJOGPSNF
&O MB JOTQJSBDJØO DPODFQDJØO BQPZP Z
EFUFSNJOBDJØOQBSBMMFWBSBEFMBOUFFMQSP
ZFDUPIBTJEPDMBWFFM3FQSFTFOUBOUF3FTJ
EFOUF EFM 1/6% 4S +PSHF $IFEJFL &O
MBFUBQBEFEFGJOJSUFNBTFOGPRVFTSFWJTBS
DPODFQUPT F JEFOUJGJDBS QPTJCMFT ÏOGBTJT
QBSUJQBSPOBEFNÈTEFM3FQSFTFOUBOUF3FTJ
EFOUF VO FRVJQP EF BTFTPSFT Z FTQFDJBMJT
UBT EFM 1/6% /JDBSBHVB JOUFHSBEP QPS
"EPMGP$BTUSJMMP.BSÓB3PTB3FO[J8BMUFS
-BDBZP Z FTQFDJBMJTUBT JOWJUBEPT "OHÏMJDB
'BVOÏ%FOOJT8JMMJBNTPO(BMJP(VSEJÈO
Z.JSOB$VOOJOHIBN
3FDPOPDJNJFOUPT
W
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
W J
&O MB FMBCPSBDJØO EF MBT QSJNFSBT GPSNV
MBDJPOFT Z QSFTFOUBDJPOFT FO NVMUJ NFEJB
EJTDVUJEBT FO FTUBT WBMJEBDJPOFT FO MBT
SFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTTFDPOUØDPOFMWBMJPTP
BQPZPEF&EXJO.BUBNPSPT$IÈWF[
DJØO Z FM %FTBSSPMMP &DPOPNJDP Z 4PDJBM
$JQSÏTDPOTUJUVJEPQPS$ÏTBS4.BSUJOF[
$BSMPT 3VJ[ $ÏTBS 0 .BSUJOF[ -VJT
.PSB &M $*%$" 6$" DPOGPSNBEP QPS
%FOOJT8JMMJBNTPOZ4JMWJP4BCBMMPT
1BSBMBSFWJTJØOEFMBQSPQVFTUBNFUPEØMPHJ
DBTFSFBMJ[BSPOWBSJPTUBMMFSFTZFODVFOUSPT
GBDJMJUBEPTQPS(VBEBMVQF8BMMBDF4BMJOBT
DPO MPT PDIP FRVJQPT EF JOWFTUJHBDJØO
RVF TPNFUJFSPO QSPQVFTUBT Z HBOBSPO MBT
MJDJUBDJPOFTEFJOWFTUJHBDJØOZDVZPTUSBCB
KPTDPOTUJUVZFSPOVOJOTVNPGVOEBNFOUBM
QBSBMBQSFQBSBDJØOEFMJOGPSNF
&MFRVJQPEFM$FJNNJOWFTUJHØFMUFNBEF
DBQJUBM TPDJP JOTUJUVDJPOBM EF MBT SFHJPOFT
BVUØOPNBT&MFRVJQPGVFDPPSEJOBEPQPS
#FSOBSEJOF %JYPO Z FTUÈ JOUFHSBEP QPS
/VSJB (ØNF[ "OHJF .BSUÓOF[ .BSUIB
)PEHTPO -FZMB $BTBOPWB .BSJP .FKÓB
"MFZEB (ØNF[ -FPO[JP ,OJHUI .JCTBO
"SBHØO .BZFMJT 5PSV×P 3PTBMJOB $SV[
$FEFNB "SBHØO 4BTIB .BSMFZ 3FZOB
+BDL#FUUZ3JHCZ.BSZ-BX+BDPCB%ÈWJ
MB-FPOPS3VJ[.BSÓB$SJTUJOB'FMJDJBOP
4BOESB %BWJT #MBODB /VCJB 4BMHBEP Z
(VJMMFSNJOB"TVODJØO(V[NÈODPOMBBTF
TPSÓBEF"OHÏMJDB'BVOÏ7JODVMBEPBFTUF
NJTNPUFNBVOFRVJQPBEIPDEFFYQFSUBT
JOUFHSBEPQPS$PMFUUF(SJOFWBME+BOF'SF
FMBOE &MFOB #FOFEJDUP Z .BSJDFMB ,BVGG
NBOOQSFQBSØVOJOGPSNFTPCSFFMFTUBEP
EFMBTMFOHVBTEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTZ
DPOUSJCVZØSFHVMBSNFOUFDPOTVHFSFODJBTZ
DPNFOUBSJPTBMDPOKVOUPEFMJOGPSNF
.JHVFM(PO[ÈMF[%PMPSFT'JHVFSPBZ"OESÏT
1ÏSF[#BMUPEBOPQSFQBSBSPOMBJOWFTUJHBDJØO
TPCSFBVUPOPNÓBZEFTBSSPMMPIVNBOP+PSHF
(SàOCFSH:VSJ;BQBUBZ.JHVFM(PO[BMF[
DPPSEJOBSPO MPT DVBUSP FRVJQPT EF JOWFTUJ
HBDJØOEF6SBDDBOFOMPTSFDJOUPTEF#JMXJ
4JVOB/VFWB(VJOFBZ#MVFGJFMETTPCSFFM
UFNBDPOTUSVDDJØOEFMBBVUPOPNÓBZEJOÈ
NJDBTUFSSJUPSJBMFTZCJPEFNPHSÈGJDBT&TUPT
FTUVWJFSPO JOUFHSBEPT QPS 4BOESB %BWJFT
7BOFTTB "MCFSU -JTB -JOEP #JMXJ
3PTB
&EFO %FMHBEJMMP .BSWJO 1ÏSF[ Z #JTNBSL
-FF4JVOB
3JDIBSE"SUFBHB+VMJBOB'SBO
DJT"OEZ#BSSFSBZ%BOJFMB.BOUJMMB/VFWB
(VJOFB
"OHFMB 'MFUFT /FJEZ (VUJÏSSF[
4PGÓB (SBOKB +BJSP (SPTT Z "EFMB 1SBWJB
#MVFGJFMET
.ZSOB $VOOJOHIBN $BSMPT
"MFNÈO+S+PIOOZ)PEHTPO3POBME)JMM
&EEB.PSFOP*WÈO"MWBSF[&JMFFO.BJSF
OB +VBO 4BCBMMPT $ÏTBS 1BJ[ Z .FMCPVSOF
+BDLTPOJOWFTUJHBSPOFMUFNBEFBVUPOPNÓB
ZHPCFSOBCJMJEBE
&MUFNBDPODFSOJFOUFBMPTTJTUFNBTQSPEVD
UJWPTZNFSDBEPTFOMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
GVFJOWFTUJHBEPQPSEJGFSFOUFTFRVJQPTRVF
BM GJOBM TF DPOTUJUVZFSPO FO VO HSVQP EF
USBCBKPVOJGJDBEP&MFRVJQPEF$BSM#SP
$BCBM DPOTUJUVJEP QPS %BWJE #SBEGPSE
+PF3ZBO3BEP#BS[FW&MFRVJQPEF/JU
MBQÈOo6$"GPSNBEPQPS4FMNJSB'MPSFT
3FOÏ.FOEP[B'MPSEF.BSÓB3PESÓHVF[
&M$FOUSPQBSBMB1SPNPDJØOMB*OWFTUJHB
&M$FOUSPEF*OWFTUJHBDJPOFTZ%PDVNFOUB
DJØO EF MB $PTUB "UMÈOUJDB $*%$"6$"
DPO VO FRVJQP DPPSEJOBEP QPS .BSJP
3J[PFJOUFHSBEPQPS%FOOJT8JMMJBNTPO
%PNJOHB5JKFSJOP3PMBOEP5PSSFT(J[BOF
UB'POTFDB.PEFTUP'SBOL/BZEB&TDPCBS
Z 'BVTUP $SJTUZ EFTBSSPMMØ VO USBCBKP EF
JOWFTUJHBDJØO TPCSF DJVEBEBOÓB F JEFOUJEBE
FO MBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT EF MB $PTUB
$BSJCF OJDBSBHàFOTF &M NJTNP FRVJQP EFM
$*%$"SFBMJ[ØVOUSBCBKPEFJOWFTUJHBDJØO
TPCSFUÓUVMPTTVQMFUPSJPTZFMUFNBEFMBQSP
QJFEBEFOMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
&M UFNB EF MB IJTUPSJB Z TJUVBDJØO BDUVBM
EFMVTPZUFOFODJBEFMPTUFSSJUPSJPTUJFSSBT
DPNVOBMFT Z SFDVSTPT GVF JOWFTUJHBEP QPS
VO FRVJQP BE IPD DPOTUJUVJEP QPS -VJT
3PESJHVF[1J×FSP+PTFQI#SZBOZ+FOOJGFS
(ÚFUU
7BSJPTHSVQPTZPSHBOJ[BDJPOFTIBOQSFQB
SBEP JOGPSNFT Z CSJOEBEP FOUSFWJTUBT QBSB
FOSJRVFDFS FM JOGPSNF FO UFNBT FTQFDÓGJ
DPT -B SFQSFTFOUBDJØO EF MB PSHBOJ[BDJØO
i8PSME8JMEMJGF'VOEwTPCSFDPPQFSBDJØO
UÏDOJDB Z GPSFTUBM DPO DPNVOJEBEFT JOEÓ
HFOBT FM HSVQP i#MVF&OFSHZw FO FM EFTB
SSPMMPEFDBQBDJEBEFTZGVFOUFTEFFOFSHÓB
BMUFSOBUJWBTPTUFOJCMFDPOMBTDPNVOJEBEFT
SBNBFM7JDBSJBUP"QPTUØMJDPEF#MVFGJFMET
TPCSFFEVDBDJØOFODPNBSDBTDBNQFTJOBTZ
$&%&)$"TPCSFFYQFDUBUJWBTEFMBKVWFO
UVEDPTUF×B
$FDJMJB .FEBM BTJTUFOUF BENJOJTUSBUJWB F
JOWFTUJHBEPSB EFM QSPZFDUP IB TJEP VOB
QBSUJDJQBOUF Z DPOUSJCVZFOUF DMBWF FO MP
TVTUBOUJWPZMPBENJOJTUSBUJWPEFMJOGPSNF
ZEFMQSPZFDUP*%)
&M1SPHSBNBEFMB$PTUB$BSJCFEFM1/6%
DPPSEJOBEPQPS"EPMGP$BTUSJMMPZTVFRVJ
QPFOBNCBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT7JSHJMJP
3JWFSB Z /PSNBO )PXBSE Z "OOF )FJEF
,WBMTPSFOQBSUJDJQBSPOEFGPSNBTVCTUBOUJ
WBFOFMQSPDFTPEFMJOGPSNFBQPSUBOEPTVT
DPOPDJNJFOUPTZFYQFSJFODJBTPCSFMB$PTUB
$BSJCFBEFNÈTEFTVBQPZPFOMBFKFDVDJØO
EFNVDIBTEFMBTBDUJWJEBEFTEFTBSSPMMBEBT
FOFMUSBOTDVSTPEFMQSPDFTPEFQSFQBSBDJØO
Z FMBCPSBDJØO EFM JOGPSNF -PT PSHBOJT
NPT NVMUJMBUFSBMFT Z EF DPPQFSBDJØO OP
HVCFSOBNFOUBM RVF EFTBSSPMMBO QSPHSBNBT
Z QSPZFDUPT FO MBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT
FTQFDJBMNFOUF FM #*% #BODP .VOEJBM
(5; %"/*%" 09'". (# ,&1"
'JOMBOEJBZMBTFNCBKBEBTEFM3FJOPEFMPT
QBÓTFT CBKPT Z $BOBEÈ EJFSPO VO BQPZP
NPSBMZWBMJPTBTTVHFSFODJBTBMJOGPSNF
-B QSFQBSBDJØO Z FKFDVDJØO EF MB FODVFTUB
UJUVMBEB i1FSDFQDJPOFT *OUFSSFHJPOBMFT FO
FM 1BDÓGJDP Z "UMÈOUJDP /JDBSBHàFOTFTw GVF
SFBMJ[BEB QPS FM $FOUSP EF "OÈMJTJT 4PDJP
DVMUVSBM EF MB 6OJWFSTJEBE $FOUSPBNFSJ
DBOB $"4$6$" Z FM QSPHSBNB $PTUB
$BSJCFEFM*OTUJUVUPQBSBFM%FTBSSPMMPZMB
%FNPDSBDJB*QBEF&MUSBCBKPEF*QBEFGVF
DPPSEJOBEP QPS )BSSZ $IÈWF[ -PT SFTVM
UBEPTEFMBFODVFTUBGVFSPOQSPDFTBEPTQPS
FM FRVJQP EFM $"4$ 6$" JOUFHSBEP QPS
.BOVFM0SUFHB)FHH.BMFOF/JTTFO%B[B
Z.BSDFMJOB$BTUJMMP7FOFSJP-BSFBMJ[BDJØO
EFMBFODVFTUBFOFM1BDÓGJDPGVFQPTJCMFHSB
DJBTBMBQBSUJDJQBDJØOTVHFSFODJBTZHFOFSP
TB EJTQPTJDJØO EFM FRVJQP EF JOWFTUJHBDJØO
JOUFHSBEPQPS.JHVFM(PO[ÈMF[1ÏSF[1JFSSF
'SàIMJOHZ)BOT1FUFS#àWPMMFOJOWFTUJHBEP
SFTTPCSFFMUFNBEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
FO/JDBSBHVBRVFEFDJEJFSPODPNQBSUJSMPT
SFTVMUBEPTEFTVFODVFTUBTPCSFQFSDFQDJPOFT
FOFM1BDÓGJDPTPCSFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
DPOFMJOGPSNF
-BFUBQBEFSFEBDDJØOEFMEPDVNFOUPJOWP
MVDSØJOUFOTBNFOUFBMFRVJQPDPPSEJOBEPS
EFM JOGPSNF MB BTFTPSB EFM *%) .BSÓB
3PTB3FO[JZFMBTFTPSEFMQSPZFDUP1FESP
(àFMM1BSBMBSFWJTJØOZBKVTUFEFMPTEJT
UJOUPT CPSSBEPSFT SFDJCJNPT BQPSUFT EF VO
HSVQP EF MFDUPSFT JOUFHSBEP QPS .BOVFM
0SUFHB .JHVFM (PO[BMF[ 1ÏSF[ .BUJM
EF .PSEU "MUB )PPLFS Z ,FWJO $BTBT
$PPSEJOBEPS EFM *%) FO $PTUB 3JDB
5PEPT FMMPT SFBMJ[BSPO MFDUVSBT DSÓUJDBT Z
QSPQPTJUJWBTEFMJOGPSNFRVFFOSJRVFDJFSPO
MB DBMJEBE EFM EPDVNFOUP "MUB )PPLFS
SFDUPSB EF 6SBDDBO Z FM DPOTFKP TVQFSJPS
Z QSPGFTPSFT EF 6SBDDBO EJFSPO BQPSUFT Z
TVHFSFODJBTWBMJPTPTBEJGFSFOUFTCPSSBEPSFT
EFM JOGPSNF 0USPT BQPSUFT Z TVHFSFODJBT
GVFSPO QSFTFOUBEBT QPS 7JSHJMJP 3JWFSB
/PSNBO)PXBSE.JSJBN)PPLFS.JSOB
$VOOJOHIBNZ7BMESBDL+BFOUTDILF
&TQFDJBMSFDPOPDJNJFOUPNFSFDFFMBQPZP
CSJOEBEP QPS QFSTPOBT F JOTUJUVDJPOFT
QÞCMJDBT Z QSJWBEBT RVJFOFT DPMBCPSBSPO
CSJOEBOEPJOGPSNBDJØOSFMFWBOUFRVFTJS
WJØEFCBTFBMBFMBCPSBDJØOEFMPTEJGFSFO
UFTDBQÓUVMPTZEFM$PNQFOEJPFTUBEÓTUJDP
&OFM$POTFKP4VQSFNP&MFDUPSBMB+PSHF
&EVBSEP 3JWFSB $IBWBSSÓB &O %FGFOTB
$JWJMEFM.JOJTUFSJPEF%FGFOTBBM5FOJFO
UF $PSPOFM .BSJP 1ÏSF[ $BTTBS Z B "VYJ
MJBEPSB7BMMF
3FDPOPDJNJFOUPT
W JJ
&O&/"$"-B(VJMMFSNP-FDMBJSZ4DBSMF
UI)FSSFSB&O&/*5&-B(JMCFSUP1BSBEB
&O */"'03 B $BSMPT 4PMØS[BOP .BSÓB
&VHFOJB3PTBMFT$BCBMMFSP4FSHJP4ÈODIF[
Z .BSWJO 4VKP &O */"5&$ B $BSMPT
.BSUÓOF[Z.BSÓB5FSFTB4PMÓT&OFM*/&
B+VMJÈO(PO[ÈMF[&O&/&-B+VBO;BWBMB
Z$BSMPT$PSUF[&OMB$PNJTJØO/BDJPOBM
EF &OFSHÓB B "NBMJB -ØQF[ Z (JPDPOEB
(VFWBSB &O 6/*0/ '&/04" B ,BSFO
$POSBEP &O FM $PSSFEPS #JPMØHJDP EFM
"UMÈOUJDP.BSÓB.BSUIB"CBVO[B
WJ J J
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
&OFM*/&$BTV%JSFDUPS/ÏTUPS%FMHBEJ
MMP"TÓNJTNP%PNJOHP1SJNBOUF«OHF
MFT #BSCFSFOB +VBO 3PDIB -VJT #MBOEØO
%VMDF .BSÓB .BZPSHB $ISJTUJOF (PGGJO
.BSHFM#FUFUB-VJT3BNÓSF[+PTFGB#MBO
DP +VBOB "SSP[ 4BOUJBHP .FKÓB )FDUPS
1JOFMM*WBO&TQJOP[BZ'ÈUJNB1ÏSF[&OFM
'*4&B3JDIBSE.POUFOFHSP&OFM.*/
(0#B+PTÏ3BGBFM#VSHPT4JMWJP.ÈOUJDB
Z .FMWJO &TUSBEB &O MB 1SPDVSBEVSÓB EF
%FGFOTBEFMPT%FSFDIPT)VNBOPTB7ÓD
UPS6SSP[
&OFM."('03B&EEZ$BTUFMMØOZ%FOJT
'BKBSEP&O."3&/"4*/*"B$BSPMJOB
$PSPOBEPZ"NQBSP7BMMFKPT&OFM.5*B
&SOFTUP5FMMF[/FMEB)FSOÈOEF[-BTUFOJB
5ØSSF[ Z )VNCFSUP "SBV[ &O FM .*'*$
B "SMFOF EF 'SBODP /PSNBO &OSJRVF[
.BSJU[B $BTUJMMP #SFOEB #SFOFT +FPSHF
#SPPLTZ/JDPMBT7BMEFT&OMB%(*B'FS
OBOEP"CBVO[B'SBODJTDP"HVJSSFZ&SJDL
-ØQF[ 4VÈSF[ &O FM 4*/"4*1 B .BSÓB
(BCSJFMB4BNRVJZ&NFS(BSDÓB
&O FM .*/4" B .JHVFM .FEJOB &OSJRVF
.PSBMFT ,BUIMFFO 3FZFT Z 3PCFSUP $IB
DØO&OFM.&$%B:PMBOEB;BNPSB&OFM
.*53"#B.BSMFOF"SBÞ[)FJMJOH1JOFEB
%FOJT 7FMÈTRVF[ "EEJF .BJSFOB %BSMJOH
"SBJDB Z "VSPSB 7FMÈ[RVF[ &O MB 1PMJDÓB
/BDJPOBMB+VBO3JWFSBZ3VUI7BMMFDJMMP&O
FM4/*1B*WBOJB1PSUPDBSSFSPZ4BÞM7BMFO
DJB&OMB$BODJMMFSÓBB%BOJMP(VFWBSB&O
*/*'0.B&TNJMTF0CSFHØO%BOJMP(BS
DÓB"MCFSUP"CVSUPZ(JMCFSUP-JOEP
&M #BODP $FOUSBM EF /JDBSBHVB B USBWÏT
EFTVQSFTJEFOUF.BSJP#"MPOTPQFSNJUJØ
MB SFQSPEVDDJØO EFM DVBESP EF +VOF #FFS
i$BTBCMVGJMF×Bw.BSÓB+PTÏ"MWBSF[GBDJMJ
UØMBSFQSPEVDDJØOEFMBPCSBEFMBNJTNB
QJOUPSBUJUVMBEBi+VFHPTEFJOGBODJBwQJO
UBEPFO#MVFGJFMETFOFMB×PEFEFTV
DPMFDDJØOQSJWBEB&MUSBCBKPEFGPUPHSBGÓB
EFFTUFDVBESPGVFSFBMJ[BEPQPS.BSHBSJUB
.POUFBMFHSF 5BNCJÏO TF BHSBEFDF B MB
GBNJMJB #FFS IBCFS DFEJEP MPT EFSFDIPT EF
BVUPSQBSBMBQPSUBEBEFFTUFJOGPSNF
&M QSPZFDUP EFM *OGPSNF EF %FTBSSPMMP
)VNBOP Z TVT BDUJWJEBEFT EF DPNVOJDB
DJØOZFEVDBDJØOFOMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
TF IB EFTBSSPMMBEP FO DPPSEJOBDJØO DPO FM
FRVJQP EF DPNVOJDBDJPOFT EF 63"$
$"/DPPSEJOBEPQPS.BSHBSJUB"OUPOJP
ZDPOTUJUVJEPQPS+PTÏ-VJT4BCBMMPT$BS
MPT.BOVFM'MPSFTZ$SJTUJOB(BSDÓB
'JOBMNFOUF RVJTJÏSBNPT FYQSFTBS OVFTUSP
BHSBEFDJNJFOUP BM SFQSFTFOUBOUF BEKVOUP
EFM 1/6% /JDBSBHVB +BGFU &OSJRVF[ BM
HFSFOUF Z QFSTPOBM EFM ÈSFB EF %FTBSSPMMP
&DPOØNJDPEFM1/6%&EEZ+FSF[/VOP
2VFJSP[ .BSÓB +PTÏ .VOHVÓB Z %BZTJ
5PSSF[BTÓDPNPBMQFSTPOBMBENJOJTUSBUJWP
Z GVODJPOBSJPT EFM 1/6% FO /JDBSBHVB
QPS FM BQPZP BM QSPZFDUP EFM *OGPSNF EF
%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
êndice
"DSØOJNPT
4JOPQTJT
97
97**
*OUSPEVDDJØO
ParteI:ConceptosyCriterios
13
-BBVUPOPNÓBNFEJPZGJOEFM
EFTBSSPMMPIVNBOP
-PTEFCBUFTEFMNVMUJDVMUVSBMJTNP
DPOTUSVDDJØOEFBVUPOPNÓBNVMUJDVMUVSBM
$BQÓUVMP&MEFTBSSPMMPIVNBOPTPTUFOJCMF
EFMUFSSJUPSJP
4BMVE
&MNPEFMPSFHJPOBMEFTBMVE
$POEJDJPOFTIJHJÏOJDPTBOJUBSJBT
"CBTUFDJNJFOUPEFBHVBQPUBCMF
"TFOUBNJFOUPTPSJHJOBMFTZQFSÓPEPQSFDPMPOJBM
-BSFJOTFSDJØODPMPOJBMCSJUÈOJDB &MEJTUSJUPPNVOJDJQJP3FTFSWB.PTRVJUB
"HVBTOFHSBTZBMDBOUBSJMMBEP
-BSFEEFTFSWJDJPT
-BTBMVEFODJGSBT
4JUVBDJØOEFMBOJ×F[
¶OEJDFEF$POEJDJPOFTEF7JEBEFMB
QPCMBDJØOFOMBTDPNVOJEBEFTTFDUPSSVSBM 1SJODJQBMFTQSPCMFNBTEFMTFDUPSTBMVE
FOMB3""/ZMB3""4
-BBOFYJØOOJDBSBHàFOTFZFMTVSHJNJFOUP
-BQFSDFQDJØOEFMBQPCMBDJØOTPCSF
TVTDPOEJDJPOFTEFWJEB
ParteIII:Elcapitalsociocultural
&M5SBUBEP)BSSJTPO"MUBNJSBOPZ
delasregionesaut—nomas
MB$PNJTJØO5JUVMBEPSBEF5JFSSBT
$BQÓUVMP$POTUSVDDJPOFTEFMBJEFOUJEBE
%FGJOJDJPOFTFYUFSOBTFJOUFSOBT
%FGJOJDJPOFTJOUFSOBT
)BDJBVOBSFWBMPSJ[BDJØOEFMPTBQPSUFT
DPTUF×B
%FQSFTJØOFDPOØNJDBZNBSHJOBMJEBESFHJPOBM
EFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
-B-FZEF"VUPOPNÓBZTVTFGFDUPTJONFEJBUPT
89
FOMBTPDJFEBEDPTUF×B
.PEFSOJ[BDJØOZDPMPOJ[BDJØONFTUJ[B
3FMBDJPOFTJOUFSÏUOJDBTJOUFSDVMUVSBMFT
FOFMSFDPOPDJNJFOUPZEFNBSDBDJØO
EFUJFSSBTDPNVOBMFT
$BQÓUVMP)JUPTIJTUØSJDPTFOMBDPOTUSVDDJØO
5JFNQPTEFHVFSSB
&EVDBDJØO
37
1PCMBDJØOZCJFOFTUBSIVNBOP
&EVDBDJØOVOJWFSTJUBSJB
ParteII:Perspectivas,sujetosehistoria
-BFEVDBDJØOFODJGSBT
&M¶OEJDFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
EFMBBVUPOPNÓBVOPQUJNJTNPSFBMJTUB
EFMBFDPOPNÓBEFFODMBWF
-PTSFUPTEFMBHMPCBMJ[BDJØOZFMGVUVSP
5FOEFODJBTTPDJBMFTEFMBQPCMBDJØO
EFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
ZCJFOFTUBSIVNBOP
VOB/JDBSBHVBNVMUJÏUOJDBZNVMUJDVMUVSBM 4VQFSJOUFOEFODJB
EFMPTHSVQPTSFHJPOBMFT
$BQÓUVMP6ONPEFMPEFEFTBSSPMMPQBSB
EFMBTPDJFEBEDPTUF×B
&MJNQBDUPEFMBTNJHSBDJPOFTFOFMVTP
$BQÓUVMP-BTUFOTJPOFTEFMB
1SJODJQBMFTUFOTJPOFTFOMBTSFMBDJPOFT
ZDVMUVSBT
%JWFSTJEBEVOJWFSTBMJEBEZDPPQFSBDJØO
FOFM&TUBEPNVMUJÏUOJDP
.PWJNJFOUPTNJHSBUPSJPT
*OTUJUVDJPOFTQBSBMBDJVEBEBOÓB
NVMUJDVMUVSBM
ZUFSSJUPSJBMFT
-PTDBNCJPTEFNPHSÈGJDPT
$BQÓUVMP&MEFTBGÓPEFDPOTUSVJS
DJVEBEBOÓBFO&TUBEPTNVMUJÏUOJDPT
$BQÓUVMP%JOÈNJDBTCJPEFNPHSÈmDBT
-BDJVEBEBOÓBDPNPQVOUPEFQBSUJEB
EFMBBVUPOPNÓB
ZUSBOTJDJØOBMBEFNPDSBDJB
-BQPCMBDJØOVOBEJWFSTJEBEEFJEFOUJEBEFT
$BQÓUVMP%FTBSSPMMPIVNBOP
MBTQFSTPOBTFOQSJNFSMVHBS
1FSÓPEPEFQPTHVFSSB
ZMBDPOTUSVDDJØOEFDJVEBEBOÓB
¶OEJDF
JY
$BQJUBMDVMUVSBMZMFOHVBTNBUFSOBT
VOQBUSJNPOJPBNFOB[BEP
ParteIV:Econom’a,sistemasproductivos
4JUVBDJØOMJOHàÓTUJDBFOMB
$PTUB$BSJCFEF/JDBSBHVB
$PODMVTJØO
$BSBDUFSÓTUJDBTFDPOØNJDBTEFMB
'SBHNFOUBDJØOUFSSJUPSJBMDPTUPEFWJEB
$BQÓUVMP$BSBDUFSÓTUJDBTEFMBT[POBT
QPCMBDJØODPTUF×B
$BQJUBMTPDJPJOTUJUVDJPOBMFOUSFMPUSBEJDJØO
ZMBNPEFSOJEBE
ZDPNQFUJUJWJEBE
-BBTPDJBUJWJEBEEFMPTQVFCMPTJOEÓHFOBT
ZQPUFODJBMJEBEFT
SFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
BMBTFYQPSUBDJPOFTOBDJPOBMFT
-BSVUBEFBTPDJBUJWJEBEEFMQVFCMPSBNB
{&TTPTUFOJCMFMBBDUJWJEBEQFTRVFSB
-B-FZEF%FNBSDBDJØOWFSTVTMB
&MQSPDFTPEFEFTBSSPMMPEFMBTPSHBOJ[BDJPOFT
"TPDJBUJWJEBENFTUJ[BTFDUPSJBM
-BSVUBEFBTPDJBUJWJEBEEFMBTNVKFSFT
'BDUPSFTEJOBNJ[BEPSFTEFMDBQJUBMTPDJBM
FOMB$PTUB$BSJCF
ZEFTUSVZFOFMDBQJUBMTPDJBM
;POBEFCPTRVFIÞNFEPUSPQJDBM
"DUPSFTTPDJBMFTZFDPOØNJDPTFOMB[POB
$POUSJCVDJØOFDPOØNJDB
-BDBEFOBGPSFTUBM
EFMPTSFDVSTPTGPSFTUBMFT
;POBNJOFSB
"DUPSFTTPDJBMFTZFDPOØNJDPT
;POBBHSPQFDVBSJB
"DUPSFTTPDJBMFTZFDPOØNJDPT
;POBHBOBEFSB
EFFYQPSUBDJØO
NFTUJ[BMBOVFWBGSPOUFSBBHSÓDPMB
4VC[POBBHSPTJMWÓDPMBJOEÓHFOB
4PCSFFMVTPEFMUFSSJUPSJPDPNVOBM
*OHSFTPTQPSMBWFOUBEFQSPEVDUPT
ZBGSPDBSJCF×B
&MQBSBEJHNBEFMiÏYJUPJOEJWJEVBMw
"QPSUFTFDPOØNJDPTEFMB[POBBHSPQFDVBSJB -BWJPMFODJB
$BQÓUVMP6OBFTUJNBDJØOEFMBDPOUSJCVDJØO
&MDPOTVNPEFESPHBT
EFMBFDPOPNÓBSFHJPOBMBM1*#EF/JDBSBHVB
Y
DPNPWBMPSDFOUSBMEFMDPOUFYUP
1PUFODJBMEFBQSPWFDIBNJFOUPEFMQJOP
4VC[POBEFBHSJDVMUVSBEFTVCTJTUFODJB
&EVDBDJØOTJOQFSUJOFODJBDVMUVSBM
OJGPSNBDJØO
;POBEFMBTTBCBOBTEFQJOPT
4VC[POBEFQSPEVDUPTEJWFSTJGJDBEPT
'BDUPSFTRVFEJTUPSTJPOBOFSPTJPOBO
-BiDSJTJTJOUFSHFOFSBDJPOBMw
*OHSFTPTZSFUPSOPTBMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT %JOÈNJDBTZUFOEFODJBTEFMDBQJUBMTPDJBM
BDVNVMBEP
1PUFODJBMEFBQSPWFDIBNJFOUP
-BSVUBFNQSFOEJEBQPSFM
EFMB$PTUB$BSJCF
$POUSJCVDJØOEFMPTQSPEVDUPTEFMNBS
EFMBQSPEVDDJØOGPSFTUBM
-BSVUBEFMBTPSHBOJ[BDJPOFTZ
i$POTFKPEF"ODJBOPTw
EFMB;POBNBSJOPDPTUFSB
CBKPMBNPEBMJEBEQSPEVDUJWBBDUVBM -BSVUBEFBTPDJBUJWJEBEBGSPDBSJCF×B
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
$VBOUJGJDBDJØOFDPOØNJDB
-PTVMXBT
QBSUJEPTQPMÓUJDPTSFHJPOBMFT
"DUPSFTTPDJBMFTZFDPOØNJDPTEFMB[POB
-PTUXBILBT
HSVQPTEFJOUFSÏTZQPMÓUJDB
;POBNBSJOPDPTUFSB
BGSPDBSJCF×BT0HBOJDBZ0OFDB
-PTNBZBOHOBTQBOBNBILBT
DSFPMFTLSJPMTZHBSÓGVOBT
-BSVUBEFMBBTPDJBUJWJEBETVNVNBZBOHOB -FZEF«SFBT1SPUFHJEBT
151
EFEFTBSSPMMPQSPEVDUJWPEFMBT
ZDPNVOJEBEFTÏUOJDBTSVUBT
-BSVUBEFMBBTPDJBUJWJEBENJTLJUB
EFMBFDPOPNÓBDBSJCF×B
$BQÓUVMP%JOÈNJDBTZQBSBEJHNBT
EFMBPSHBOJ[BDJØOEFMDBQJUBMTPDJBM
ymercados
$BQÓUVMP&MSFOEJNJFOUPTPDJBM
&GFDUPTEJTUPSTJPOBEPSFTJEFOUJGJDBEPT
$PODMVTJPOFT
-BNJHSBDJØOVOBGVFOUFEFSFDVSTPT
QBSBMPTIPHBSFT
5FOEFODJBTEFMBFDPOPNÓBGJTDBMFJOTUJUVDJPOBM
EFQSPNPDJØOEFMEFTBSSPMMP
$BQÓUVMP-BNVOJDJQBMJ[BDJØO
FOMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
&YQFSJFODJBTEFDPPSEJOBDJØOFOUSF
-BDPPQFSBDJØOFYUFSOB
*OWFSTJPOFTQÞCMJDBT
MBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTZMPTNVOJDJQJPT
$BQÓUVMP%FTBGÓPTZPQPSUVOJEBEFT
FOMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
;POBNBSJOPDPTUFSB
&MEFTBGÓPDPOTUJUVJSMBTBMDBMEÓBT
;POBEFTBCBOBTEFQJOPT
FOFTQBDJPTEFDPODFSUBDJØO
;POBEFCPTRVFIÞNFEPUSPQJDBM
QBSBFMCVFOHPCJFSOP
;POBNJOFSB
$BQÓUVMP$PNVOJEBEFT
-BDPNVOJEBEJOEÓHFOBZÏUOJDB
5FSSJUPSJPTJOEÓHFOBTZÏUOJDPT
ZBGSPDBSJCF×B
4VC[POBHBOBEFSBZEFEJWFSTJmDBDJØO
EFQSPEVDUPTEFFYQPSUBDJØO
ZUFSSJUPSJPTJOEÓHFOBT
4VC[POBBHSPTJMWPQBTUPSJMJOEÓHFOB
$BQÓUVMP5FOTJPOFTZDPOnJDUPT
FOMBOVFWBJOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBE
ParteV:Gobernabilidadybuengobierno 217
{$ØNPFOUJFOEFMBHPCFSOBCJMJEBE
MBTPDJFEBEDPTUF×B &MCVFOHPCJFSOP
$BQÓUVMP$POGMJDUPTTPCSFFMVTPEFMUFSSJUPSJP
ZMBHPCFSOBCJMJEBE
Bibliograf’a
261
$BQÓUVMP(PCJFSOPTSFHJPOBMFTBVUØOPNPT Anexos
273
3FMBDJPOFTFOUSFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
Compendioestad’stico
319
ZFMHPCJFSOPDFOUSBM
êndicetablas
ParteII:Perspectivas,sujetosehistoria
5BCMB/P**$MBTJGJDBDJØOEFM*$7
5BCMB/P**$BOUJEBEEFFYQMPUBDJPOFT
5BCMB/P**5SFTDPTBTRVFEFCFSÓB
BHSPQFDVBSJBTZEJTUSJCVDJØOQPSDFOUVBM
IBDFSDVBMRVJFSHPCJFSOPDFOUSBMQBSB
EFGPSNBTEFQSPQJFEBEZEFBQSPQJBDJØO
CFOFGJDJBSBTVEFQBSUBNFOUP
ZBMB$PTUB$BSJCF
PTJUVBDJØOKVSÓEJDBFODVBUSPNVOJDJQJPT
EFMB3""4
ParteIII:Elcapitalsocioculturaldelasregiones
EFMB3""/Z3""4TFHÞOEJWFSTBTGVFOUFT 5BCMB/P***{1PESÓBNFODJPOBS
BMNFOPTUSFTBQPSUFTEFMB$PTUB$BSJCF
5BCMB/P**5BTBCSVUBEFFEVDBDJØO
BMBTPDJFEBEOJDBSBHàFOTF USFTBQPSUFTEFMB$PTUB$BSJCFBMBTPDJFEBE
EPDFOUFTZHSBEVBEPTEFMBTVOJWFSTJEBEFT
OJDBSBHàFOTF 1BDÓGJDPSFTUPEFMQBÓT
DPOTVNPIVNBOPFOQPSDFOUBKFT
MFOHVBTDVMUVSBTZDPTUVNCSFTFOSJRVFDF
5BCMB/P**3FDVSTPTEFTBMVE
BMBTPDJFEBEOJDBSBHàFOTF
5BCMB/P****EFOUJEBEDPTUF×B
5BCMB/P**5BTBEFNPSUBMJEBENBUFSOB
5BCMB/P**
5BCMB/P***-BFYJTUFODJBEFEJTUJOUBT
5BCMB/P**'VFOUFTEFBHVBQBSB
QPSDJFONJMOBDJEPTWJWPTSFHJTUSBEPT
5BCMB/P***{1PESÓBNFODJPOBSBMNFOPT
5BCMB/P**/ÞNFSPEFFTUVEJBOUFT
DPTUF×BT
$PTUB$BSJCFBQPSUBBMHPBMBTPDJFEBE
OJDBSBHàFOTF 5BCMB/P**5BTBCSVUBEFFEVDBDJØO
TFDVOEBSJBQFSÓPEPo
aut—nomas
5BCMB/P***{$POTJEFSBVTUFERVFMB
5BCMBEP**1PCMBDJPOFTEFMPTNVOJDJQJPT
QSJNBSJB5#1
1FSÓPEPo
5BCMB/P**¶OEJDFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
.VOJDJQBM
¶OEJDF
YJ
ParteIV:Econom’a,sistemasproductivos
EFMBTBDUJWJEBEFTQSPEVDUJWBTEFMBTSFHJPOFT
ymercados
BVUØOPNBTBM1*#EF/JDBSBHVB$PTUP
5BCMB/P*7.VOJDJQJPTTFHÞOTVT
BQSPYJNBEPEFGBDUPSFTFOFMB×P
HSBEPTEFVSCBOJ[BDJØO
FONJMMPOFTEFDØSEPCBT
TFDUPSJBMEFMBQFTDBQPSUJQPEFQSPEVDUP
JOHSFTPTNVOJDJQBMFTUPUBMFT
WBMPSBHSFHBEPFONJMMPOFTEFDØSEPCBT
FONJMFTEFDØSEPCBT
EFM
5BCMB/P*7&YUSBDDJØOEFNBEFSBEFQJOP
QPSNFTB×PZTFYPEFMFYUSBDUPSFON©
5BCMB*73FHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTJOHSFTPT
FONJMFTEFDØSEPCBT
5BCMB/P*7$POUSJCVZFOUFTBDUJWPT
5BCMB/P*7"VUPSJ[BDJPOFTEFM
1MBO(FOFSBMEF.BOFKP'PSFTUBM
NVOJDJQBMFTQPSJNQVFTUPT
5BCMB/P*7(FOFSBDJØOEFFNQMFP
EFMTFDUPSQFTRVFSP
5BCMB/P*73FHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
5BCMB/P*7$POUSJCVDJØOBM1*#
5BCMB/P*7$VBOUJGJDBDJØOEFMWPMVNFO
TFHÞOUBNB×PQBSBMPTB×PTZ 5BCMB/P*7%FTFNCPMTPTEFDPPQFSBDJØO
FYUFSOBFONJMFTEFEØMBSFT
EFNBEFSBTFHÞOQMBOFTEFNBOFKPGPSFTUBM
QSPHSBNBEBTQPSTFDUPSFTFOMB3""/
1FSÓPEP
Z3""4o
FONJMFTEFDØSEPCBT
5BCMB/P*7{"RVJÏODPOTJEFSBVTUFE
5BCMB/P*7*OWFSTJPOFTQÞCMJDBT
RVFMFRVFEBOMPTCFOFGJDJPTEFMBQSPEVDDJØO
ParteV:Gobernabilidadybuengobierno
ZFYQMPUBDJØOEFMPTSFDVSTPTOBUVSBMFT
EFM$BSJCF JOTUJUVDJPOBMEFMPTDPOTFKPTSFHJPOBMFT
5BCMB/P*7&TUJNBEPEFMWBMPS
BHSFHBEP
5BCMB/P73FTPMVDJPOFTBQSPCBEBT
NJOFSBFOMB3""/o0SPZ
FOMPTDPOTFKPTSFHJPOBMFTBVUØOPNPT
QMBUBFOPO[BT5SPZ
NVOJDJQJPTDPOQSFEPNJOBODJBEFNFTUJ[PT
FOFMDPOTFKPSFHJPOBMEFMB3""/
5BCMB/P7{2VJÏOFTFMRVFNFKPS
5BCMB/P7{2VÏUBOUPTJFOUFRVFTVT
5BCMB/P7&MQSJODJQBMQSPCMFNB
5BCMB/P*7{2VÏOFDFTJUBQBSBNFKPSBS
EFMBBVUPOPNÓBFTRVFFMHPCJFSOP
EF.BOBHVBOPIBRVFSJEPBQPZBSMB
5BCMB/P7&TUÈEFBDVFSEPFORVF
FMQSJODJQBMQSPCMFNBEFMBBVUPOPNÓBFT
5BCMB/P*77BMPSBHSFHBEPEFMBT
RVFMPTQBSUJEPTQPMÓUJDPTOBDJPOBMFTUJFOFO
BDUJWJEBEFTBHSPQFDVBSJBTFONJMMPOFT
EFDØSEPCBTDPSSJFOUFTB×P
RVFIBOTJEPFMFDUBTOPIBOGVODJPOBEPCJFO
IBTUBBIPSB
MBBDUJWJEBEFDPOØNJDBBMBRVFTFEFEJDB
5BCMB/P*7$POUSJCVDJØOFDPOØNJDB
SFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTo&TUBEP
EFMBBVUPOPNÓBFTRVFMBTBVUPSJEBEFTDPTUF×BT
5BCMB/P*73B[POFTQPSMBTDVBMFT
MBTDPOEJDJPOFTEFWJEBEFTVGBNJMJB 5BCMB/P7&MQSJODJQBMQSPCMFNB
MBBDUJWJEBEFDPOØNJDBBMBRVFTFEFEJDB
UJFOFGVUVSP
QPSFMHPCJFSOPDFOUSBM 5BCMB/P7&TQBDJPTEFDPPSEJOBDJØO
5BCMB/P*73B[POFTQPSMBTDVBMFT
OPUJFOFGVUVSP
OFDFTJEBEFTFTUÈOTJFOEPUPNBEBTFODVFOUB
5BCMB/P*7&YJTUFODJBEFHBOBEP
TFHÞOMBTDPNVOJEBEFTTFMFDDJPOBEBT
MFQVFEFBZVEBSBSFTPMWFSTVTQSPCMFNBT 5BCMB/P*73FTVMUBEPTQSPEVDUJWPT
FOMPTHSVQPTJOEÓHFOBT
FOFMDPOTFKPSFHJPOBMEFMB3""4
5BCMB/P*7$BSBDUFSÓTUJDBTHFOFSBMFT
EFMBTDPNVOJEBEFTJOEÓHFOBT
5BCMB/P73FQSFTFOUBDJØOÏUOJDB
ZPSHBOJ[BDJPOFTQSPEVDUJWBTJOEÓHFOBT
o
FOFMB×P
5BCMB/P73FQSFTFOUBDJØOÏUOJDB
5BCMB/P*7$PNVOJEBEFT
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
BVUØOPNPT3""/Z3""4
5BCMB/P*7&WPMVDJØOEFMBQSPEVDDJØO
5BCMB/P*75JQPMPHÓBEFQSPEVDUPSFTFO
YJ J
5BCMB/P71SPDFTPEFGPSUBMFDJNJFOUP
NVDIBJOGMVFODJBFOFMQSPDFTP
BVUPOØNJDPEFM$BSJCF
5BCMB/P7&TQBDJPTEFDPPSEJOBDJØO
5BCMB/P7"OÈMJTJTTJUVBDJPOBM
FOUSFMBTBVUPSJEBEFTSFHJPOBMFTZNVOJDJQBMFT
FOMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
5BCMB/P71SPDFTPEFQMBOJGJDBDJØO
5BCMB/P71SPQVFTUBTFMBCPSBEBT
FOMB3""/
5BCMB/P7{$VÈMFTMBGPSNBEF
QSPQJFEBERVFNFKPSHBSBOUJ[BFMDSFDJNJFOUP
5BCMB/P73FMBDJØOFOUSFBVUPSJEBEFT
DPNVOBMFTZUFSSJUPSJBMFT
QMBOUFBEBTFOFMEPDVNFOUP
7JTJØOEFOBDJØONVMUJÏUOJDB
FMUSBCBKPRVFIBDFMBBMDBMEÓBEF
5BCMB/P75FSSJUPSJPTJOEÓHFOBT
5BCMB/P7&TUSBUFHJBTEFDPPSEJOBDJØO
5BCMB/P7{2VÏUBOÞUJMFTQBSBVTUFE
TVNVOJDJQJP EFMHPCJFSOPSFHJPOBM
NVOJDJQBMFO4JVOBZ1VFSUP$BCF[BT
EFMB3""4
5BCMB/P71SJODJQBMFTQSPCMFNBT
FDPOØNJDPEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
EFMB$PTUB$BSJCF êndicegr‡ficasymapas
ParteII:Perspectivas,sujetosehistoria
ParteIV:Econom’a,sistemasproductivos
(SÈGJDB/P**.BUSÓDVMBTJOJDJBMFT
ymercados
EFQSFFTDPMBS3""/Z3""4
(SÈGJDB/P**1PSDFOUBKFEFOJ×PTDPOCBKP
(SÈGJDB/P**$PCFSUVSBEFWBDVOBDJØO
#$(FONFOPSFTEFVOB×P
FONJMMPOFTEFDØSEPCBTEF
JOGBOUJMQPSDJFONJMOBDJEPTWJWPTSFHJTUSBEPT .BQB/P*7;POBEFCPTRVFIÞNFEP
(SÈGJDB/P*7&TUSVDUVSBEFMBQSPEVDDJØO
BHSÓDPMBWBMPSBHSFHBEPFODØSEPCBT
ParteIII:Elcapitalsocioculturaldelasregiones
aut—nomas
ÏUOJDB
(SÈGJDB/P*7&TUSVDUVSBEFMB
QSPEVDDJØOQFDVBSJB
(SÈGJDB***"TPDJBUJWJEBEQPSJEFOUJEBE
.BQB/P*7;POBZTVC[POBT
BHSPQFDVBSJBT
.BQB/P*7;POBEFMBTTBCBOBT
USPQJDBM4VC[POBGPSFTUBMZNJOFSB
(SÈGJDB**1PSDFOUBKFEFDBQUBDJØO
(SÈGJDB/P*7&YQPSUBDJPOFTEF
EFQJOP
(SÈGJDB/P**5BTBEFNPSUBMJEBE
QSFDP[EFMFNCBSB[P
QFTRVFSBFOMB$PTUB$BSJCF1*#QFTRVFSP
QSPEVDUPTQFTRVFSPTFONJMFTEFEØMBSFT
(SÈGJDB/P**5BTBEFNPSUBMJEBE
JOGBOUJMQPSNJMOBDJEPTWJWPT
.BQB/P*7;POBNBSJOPDPTUFSB
(SÈGJDB/P*7%JOÈNJDBEFMBQSPEVDDJØO
(SÈGJDB**$PCFSUVSBEFBHVBQPUBCMF
QFTPBMOBDFS/BDJPOBM3""/Z3""4
GVFOUFEFJOHSFTPEFVTUFEZTVGBNJMJB QSJNBSJBEFMB3""/3""4
3""/3""4ZMB3FQÞCMJDB
(SÈGJDB/P*7{$VÈMFTMBQSJODJQBM
(SÈGJDB/P**.BUSÓDVMBJOJDJBMEF
ZSFTUPEFEFQBSUBNFOUPT
(SÈGJDB/P*75BTBEFEFTPDVQBDJØO
QSJNBSJBEFMB3""/3""4
ZSFTUPEFEFQBSUBNFOUPT
(SÈGJDB/P*75BTBEFQBSUJDJQBDJØO
(SÈGJDB/P**.BUSÓDVMBJOJDJBMEF
(SÈGJDB/P*7*OWFSTJPOFTQÞCMJDBT
QSPHSBNBEBTB
(SÈGJDB***
$BQJUBMTPDJBM
(SÈGJDB/P71SPQVFTUBEFPSHBOJHSBNB
(SÈGJDB***
&MDJDMPEFMDPOTVNPEFMBESPHB
ParteV:Gobernabilidadybuengobierno
EFMPTHPCJFSOPTSFHJPOBMFT
¶OEJDF
YJJJ
Recuadros
ParteII:Perspectivas,sujetosehistoria
3FDVBESP/P*75JQPMPHÓBEFBDUPSFT
3FDVBESP**6TPEFMBUJFSSBFOFMTJHMP9*9
QPSMBDPNVOJEBEDSFPMF
3FDVBESP*76OQMBOEFNBOFKPEFTEF
3FDVBESP*75JQPMPHÓBEFMPTBDUPSFT
3FDVBESP**&M4JTUFNB&EVDBUJWP
FMVTPUSBEJDJPOBM
"VUPOØNJDP3FHJPOBM4&"3
3FDVBESP**-BNFEJDJOBUSBEJDJPOBMNJTLJUB
DBQJUBMTPDJBMQBSBMBTBMVEDPNVOJUBSJB
QSPEVDUJWPTFOMB[POB
QSPEVDUJWPTFOFMBQSPWFDIBNJFOUP
EFMBNBEFSB
3FDVBESP*7&MJCPMBOVF[EFMBT
ParteIII:Elcapitalsocioculturaldelasregiones
aut—nomas
MBQBTSPKBTZWFSEFT
3FDVBESP/P*75JQPMPHÓBEFMPTBDUPSFT
QSPEVDUJWPTFOMBNJOFSÓB
3FDVBESP***1BSUJDJQBDJØODPNVOJUBSJB
3FDVBESP*7&MUSJÈOHVMPWJSUVPTP
VOFMFNFOUPDFOUSBMFOMBQSPNPDJØO
3FDVBESP/P*7$BSBDUFSÓTUJDBT
EFMBTBMVEEFMBTDPNVOJEBEFT-BFYQFSJFODJB
EFMNVOJDJQJPEF1SJO[BQPMLB
3FDVBESP***&NQPEFSBSBMBTDPNVOJEBEFT
QBSBBQSPWFDIBSQBSBQSPUFHFS
FMCPTRVF
ParteV:Gobernabilidadybuengobierno
3FDVBESP***&MDBQJUBMTPDJBMDPNVOJUBSJP
NFTUJ[P{VOQBSBEJHNBFODPOTUSVDDJØO 3FDVBESP***&MNVOJDJQJPNVMUJÏUOJDP
3FDVBESP7-BJOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBE
EFMBBVUPOPNÓB
3FDVBESP7-BGPSNVMBDJØOEF
QMBOFTNVOJDJQBMFT
%FTFNCPDBEVSBEF3ÓP(SBOEFEF
3FDVBESP7$POTUSVDDJØOEFDJVEBEBOÓB
3FDVBESP***-BPSHBOJ[BDJØOKVWFOJM
FOFMQSPDFTPEFQMBOJmDBDJØONVOJDJQBM
3FDVBESP7"MJBO[BTZDPOTUSVDDJØO
DPTUF×BVOBQJF[BDMBWFEFMBBVUPOPNÓB 3FDVBESP***&MUSÈmDPEFESPHBT
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
MPTNFSDBEPT
QFSPDSFPMFTQPSMBMFOHVBw
EFMQVFCMPHBSÓGVOBDBQJUBMTPDJPDVMUVSBM YJW
MFDIFSPTEF/VFWB(VJOFBiTFOUBSPODBCF[Bw
3FDVBESP***3FWJUBMJ[BDJØODVMUVSBM
EFDPOTFOTPT
3FDVBESP7'PSUBMFDJNJFOUPEFMBTPDJFEBE
ZTVTFGFDUPTEJTPDJBEPSFTFOFM
DJWJMDPTUF×BZEFMBHPCFSOBCJMJEBE
FOFMQSPDFTPEFDPOTUSVDDJØOEF
VOB"HFOEB.ÓOJNB
ParteIV:Econom’a,sistemasproductivos
ymercados
3FDVBESP71BSUJDJQBDJØODJVEBEBOB
BMSFEFEPSEFMB-FZEF%FNBSDBDJØO
3FDVBESP/P*73FTVNFOEFMPTQSJODJQBMFT
JOEJDBEPSFTEFMBT[POBTQSPEVDUJWBT
3FDVBESP*7i%FDØNPMPTQSPEVDUPSFT
3FDVBESP*7i.JTLJUPTEFTBOHSF
QBSBQSPEVDJSFOFSHÓBSFOPWBCMFBCBKP
DBQJUBMTPDJBMDPNVOJUBSJP
3FDVBESP*7%FDBNQFTJOPBDBNQFTJOP FOUSFBDUPSFTMPDBMFTFJOUFSOBDJPOBMFT
.BUBHBMQBFOMB3""4
EFMPTBDUPSFTTPDJBMFTBHSPQFDVBSJPT
3FDVBESP*7$BDBPQBSBUPEPT
3FDVBESP***6OFTGVFS[PDPOKVOUP
DPTUPFO#MVFmFMETZ1VOUB«HVJMB
EF5JFSSBT*OEÓHFOBT-FZ
Acr—nimos
4*/014*4
BCN,#BODP$FOUSBMEF/JDBSBHVB
BICU,#MVFGJFMET*OEJBO$BSJCCFBO6OJWFSTJUZ
BSA,#JFOFTZTFSWJDJPTBNCJFOUBMFT
CASC,$FOUSPEF"OÈMJTJT4PDJPDVMUVSBMEFMB
6OJWFSTJEBE$FOUSPBNFSJDBOB
CENAGRO,$FOTP/BDJPOBM"HSPQFDVBSJP
EDA,&OGFSNBEBEFT%JBSSÏJDBT"HVEBT
EIB,&EVDBDJØO*OUFSDVMUVSBM#JMJOHàF
ERCERP,&TUSBUFHJB3FGPS[BEBEF$SFDJNJFOUP
&DPOØNJDPZ3FEVDDJØOEFMB1PCSF[B
IDH,*OEJDFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
INFONAC,*OTUJUVUPEF'PNFOUP/BDJPOBM
INAFOR,*OTUJUVUP/BDJPOBM'PSFTUBM
INRA,*OTUJUVUP/JDBSBHàFOTFEF3FGPSNB"HSBSJB
IPADE,*OTUJUVUPQBSBFM%FTBSSPMMPZMB
%FNPDSBDJB
IRA,*OGFDDJPOFT3FTQJSBUPSJBT"HVEBT
MAGFOR,.JOJTUFSJP"HSÓDPMB'PSFTUBM
MECD,.JOJTUFSJPEF&EVDBDJØO$VMUVSBZ
%FQPSUFT
MINSA,.JOJTUFSJPEF4BMVE
PAMUC,1BSUJEP.PWJNJFOUPEF6OJEBE$PTUF×B
PAR,1BSUJEP"VUØOPNPEFMB3""4
PARNA,1BSUJEP3FHJPOBM/VFWB"MUFSOBUJWB
PIB,1SPEVDUP*OUFSOP#SVUP
PND,1MBO/BDJPOBMEF%FTBSSPMMP
PNUD,1SPHSBNBEFMBT/BDJPOFT6OJEBTQBSBFM
%FTBSSPMMP
RAAS,3FHJØO"VUØOPNBEFM"UMÈOUJDP4VS
RAAN,3FHJØO"VUØOPNBEFM"UMÈOUJDP/PSUF
SEAR,4JTUFNB&EVDBUJWP"VUPOØNJDP3FHJPOBM
SINEVI,4JTUFNB/BDJPOBMEF&TUBEÓTUJDBT7JUBMFT
SNIP,4JTUFNB/BDJPOBMEF*OWFSTJPOFT1ÞCMJDBT
TBP,5BTB#SVUBEF1SJNBSJB
URACCAN,6OJWFSTJEBEEFMBT3FHJPOFT
"VUØOPNBTEFMB$PTUB$BSJCF/JDBSBHàFOTF
YATAMA,:BQUJ5BTCB.BTSBLB/BOJI"TMB
5BLBOLB-BPSHBOJ[BDJØOEFMPT)JKPTEFMBNBESF
5JFSSB
INTRODUCCION
IPADE,*OTUJUVUP1BSBMB%FNPDSBDJB
CASC-UCA,$FOUSPEF"OÈMJTJT4PDJPDVMUVSBMEFMB
6OJWFSTJEBE$FOUSPBNFSJDBOB
ERCERP,&TUSBUFHJBSFGPS[BEBEFDSFDJNJFOUPFDP
OØNJDPZSFEVDDJØOEFMBQPCSF[B
INEC,*OTUJUVUP/JDBSBHàFOTFEF&TUBEÓTUJDBTZ
$FOTPT
PARTEII.
$BQÓUVMP
ALPROMISU,"MJBO[BQBSBFM1SPHSFTPEF
.JTLJUPTZ4VNVT
BID,#BODP*OUFSBNFSJDBOPEF%FTBSSPMMP
EPS,&KÏSDJUP1PQVMBS4BOEJOJTUB
FAO,0SHBOJ[BDJØOEFMBT/BDJPOFT6OJEBTQBSBMB
"HSJDVMUVSBZMB"MJNFOUBDJØO
IAN,*OTUJUVUP"HSBSJP/JDBSBHàFOTF
ICV,*OEJDFEF$POEJDJPOFTEF7JEB
INFONAC,*OTUJUVUPEF'PNFOUP/BDJPOBM
INRA,*OTUJUVUP/JDBSBHàFOTFEF3FGPSNB"HSBSJB
IWGIA,*OUFSOBUJPOBM8PSLJOH(SPVQGPS
*OEJHFOPVT"GGBJST
MIDINRA,.JOJTUFSJPEF%FTBSSPMMP"HSPQFDVBSJP
Z3FGPSNB"HSBSJB
MISURASATA,.JTLJUV4VNV3BNB4BOEJOJTUB
"TMB5BLBOLB
NIPCO,/JDBSBHVBO-POH-FBG1JOF$PNQBOZ
OEA,0SHBOJ[BDJØOEF&TUBEPT"NFSJDBOPT
ODM,0CKFUJWPTEF%FTBSSPMMPEFM.JMFOJP
PFNE,1SPZFDUP'PSFTUBMEFM/PSFTUF
PLN,1BSUJEP-JCFSBM/BDJPOBMJTUB
PRICA,1SPZFDUP3JHPCFSUP$BCF[BT
$BQÓUVMP
BICU,#MVFGJFMET*OEJBO$BSJCCFBO6OJWFSTJUZ
CABAL,&NQSFTBEF$POTVMUPSÓBTF*OWFSTJPOFT4"
CARLÐBRO,&NQSFTB$POTVMUPSB%BOFTB
CIPRES,$FOUSPQBSBMB1SPNPDJØOMB
*OWFTUJHBDJØOZFM%FTBSSPMMP3VSBMZ4PDJBM
EBI,&EVDBDJØO#JMJOHàF*OUFSDVMUVSBM
ENACAL,&NQSFTB/JDBSBHàFOTFEF"DVFEVDUPTZ
"MDBOUBSJMMBEP
ICV,*OEJDFEF$POEJDJPOFTEF7JEB
IDH,*OEJDFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
INEC,*OTUJUVUP/JDBSBHàFOTFEF&TUBEÓTUJDBTZ
$FOTPT
MECD,.JOJTUFSJPEF&EVDBDJØO$VMUVSBZ
%FQPSUFT
MINSA,.JOJTUFSJPEF4BMVE
NITLAPAN,5JFNQPEFTFNCSBS/BIVBUM
PEBI,1SPHSBNBEF&EVDBDJØO#JMJOHàF
*OUFSDVMUVSBM
SEAR,4JTUFNB&EVDBUJWP"VUPOØNJDP3FHJPOBM
SINEVI,4JTUFNB/BDJPOBMEF&TUBEÓTUJDBT#ÈTJDBT
SVMM,4JTUFNBEF7JHJMBODJBEF.VFSUFT
.BUFSOBTEFM.JOJTUFSJPEF4BMVE
TBP,5BTB#SVUBEF1SJNBSJB
URACCAN,6OJWFSTJEBEEFMBT3FHJPOFT
"VUØOPNBTEFMB$PTUB$BSJCF/JDBSBHàFOTF
"DSØOJNPT
Y W
Y W J
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
PARTEIII
$BQÓUVMP
ASDI,"HFODJB4VFDBQBSBFM%FTBSSPMMP
*OUFSOBDJPOBM
CCARC,$BSJCCFBOBOE$FOUSBM"NFSJDB3FTFBSDI
$PVODJM
END,&M/VFWP%JBSJP
ONG,0SHBOJTNPT/P(VCFSOBNFOUBMFT
PNUD,1SPHSBNBEFMBT/BDJPOFT6OJEBTQBSBFM
%FTBSSPMMP
TNC,5IF/BUVSF$POTFSWBODZ
UNESCO,6OJUFE/BUJPOT&EVDBUJPOBM4DJFOUJGJD
"OE$VMUVSBM0SHBOJ[BUJPO
$BQÓUVMP
ACAPROBO,"TPDJBDJPOFT$BNQFTJOBT1SPUFDUPSBT
EF#PTBXBT
ADEPCIMISUJIN,"TPDJBDJØOQBSBFMEFTBSSPMMP
EFMPTTVNVNBZBOHOBT
ALIANZA,"MJBO[BDPO$FOUSPBNÏSJDBQBSBMB
&OFSHÓBZFM"NCJFOUF
BICU,#MVFGJFMET*OEJBO$BSJCCFBO6OJWFSTJUZ
#04"8"4#PDBZ4BTMBZB8BTQVL
CACRC,$FOUSBM"NFSJDBBOE$BSJCCFBO3FTFBSDI
$PVODJM
CEDHECA,$FOUSPEF%FSFDIPT)VNBOPT
$JVEBEBOPTZ"VUPOØNJDPTEFMB$PTUB
"UMÈOUJDB
CEIMM,$FOUSPEF&TUVEJPTF*OGPSNBDJØOEFMB
.VKFS.VMUJÏUOJDB
CIDCA,$FOUSPEF*OWFTUJHBDJPOFTZ
%PDVNFOUBDJPOEFMB$PTUB"UMÈOUJDB
CINN,$BOBM*OUFSPDFÈOJDP/JDBSBHàFOTF
CNE,$PNJTJØO/BDJPOBMEF&OFSHÓB
ER&DE,&OFSHJFT3FOPVWFMBCMF%ÏWFMPQQFNFOU
&RVJUBCMF
IHRLG,*OUFSOBUJPOBM)VNBO3JHIUT-BX(SPVQ
IPCC-INATEC,*OTUJUVUP1PMJUÏDOJDP$SJTUØCBM
$PMØO*OTUJUVUP/BDJPOBM5FDOPMØHJDP
LIMON,-FWBOUBNJFOUP*OEÓHFOB.POUBOSÓP
0SJFOUBM/JDBSBHVB
MARENA,.JOJTUFSJPEF3FDVSTPT/BUVSBMFTZEFM
"NCJFOUF
MASAKU,"TPDJBDJØOQBSBFMEFTBSSPMMPEFMBT
DPNVOJEBEFT.BZBOHOBT
MATUMBAK,"TPDJBDJØOQBSBFMEFTBSSPMMPEF
MBTDPNVOJEBEFTNBZBOHOBT5XBILBTEF5VOLZ
#BNCBOB,VLBMBZB
OGANICA,0SHBOJ[BDJØO(BSÓGVOBEF/JDBSBHVB
ONECA,0SHBOJ[BDJØO/FHSBEF$FOUSPBNÏSJDB
PIM,1BSUJEP*OEÓHFOJTUB.VMUJÏUOJDP
POTA,1MBOEF0SEFOBNJFOUP5FSSJUPSJBM
SETAB,4FDSFUBSÓB5ÏDOJDBEF#PTBXBT
SIT-Global,(MPCBM*OUFSNPEBM5SBOTQPSU4ZTUFN
SIMISKULT,"TPDJBDJØOQBSBFMEFTBSSPMMPEFMB
DPNVOJEBENBZBOHOBQBOBNBILBEF4JLJMUB
SUKAWALA,4VNV,BMQBQBLOB8BIBJOF-BNJ
"TPDJBDJØO/BDJPOBMEF$PNVOJEBEFT4VNV
UNASPAWA,,JQMBVQMBOBOJBTMBUBLBOLB
QBXBJB
"TPDJBDJØOEFEFTBSSPMMPEF.JTLJUVTZ
4VNVEFMPT3BVEBMFT
VAB,7JDBSJBUP"QPTUØMJDPEF#MVFGJFMET
WAULA,8BTQVL"NBL6MJ-BLVT"MUP
3ÓP$PDP'FEFSBDJØOEFMPTQVFCMPTJOEÓHFOBT
.BZBOHOBT.JTLJUVT3FTFSWB#JØTGFSB#04"8"4
PARTEIV
$BQÓUVMP
ADFOREST,"ENJOJTUSBDJØO'PSFTUBMEFM&TUBEP
ADPESCA,"ENJOJTUSBDJØOEFMB1FTDB
AMC,"DDJØO.ÏEJDB$SJTUJBOB
ATCHEMCO,"UMBOUJD$IFNJDBM$PNQBOZ
BCN,#BODP$FOUSBMEF/JDBSBHVB
BID,#BODP*OUFSBNFSJDBOPEF%FTBSSPMMP
BSA,#JFOFTZ4FSWJDJPT"NCJFOUBMFT
CAMP/LAB,$PBTUBM"SFB.POJUPSJOH1SPKFDUBOE
-BCPSBUPSZ
CBA,$PSSFEPS#JPMØHJDPEFM"UMÈOUJDP
CPUE,$BQUVSB1PS6OJEBEEF&TGVFS[P
IRENA,*OTUJUVUPEF3FDVSTPT/BUVSBMFTZEFM
"NCJFOUF
MIFIC,.JOJTUFSJPEF'PNFOUP*OEVTUSJBZ
$PNFSDJP
PCAC,1SPHSBNB$BNQFTJOPB$BNQFTJOP
PDM,1MBOEF%FTBSSPMMP.VOJDJQBM
PIP,1SPHSBNB/BDJPOBMEF*OWFSTJPOFT1ÞCMJDBT
UNAG,6OJØO/BDJPOBMEF"HSJDVMUPSFTZ
(BOBEFSPT
PARTEV
$BQÓUVMP
AMURACAN,"TPDJBDJØOEF.VOJDJQJPTEFMBT
3FHJPOFT"VUØOPNBTEFM$BSJCF/JDBSBHàFOTF
ASDI,"HFODJB4VFDBQBSBFM%FTBSSPMMP
*OUFSOBDJPOBM
CEJUDHCAN,$FOUSPEF&TUVEJPT+VSÓEJDPTZ
%FSFDIPT)VNBOPTEFM$BSJCF/JDBSBHàFOTF
CIDT,$PNJTJØO*OUFSTFDUPSJBMEF%FNBSDBDJØOZ
5JUVMBDJØO
CONADES,$PNJTJØO/BDJPOBMEF%FTBSSPMMP
TPTUFOJCMF
CONPES,$POTFKPEF1MBOJGJDBDJØO&DPOØNJDBZ
4PDJBM
RAAN,3FHJØO"VUØOPNBEFM"UMÈOUJDP/PSUF
RAAS,3FHJØO"VUØOPNBEFM"UMÈOUJDP4VS
SEAR,4JTUFNB&EVDBUJWP"VUPOØNJDP3FHJPOBM
SEPCA,4FDSFUBSÓBEFMB1SFTJEFODJB1BSBMB$PTUB
"UMÈOUJDB
$BQÓUVMP
CONADETI,$PNJTJØO/BDJPOBMEF%FNBSDBDJØO
Z5JUVMBDJØO
SINOPSIS
EFTBSSPMMPEFVOBDVMUVSBEFQBSUJDJQBDJØO
ZDJVEBEBOÓB
-PT JOGPSNFT TPCSF FM EFTBSSPMMP IVNBOP
EF /JDBSBHVB RVF FMBCPSB FM 1/6% PGSF
DFOVOFTQBDJPBOUFDFEFOUFTTØMJEPTZVOB
QFSTQFDUJWB QBSB RVF MB TPDJFEBE DPOWFSTF
TPCSFFMQBÓTRVFEFTFBZDØNPDPOTUSVJSMP
&TUFPCKFUJWPFTUÈFOFMDPSB[ØOEFMBJEFB
EFMEFTBSSPMMPIVNBOPIBDFSRVFUPEBTMBT
QFSTPOBTBTÓDPNPMBTPDJFEBEPSHBOJ[BEB
EFNPDSÈUJDBNFOUFTFBOBDUPSFTZOPFTQFD
UBEPSFTEFTVEFTBSSPMMP1FSNJUJSRVFDBEB
VOPTFBFMBSRVJUFDUPEFMBQSPQJBWJEBQFS
TPOBMZDPMFDUJWB
1BSB FM EFTBSSPMMP EF MBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOP
NBT FO FM NBSDP EFM &TUBEP FM EFTBGÓP FT
BÞONÈTDPNQMFKP3FRVJFSFVOBBEFDVBEB
BSUJDVMBDJØOEFMPTOJWFMFTJOTUJUVDJPOBMFTZ
QPMÓUJDPT SFHJPOBMFT Z OBDJPOBMFT VOB DVM
UVSBRVFBTVNBMBEJWFSTJEBEZFMSFDPOPDJ
NJFOUPSFDÓQSPDPZVOBQSÈDUJDBSFHJPOBMJ
[BEBZEFTDFOUSBMJ[BEBEFMBEFNPDSBDJB
&M*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP-BT
SFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTEFMB$PTUB$BSJCF{/JDB
SBHVBBTVNFTVEJWFSTJEBE BQVOUBBMDFOUSP
EF BRVFM PCKFUJWP -PT IBCJUBOUFT EF MBT
SFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTEFMB$PTUB$BSJCF
QVFCMPT JOEÓHFOBT BGSPEFTDFOEJFOUFT Z
DPNVOJEBEFTÏUOJDBTRVJFSFOTFSBDUPSFT
EFM QSPHSFTP Z EF MB EFNPDSBDJB OJDBSB
HàFOTF1FSPRVJFSFOTFSMPEFTEFMPNÈT
QSPQJPZWBMJPTPEFTEFTVNFNPSJBTVT
JEFOUJEBEFT EFTEF TV IJTUPSJB MB QBSUJ
DVMBSJEBEEFTVTFOUPSOPTGÓTJDPTZEFTEF
MB VSHFODJB EF TVT QSPQJPT QSPCMFNBT Z
EFTBGÓPT
/JDBSBHVBIBEBEPQBTPTEFDJTJWPTFOFTUB
EJSFDDJØOBMDSFBSJOTUSVNFOUPTJOTUJUVDJP
OBMFT QBSB MB BVUPOPNÓB Z FM EFTBSSPMMP B
USBWÏT EF MB BGJSNBDJØO DPOTUJUVDJPOBM EFM
DBSÈDUFS NVMUJÏUOJDP EF MB TPDJFEBE Z EFM
&TUBEP EF MBT BVUPOPNÓBT SFHJPOBMFT EFM
$BSJCF DPO MBT SFHMBNFOUBDJPOFT DPSSFT
QPOEJFOUFTZDPOMPTJOTUSVNFOUPTEFEFT
DFOUSBMJ[BDJØONVOJDJQBM
4JO FNCBSHP QBSB RVF FM EFTBSSPMMP IV
NBOP TFB VOB SFBMJEBE TF SFRVJFSF EF
JOTUJUVDJPOFT BEFDVBEBT EF VOB EJOÈNJ
DB FDPOØNJDB WJHPSPTB Z BSUJDVMBEB B MPT
NFSDBEPTOBDJPOBMFJOUFSOBDJPOBMEFBD
UPSFTTPDJBMFTDPOJEFOUJEBEQSPQJBZDPO
DBQBDJEBEEFEFMJCFSBDJØOZBDDJØOZEFM
-BBVUPOPNÓBEFMBTTPDJFEBEFTSFHJPOBMFT
FTVOBPQPSUVOJEBEZVOEFTBGÓPQBSB/JDB
SBHVB4FSÈNÈTGÈDJMBMDBO[BSVOBTPDJFEBE
OJDBSBHàFOTFGVFSUFCBTFGVOEBNFOUBMEFM
EFTBSSPMMPIVNBOPTJTFQBSUFEFTEFMBCBTF
SFBMEFMBTPDJFEBEOBDJPOBMSFDPOPDJFOEPZ
BTVNJFOEP TV EJWFSTJEBE DVMUVSBM UFSSJUP
SJBMFIJTUØSJDB&OMPTÞMUJNPTWFJOUFB×PT
TFIBBWBO[BEPFONBUFSJBEFMBBVUPOPNÓB
QFSPBÞOFTJOTVGJDJFOUF-BBVUPOPNÓBEF
MBTSFHJPOFTEFM$BSJCFFTZBVOBDPORVJTUB
WBMJPTB QFSP FT UBNCJÏO VOB PQPSUVOJEBE
QFOEJFOUFZTPCSFUPEPVOEFTBGÓPEFTFB
CMFZQPTJCMF
&TUFFTFMPCKFUJWPZNPUJWPEFFTUFQSJNFS
*OGPSNF EF %FTBSSPMMP )VNBOP -BT
SFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTEFMB$PTUB$BSJCF{/J
DBSBHVB BTVNF TV EJWFSTJEBE FOGSFOUBS MBT
VSHFODJBT RVF QSFTFOUB FM EFTBSSPMMP EF MBT
SFHJPOFTEFMBDPTUB$BSJCFZBQSPWFDIBSMB
PQPSUVOJEBERVFBMCFSHBTVBVUPOPNÓB&O
VOTFOUJEPQSÈDUJDPFMJOGPSNFBSHVNFOUB
RVF FM FKFSDJDJP QMFOP EFM SÏHJNFO BVUP
OØNJDP FT DPOEJDJØO QBSB IBDFS WJBCMFT
ZTVTUFOUBCMFTMB&TUSBUFHJB3FGPS[BEBEF
$SFDJNJFOUP&DPOØNJDPZ3FEVDDJØOEF
MB1PCSF[B&3$&31EFTFHVOEBHFOFSB
DJØOFYQSFTBEBFOFM1MBO/BDJPOBMEF%F
TBSSPMMP1/%ZBMDBO[BSFOFMB×P
MPT 0CKFUJWPT EF %FTBSSPMMP EFM .JMFOJP
TVTDSJUPTQPSFM(PCJFSOPEF/JDBSBHVB
$POFMGJOEFQSPNPWFSFMEJÈMPHPTPCSFMBT
VSHFODJBT Z PQPSUVOJEBEFT EF MBT SFHJPOFT
BVUØOPNBT FTUF JOGPSNF QSFTFOUB FM SFTVM
4*/014*4
Y W JJ
UBEP EF VO DPOKVOUP EF JOWFTUJHBDJPOFT
PSJHJOBMFTSFBMJ[BEBTFTQFDJBMNFOUFQBSBÏM
4F USBUB EF FODVFTUBT OBDJPOBMFT HSVQPT
EFEJTDVTJØOZEJBHOØTUJDPTTPCSFBTQFDUPT
FDPOØNJDPT DVMUVSBMFT JOTUJUVDJPOBMFT Z
DBQJUBM TPDJBM F JOTUJUVDJPOBM 5BNCJÏO TF
TJTUFNBUJ[BO BRVFMMBT CVFOBT QSÈDUJDBT FO
EJTUJOUPT DBNQPT EFM EFTBSSPMMP SFHJPOBM
RVFQFSNJUFOEBSTVTUFOUPBMBBGJSNBDJØO
EFRVFFMEFTBSSPMMPEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOP
NBTFTVOEFTBGÓPQPTJCMF
DPOUFYUPZMBTDPOEJDJPOFTTPDJBMFTQPMÓ
UJDBTZDVMUVSBMFTFOMBTRVFTFEFTBSSPMMBO
FTBTDBQBDJEBEFTZPQDJPOFTQFSTPOBMFTZ
TPDJBMFT &TUP TJHOJGJDB SFDPOPDFS EFSFDIPT
ZEFCFSFTJOEJWJEVBMFTZDPMFDUJWPTBTÓDPNP
QSFTUBS BUFODJØO B MB BDDJØO DPMFDUJWB B MB
DVMUVSBZBMFOUPSOPJOTUJUVDJPOBMDPNPDPO
EJDJPOFTOFDFTBSJBTQBSBFMEFTBSSPMMPEFMBT
DBQBDJEBEFTJOEJWJEVBMFTZDPMFDUJWBT
$PO MB QVCMJDBDJØO Z QPTUFSJPS EJTDVTJØO
EF FTUF JOGPSNF FM 1/6% FTQFSB DPO
USJCVJSBMEFCBUFFOUPSOPBMBTSFHJPOFT
BVUØOPNBT EFM $BSJCF Z B TVT JEFOUJEB
EFTTPDJPDVMUVSBMFT5SBEJDJPOBMNFOUFMBT
SFHJPOFTIBOTJEPWJTUBTEFTEFFMDFOUSPEFM
QBÓTDPNPVOBBNFOB[BHFPQPMÓUJDBPDPNP
VOEFQØTJUPEFSFDVSTPTOBUVSBMFT&MEFTB
SSPMMPIVNBOPEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTZ
FMEFUPEB/JDBSBHVBFYJHFOSFDPOPDFSBMBT
SFHJPOFTZBTVTJEFOUJEBEFTDPNPVOBDUPS
TPDJBM DPO TVF×PT DBQBDJEBEFT EFTBGÓPT
QSPQJPT Z QPS MP NJTNP DPNP FM NPUPS
NÈT BEFDVBEP Z TVTUFOUBCMF EF TV QSPQJP
NPEFMPEFEFTBSSPMMP
$SFBS VO BNCJFOUF QSPQJDJP QBSB
RVF MBT QFSTPOBT UBOUP JOEJWJEVBM
DPNPDPMFDUJWBNFOUFQVFEBOEFTB
SSPMMBSUPEPTTVTQPUFODJBMFTZDPOUBS
DPO VOB PQPSUVOJEBE SB[POBCMF EF
MMFWBSVOBWJEBQSPEVDUJWBZDSFBUJWB
DPOGPSNFBTVTOFDFTJEBEFTFJOUFSF
TFT1/6%
Y W J JJ
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
I. Conceptos y criterios para
el fortalecimiento del desarrollo humano sustentable en las
regionesaut—nomas
{2VÏQVFEFPGSFDFSMFB/JDBSBHVBMBQFST
QFDUJWBEFMEFTBSSPMMPIVNBOPQBSBFOGSFO
UBSDPOÏYJUPMBTOFDFTJEBEFTZEFTBGÓPTEF
MBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTEFM$BSJCF &MEFTB
SSPMMPIVNBOPOPPGSFDFSFDFUBTQPSRVFOP
FTVOBQSPQVFTUBUFDOPDSÈUJDB-PTEFTBGÓPT
EFMEFTBSSPMMPTPODPNQMFKPTZFYJHFOEFMJ
CFSBDJØODJVEBEBOBJOGPSNBEB
&M DPODFQUP EF EFTBSSPMMP IVNBOP QPOF
FOTVDFOUSPMBBNQMJBDJØOEFMBTPQDJPOFT
ZDBQBDJEBEFTJOEJWJEVBMFTEFMBTQFSTPOBT
QBSBDPOTUSVJSFOMJCFSUBEZBVUPOPNÓBTV
QSPQJP QSPZFDUP EF WJEB &TUB NJSBEB FT
DPNQMFNFOUBEBQPSMBDPOTJEFSBDJØOEFM
&MEFTBSSPMMPIVNBOPTJHOJGJDB
-BBVUPOPNÓBFTVOWBMPSDFOUSBMQBSBFM
EFTBSSPMMPIVNBOP
-BBVUPOPNÓBFTFMEFSFDIPEFMBTQFSTPOBT
ZDPNVOJEBEFTBEFDJEJSQPSTÓNJTNBTZB
DPOTUSVJSQBSBTÓFMUJQPEFWJEBEFTFBEPFO
FMTFOPEFMBTDPNVOJEBEFTQPMÓUJDBTFORVF
FTUÈO JOTFSUBT -B BVUPOPNÓB UJFOF EPT
EJNFOTJPOFT QSJODJQBMFT QPS VOB QBS
UF FM EFSFDIP B VOB DVMUVSB F JEFOUJEBE
QSPQJBT MP DVBM JODMVZF NFNPSJBT USB
EJDJPOFT MFOHVBT Z BTQJSBDJPOFT QPS MB
PUSB FM EFSFDIP B MB BVUPEFUFSNJOBDJØO
QPMÓUJDBEFMBDPNVOJEBEPSHBOJ[BEBEF
NPDSÈUJDBNFOUF 1VFEF EFDJSTF RVF UPEP
FM DPODFQUP EF EFTBSSPMMP IVNBOP FT VOB
QSPQVFTUBQBSBFMEFTQMJFHVFQSÈDUJDPEFMB
BVUPOPNÓBQFSTPOBMZTPDJBM
-B BVUPOPNÓB QFSTPOBM DVMUVSBM Z TPDJBM
FODVBOUPFOUPSOPGBWPSBCMFEFMEFTBSSPMMP
OPTVSHFFTQPOUÈOFBNFOUFDPNPFGFDUPEF
VOB EFDMBSBDJØO KVSÓEJDB P BENJOJTUSBUJWB
3FRVJFSF EF DPOEJDJPOFT DVMUVSBMFT TPDJB
MFT FDPOØNJDBT Z QPMÓUJDBT RVF EFCFO TFS
DSFBEBT&TUFJOGPSNFTFDFOUSBFOFMEJBH
OØTUJDPEFUSFTDPOEJDJPOFTRVFIBDFOQP
TJCMF MB SFBMJ[BDJØO EF MB BVUPOPNÓB SFBM Z
RVFSFQSFTFOUBOVOEFTBGÓPBMBSFBMJEBEEF
MBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTEFM$BSJCFOJDBSB
HàFOTFZBMQBÓTFOTVDPOKVOUP&TUBTDPO
EJDJPOFTTPOMBFYJTUFODJBEF
t BDUPSFTDPODBQBDJEBEFTNFNPSJBTBET
DSJQDJPOFT Z DBQJUBMFT TPDJBMFT GVFSUFT
DPOTUSVDUPSFTZQSPUBHPOJTUBTEFJEFOUJ
EBEFTFTQFDÓGJDBTZDJVEBEBOÓBTBDUJWBT
t VOBCBTFQSPEVDUJWBEJOÈNJDBZTVTUFO
UBCMF
t JOTUJUVDJPOFTSFEFTZSFMBDJPOFTTPDJBMFT
F JOTUJUVDJPOBMFT RVF GBWPSF[DBO MB HP
CFSOBCJMJEBEZFMCVFOHPCJFSOPEFMBT
SFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTZMBTPDJFEBEOJDB
SBHàFOTFFOTVDPOKVOUP
&M EFTBGÓP EF MB DJVEBEBOÓB FO &TUBEPT
NVMUJÏUOJDPT
-B DJVEBEBOÓB FT MB CBTF TPCSF MB DVBM TF
DPOTUSVZFMBBVUPOPNÓBDPMFDUJWB&MMPTJH
OJGJDBUPNBSMBFOUPEBTVDPNQMFKJEBEFTUP
FTDPNPDJVEBEBOÓBDJWJMQPMÓUJDBTPDJBMZ
DVMUVSBM)BTUBBIPSBMBDJVEBEBOÓBJOEJWJ
EVBM TJHVF UFOJFOEP TV NFKPS TVTUFOUP FO
VO&TUBEPOBDJPOBMRVFBTFHVSBMBWJHFODJB
QBSBUPEPTEFDJFSUPTEFSFDIPTZPCMJHBDJP
OFTDPNVOFT4JZBFTEJGÓDJMIBDFSSFBMJEBE
MB DJVEBEBOÓB FO TPDJFEBEFT SFMBUJWBNFOUF
IPNPHÏOFBTZEPUBEBTEF&TUBEPTDPOTPMJ
EBEPTTVSHFVOEFTBGÓPBÞONBZPSDVBOEP
MBTQFSTPOBTSFJWJOEJDBOEFSFDIPTQPMÓUJDPT
TPDJBMFTZDVMUVSBMFTIFUFSPHÏOFPTZBWFDFT
EJGÓDJMFT EF DPNQBUJCJMJ[BS FO GVODJØO EF
TVT FTQFDJGJDJEBEFT IJTUØSJDBT DVMUVSBMFT Z
UFSSJUPSJBMFT .ÈT BÞO TJ FM QSPQJP &TUBEP
OBDJPOBMFTEÏCJMPQPDPJODMVTJWPPMBTJOT
UJUVDJPOFTRVFBTQJSBOBSFBMJ[BSFMQSJODJQJP
EFBVUPOPNÓBOPFTUÈODPOTPMJEBEBT&TUP
TF×BMB RVF MB DJVEBEBOÓB NVMUJÏUOJDB FT
VOEFTBGÓP
/JDBSBHVBFTNVMUJÏUOJDBQFSPUBNCJÏOMP
TPOBMPJOUFSOPMBTQSPQJBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOP
NBTEFM$BSJCFOJDBSBHàFOTF&TUPTJHOJGJDB
RVFOPTPMPIBEFDPOTUSVJSTFVOBJNBHFO
EF&TUBEPZTPDJFEBERVFEÏDVFOUBEFMBT
EJWFSTJEBEFT EF /JDBSBHVB 5BNCJÏO TFSÈ
OFDFTBSJP VO USBCBKP EF DPOTUSVDDJØO Z
GPSUBMFDJNJFOUP DVMUVSBM EF MB JEFOUJ
EBE SFHJPOBM DPTUF×B DBQB[ EF BSUJDVMBS
MBTNFNPSJBTZBETDSJQDJPOFTÏUOJDBTEF
TVT IBCJUBOUFT FO MB JOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBE
SFHJPOBM Z MB VOJEBE OBDJPOBM %FTEF
VOB QFSTQFDUJWB TPDJP DVMUVSBM TJ CJFO MBT
SFHJPOFT QPTFFO VOB GVFSUF FTQFDJGJDJEBE
RVFMBTEJTUJOHVFEFM$FOUSPZ1BDÓGJDPTV
DPOTUSVDDJØODPNPBDUPSFTDPOJEFOUJEBEZ
QSPZFDUPQSPQJPEFCFQPUFODJBSTFZSFDPSSFS
UPEBWÓBVOMBSHPUSBZFDUP
"VORVF MB DJVEBEBOÓB NVMUJDVMUVSBM FT VO
EJGÓDJMEFTBGÓPSFQSFTFOUBUBNCJÏOVOBPQPS
UVOJEBEQBSBUSBOTGPSNBSMPTUSBEJDJPOBMFT
&TUBEPTNPOPÏUOJDPTZFYDMVZFOUFTFO&T
UBEPTJODMVZFOUFTZNVMUJÏUOJDPTBSUJDVMBEPT
FDPOØNJDBTPDJBMDVMUVSBMZQPMÓUJDBNFOUF
1/6% D
&M SFDPOPDJNJFOUP EF
MB EJWFSTJEBE DVMUVSBM DPNQSPNFUF B VOB
DMBSBEJTQPTJDJØOEFJNQMFNFOUBSQPMÓUJDBT
BGJSNBUJWBTZSFGPSNBTQPMÓUJDPBENJOJTUSB
UJWBTRVFIBHBOSFBMMBJODMVTJØOFDPMØHJDB
FDPOØNJDB TPDJBM DVMUVSBM Z QPMÓUJDB EF
TPDJFEBEFTQVFCMPTZDPNVOJEBEFTFYDMVJ
EPTTVCBMUFSOPTPNJOPSJUBSJPT
1PSFTUBSB[ØOOPFTGBDUJCMFMBBVUPOPNÓB
TJOVOBTPDJFEBEGVFSUFDPOBDUPSFTEFGJOJ
EPTZQBSUJDJQBUJWPTDPOJOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBE
RVFBTFHVSFMBHPCFSOBCJMJEBEZDPOVOEJÈ
MPHPTPDJBMNVMUJDVMUVSBMFJOUFSDVMUVSBMRVF
QSPNVFWBMBBSUJDVMBDJØOOBDJPOBM
II. Regiones aut—nomas: historia, territorio, demograf’a y
desarrollohumano
-BT SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT TPO VO IFDIP
DPODSFUPDPOVOBFWPMVDJØOIJTUØSJDBEFGJ
OJEB Z DPO VO QSFTFOUF DBSBDUFSJ[BEP QPS
UFOEFODJBT EFUFSNJOBEBT &M EFCBUF TPCSF
FM GPSUBMFDJNJFOUP EF TV BVUPOPNÓB Z EF
4*/014*4
YJY
TVEFTBSSPMMPIVNBOPOPQVFEFTFSVOIF
DIPWPMVOUBSJTUBRVFOPUPNFFODVFOUBMBT
SFBMJEBEFT BDUVBMFT -B QBSUF TFHVOEB EFM
JOGPSNF FTUÈ EFTUJOBEB B FMBCPSBS VOB DB
SBDUFSJ[BDJØOEFMBTSFHJPOFTBQBSUJSEFTVT
UFOEFODJBTIJTUØSJDBTZEJOÈNJDBTBDUVBMFT
&TBNJSBEBDVMNJOBDPOMBFMBCPSBDJØOEFM
¶OEJDFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOPEFMBT3FHJP
OFT"VUØOPNBT
(SVQPTIVNBOPTZUFOEFODJBTEFNPHSÈ
GJDBT
YY
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
-BQPCMBDJØOEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTEF
MB$PTUB$BSJCFOJDBSBHàFOTFTFDBSBDUFSJ[B
QPS TV BMUB IFUFSPHFOFJEBE &O FM UFSSJUP
SJPDPOWJWFOEJGFSFOUFTQVFCMPTJOEÓHFOBT
BGSPEFTDFOEJFOUFT Z DPNVOJEBEFT ÏUOJDBT
DPO NFNPSJBT DPMFDUJWBT IJTUPSJBT DVMUV
SBTZMFOHVBTFTQFDÓGJDBTRVFMFTEJGFSFODJBO
FOUSFTÓZEFMSFTUPEFMBQPCMBDJØOOBDJP
OBM-B$POTUJUVDJØO1PMÓUJDBFM&TUBUVUP
EF"VUPOPNÓB-FZMB-FZEF-FOHVBT
/PZMB-FZ/PSFDPOPDFOMB
FYJTUFODJBEFQVFCMPTJOEÓHFOBTZDPNVOJ
EBEFTÏUOJDBT
&TUBEFOPNJOBDJØOEFQVFCMPTJOEÓHFOBTZ
DPNVOJEBEFTÏUOJDBTFTUÈMJHBEBBMBQSFTFO
DJBPSJHJOBSJBZUSBEJDJPOFTEFDBEBVOPEF
MPTQVFCMPTDPNVOJEBEFTZDVMUVSBTRVFVUJ
MJ[BSPOUSBEJDJPOBMNFOUFFMUFSSJUPSJP$BSJCF
NVDIPBOUFTEFMDPOUBDUPFVSPQFPFO
-PTQVFCMPTJOEÓHFOBTTFBTFOUBSPOFOÈSFBT
HFPHSÈGJDBTRVFMFTQPTJCJMJUBCBOMBTVQFSWJ
WFODJBBUSBWÏTEFMBSFDPMFDDJØOEFGSVUPT
DB[B Z QFTDB Z BMHVOBT BDUJWJEBEFT BHSPGP
SFTUBMFT QSPQJBT EFM USØQJDP IÞNFEP Z TV
CJPEJWFSTJEBE&OTVEFTBSSPMMPIBONBOUF
OJEPGVOEBNFOUBMNFOUFFTUBNJTNBEJOÈ
NJDB EBEP RVF IBTUB MB GFDIB FTUPT QVF
CMPTZDVMUVSBTTFMPDBMJ[BOFO[POBTEPOEF
FYJTUF VOB HSBO CJPEJWFSTJEBE 4V IÈCJUBU
USBEJDJPOBM MFT IB QFSNJUJEP NBOUFOFS VO
-FZEFM3ÏHJNFOEF1SPQJFEBE$PNVOBMEFMPT1VFCMPT*OEJHFOBT
Z$PNVOJEBEFT²UOJDBTEFMBT3FHJPOFT"VUØOPNBTEFMB$PTUB"U
MÈOUJDBEF/JDBSBHVBZEFMPTSÓPT#PDBZ$PDP*OEJPZ.BÓ[
SJUNP EF DSFDJNJFOUP EFNPHSÈGJDP MJHBEP
B MBT DPOEJDJPOFT EFM NFEJP BNCJFOUF MBT
BDUJWJEBEFT QSPEVDUJWBT EF FODMBWF Z MPT
NFSDBEPTMPDBMFT
$SFPMFTHBSÓGVOBTZNFTUJ[PTTPODPNVOJEB
EFTÏUOJDPDVMUVSBMFTRVFTFDPOTUJUVZFOFOFM
FTDFOBSJPSFHJPOBMDPNPSFTVMUBEPEFEJWFS
TPTQSPDFTPTEFWJPMFODJBNJHSBDJØOGPS[BEB
JOUFSDBNCJP DPMPOJ[BDJØO JOUFSOB Z GPSNB
DJØOEFJEFOUJEBEFTWJODVMBEPTBMBDPORVJTUB
ZDPMPOJ[BDJØONFUSPQPMJUBOPTZEFM&TUBEP
OBDJPOBM
-BTDPNVOJEBEFTÏUOJDBTDSFPMFTHBSÓGVOBT
Z NFTUJ[BT IBO EFTBSSPMMBEP TVT BTFOUB
NJFOUPTIVNBOPTMJHBEPTBMBTBDUJWJEBEFT
QSPEVDUJWBT Z DPNFSDJBMFT EF MPT EJGFSFO
UFT NPEFMPT EF FODMBWF EFM TFDUPS GPSFTUBM
ZBHSPQFDVBSJPBTÓDPNPBMBTEJOÈNJDBTZ
DJDMPTEFMNFSDBEPOBDJPOBMFJOUFSOBDJPOBM
EFTEFFMJOJDJPEFMQSPDFTPEFDPMPOJ[BDJØO
NFUSPQPMJUBOB ‰FVSPQFB Z OPSUFBNFSJDB
OB‰QBTBOEPQPSMBBOFYJØOEFMNVOJDJ
QJPEFMB3FTFSWB.PTRVJUBBM&TUBEPOBDJP
OBMFOIBTUBFMNPNFOUPBDUVBM
&M SFTVMUBEP EF MPT QSPDFTPT NJHSBUPSJPT
BTPDJBEPT B MBT QPMÓUJDBT EF PDVQBDJØO F
JOUFHSBDJØO GPS[BEB B MPT DPOGMJDUPT EF
EÏDBEBTQBTBEBTZBMEFTQMB[BNJFOUPEFMB
GSPOUFSBBHSÓDPMBIBEBEPMVHBSBVOBQSP
GVOEB USBOTGPSNBDJØO CJPEFNPHSÈGJDB FO
MPT ÞMUJNPT USFT MVTUSPT %F BDVFSEP B MPT
EBUPT EFNPHSÈGJDPT EJTQPOJCMFT QBSB FTUF
JOGPSNFVOQPSDJFOUPEFMBQPCMBDJØO
BDUVBMEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTFTEFPSJ
HFO NFTUJ[P F IJTQBOPQBSMBOUF (PO[ÈMF[
;BQBUBFUBM
&MEFTBSSPMMPIVNBOPFOMBTSFHJPOFTBV
UØOPNBT
&M¶OEJDFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOPEFBNCBT
SFHJPOFT FT VO WJTUB[P HFOFSBM RVF VCJDB
SÈQJEBNFOUFBMBTQFSTPOBTBMBTDPNVOJ
EBEFTEFBNCBTSFHJPOFTBTVTDBQBDJEBEFT
ZBTVTQSPCMFNBTNÈTSFMFWBOUFT&MSBOHP
EFWBSJBDJØOEFMPTÓOEJDFTFTEFBEPO
EFSFQSFTFOUBFMJEFBMUFØSJDPRVFQVFEF
BMDBO[BSTF EBEBT MBT UFOEFODJBT GVUVSBT EF
MPTQBÓTFTEFNÈTBMUPEFTBSSPMMP
&M¶OEJDFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP*%)QBSB
MB3""/FTZQBSBMB3""4
"NCPTTFVCJDBOFOFMEFTBSSPMMPIVNBOP
CBKP-PTNVOJDJQJPTRVFQSFTFOUBOMPTÓO
EJDFT NÈT CBKPT TPO 1SJO[BQPMLB 8BTQBN
Z4JVOBFOMB3""/&OMB3""4MPTNV
OJDJQJPTDPOÓOEJDFTNÈTCBKPTTPO1BJXBT
/VFWB (VJOFB &M 5PSUVHVFSP .VFMMF EF
MPT#VFZFTZ-B$SV[EF3ÓP(SBOEF
êndicedeDesarrolloHumanoMunicipal2005
Salud
Poblaci—n
(Hab)
Municipio
RAAN
Agua
Educaci—n
%de
Coberni–os
%de
turade
menoni–os
Cober- Retenvacunaresde1
con
turade
ci—n
ci—nen
a–oen
bajo
agua combimenoriesgo
pesoal
potable
nada
resde1
dedesnacer
a–o
nutrici—n
TBC
Econ—mico
ClasificaIngreIndice
ci—ncon
soper
deDepoblacioc‡pita sarrollo
nesactualiPrimario Humazaci—ncar(C$/Hab)
no
togr‡fica
0,466 Bajo
Waspam
43.343
81,73
5,15
17,72
21,40
88,03
83,60
803,89
PuertoCabezas
48.709
91,53
7,43
8,04
37,29
87,11
83,60
2.764,06
Rosita
21.866
78,47
7,75
7,47
45,05
78,51
93,69
758,24
Bonanza
16.164
86,36
3,87
5,14
33,28
88,47
82,18
3.499,06
0,547 Mediobajo
Waslala
42.171
95,08
8,60
7,95
6,76
85,76
67,23
2.478,93
0,446 Bajo
75.086
85,01
5,59
5,54
16,76
83,76
50,57
3.080,22
0,438 Bajo
7.534
81,74
15,79
6,50
10,06
84,31
65,74
1.919,20
0,420 Bajo
Siuna
Prinzapolka
RAAS
0,437 Bajo
0,527 Mediobajo
0,479 Bajo
0.454 Bajo
Paiwas
51.328
33,00
15,63
8,15
4,54
89,08
27,52
2.996,37
0,357 Bajo
LaCruzdeR’o
Grande
21.044
90,98
8,33
8,26
4,47
98,70
52,55
3.872,86
0,470 Bajo
8.658
84,46
2,33
5,87
29,69
90,33
69,95
6.667,64
0,622 Medioalto
ElAyote
12.468
73,14
8,52
1,52
35,23
86,44
80,96
3.835,42
0,553 Mediobajo
ElRama
55.528
65,24
4,63
2,09
35,75
84,42
57,28 3.006,40
0,471 Bajo
Muelledelos
Bueyes
28.054
89,12
6,55
2,77
30,15
88,42
54,64
3.003,49
0,467 Bajo
Kukra-Hill
11.095
77,26
6,27
5,10
25,52
83,68
35,22
6.953,35
0,539 Mediobajo
CornIsland
6.425
75,08
11,59
2,65
70,00
97,91
75,41 10.454,68
LagunadePerlas
0,807 Alto
Salud
Municipio
Poblaci—n
(Hab)
Agua
Educaci—n
%de
Coberni–os
%de
turade
menoni–os
Cober- Retenvacunaresde1
con
turade
ci—n
ci—nen
a–oen
bajo
agua combimenoriesgo
pesoal
potable
nada
resde1
dedesnacer
a–o
nutrici—n
TBC
Econ—mico
ClasificaIngreIndice
ci—ncon
soper
deDepoblacioc‡pita sarrollo
nesactualiPrimario Humazaci—ncar(C$/Hab)
no
togr‡fica
Bluefields
46.724
66,91
7,11
7,30
9,19
86,01
89,60
2.527,64
0,494 Bajo
NuevaGuinea
113.583
83,04
6,89
3,12
51,34
83,43
41,18
1.610,70
0,408 Bajo
ElTortuguero
12.956
73,14
7,14
9,83
7,82
72,89
42,95 4.624,00
0,443 Bajo
4.112
66,08
1,82
7,08
46,55
98,32
74,73
0,684 Medioalto
Desembocadura
delaCruzdeR’o
Grande
7.540,76
YYJ J
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
'VFOUF*/&$EFNPHSBGÓB
.*/4"TBMVE
&/"$"-BHVBQPUBCMF
.&$%FEVDBDJØO
$BCBM$BSM#SP/JUMBQBOZ$JQSFTFDPOPNÓB
III. El capital socio-cultural de
lasregionesaut—nomas
*EFOUJEBEFT EF MPT QVFCMPT JOEJHFOBT
BGSPEFTDFOEJFOUFTZDPNVOJEBEFTÏUOJDBT
-B DPOTPMJEBDJØO EF MB BVUPOPNÓB SFHJP
OBM Z EFM EFTBSSPMMP TVTUFOUBCMF EFQFOEF
EFDPOEJDJPOFTTPDJBMFTDVMUVSBMFTFJOTUJ
UVDJPOBMFT&TVOQSPDFTPEFDPOTUSVDDJØO
MMFWBEP B DBCP QPS BDUPSFT NPWJMJ[BEPT
QPS TVT QSPZFDUPT F JEFOUJEBEFT Z DBOBMJ
[BEPTBMJOUFSJPSEFMBTJOTUJUVDJPOFT&TUPT
SFDVSTPT TPDJPDVMUVSBMFT UJFOFO VO EFTB
SSPMMPNVZEFTJHVBMFOMBTSFHJPOFT&TUP
DPOUSJCVZF B FYQMJDBS FO CVFOB QBSUF MBT
EJGJDVMUBEFT Z UFOTJPOFT RVF FOGSFOUB MB
BVUPOPNÓBSFHJPOBM
-BTJEFOUJEBEFTZBETDSJQDJPOFTÏUOJDBTOP
TPO FTFODJBT SFTJEVBMFT FTUÈUJDBT BODMBEBT
FO FM QBTBEP 4PO FOUJEBEFT EJOÈNJDBT FO
DPOTUBOUFSFEFGJOJDJØOZDPOTUSVDDJØO&TUF
QSPDFTPFTGSVUPEFMBTSFMBDJPOFTTPDJBMFTZ
DVMUVSBMFT Z EFQFOEF EF MBT JNÈHFOFT SF
DÓQSPDBT RVF UJFOFO MPT HSVQPT IVNBOPT
-BT JEFOUJEBEFT EF MPT QVFCMPT JOEÓHFOBT
BGSPDBSJCF×PT Z DPNVOJEBEFT ÏUOJDBT EF
MBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTTPOFMGSVUPEFTVT
USBEJDJPOFTZTÓNCPMPTÏUOJDPDVMUVSBMFTBTÓ
DPNPEFMBTFYQFSJFODJBTIJTUØSJDBTEFMVDIB
ZTPCSFWJWFODJBSFDPHJEBTFOTVTNFNPSJBT
DPMFDUJWBT 1FSP UBNCJÏO IBO EFTFNQF×B
EPVOBGVODJØOJNQPSUBOUFMBTJNÈHFOFTZ
QSFKVJDJPTRVFMBTPDJFEBENBZPSJUBSJBZFM
&TUBEPOBDJPOBMIBOUFOJEPTPCSFMB$PTUB
$BSJCFZWJDFWFSTB-BTJEFOUJEBEFTDPTUF
×BT TF USBOTGPSNBO IPZ FO SFMBDJØO DPO
TVTEJÈMPHPTZDPOGMJDUPTDPOMBTPDJFEBE
NBZPSJUBSJB FM &TUBEP Z B QBSUJS EF MB
HMPCBMJ[BDJØODPOFMNVOEPFOUFSP
-B-FZEF"VUPOPNÓBIBHFOFSBEPOVFWPT
FTQBDJPT Z FYQBOEJEP MB JOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBE
QPMÓUJDB 4JO FNCBSHP FTB JOTUJUVDJPOBMJ
EBE OP FTUÈ BDPNQB×BEB BM NJTNP OJWFM
QPSFMEFTBSSPMMPEFMPT BDUPSFT QPMÓUJDPT Z
EF TVT QSPZFDUPT 1PS PUSB QBSUF MB GPSUB
MF[B RVF EFCFSÓBO UFOFS MBT JEFOUJEBEFT
MFOHVBT Z OBSSBUJWBT DPNVOBMFT Z SFHJPOB
MFTOPTFDPSSFTQPOEFDPOFMEÏCJMOJWFMEF
SFDPOPDJNJFOUP Z QBSUJDJQBDJØO RVF FMMBT
FODVFOUSBO FO MPT JNBHJOBSJPT QPMÓUJDBT F
JOTUJUVDJPOFTEFMBTPDJFEBENBZPSJUBSJBZFM
&TUBEPOBDJPOBM
-B FWPMVDJØO EF MBT MFOHVBT QSPQJBT FT VO
CVFOJOEJDBEPSEFMBUSBOTGPSNBDJØOZWJUBMJ
EBEEFMBTJEFOUJEBEFT-PRVFTFPCTFSWBFOFM
DBTPEFMB$PTUB$BSJCFFTVOSFMBUJWPEFCJMJUB
NJFOUPEFDBEBMFOHVBFOQBSUJDVMBSTFHÞOTV
OÞNFSPEFIBCMBOUFT1FSPTJNVMUÈOFBNFOUF
TFDPOTUBUBVOFYUSBPSEJOBSJPEFTBSSPMMPEFMB
EJWFSTJEBEMJOHàÓTUJDBFJOUFSDVMUVSBMEFMPTIB
CJUBOUFTEFMB$PTUBZTVTDPNVOJEBEFT.V
DIPTDPTUF×PTIBCMBOEPTUSFTZBWFDFTDVBUSP
MFOHVBT FTQFDJBMNFOUF FO MBT DJVEBEFT NVM
UJÏUOJDBTZFOMBTDPNVOJEBEFTDVZPTNJFN
CSPTQSPWJFOFOEFNÈTEFVOQVFCMPJOEÓHFOB
PDPNVOJEBEÏUOJDBPEPOEFMPTWFDJOPTTPO
EFVOBDPNVOJEBEÏUOJDBEJGFSFOUF
&T FWJEFOUF RVF MBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT
USBOTJUBO QPS VO QSPDFTP EF USBOTGPSNB
DJØO EF MBT JEFOUJEBEFT FTQFDÓGJDBT IBDJB
VOB JEFOUJEBE JOUFSDVMUVSBM DPTUF×B QSP
NPWJEBQPSMPTNJTNPTQVFCMPTDPNPVOB
FTUSBUFHJB EF TVQFSWJWFODJB BOUF MB DVMUVSB
IFHFNØOJDBOBDJPOBMNFTUJ[BRVFJNQVM
TBOJOTUJUVDJPOFTOBDJPOBMFTZFYUFSOBT
1BSB IBCMBS EF DJVEBEBOÓB TF EFCF
EFIBCMBSQSJNFSPEFJEFOUJEBE/P
TPUSPT MPT DPTUF×PT EFCFNPT TFOUJSOPT
QSJNFSPIJKPTEFMB$PTUB$BSJCFQBSB
QPTUFSJPSNFOUFTFSIJKPTEFMB/BDJØO
/JDBSBHàFOTF(SVQPGPDBMNJYUPEF
#JMXJ$VOOJOHIBNFUBM
&MQPSDJFOUPEFMPTIBCJUBOUFTEFMBDPTUB
TFTJFOUFUBOUPPNÈTDPTUF×PTRVFOJDBSBHàFO
TFT&TUPOPTJHOJGJDBDPNPCJFOJOEJDBMBDJUB
BOUFSJPSRVFTFQSPNVFWBVOBOFHBDJØOEFMB
JEFOUJEBEOJDBSBHàFOTF4FUSBUBNÈTCJFOEF
VOQSPDFTPDPOEJDJPOBMVODPTUF×POPMPHSB
TFOUJSTFOJDBSBHàFOTFTJBOUFTOPFTUÈCJFOFT
UBCMFDJEBTVJEFOUJEBEDPTUF×B
Identidadcoste–a
Enrelaci—nconsuidentidadcoste–a,ustedsesienteÉ
Comentarios
M‡scoste–oquenicaragŸense
Tancoste–ocomo
nicaragŸense
M‡snicaragŸensequecoste–o
Nosabe/noresponde
Encuesta1997
(%)
32,7
Encuesta
2001(%)
36,9
Encuesta
2005(%)
11,9
45,8
43,5
48,1
15,9
5,6
17,1
2,5
31,6
8,4
'VFOUF$VOOJOHIBNFUBM
&M FMFNFOUP BSUJDVMBEPS EF FTUF QSPDFTP EF DPOTUSVDDJØO EF MB
JEFOUJEBE DPTUF×B FT MB JOUFSDVMUVSBMJEBE FOUFOEJEB DPNP QPMÓUJDB
ZIFSSBNJFOUBEFDPOWJWFODJBBSNØOJDBZSFTQFUVPTBFOUSFDVMUVSBT
RVFDPNQBSUFOVOQSPZFDUPQPMÓUJDPZEFWJEBDPNÞOMBBVUPOPNÓB
NVMUJÏUOJDB SFHJPOBM &M UÏSNJOP iDPTUF×Pw IBDF SFGFSFODJB B VOB
JEFOUJEBEHFOÏSJDBSFHJPOBMEFGVFSUFCBTFUFSSJUPSJBMRVFTJOFNCBS
HPFTUÈDPNQVFTUBQPSVODPOKVOUPNVZEJWFSTPEFJEFOUJEBEFTZ
BETDSJQDJPOFTFTQFDÓGJDBT$BEBQVFCMPJOEÓHFOBBGSPDBSJCF×PZDP
NVOJEBEÏUOJDBUJFOFTVIJTUPSJBFTQFDÓGJDBGPSNBEFWJEBZDVMUVSBZ
FYJTUFOSFMBDJPOFTJOUFSÏUOJDBTRVFDPOGJHVSBOFMNBSDPEFSFMBDJPOFT
BDUVBMFTFOUSFHSVQPT(PO[ÈMF[
4*/014*4
YYJJJ
&TFWJEFOUFFMDSFDJNJFOUPEFMOÞNFSPEF
FOUSFWJTUBEPTRVFBGJSNBOTJNVMUÈOFBNFO
UFTVJEFOUJEBEÏUOJDBQSPQJBTVTFSDPTUF×P
Z TFS OJDBSBHàFOTF 4JO FNCBSHP MB USJQMF
SFMBDJØOFOUSFJEFOUJEBEJOEÓHFOBPÏUOJDB
SFHJPOBM iDPTUF×Bw Z DJVEBEBOÓB OBDJPOBM
OPFTGÈDJM-BTQFSDFQDJPOFTSFDÓQSPDBTOP
TFDPSSFTQPOEFOCJFOZMBTWBMPSBDJPOFTOP
TPO JHVBMFT FO BNCBT EJSFDDJPOFT DPNP
NVFTUSBPUSPSFTVMUBEPEFMBFODVFTUBSFBMJ
[BEBQBSBFTUFJOGPSNFEPOEFDBTJVOBUFS
DFSBQBSUFEFMBTQFSTPOBTFOUSFWJTUBEBTFO
FM1BDÓGJDPBGJSNBORVFMB$PTUB$BSJCFOP
BQPSUBBMBTPDJFEBEOJDBSBHàFOTF
ÀConsideraustedquelaCostaCaribeaportaalgoala
sociedadnicaragŸense,alpa’s?
Si
No
Duda
NS/NR
Total
Caribe
No.
%
604
63,6
141
14,8
44
4,6
161
16,9
950
100
Pac’fico
No.
%
378
42,0
292
32,4
79
8,8
151
16,8
900
100
'VFOUF$"4$*QBEF
$BQJUBMTPDJBMZBTPDJBUJWJEBE
&M DBQJUBM TPDJBM OFDFTBSJP QBSB FM EFTBSSP
MMP IVNBOP JODMVZF EPT EJNFOTJPOFT IP
SJ[POUBM P DPNVOJUBSJP ‰RVF TF SFGJFSF B
MBTGPSNBTEFBTPDJBDJØOZDPPQFSBDJØOFO
MB CBTF‰ Z WFSUJDBM ‰RVF TF SFGJFSF B MPT
WÓODVMPTDPOMPTEJTUJOUPTOJWFMFTEFMBTP
DJFEBEZEFM&TUBEP
&KFTEFMDBQJUBMTPDJBMDPNVOJUBSJPJOEÓHFOBZBGSPDBSJCF×P
&MDPODFQUPEFKVOUPTUJFOFOWJODVMBDPNVOJEBEDPOQBUSJNPOJPDPNÞOZBODFTUSBMRVFMBJEFOUJmDBDPNPUBM
UFSSJUPSJPSFDVSTPTOBUVSBMFTMFOHVBDPOPDJNJFOUPTRVFNÈTRVFJOGPSNBDJØOTPOiTBCFSFTw5BNCJÏOBMVEFBM
QSJODJQJPEFMBJHVBMEBEJHVBMEBEEFBDDFTPBSFDVSTPTPQPSUVOJEBEFTEFQSPHSFTPEFDBEBVOPZEFUPEPTMPTDP
NVOJUBSJPT
RVFTFJEFOUJmDBFOFMTJTUFNBJOTUJUVDJPOBMJ[BEPEFWBMPSFTOPSNBTZDØEJHPTEFDPOEVDUBDPNPVOP
EFMPTEFSFDIPTGVOEBNFOUBMFTEFDBEBVOPEFMPTNJFNCSPTEFMBGBNJMJBZMBDPNVOJEBE
+VOUPTIBDFOVOFFTUSFDIBNFOUFBMBGBNJMJBDPOMBDPNVOJEBEZBBNCBTDPOFMTJTUFNBEFSFQSPEVDDJØOFDPOØ
NJDPTPDJBMRVFTFGVOEBNFOUBFOFMFTGVFS[PZUSBCBKPDPMFDUJWPFOFMQSJODJQJPEFSFDJQSPDJEBEDVZBNÈYJNB
FYQSFTJØOFTMBJOTUJUVDJØOEFMiQBOBQBOBwZEFMiCJSJCJSJwRVFDPOUSJCVZFOBTVWF[BGPSUBMFDFSFMTFOUJEPEF
QFSUFOFODJBDPNVOJUBSJP
+VOUPTDPNQBSUFOFTUÈWJODVMBEPDPOMBJNQPSUBODJBEFMBTIJTUPSJBTZWJWFODJBTDPNVOFTFOMBDPOTUSVDDJØOEFMUFKJ
EPTPDJBMDPNVOJUBSJPZDPOMBDPTNPWJTJØORVFTFUJFOFDPNPQVFCMP4FSFUPNBBTÓFMQBTBEPQBSBWJWJSFMQSFTFOUF
ZQFOTBSFMGVUVSPDPOMBTVUPQÓBTZTVF×PTDPNQBSUJEPTDPNPDPNVOJEBEZDPNPQVFCMP5BNCJÏOFTUFQSJODJQJP
FTUBSFMBDJPOBEPDPOMPTTJTUFNBTJOTUJUVDJPOBMJ[BEPTEFmOFTOPSNBTZWBMPSFTRVFSJHFOFJEFOUJmDBOBMPTDPNV
OJUBSJPT-BUSJMPHÓBEFUFSSJUPSJPJEFOUJEBEZCJFODPNÞODPOTUJUVZFMBDPMVNOBWFSUFCSBMEFEJDIPQBSBEJHNB
-PTEJTUJOUPTQVFCMPTJOEÓHFOBTZDPNVOJ
EBEFTÏUOJDBTIBOTFHVJEPEJGFSFOUFTSVUBT
FO MBT GPSNBT EF TV DBQJUBM TPDJBM &MMP IB
EBEPMVHBSBEJGFSFOUFTDPOGJHVSBDJPOFTEF
PSHBOJ[BDJØOZEFJOUFOTJEBEFOMBQBSUJDJ
QBDJØOTPDJBMZDJVEBEBOB
"VORVFFM&TUBEPMBTJOTUJUVDJPOFTZBHFOUFT
RVF QSPNVFWFO FM EFTBSSPMMP MPDBM ‰BHFO
DJBT NVMUJMBUFSBMFT WJMBUFSBMFT Z 0/( OB
DJPOBMFTFJOUFSOBDJPOBMFT‰SFDPOPDFOGPS
NBMNFOUFMBMFHJUJNJEBEEFMBPSHBOJ[BDJØO
TPDJBMDPNVOJUBSJB JOEÓHFOB ‰$POTFKP EF
"ODJBOPT KVF[ DPNVOBM P XJIUB TÓOEJDP
TVLJBQBTUPSQPMJDÓBDPNVOBM‰FOMBQSÈD
UJDBMBUFOEFODJBIBTJEPMBEFJNQVMTBSFMEF
TBSSPMMPEFOVFWBTFTUSVDUVSBTPSHBOJ[BUJWBT
&TUBTOVFWBTFTUSVDUVSBTZSFQSFTFOUBDJPOFT
PSHBOJ[BUJWBT IBO BVNFOUBEP MB EFOTJEBE
EFM PSHBOJHSBNB TPDJPDPNVOJUBSJP Z FTUÈO
WJODVMBEBTJ
DPOMBFNFSHFODJBEFOVFWPT
BDUPSFT FO FM ÈNCJUP EFM QPEFS DPNVOBM
NVKFSFTZKØWFOFT
ZJJ
DPOMBFNFSHFODJB
EFOVFWPTUFNBTZQSJPSJEBEFTDPMPDBEPTFO
MBBHFOEBJOEÓHFOBZBGSPDBSJCF×BDPNPEF
TBSSPMMPDPNVOJUBSJPHFTUJØOEFSFDVSTPTOB
UVSBMFTZEFMBNCJFOUFSFMBDJPOFTEFHÏOFSP
WJPMFODJBJOUSBGBNJMJBSDPOTVNPEFESPHBTZ
7*)4*%"
&MMPIBEBEPMVHBSBVOBUSBOTJDJØOFOMBT
GPSNBTEFMDBQJUBMTPDJBMSFHJPOBMQBTBOEP
EFGPSNBTDPNVOJUBSJBTUSBEJDJPOBMFTBGPS
NBTNÈTFTQFDJBMJ[BEBTZDPNQMFKBT$PNP
DPOTFDVFODJBIBZVOBUFOEFODJBBNPEJGJ
DBSMPTDSJUFSJPTEFQFSUFOFODJBBMBDPNVOJ
EBEZHSVQPTPDJBM-BSFWJTJØOEFMQSPDFTP
VUJMJ[BEPFOMBEFNBSDBDJØOZUJUVMBDJØOEF
MPTUFSSJUPSJPTJOEÓHFOBTVCJDBEPTFOMB3F
TFSWB#PTBXÈTJMVTUSBMPTQSJODJQBMFTDSJUF
SJPTRVFTFIBOVUJMJ[BEPQBSBDPOGPSNBSZ
FTUSVDUVSBSFTUFOVFWPFTQBDJPiJOUFSDPNV
OJUBSJPw-BVCJDBDJØOHFPFDPMØHJDBIJTUØ
SJDB Z DVMUVSBM EF MBT DPNVOJEBEFT QBSFDF
TFSFMDSJUFSJPQSFWBMFDJFOUFQBSBBHSVQBSB
MBT DPNVOJEBEFT Z FTUBCMFDFS MBT GSPOUFSBT
EFDBEBUFSSJUPSJP
$PNP SFTVMUBEP TF IBO DPOTUJUVJEP UFSSJ
UPSJPT JOEÓHFOBT CJÏUOJDPT Z NVMUJÏUOJDPT
&MMP TJHOJGJDB VO EFTBGÓP FO MB NFEJEB FO
RVFFOFTPTOVFWPTFTQBDJPTUJFOEFOBUSBT
MBQBSTFDPOKVHBOEPGPSNBTEFBETDSJQDJØO
PSHBOJ[BDJØO SFQSFTFOUBDJØO BVUPSJEBE Z
QBSBEJHNBTEFDBQJUBMTPDJBMZDVMUVSBMRVF
TPOEJGFSFOUFT
-BPSHBOJ[BDJØONFTUJ[BNVFTUSBVOQBUSØO
QBSUJDVMBSEFBTPDJBUJWJEBE"EFNÈTEFTFS
VOPEFMPTQSJODJQBMFTBDUPSFTFDPOØNJDPT
EF MBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT BDVTB VO BMUP
OJWFM EF PSHBOJ[BDJØO FO DVBOUP DBNQF
TJOBEP %FM JOWFOUBSJP EF PSHBOJ[BDJPOFT
SFHJTUSBEBT MBT PSHBOJ[BDJPOFT DBNQFTJOBT
SFQSFTFOUBO FM QPS DJFOUP "OBMJ[BEB
EFTEFFMQVOUPEFWJTUBEFMBBTPDJBUJWJEBE
ÏUOJDB MB BTPDJBUJWJEBE NFTUJ[BDBNQFTJOB
FTMBRVFUJFOFFMNBZPSQFTPQPSDJFOUP
DPNQBSBEB DPO MB BTPDJBUJWJEBE JOEÓHFOB
RVFSFQSFTFOUBFMQPSDJFOUPZMBBGSPDB
SJCF×BDPOFMQPSDJFOUP
4JOFNCBSHPMBBTPDJBUJWJEBENFTUJ[BBEJ
GFSFODJB EF MB BTPDJBUJWJEBE JOEÓHFOB Z MB
BGSPDBSJCF×B QBSFDF QPDP JOUFHSBEPSB EFM
DPOKVOUPEFMBWJEBDBNQFTJOBZEFTVTSFMB
DJPOFTDPOFMNFEJPBNCJFOUF&MMBNVFTUSB
VOQFSGJMNBSDBEBNFOUFFDPOØNJDPFJOT
USVNFOUBM -PT UJQPT EF PSHBOJ[BDJØO RVF
TFIBOQSJWJMFHJBEPBEFNÈTEFSFTQPOEFSB
JOUFSFTFTEFSJWBEPTEFMFTUSBUPTPDJBMBMRVF
QFSUFOFDFO PCFEFDFO UBNCJÏO BM UJQP EF
PSHBOJ[BDJØORVFDPOTJEFSBONÈTÞUJMQBSB
HBSBOUJ[BSTVTSFTQFDUJWBTMØHJDBTFDPOØNJ
DBTFOFMOVFWPFOUPSOPFDPOØNJDPQPMÓUJ
DPJOTUJUVDJPOBMRVFDBSBDUFSJ[BBMQBÓT
4*/014*4
YY W
AsociatividadporidentidadŽtnica
'VFOUF$FJNN6SBDDBOTPCSFMBCBTFEFNBQFPBTPDJBUJWJEBE
-BT PSHBOJ[BDJPOFT QPMÓUJDBT SFHJPOBMFT
1".6$ 1"3 1BSUJEP 3FHJPOBM /VFWB
"MUFSOBUJWB 1"3/"
TF IBO DPOTUJUVJEP
FOUPSOPBMBTCBOEFSBTEFMBiVOJEBEDPT
UF×BwMBiBVUPOPNÓBwZMPSFHJPOBM1PSTV
QBSUF:BUBNBFOGBUJ[BTVCBTFPSHBOJ[BDJP
OBM DPNVOJUBSJB F JOEÓHFOB -PT QBSUJEPT
QPMÓUJDPT SFHJPOBMFT OP IBO QPEJEP DPO
TPMJEBS VOB CBTF TPDJBM QFSNBOFOUF IBO
UFOJEP VOB MØHJDB NÈT FMFDUPSBM Z OP IBO
MPHSBEPNBOUFOFSTFFOFMFTDFOBSJPQPMÓUJ
DP Z FMFDUPSBM SFHJPOBM 4JO FNCBSHP VOB
DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBDPNÞOEFMBTPSHBOJ[BDJPOFT
QPMÓUJDBTSFHJPOBMFTIBTJEPFMFOPSNFEF
TBGÓPEFFOGSFOUBSTFEFGPSNBEFTJHVBMBMBT
QPMÓUJDBTFMFDUPSBMFTOBDJPOBMFTEJTDSJNJOB
UPSJBT Z FYDMVZFOUFT EF MBT PSHBOJ[BDJPOFT
QPMÓUJDBTSFHJPOBMFT
-BT NVKFSFT BQBSFDFO DPNP VOP EF MPT
QSJODJQBMFT BDUPSFT FNFSHFOUFT DPO VO
UFOEJEP BTPDJBUJWP NVZ EFOTP Z DPO VO
QFTPTJHOJGJDBUJWPMBTBTPDJBDJPOFTEF
NVKFSFTRVFGVFSPOSFHJTUSBEBTSFQSFTFO
UBOFMQPSDJFOUPEFMUPUBMJOWFOUBSJB
EP4JOFNCBSHPFOUÏSNJOPTEFDPCFSUVSB
HFPHSÈGJDB ÏUOJDB Z UFNÈUJDB MB USBNB JO
UFSOBFTBÞOEÏCJM
'BDUPSFTEJOBNJ[BEPSFTEFMDBQJUBMTPDJBMFOMB$PTUB$BSJCF
1BSUJFOEPEFMBTDBSBDUFSÓTUJDBTQSPQJBTEFDBEBUJQPEFDBQJUBMTPDJBMZEFTVTFMFNFOUPTDPOTUJUVUJWPTIBZGBDUPSFT
EJOBNJ[BEPSFTRVFDPOUSJCVZFOBQPUFODJBSBÞONÈTFTFDBQJUBM1VFEFOJEFOUJmDBSTFGBDUPSFTUBOHJCMFTFJOUBOHJCMFT
EFÓOEPMFFDPOØNJDBDVMUVSBMSFMJHJPTBÏUJDBFEVDBUJWBMJOHàÓTUJDBKVSÓEJDBZQPMÓUJDB"DPOUJOVBDJØOTFSFTF×BO
MPTQSJODJQBMFTGBDUPSFTQPUFODJBEPSFTEFBDVFSEPBMPTQSPQJPTBDUPSFT
t 6TPBQSPQJBEPEFMPTNBSDPTKVSÓEJDPTFTUBCMFDJEPT
t MJEFSB[HPBSUJDVMBEPZOPSNBUJWPEFMBTJHMFTJBTDPNPJOTUJUVDJPOFT
&MDBTPEFMBPSHBOJ[BDJØOJOEÓHFOB:BUBNBBOUFMB$PSUF*OUF
SBNFSJDBOBEF%FSFDIPT)VNBOPTFKFNQMJGJDBFTBTQPMÓUJDBTEFFY
DMVTJØO :BUBNB Z PUSBT PSHBOJ[BDJPOFT QPMÓUJDBT SFHJPOBMFT GVFSPO
FYDMVJEBTFOQSPDFTPTFMFDUPSBMFTNVOJDJQBMFTQSFWJPTQSPEVDUPEFMB
FMJNJOBDJØOEFMBTBTPDJBDJPOFTEFTVCTDSJQDJØOQPQVMBS
t MBOPDJØOEFCJFODPNÞOJOTUJUVDJPOBMJ[BEPFOFMQBSBEJHNBDPNVOJUBSJPJOEÓHFOBZBGSPDBSJCF×PZFMQBQFM
EFMBTNVKFSFTDPNPBSUJDVMBEPSBTZHBSBOUFTEFMDBQJUBMTPDJBM
t MBSFWJUBMJ[BDJØOEFMBMFOHVBZMBDVMUVSB
t MBFEVDBDJØOGPSNBM
t MPTJOUFSFTFTZFYQFDUBUJWBTFDPOØNJDPT
t FMSFGFSFOUFEFNPEFMPTBVUØDUPOPTZ
t FMSPMEFMPTQBSUJEPTQPMÓUJDPTZFMEFTQMJFHVFEFMPTJOUFSFTFTDJVEBEBOPT
4JOFNCBSHPUBNCJÏOFYJTUFOGBDUPSFTRVFEJTUPSTJPOBOFSPTJPOBOZEFTUSVZFOFMDBQJUBMTPDJBM-PTQSJODJQBMFT
TPO
t
t
t
t
t
t
-PTDFMPTUVNBO
ZMBTFOWJEJBTOJOBMBXJ
DPNPGBDUPSFTFSPTJPOBEPSFTJOUBOHJCMFT
MBTTFDVFMBTEFMPTNPWJNJFOUPTEFQPCMBDJØOFOUJFNQPTEFMBHVFSSBZEFMBNJHSBDJØOBDUVBM
MBMMBNBEBDSJTJTJOUFSHFOFSBDJPOBM
MBFEVDBDJØOTJOQFSUJOFODJBDVMUVSBM
MBWJPMFODJBWJTJCMFZFODVCJFSUBFOFMiDØEJHPQBUSJBSDBMwRVFSJHFMBWJEBDPUJEJBOBFOFMNVOEPSVSBMNFTUJ[PZ
FMDPOTVNPEFBMDPIPMZESPHBT
IV.Econom’a,sistemasproductivosymercados
-BNBZPSQBSUFEFMBQPCMBDJØODPTUF×BEF
QFOEF FDPOØNJDBNFOUF EF MBT BDUJWJEBEFT
FOMPTTJHVJFOUFTTFDUPSFTDPNFSDJPZTFSWJ
DJPTBHSÓDPMBQFTRVFSPZTJMWPQBTUPSJM
Fuentedeingresosdelasfamiliasde
laRAANylaRAAS
ÀCu‡leslaprincipal
Nœmero
fuentedeingresos
derespudeustedysufaestas
milia?
Siembra
Porcentaje
281
29,6
Servicios
212
22,3
Otros
128
13,5
Pesca
119
12,5
Comercio
111
11,7
Ganado
59
6,2
Remesas
22
2,3
GŸiriser’a
11
1,2
Artesan’as
6
0,6
Miner’a
Total
1
0,1
950
100
'VFOUF$"4$*QBEF
"VORVFMBQPCSF[BFO/JDBSBHVBTFIBSF
EVDJEPFOFMDPOSFMBDJØOBMBT
SFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTTJHVFOTJFOEPMPTUF
SSJUPSJPTDPOMPTNBZPSFTOJWFMFTEFQPCSF[B
Z FYUSFNB QPCSF[B EF TVT NVOJDJ
QJPT TF SFQPSUBSPO FO FO TJUVBDJØO
EFFYUSFNBQPCSF[B
ZMPTRVFQSFTFOUBOMB
CSFDIBEFQPCSF[BMBSFMBDJØOEFMPTJODSF
4*/014*4
YY WJJ
NFOUPTEFMDPOTVNPQSPNFEJPOFDFTBSJPT
QBSB RVF MB QPCMBDJØO EFKF EF TFS QPCSF
NÈTBMUBDPOQPSDJFOUP
&OUSFMPTQSJODJQBMFTQSPCMFNBTJEFOUJGJDB
EPT QPS MB QPCMBDJØO DPTUF×B SFMBDJPOBEPT
DPO MBT DPOEJDJPOFT FDPOØNJDBT EF MBT SF
HJPOFTBVUØOPNBTEFTUBDBO
t 'BMUB EF QSPNPDJØO EF MPT NFSDBEPT
QBSBMPTQSPEVDUPTEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØ
OPNBT
t BMUBEFQFOEFODJBEFQSPEVDUPTEFM1BDÓ
GJDPFJNQPSUBEPTEFMFYUFSJPS
t SFEVDJEBQSFTFODJBEFMTJTUFNBGJOBODJF
SPZTFSWJDJPTNJDSPGJOBODJFSPTFOBQPZP
BMBQSPEVDDJØODPNVOJUBSJBZMPDBM
t JOTFHVSJEBEFOFMVTPZUFOFODJBEFMB
UJFSSBZ
t BMUP DPTUP EF WJEB QPS DJFOUP
NÈTBMUPRVFFOFMSFTUPEFMQBÓT
yDVBMRVJFSDPTBBRVÓWBMFIBTUBEPT
P USFT WFDFT NÈT5FOFNPT RVF QBHBS
NVDIP NÈT DBSP MP RVF TF DPOTVNF
EFMPRVFQBHBMBHFOUFEFM1BDÓGJDP
1SPCBCMFNFOUF HBOP NFOPT RVF MPT
EFM1BDÓGJDPZNFWJFOFODPOFMDVFO
UP EFM USBOTQPSUFy (SVQP GPDBM EF
#MVFGJFMET$"4$*QBEF
$BSBDUFSÓTUJDBT EF MBT [POBT EF EFTB
SSPMMPQSPEVDUJWPEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØ
OPNBT
-BFDPOPNÓBEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTEF
MB$PTUB$BSJCFEF/JDBSBHVBTFEFTBSSPMMB
CBKPUSFTNPEPTEFQSPEVDDJØOFDPOPNÓB
DBNQFTJOB FDPOPNÓB JOEÓHFOB Z ÏUOJDB
DPNVOJUBSJB Z FDPOPNÓB FNQSFTBSJBM FY
QPSUBEPSBEFNBUFSJBTQSJNBTBOJWFMQSJ
NBSJP &TUPT NPEPT EF QSPEVDDJØO Z TV
DPNCJOBDJØOBTÓDPNPMBEJWFSTJEBEEFMBT
GVFOUFTNBUFSJBMFTEFSJRVF[BZFMUJQPEF
BDUPSFT QSFEPNJOBOUFT EBO PSJHFO B EJ
WFSTBT[POBTEFFYQMPUBDJØOFDPOØNJDBFO
MBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTDPNPMPSFTVNFFM
TJHVJFOUFSFDVBESP
Resumendelosprincipalesindicadoresdelaszonasproductivas
Indicador
Habitantesrurales
xKmƆ
Comunidades
Žtnicasypueblos
ind’genas
Principalactividad
Destinodela
producci—nprincipal
Zonamarino
costera,conocida
comoLitoral
pesquero
1a3
Miskitos
Creoles
Rama
Gar’funas
Capturadelangosta,
camar—nyescamas
depescados
¥ EE.UU.,(Miami)
¥ Mercadolocal
Zonadesabanasde
pino,conocidacomo
Zonadelosllanos
Zonadebosque
hœmedotropical
1a3
Miskitos
1a5
Sumu/mayangnas
miskitos
mestizos
Extracci—nde
maderadepino
¥
Zonaagropecuaria
10a34
Mestizos,miskitos,
sumu/mayangnas,
rama
Extracci—nde
¥ Ganader’a
maderadecolor ¥ Granosb‡sicos
¥ Extracci—nde
conŽnfasisen
arroz
oroyplata
¥ CafŽycacao
¥ TubŽrculos
Mercadolocale
¥ Madera:islas
¥ EE.UU.,(Miami)
¥ islascaribe–as
interregional,RAAN
caribe–asy
yRAAS
mercadonacional ¥ ElSalvador
¥ Oroyplata:
¥ CostaRica
Canad‡
¥ Mercadonacional
ylocal
Indicador
Actoressocialesde
laeconom’alocal
Actividades
secundarias
Zonamarino
costera,conocida
comoLitoral
pesquero
¥ Trabajadoresdel
mar
¥ Microempresarios
ypeque–os
empresarios
¥ Empresarios
¥ Agriculturade
autoconsumo
¥ Comercioy
servicios
¥ Turismo,Corn
IslandyLittleC.I.
Zonadesabanasde
pino,conocidacomo
Zonadelosllanos
Zonadebosque
hœmedotropical
¥ Ind’gena
¥ Ind’genas
consistema
consistema
agroforestal
agroforestal,
¥ Microempresarios
empresarios
ypeque–os
¥ Empresarios
empresariosde
madererosy
madera
mineros
¥ Guardabosques,
ONGyagencias
decooperaci—n
¥ Agriculturaparael ¥ Agricultura
autoconsumo
deautoconsumo
Zonaagropecuaria
¥ Campesinosde
subsistencia
¥ Campesinos
finqueros
¥ Finqueros
¥ Empresarios
agropecuarios.
¥ ONGyagencias
decooperaci—n
¥ Comercioy
servicios
'VFOUF/JUMBQÈO6$"FMBCPSBDJØOQSPQJBQBSBFTUFJOGPSNF
$POUSJCVDJØOFDPOØNJDBEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
&MBQPSUFFDPOØNJDPEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTBMBFDPOPNÓBOBDJPOBMNVFTUSBVOBDPOUSJCVDJØOBQBSFOUF
NFOUFCBKBQPSDJFOUPFOFMB×P
Contribuci—necon—micadelasactividadesproductivasdelasregionesaut—nomasalPIBde
Nicaragua.Costoaproximadodefactoresenela–o2000,enmillonesdec—rdobas
PIBderegionesaut—nomas
Conceptos
PIBacostodefactores
Actividadprimaria
Agricultura
Pecuario
Pesca
Silvicultura
Actividadsecundaria
Industriamanufacturera
Construcci—n
Miner’a
Actividadterciaria
Comercio,restaurantesyhoteles
Otrosservicios
RAAN
87,4
49,0
25,0
8,6
5,2
10,3
8,1
2,5
1,7
3,9
30,3
6,9
23,4
RAAS
127,0
88,1
31,6
36,9
18,1
1,4
14,4
11,3
3,1
24,5
8,0
16,6
Total
214,4
137,1
56,6
45,5
23,3
11,7
22,5
13,8
4,8
3,9
54,8
14,8
40,0
PIB
Nicaragua
Participaci—n
porcentual
enelPIB
3.500,2
734,4
428,2
213,2
55,1
37,9
862,0
552,6
280,9
28,5
1.903,8
618,5
1.285,3
6,1
18,7
13,2
21,3
42,3
30,9
2,6
2,5
1,7
13,6
2,9
2,4
3,1
'VFOUF8JMMJBNTPO%
BQBSUJSEFEBUPTEFM$JQSFT
Z4PCSJOP
5JQPEFDBNCJPQSPNFEJPEFMB×PDØSEPCBTQPSVOEØMBS#$/
C
%FTEFMBQFSTQFDUJWBEFMQSPEVDUPJOUFSOP
CSVUPEFTUBDBQSJODJQBMNFOUFMBDPOUSJCV
DJØOEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTBMTVCTFD
UPSEFQFTDBQPSDJFOUPTJMWJDVMUVSB
QPS DJFOUP Z FM TVC TFDUPS QFDVBSJP
QPS DJFOUP Z FM TVC TFDUPS BHSÓDPMB
4*/014*4
YYJY
QPS DJFOUP $BCF BHSFHBS RVF MBT BD
UJWJEBEFT TF DBSBDUFSJ[BO QPS CBKB QSPEVD
UJWJEBEZCBKPTSFOEJNJFOUPTEFCJEPBVOB
EJWFSTJEBEEFGBDUPSFTFOMPTRVFEFTUBDBO
MBGBMUBEFJOGSBFTUSVDUVSBWJBMZQSPEVDUJWB
BTÓDPNPMBBVTFODJBEFVONPEFMPUFDOP
MØHJDPZQSPEVDUJWPBQSPQJBEP
&O FTUF DÈMDVMP FTUÈ BVTFOUF MB DPOUSJCV
DJØO EF MB QSPEVDDJØO DPNVOJUBSJB JOEÓ
HFOB Z BGSPDBSJCF×B QPS GBMUB EF JOGPSNB
DJØOEFTBHSFHBEBTPCSFFMTFDUPS"QFTBSEF
FMMPIBZRVFEFTUBDBSMBDPOUSJCVDJØOEFMB
QSPEVDDJØODPNVOJUBSJBBMBTFHVSJEBEBMJ
NFOUBSJBEFBNCBTSFHJPOFTZEFMQBÓTFOTV
DPOKVOUP-BQSJODJQBMFYDFQDJØOBFTUBSFB
MJEBEFTMBQFTDBJOEVTUSJBMEFDBNBSPOFTZ
MBOHPTUBT&TUPTEBUPTOPJODMVZFOFMBQPSUF
GVOEBNFOUBM RVF MBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT
IBDFOBMPT#JFOFTZ4FSWJDJPT"NCJFOUBMFT
#4"
GVOEBNFOUBMNFOUFBUSBWÏTEFMVTP
BNJHBCMFZTPTUFOJCMFEFMPTSFDVSTPTEFMBT
DPNVOJEBEFT JOEÓHFOBT Z BGSPEFTDFOEJFO
UFT "M DVBOUJGJDBS MPT GMVKPT EF CFOFGJDJPT
QPUFODJBMFTEFMPTQSJODJQBMFTCJFOFTZTFS
WJDJPT MB DPOUSJCVDJØO FDPOØNJDB EF MBT
SFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTTFFMFWBSÓBEFMQPS
DJFOUPBMQPSDJFOUPEFM1*#$JGSBRVF
QPESÓBJODSFNFOUBSTFBÞONÈTTJTFUPNBSB
FODVFOUBFOMBDPTUSVDDJØOEFMBTDVFOUBT
SFHJPOBMFTMBQSPEVDDJØOEFCJFOFTZTFSWJ
DJPTEFMBFDPOPNÓBDPNVOJUBSJBJOEÓHFOBZ
BGSPDBSJCF×B
YYY
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
&MBQPSUFGJTDBMFOMBTSFHJPOFT
&MQFTPSFMBUJWPEFMPTJOHSFTPTGJTDBMFTUPUB
MFTEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTDPOBMHVOBT
WBSJBDJPOFT TF IB NBOUFOJEP FO FM QFSÓP
EP FO UPSOP EFM QPS DJFOUP
EFMPTJOHSFTPTNVOJDJQBMFTUPUBMFTEFMQBÓT
.JFOUSBT UBOUP MPT JOHSFTPT NVOJDJQBMFT
QSPWFOJFOUFT EF JNQVFTUPT EF MBT SFHJPOFT
BVUØOPNBTNVFTUSBOVOEFTDFOTPFOMPTÞM
UJNPTEPTB×PTBOBMJ[BEPTQBTBOEPEFVOB
SFMBDJØO EF QPDP NÈT EFM QPS DJFOUP FO
ZBQPSDJFOUPZQPSDJFOUP
FOMPTB×PTZSFTQFDUJWBNFOUF
1PSTVQBSUFMPTJOHSFTPTSFQPSUBEPTQPSMB
"ENJOJTUSBDJØO EF 3FOUBT FO FM QFSÓPEP
EFBNVFTUSBORVFFTUBSFDBV
EBDJØOGJTDBMFOMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTFT
UPEBWÓBJODJQJFOUFSFQSFTFOUBOEPFMNPOUP
SFDBVEBEP FO #JMXJ Z #MVFGJFMET BQFOBT FM
QPS DJFOUP EFM UPUBM EF MB SFDBVEBDJØO
OBDJPOBM%JDIPTJOHSFTPTQSPWJFOFOQSJO
DJQBMNFOUFEFQFRVF×PTDPOUSJCVZFOUFT
7BSJPTTPOMPTGBDUPSFTRVFMJNJUBOMBDBQB
DJEBE GJOBODJFSB QSPQJB EF MPT NVOJDJQJPT
FO MBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT -B FMFWBEB JO
GPSNBMJ[BDJØO EF MBT BDUJWJEBEFT FDPOØNJ
DBTMBQSFDBSJBDBQBDJEBEBENJOJTUSBUJWBZ
HFSFODJBMEFBMHVOPTEFMPTHPCJFSOPTMPDB
MFTNVOJDJQJPTZMBJODJQJFOUFZWVMOFSBCMF
JOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBE RVF JNQJEF FM EFTBSSPMMP
EF NFDBOJTNPT EF TVQFSWJTJØO Z OPSNB
DJØOEFMVTPEFMPTSFDVSTPTOBUVSBMFTEFMB
$PTUB QBSB RVF DVNQMBO DPO MPT QBSÈNF
USPTEFPSEFOBNJFOUPUFSSJUPSJBMZKVSÓEJDP
RVFFTUJQVMBORVFVOBQBSUFEFMBTSFOUBTZ
SFDVSTPTEFCFRVFEBSFOMBTQSPQJBTSFHJP
OFTBVUØOPNBTPNVOJDJQJPT
-B BVTFODJB EF DJGSBT DPOGJBCMFT Z EFTBHSF
HBEBT BTÓ DPNP MBT DJGSBT FTUJNBEBT TPCSF MB
DPOUSJCVDJØOFDPOØNJDBEFMBTSFHJPOFTBMB
FDPOPNÓB OBDJPOBM Z MPT SFDVSTPT B MPT RVF
UJFOFOBDDFTPFWJEFODJBOMBQFSTJTUFODJBEFMB
NBSHJOBMJEBEZFYDMVTJØOEFMB$PTUBFOMBT
QPMÓUJDBT QÞCMJDBT Z $VFOUBT /BDJPOBMFT MPT
QVFCMPT JOEJHFOBT BGSPDBSJCF×PT Z DPNVOJ
EBEFT ÏUOJDBT QFSTJWFO RVF FMMPT OP TPO MPT
QSJODJQBMFT CFOFGJDJBSJPT EF FTUB SJRVF[B EF
MB SFHJØO &TB EFTJHVBMEBE FO MBT SFMBDJPOFT
FDPOØNJDBT FOUSF MBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT
ZFMSFTUPEFMQBÓTDPOTUJUVZFVOGBDUPSRVF
EJGJDVMUB MB DPOTUSVDDJØO EF SFMBDJPOFT TBUJT
GBDUPSJBTFOUSFMPTQVFCMPTJOEÓHFOBTZDPNV
OJEBEFTÏUOJDBTMBTPDJFEBEFOTVDPOKVOUPZ
FM&TUBEP
ÀAquiŽnconsideraustedquelequedanlosbeneficiosdelaproducci—ny
explotaci—ndelosrecursosnaturales
delCaribe?(RAANyRAAS)
Casos
Austedysufamilia
Alascomunidades
coste–as
Alosmunicipiosde
laCosta
Alasregiones
aut—nomas
Alpa’s
Aotros
Ns/nr
total
66
37
Porcentaje
6,9
3,9
71
7,5
67
7,1
393
303
13
950
41,4
31,9
1,4
100,0
'VFOUF$"4$*QBEF
-PTBDUPSFTEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTDPO
TJEFSBO RVF QBSB TVQFSBS MPT QSPCMFNBT
JEFOUJGJDBEPT FO FM EFTBSSPMMP FDPOØNJDP
EFCFODPOTJEFSBSTFMBTTJHVJFOUFTBDDJPOFT
t %FKBSEFNJSBSBMB$PTUBDPNPQSPWFF
EPS EF NBUFSJB QSJNB Z NBOP EF PCSB
CBSBUBZSFDPOPDFSMBDPNPVOBDUPSTP
DJBMDVZPEFTBGÓPFTFMEFTBSSPMMPQSPEVD
UJWPFOEØHFOPZTVTUFOUBCMF
t 1SPNPWFS FM EFTBSSPMMP EF BDUJWJEBEFT
QSPEVDUJWBTRVFQFSNJUBOBMPTQVFCMPT
JOEJHFOBT BGSPDBSJCF×PT Z DPNVOJEB
EFTÏUOJDBTCFOFGJDJBSTFEFMBSFOUBRVF
QSPEVDF FM BDDFTP BM NFSDBEP OBDJPOBM
FJOUFSOBDJPOBMDPOQSPEVDUPTNÈTFMB
CPSBEPT DPOTJEFSBOEP MBT OFDFTJEBEFT
EJGFSFODJBEBTEFHÏOFSPÏUOJDBTZHFOF
SBDJPOBMFT
t 'PNFOUBSMBTDBQBDJEBEFTMBCPSBMFTHF
SFODJBMFTZFNQSFTBSJBMFTEFMBTSFHJPOFT
BVUØOPNBT QBSB JODJEJS FO MPT OJWFMFT
EF DPNQFUJUJWJEBE BDDFTP B NFSDBEPT
OBDJPOBMFT F JOUFSOBDJPOBMFT JOGPSNB
DJØO DBQBDJUBDJØO BTJTUFODJB UÏDOJDB
GJOBODJBNJFOUPTFHVSJEBEKVSÓEJDBFOMB
UFOFODJBZVTPEFMBUJFSSBZSFDVSTPT
t 0SJFOUBSMBJOWFSTJØOQÞCMJDBFOJOGSBFT
USVDUVSBZTFSWJDJPTCÈTJDPTFEVDBDJØO
TBMVE
BGJOEFQPUFODJBSMBTDBQBDJEBEFT
IVNBOBTZFDPOØNJDBTQBSBVOFGFDUJWP
EFTBSSPMMPIVNBOPEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØ
OPNBT
t 'PSUBMFDFSMBTDBQBDJEBEFTEFMBTSFHJPOFT
BVUØOPNBTFOSFDPQJMBDJØOEFFTUBEÓTUJ
DBTCÈTJDBTQMBOJGJDBDJØOZDBQBDJEBEEF
FKFDVDJØO Z TFHVJNJFOUP EF QPMÓUJDBT
QSPHSBNBTZBDDJPOFTEFEFTBSSPMMP
t &MBCPSBS QMBOFT EF EFTBSSPMMP SFHJPOBM
DVZPTSFTVMUBEPTFTUÏOEFCJEBNFOUFJO
TFSUPTFOVO1MBO/BDJPOBMEF%FTBSSPMMP
RVFSFDPOP[DBMBTWJTJPOFTZQFSTQFDUJWBT
EFEFTBSSPMMPFOEØHFOBTGPSNVMBEBTEFT
EFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT&MMPSFRVJFSF
SFDPOPDFSMBTDPNQFUFODJBTQSPQJBTEFMB
JOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBEBVUPOØNJDBZEFVOB
FGFDUJWB SFHJPOBMJ[BDJØO EF MBT EFMFHB
DJPOFTEFMHPCJFSOPFOMPTUFSSJUPSJPT4F
USBUBEFFODPOUSBSMPTNFDBOJTNPTQBSB
FMGPNFOUPEFVOEFTBSSPMMPFDPOØNJDP
FOEØHFOPRVFSFEV[DBMBTEJTDSFQBODJBT
Z EFTJHVBMEBEFT JOUSBUFSSJUPSJBMFT EFM
$BSJCFOJDBSBHàFOTF
t *OUFHSBSZIBDFSDPIFSFOUFTMBTEJWFSTBT
QPMÓUJDBT FDPOØNJDBT QSPZFDUPT EF JO
WFSTJØOQÞCMJDBZSFDVSTPTEFMBDPPQFSB
DJØOJOUFSOBDJPOBMDPOTJEFSBOEPMBTFT
QFDJGJDJEBEFT EF MPT QVFCMPT JOEÓHFOBT
BGSPDBSJCF×PT Z DPNVOJEBEFT ÏUOJDBT
QBSB HFOFSBS DPODVSTP BDUJWP DPNQMF
NFOUBSJFEBE Z SFNPWFS MPT PCTUÈDVMPT
RVFBGFDUBOMBTDPOEJDJPOFTEFDPNQFUJ
UJWJEBEEFMPTBDUPSFTFDPOØNJDPTEFMBT
SFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
V.Gobernabilidadybuen
gobierno
-B HPCFSOBCJMJEBE KVOUP B MB FYJTUFODJB EF
JEFOUJEBEFTZBDUPSFTGVFSUFTBTÓDPNPEFVOB
FDPOPNÓBEJOÈNJDBFTVOBEFMBTDPOEJDJP
OFTCÈTJDBTEFMBDPOTUSVDDJØOEFVOBBVUP
OPNÓBEFNPDSÈUJDB-BHPCFSOBCJMJEBEQBTB
QPSFMFKFSDJDJPZGPSUBMFDJNJFOUPEFMBJOTUJ
UVDJPOBMJEBEBVUPOØNJDBZEFTVBSUJDVMBDJØO
DPOFM&TUBEPEFBDVFSEPBMPTJOUFSFTFTEFMPT
QVFCMPTJOEÓHFOBTZDPNVOJEBEFTÏUOJDBTZ
EFMDPOKVOUPEFMBTPDJFEBEDPTUF×B
4*/014*4
YYYJ
&M CVFO HPCJFSOP TF SFGJFSF B MB BSUJDVMB
DJØO FOUSF MPT EJGFSFOUFT OJWFMFT EF QPEFS
Z MBT BVUPSJEBEFT BVUPOØNJDBT DPNVOBMFT
NVOJDJQBMFT Z SFHJPOBMFT QBSB QSPNPWFS
DPOKVOUBNFOUFQSPDFTPTEFEFTBSSPMMPMPDBM
BTFHVSBOEPFMSFDPOPDJNJFOUPZSFTQFUPEF
MPTEFSFDIPTIJTUØSJDPTFOFMNBSDPEFMPS
EFOBNJFOUPKVSÓEJDPZVOJEBEOBDJPOBM"M
DBO[BS HPCFSOBCJMJEBE Z CVFO HPCJFSOP FO
MBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTFTGVOEBNFOUBMQBSB
FMEFTBSSPMMPIVNBOPSFHJPOBMZOBDJPOBM
-BQPCMBDJØODPTUF×BQFSDJCFFTUFEFTBGÓPZ
EFNBOEBMBBSUJDVMBDJØOFOUSFMPTEJGFSFO
UFT OJWFMFT EF BENJOJTUSBDJØO BVUØOPNB
JODMVZFOEP MBT EFQFOEFODJBT EFM HPCJFSOP
DFOUSBM DPNP NFDBOJTNP QBSB QSPNPWFS
VOB NFKPS HFTUJØO HVCFSOBNFOUBM Z DPOT
USVJS VOB TPDJFEBE EFNPDSÈUJDB CBTBEB FO
MBJODMVTJØOZMBEJWFSTJEBE
Y YYJJ
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
-B HPCFSOBCJMJEBE EFCFSÓB EF QBSUJS
EFM IFDIP EF TBCFS BENJOJTUSBS OVFT
USPTQSPQJPTJOUFSFTFTDPMFDUJWPTSFNPO
UÈOEPTFBMBTGPSNBTEFPSHBOJ[BDJØOZ
BENJOJTUSBDJØOEFM&TUBEPEFBDVFSEP
B MPT JOUFSFTFT EF MB DJVEBEBOÓB EF
MB TPDJFEBE DJWJM EF MBT DPNVOJEBEFT
RVF FTUÈO SFQSFTFOUBEBT FO FM HPCJFS
OP(SVQPGPDBMEF-BT.JOBT$VO
OJOHIBNFUBM
-BJOTUBMBDJØOEFMBJOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBECÈTJDB
IBEBEPQBTPBMBFMBCPSBDJØOZBQSPCBDJØO
EF EJWFSTBT SFTPMVDJPOFT Z BDDJPOFT WJODV
MBEBTBMDBSÈDUFSOPSNBUJWPEFMBTSFHJPOFT
BVUØOPNBT Z B TVT DPNQFUFODJBT TFDUP
SJBMFT -BT NÈT EFTUBDBEBT TPO FM .PEFMP
3FHJPOBMEF4BMVEZTVJODMVTJØOFOMB-FZ
(FOFSBMEF4BMVEFM4JTUFNB&EVDBUJWP"V
UPOØNJDP3FHJPOBM4&"3
ZTVJODMVTJØO
FOMB-FZ(FOFSBMEF&EVDBDJØOMB-FZEF
%FNBSDBDJØO Z 5JUVMBDJØO EF MBT 5JFSSBT
*OEÓHFOBT-FZZTVJOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBE
MBDSFBDJØOZGVODJPOBNJFOUPEF6SBDDBOZ
#*$6DPNPVOJWFSTJEBEFTSFHJPOBMFTZDP
NVOJUBSJBTMBQBSUJDJQBDJØOEFMPTHPCJFS
OPTSFHJPOBMFTFOMBBQSPCBDJØOEFDPODF
TJPOFT TPCSF SFDVSTPT OBUVSBMFT Z QFSNJTPT
BNCJFOUBMFTMBBQSPCBDJØOEFM3FHMBNFOUP
EFMB-FZFOUSFPUSBT
"TÓNJTNPTFIBOFTUBCMFDJEPBDVFSEPTEF
DPPSEJOBDJØOTPCSFBTQFDUPTFTQFDÓGJDPTFO
USFMBJOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBEBVUPOØNJDBFJOTUJ
UVDJPOFT EFM HPCJFSOP DFOUSBM &OUSF PUSPT
BDVFSEPT EFTUBDBO MPT FTUBCMFDJEPT DPO FM
.JOJTUFSJPEFM"NCJFOUF.JOJTUFSJP
EF'PNFOUP*OEVTUSJBZ$PNFSDJP
*OTUJUVUP/BDJPOBM'PSFTUBM.JOJTUF
SJPEF5SBOTQPSUFF*OGSB&TUSVDUVSB
Z *OTUJUVUP EF 'PNFOUP .VOJDJQBM
.JOJTUFSJPEF4BMVEZ.JOJTUFSJPEF
&EVDBDJØO$VMUVSBZ%FQPSUFT
4JO FNCBSHP MPT DPOGMJDUPT JOUFSOPT MB
GBMUBEFSFDVSTPTGJOBODJFSPTZUÏDOJDPTBTÓ
DPNPFMMJNJUBEPEFTBSSPMMPEFMBWJTJØOFT
USBUÏHJDB Z MPT QSPCMFNBT EF DPPSEJOBDJØO
FOUSFMPTEJGFSFOUFTOJWFMFTEFMBJOTUJUVDJP
OBMJEBEEJGJDVMUBOMBUPNBEFEFDJTJPOFTZ
SFEVDFOMBFGJDJFODJBEFMPTQMBOFTFJOWFS
TJPOFT EF MPT HPCJFSOPT SFHJPOBMFT &MMP FT
QFSDJCJEP QPS MPT DPTUF×PT DPNP GBMUB EF
BUFODJØOBTVTQSPCMFNBTDPODSFUPT
Alosencuestadoscoste–osselessolicit—calificarasusgobiernosyconsejos
regionalesenunaescalaentre0y10,
en la que 10 es el valor mayor. El 63
por ciento de los encuestados calific—
al gobierno regional respectivo entre0-4yel68porcientoentre0-4a
susconsejosregionales.Alapregunta
ÀQuŽtantolesirveelgobiernoregional? El 43 por ciento respondi— que
pocoonada.Finalmente,alapregunta
ÀQuŽtantosientequesusnecesidades
est‡n siendo tomadas en cuenta por
sugobiernoregional?El62,4porcientorespondi—nuevamentequepocoo
nada(CASC/Ipade,2005:113-118).
4JOFNCBSHPMBNJTNBQPCMBDJØOFODVFTUB
EB DPOTJEFSB VO WBMPS FO TÓ NJTNP MB FYJT
UFODJB EF MPT HPCJFSOPT Z DPOTFKPT SFHJP
OBMFT DPOPDF EF MPT BWBODFT FO FM 4JTUFNB
&EVDBUJWP "VUPOØNJDP 3FHJPOBM 4&"3 Z
FM4JTUFNB3FHJPOBMEF4BMVEBQSFDJBMBFYJT
UFODJBEFMBTVOJWFSTJEBEFTQFSPFYJHFNBZPS
FGJDJFODJBEFMPTHPCJFSOPTBVUØOPNPTFOTV
HFTUJØOFTEFDJSBWBO[BSIBDJBMPRVFFOMBT
SFHJPOFTTFEFGJOFDPNPiCVFOHPCJFSOPw
-BJOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBEEFMBBVUPOPNÓB
&MBSUÓDVMPEFMB-FZEF"VUPOPNÓBEFMBT3FHJPOFT"VUØOPNBT-FZFTUBCMFDFRVFEFOUSPEFTVTUFSSJUP
SJPTFODPOTPOBODJBDPOMB$POTUJUVDJØO1PMÓUJDBEFMB3FQÞCMJDBEF/JDBSBHVBZMBNJTNB-FZFMHPCJFSOP
SFHJPOBMFTUÈGPSNBEPQPSFM$POTFKP3FHJPOBMRVFDPOTUJUVZFMBNÈYJNBBVUPSJEBESFHJPOBM"EFNÈTEFMDPOTF
KPFYJTUFOMPTTJHVJFOUFTØSHBOPTEFBENJOJTUSBDJØODPPSEJOBEPSSFHJPOBMBVUPSJEBEFTNVOJDJQBMFTZDPNVOBMFT
ZPUSPTDPSSFTQPOEJFOUFTBMBTVCEJWJTJØOBENJOJTUSBUJWBEFMPTNVOJDJQJPT
-B-FZEF"VUPOPNÓBZTVSFHMBNFOUPFTUBCMFDFOMBTBUSJCVDJPOFTFTQFDÓGJDBTEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTZEFGJOFO
EFGPSNBEFUBMMBEBMPTQSPDFEJNJFOUPTQBSBMBDPODFSUBDJØOZDPPSEJOBDJØOFOUSFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTZMBT
JOTUJUVDJPOFTEFMHPCJFSOPDFOUSBM
-B-FZEF.VOJDJQJPTZTVSFGPSNBDPOTVTSFTQFDUJWPTSFHMBNFOUPTFTUBCMFDFOBMBTBMDBMEÓBTNVOJDJQBMFTDPNP
MBTFOUJEBEFTEFM&TUBEPSFTQPOTBCMFTEFMBBENJOJTUSBDJØOZFMHPCJFSOPEFMUFSSJUPSJPNVOJDJQBMBVORVFEFGJOFO
RVFTFEFCFOFTUBCMFDFSNFDBOJTNPTEFDPPSEJOBDJØOZDPMBCPSBDJØODPOMBTFOUJEBEFTEFMHPCJFSOPSFHJPOBM
BVUØOPNP
&OFMDBTPEFMPTUFSSJUPSJPTZDPNVOJEBEFTJOEÓHFOBTFOMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTMB$POTUJUVDJØO1PMÓUJDBEFMB
3FQÞCMJDBEF/JDBSBHVBSFDPOPDFTVFYJTUFODJBDPNPTVKFUPTEFEFSFDIPQÞCMJDP-BDPOTUJUVDJØOMFTSFDPOPDF
UBNCJÏODPNQFUFODJBTTPCSFBENJOJTUSBDJØOEFSFDVSTPTOBUVSBMFTPSEFOBNJFOUPUFSSJUPSJBMZQMBOJGJDBDJØOEFM
EFTBSSPMMP&M&TUBUVUPEF"VUPOPNÓB-FZ
EFGJOFBMBTDPNVOJEBEFTDPNPFOUJEBEFTEFBENJOJTUSBDJØOQÞ
CMJDBEFOUSPEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTZMB-FZEF%FNBSDBDJØOZ5JUVMBDJØO-FZ/PFTUBCMFDFZEFGJOF
MPTNFDBOJTNPTEFQBSUJDJQBDJØOQMFOBFOBRVFMMPTBTQFDUPTSFMBDJPOBEPTDPOMBTDPNVOJEBEFTJOEÓHFOBTZTVT
UFSSJUPSJPT$VOOJOHIBNFUBM
-PT QSPCMFNBT CÈTJDPT EF HPCFSOBCJMJEBE
FOMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTUJFOFORVFWFS
QSJNFSP DPO MB EÏCJM JOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBE Z
DPO MBT EJGJDVMUBEFT EF DPPSEJOBDJØO FOUSF
MPTEJTUJOUPTOJWFMFTJOTUJUVDJPOBMFTPQFSBO
UFT FO MBT SFHJPOFT TFB QPS QSPCMFNBT EF
EJTF×P JOTUJUVDJPOBM P QPS QSPCMFNBT EF
GVODJPOBNJFOUP TFHVOEP DPO MB SFMBUJWB
EFCJMJEBE EF MPT BDUPSFT TPDJBMFT Z EF MPT
QSPDFTPT EF EFMJCFSBDJØO B OJWFM SFHJPOBM
UFSDFSPDPOMBJOTVGJDJFOUFQMBUBGPSNBFDP
OØNJDBRVFJNQJEFVONFKPSZTPTUFOJCMF
BQSPWFDIBNJFOUP EF MB CBTF NBUFSJBM FYJT
UFOUFZDPOMBJOTFHVSJEBEKVSÓEJDBEFSJWBEB
EF MPT QSPCMFNBT EF UFOFODJB Z VTP EF MB
UJFSSB
&O FM QMBOP JOTUJUVDJPOBM VOB EJGJDVMUBE
JNQPSUBOUFUJFOFRVFWFSDPOMPTDPOGMJDUPT
EF DPNQFUFODJB FOUSF MPT EJTUJOUPT OJWFMFT
EF HFTUJØO Z FOUSF EFSFDIPT Z SFHMBNFOUB
DJPOFTEFEJTUJOUBQSPDFEFODJB-BIJTUPSJB
EFMBDPOTUSVDDJØOJOTUJUVDJPOBMEFMBBVUP
OPNÓB IB SFTVMUBEP EF DPZVOUVSBT EF JO
UFSFTFTEFDPSSFMBDJPOFTEFQPEFSFOUSFMPT
BDUPSFT Z EF QSPZFDUPT EF EFTBSSPMMP RVF
IBO WBSJBEP FO FM UJFNQP &TP IB IFDIP
RVFMBJOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBEQSFTFOUFUBNCJÏO
DPNP FO MBT DBQBT HFPMØHJDBT JODPIFSFO
DJBTZWBDÓPTJNQPSUBOUFTFOUSFTVTEJTUJOUPT
OJWFMFT &OUSF MPT EÏCJMFT BDPQMBNJFOUPT P
DPOGMJDUPT EF DPNQFUFODJB TF FODVFOUSBO
4*/014*4
YYYJJJ
MPTFYJTUFOUFTFOUSFFMHPCJFSOPDFOUSBMTVT
NJOJTUFSJPTZMBJOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBEEFMBTSF
HJPOFTBVUØOPNBTFOUSFÏTUBTZMBTNVOJDJ
QBMJEBEFTZFOUSFUPEPTMPTBOUFSJPSFTZMBT
DPNVOJEBEFTJOEÓHFOBT
-PT DPOGMJDUPT TF QSPEVDFO QPS USBTMBQFT
UFSSJUPSJBMFTFOMBTEFGJOJDJPOFTKVSJTEJDDJP
OBMFTEFDBEBVOPQPSQSPCMFNBTEFDPN
QFUFODJBFOMPTUFNBTBCPSEBEPTBTÓDPNP
QPS EVQMJDBDJPOFT FO MBT DPNQFUFODJBT
5PEPFMMPTFIBDFNÈTDPNQMFKPTJTFUJFOF
FODVFOUBRVFFTPTDPOGMJDUPTFJODPIFSFO
DJBT BGFDUBO BM GMVKP Z EJTUSJCVDJØO EF MPT
SFDVSTPT QÞCMJDPT GJOBODJFSPT Z IVNBOPT
&O TÓOUFTJT FO MBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT TF
QFSDJCFVOBQSPMJGFSBDJØOZBUPNJ[BDJØOEF
JOTUBODJBT EF DPPSEJOBDJØO RVF MJNJUB BD
DJPOFTDPODFSUBEBTZTF×BMBMBOFDFTJEBEEF
VODPOTFOTPQPMÓUJDPCÈTJDPZFGJDB[TPCSF
MBTSFMBDJPOFTFOUSFFTPTÈNCJUPTJOTUJUVDJP
OBMFTZTVTBDUPSFT
"VORVFTFIBOMPHSBEPJNQPSUBOUFTBWBO
DFT FO MB JNQMFNFOUBDJØO JOTUJUVDJPOBM EF
MBBVUPOPNÓBTFQFSDJCFOUBNCJÏOEFTBGÓPT
FODVBUSPÈNCJUPT
YYYJW
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
t $POTUSVJSVODPOTFOTPQPMÓUJDPCÈTJDPB
OJWFM EF MPT BDUPSFT JOTUJUVDJPOBMFT RVF
TJSWBDPNPDSJUFSJPDPNÞOQBSBTVQFSBS
MBTUFOTJPOFTQSPQJBTEFVOBJOTUJUVDJP
OBMJEBEBVUPOØNJDBFOHFTUBDJØOZRVF
PUPSHVFMFHJUJNJEBEDVMUVSBMBMQSPDFTP
JOTUJUVDJPOBMEFMBBVUPOPNÓB
t 3FWJTBS MB -FZ EF "VUPOPNÓB TV SFHMB
NFOUPZMBJOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBEBVUPOØNJ
DB B GJO EF BEFDVBSMPT B MB SFBMJEBE TP
DJPEFNPHSÈGJDBBDUVBMZIBDFSFGFDUJWP
TV NBOEBUP EF SFDPOPDFS MPT EFSFDIPT
IJTUØSJDPTEFMPTQVFCMPTJOEÓHFOBTZDP
NVOJEBEFTÏUOJDBTFOFMNBSDPEFMBVOJ
EBEOBDJPOBM
t #VTDBS VO NPEFMP QBSMBNFOUBSJP RVF
NJUJHVF MPT FGFDUPT EJTDSJNJOBUPSJPT
EFSJWBEPT EFM GVODJPOBNJFOUP EF MPT
TJTUFNBT EF FMFDDJØO Z SFQSFTFOUBDJØO
QPMÓUJDB RVF GBWPSFDFO B VOB DSFDJFOUF
NBZPSÓB NFTUJ[B -B JOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBE
BVUPOØNJDBOFDFTJUBHBSBOUJ[BSBUSBWÏT
EFBDDJPOFTBGJSNBUJWBTVSHFOUFTMPTJO
UFSFTFTJEFOUJEBEMFOHVBZDVMUVSBTEF
MPT QVFCMPT JOEÓHFOBT BGSPEFTDFOEJFO
UFTZDPNVOJEBEFTÏUOJDBTNJOPSJUBSJBT
ZOPNFTUJ[BTFOMPTDPOTFKPTZHPCJFS
OPTSFHJPOBMFT
t &OGSFOUBS UFOTJPOFT HFOFSBEBT QPS FM
SFDPOPDJNJFOUP DPOTUJUVDJPOBM EF MPT
QVFCMPT JOEJHFOBT Z DPNVOJEBEFT ÏU
OJDBT QBSB MBT DVBMFT OP IBZ SFTQVFTUBT
QSPCBEBT4FSFRVJFSFMBBSUJDVMBDJØOEF
EJTUJOUPTUJQPTEFBVUPSJEBEZMFHJUJNJ
EBE FOUSF MB DPNVOJEBE JOEÓHFOB Z MB
PSHBOJ[BDJØO QPMÓUJDB SFHJPOBM Z OBDJP
OBM5BNCJÏOFTVSHFOUFEFGJOJSVOBSF
MBDJØO DPNQMFNFOUBSJB FOUSF JNÈHFOFT
ZQSÈDUJDBTEJTUJOUBTFOMBEFGJOJDJØOEF
MB TPCFSBOÓB UFSSJUPSJBM Z FO FM VTP EF
MPT SFDVSTPT -PT FTQBDJPT USBEJDJPOBMFT
EFMBTDPNVOJEBEFTOPTJFNQSFDPJODJ
EFODPOMPTFTQBDJPTBENJOJTUSBUJWPTZ
MBT GPSNBT USBEJDJPOBMFT EF TV BQSPWF
DIBNJFOUP OP TJFNQSF TPO MBT NJTNBT
EFGJOJEBTQPSMBTBVUPSJEBEFTNFEJPBN
CJFOUBMFT&OMBTVQFSBDJØOEFFTUPTEF
TBGÓPTFTUÈFOKVFHPMBQPTJCJMJEBEEFVOB
EFNPDSBDJB JOUFSDVMUVSBM Z TPDJBMNFOUF
JODMVZFOUF DPO SFDPOPDJNJFOUP EF MBT
EJGFSFODJBT
&O MB DPOTUSVDDJØO EF MBT CBTFT JOTUJUVDJP
OBMFTEFMBHPCFSOBCJMJEBEIBZBÞONVDIPT
EFTBGÓPTQFOEJFOUFT/PPCTUBOUFMBTJNQMF
FYJTUFODJBEFMBBDUVBMJOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBEBV
UPOØNJDBTJFOUBMBTCBTFTEFTVQFSGFDDJPOB
NJFOUP )BZ VOB SFTQPOTBCJMJEBE IJTUØSJDB
DPNQBSUJEBFOUSFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTZFM
&TUBEPOJDBSBHàFOTFEFMDVBMGPSNBOQBSUF
QBSBQSPNPWFSNFDBOJTNPTJOTUJUVDJPOBMFTZ
GPSNBTEFSFMBDJØORVFDPOTPMJEFOFMTFOUJEP
EFVOJEBEFOUSFMBTPDJFEBEDPTUF×BZFMDPO
KVOUP EFM QBÓT 4ØMP BTÓ TF DPOTPMJEBSÈ VOB
TPDJFEBE EFNPDSÈUJDB JODMVZFOUF Z EJWFSTB
4FUSBUBEFGBDJMJUBSMBSFBMJ[BDJØOQSÈDUJDBEF
DSJUFSJPT DPNP FM EF DPPSEJOBDJØO DPODFS
UBDJØO DPPQFSBDJØO DPNQMFNFOUBSJFEBE
WBMJEBDJØO EFM QSPDFTP EF DPOTUSVDDJØO EFM
NPEFMP EF EFTBSSPMMP BVUPOØNJDP SFHJPOBM
FOVODPOUFYUPEFOVFWPNPEFMPEFSFMBDJP
OFTEFMPTQVFCMPTJOEÓHFOBTZDPNVOJEBEFT
ÏUOJDBTDPOFMDPOKVOUPEFMBTPDJFEBEZFM
&TUBEPOJDBSBHàFOTF
6OPQUJNJTNPSFBMJTUB
&TUFJOGPSNFFTSFBMJTUBBMTF×BMBSMPTEFTB
GÓPTQFOEJFOUFTEFMQSPDFTPEFDPOTUSVDDJØO
EFBVUPOPNÓB1FSPFTUBNCJÏOVOMMBNBEP
PQUJNJTUB B MB BDDJØO -BT CVFOBT QSÈDUJ
DBTJEFOUJGJDBEBTNVFTUSBORVFFMSFBMJTNP
OPFTJODPNQBUJCMFDPOFMPQUJNJTNP-BT
CVFOBT QSÈDUJDBT FYJTUFOUFT FO MBT SFHJPOFT
BVUØOPNBTOPTPOIFDIPTBJTMBEPTFYDFQ
DJPOBMFT P JSSFMFWBOUFT 4PO FTGVFS[PT FYJ
UPTPTEFBSUJDVMBDJØOFOUSFEJWFSTPTBDUPSFT
JOWPMVDSBEPT FO MPT QSPDFTPT JOTUJUVDJPOB
MFT DVMUVSBMFT Z FDPOØNJDPT RVF B USBWÏT
EFMEJÈMPHPIBODPOTUSVJEPTPMVDJPOFTQBSB
TVTQSPCMFNBTDPODSFUPT
&TUBT CVFOBT QSÈDUJDBT TPO FKFNQMPT EF
QSPDFTPTRVFQVFEFOTFSDBUBMJ[BEPSFTEFMB
EJOÈNJDBMPDBMVOBTDPONFKPSFTQFSTQFD
UJWBTRVFPUSBTQFSPDBEBVOBDPOVOQP
UFODJBMBÞOQPSBQSPWFDIBSTJTFDSFBOFTUSB
UFHJBTQBSBFYQBOEJSMBTPSFQFUJSMBTFOPUSPT
MVHBSFT 6OB MFDDJØO RVF TF EFSJWB EF FTUF
FKFSDJDJP EF CÞTRVFEB EF CVFOBT QSÈDUJDBT
FTRVFFTQPTJCMFFODPOUSBSZBFONBSDIB
DBTPT RVF JMVTUSBO PQDJPOFT QBSB SFTPMWFS
QSPCMFNBT Z PQDJPOFT SFBMFT EF EFTBSSPMMP
QBSBMPTQVFCMPTJOEJHFOBTBGSPEFTDFOEJFO
UFTDPNVOJEBEFTÏUOJDBTZMBTPDJFEBEOJDB
SBHàFOTFFOTVDPOKVOUP
-BTCVFOBTQSÈDUJDBTDPOTUJUVZFOTF×BMFTZ
DPOEJDJPOFTEFPQUJNJTNPSFBMJTUBQBSBFO
GSFOUBSMPTEFTBGÓPT1PSMPUBOUPTPOQSÈDUJ
DBTRVFQVFEFOPSJFOUBSMBBDDJØODPMFDUJWB
QBSB FM EFTBSSPMMP IVNBOP EF MBT SFHJPOFT
BVUØOPNBTZEF/JDBSBHVBFOTVDPOKVOUP
4*/014*4
YYY W