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Reconocimientos
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I. Conceptos y criterios para
el fortalecimiento del desarrollo humano sustentable en las
regionesaut—nomas
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II. Regiones aut—nomas: historia, territorio, demograf’a y
desarrollohumano
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êndicedeDesarrolloHumanoMunicipal2005
Salud
Poblaci—n
(Hab)
Municipio
RAAN
Agua
Educaci—n
%de
Coberni–os
%de
turade
menoni–os
Cober- Retenvacunaresde1
con
turade
ci—n
ci—nen
a–oen
bajo
agua combimenoriesgo
pesoal
potable
nada
resde1
dedesnacer
a–o
nutrici—n
TBC
Econ—mico
ClasificaIngreIndice
ci—ncon
soper
deDepoblacioc‡pita sarrollo
nesactualiPrimario Humazaci—ncar(C$/Hab)
no
togr‡fica
0,466 Bajo
Waspam
43.343
81,73
5,15
17,72
21,40
88,03
83,60
803,89
PuertoCabezas
48.709
91,53
7,43
8,04
37,29
87,11
83,60
2.764,06
Rosita
21.866
78,47
7,75
7,47
45,05
78,51
93,69
758,24
Bonanza
16.164
86,36
3,87
5,14
33,28
88,47
82,18
3.499,06
0,547 Mediobajo
Waslala
42.171
95,08
8,60
7,95
6,76
85,76
67,23
2.478,93
0,446 Bajo
75.086
85,01
5,59
5,54
16,76
83,76
50,57
3.080,22
0,438 Bajo
7.534
81,74
15,79
6,50
10,06
84,31
65,74
1.919,20
0,420 Bajo
Siuna
Prinzapolka
RAAS
0,437 Bajo
0,527 Mediobajo
0,479 Bajo
0.454 Bajo
Paiwas
51.328
33,00
15,63
8,15
4,54
89,08
27,52
2.996,37
0,357 Bajo
LaCruzdeR’o
Grande
21.044
90,98
8,33
8,26
4,47
98,70
52,55
3.872,86
0,470 Bajo
8.658
84,46
2,33
5,87
29,69
90,33
69,95
6.667,64
0,622 Medioalto
ElAyote
12.468
73,14
8,52
1,52
35,23
86,44
80,96
3.835,42
0,553 Mediobajo
ElRama
55.528
65,24
4,63
2,09
35,75
84,42
57,28 3.006,40
0,471 Bajo
Muelledelos
Bueyes
28.054
89,12
6,55
2,77
30,15
88,42
54,64
3.003,49
0,467 Bajo
Kukra-Hill
11.095
77,26
6,27
5,10
25,52
83,68
35,22
6.953,35
0,539 Mediobajo
CornIsland
6.425
75,08
11,59
2,65
70,00
97,91
75,41 10.454,68
LagunadePerlas
0,807 Alto
Salud
Municipio
Poblaci—n
(Hab)
Agua
Educaci—n
%de
Coberni–os
%de
turade
menoni–os
Cober- Retenvacunaresde1
con
turade
ci—n
ci—nen
a–oen
bajo
agua combimenoriesgo
pesoal
potable
nada
resde1
dedesnacer
a–o
nutrici—n
TBC
Econ—mico
ClasificaIngreIndice
ci—ncon
soper
deDepoblacioc‡pita sarrollo
nesactualiPrimario Humazaci—ncar(C$/Hab)
no
togr‡fica
Bluefields
46.724
66,91
7,11
7,30
9,19
86,01
89,60
2.527,64
0,494 Bajo
NuevaGuinea
113.583
83,04
6,89
3,12
51,34
83,43
41,18
1.610,70
0,408 Bajo
ElTortuguero
12.956
73,14
7,14
9,83
7,82
72,89
42,95 4.624,00
0,443 Bajo
4.112
66,08
1,82
7,08
46,55
98,32
74,73
0,684 Medioalto
Desembocadura
delaCruzdeR’o
Grande
7.540,76
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Identidadcoste–a
Enrelaci—nconsuidentidadcoste–a,ustedsesienteÉ
Comentarios
M‡scoste–oquenicaragŸense
Tancoste–ocomo
nicaragŸense
M‡snicaragŸensequecoste–o
Nosabe/noresponde
Encuesta1997
(%)
32,7
Encuesta
2001(%)
36,9
Encuesta
2005(%)
11,9
45,8
43,5
48,1
15,9
5,6
17,1
2,5
31,6
8,4
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ÀConsideraustedquelaCostaCaribeaportaalgoala
sociedadnicaragŸense,alpa’s?
Si
No
Duda
NS/NR
Total
Caribe
No.
%
604
63,6
141
14,8
44
4,6
161
16,9
950
100
Pac’fico
No.
%
378
42,0
292
32,4
79
8,8
151
16,8
900
100
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Fuentedeingresosdelasfamiliasde
laRAANylaRAAS
ÀCu‡leslaprincipal
Nœmero
fuentedeingresos
derespudeustedysufaestas
milia?
Siembra
Porcentaje
281
29,6
Servicios
212
22,3
Otros
128
13,5
Pesca
119
12,5
Comercio
111
11,7
Ganado
59
6,2
Remesas
22
2,3
GŸiriser’a
11
1,2
Artesan’as
6
0,6
Miner’a
Total
1
0,1
950
100
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Resumendelosprincipalesindicadoresdelaszonasproductivas
Indicador
Habitantesrurales
xKmƆ
Comunidades
Žtnicasypueblos
ind’genas
Principalactividad
Destinodela
producci—nprincipal
Zonamarino
costera,conocida
comoLitoral
pesquero
1a3
Miskitos
Creoles
Rama
Gar’funas
Capturadelangosta,
camar—nyescamas
depescados
¥ EE.UU.,(Miami)
¥ Mercadolocal
Zonadesabanasde
pino,conocidacomo
Zonadelosllanos
Zonadebosque
hœmedotropical
1a3
Miskitos
1a5
Sumu/mayangnas
miskitos
mestizos
Extracci—nde
maderadepino
¥
Zonaagropecuaria
10a34
Mestizos,miskitos,
sumu/mayangnas,
rama
Extracci—nde
¥ Ganader’a
maderadecolor ¥ Granosb‡sicos
¥ Extracci—nde
conŽnfasisen
arroz
oroyplata
¥ CafŽycacao
¥ TubŽrculos
Mercadolocale
¥ Madera:islas
¥ EE.UU.,(Miami)
¥ islascaribe–as
interregional,RAAN
caribe–asy
yRAAS
mercadonacional ¥ ElSalvador
¥ Oroyplata:
¥ CostaRica
Canad‡
¥ Mercadonacional
ylocal
Indicador
Actoressocialesde
laeconom’alocal
Actividades
secundarias
Zonamarino
costera,conocida
comoLitoral
pesquero
¥ Trabajadoresdel
mar
¥ Microempresarios
ypeque–os
empresarios
¥ Empresarios
¥ Agriculturade
autoconsumo
¥ Comercioy
servicios
¥ Turismo,Corn
IslandyLittleC.I.
Zonadesabanasde
pino,conocidacomo
Zonadelosllanos
Zonadebosque
hœmedotropical
¥ Ind’gena
¥ Ind’genas
consistema
consistema
agroforestal
agroforestal,
¥ Microempresarios
empresarios
ypeque–os
¥ Empresarios
empresariosde
madererosy
madera
mineros
¥ Guardabosques,
ONGyagencias
decooperaci—n
¥ Agriculturaparael ¥ Agricultura
autoconsumo
deautoconsumo
Zonaagropecuaria
¥ Campesinosde
subsistencia
¥ Campesinos
finqueros
¥ Finqueros
¥ Empresarios
agropecuarios.
¥ ONGyagencias
decooperaci—n
¥ Comercioy
servicios
'VFOUF/JUMBQÈO6$"FMBCPSBDJØOQSPQJBQBSBFTUFJOGPSNF
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Contribuci—necon—micadelasactividadesproductivasdelasregionesaut—nomasalPIBde
Nicaragua.Costoaproximadodefactoresenela–o2000,enmillonesdec—rdobas
PIBderegionesaut—nomas
Conceptos
PIBacostodefactores
Actividadprimaria
Agricultura
Pecuario
Pesca
Silvicultura
Actividadsecundaria
Industriamanufacturera
Construcci—n
Miner’a
Actividadterciaria
Comercio,restaurantesyhoteles
Otrosservicios
RAAN
87,4
49,0
25,0
8,6
5,2
10,3
8,1
2,5
1,7
3,9
30,3
6,9
23,4
RAAS
127,0
88,1
31,6
36,9
18,1
1,4
14,4
11,3
3,1
24,5
8,0
16,6
Total
214,4
137,1
56,6
45,5
23,3
11,7
22,5
13,8
4,8
3,9
54,8
14,8
40,0
PIB
Nicaragua
Participaci—n
porcentual
enelPIB
3.500,2
734,4
428,2
213,2
55,1
37,9
862,0
552,6
280,9
28,5
1.903,8
618,5
1.285,3
6,1
18,7
13,2
21,3
42,3
30,9
2,6
2,5
1,7
13,6
2,9
2,4
3,1
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en la que 10 es el valor mayor. El 63
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al gobierno regional respectivo entre0-4yel68porcientoentre0-4a
susconsejosregionales.Alapregunta
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ÀQuŽtantosientequesusnecesidades
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EFGJOJEPZDBSBDUFSJ[BEPMBSFMBDJØOIJTUØSJ
DBFOUSFMBTTPDJFEBEFTEFMB$PTUB$BSJCFZ
FM&TUBEPOBDJPOBM
&MQSJNFSGBOUBTNBFTDPOTJEFSBSRVFVOB
BVUPOPNÓBGVFSUFZGVODJPOBMFTTJOØOJNP
EF QÏSEJEB EF MB HPCFSOBCJMJEBE Z TPCFSB
OÓBOBDJPOBMFT&TUFFTVOGBOUBTNBEFMBS
HBUSBZFDUPSJBIJTUØSJDBRVFIBOVUSJEPQPS
HFOFSBDJPOFTFMJNBHJOBSJPTPDJBMZQPMÓUJDP
EFMBTPDJFEBENFTUJ[BOJDBSBHàFOTF4VTFY
QSFTJPOFTMBTQPEFNPTFODPOUSBSEFTEFMPT
FTDSJUPTEFTV*MVTUSÓTJNBGSBZ#FOJUP(B
SSFUZ"SMPWÓPCJTQPEF(SBOBEBFO
QBTBOEPQPSMPTIJTUPSJBEPSFTZMJUFSBUPTEF
MBOJDBSBHVBOJEBENFTUJ[BIBTUBMMFHBSBSF
DJFOUFTQVCMJDBDJPOFTQFSJØEJDBTEFM
&TDSJCÓBGSBZ#FOJUPBTV.BKFTUBE$BUØMJDB
'FMJQF7iFM"OJNPTPw
y-BT DSVFMEBEFT QSBDUJDBEBT QPS
FMMPTOPTFQVFEFOTBCFSUPEBTDBEB
UJFSSBZDBEBQSPWJODJBMBNFOUBZTBCF
MBT TVZBTy -P DJFSUP FT TF×PS RVF
TJFOUSFOVFTUSBNÈYJNBTFTUÈMBRVF
EJDFRVFQBSBFOFNJHPVONPTRVJUP
FTNBMPEFCFNPTIBDFSNÏSJUPEFRVF
NVDIPTNPTRVJUPTTPCSBOQBSBFTUPS
CBS VO DPNÞO Z QSPGVOEP SFQPTP
QPSRVFOPFTUÈOFOVOBJTMBDPNP+B
NBJDBTJOPFOUJFSSBGJSNFDPOUJHVPT
DPOOPTPUSPTZDPOMBTQSPWJODJBTRVF
TPO MMBWFT EF FTUPT SFJOPT DVZB IP
SSFOEBNVMUJQMJDJEBEEFNVKFSFTEFCF
EFTQFSUBS B MB SB[ØO EF &TUBEP QBSB
QSPOPTUJDBSFOTVTGVUVSPTHVBSJTNPT
MPTNÈTQFSKVEJDJBMFTEB×PTZRVFMPT
IFSFKFT RVF MPT QSPUFHFO NBRVJOB
SÈOQBSBTVQFSGJEJBZDPOTVNFEJP
DVBOUPTBWBODFTDPOUFNQMFOQPTJCMFT
QBSBNFOPTDBCBSÈ7VFTUSB.BKFTUBE
FTUFPSCFDBUØMJDP%JPTOVFTUSPTF×PS
OPTDPOTFSWFMBSFBMQFSTPOBEF7VFT
USB.BKFTUBEQBSBDSVFMB[PUFEFMBIF
SFKÓBZOPTHVBSEFMBSHPTTJHMPTMBWJEB
EF7VFTUSB.BKFTUBEQBSBCJFOEFMB
*HMFTJB UPEB (SBOBEB EF /JDBSBHVB
ZOPWJFNCSFEF'SBZ#FOJ
UP0CJTQPEF/JDBSBHVB%F1FSBMUB
&TUFGBOUBTNBDFOUFOBSJPUJFOFRVFWFSDPO
MBGPSNBFORVFMBTPDJFEBEDSJPMMBZNFT
UJ[BNBZPSJUBSJBEFTEFFMQFSÓPEPDPMPOJBM
IBTUBMBGFDIBTFIBEFGJOJEPBTÓNJTNBZ
DPOTUSVJEPTV&TUBEPOBDJPOBMDFOTVSBOEP
FTUJHNBUJ[BOEP BOBUFNBUJ[BOEP BOJRVJ
MBOEPZFYDMVZFOEPBiMPTPUSPTwFTQFDJBM
NFOUFBMPTQVFCMPTZDPNVOJEBEFTJOEÓHF
OBTZBGSPEFTDFOEJFOUFT
4JOFNCBSHPTJBMHPEFCFSÓBEJTJQBSZIBDFS
EFTDBOTBSFOQB[BMGBOUBTNBEFMTFQBSBUJT
NPZQÏSEJEBEFTPCFSBOÓBOBDJPOBMFTRVF
FOMPTÞMUJNPTEJFDJTJFUFB×PTFMTFOUJEPEF
QFSUFOFODJB Z DPOTUSVDDJØO EF DJVEBEBOÓB FOUSFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTDBSJCF×BTZFM
DPOKVOUPEFMBTPDJFEBEZFM&TUBEPOJDBSB
HàFOTFIBBMDBO[BEPTVNBZPSOJWFM
-PTEBUPTEFMPTSFQPSUFTEFJOWFTUJHBDJØO
Z FODVFTUB DPNJTJPOBEPT QPS FTUF JOGPS
NF JOEJDBO VOB DSFDJFOUF DPODJFODJB EF
MB FYJTUFODJB EF DBUFHPSÓBT RVF IJTUØSJDB
NFOUF IBO FTUBEP FO DPOGMJDUP P UFOTJP
OBEBT DPNP TPO MB BETDSJQDJØO ÏUOJDB Z
BVUPFTUJNBSFHJPOBMFTDPOVOTFOUJEPEF
QFSUFOFODJBZDJVEBEBOÓBFOMBTPDJFEBEZ
&TUBEPOJDBSBHàFOTFT
&TUPQFSNJUFBGJSNBSRVFMBTEJOÈNJDBTEF
MBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTOPTF×BMBOQÏSEJEB
EFMBJEFOUJEBEZTPCFSBOÓBOBDJPOBMFT.ÈT
CJFOFYJTUFVOBDSFDJFOUFJEFOUJEBEEFQBS
UJDJQBDJØOZQFSUFOFODJBDJVEBEBOBTDPOFM
FKFSDJDJPEFEFSFDIPTJOEJWJEVBMFTZDPMFD
UJWPTFTQFDÓGJDPTFOVOBTPDJFEBEZ&TUBEP
OBDJPOBMFT NVMUJÏUOJDPT Z NVMUJDVMUVSBMFT
/PIBZFNFSHFODJBEFVOBJEFOUJEBETFQB
SBUJTUBTJOPMBFYJHFODJBEFDPOUJOVBSDPOT
USVZFOEP VO FTQBDJP JODMVZFOUF EF UPEPT
MPTQVFCMPTJOEÓHFOBTBGSPEFTDFOEJFOUFTZ
HSVQPTÏUOJDPTRVFDPOTUJUVZFOMBTPDJFEBE
NVMUJÏUOJDBOJDBSBHàFOTF
&OFMDBTPEFMBHPCFSOBCJMJEBEEFMQBÓTFO
TVDPOKVOUPMPTEJFDJTJFUFB×PTEFFYQFSJFO
DJB BVUPOØNJDB DPOTUJUVZFO VOB HBOBODJB
OFUBEFQB[HPCFSOBCJMJEBEZQBSUJDJQBDJØO
DJVEBEBOB B QFTBS EF MBT DBSFODJBT EFCJ
MJEBEFT Z UFOTJPOFT RVF IBO DBSBDUFSJ[BEP
FTUFQFSÓPEP
&MTFHVOEPGBOUBTNBTFSFGJFSFBMBQFSDFQ
DJØO EF RVF FO MBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT MB
JODJQJFOUF JOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBE BVUPOØNJDB
FTUÈ PSJHJOBOEP VOB JOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBE QB
SBMFMB RVF EFTDPOPDF MB JOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBE
OBDJPOBM -B JOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBE DSFBEB QPS
MB MFZ EF BVUPOPNÓB Z TV SFHMBNFOUBDJØO
FTQBSUFDPOTUJUVUJWBEFMBQBSBUPEF&TUBEP
OBDJPOBM
-B JOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBE BVUPOØNJDB JODMV
ZFOEPTVPSEFOBNJFOUPKVSÓEJDPEFTEFTVT
JOJDJPTGVFDPODFCJEBEJTF×BEBZDPOTUJUVJ
EB DPNP QBSUF EFM BQBSBUP EF &TUBEP -B
JOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBEBVUPOØNJDBIBBNQMJBEP
FOSJRVFDJEP Z SFEFGJOJEP MB JOTUJUVDJPOBMJ
EBEFTUBUBMUSBOTGPSNÈOEPMBFOVOBJOTUJ
UVDJPOBMJEBE JODMVZFOUF Z NVMUJÏUOJDB RVF
TFSFDSFBGPSUBMFDFZFOSJRVFDFBQBSUJSEF
MBQBSUJDJQBDJØOZEFNBOEBTEFMPTQVFCMPT
JOEÓHFOBTBGSPDBSJCF×PTZDPNVOJEBEFTÏU
OJDBTDPTUF×BT
-PTEBUPTEFMBTJOWFTUJHBDJPOFTZFODVFTUB
EFM*%)EFEFNVFTUSBORVFFOFMQF
SÓPEP BVUPOØNJDP FT EPOEF
IBTJEPNBZPSMBEJWFSTJEBEBNQMJUVEFJO
UFOTJEBEEFMPTMB[PTEJOÈNJDPTRVFDPOTUJ
UVZFOFMUFKJEPJOTUJUVDJPOBMRVFBSUJDVMBMP
DFOUSBMOBDJPOBMDPOMPTUFNBTSFHJPOBMFT
1SPCBCMFNFOUFBQFTBSEFMPTQSPCMFNBTZ
EFCJMJEBEFT FM OJWFM IJTUØSJDP NÈT BMUP EF
JOUFSDBNCJPT Z SFMBDJPOFT FDPOØNJDBT TP
DJBMFTDVMUVSBMFTZQPMÓUJDBTFOUSFMPTQVFCMPT
ZDPNVOJEBEFTEFM$BSJCFZFMDPOKVOUPEF
/JDBSBHVBFTFMRVFTFEBBDUVBMNFOUF
/P FYJTUF QVFT GVOEBNFOUP BMHVOP QBSB
IBCMBSEFQÏSEJEBEFMBJEFOUJEBEZTPCFSB
OÓBOBDJPOBMFT1PSFMDPOUSBSJPIBZVOBDSF
DJFOUFSFOPWBDJØOEFMBOBUVSBMF[BEFMPTWÓO
DVMPTFDPOØNJDPTTPDJBMFTDVMUVSBMFTZQP
MÓUJDPTRVFHBSBOUJ[BOMBVOJEBEEFTBSSPMMPZ
TPTUFOJCJMJEBEEFMBTPDJFEBEZFM&TUBEP
6O UFSDFS GBOUBTNB SFDVSSFOUF FO MB SFMB
DJØO $BSJCF1BDÓGJDP HPCJFSOP DFOUSBM Z
HPCJFSOPT SFHJPOBMFT FT FM TFQBSBUJTNP
1BSB NVDIPT BVUPOPNÓB FT TJOØOJNP EF
TFQBSBDJØOFJOEFQFOEFODJB-BFODVFTUBEFM
JOGPSNF FO FM 1BDÓGJDP Z SFHJPOFT BVUØOP
NBT FYQMPSØ MB PQJOJØO TPCSF MB TJHVJFOUF
QSPQPTJDJØO i-B BVUPOPNÓB EF MB $PTUB
$BSJCFGPNFOUBFMTFQBSBUJTNPw
6OQPSDJFOUPEFMPTFODVFTUBEPTDPT
UF×PTNBOJGFTUØOPFTUBSEFBDVFSEPDPOFTB
BGJSNBDJØO &M QPS DJFOUP NBOJGFTUØ
FTUBS EF BDVFSEP Z VO QPS DJFOUP OP
SFTQPOEJØ P NBOJGFTUØ OP TBCFS 6O EFT
HMPTF EF FTUB SFTQVFTUB NVFTUSB RVF FT FO
MBTDBCFDFSBTEFBNCBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
FOEPOEFTFNBOJGJFTUBDPONBZPSDMBSJEBE
FM EFCBUF BDVFSEPT Z EFTBDVFSEPT EF MPT
FODVFTUBEPT DPO MB QSPQPTJDJØO EF RVF MB
BVUPOPNÓB EF MBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT GP
NFOUBFMTFQBSBUJTNP
*OUSPEVDDJØO
1PS FM DPOUSBSJP NVOJDJQJPT DPNP 1SJO
[BQPMLB FO MB 3""/ Z $PSO *TMBOE FO MB
3""4 TPO MPT RVF NBZPSJUBSJBNFOUF TF
NBOJGJFTUBOFOEFTBDVFSEPDPOMBQSPQPTJ
DJØOTFHVJEPTEFMPTNVOJDJQJPTEF3PTJUB
1BJXBT ,VLSB )JMM &M 3BNB #POBO[B Z
/VFWB(VJOFB
&M QPS DJFOUP EF MB QPCMBDJØO DPTUF×B
FODVFTUBEB TF TJFOUF UBO OJDBSBHàFOTF P
NÈTOJDBSBHàFOTFRVFNJFNCSPEFVOQVF
CMP P HSVQP ÏUOJDP FTQFDÓGJDP 3FTQVFTUBT
TJNJMBSFT FO FODVFTUBT SFBMJ[BEBT FO ZNVFTUSBORVFFMTFOUJEPEFJEFOUJ
EBEOJDBSBHàFOTFTFIBJODSFNFOUBEPFOUSF
MBQPCMBDJØODPTUF×BEFMQPSDJFOUPFO
BMQPSDJFOUPFOZBVO
QPSDJFOUPFO
-PTDPOTVMUBEPTEFBNCBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOP
NBTNBOJGFTUBSPORVFMBWFSEBEFSBBVUPOP
NÓBOPDPOEVDFBMBJOEFQFOEFODJBZRVFMB
GVFS[BZSJRVF[BEFMSÏHJNFOBVUPOØNJDPFTUÈ
FOMBEJWFSTJEBENVMUJÏUOJDBZTVTNÞMUJQMFT
FYQSFTJPOFT DVMUVSBMFT Z MJOHàÓTUJDBT $POTJ
EFSBORVFMBGVFS[BEFMBBVUPOPNÓBFTUÈFO
TFOUJSTFDBEBRVJFOQFSUFOFDJFOUFBTVQVFCMP
PHSVQPÏUOJDPSFTQFDUJWPEVF×PEFTVQSP
QJPEFTUJOPZBQPSUBOEPEFTEFTVDPOEJDJØO
BMBJOUFSDVMUVSBMJEBEZQMVSBMJEBEOBDJPOBM
%FBDVFSEPBMPTSFTVMUBEPTEFEJDIBFODVFT
UBFYJTUFVOBUFOEFODJBDSFDJFOUFFOUPEPT
MPTQVFCMPTJOEÓHFOBTZDPNVOJEBEFTÏUOJDBT
EFBGJSNBSTJNVMUÈOFBNFOUFTVBETDSJQDJØO
ÏUOJDBZMBQFSUFOFODJBOBDJPOBMEFBDVFSEP
B MPT SFTVMUBEPT QMBOUFBEPT FO FM TJHVJFOUF
DVBESPEFMBFODVFTUBEFMJOGPSNF$"4$
*QBEF
CostaCaribe/RAANYRAAS
Sentimientodeadscripci—nŽtnicaynacional
ASPECTOS
PUEBLOSINDêGENASYCOMUNIDADESƒTNICAS
MAYANGGARIFUMESTIZOS MISKITOS
CREOLES
RAMA
NAS
NAS
ÀC—mosesienteenrelaci—nasuidentidadŽtnicaynicaragŸense?
No.
MçS(Mestizo,
miskito,sumu,
78
gar’funa,etc.)que
nicaragŸense
TAN(Mestizo,
miskito,sumu,
184
gar’funa,etc.)que
nicaragŸense
MçSnicaragŸenseque(Mestizo,
185
miskito,sumu,
gar’funa,etc.)
Nosabe/nores75
ponde
TOTAL
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
14,9
76
42,9
41
58,6
13
18,1
6
11,0
25
45,5
239 25,2
35,2
74
41,8
4
5,7
50
69,4
40
74,1
16
29,1
368 38,7
35,4
19
10,7
19
27,1
8
11,1
7
13
12
21,8
250 26,3
14,4
8
4,5
6
8,6
1
1,4
1
1,9
2
3,6
93
6ODVBSUPGBOUBTNBFTFMRVFSFQSFTFOUBB
MBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT DPNP FTQBDJP EF
QFMJHSPWJPMFODJBBNFOB[BJMFHJUJNJEBEZ
FTUJHNBTSBDJBMFTTFYVBMFTSFMJHJPTPTZDVM
UVSBMFT4FHÞOiFMEFDJSDPNÞOwQSFWBMFDF
MBBTPDJBDJØOEFMFTQBDJPEFMPTiPUSPTwDPO
GBDUPSFTOFHBUJWPTRVFJOTQJSBOUFNPSZQF
MJHSP$"4$*QBEF
No.
%
9,8
&MBTFTJOBUPEFDJODPQPMJDÓBTFO#MVFGJFMET
FONBZPEFGVFNFODJPOBEPDPNPVO
DMBSPSFGFSFOUFQBSBKVTUJGJDBSFTBQFSDFQDJØO
1PSFKFNQMPFOMBFODVFTUBEFQFSDFQDJØOZ
DPOPDJNJFOUP BM TVNBS MPT QPSDFOUBKFT EF
PQJOJØO FO FM 1BDÓGJDP B MB QSFHVOUB {2VÏ
FT MP RVF NÈT IB FTDVDIBEP EFDJS EF MB $PT
UB$BSJCFEF/JDBSBHVB &MQPSDJFOUP
EF MPT FOUSFWJTUBEPT QMBOUFØ QFSDFQDJPOFT
OFHBUJWBT NVDIB ESPHB OBSDPUSÈGJDP EF
MJODVFODJB BTFTJOBUPT QFMJHSP &M QPS
DJFOUP EJKP EFTFNQMFP NBSHJOBEPT NV
DIPTEFTBTUSFTOBUVSBMFTZFMQPSDJFOUP
NFODJPOØBVUPOPNÓBDMJNBDBMJFOUFCSV
KPTZQÏTJNBTWÓBTEFDPNVOJDBDJØO
PACêFICO/RESTODELPAêS
IndependientementedesihaestadoonoenlaCostaCaribede
Nicaragua,ÀPodr’adecirmequŽesloquem‡shaescuchadodecirsobre
ella?
Mucha/odroga,narcotr‡fico,delincuencia,asesinatos,peligroso,
menci—ncrimenpolic’asBluefields
Mucha/o(comerciode)pesca/coco/madera/oro/miner’a
Linda,culturasbonitas,mucha/scultura/tradiciones
Gentepobre,muchodesempleo,lejos/marginado,muchosdesastres
naturales,muchollueve
Gente/culturas/lenguas/baile/mœsicamuydiferente/s(/alegre),
comidadiferente(mariscos),muchosnegros/miskitos
(Potencial)tur’stico
Desatenci—n/faltaapoyogobiernocentral,est‡dividida
Genteamable/alegre/amistosa/unida/sencilla
Muchosrecursosnaturales,riquezas,playasbonitas
Otros(tienenautonom’a,gobiernopropio,climacaliente,sonbrujos,
malasv’asdecomunicaci—n,entreotros)
Nosabe/noresponde/nada/noheo’donada
Total
&OUSF BNCPT HSVQPT FODVFTUBEPT SFHJP
OFT BVUØOPNBT Z 1BDÓGJDP QSFEPNJOB MB
BTPDJBDJØOEFMPTMVHBSFTZFTQBDJPTEFiMPT
PUSPTw DPO QFMJHSP EFMJODVFODJB Z ESPHBT
%F IFDIP FTUF DPOKVOUP EF BTPDJBDJPOFT Z
QFSDFQDJPOFTTFDPOTUJUVZFFOVOBSFTQVFTUB
CBTUBOUFDPNÞOFOBNCBTSFHJPOFT"FTPT
QPSDFOUBKFTIBCSÓBRVFTVNBSMBTSFTQVFTUBT
EFMPTRVFEJDFOOPTBCFSPOPSFTQPOEFOB
MBQSFHVOUBRVFTPONÈTEFMBUFSDFSBQBSUF
EFMPTFODVFTUBEPTFOBNCBTSFHJPOFT
QPSDJFOUPFOFM1BDÓGJDPZQPSDJFOUP
FO MBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT $"4$*QBEF
&TUBBQSFDJBDJØOOFHBUJWBEFMiPUSPDPTUF×Pw
DPOUSBTUBDPOVOBPQJOJØOZWBMPSBDJØOOB
DJPOBMQPTJUJWPTRVFSFDPOPDFOMBFYJTUFODJB
EF EJWFSTJEBE EF MFOHVBT Z DVMUVSBT FO MBT
SFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTDPNPGBDUPSFTFOSJRVF
Nœmero
respuestas
Porcentajes
134
14,9
71
62
7,9
6,9
69
7,7
84
9,3
35
29
26
25
3,9
3,2
2,9
2,8
66
7,3
299
33,2
900
100,0%
DFEPSFTEFMBTPDJFEBEZDVMUVSBOBDJPOBMFT
%FBDVFSEPBMPTEBUPTEFMBFODVFTUBFM
QPSDJFOUPEFMPTFOUSFWJTUBEPTBOJWFMOBDJP
OBM‰QPSDJFOUPDPSSFTQPOEFBMPTFO
USFWJTUBEPTDPTUF×PTZFMQPSDJFOUPBMPT
FOUSFWJTUBEPTFOFM1BDÓGJDP‰FTUÈOEFBDVFS
EPFORVFMBFYJTUFODJBEFEJTUJOUBTMFOHVBT
DVMUVSBTZDPTUVNCSFTFOSJRVFDFBMBTPDJFEBE
OJDBSBHàFOTF $"4$*QBEF "TÓ
NJTNPFMQPSDJFOUPEFMPTFODVFTUBEPT
EFM1BDÓGJDPZDFOUSPEFMQBÓTiTJFOUFwRVFMPT
DPTUF×PTTPOUBOUPPNÈTOJDBSBHàFOTFTRVF
DPTUF×PT$"4$*QBEF
&TUPT EBUPT BQBSFOUFNFOUF DPOUSBEJDUP
SJPTQBSFDFOBQVOUBSBVOBUSBOTJDJØOEFT
EF QFSDFQDJPOFT Z EFGJOJDJPOFT FNJOFOUF
NFOUFOFHBUJWBTBVOBDSFDJFOUFWBMPSBDJØO
EFMBEJWFSTJEBENVMUJÏUOJDBZSFMBDJPOFTJO
UFSDVMUVSBMFT"TÓNJTNPMPTSFTVMUBEPTEF
*OUSPEVDDJØO
MBFODVFTUBTF×BMBOMBOFDFTJEBEEFNFKPSBS
MPT OJWFMFT EF DPNVOJDBDJØO FEVDBDJØO Z
SFQSFTFOUBDJØO FOUSF MBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOP
NBTZFMSFTUPEFMQBÓTQBSBTVQFSBSFTFGBO
UBTNB RVF OP QFSNJUF DPOPDFS MPT WBMPSFT
Z DPOUSJCVDJPOFT SFBMFT EF MPT QVFCMPT JO
EÓHFOBT BGSPEFTDFOEJFOUFT Z DPNVOJEBEFT
ÏUOJDBTBMBTPDJFEBEOJDBSBHàFOTF
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
&MRVJOUPGBOUBTNBFOFTUFJNBHJOBSJPIJTUØ
SJDPEFMSFDFMPZEFMBFYDMVTJØOFTQBSBEØ
KJDBNFOUFMBQFSDFQDJØOHFOFSBMJ[BEBFOUSF
MPTIBCJUBOUFTEFM1BDÓGJDPZFONFOPSNFEJ
EBFOUSFMPTDPTUF×PTEFRVFMB$PTUB$BSJCF
DPOTUJUVZF QPS EFGJOJDJØO VO SFQPTJUPSJP JO
BHPUBCMFEFSFDVSTPTOBUVSBMFT-BTFOUSFWJTUBT
SFBMJ[BEBTFOUSFJOGPSNBOUFTDMBWFEFM1BDÓGJ
DP‰SFQSFTFOUBOUFTEFMPTQBSUJEPTQPMÓUJDPT
EFMPTQSJODJQBMFTNFEJPTEFDPNVOJDBDJØO
EFMQBÓTZNBFTUSPT‰NVFTUSBORVFMPRVF
NÈTMMBNBMBBUFODJØOBMBiÏMJUFTPDJBMwEFM
1BDÓGJDPTPOMBTSJRVF[BTOBUVSBMFTZDVMUVSB
MFT$"4$*QBEF
3FGJSJÏOEPTFBMPTSFDVSTPTOBUVSBMFTMPTFO
DVFTUBEPT TF×BMBO RVF FT iVOB [POB OBUV
SBMNFOUF NVZ SJDBw RVF IBZ iFYQMPUBDJØO
EF NBEFSB Z MPHSPT FO MB QFTDB Z NVDIBT
SJRVF[BT OBUVSBMFT BMHVOBT RVF OP TF IBO
FYQMPUBEP PUSBT RVF ZB TF IBO FYQMPUBEP
EFNBTJBEPw%FJHVBMNBOFSBMPRVFNÈT
MMBNBMBBUFODJØOEFMPTFOUSFWJTUBEPTFTFM
QBJTBKF SFDVSTPT OBUVSBMFT Z EJWFSTJEBE ÏU
OJDBEFMB$PTUB$BSJCFTVTNBSFTTVTDPT
UBT QMBZBT y
TVT NPOUB×BT Z NBSJTDPT
"TÓDPNPMBQSFTFODJBEFQPCMBDJØOOFHSBZ
NÓTLJUB$"4$*QBEF
&TB WJTJØO EF JOBHPUBCMFT SJRVF[BT BIPSB
MJUFSBMNFOUFFOTJUVBDJØOEFBHPUBNJFOUPZ
FYUJODJØOFTUBNCJÏOVOGBOUBTNBRVFOF
DFTJUBTFSDPOKVSBEPQPSRVFDPOUJOÞBHFOF
SBOEP NPEFMPT Z QSÈDUJDBT EF FYQMPUBDJØO
FYUSBDUJWBJOTPTUFOJCMFTQBSBMBQPCMBDJØOFM
UFSSJUPSJP Z MPT SFDVSTPT TPTMBZBOEP P TVC
FTUJNBOEP MB JNQPSUBODJB EF JOWFSUJS FO FM
EFTBSSPMMPZTPTUFOJCJMJEBEEFMDBQJUBMIVNB
OPJOTUJUVDJPOBMZDVMUVSBMBTÓDPNPEFMPT
SFDVSTPTOBUVSBMFTRVFIBDFOQPTJCMFFMEFTB
SSPMMPIVNBOPTPTUFOJCMFEFBNCBTSFHJPOFT
BVUØOPNBTZEFMQBÓTFOTVDPOKVOUP
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ParteI:
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SFMBDJPOFT DPO FTUF EFQBSUBNFOUP EV
SBOUF MPT ÞMUJNPT B×PT FT RVF OP
IB QSPNPWJEP FM EFTBSSPMMP EFM DBQJ
UBM OBDJPOBM BMFOUBOEP B DBQJUBMJTUBT Z
IPNCSFT EF OFHPDJPT EFM JOUFSJPS QBSB
RVF WFOHBO B FTUBT DPTUBT B USBUBS DPO
OPTPUSPT 4JO FNCBSHP IFNPT UFOJEP
VOB JSSVQDJØO EF BTUVUPT QPMÓUJDPT Z
BCPHBEPTJOFTDSVQVMPTPTBRVJFOFTTØMP
MFTIBBOJNBEPBERVJSJSQSFTUJHJPTZ
SJRVF[BTy&TUFEFQBSUBNFOUPDBSFDFEF
CVFOPTDBNJOPTQVFSUPTNPEFSOPTEF
TJTUFNBUFMFGØOJDPZTFSWJDJPTBEFDVBEPT
EFIPTQJUBMFT#MVFGJFMETOPUJFOFOBEB
ZQSPEVDFMBUFSDFSBQBSUFEFMBTSFOUBT
OBDJPOBMFT)PEHTPOFO&ODVFO
USP
-BEFTUSVDDJØOEFMEFQBSUBNFOUPEF;F
MBZBFTOPTØMPFOTVQBSUFFDPOØNJDB
TJOPRVFTFNBOJGJFTUBBTÓNJTNPFOFM
EFTFOWPMWJNJFOUPTPDJBMNPSBMZFEVDB
UJWP$VBOEPFM(PCJFSOPEF/JDBSBHVB
MMFHØBFTUBSFHJØOOPTFODPOUSØOPFT
DMBWPT DPNP EJDF MB $POWFODJØO TJOP
DPNP VO QVFCMP DJWJMJ[BEP DPO CVFO
TJTUFNB FEVDBDJPOBM CBTBEP FO MPT NÏ
UPEPTEFMBSB[BBOHMPTBKPOB
&MHPCJFSOPOVODBTFIBQSFPDVQBEPQPS
JOUSPEVDJSBFTUB$PTUBVOTJTUFNBNP
/PFTQPTJCMFFONFOEBSFMQBTBEP4ÓFT
QPTJCMF SFGMFYJPOBS TPCSF TVT MFDDJPOFT Z
FGFDUPTQSFTFOUFTBGJOEFBDUVBSFOGVO
DJØO EF CVTDBS BMUFSOBUJWBT EF DPOWJWFO
DJB Z EFTBSSPMMP RVF FWJUFO SFQFUJS MBT
FRVJWPDBDJPOFT QMBHBEBT EF DPOGMJDUPT
NJMJUBSFTZQPMÓUJDPTTVNBNFOUFDPTUPTPT
QBSBMBTPDJFEBEZFM&TUBEP&TUFDPNQMF
KP UFKJEP EF FWFOUPT IJTUØSJDPT SFMBUJWPT
BMBTGPSNBTEFVTPZUFOFODJBEFMBTDP
NVOJEBEFT JOEÓHFOBT BGSPEFTDFOEJFOUFT
ZNFTUJ[BTEFMUFSSJUPSJPZSFDVSTPTOBUV
SBMFTFOFMUFSSJUPSJPDPTUF×PBTÓDPNPMBT
WJTJPOFTZQPMÓUJDBTEFM&TUBEPOBDJPOBMZ
TPDJFEBEOJDBSBHàFOTFTUBNCJÏOTFSFGMF
KB FO MPT QBUSPOFT EF BTFOUBNJFOUP UFO
EFODJBTCJPEFNPHSÈGJDBTBTÓDPNPFOMBT
SFMBDJPOFT TPDJBMFT DVMUVSBT Z EJOÈNJDBT
QPMÓUJDBTEFBNCBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
**1FSTQFDUJWBTTVKFUPTFIJTUPSJB
Cap’tulo2.Din‡micasbiodemogr‡Þcas
yterritoriales
&TUF DBQÓUVMP UJFOF QPS PCKFUJWP JOUSPEV
DJS BM MFDUPS B MB SFBMJEBE TPDJBM EF MBT SF
HJPOFT BVUØOPNBT NPTUSBOEP TV DBSÈDUFS
DBNCJBOUF Z EJWFSTP 1BSB FMMP BCPSEB MBT
UFOEFODJBTCJPEFNPHSÈGJDBTEFMBTSFHJPOFT
BVUØOPNBTTVWÓODVMPDPOFMVTPEFMBUJF
SSBBTÓDPNPMPTQSPDFTPTEFBTFOUBNJFOUP
IVNBOPMBTNJHSBDJPOFTZTVTJNQBDUPTFO
FMVTPFTQBDJBMEFMUFSSJUPSJP
&OFMDBQÓUVMPUBNCJÏOTFQSFTFOUBOMBTUFO
EFODJBTTPDJBMFTPCTFSWBEBTFOMBÞMUJNBEÏ
DBEB FO MPT TFDUPSFT EF MB FDPOPNÓB TBMVE
ZFEVDBDJØOBTÓDPNPMBTDJGSBTEFFTPTTFD
UPSFTFYQSFTBEBTFOFM¶OEJDFEF%FTBSSPMMP
)VNBOP -PT EBUPT VUJMJ[BEPT QBSB MB FTUJ
NBDJØOEFMÓOEJDFDPSSFTQPOEFOBMPTDFOTPT
QPCMBDJPOBMFTZBJOGPSNBDJØOTFDUPSJBMTPCSF
MBDPCFSUVSBEFMPTQSJODJQBMFTTFSWJDJPT
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
-B JOGPSNBDJØO EF QPCMBDJØO DPSSFTQPO
EF B FTUJNBDJPOFT EFM */&$ CBTBEBT FO
FM DFOTP EF BKVTUBEBT DPO MPT EBUPT
QSPWFOJFOUFT EF MB BDUVBMJ[BDJØO DBSUPHSÈ
GJDB SFBMJ[BEB FOUSF OPWJFNCSF EF Z
GFCSFSPEF
-B SFBMJ[BDJØO EFM DFOTP EF QPCMBDJØO FO
NBZPKVOJP EF QPS */&$ QFSNJUJSÈ
FTUBCMFDFS DPO NBZPS QSFDJTJØO MB QPCMB
DJØO QPS DPNVOJEBEFT UFSSJUPSJPT Z NV
OJDJQJPT BTÓ DPNP QPS QVFCMPT JOEÓHFOBT
BGSPEFTDFOEJFOUFTZDPNVOJEBEFTÏUOJDBTZ
QPSUBOUPBKVTUBSMPTSFTVMUBEPTEFM¶OEJDF
EF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOPEFMBTSFHJPOFTBV
UØOPNBTEFMB$PTUB$BSJCF
Lapoblaci—n,unadiversidadde
identidadesyculturas
-BQPCMBDJØOEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTEF
MB $PTUB $BSJCF OJDBSBHàFOTF TF DBSBDUFSJ
[B QPS TV IFUFSPHFOFJEBE &O FM UFSSJUPSJP
DPOWJWFO EJGFSFOUFT QVFCMPT JOEÓHFOBT
BGSPEFTDFOEJFOUFT Z DPNVOJEBEFT ÏUOJDBT
DPONFNPSJBTDPMFDUJWBTIJTUPSJBTDVMUVSBT
ZMFOHVBTRVFMFTEJGFSFODJBOFOUSFTÓZEFM
SFTUPEFMBQPCMBDJØOOBDJPOBM
-B$POTUJUVDJØO1PMÓUJDBEFMB3FQÞCMJDBEF
/JDBSBHVB FM &TUBUVUP EF MB "VUPOPNÓB
EF MB $PTUB "UMÈOUJDB EF /JDBSBHVB -FZ
MB -FZ EF -FOHVBT -FZ Z MB -FZ
EF5JFSSBT$PNVOBMFTSFDPOPDFOMB
FYJTUFODJBEFQVFCMPTJOEÓHFOBTZDPNVOJ
EBEFTÏUOJDBT
&TUB EFOPNJOBDJØO EF QVFCMPT JOEÓHFOBT Z
DPNVOJEBEFTÏUOJDBTFTUÈMJHBEBBMBQSFTFO
DJBPSJHJOBSJBZUSBEJDJPOFTEFDBEBVOPEF
MPTQVFCMPTDPNVOJEBEFTZDVMUVSBT
-PT QVFCMPT JOEÓHFOBT NJTLJUP SBNB Z
TVNVNBZBOHOB ‰UXBILBT QBOBNBLBT
VMXBT‰WJODVMBEPTQPSBTDFOEFODJBZUSB
EJDJPOFTDPOTPDJFEBEFTPSJHJOBSJBTEFMUFSSJ
UPSJPDBSJCFQSFWJPBMDPOUBDUPFVSPQFPFO
TFBTFOUBSPOFOMBTÈSFBTHFPHSÈGJDBT
RVF MFT QPTJCJMJUBSPO MB TVQFSWJWFODJB QPS
NFEJPEFMBSFDPMFDDJØOMBDB[BZMBQFTDB
Z EF BDUJWJEBEFT BHSPGPSFTUBMFT QSPQJBT EFM
USØQJDPIÞNFEPZTVCJPEJWFSTJEBE
$SFPMFTHBSÓGVOBTZNFTUJ[PTTPODPNVOJ
EBEFTÏUOJDPDVMUVSBMFTRVFTFDPOTUJUVZFSPO
FOFMFTDFOBSJPSFHJPOBMDPNPSFTVMUBEPEF
EJWFSTPT QSPDFTPT EF WJPMFODJB NJHSBDJØO
GPS[BEBFJOUFSDBNCJPRVFTFEJFSPOEVSBO
UFMBDPMPOJ[BDJØO
&O TV EFTBSSPMMP IBO NBOUFOJEP GVOEB
NFOUBMNFOUF FTUB NJTNB EJOÈNJDB )BT
UB MB GFDIB FTUPT QVFCMPT DPNVOJEBEFT
Z DVMUVSBT TF MPDBMJ[BO FO MBT [POBT EPOEF
FYJTUF VOB HSBO CJPEJWFSTJEBE 4V IÈCJUBU
USBEJDJPOBM MFT IB QFSNJUJEP NBOUFOFS VO
SJUNP EF DSFDJNJFOUP EFNPHSÈGJDP MJHBEP
B MBT DPOEJDJPOFT EFM NFEJP BNCJFOUF MBT
BDUJWJEBEFT QSPEVDUJWBT EF FODMBWF Z MPT
NFSDBEPTMPDBMFT
1PSTVQBSUFMBTDPNVOJEBEFTÏUOJDBTDSFP
MFT HBSÓGVOBT Z NFTUJ[BT IBO EFTBSSPMMBEP
TVT BTFOUBNJFOUPT IVNBOPT MJHBEPT B MBT
BDUJWJEBEFT QSPEVDUJWBT Z DPNFSDJBMFT EF
MPTEJGFSFOUFTNPEFMPTEFFODMBWFEFMTFD
UPSGPSFTUBMZBHSPQFDVBSJPBTÓDPNPBMBT
EJOÈNJDBTZDJDMPTEFMNFSDBEPOBDJPOBMF
JOUFSOBDJPOBMEFTEFFMJOJDJPEFMQSPDFTPEF
DPMPOJ[BDJØO NFUSPQPMJUBOB ‰FVSPQFB Z
OPSUFBNFSJDBOB‰QBTBOEPQPSMBBOFYJØO
EFM NVOJDJQJP EF MB 3FTFSWB .PTRVJUB BM
&TUBEPOBDJPOBMFOIBTUBFMNPEFMP
OFPMJCFSBMBDUVBM
JODMVZFOUF Z BDDJPOFT BGJSNBUJWBT QBSB HB
SBOUJ[BSJHVBMEBEFOFMFKFSDJDJPEFEFSFDIPT
ZEFCFSFTFOMBJOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBEBVUPOØNJ
DB(SàOCFSHFUBM
5PEPTFTUPTHSVQPTTPDJBMFTQPSNFEJPEF
VOB DPNQMFKB Z QSPMPOHBEB DPFYJTUFODJB
IBODPNQBSUJEPUFSSJUPSJPTZFMVTPEFSF
DVSTPT OBUVSBMFT FYQFSJNFOUBOEP NVDIBT
NPEJGJDBDJPOFT EFCJEP BM EFTBSSPMMP EF MB
FDPOPNÓBEFFODMBWFFMBHPUBNJFOUPEFMPT
SFDVSTPTOBUVSBMFTDPOGMJDUPTNJMJUBSFTZFM
BWBODFEFMBGSPOUFSBBHSÓDPMBZHBOBEFSB
-BEFNPHSBGÓBEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTEFM
$BSJCF OJDBSBHàFOTF UJFOF RVF BOBMJ[BSTF Z
FOUFOEFSTFEFTEFMBQFSTQFDUJWBIJTUØSJDBEF
MBDPOGPSNBDJØOEFMBTTPDJFEBEFTZDVMUVSBT
RVFIBCJUBOFTUBÈSFBHFPHSÈGJDB&OFTFTFO
UJEPFMDPNQPSUBNJFOUPEFNPHSÈGJDPEFMBT
SFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTFTUÈNVZNBSDBEPQPS
TVDBSÈDUFSEFSFDFQUPSBTOFUBTEFQPCMBDJØO
NJHSBOUFFOCVTDBEFUJFSSBTOBDJPOBMFTiCBM
EÓBTwZMBUBTBEFOBUBMJEBEEFFTBQPCMBDJØO
JONJHSBOUF
-PT GFOØNFOPT FTUSVDUVSBMFT NÈT JNQPS
UBOUFT RVF JNQBDUBO MBT EJOÈNJDBT TP
DJPFDPOØNJDBT Z CJPEFNPHSÈGJDBT EF BN
CBTSFHJPOFTTPOMBFTQFDVMBDJØOZUSÈGJDP
EFUJFSSBTFMBWBODFEFMBGSPOUFSBBHSÓDPMB
Z HBOBEFSB Z MB SFFEJDJØO EF NPEFMPT FY
USBDUJWPTEFFYQMPUBDJØOJOEJTDSJNJOBEBEF
MPTSFDVSTPTOBUVSBMFT&TUPTGFOØNFOPTEF
PSEFO TPDJPFDPOØNJDP TF DPNCJOBO DPO
VOQSPDFTPEFNPHSÈGJDPDVMUVSBMZQPMÓUJDP
RVFIBHFOFSBEPVOBQSPGVOEBSFDPNQPTJ
DJØO ÏUOJDB FO BNCBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT
EFCJEPBMBNBTJWBNJHSBDJØONFTUJ[BBQBS
UJSEF
%F BDVFSEP B MPT EBUPT EFNPHSÈGJDPT EF
FTUFJOGPSNFDFSDBEFVOQPSDJFOUPEF
MBQPCMBDJØOEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTFT
EF PSJHFO NFTUJ[P F IJTQBOPQBSMBOUF &TF
GFOØNFOP CJPEFNPHSÈGJDP TPDJBM QPMÓUJ
DP Z DVMUVSBM QSFTFOUB QSPGVOEPT SFUPT BM
NPEFMP BDUVBM EF SÏHJNFO EF BVUPOPNÓB
ZBMPTQSJODJQJPTEFSFDPOPDJNJFOUPBMPT
EFSFDIPTIJTUØSJDPTEFQVFCMPTJOEÓHFOBTZ
DPNVOJEBEFTÏUOJDBTSFQSFTFOUBDJØOÏUOJDB
&TUBOVFWBSFBMJEBEZTVTSFUPTOPIBOTJEP
BCPSEBEPTOJEJTDVUJEPTBEFDVBEBNFOUFFO
MBTPSHBOJ[BDJPOFTFJOTUBODJBTEFQPEFSSF
HJPOBMZEFCFOTFSUFNBTEFVOEJÈMPHPSF
HJPOBMZOBDJPOBMVSHFOUFFOUSFMPTBDUPSFT
FJOTUJUVDJPOFTJOWPMVDSBEPT
Loscambiosdemogr‡ficos
.ÈTEFNFEJPNJMMØOEFIBCJUBOUFTEFMBT
SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT TPO NFTUJ[PT QPS TV
NFNPSJBIJTUØSJDBSFMBDJPOFTTPDJBMFTMFO
HVB Z DVMUVSB 4F WFSJGJDB BTÓ MB SFEVDDJØO
QSPQPSDJPOBMDSFDJFOUFEFMBQPCMBDJØOJOEÓ
HFOBBGSPEFTDFOEJFOUFZMBTDPNVOJEBEFT
ÏUOJDBTRVFTFJEFOUJGJDBODPNPiDPTUF×PTw
QPSFMEFTQMB[BNJFOUPNBTJWPEFJONJHSBO
UFTNFTUJ[PTFOMPTÞMUJNPTRVJODFB×PT
&TUFFTVOQSPDFTPEFHSBOFOWFSHBEVSBEF
FYQBOTJØOBDFMFSBEBZEFMBGSPOUFSBBHSÓDP
MBZHBOBEFSBQJPOFSBEFTEFFMPDDJEFOUFZ
OPSUFEFMPTEFQBSUBNFOUPTMJNÓUSPGFTIBDJB
MBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT RVF DPMPDB FO TJ
UVBDJØODSÓUJDBEFJNQMPTJØOPFYUJODJØOMB
GMPSBGBVOBTVFMPTZDBMJEBEEFWJEBEFMPT
QVFCMPTJOEÓHFOBTBGSPDBSJCF×PTZDPNVOJ
EBEFTÏUOJDBTEFMB$PTUB$BSJCF
&TFDBNCJPEFMBDPNQPTJDJØOÏUOJDBEFMB
QPCMBDJØOSFHJPOBMIBEFKBEPBMPTQVFCMPT
**1FSTQFDUJWBTTVKFUPTFIJTUPSJB
JOEÓHFOBTZBGSPDBSJCF×PTDPNPHSVQPTNJ
OPSJUBSJPT FO BNCBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT
Z IB DPOWFSUJEP B OVFWF EF MPT EJFDJOVF
WFNVOJDJQJPTFOVOJEBEFTBENJOJTUSBUJWBT
NPOPÏUOJDBT Z FO TV QFSGJM EFNPHSÈGJDP
DPNQBSBCMFT B MPT NVOJDJQJPT DPMJOEBOUFT
EFMPTEFQBSUBNFOUPTWFDJOPT
$POFTUBUFOEFODJBTFFWJEFODJBMBFSPTJØO
EFMPTQSJODJQJPTGVOEBNFOUBMFTEFM&TUBUV
UPEF"VUPOPNÓBDVZPPCKFUJWPIBTJEPHB
SBOUJ[BSMBSFQSFTFOUBUJWJEBEZDPOWJWFODJB
NVMUJÏUOJDBBUSBWÏTEFMFKFSDJDJPEFNPDSÈ
UJDP EF EFSFDIPT IJTUØSJDPT EF QVFCMPT JO
EÓHFOBTZDPNVOJEBEFTÏUOJDBTFOFMNBSDP
EFMBVOJEBEOBDJPOBM
6OBQPMÓUJDBRVFUSBUFEFWJBCJMJ[BSMBTSF
HJPOFTBVUØOPNBTOFDFTJUBSÈUSBOTGPSNBSTF
DBEB WF[ NÈT FO VOB QPMÓUJDB EF BDDJPOFT
BGJSNBUJWBTQBSBMBiEFGFOTBEFMPTEFSFDIPT
QFSNBOFOUFT EF MPT QVFCMPT JOEÓHFOBT
BGSPEFTDFOEJFOUFT Z DPNVOJEBEFT ÏUOJDBT
NJOPSJUBSJBTwFTQFDJBMNFOUFFOFMDPOUFYUP
EFMBUFOFODJBZVTPEFMBTUJFSSBTZSFDVSTPT
OBUVSBMFTDPNVOBMFTZSFQSFTFOUBDJØOQPMÓ
UJDB FO MB JOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBE BVUPOØNJDB Z
"TBNCMFB/BDJPOBM
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
&MBWBODFEFMBGSPOUFSBBHSÓDPMBZHBOBEFSB
NFTUJ[BIBUFOJEPBEFNÈTVOFGFDUPEFWBT
UBEPSFOMBFYJTUFODJBZVTPEFMPTSFDVSTPT
OBUVSBMFT Z BNFOB[B MB WJBCJMJEBE FDPOØ
NJDBTPDJBMNVMUJDVMUVSBMZQPMÓUJDBEFMBT
SFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
&TUBFTVOBUFOTJØOJOUFSOBRVFMBJOTUJUVDJP
OBMJEBEBVUPOØNJDBMPTHPCJFSOPTSFHJPOB
MFTZFMHPCJFSOPDFOUSBMEFCFOFOGSFOUBSEF
GPSNBVSHFOUFDPOTUSVDUJWBFJOUFHSBMBGJO
EFBOBMJ[BSJEFOUJGJDBSZBDUVBSTPCSFMPTGBD
UPSFT IJTUØSJDPT TPDJPFDPOØNJDPT BNCJFO
UBMFTZDVMUVSBMFTRVFTVCZBDFOBMBFYQVMTJØO
EFGBNJMJBTEFTEFMBT[POBTEFM1BDÓGJDPZDFO
USPEFMQBÓTIBDJBMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
&MQSPCMFNBOPFTFMDBNQFTJOPEFGSPOUFSB
&TVODPNQMFKPQSPDFTPEFFYQVMTJØOEFQP
CMBDJØONBZPSJUBSJBNFOUFDBNQFTJOBFOFY
USFNBQPCSF[BPSJHJOBSJBEFMDFOUSPZOPSUF
EFMQBÓTIBDJBMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTEFCJ
EPBMBESBNÈUJDBSFEVDDJØOEFMBQSFTFODJB
Z TFSWJDJPT EFM &TUBEP MB DSJTJT EFM NPEFMP
BHSPFYQPSUBEPSMBBVTFODJBEFNFSDBEPTMB
FTQFDVMBDJØOEFUJFSSBTFMEFTFNQMFPZMBGBM
UBEFJOHSFTPTFOFMTFDUPSSVSBM
.JFOUSBTRVFMPTNJTLJUPTZTVNVNBZBOH
OBTEFMOPSFTUFEFMBBDUVBM3""/NBOUJF
OFO FTQBDJPT IPNPHÏOFPT Z USBEJDJPOBMFT
QPSTVBTDFOEFODJBNFNPSJBIJTUØSJDBUSB
EJDJPOFTZBETDSJQDJØOÏUOJDBZDVMUVSBMMBT
PUSBTDPNVOJEBEFTÏUOJDBTFYQFSJNFOUBOVO
JOUFOTPQSPDFTPRVFBMPMBSHPEFMPTTJHMPT
9*9Z99IBUSBOTGPSNBEPBHSBOQBSUFEF
$FOUSPBNÏSJDBFOVOBSFHJØOEFJEFOUJEBEFT
NFTUJ[BT SFDPOTUSVJEBT Z SFMBUJWBNFOUF IP
NPHÏOFBT-PTFTQBDJPTZUFSSJUPSJPTJOEÓHF
OBTUSBOTDJFOEFOMPTMÓNJUFTEF/JDBSBHVB
ZFOFMMPTMBTDPNVOJEBEFTNJTLJUBTZTVNV
NBZBOHOBTDPOTUJUVZFOMBNBZPSÓB
-BQPCMBDJØODSFPMFSFTJEFOUFEFMB$PTUB$B
SJCF FT MB RVF IB FYQFSJNFOUBEP VO NFOPS
JODSFNFOUP EFNPHSÈGJDP FO MBT ÞMUJNBT EPT
EÏDBEBT FO QBSUF QPSRVF TV BMUP HSBEP EF
DPODFOUSBDJØO VSCBOB DPOPDJNJFOUPT Z SF
EFTGBNJMJBSFTMFIBOGBDJMJUBEPMBNJHSBDJØO
OBDJPOBM F JOUFSOBDJPOBM FTQFDJBMNFOUF B MPT
&&66$PTUB3JDBZPUSPTQBÓTFTDBSJCF×PT
&M GFOØNFOP NJHSBUPSJP UBNCJÏO JODJEF
BVORVFQBSDJBMNFOUFFOMPTHBSÓGVOBRVF
DPO VOB QPCMBDJØO FTUJNBEB EF USFT NJM
RVJOJFOUPTIBCJUBOUFTUJFOFONBZPSQPCMB
DJØOZDPIFTJØOÏUOJDBFOMB3""4
%FTEF MBT DPNVOJEBEFT HBSÓGVOBT FO MB
DVFODB EF -BHVOB EF 1FSMBT ‰#SPXO
#BOL-B'F4BO7JDFOUFZ0SJOPDP‰TF
IBO EFTBSSPMMBEP SFEFT TPDJBMFT JOUFOTBT Z
EJOÈNJDBT DPO PUSBT DPNVOJEBEFT HBSÓGV
"NCPTUFSSJUPSJPTÏUOJDPTTFFYUJFOEFOB)POEVSBT&OFMDBTPEF
MPTNJTLJUPTBMEFQBSUBNFOUPEF(SBDJBTB%JPTP.PTLJUJBIPOEV
SF×BDPOVOBQPCMBDJØOBQSPYJNBEBEFNJMIBCJUBOUFT&OFM
DBTPEFMPTTVNVNBZBOHOBT5BXBILBBMB3FTFSWBEFMBCJØTGF
SB5BXBILB"TBOHOJDPOVOBQPCMBDJØOEFVONJMIBCJUBOUFT
$IBQJO
OBT FO FM ÈSFB EFM DBSJCF DFOUSPBNFSJDBOP
ZMPT&&66
&MQVFCMPSBNBDPOVOBQPCMBDJØOBQSPYJ
NBEBEFVONJMUSFTDJFOUPTIBCJUBOUFTDPO
UJOÞBFOVOBTJUVBDJØOEFNPHSÈGJDBQSFDBSJB
RVFSFGMFKBVOBIJTUPSJBEFFYDMVTJØOFDPOØ
NJDB TPDJBM DVMUVSBM Z QPMÓUJDB QSBDUJDBEB
UBOUP FO FM DPOUFYUP VSCBOP EF #MVFGJFMET
DPNP FO FM UFSSJUPSJP SBNB USBEJDJPOBM FO
UJFSSBGJSNF(SJOFWBMEFUBM
Movimientos migratorios de
losgruposregionales
-BTEPTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTEFM$BSJCFOJ
DBSBHàFOTFQPTFFOVOBFYUFOTJØOUFSSJUPSJBM
EFLJMØNFUSPTDVBESBEPTZVOFT
UJNBEPQPCMBDJPOBMEFIBCJUBOUFT
*/&$ &TB DJGSB SFGMFKB MBT EJOÈ
NJDBTEFNPWJMJEBEZNJHSBDJØOJOUFSOBTZ
FYUFSOBT"DUVBMNFOUFBNCBTSFHJPOFTBV
UØOPNBTHFOFSBODPSSJFOUFTNJHSBUPSJBTEF
EJGFSFOUFT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT IBDJB Z EFTEF TVT
SFTQFDUJWPT UFSSJUPSJPT &TUBT NJHSBDJPOFT
FOMBNBZPSÓBEFMPTDBTPTTJHVFOQBUSPOFT
EJGFSFODJBEPT TFHÞO MB DPNVOJEBE ÏUOJDB
JOWPMVDSBEB 5SBEJDJPOBMNFOUF FO BNCBT
SFHJPOFTMPTDSFPMFTFNJHSBOUFNQPSBMNFO
UFQBSBUSBCBKBSDPNPNBSJOFSPTPQFSTPOBM
EFTFSWJDJPFOCBSDPTEFUVSJTNPZTPMWFOUBS
BTÓQBSDJBMNFOUFTVTEFNBOEBTMBCPSBMFTZ
GJOBODJFSBT/PPCTUBOUFFOMBNFEJEBFO
RVF MB TJUVBDJØO FDPOØNJDB TF BHSBWB OP
TPMPTPOMPTKØWFOFTDSFPMFTTJOPMPTKØWFOFT
DPTUF×PT FO HFOFSBM MPT RVF QBSUJDJQBO EF
GPSNBDSFDJFOUFFOMBNPEBMJEBEEFFNCBS
DBSTFTIJQQJOHPVU
4JO FNCBSHP FM GMVKP NJHSBUPSJP NÈT SFMF
WBOUFQPSTVTEJNFOTJPOFTZDPOTFDVFODJBT
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TablaNo.II.2.1:Cantidaddeexplotacionesagropecuariasydistribuci—nporcentualdeformasdepropiedadydeapropiaci—nosituaci—njur’dicaencuatromunicipiosdelaRAAS
Cantidadde
explotaciones
agropecuarias
Nueva
Guinea
Muellede
losBueyes
ElAyote
ElRama
Total
5.831
1.989
776
3.911
12.507
Formasdepropiedad
Due–osindividuales
99,47
98,54
99,61
99,72
Cooperativas
0,04
0,15
-
0,08
Colectivo:familiaresu
0,44
1,26
0,39
0,10
hogares
Estatales
0,04
0,05
Otraforma
0,00
0,05
0,05
Formasdeapropiaci—nysituaci—njur’dicadelapropiedad
Conescriturapœblica
44,0
54,0
56,0
53,0
Sinescriturapœblica
99,34
0,07
0,53
0,03
0,03
51,75
5,0
14,0
22,0
17,0
14,5
Enprocesode
legalizaci—n
Reformaagraria(unsolo
due–o)
ReformaAgraria
(mancomunada)
7,0
8,0
12,0
13,0
10,0
33,0
7,0
4,0
8,0
13,0
5,0
3,0
0,0
1,0
2,25
Tierrasarrendadas
1,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
1,75
Otraformadetenencia
1,0
3,0
0,0
3,0
1,75
Tenenciamixta
4,0
9,0
4,0
3,0
5,0
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TablaNo.II.3.1:êndicedeDesarrolloHumanoMunicipal,2005
Salud
Poblaci—n
(Hab)
Municipio
RAAN
Agua
Educaci—n
%de
Coberni–os
%de
turade
menoni–os
Cober- Retenvacunaresde1
con
turade
ci—n
ci—nen
a–oen
bajo
agua combimenoriesgo
pesoal
potable
nada
resde1
dedesnacer
a–o
nutrici—n
Econ—mico
ClasificaIngreIndice
ci—ncon
soper
deDepoblacioc‡pita sarrollo
nesactualiprimario Humazaci—ncar(C$/Hab)
no
togr‡fica
TBC
0,466 Bajo
Waspam
43.343
81,73
5,15
17,72
21,40
88,03
83,60
803,89
PuertoCabezas
48.709
91,53
7,43
8,04
37,29
87,11
83,60
2.764,06
Rosita
21.866
78,47
7,75
7,47
45,05
78,51
93,69
758,24
Bonanza
16.164
86,36
3,87
5,14
33,28
88,47
82,18
3.499,06
0,547 Mediobajo
Waslala
42.171
95,08
8,60
7,95
6,76
85,76
67,23
2.478,93
0,446 Bajo
75.086
85,01
5,59
5,54
16,76
83,76
50,57
3.080,22
0,438 Bajo
7.534
81,74
15,79
6,50
10,06
84,31
65,74
1.919,20
0,420 Bajo
Siuna
Prinzapolka
0,437 Bajo
0,527 Mediobajo
0,479 Bajo
7FSFO"OFYP/PMBNFUPEPMPHÓBVUJMJ[BEBQBSBFTUFJOGPSNF
&M¶OEJDFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOPDPOTUSVJEPQBSBMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØ
OPNBTOPFTDPNQBSBCMFBM*%)VUJMJ[BEPFOFMTFHVOEPJOGPSNF
EFEFTBSSPMMPIVNBOPOBDJPOBMEBEPRVFMPTEBUPTZWBSJBCMFTVUJ
MJ[BEPTFOMBDPOTUSVDDJØOEFBNCPTEJGJFSFO
**1FSTQFDUJWBTTVKFUPTFIJTUPSJB
Salud
Poblaci—n
(Hab)
Municipio
RAAS
Agua
Educaci—n
%de
Coberni–os
%de
turade
menoni–os
Cober- Retenvacunaresde1
con
turade
ci—n
ci—nen
a–oen
bajo
agua combimenoriesgo
pesoal
potable
nada
resde1
dedesnacer
a–o
nutrici—n
TBC
Econ—mico
ClasificaIngreIndice
ci—ncon
soper
deDepoblacioc‡pita sarrollo
nesactualiPrimario Humazaci—ncar(C$/Hab)
no
togr‡fica
0.454 Bajo
Paiwas
51.328
33,00
15,63
8,15
4,54
89,08
27,52
2.996,37
0,357 Bajo
LaCruzdeR’o
Grande
21.044
90,98
8,33
8,26
4,47
98,70
52,55
3.872,86
0,470 Bajo
8.658
84,46
2,33
5,87
29,69
90,33
69,95
6.667,64
0,622 Medioalto
ElAyote
12.468
73,14
8,52
1,52
35,23
86,44
80,96
3.835,42
0,553 Mediobajo
ElRama
55.528
65,24
4,63
2,09
35,75
84,42
57,28 3.006,40
0,471 Bajo
Muelledelos
Bueyes
28.054
89,12
6,55
2,77
30,15
88,42
54,64
3.003,49
0,467 Bajo
Kukra-Hill
11.095
77,26
6,27
5,10
25,52
83,68
35,22
6.953,35
0,539 Mediobajo
CornIsland
6.425
75,08
11,59
2,65
70,00
97,91
75,41 10.454,68
Bluefields
46.724
66,91
7,11
7,30
9,19
86,01
89,60
2.527,64
0,494 Bajo
NuevaGuinea
113.583
83,04
6,89
3,12
51,34
83,43
41,18
1.610,70
0,408 Bajo
ElTortuguero
12.956
73,14
7,14
9,83
7,82
72,89
42,95 4.624,00
0,443 Bajo
4.112
66,08
1,82
7,08
46,55
98,32
74,73
0,684 Medioalto
LagunadePerlas
Desembocadura
delaCruzdeR’o
Grande
7.540,76
0,807 Alto
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Tablado.II.3.2:PoblacionesdelosmunicipiosdelaRAANyRAASsegœndiversasfuentes
Municipios
RAAN
Poblaci—n
Estimacionesdel
brindadapor
*Actualizaci—n
INECaoctubre
investigadores cartogr‡fica2004
2004
deUraccan
244.970
308.438
254.873
PuertoCabezas
54.530
57.465
48.709
Waspam
37.806
53.028
43.343
Rosita
18.811
25.462
21.866
Bonanza
15.447
23.849
16.164
66.698
80.387
75.086
5.615
21.179
7.534
Waslala
46.063
47.068
42.171
RAAS
371.829
429.552
371.975
Paiwas
57.222
55.000
51.328
LaCruzdeR’oGrande
DesembocaduradelaCruzdeR’o
Grande
LagunadePerlas
15.975
20.000
21.044
4.112
5.500
4.112
10.303
10.628
8.658
ElTortuguero
11.010
33.844
12.956
ElRama
56.071
63.245
55.528
ElAyote
13.359
15.196
12.468
MuelledelosBueyes
25.661
29.590
28.054
KukraHill
8.783
13.200
11.095
CornIsland
7.733
7.500
6.425
Bluefields
48.017
47.849
46.724
NuevaGuinea
113.583
128.000
113.583
Siuna
Prinzapolka
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TablaNo.II.3.3:Tasabrutadeeducaci—nprimaria(TBP)12.Per’odo1991Ð2003.
Departamento 1991 1992 1993
Nacional
97,90 99,58 102,09
RAAN
61,72 82,45 87,46
RAAS
30,70 60,67 56,90
1994
102,67
78,27
51,66
1995
101,29
92,65
56,91
1996 1997 1998 1999
99,65 100,19 99,43 102,29
95,43 96,31 99,93 99,37
58,39 64,07 67,70 77,28
2000
103,54
112,84
81,67
2001
104,37
100,14
84,16
2002 2003
112,7 111,91
140,5 151,98
95,3 96,65
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TablaNo.II.3.4:Tasabrutadeeducaci—nsecundaria,per’odo1991Ð2003
Departamento 1991
31,84
Nacional
RAAN
15,27
10,73
RAAS
1992 1993
31,47 31,97
15,04 18,80
11,07 10,74
1994
33,81
19,23
11,16
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
35,77 36.88 39,61 41,23 42,48 42,85 44,97 57,1 58,48
21,79 21,51 22,70 22,24 22,25 23,60 26,08 30,9 37,12
12,48 12,63 14,61 16,28 16,88 16,74 18,72 25,7 27,38
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TablaNo.II.3.5:Nœmerodeestudiantes,docentesygraduadosdelasuniversidadescoste–as,2004
Universidad
BICU
Uraccan
Total
Nœmerode
estudiantes
4.232
4.436
8.668
Nœmerode
docentes
245
260
505
Nœmerode
graduados
460
1.824
2.284
Personal
administrativo
147
139
286
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FM SFTDBUF Z QSPNPDJØO EF MB NFEJDJOB
USBEJDJPOBM Z MB DPPSEJOBDJØO EFM TJTUF
NBEFTBMVEPDDJEFOUBMDPOMBTNPEBMJ
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t $POEJDJPOBNJFOUP EF MBT QPMÓUJDBT SF
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MVENÈTFGJDJFOUFTZBDFSDBSMBUPNBEF
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t &KFSDFS MB HFSFODJB SFHJPOBM FO DPPSEJ
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t %FTBSSPMMBS VO NPEFMP EF GJOBODJB
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EFMNPEFMPSFHJPOBMEFTBMVE
t EJGJDVMUBEFTEFDPNQSFOTJØOEFMBTBV
UPSJEBEFT EFM HPCJFSOP DFOUSBM TPCSF FM
QSPDFTP EF BVUPOPNÓB Z MPT EFSFDIPT
MFHBMFT EF MPT HPCJFSOPT SFHJPOBMFT FO
UFNBTEFTBMVE
t 'BMUB EF SFGFSFOUFT Z SFDFMP EF MPT GVO
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"QFTBSEFFTBTEJGJDVMUBEFTIBZVOBTJUVBDJØO
FTQFSBO[BEPSB&M.JOTBIBJOJDJBEPVOEJÈ
MPHPDPOMBTDPNJTJPOFTEFTBMVEEFBNCPT
HPCJFSOPTSFHJPOBMFTCBTBEPFOQSJODJQJPTEF
DPOGJBO[BDSFEJCJMJEBESFTQFUPZUPMFSBODJB
%FFTBGPSNBTFIBOFTUBCMFDJEPTFTJPOFTEF
USBCBKPBMOJWFMNÈTBMUPEFM.JOTBZEFBN
CPTDPOTFKPTSFHJPOBMFTQBSBJEFOUJGJDBSDPJO
DJEFODJBTEJGFSFODJBTZQSJPSJEBEFT
&TUPIBEBEPPSJHFOBMBDPNJTJØODPPSEJ
OBEPSBDPNQVFTUBQPSDVBUSPSFQSFTFOUBO
UFT EFM .JOTB Z DVBUSP SFQSFTFOUBOUFT EF
DBEBSFHJØOBVUØOPNBRVJFOFTBDUVBMNFO
UFBOBMJ[BOFMQSPDFTPEFEFTDFOUSBMJ[BDJØO
ZEFTDPODFOUSBDJØOFOBNCBTSFHJPOFT
0USPSFTVMUBEPSFMFWBOUFEFFTFEJÈMPHPFOUSF
MBTSFHJPOFTZFM&TUBEPFOBTQFDUPTEFTBMVE
FTRVFMB-FZ(FOFSBMEF4BMVEZTVSFHMBNFO
UPDPOUJFOFOVODBQÓUVMPFOFMRVFTFBTVNF
FM NPEFMP SFHJPOBM EF TBMVE %F JHVBM NB
OFSBFM1MBO/BDJPOBMEF4BMVE
JODPSQPSBFOTVTQPMÓUJDBTMBTFTUSBUFHJBTJO
OPWBEPSBTEFMBNFEJDJOBUSBEJDJPOBMEFMPT
QVFCMPTJOEÓHFOBTZDPNVOJEBEFTÏUOJDBT
-BJNQMFNFOUBDJØOEFVOBQPMÓUJDBOBDJPOBM
EFTBMVERVFSFDPOPDFMBTFTQFDJGJDJEBEFTEF
MBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTFJODPSQPSBFMNPEF
MPEFTBMVEQSPQVFTUPQPSFMMBTNJTNBTFTUÈ
NÈTRVFKVTUJGJDBEBUBNCJÏOQPSMBTOFDFTJ
EBEFTZEFNBOEBTPCKFUJWBTEFMBQPCMBDJØO
DPTUF×B-BFODVFTUBSFBMJ[BEBQPS$"4$
*QBEFQBSBFTUFJOGPSNFSFGMFKBRVFMB
TBMVEFOBNCBTSFHJPOFTDPOUJOÞBTJFOEPVOB
EFNBOEB JOTBUJTGFDIB " MB QSFHVOUB i%Ó
HBNFUSFTDPTBTRVFEFCFSÓBIBDFSDVBMRVJFS
(PCJFSOPDFOUSBMQBSBCFOFGJDJBSBMB$PTUB
"UMÈOUJDB$BSJCFwMBTFHVOEBSFTQVFTUBNÈT
BMUBDPSSFTQPOEJFOUFBMQPSDJFOUPEF
MPT FOUSFWJTUBEPT DPTUF×PT SFTQPOEJØ i1SP
WFFSTBMVEw$"4$*QBEF
CondicioneshigiŽnicosanitarias
-B TJUVBDJØO IJHJÏOJDP TBOJUBSJB EFQFOEF
UBOUPEFMBTDPOEJDJPOFTHFPDMJNBUPMØHJDBT
DPNP EF MB JOGSBFTUSVDUVSB EF DPNVOJDB
DJØOEFMPTTFSWJDJPTZEFMPTIÈCJUPTZDPT
UVNCSFTEFMBQPCMBDJØO
Abastecimientodeagua
potable
4PMBNFOUFMBTDBCFDFSBTSFHJPOBMFTZBMHVOBT
NVOJDJQBMFT UJFOFO TJTUFNBT EF BHVB QPS
UVCFSÓBBVORVFFTUPTOPDVCSFOMBUPUBMJEBE
EF MB EFNBOEB &M BHVB EF DPOTVNP IV
NBOPFOMBTDPNVOJEBEFTSVSBMFTQSPWJFOF
HFOFSBMNFOUFEFGVFOUFTTVQFSGJDJBMFTDPNP
MPNVFTUSBOMBTDJGSBTEFMTJHVJFOUFDVBESP
UPNBEPEF&OEFTB
&MQPSDFOUBKFEFUPNBTEFBHVBEPNJDJMJB
SFT FT TJHOJGJDBUJWBNFOUF NFOPS RVF FO MB
SFHJØOEFM1BDÓGJDP1PSMPHFOFSBMFMBHVB
OP FT USBUBEB BEFDVBEBNFOUF ZB RVF FO
MB NBZPSÓB EF MBT SFEFT OP TF DVFOUB DPO
QMBOUBT EF DMPSBDJØO &O MPT UFSSJUPSJPT Z
DPNVOJEBEFT SVSBMFT TF FTUJNB RVF FM QPSDJFOUPEFMBQPCMBDJØOOPUJFOFBDDFTPB
BHVBEFDBMJEBE
TablaNo.II.3.6:Fuentesdeaguaparaconsumohumano,2001,enporcentajes
Fuente
Dentrodelavivienda
Fueradelavivienda
Pozopœblico
Puestopœblico
Pozoprivado
R’ooquebrada
RAAN
11,1
5,9
10,6
3,9
32
9,7
RAAS
6,6
17,4
19,1
2,3
23,7
10,6
Pac’fico
38,5
38,6
2,2
3,5
6,5
2,5
'VFOUF&OEFTB
Aguasnegrasyalcantarillado
/JOHVOPEFMPTDBTDPTVSCBOPTUJFOFTFSWJDJP
EFBMDBOUBSJMMBEPZBHVBTOFHSBT"QSPYJNB
EBNFOUF FM QPS DJFOUP EF MB QPCMBDJØO
VSCBOBEFMB3""/ZMB3""4EFGFDBBMBJSF
MJCSFEFCJEPBMBGBMUBEFTFSWJDJPTTBOJUBSJPTP
MFUSJOBT4ØMPFMQPSDJFOUPEFMBTMFUSJOBT
TFFODVFOUSBFOCVFOFTUBEP%FCJEPBRVF
MBNBZPSQBSUFEFMBTMFUSJOBTTFFODVFOUSBO
NBMVCJDBEBTFOSFMBDJØOBMPTQP[PTFMBHVB
EFQP[POPFTBQUBQBSBDPOTVNPIVNBOP
Gr‡ficaII.3.3
Coberturadeaguapotable,RAAN,RAASyla
Repœblica
Lareddeservicios
-BTBTJHOBDJPOFTQSFTVQVFTUBSJBTFOFMTFD
UPS TBMVE QBSB MBT SFHJPOFT EFM $BSJCF OJ
DBSBHàFOTFEVSBOUFMPTÞMUJNPTWFJOUFB×PT
DPSSFTQPOEJFSPOBQSPYJNBEBNFOUFBMQPS
'VFOUF%JSFDDJØOEF&TUBEÓTUJDBT&/"$"-
**1FSTQFDUJWBTTVKFUPTFIJTUPSJB
DJFOUPEFMQSFTVQVFTUPOBDJPOBM&MQSFTV
QVFTUPBTJHOBEPFTJOTVGJDJFOUFQBSBDVCSJS
MPTBMUPTDPTUPTEFPQFSBDJØODBVTBEPTQPS
MB EJTQFSTJØO HFPHSÈGJDB EF MBT DPNVOJEB
EFT MBT HSBOEFT EJTUBODJBT Z MB EFGJDJFOUF
JOGSBFTUSVDUVSBEFDPNVOJDBDJØO
&M CBKP QSFTVQVFTUP BTJHOBEP OP QFSNJUF
RVFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTTFBDFSRVFOBM
QSPNFEJP OBDJPOBM FO TVT JOEJDBEPSFT EF
TBMVE"MDPOUSBSJPFOBMHVOPTJOEJDBEPSFT
MBT CSFDIBT TF JODSFNFOUBSPO &M CBKP QSF
TVQVFTUPTFNBOJGJFTUBUBNCJÏOFOMBTEJGJ
DVMUBEFT PQFSBUJWBT EFM TJTUFNB EF TBMVE Z
FO FM EFUFSJPSP EF MB JOGSBFTUSVDUVSB GÓTJDB
EFMBTVOJEBEFTEFTBMVE-BBTJHOBDJØOEF
QMB[BTQBSBQFSTPOBMNÏEJDPFTJOGFSJPSBMB
BTJHOBDJØOEFMSFTUPEFMQBÓT5BNCJÏOFYJTUF
FOFMJOUFSJPSEFMBTSFHJPOFTEFM$BSJCFVOB
FWJEFOUFEJTQBSJEBE
TablaNo.II.3.7:Recursosdesalud,2003
Departamentos
Nœmerode
Enfermeras
MŽdicos
profesionales
Odont—logos
por100,000habitantes
LaRepœblica
RAAN
RAAS
31
41
26
38
17
32
4,5
1,9
1,9
Egresos
CamasdishospitaponiblesPor
lariospor
10,000habi100habitantes
tantes
5,4
4,8
6,0
9,2
10,8
11,6
Atenciones
ambulatoriasporhabitante
Establecimientosde
atenci—nambulatoriadel
Minsa
2,0
2,9
3,0
1.076
109
31
'VFOUF%JWJTJØO(FOFSBMEF1MBOJGJDBDJØOZ4JTUFNBTEF*OGPSNBDJØO.*/4"
%FBDVFSEPBMEPDVNFOUP1MBO#BTFEF4BMVE
FOFMB×PMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTUFOÓBO
EPT NÏEJDPT FTQFDJBMJTUBT QPS DBEB DJFO NJM
IBCJUBOUFTZEJFDJTJFUFFOFMSFTUPEFMQBÓT
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
0USP BTQFDUP SFMFWBOUF FT MB BMUB SPUBDJØO
EFMQFSTPOBMNÏEJDPBTJHOBEPBMBTSFHJPOFT
BVUØOPNBTEFCJEPBRVFMBNBZPSÓBQSPWJF
OFEFPUSBTSFHJPOFTEFMQBÓTZFTUÈOIBDJFO
EPTVTFSWJDJPTPDJBM
"VORVF MB SFE EF VOJEBEFT EF TBMVE IB
DSFDJEP DPOTJEFSBCMFNFOUF EVSBOUF MPT ÞM
UJNPTB×PT‰FTQFDJBMNFOUFMPTQVFTUPTEF
TBMVE‰EFCJEPBMBFMFWBEBEJTQFSTJØOEF
NPHSÈGJDBNÈTEFMQPSDJFOUPEFMBQP
CMBDJØODPTUF×BWJWFBNÈTEFEPTIPSBTEF
EJTUBODJBEFVODFOUSPEFTBMVEDBMJGJDBEP
&TJNQPSUBOUFTF×BMBSUBNCJÏOMBFYJTUFODJB
EF GVFSUFT EFTJHVBMEBEFT JOUSBSSFHJPOBMFT
&OMB3""/FMNVOJDJQJPEF1SJO[BQPMLB
FTBUFOEJEPEFTEFMPTNVOJDJQJPTEF1VFSUP
$BCF[BTZ3PTJUB&OMB3""4MPTNVOJDJ
QJPT EF &M5PSUVHVFSP Z -B $SV[ EFM 3ÓP
(SBOEFDBSFDFOEFMBDBOUJEBEZDBMJEBEEF
MPTSFDVSTPTZBTJHOBDJPOFTQSFTVQVFTUBSJBT
RVFSFDJCFOMPTNVOJDJQJPTWFDJOPTFODPO
EJDJPOFTTJNJMBSFT
"FTUBNBSHJOBDJØOHFPHSÈGJDBFOMBBTJHOB
DJØOEFSFDVSTPTIBZRVFB×BEJSMBNBSHJOB
DJØODVMUVSBMZBRVFMPTTFSWJDJPTEFTBMVE
QPSMPHFOFSBMUPEBWÓBOPFTUÈOBEBQUBEPT
BMBSFBMJEBEDVMUVSBMEFMBQPCMBDJØOJOEÓ
HFOBBGSPDBSJCF×BZDBNQFTJOB
Lasaludencifras
&YJTUFO GBDUPSFT EFUFSNJOBOUFT EF MB NPSUBMJ
EBEJOGBOUJMZEFMBNPSUBMJEBENBUFSOBDVZB
UFOEFODJBQFSNJUJSÓBEBSDVFOUBEFMBTQPTJCJMJ
EBEFTRVF/JDBSBHVBUJFOFEFBMDBO[BSFMPCKF
UJWPEFSFEVDJSFOVOQPSDJFOUPFMQPSDFO
UBKFEFNPSUBMJEBEJOGBOUJMZFOQPSDJFOUP
MBNPSUBMJEBENBUFSOBQBSBFM
&O FTF NBSDP TF IBO DPOTJEFSBEP BMHV
OPT JOEJDBEPSFT JOUFSNFEJPT DMBWF DPNP
TPOQPSDFOUBKFEFOJ×PTZOJ×BTDPOCBKP
QFTPBMOBDFSDPCFSUVSBEFWBDVOBDJØOZTV
DPNQBSBDJØO DPO FM OJWFM Z FWPMVDJØO EF
MB NPSUBMJEBE JOGBOUJM -B DBQUBDJØO QSF
DP[ EFM FNCBSB[P MB DPCFSUVSB EF QBSUPT
JOTUJUVDJPOBMFT Z FM QPSDFOUBKF EF NVKFSFT
BUFOEJEBT QPS QFSTPOBM FTQFDJBMJ[BEP TPO
MPTJOEJDBEPSFTRVFTFUPNBSPOQBSBDPO
GSPOUBSMPTDPOMBNPSUBMJEBENBUFSOB
Situaci—ndelani–ez
%FBDVFSEPBMPTEBUPTEFM4JTUFNB/BDJP
OBMEF&TUBEÓTUJDBT7JUBMFT4JOFWJMBTSFHJP
OFT BVUØOPNBT QSFTFOUBO VOB UFOEFODJB
TJNJMBSBMQSPNFEJPOBDJPOBMEFOJ×PTDPO
CBKP QFTP BM OBDFS -MBNB MB BUFODJØO RVF
EFTEFMBUBTBIBWFOJEPBVNFOUBOEP
HSBEVBMNFOUF IBTUB Z DVBOEP
BMDBO[ØTVQVOUPNÈTBMUPQBSBDPNFO[BSB
EFTDFOEFSFOBNCBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
4JO FNCBSHP FO MB 3""/ MB UFOEFODJB
EFTDFOEFOUF EF DPNFO[Ø B SFWFS
UJSTF&OFMQPSDFOUBKFEFOJ×PTDPO
CBKPQFTPBMOBDFSFSBEFMQPSDJFOUP
FO MB 3""/ WFSTVT OBDJPOBM Z FO MB
3""4FSBEFQPSDJFOUP&OMB3""4
FM QPSDFOUBKF EF OJ×PT DPO CBKP QFTP BM
OBDFS BVNFOUØ TJHOJGJDBUJWBNFOUF EFTEF
IBTUBB×PBQBSUJSEFMDVBMJOJ
DJØVOQSPDFTPIBDJBFMEFTDFOTP
Gr‡ficaNo.II.3.4
Porcentajedeni–osconbajopesoalnacer.
Repœblica,RAANyRAAS.
&O DVBOUP B MBT UFOEFODJBT PCTFSWBEBT FO
MB WBDVOBDJØO EF NFOPSFT EF VO B×P FT
JOUFSFTBOUFWFSRVFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
SFHJTUSBOVOOJWFMEFDPCFSUVSBTVQFSJPSFO
FOSFMBDJØOBMQSPNFEJPOBDJPOBM4JO
FNCBSHPEFBTFPCTFSWØVOB
SFEVDDJØOFOMBDPCFSUVSB
6ODPNQPSUBNJFOUPTJNJMBSTFBEWJFSUFFOMB
DPCFSUVSBEFMBWBDVOBDJØOQFOUBWBMFOUFRVF
GVFJOUSPEVDJEBFOQBSBSFFNQMB[BSB
MB WBDVOB DPOUSB FM TBSBNQJØO &TUB SFGMFKB
VOBDPCFSUVSBNVZJOGFSJPSBMQSPNFEJPOB
DJPOBMZEFJHVBMNBOFSBNVFTUSBVOBUFO
EFODJBBMBSFEVDDJØOFOBNCBTSFHJPOFT
**1FSTQFDUJWBTTVKFUPTFIJTUPSJB
Gr‡ficaNo.II.3.5
Coberturadevacunaci—n,BCG,enmenoresdeuna–o
Gr‡ficaNo.II.3.6
Tasademortalidadinfantilpormilnacidosvivos
'VFOUF0GJDJOBEF&TUBEÓTUJDBT.JOTB
Gr‡ficaNo.II.3.7
Tasa de mortalidad infantil por cien mil nacidos
vivosregistrados
'VFOUF 0GJDJOB EF &TUBEÓTUJDBT 4JTUFNB EF7JHJMBODJB EF MB .PSUBMJEBE .BUFSOB 47..
Z
4JTUFNB/BDJPOBMEF&TUBEÓTUJDBT7JUBMFT
-BSFEVDDJØOEFMBNPSUBMJEBENBUFSOBDP
SSFTQPOEF BM PCKFUJWP EF MPT PCKFUJWPT
EFMB$VNCSFEFM.JMFOJPDPOTUJUVZFBTV
WF[VOPEFMPTQSJODJQBMFTEFTBGÓPTQBSBMBT
SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT QSFDJTBNFOUF QPS TV
FMFWBEBJODJEFODJBEFOUSPEFMBTDBVTBTEF
NVFSUFEFMBTNVKFSFT
4FHÞO MPT EBUPT EFM 4JTUFNB EF7JHJMBODJB
EF.VFSUFT.BUFSOBTEFM.JOTBBNCBTSF
HJPOFTBVUØOPNBTQSFTFOUBOUBTBTEFNPS
UBMJEBE NBUFSOB ‰QPS DJFO NJM OBDJEPT
WJWPT‰NVDIPNÈTBMUBTRVFFMQSPNFEJP
OBDJPOBM 4FHÞO MBT UBTBT SFQPSUBEBT QBSB
FM B×P TF PCTFSWBO BMHVOPT BWBODFT
FOFMPCKFUJWPQFSPÏTUPTTPOUPEBWÓBNVZ
NPEFTUPT
.JFOUSBT FO FM QBÓT MB UBTB EF NPSUBMJEBE
NBUFSOBTFSFEVKPFOVOQPSDJFOUPFOUSF
ZFOMB3""/FTBEJTNJOVDJØO
GVFEFBQFOBTVOQPSDJFOUPZFOMB3""4
EFMQPSDJFOUP$BCFTF×BMBSRVFFTMB
3""/ MB RVF QSFTFOUB BMBSNBOUF EJGFSFO
DJB DPO SFMBDJØO BM QSPNFEJP OBDJPOBM Z B
MB3""4&MEBUPTFWFBHSBWBEPQPSRVFMB
CSFDIBFOWF[EFSFEVDJSTFIBDSFDJEPHSB
EVBMNFOUF DPNP MP NVFTUSB MB5BCMB /P
**
&TUB BEFNÈT EF NPTUSBS MBT HSBOEFT CSF
DIBT FYJTUFOUFT FO NBUFSJB EF NPSUBMJEBE
NBUFSOBFOUSFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTZFM
QSPNFEJPOBDJPOBMMMBNBMBBUFODJØOTPCSF
MPT BMUJCBKPT JOUFSBOVBMFT FO FM JOEJDBEPS
&TUP QPESÓB FTUBS TF×BMBOEP QSPCMFNBT EF
SFHJTUSP
TablaNo.II.3.8:Tasademortalidadmaternaporcienmilnacidosvivosregistrados
Silais
Repœblica
RAAN
RAAS
Brecha
RAAN/Pa’s
Brecha
RAAS/Pa’s
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
118
348
181
2,9veces
87
203
192
2,2veces
112
331
393
2,9veces
96
310
353
3,2veces
83
293
144
3,5veces
1,5veces
2,2veces
3,5veces
3,7veces
1,7veces
Tasade
crecimiento
03/99
-27,1
-8,0
-12,7
'VFOUF0GJDJOBEF&TUBEÓTUJDBT4JTUFNBEF7JHJMBODJBEFMB.PSUBMJEBE.BUFSOB47..
Z4JTUFNB/BDJPOBMEF&TUBEÓTUJDBT7JUBMFT
4FSFDPOPDFFMTVCSFHJTUSPEFMJOEJDBEPSFO
UBOUP RVF OP UPEBT MBT NVFSUFT NBUFSOBT
TFSFQPSUBOQVFTMBMFKBOÓBEFBMHVOBTDP
NVOJEBEFTMBTEJGJDVMUBEFTQBSBMBNPWJMJ
[BDJØOEFMBQPCMBDJØOZBMHVOBTBDUJUVEFT
RVFNJOJNJ[BOPJHOPSBOMBBUFODJØOBMB
TJUVBDJØOEFMBTNVKFSFTIBDFORVFNVDIBT
EFFTUBTNVFSUFTOPTFBOPUFOFOMPT4JMBJT
EF EPOEF QSPWJFOF MB JOGPSNBDJØO EF MBT
NVFSUFTNBUFSOBT
QBSBDPNFO[BSBEFTDFOEFSZVCJDBS
TFFOQPSDJFOUPFO
-B DPCFSUVSB EF QBSUP JOTUJUVDJPOBM Z
DBQUBDJØO QSFDP[ EFM FNCBSB[P TPO EPT
JOEJDBEPSFT NVZ EFGJDJFOUFT FO /JDBSB
HVBDPOQPSDJFOUPZQPSDJFOUP
SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF QBSB FM B×P 1B
SFDJFSB RVF MBT QPMÓUJDBT QÞCMJDBT PSJFO
UBEBT B BUFOEFS B MBT NVKFSFT FO FTUBEP
EF FNCBSB[P OP IBO EBEP FM SFTVMUBEP
FTQFSBEP-BDPCFSUVSBEFMQBSUPJOTUJUV
DJPOBM NVFTUSB VOB UFOEFODJB EF FTUBO
DBNJFOUPZMBBUFODJØOEFMQBSUPQSFNB
UVSPFTEFTDFOEFOUF
.JFOUSBT BM JOJDJP EF MB EÏDBEB QBTBEB MB
3""4TFVCJDBCBQPSBSSJCBEFMB3""/
FO DBQUBDJØO QSFDP[ EFM FNCBSB[P DPO
QPSDJFOUPZQPSDJFOUPSFTQFD
UJWBNFOUFFOEFTDFOEJØBMQPS
DJFOUPFODPOUSBTUFDPOFMQPSDJFOUP
EFMB3""/
-B DBQUBDJØO QSFDP[ EFM FNCBSB[P FT VO
JOEJDBEPSDFOUSBMQBSBQSFWFOJSMBTNVFS
UFT NBUFSOB F JOGBOUJM &O UÏSNJOPT HF
OFSBMFTFOUPEPFMQBÓTTFPCTFSWBVOSF
USPDFTPFOFMJOEJDBEPSRVFQBTØEFM
QPS DJFOUP FO BM QPS DJFOUP
FO
Gr‡ficaII.3.8
Porcentajedecaptaci—nprecozdelembarazo
&O MBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT MPT SFTVMUBEPT
EF BNCPT JOEJDBEPSFT OP TPO NVZ EJGF
SFOUFTBMQSPNFEJPOBDJPOBM4JOFNCBSHP
MMBNBMBBUFODJØOFMEFUFSJPSPFOMB3""/
EFMBDPCFSUVSBEFMQBSUPJOTUJUVDJPOBMRVF
EJTNJOVZFEFMQPSDJFOUPFOBM
QPSDJFOUPFO
-B 3""4 FWPMVDJPOØ EFTEF FM QPS
DJFOUPFOIBTUBFMQPSDJFOUPFO
'VFOUF0GJDJOBEF&TUBEÓTUJDBT.JOTB
**1FSTQFDUJWBTTVKFUPTFIJTUPSJB
%BEPFMFTDBTPBDDFTPEFMBQPCMBDJØODPTUF
×BBMBHVBZTBOFBNJFOUPOPFTTPSQSFOEFOUF
FOUPODFTPCTFSWBSRVFMBTJUVBDJØOEFTBMVE
EFMBQPCMBDJØOEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTTF
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êndicedeCondicionesde
Vidadelapoblaci—nenlas
comunidades,sectorrural
-BT DPOEJDJPOFT EF WJEB EF MBT QFSTPOBT
TPOJNQPSUBOUFTDVBOEPTFUSBUBEFNFEJS
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TablaNo.II.3.9
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Condici—nquedebesatisfacerlacomunidad
Vida(ICV),2004
Alto
Tener,deformasatisfactoria,almenos6delascondicionesdondesiempre
estŽnsatisfechaslasdeeducaci—n,saludyabastecimientodeagua(b‡sicas).
Medio
Quesatisfagan3,4—5condicionesyentreellasobligatoriamentelastres
b‡sicas,otener5—6condicionessatisfechasydeellass—lodosb‡sicas.
Obiencumplircon6condicionessatisfactoriasydentrodeellass—loun
serviciob‡sico.
Bajo
QueestŽn3—4condicionessatisfechasyentreellasobligatoriamentedos
b‡sicas.
Bajosevero
QueestŽnentre1y5condicionessatisfactoriamentecumplidasyentre
ellass—lounserviciob‡sicoobienquereunanalosumotrescondiciones
satisfactoriasyningœnserviciob‡sico.
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TablaNo.II.3.10Clasificaci—ndeICV
Municipios
Waspam
PuertoCabezas
Rosita
Bonanza
Waslala
Siuna
Prinzapolka
TotalRAAN
Paiwas
LaCruzdeR’oGrande
DesembocaduradeR’oGrande
LagunadePerlas
ElTortuguero
ElRama
ElAyote
MuelledelosBueyes
Kukra-Hill
Bluefields
NuevaGuinea
TotalRAAS
Totalgeneral
Condici—nsegœnICV
Bajosevero
47
14
32
12
57
40
15
217
19
24
4
12
23
101
19
41
11
16
88
358
575
Bajo
28
12
10
7
8
8
10
83
8
5
2
3
11
1
6
2
26
64
147
Medio
14
16
3
5
1
39
3
2
2
8
2
1
18
36
75
Alto
2
1
3
1
5
4
10
13
Total
89
44
45
19
65
53
27
342
30
31
6
14
26
121
19
49
17
19
136
468
810
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t 6O NPEFMP EF HFTUJØO DFOUSBMJ[BEP RVF
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TablaNo.II.3.11:Trescosasquedeber’ahacercualquiergobiernocentralparabeneficiarasu
departamentoyalaCostaCaribe
Pac’fico
Generarempleo
Resolverlapobreza
Proveereducaci—n
Proveersalud
Garantizarlosserviciosb‡sicos
Respetarlaautonom’aregional
Protegerlosrecursosnaturales
Desarrollarlaagricultura;laindustria
forestal,aserr’os;laminer’aylapesca
Otracosa
Totalopcionesmarcadas
'VFOUF$"4$*QBEF
Caribe
Porcentajes
Nœmerode
menciones deltotalde
respuestas
559
29,2%
228
11,9%
225
11,8%
253
13,2%
174
9,1%
139
7,3%
67
3,5%
Nœmerode
menciones
Porcentajes
deltotalde
respuestas
712
315
423
481
182
108
29,5%
13,0%
17,6%
20,0%
7,6%
4,5%
68
2,8%
130
6,8%
121
5,0%
138
7,3%
2.410
100,0%
1.913
100,0%
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Haciaunarevalorizaci—ndelos
aportesdelasregionesaut—nomas
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TablaNo.III.1.1:ÀConsideraustedquelaCostaCaribeaportaalgoalasociedad
nicaragŸense?
Si
No
Duda
NS/NR
Total
Caribe
No.
%
604
63,6
141
14,8
44
4,6
161
16,9
950
100
Pac’fico
No.
%
378
42,0
292
32,4
79
8,8
151
16,8
900
100
Total
No.
982
433
123
312
1850
%
53,1
23,4
6,6
16,9
100
'VFOUF$"4$*QBEF
4JOFNCBSHPMMBNBMBBUFODJØORVFFOBNCPT
DBTPTIBZBVOQPSDFOUBKFBMUPQPSDJFO
UP EF QFSTPOBT RVF DPOUFTUBO RVF MB $PTUB
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NJFOUPZBVUPFTUJNBEFMBQSPQJBQPCMBDJØO
DPTUF×BTPCSFMPTBQPSUFTEFMBTSFHJPOFTBM
DPOKVOUPEFMQBÓT
TablaNo.III.1.2.ÀPodr’amencionarmealmenostresaportesdelaCostaCaribe
alasociedadnicaragŸense?
Laproducci—nagr’cola,agricultura,granos
b‡sicos
Laganader’a,productosl‡cteos
Econom’a / econ—mico, recursos, ingresos
(deimpuestos)
Oro, minas / miner’a / recursos mineros,
metalespreciosos
RRNN(riquezasnaturales/flora/fauna)
Riquezas,producci—n
La pesca / recursos marinos (langosta /
camar—n,etcŽtera)
Madera/bosques/forestal
Cultura,costumbres,tradiciones,diversidad
cultural/Žtnica,idiomas
Expresionesart’sticasygastronom’a(baile,
mœsica, artesan’a, rundown, alimentaci—n,
entreotros)
1¼
60
(6,3%)
3
(0,3%)
70
(7,4%)
30
(3,2%)
60
(6,3%)
31
(3.3%)
102
(10,7%)
74
(7,8%)
30
(3,2%)
10
(1,1%)
Aportesmencionados
2¼
3¼
Total
20
22
102
(2,1%)
(2,3%)
27
14
44
(2,8%)
(1,5%)
26
11
107
(2,7%)
(1,2%)
61
31
122
(6,4%)
(3,3%)
16
7
83
(1,7%)
(0,7%)
1
3
35
(0,1%)
(0,3%)
100
41
243
(10,5%)
(4.3%)
60
41
175
(6,3%)
(4,3%)
27
14
71
(2,8%)
(1,5%)
6
(0,6%)
2
(0,2%)
***&MDBQJUBMTPDJPDVMUVSBMEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
3,6%
1,5%
3,8%
4,3%
2,9%
1,2%
8,5%
6,1%
2,5%
18
0,6%
Aportesmencionados
1¼
2¼
3¼
Total
10
2
2
Turismo
14
(1,1%)
(0,2%)
(0,2%)
Educativo
(universidad,
maestros,
4
7
10
21
educaci—n)ysocial
(0,4%)
(0,7%)
(1,1%)
1
2
6
Deporte,deportistas
9
(0,1%)
(0,2%)
(0,6%)
Otros (ilusiones, Ley 445, trabajo, tierra,
34
14
18
66
geogr‡fico,entreotros)
(3,6%)
(1,5%)
(1,9%)
431
581
728
Nosabe/noresponde
1740
(45,4%) (61,2%) (76,6%)
950
950
950
Totalrespuestas
2850
(100,0%) (100,0%) (100,0%)
0,5%
0,7%
0,3%
2,3%
61,1%
100,0%
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BQPSUFTDVMUVSBMFTEFM$BSJCFZFOTFHVOEP
MVHBS MPT BQPSUFT EFSJWBEPT EF MB FYQMPUB
DJØOEFMPTSFDVSTPTOBUVSBMFT
TablaNo.III.1.3:ÀPodr’amencionaralmenostresaportesdelaCostaCaribealasociedadnicaragŸense?Pac’fico,restodelpa’s
ÀPodr’amencionarmealmenos
tresaportesdelaCostaCaribeala
sociedadnicaragŸenseyengeneral
alpa’s?
Econom’a/comercio/exportaci—n/mercado
/producci—n
Aportesmencionados
1¼
34
(3,8%)
115
Cultura/costumbres/tradiciones
(12,8%)
8
Idiomas
(0,9%)
42
RRNN(riquezasnat./flora/fauna)
(4,7%)
55
Lapesca
(6,1%)
6
Lamadera
(0,7%)
29
Eloro/lasminas
(3,2%)
33
Ingresosturismo
(3,7%)
2
Expresionesart’sticas:baile,mœsica,artesan’a
(0,2%)
Gastronom’a / producci—n de alimentos,
3
deportes
(0,3%)
2¼
3¼
32
(3,6%)
81
(9,0%)
10
(1,1%)
44
(4,9%)
52
(5,8%)
16
(1,8%)
19
(2,1%)
18
(2,0%)
7
(0,8%)
10
(1,1%)
9
(1,0%)
37
(4,1%)
10
(1,1%)
9
(1,0%)
27
(3,0%)
8
(0,9%)
25
(2,8%)
14
(1,6%)
14
(1,6%)
5
(0,6%)
Total
75
2,8%
233
8,6%
28
1,0%
95
3,5%
134
5,0%
30
1,1%
73
2,7%
65
2,4%
23
0,9%
18
0,7%
ÀPodr’amencionarmealmenos
Aportesmencionados
tresaportesdelaCostaCaribeala
sociedadnicaragŸenseyengeneralal
1¼
2¼
3¼
Total
pa’s?
Otro como empleo, salud, educaci—n, entre
11
9
9
29
1,1%
otros
(1,2%)
(1,0%)
(1,0%)
562
602
733
Nosabe/noresponde
1.897
70,3%
(62,4%) (66,9%) (81,4%)
900
900
900
Totalrespuestas
2.700 100,0%
(100,0%) (100,0%) (100,0%)
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Relaciones interŽtnicas, interculturales y la construcci—n de
ciudadan’a
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TablaNo.III.1.4:Laexistenciadedistintaslenguas,culturasycostumbresenriquecealasociedadnicaragŸense
Deacuerdo
Nodeacuerdo
Duda
NS/NR
Caribe
No.
%
751
79,1
84
8,8
56
5,9
59
6,2
950
100
Pac’fico
No.
%
651
72,3
144
16,0
52
5,8
53
5,9
900
100
Total
No.
%
1402
75,8
228
12,3
108
5,8
112
6,1
1850
100
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Z IFSSBNJFOUB EF DPOWJWFODJB BSNØOJDB Z
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TablaNo.III.1.5:Identidadcoste–a
Enrelaci—nasu
identidadcoste–austed
sesiente:
M‡scoste–oque
nicaragŸense
Tancoste–ocomo
nicaragŸense
M‡snicaragŸenseque
coste–o
Nosabe
Encuesta
1997
Encuesta
2001
32,7%
36,9%
45,8%
43,5%
15,9%
17,1%
5,6%
2,5%
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TFS DJVEBEBOP EF MB $PTUB $BSJCF DPNP TFS
NJOFSPPJOEÓHFOBNBZBOHOBQPSMPRVFFTUPZ
FO MB TFHVOEB DBUFHPSÓByw $VOOJOHIBN
FUBM
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WFSDPOMPHSPTZCFOFmDJPTBMDBO[BEPTDPO
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Capital cultural y lenguas
maternas, un patrimonio amenazado
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*OGPSNF.VOEJBMEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP-B
MJCFSUBEDVMUVSBMFOFMNVOEPEJWFSTPEFIPZ
1/6% &M EFTBGÓP EF SFTQFUBS MBT
JEFOUJEBEFTDVMUVSBMFTOPFTTØMPEFBMHVOPT
i&TUBEPTNVMUJÏUOJDPTw
&TEJGÓDJMPCUFOFSFTUBEÓTUJDBTDPOmBCMFTTP
CSFFMHSBEPEFQFMJHSPFORVFTFFODVFOUSBO
MBTMFOHVBTEFMB$PTUB$BSJCFEF/JDBSBHVB
ZFMHSBEPFORVFMBTQPMÓUJDBTQÞCMJDBTEFM
&TUBEPOJDBSBHàFOTFSFDPHFOMBMFUSBEFTVT
DPNQSPNJTPT OBDJPOBMFT F JOUFSOBDJPOBMFT
"QBSUF EF MBT EJmDVMUBEFT MPHÓTUJDBT EF BV
TFODJBEFDFOTPTDPOmBCMFTTPCSFMBTSFHJPOFT
BVUØOPNBTMBTDBSBDUFSÓTUJDBTNVMUJÏUOJDBTZ
NVMUJMJOHVFTIBODSFBEPVOBTFSJFEFSFMBDJP
OFTDPNQMFKBTFOUSFUPEBTTVTMFOHVBT
"MHVOPTHSVQPTMJOHàÓTUJDPTIBOTVGSJEPIJT
UØSJDBNFOUFQSFTJPOFTQBSBBTJNJMBSMBMFOHVB
PmDJBM EFM &TUBEP OJDBSBHàFOTF FTQB×PM Z
VTBSMBFOSFFNQMB[PEFMBTVZB0USBTMFOHVBT
WFDJOBTUBNCJÏONJOPSJUBSJBTQPSFKFNQMPFM
NBZBOHOBIBTJEPQSFTJPOBEBQBSBQMFHBSTF
BMNJTLJUPFMNJTLJUPBTVWF[BMJOHMÏTLSJPM
FMJOHMÏTLSJPMBMJOHMÏTTUBOEBSEFMSBNBBM
JOHMÏT LSJPM 6OP EF MPT JOTUSVNFOUPT NÈT
JNQPSUBOUFT EF FTUBT QPMÓUJDBT IB TJEP MB
JNQPTJDJØO EF VOB MFOHVB EPNJOBOUF Z MB
TVQSFTJØO P FMJNJOBDJØO EF MBT MFOHVBT BV
UØDUPOBT&TBNJTNBJNQPTJDJØOTVQPOFRVF
QBSBFM&TUBEPFMNPOPMJOHàJTNPFTFYQSF
TJØO DFOUSBM EF MB JEFOUJEBE NJFOUSBT RVF
FO MB QSÈDUJDB MPT QVFCMPT JOEÓHFOBT BGSP
DBSJCF×PTZDPNVOJEBEFTÏUOJDBTDPTUF×PTTF
SFMBDJPOBOFOUSFTÓFOCBTFBMNVMUJMJOHàJTNP
ZMBJOUFSDVMUVSBMJEBE
Situaci—nlingŸ’sticaenlaCosta
CaribedeNicaragua
"EFNÈT EF MBT EJmDVMUBEFT RVF TVQPOF MB
DBSFODJBEFDFOTPTDPOmBCMFTFOMBTDPNV
OJEBEFT TVT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT NVMUJÏUOJDBT Z
***&MDBQJUBMTPDJPDVMUVSBMEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
NVMUJMJOHàFT IBO DSFBEP SFMBDJPOFT DPN
QMFKBTFOUSFUPEBTTVTMFOHVBT&OQSJNFSB
JOTUBODJBIBZQSFTJPOFTIJTUØSJDBTQBSBRVF
MBTDPNVOJEBEFTJOEÓHFOBTZBGSPDBSJCF×BT
BCBOEPOFOTVTDVMUVSBTZMFOHVBTZTFBTJ
NJMFOBMBDVMUVSBZMFOHVBPmDJBMOBDJPOBM
Z PUSBT MFOHVBT WFDJOBT 4FHVOEP MBT QSF
TJPOFTRVFJOEVDFOBMBQÏSEJEBEFMBTMFO
HVBT WBSÓBO EF DPNVOJEBE B DPNVOJEBE
BVOEFOUSPEFMPTNJTNPTHSVQPTJOEÓHFOBT
PÏUOJDPTEFBDVFSEPBTVVCJDBDJØOTVSF
MBDJØODPOMBFDPOPNÓBMPDBMZOBDJPOBMZ
PUSPTGBDUPSFTTPDJPQPMÓUJDPT
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
$PNP DPOTFDVFODJB EF FTBT DPOEJDJPOFT
NVDIPTDPTUF×PTIBCMBOEPTUSFTZBWFDFT
DVBUSPMFOHVBTFTQFDJBMNFOUFFOMPTDFOUSPT
VSCBOPTNVMUJÏUOJDPTZFOMBTDPNVOJEBEFT
DVZPT NJFNCSPT QSPWJFOFO EF NÈT EF VO
HSVQP JOEÓHFOB P ÏUOJDP P EPOEF MBT DP
NVOJEBEFTWFDJOBTTPOEFVOBDPNVOJEBE
ÏUOJDB EJGFSFOUF &TUF DPNQPSUBNJFOUP TF
PCTFSWBQBSUJDVMBSNFOUFFOMB3""4QFSP
TFIBJODSFNFOUBEPFOMBTDPNVOJEBEFTEF
MB3""/
$PNPTF×BMB/PSXPPE
FTBT
MFOHVBTTFSFMBDJPOBOFOVOBKFSBSRVÓBTP
DJPMJOHàÓTUJDBEFQPEFSZQSFTUJHJPFTQB×PM
LSJPMJOHMÏTTUBOEBSENJTLJUPNBZBOH
OB TVNV VMXBSBNBHBSÓGVOB RVF SFnFKB
Z NBOUJFOF SFMBDJPOFT TPDJBMFT EFTJHVBMFT
FOUSF MPT HSVQPT EF NBOFSB RVF RVJFOFT
IBCMBOBRVFMMBTMFOHVBTRVFTFFODVFOUSBO
FOFMOJWFMJOGFSJPSEFMBKFSBSRVÓBOFDFTJUBO
BQSFOEFS NÈT MFOHVBT RVF MPT RVF TF FO
DVFOUSBOFOFMOJWFMTVQFSJPS
1PSFKFNQMPTFHÞO4UPDLT
FOFM
UFSSJUPSJP.BZBOHOB4BVOJ"TFOMBSFTFSWB
EF #PTBXBT iDJFO QPS DJFOUP EF MB QPCMB
DJØONBZPSEFUSFTB×PTIBCMBNBZBOHOBw
ZBOPUBRVFiFMQPSDJFOUPUBNCJÏOIB
CMB NJTLJUP &M FTQB×PM FT IBCMBEP QPS FM
QPSDJFOUPEFIPNCSFTQFSPTØMPFM
QPSDJFOUPEFNVKFSFT&MQPSDJFOUPEF
MBTNVKFSFTNBZBOHOBTTPOIBCMBOUFTNP
OPMJOHàFT4UPDLT
%FNBOFSBTJNJMBSFMJOGPSNFEF1FSBMUBFU
BM
TPCSF4JLJMUBBQVOUBRVFUPEPT
NFOPTVONJFNCSPEFMBQPCMBDJØO
IB
CMBOTVNVNBZBOHOBNJFOUSBTRVFFM
QPSDJFOUPIBCMBNJTLJUPEFMPTRVFFM
QPSDJFOUPTPOIPNCSFTZQPSDJFOUPTPO
NVKFSFT &O DPOUSBTUF FO MBT DPNVOJEBEFT
BMPMBSHPEFMPTSÓPT#BNCBOBZ5VOHLJMPT
IBCMBOUFT EFM5XBILB FTUÈO TJFOEP BTJNJMB
EPTSÈQJEBNFOUFQPSFMNJTLJUPw'VOEBDJØO
3JHPCFSUB.FODIÞ5VN
&OUSFMPTHSVQPTQFRVF×PTDPNPFMSBNBMB
MFOHVBIBTPCSFWJWJEPNFKPSFOMBTQSPGVO
EJEBEFTEFMUFSSJUPSJPSBNBRVFFOMBJTMBEF
3BNB$BZEPOEFTVTIBCJUBOUFTJOnVJEPT
GVFSUFNFOUF QPS MPT NJTJPOFSPT NPSBWPT
iIBCMBOJOHMÏTLSJPMZDBTJIBOQFSEJEPTV
QSPQJP3BNB$BZ,SJPMw(SJOFWBME
Z
&O UBMFT DJSDVOTUBODJBT MBT QSFHVOUBT RVF
TF IBDFO FO MPT DFOTPT FTUÈOEBSFT QVFEFO
EBSVOBJNQSFTJØODPNQMFUBNFOUFFRVJWP
DBEB-BTQSFHVOUBTUJFOEFOBBTVNJSVOB
SFMBDJØOEJSFDUBFOUSFMBGPSUBMF[BEFNPHSÈ
mDBEFVOHSVQPJOEÓHFOBPÏUOJDPZFMOJ
WFMEFBNFOB[BBTVTMFOHVBTZFOUSFMBBV
UFOUJDJEBEEFMBJEFOUJEBEÏUOJDBRVFVOB
QFSTPOBSFDMBNBZMBIBCJMJEBEQBSBIBCMBS
TV MFOHVB NBUFSOB /JOHVOB EF FTBT QSF
TVODJPOFT DPNVOFT FO FM NVOEP QVFEF
IBDFSTF FO VOB TJUVBDJØO NVMUJMJOHàÓTUJDB
DPNPMBEF/JDBSBHVB
1BSB DPNQMFNFOUBS MPT EBUPT FTUBEÓTUJDPT
TPCSFMBBETDSJQDJØOÏUOJDBZFOWJTUBEFMBT
DPNQMFKJEBEFTNFODJPOBEBTTFPGSFDFBRVÓ
VOFTUJNBEPEFMBWJUBMJEBESFMBUJWBEFDBEB
MFOHVBWFS"OFYP/P
%JDIPFTUJNB
EP TF CBTB FO FM DSJUFSJP EFTBSSPMMBEP QPS
FM(SVQP"E)PDEF&YQFSUPTFO-FOHVBT
FO 1FMJHSP EF &YUJODJØO EF MB VOJEBE EF
1BUSJNPOJP*OUBOHJCMFEFMB6/&4$0Z
FOMPTUSBCBKPTSFBMJ[BEPTEFTEFMBEÏDBEB
EF MPT PDIFOUB QPS MJOHàJTUBT Z TPDJPMJO
HàJTUBTFOFMDPOUFYUPEFWBSJPTQSPZFDUPT
OBDJPOBMFT F JOUFSOBDJPOBMFT FO BQPZP B
MPT QSPHSBNBT EF FEVDBDJØO JOUFSDVMUVSBM
CJMJOHàF FTUBCMFDJEPT FO BNCBT SFHJPOFT
BVUØOPNBTEFTEF
Conclusi—n
&TUF DBQÓUVMP IB EFTDFOUSB×BEP MB DPNQMF
KBZUFOTBDPOTUSVDDJØOEFJEFOUJEBEFTEFMB
TPDJFEBEDPTUF×BFOMBRVFJOUFSWJFOFOEFm
OJDJPOFTFYUFSOBTFJOUFSOBT-BTEFmOJDJPOFT
FYUFSOBTHFOFSBMNFOUFEFDBSÈDUFSFYDMVZFO
UFIBOTJEPJNQVFTUBTEFTEFMBJOTUJUVDJPOB
MJEBE EFM &TUBEP Z MB TPDJFEBE NBZPSJUBSJB
-BTEFmOJDJPOFTJOUFSOBTTFQSFTFOUBOEFTEF
MB PSHBOJ[BDJØO F JEFOUJEBE QSPQJB EF MPT
QVFCMPT JOEÓHFOBT BGSPDBSJCF×PT Z DPNV
OJEBEFT ÏUOJDBT NJOPSJUBSJBT RVF BmSNBO Z
DPOTUSVZFOTVDVMUVSBFJEFOUJEBE
EFTEF MPT TVKFUPT Z BDUPSFT EF MBT SFHJPOFT
BVUØOPNBT TJSWFO QBSB DPOTUSVJS NFNP
SJBT SFMBDJPOFT EF JEFOUJEBE TVCKFUJWJEBE
Z VOJEBE RVF TPO DSVDJBMFT QBSB MB DPOT
USVDDJØOEFMiTÓNJTNPwTPDJBMFJOEJWJEVBM
ZQBSBMBSFTJTUFODJBZFYPSDJTNPEFMiPUSP
FTUJHNBUJ[BEPZFYDMVJEPwFOMBTPDJFEBEZ
&TUBEPOJDBSBHàFOTFT
4FEFTDSJCFMBTJUVBDJØODSÓUJDBFOQFMJHSPEF
FYUJODJØOEFFTBTDVMUVSBTZMFOHVBTBDBVTB
EFQPMÓUJDBTQÞCMJDBTEFM&TUBEPRVFTØMPFO
MPTÞMUJNPTEJFDJTJFUFB×PTIBODPNFO[BEP
BSFWFSUJSTFDPOFM&TUBUVUPEFMB"VUPOPNÓB
EFMBT3FHJPOFTEFMB$PTUB$BSJCF"UMÈOUJDB
MB-FZEF-FOHVBTZMPTUSBCBKPTEFJOWFTUJ
HBDJØOZSFWJUBMJ[BDJØOTPCSFMBTDVMUVSBTZ
MFOHVBTNBUFSOBT
4F BEWJFSUF FM QBQFM DFOUSBM EF MB NFNPSJB
TPDJBMMFOHVBTZQSÈDUJDBTEJTDVSTJWBTFOMB
QSPEVDDJØODVMUVSBMDPOTUSVDDJØOEFJEFO
UJEBEFTBTÓDPNPFOMBBSHVNFOUBDJØOFT
USVDUVSBDJØO PSHBOJ[BDJØO Z SFQSPEVDDJØO
EFVOBTPDJFEBEEFUFSNJOBEBRVFIBDFORVF
ÏTUB Z TVT JOUFHSBOUFT TF DPOTUJUVZBO DPNP
TVKFUPTQSPQJPTFOiTÓNJTNPTwZEJGFSFOUFT
"TVNJSFTUBEJWFSTJEBEDVMUVSBMZMJOHàÓTUJDB
FTDMBWFFOMBDPOTUSVDDJØOEFDJVEBEBOÓBFO
VOB TPDJFEBE Z &TUBEP NVMUJÏUOJDP NVMUJ
DVMUVSBMZQMVSJMJOHàFDPNPFMOJDBSBHàFOTF
-BWPMVOUBEEFTPCSFWJWJSEFMPTQVFCMPTJO
EÓHFOBT BGSPEFTDFOEJFOUFT Z DPNVOJEBEFT
ÏUOJDBT BTÓ DPNP FM QSPZFDUP BVUPOØNJDP
ZTVFKFSDJDJPQPSMPTHPCJFSOPTSFHJPOBMFT
DPOTUJUVZFO FM QVOUP EF JOnFYJØO IBDJB
OVFWBT NFNPSJBT JEFOUJEBEFT DPOEVDUBT
OBSSBUJWBT Z SFWJUBMJ[BDJØO EF MFOHVBT RVF
TJOEFTQPKBSTFEFTVTGBDUPSFTDPOTUJUVUJWPT
QSPQPOFO BMUFSOBUJWBT QBSB FNQSFOEFS FM
DBNJOP EFM EFTBSSPMMP IVNBOP TPTUFOJCMF
EFTEF TVT QSPQJBT NFNPSJBT JEFOUJEBEFT
DBQBDJEBEFTZDVMUVSBT
-B-FZEF"VUPOPNÓBIBHFOFSBEPOVFWPT
FTQBDJPT Z FYQBOEJEP MB JOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBE
QPMÓUJDBEFMBTPDJFEBEDJWJMZQPMÓUJDBOJDB
SBHàFOTF4JOFNCBSHPNJFOUSBTMBTJOTUJUV
DJPOFTRVFTJSWFOEFTPQPSUFEFMBTMFOHVBTZ
OBSSBUJWBTDPNVOBMFTZSFHJPOBMFTOPTFGPS
UBMF[DBOZBERVJFSBOVOQFTPZQPEFSRVFMFT
QFSNJUBTFSFTDVDIBEBTFODPOEJDJPOFTQBSJ
UBSJBTBMBTEFMBTJOTUJUVDJPOFTEFMBTPDJFEBE
NBZPSJUBSJBZEFM&TUBEPMBTJUVBDJØOEFFY
DMVTJØOZNBSHJOBMJEBEEFMBTDPNVOJEBEFT
OP QPESÈ USBOTGPSNBSTF EFDJEJEBNFOUF FO
GVODJØOEFMEFTBSSPMMPIVNBOPTPTUFOJCMF
&M DBQÓUVMP TF×BMB VOB USBOTJDJØO FTQFSBO
[BEPSBEFTEFFTFEJTDVSTPIFHFNØOJDPFY
DMVZFOUFZEJTDSJNJOBUPSJPIBDJBVONBZPS
BQSFDJP Z WBMPSBDJØO EFM BQPSUF DVMUVSBM Z
MJOHàÓTUJDP EF MPT QVFCMPT JOEÓHFOBT BGSP
EFTDFOEJFOUFT Z DPNVOJEBEFT ÏUOJDBT BM
BDFSWPDVMUVSBMZMJOHàÓTUJDPOBDJPOBM
-PTMFOHVBKFTMBTOBSSBUJWBTEFmOJDJPOFTZ
FTUSBUFHJBT EFTEF JOTUJUVDJPOFT FYUFSOBT Z
&TUF QSJNFS DBQÓUVMP TF×BMB UBNCJÏO MB WJO
DVMBDJØO FOUSF NFNPSJB JEFOUJEBE DVMUVSB
Z DPOTUSVDDJØO EF DJVEBEBOÓB DJWJM TPDJBM Z
QPMÓUJDBZBMBWF[FMSFDPOPDJNJFOUPEFMPT
EFSFDIPTJOEJWJEVBMFTZTPDJBMFT&M&TUBEPOJ
DBSBHàFOTFNVMUJÏUOJDPZNVMUJMJOHàFBMBMV[
EFTVDPOTUJUVDJØOZPSEFOBNJFOUPKVSÓEJDP
OFDFTJUBSFDPOTJEFSBSFMNPEFMPEFDJVEBEB
***&MDBQJUBMTPDJPDVMUVSBMEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
OÓB NPOPÏUOJDB NPOPMJOHàF Z FYDMVZFOUF
RVF IJTUØSJDBNFOUF IB HFOFSBEP JEFOUJEB
EFTDPOnJDUJWBTZBOUBHØOJDBTFOUSFTÓZDPO
FM&TUBEPOBDJPOBMZRVFFTFMRVFGVODJPOB
B QFTBS EF MB MFHJTMBDJØO WJHFOUF &TUF FT VO
EFCBUF VSHFOUF UPEBWÓB QFOEJFOUF FOUSF MPT
BDUPSFTEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTZFOUSFMBT
SFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBTZFMDPOKVOUPEFMQBÓT
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
-BWJEBQPMÓUJDBRVFJNQMJDBFMFKFSDJDJPEF
EFSFDIPT BVUPOØNJDPT DPODJFSOF B MB BD
DJØODPMFDUJWBEFVODPOKVOUPEFNFNPSJBT
F JEFOUJEBEFT EJWFSTBT SFTQFDUP B MB WJEB
DPNÞOZBMJOUFSÏTDJVEBEBOPQPSMBDPTB
QÞCMJDB-BBVUPOPNÓBBQVOUBBMBSFDPOT
USVDDJØOEFVOOPTPUSPTJODMVZFOUFFOVO
DPOUFYUPEFEJWFSTJEBEUFOTJØOZVOJEBE
-BDJVEBEBOÓBDPNPMBBDDJØOQPMÓUJDBEF
MBTJEFOUJEBEFTFTVOGBDUPSQBSBDPOTUSVJS
MB VOJEBE FO MB EJWFSTJEBE SFDPOPDJFO
EPEJGFSFODJBTZFMFNFOUPTDPNVOFT4ØMP
FTUB DPNVOJØO QVFEF QFSNJUJS MB MJCFSUBE
Z DBQBDJEBEFT RVF SFRVJFSF FM DJVEBEBOP
NVMUJÏUOJDPGSFOUFBM&TUBEPEPOEFFMBTF
HVSBNJFOUPEFMBJEFOUJEBEZMJCFSUBEJOEJ
WJEVBMFT FT FM SFDPOPDJNJFOUP Z EFTBSSPMMP
EFMBTJEFOUJEBEFTDPMFDUJWBT
Cap’tulo2.Din‡micasyparadigmas
delaorganizaci—ndelcapitalsocial
&M DBQJUBM TPDJBM DPNVOJUBSJP JOEÓHFOB Z
BGSPDBSJCF×P TF QSFTFOUB DPNP VO TJTUFNB
JOTUJUVDJPOBMJ[BEPEFDPPQFSBDJØOZPSHBOJ
[BDJØODPNVOJUBSJBFTUSVDUVSBEPFOUPSOP
BMCJFODPNÞOZBSUJDVMBEPBTVTSFJWJOEJDB
DJPOFTIJTUØSJDBTDPNPQVFCMPTJOEÓHFOBTZ
BGSPDBSJCF×PT&OFTUFQBSBEJHNBMBJOTUJUV
DJPOBMJEBECBTFFTFMCJOPNJPGBNJMJBDP
NVOJEBE-BTSFMBDJPOFTZWÓODVMPTTPDJBMFT
RVF DSFBO DBQJUBM TPDJBM JODMVZFO MPT FTUB
CMFDJEPTFOUSFMBTQFSTPOBTDPNPNJFNCSPT
EFMBDPNVOJEBEMBTSFMBDJPOFTEFMBGBNJ
MJBFYUFOTBZMBTSFMBDJPOFTDPNVOBMFT
&MDPODFQUPEFCJFODPNÞOBDUÞBDPNPVO
FMFNFOUPBSUJDVMBEPSZPSJFOUBEPSEFMTJTUF
NBEFDPPQFSBDJØODPNVOJUBSJPFTJODMV
ZFOUFZTFSJHFQPSFMQSJODJQJPEFJHVBMEBE
ZFRVJEBETPDJBMRVFDPOUSJCVZFBGPSUBMFDFS
SFMBDJPOFTBTPDJBUJWBTCBTBEBTFOMBDPOmBO
[BTPMJEBSJEBESFDJQSPDJEBEZQFSUFOFODJB
-BCÞTRVFEBEFMCJFODPNÞOUBNCJÏOFTUÈ
MJHBEB B MB QSPUFDDJØO Z VTP BEFDVBEP EFM
QBUSJNPOJPZFDPTJTUFNBTRVFHBSBOUJ[BOMB
SFQSPEVDDJØO FDPOØNJDB TPDJBM Z DVMUVSBM
EFMBDPNVOJEBE
%F MB OPDJØO EF CJFO DPNÞO TF EFSJWBO
QSJODJQJPT Z WBMPSFT RVF SFHVMBO FM PSEFO
TPDJBM DPNVOJUBSJP UPUBMJEBE BVUPSJEBE
TPMJEBSJEBETVCTJEJBSJFEBESFTQFUPNVUVP
BSNPOÓBDPOTFOTPZSFDJQSPDJEBE&TPTWB
MPSFT BMJNFOUBO Z GPSUBMFDFO VO JODJQJFOUF
DBQJUBMTPDJBMDPNVOJUBSJPZDPOTUJUVZFOVO
TJTUFNB OPSNBUJWP JOTUJUVDJPOBMJ[BEP RVF
PQFSBDPNPVODØEJHPÏUJDPEFCJEBNFOUF
TBODJPOBEPBUSBWÏTEFQSFNJPTZDBTUJHPT
&MSFTQFUPZMBVOJEBETPOFMFNFOUPTUSBOT
WFSTBMFTFOFTUFTJTUFNB
&OMBTDPNVOJEBEFTJOEÓHFOBTTPOMBTBVUP
SJEBEFTDPNVOJUBSJBTUSBEJDJPOBMFTDPNPFM
KVF[DPNVOBMPiXJIUBwFMTÓOEJDPZMÓEFSFT
SFMJHJPTPTMPDBMFTMBTSFTQPOTBCMFTEFWFMBS
QPS FM DVNQMJNJFOUP Z SFTQFUP IBDJB FTBT
OPSNBT F JOUFSWFOJS DVBOEP MB USBTHSFTJØO
BMPTQSJODJQJPTZOPSNBTBGFDUBOBMPSEFO
TPDJBMDPNVOJUBSJP
&OMBTDPNVOJEBEFTHBSÓGVOBTEFBDVFSEP
BTVDPTNPWJTJØOTPOMBTSFMBDJPOFTDPOMPT
FTQÓSJUVTEFMPTBODFTUSPTMBTRVFWFMBOQPS
FMNBOUFOJNJFOUPEFMPSEFOTPDJBMZDVMUV
SBMDPNVOJUBSJP
-BT USBTHSFTJPOFT Z EFTWJBDJPOFT FO MB
DPOEVDUB DPUJEJBOB EF MPT DPNVOJUBSJPT
‰DPOnJDUPTJOUSBFJOUFSGBNJMJBSFTPFOUSF
WFDJOPT‰QPSFOWJEJBTZDFMPTFTUÈOFTUSJD
UBNFOUF TBODJPOBEBT FO FM DØEJHP ÏUJDP Z
OPSNBUJWP HBSÓGVOB -BT TBODJPOFT TF NB
UFSJBMJ[BOBUSBWÏTEFiFOGFSNFEBEFTwRVF
BUBDBO B MPT USBOTHSFTPSFT EFM PSEFO TPDJBM
DPNVOJUBSJP-BTTBODJPOFTFOFMNVOEPHB
SÓGVOBOPTPOQBSBDBTUJHBSTJOPQBSBMPHSBS
FM BSSFQFOUJNJFOUP Z FM DBNCJP WFSEBEFSP
EFMUSBOTHSFTPS-BJOTUJUVDJØOEFMiDPOUSBUP
TPDJBMwBTFHVSBFMGVODJPOBNJFOUPEFMTJTUF
NBEFWBMPSFTZOPSNBTBTÓDPNPEFMQSJO
DJQJPEFRVFUPEPDPNVOJUBSJPZDPNVOJUB
SJBUJFOFJHVBMFTEFSFDIPTZPCMJHBDJPOFT
&M QBSBEJHNB JOEÓHFOB BGSPDBSJCF×P EF
DBQJUBM TPDJBM DPNVOJUBSJP TF TVTUFOUB FO
MB USJMPHÓB EF KVOUPT UJFOFO KVOUPT IBDFO
KVOUPTDPNQBSUFO+BDL
&TUFQB
SBEJHNBQBSUFEFMQSJODJQJPEFVOJEBEDP
EJmDBEPFOFMDPODFQUPEFBDUVBSKVOUPT
FODPOKVOUP
+VOUPT BMVEF BM DPODFQUP EF iVOJEBEw RVF
FO NJTLJUP BTMB JXBOLB MBLB UJFOF VO EP
CMFTJHOJmDBEPVOJEBEDPNPWBMPSZDPNP
QSPDFTP RVF SFRVJFSF TFS DPOTUSVJEP 1FSP
%FTEFTVDPTNPWJTJØOMBTFOGFSNFEBEFTPDVSSFODVBOEPMPTFTQÓSJ
UVTEFMPTBODFTUSPTFOPKBEPTTFNFUFOFOFMDVFSQPUSBOHFTPS
3FZOB+BDLJOWFTUJHBEPSBNÓTLJUB$FJNN6SBDDBO#JMXJ5BMMFS
EF"OÈMJTJTKVMJP
***&MDBQJUBMTPDJPDVMUVSBMEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
UBNCJÏOFMDPODFQUPEFKVOUPTUJFOFRVFWFS
DPO iMPT JOUFSFTFT DPNVOJUBSJPT Z DPMFDUJ
WPTwFODPOUSBQPTJDJØOBiMPFTUSJDUBNFOUF
JOEJWJEVBMw
&MDPODFQUPKVOUPTWJODVMBDPNVOJEBEDPO
FMQBUSJNPOJPDPNÞOZBODFTUSBMRVFJEFO
UJmDB B MB DPNVOJEBE DPNP UBM UFSSJUPSJP
UJFSSBSFDVSTPTOBUVSBMFTMFOHVBZiTBCFSFTw
5BNCJÏO BMVEF BM QSJODJQJP EF MB JHVBMEBE
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PCKFUPEFNBZPSBOÈMJTJT4JOFNCBSHPEF
BDVFSEP B EJSJHFOUFT EF MBT PSHBOJ[BDJPOFT
EFNVKFSFT'BVOÏ$FJNN4JVOB
FT VOB EF MBT GVFOUFT IJTUØSJDBT EF
WJPMFODJBFODVCJFSUB
&TUF iDØEJHPw RVF QSFWBMFDF FO FM NVOEP
SVSBMNFTUJ[PFTVODØEJHPPSBMRVFFTUÈEF
CJEBNFOUFTBODJPOBEPZMFHJUJNBEPDPNP
QBUSØO EF ÏUJDB Z DPOEVDUB DPUJEJBOB &O
FMFKFSDJDJPEFBOÈMJTJTZEFDPOTUSVDDJØOEFM
NJTNPTFEFTUBDBSPOEPTBTQFDUPTRVFFY
QMJDBO FTF QPUFODJBM EF HFOFSBDJØO Z BDV
NVMBDJØOEFWJPMFODJB&TPTBTQFDUPTTPO
t &M DBSÈDUFS PSUPEPYP QBUSJBSDBM QVFTUP
RVFTFGVOEBNFOUBZFTUSVDUVSBCBKPFM
QSJODJQJPEFRVFFMiNVOEPSVSBMwFTVO
iUFSSJUPSJP NBTDVMJOPw QPS OBUVSBMF[B
EPOEF
&MiIPNCSFwQPSEFSFDIPQSPQJPFTFM
RVFNBOEBFTFMEVF×PEFMBUJFSSBDPO
RVJTUBEBEFMHBOBEPZEFMBiGJODBw
-B iNVKFSw FO UBOUP QSPQJFEBE EFM
IPNCSFEFCFOFDFTBSJBNFOUFHVBSEBSMF
iPCFEJFODJBw Z iGJEFMJEBEw $VBMRVJFS
EFTWJBDJØO TF DBTUJHB DPO WJPMFODJB MB
RVFTFKVTUJGJDBFOBSBTEFQPEFSHBSBO
UJ[BS FM DPOUSPM FO FMÈNCJUP GBNJMJBS
FTQFDJBMNFOUFFMDPOUSPMTPCSFMPTSFDVS
TPT$FJNN
&MTFHVOEPBTQFDUPFTUÈSFMBDJPOBEPDPOFTB
TVFSUF EF iEFDÈMPHPw RVF FM DBNQFTJOBEP
NJHSBOUFIBWFOJEPDPOTUSVZFOEPZMFHJUJ
NBOEPQBSBiBTFHVSBSwTVFOUSBEBZTVQFS
WJWFODJB FO MB GSPOUFSB BHSÓDPMB 1BSUJFOEP
EFMBQSFNJTBEFRVFMBGSPOUFSBBHSÓDPMBFT
VOiUFSSJUPSJPEFOBEJFwEPOEFQSFWBMFDFMB
iBNFOB[Bw TF SFJWJOEJDBO FO OPNCSF EFM
QSJODJQJPEFiMFHÓUJNBEFGFOTBwMPTTJHVJFO
UFTWBMPSFTPBOUJWBMPSFT
t &M VTP EF MB GVFS[B Z EF MBT BSNBT
‰CMBODBT Z EF GVFHP‰ QBSB EFGFOEFS
MB UJFSSB MB GJODB FM HBOBEP UPEP MP
BDVNVMBEPQFSPUBNCJÏOFMIPOPSEFM
NBDIP
t -B FMJNJOBDJØOw EFM DPOUSJODBOUF FO
UPEPiDPOGMJDUPwFORVFFTUÏFOKVFHPiMB
TVQFSWJWFODJBGÓTJDBwMBUJFSSBMPTCJFOFT
ZFMIPOPS
t &MBKVTUFEFDVFOUBTMBWFOHBO[BFKFN
QMJGJDBEPSB QBSB UPEB USBJDJØOw iFOHB
×PwFJODVNQMJNJFOUPEFMBQBMBCSB
BRVÓMBHFOUFFTNVZEBEBBFTBDPO
EJDJØO<ZTVMFNBFT>ADBSHPNJQJT
UPMB NJ NBDIFUF Z FM RVF NF UPDB
yPQVFEFMMFHBSBUPDBSNFMPNBUP
$FJNN
&TUBT OPSNBT Z WBMPSFT EPNJOBO MBT SFMB
DJPOFTTPDJBMFTFODBEBVOPEFMPTÈNCJUPT
EPOEFTFEFTFOWVFMWFFMNVOEPNBTDVMJOP
SVSBMMBDPNBSDBMBDBOUJOBMBmODBFMDP
NFSDJP-BWJPMFODJBRVFTFIBJEPHFOFSBO
EPOPIBTJEPSFDPOPDJEBOJSFHJTUSBEBFO
MBTFTUBEÓTUJDBTPmDJBMFT
4F DPOTJEFSB RVF NVDIB EF MB WJPMFODJB
RVFTFQSFTFOUBFOMBBDUVBMJEBEOPFTNÈT
RVFMBFYQSFTJØOEFMBWJPMFODJBBDVNVMBEB
USBTDBEBPMBNJHSBUPSJBQPSRVFFMBWBODF
EFMBGSPOUFSBBHSÓDPMBTFIBIFDIPTPCSFMB
CBTFEFMBPDVQBDJØOEFUFSSJUPSJPTJOEÓHF
OBTZMBVTVSQBDJØOEFUJFSSBTZHBOBEPEF
-BiWJPMFODJBJOUSBGBNJMJBSwFTMBÞOJDBEFMBTWJPMFODJBTJOWJTJCMFT
RVFFTUÈTJFOEPSFHJTUSBEBFOFM5SJÈOHVMP.JOFSPBUSBWÏTEFMBTEJWFS
TBTPSHBOJ[BDJPOFTEFNVKFSFTBVORVFBÞOOPTFFTUBCMFDFOMBTSFMBDJP
OFTFOUSFFTUFUJQPEFWJPMFODJBZMBWJPMFODJBTPDJBMPSHÈOJDB
'BVOÏFOUSFWJTUBB.VKFSFT4JVOF×BTFO%FGFOTBEFMB7JEB
.PWJNJFOUPEF.VKFSFT1BVMB.FOEP[B
&OUSFWJTUBDPOFM$PNJTJPOBEP&EXJO-FFKFGFEFMB%FMFHBDJØO
.VOJDJQBMEFMB1PMJDÓB/BDJPOBMFO4JVOBSFBMJ[BEBFOFMB×PFO
MBRVFFMKFGFQPMJDJBMBOBMJ[BMBWJPMFODJBNVOJDJQBM$FJNN
***&MDBQJUBMTPDJPDVMUVSBMEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
DBNQFTJOBEP FTUBCMFDJEP Z GSFOUFT QJPOF
SPT MB RVF IB EFKBEP DVFOUBT QFOEJFOUFT
EFiBKVTUBSw
OPNFWPZBRVFEBSEFCSB[PTDSV[B
EPT$FJNN
Elconsumodedrogas
4FDPOTJEFSBRVFFTUFDØEJHPFTUÈQSPGVOEB
NFOUF BSSBJHBEP iTF BQSFOEF EFTEF RVF TF
OBDFIBTJEPZTJHVFTJFOEPUSBOTNJUJEPEFQB
ESFBIJKPDPNPTJIJDJFSBQBSUFEFMBOBUVSBMF
[BIVNBOBwRVFTVDBQBDJEBEEFBDVNVMBS
WJPMFODJB SFTJEF QSFDJTBNFOUF FO FM IFDIP
EFRVFFTVODØEJHPRVFTFDVNQMFOPJN
QPSUBDVÈOEPOJDØNPQFSPTFDVNQMF
ZPTÏRVJÏOGVFFMRVFTFNFMMFWØFM
HBOBEPMPFTUPZFTQFSBOEPTÏRVF
NFMPWPZBFODPOUSBSZBIÓWFSFNPT
&TVOPEFMPTGBDUPSFTRVFMBQPCMBDJØODPT
UF×BIBTF×BMBEPDPNPNÈTEJTUPSTJPOBEP
SFT4JOFNCBSHPTFDBSFDFFOBNCBTSFHJP
OFTEFFTUVEJPTTJTUFNÈUJDPTTPCSFFMUFNB
&MEJBHSBNBTJHVJFOUFEFBDVFSEPBMPRVF
BSSPKØFMUSBCBKPEFDBNQPZBBMHVOBTJO
GPSNBDJPOFTPCUFOJEBTFOFMNBSDPEFPUSPT
FTUVEJPTHSBmDBFMGFOØNFOPEFMDPOTV
NPEFMBESPHBQPSHSVQPÏUOJDPHÏOFSPZ
FEBEDPOMBJEFBEFQPEFSQFSmMBSTVTFGFD
UPTEJTUPSTJPOBEPSFT
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
Gr‡ficaIII.2.2.Elciclodelconsumodeladroga
'BVOÏFOUSFWJTUBTDPODBNQFTJOPTNJHSBOUFTEFJOJDJPTEFMPT
OPWFOUBVCJDBEPTFOMB[POBOÞDMFPEFMB3FTFSWB#PTBXÈT
'BVOÏFOUSFWJTUBTBBVUPSJEBEFTUSBEJDJPOBMFT4BOEZ#BZ
4JSQJ,BSBXBMBHSVQPGPDBMDPOQPMJDÓBTEFMB3""/
&MFNFOUPT QBSB MB "DUVBMJ[BDJØO EF %JBHOØTUJDP 1PMJDÓB /BDJPOBM
"4%*
t -PTFYQFOEJPTBQBSFDFOFOHSBONFEJ
EBBDBSHPEFNVKFSFTBEVMUBTCBKPMB
MØHJDBEFBTFHVSBSMBTVQFSWJWFODJBFDP
OØNJDBGBNJMJBS
MPTNBZPSFTMPTBUFOUBEPTDPOUSBFMCJFO
DPNÞOMBVOJEBEZMBQB[RVFTPOMPT
FMFNFOUPTDPIFTJPOBOUFTEFMQBSBEJHNB
DPNVOJUBSJPJOEÓHFOB
t &MDPOTVNPBGFDUBOPTØMPBMPTKØWFOFT
TJOP UBNCJÏO BM HSVQP EF FEBE RVF DP
SSFTQPOEF B QPCMBDJØO FDPOØNJDBNFOUF
BDUJWB&MDPOTVNPUJFOFVOQFSGJMNBSDB
EBNFOUFNBTDVMJOPQFSPFOMBGSBOKBEF
BEPMFTDFOUFTMBNBTDVMJOJ[BDJØOFTNFOPS
t &OFMDBTPEFMBTDPNVOJEBEFTNFTUJ[BT
SVSBMFT TF NFODJPOBSPO MB FYBDFSCBDJØO
EFMBWJPMFODJBWJPMFODJBTPDJBMJOUSBGB
NJMJBSRVFMMFHBIBTUBMBWJPMFODJBBUSP[
t &M DPOTVNP EF ESPHBT OP FT VO QSP
CMFNB RVF BGFDUF ÞOJDBNFOUF B MB QP
CMBDJØOOFHSBPBMBQPCMBDJØOVSCBOB
&MDPOTVNPEFESPHBTIBQFOFUSBEPFO
MBT DPNVOJEBEFT JOEÓHFOBT ‰FO NB
ZPSNFEJEBNJTLJUBT‰ZDPNVOJEBEFT
DBNQFTJOBTNFTUJ[BT
t -BT ESPHBT EF NBZPS DPOTVNFO TPO MB
NBSJIVBOBQSPEVDJEBFOMBSFHJØOZFM
DSBDLEFDPDBJOBDPMPNCJBOB
Efectos distorsionadores identificados
t &OFMDBTPEFMBTDPNVOJEBEFTNJTLJUBT
FM SPCP EF DPTFDIBT MB WJPMFODJB IBDJB
t &O FM DBTP EF MPT KØWFOFT VSCBOPT TF
DPOTJEFSB RVF FM GFOØNFOP EFM DPOTV
NPEFQTJDPUSØQJDPTZBMDPIPMNVFTUSB
VOBUFOEFODJBBiOBUVSBMJ[BSTFwZBDPO
TJEFSBSTFDPNPQBSUFEFMPTDBNCJPTRVF
TFIBOEBEPFOFMNVOEPBMPTDVBMFTMB
$PTUB$BSJCFOPFTBKFOB
t -PT DPNVOJUBSJPT OP QFSDJCFO JOUFSÏT
QPSQBSUFEFMBTBVUPSJEBEFTQBSBHFOF
SBSVOBQPMÓUJDBPQMBORVFBUJFOEBFTUPT
QSPCMFNBT
1PS MPT EB×PT JSSFWFSTJCMFT RVF HFOFSB FM
DPOTVNP EF ESPHBT EFCFSÓB TFS DMBTJmDBEP
DPNP VO GBDUPS EFTUSVDUPS EFM DBQJUBM IV
NBOP Z FTQFDJBMNFOUF EFM BDVNVMBEP EF
DBQJUBM TPDJBM DPNVOJUBSJP F JOTUJUVDJPOBM
EFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
RecuadroIII.2.8
&MUSÈmDPEFESPHBTZTVTFGFDUPTEJTPDJBEPSFTFOFMDBQJUBMTPDJBMDPNVOJUBSJP
-BQPCMBDJØOZDPNVOJEBEFTEFMB$PTUB$BSJCFFTUÈOTJFOEPWVMOFSBEBTFOTVTFHVSJEBEDJVEBEBOBEFSFDIPT
IVNBOPTZTVHPCFSOBCJMJEBEQPSFMJODSFNFOUPEFMOBSDPUSÈmDPZMBESPHBEJDDJØO2VFNBTEFQBOHBTZWJWJFO
EBTBTFTJOBUPTNÞMUJQMFTZVONPWJNJFOUPJNQSFTJPOBOUFEFMBTFDPOPNÓBTMPDBMFTTPOBMHVOPTEFMPTFGFDUPT
EJTUPSTJPOBEPSFTRVFEFKBMBOBSDPBDUJWJEBE-BGVFS[BBÏSFBZMBOBWBMBTÓDPNPMBQPMJDÓBIBOEFDMBSBEPRVFMB
GBMUBEFSFDVSTPTMFTJODBQBDJUBQBSBDPNCBUJSMB"QFTBSEFFTBTJUVBDJØOFOFMB×PMBTBVUPSJEBEFTJODBVUB
SPOBMSFEFEPSEFTFJTNJMLJMPTEFDPDBÓOBFOBNCBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
%VSBOUF MB EÏDBEB EF MPT OPWFOUB MBT DPNVOJEBEFT NJTLJUBT DPTUFSBT BM OPSUF EF #JMXJ FODPOUSBCBO DPDBÓOB
BDDJEFOUBMNFOUFFOMBQMBZBZFOMPT$BZPT.JTLJUPT5SBmDBOUFTEFESPHBTRVFUSBOTQPSUBCBODPDBÓOBIBDJBFM
OPSUFBQBSFOUFNFOUFMBUJSBCBOQPSMBCPSEBBMTFSQFSTFHVJEPTQPSMBTBVUPSJEBEFT&MJODSFNFOUPEFJOHSFTPTFO
FGFDUJWPQSPQPSDJPOBEPQPSFMUSÈmDPEFESPHBTIBTJEPVUJMJ[BEPEFNBOFSBEJGFSFODJBEBFOEPTEFMBTQSJODJQBMFT
DPNVOJEBEFTMPDBMFT
***&MDBQJUBMTPDJPDVMUVSBMEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
&OVOBEFFMMBTFMEJOFSPEFMBDPDBÓOBIBTJEPVTBEPQBSBDPOTUSVJSOVFWBTDBTBTFTDVFMBTFJHMFTJBT$PNPSF
TVMUBEPMBDPNVOJEBEBQBSFDFQSØTQFSB&OMBDPNVOJEBEWFDJOBQPSPUSPMBEPBQFTBSEFRVFFYJTUFUSÈmDPIBZ
QPDBFWJEFODJBEFOVFWBSJRVF[B%FTBGPSUVOBEBNFOUFFOUPEBTMBTDPNVOJEBEFTDPTUFSBTMBESPHBFODPOUSBEB
FTQFDJBMNFOUFDPDBÓOBUBNCJÏOIBQSPEVDJEPVOJODSFNFOUPFOMBJOTFHVSJEBEDPNVOJUBSJBRVFTFNBOJmFTUBFO
NVFSUFTQPSTPCSFEPTJTFOBEJDDJØOFOUSFMPTIPNCSFTKØWFOFTFJODSFNFOUPFOFMOÞNFSPEFEFMJUPTFTQFDJBMNFOUF
SPCPTBTFTJOBUPTZWJPMFODJBJOUSBGBNJMJBSZDPNVOJUBSJB
6OBODJBOPEFMBDPNVOJEBESFMBUJWBNFOUFQSØTQFSBFYQSFTØi4ÓMBDPNVOJEBEFTUÈJNQMJDBEBFOFMDPNFSDJP
EFESPHBT:BIPSBOFDFTJUBBZVEB7BSJPTB×PTBUSÈTMPTTBDPTEFDPDBÓOBDPMPNCJBOBMMFHBCBOBDDJEFOUBMNFOUF
nPUBOEPFOMBTPMBTMPTMVHBSF×PTMPMMBNBOiSFHBMPEF%JPTw%FTEFFOUPODFTTFIBDPOWFSUJEPFOVOBUSBNQB
EJBCØMJDBNBUBIPNCSFTKØWFOFTJOEÓHFOBTNJTLJUPTZEB×BMBDVMUVSBNJTLJUBRVJ[ÈTJSSFNFEJBCMFNFOUF%FOOJT
&MCVDFPEFMBOHPTUBTFTPUSBEFMBTNBOFSBTFORVFMPTKØWFOFTTPOJOUSPEVDJEPTBMBBEJDDJØOBMBDPDBÓOB)BZ
VODPNFSDJPBMEFUBMMFEFFTUBESPHBRVFUJFOFMVHBSFOBMUBNBS-PTUSBmDBOUFTEFDPDBÓOBBDFQUBOMBOHPTUBTB
DBNCJPEFTVQSPEVDUPTJMPTCV[PTOPUJFOFOFGFDUJWPQBSBQBHBSMP"OUFTEFDBEBJONFSTJØONVDIPTCVDFBEPSFT
BTQJSBOVOBMÓOFBEFDPDBRVFMFTBZVEBBTPQPSUBSFMGSÓPEFMBTBHVBTQSPGVOEBT"QBSFOUFNFOUFFTQSÈDUJDBDPNÞO
RVFDBEBCVDFBEPSMMFWFTVEØTJTEFDPDBÓOBQBSBFMEÓBEFUSBCBKP
-BQSPGVOEJ[BDJØOEFMBDSJTJTFDPOØNJDBZMPTBMUPTÓOEJDFTEFEFTFNQMFPFOMBSFHJØOQSPQJDJBOFMUSÈmDPZDPO
TVNPEFESPHBT1BSBMBTJOTUJUVDJPOFTEFM&TUBEPMBTJUVBDJØOFTJONBOFKBCMF-BKVF[ÞOJDBMPDBMEFMNVOJDJQJP
EF$PSO*TMBOEEFDMBSØiMBQPMJDÓBZFMKV[HBEPFTUBNPTNBOPTBSSJCBBOUFMBDSFDJFOUFBDUJWJEBEEFMOBSDPUSÈmDPw
-1
-BEFTDPOmBO[BFTUÈUSBTUPDBOEPMBTSFMBDJPOFTZTPOQSÈDUJDBNFOUFOVMPTMPTQSPHSBNBTZDFOUSPT
EFSFIBCJMJUBDJØO1BSBFM1SPDVSBEPSEFMPT%FSFDIPT*OEÓHFOBTSFWFSFOEP/PSNBO#FOUiFTUBTJUVBDJØOTØMPTF
QVFEFDPOUSBSSFTUBSDPOMBDSFBDJØOEFGVFOUFTEFFNQMFPZTBDBSEFVOBWF[QPSUPEBTBMBQPCMBDJØODPTUF×BEFM
BCBOEPOPFORVFIBWJWJEPIJTUØSJDBNFOUFw&/%
'VFOUF%FOOJT
6OBWFSTJØOEFFTUFBSUÓDVMPGVFQSFTFOUBEBFOMBSFVOJØOBOVBMEFMB"TPDJBDJØO"OUSPQPMØHJDB"NFSJDBOB/FX0SMFBOT/PW
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
Conclusiones
$BQJUBM TPDJBM Z QPMÓUJDBT QÞCMJDBT TFD
UPSJBMFT -B BTPDJBUJWJEBE EF MPT BDUPSFT
NVMUJÏUOJDPT DPTUF×PT IB DPOUSJCVJEP BM
EFTBSSPMMPEFTVDBQBDJEBEQSPQPTJUJWBZEF
JODJEFODJB-BFYQFSJFODJBFOFMFKFSDJDJPEF
MPTEFSFDIPTBVUPOØNJDPTMFTIBFOTF×BEP
RVF MB EFmOJDJØO EF QPMÓUJDBT KVTUBT FO FM
DBNQPEFMBTBMVEZFEVDBDJØOQÞCMJDBEF
QFOEFOFOHSBONFEJEBEFTVQSPQJPBDDJP
OBSDPMFDUJWPEFTVDBQBDJEBEEFFTUBCMFDFS
QVFOUFTOPTØMPFOFMJOUFSJPSEFMBTSFHJP
OFTBVUØOPNBTTJOPUBNCJÏODPOMBTEJWFS
TBTJOTUJUVDJPOFTEFM&TUBEPRVFUJFOFOQPS
NBOEBUPHFOFSBSFJNQMFNFOUBSMBTQPMÓUJ
DBT TFDUPSJBMFT FO DPPSEJOBDJØO Z DPOTVMUB
DPOMPTHPCJFSOPTSFHJPOBMFT
&TUBDBQBDJEBEIBRVFEBEPEFNPTUSBEBFO
MPT TFDUPSFT EF TBMVE Z FEVDBDJØO FO BN
CPTTFIBQPEJEPBWBO[BSFGFDUJWBNFOUFFO
MBDPOTUSVDDJØOEFQPMÓUJDBTJOUFSDVMUVSBMFT
DPNP MP EFNVFTUSB FM IFDIP NJTNP EFM
EJTF×P EF MPT TJTUFNBTNPEFMP EF TBMVE Z
FEVDBDJØOBVUPOØNJDPT
$BQJUBM TPDJBM Z EFTBSSPMMP TPTUFOJCMF &M
BOÈMJTJT SFBMJ[BEP QFSNJUF DPODMVJS RVF IBZ
BDUJWPT JNQPSUBOUFT EF DBQJUBM TPDJBM DBQJ
UBM DVMUVSBM Z DBQJUBM IVNBOP UBOUP FO MBT
DPNVOJEBEFTJOEÓHFOBTTVNVNBZBOHOBTZ
NJTLJUBTDPNPFOMBTDPNVOJEBEFTNFTUJ[BT
EFWJFKBGSPOUFSBBHSÓDPMB4JTFSFDPOPDJFSBZ
QPUFODJBSBFTFDBQJUBMTPDJBMQPESÓBODPOUSJ
CVJSBÞONÈTBMBCPSEBKFEFBMHVOPTEFMPT
QSJODJQBMFTSFUPTRVFQMBOUFBMBDPOTUSVDDJØO
EFDJVEBEBOÓBHPCFSOBCJMJEBECVFOHPCJFS
OPZFMEFTBSSPMMPIVNBOPTPTUFOJCMFFOFM
DPOUFYUP BDUVBM EF MBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT
EFMB$PTUB$BSJCF
4FHVSJEBE DJVEBEBOB Z DPOTUSVDDJØO EF
VOBDVMUVSBEFQB[&MJOWFOUBSJPEFBDUJWPT
EF DBQJUBM TPDJBM RVF NVFTUSBO MBT SFHJPOFT
BVUØOPNBTQFSNJUFBmSNBSRVFTFDVFOUBB
OJWFMEFMPTQVFCMPTJOEÓHFOBTEFMBTDPNV
OJEBEFTBGSPDBSJCF×BTZNFTUJ[BTDPOBDUJWPT
TVTUBODJBCMFTQBSBDPOUSJCVJSBMBDPOTUSVD
DJØOEFMBDBEFOBEFTFHVSJEBEDJVEBEBOB
-PT BDUJWPT TPO EJGFSFOUFT EFTEF FM QVOUP
EFWJTUBÏUOJDPZDVMUVSBM&TPTVHJFSFRVF
FMDPODFQUPZDBEFOBNJTNBEFTFHVSJEBE
DJVEBEBOBEFCFTFSUSBCBKBEPEFTEFVOFO
GPRVFNVMUJÏUOJDPFJOUFSDVMUVSBMRVFQFS
NJUBQPUFODJBSFMTJTUFNBEFWBMPSFTZOPS
NBTRVFTVTUFOUBFMQBSBEJHNBEFMDBQJUBM
TPDJBM DPNVOJUBSJP JOEÓHFOBBGSPDBSJCF×P
ZNFTUJ[PQBSBBCPSEBSMPTQSPCMFNBTRVF
FTUÈO HFOFSBOEP JOTFHVSJEBE DJVEBEBOB F
JOHPCFSOBCJMJEBEDPNPFTMBWJPMFODJBJO
USBGBNJMJBSTPDJBMZFMDPOTVNPEFFTUVQFGB
DJFOUFT&MMPTVQPOFBOBMJ[BSMPTDPODFQUPT
NJTNPT EF EFMJUPTBODJØO SFIBCJMJUBDJØO
&MNBZPSWBDÓPFTUÈFOFMUFNBEFMBSFIBCJ
MJUBDJØORVFOPQBSFDFDPOUFNQMBSTFFOFM
VOJWFSTPJOEÓHFOBoBGSPDBSJCF×P
&O MBT DPNVOJEBEFT NFTUJ[BT FM &TUBEP
BQBSFDFDPOVOUFOEJEPNÈTEFOTPFODBEB
VOPEFMPTFTMBCPOFTEFMBDBEFOBFTQFDJBM
NFOUFBOJWFMEFMBQSFWFODJØO-BTPSHBOJ
[BDJPOFTEFNVKFSFTNFTUJ[BTFODPOKVOUP
DPOMBTDPNJTBSÓBTEFMBNVKFSDPOTUJUVZFO
VOP EF MPT BDUJWPT NÈT JNQPSUBOUFT FO
DVBOUPBMBBUFODJØOEFMBTWÓDUJNBTEFWJP
MFODJB JOUSBGBNJMJBS Z DPNBSDBM /P BTÓ FO
MPRVFSFTQFDUBBMQSPDFTPEFSFIBCJMJUBDJØO
EF MB QPCMBDJØO BGFDUBEB QPS MB ESPHPEF
QFOEFODJBRVFFTVOPEFMPTTFDUPSFTRVF
DPOUSJCVZFBMBJOTFHVSJEBEQPSMBFTQJSBMEF
WJPMFODJBZEFMJODVFODJBRVFHFOFSB
-BT DBQBDJEBEFT RVF IBO EFTBSSPMMBEP MBT
NVKFSFT ‰B QFTBS EF TFS MBT QSJODJQBMFT
BGFDUBEBT QPS MB WJPMFODJB‰ FO UPSOP B MB
DPOTUSVDDJØOEFVOBDVMUVSBEFQB[DPOT
UJUVZFOVOPEFMPTQSJODJQBMFTBDUJWPTDPO
RVF DVFOUBO MBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT QBSB
BTFHVSBSMBWJEBFOBSNPOÓBMBNBNMBLBZ
MB FTUBCJMJEBE TPDJBM Z QPMÓUJDB &TUF BDUJWP
OP UFSNJOB EF SFDPOPDFSTF QPS MB UFOEFO
DJB B WFS B MBT NVKFSFT DPNP iWÓDUJNBTw Z
OPDPNPBDUPSBTZGPSKBEPSBTEFDBNCJPFO
VOBOVFWBDVMUVSB$FJNN
***&MDBQJUBMTPDJPDVMUVSBMEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
ParteIV:
Econom’a,sistemas
productivosymercados
*7&DPOPNÓBTJTUFNBTQSPEVDUJWPTZNFSDBEPT
&
MBOÈMJTJTEFMBFDPOPNÓBEFMBTSF
HJPOFT BVUØOPNBT FT FM QSPQØTJUP
EFFTUBQBSUFEFMJOGPSNF1BSBFMMP
QSPQPOF VOB NJSBEB EJGFSFOUF TPCSF MBT
DPOEJDJPOFTEFDPNQFUJUJWJEBEEFMPTUFSSJ
UPSJPTBRVFMMBRVFTJUÞBFOFMDFOUSPBMBT
QFSTPOBT
&MFOGPRVFEFMBTPTUFOJCJMJEBEDPNPCBTF
QBSBBMDBO[BSNFKPSFTDPOEJDJPOFTEFDPN
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TablaNo.IV.1.1:Municipiossegœnsusgradosdeurbanizaci—n
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
Categor’a
(habitantes)
Municipios
Poblaci—n
urbana
Poblaci—n
rural
Nueva
63.055
50.528
Guinea
1.Ciudad:
Bluefields
42.841
5.176
>30.00005
Puerto
32.525
22.005
Cabezas
2.Semiciudad: ElRama
19.810
36.261
15.000Siuna
16.055
50.643
30.0006
Rosita
8.024
10.787
CornIsland
7.733
Paiwas
7.489
49.733
Lagunade
Pueblos
6.510
3.793
semirrurales Perlas
5.000-
Waspam
6.285
31.521
15.0007
Waslala
6.283
39.780
Bonanza
6.125
9.322
ElAyote
5.143
8.217
KukraHill
3.974
4.809
MuelledeLos
3.498
22.162
Pueblos
Bueyes
Rurales:
Desemboca2.546
1.565
<5.0008
dura
CruzdeR’o
1.625
14.350
Grande
ElTortuguero
1.257
9.753
Prinzapolka
388(*)
5226
228.639 388.159
TOTAL
Gradode
urbanizaci—n4
Densidad
Poblaci—n
rural
total(2004)
44
23
113.583
89
1
48.017
60
4
54.530
35
6
56.071
24
10
66.698
43
1
13
2
34
18.811
7.733
57.222
63
1
10.303
17
14
40
38
45
3
30
5
10
4
37.806
46.063
15.447
13.359
8.783
14
16
25.661
62
1
4.112
10
4
15.975
11
7
4
1
5
11.010
5,614
616.798
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RecuadroNo.IV.2.1:Resumendelosprincipalesindicadoresdelaszonasproductivas
Indicador
HabitantesruralesxKmƆ
Pueblosind’genasycomunidadesŽtnicas
Principalactividad
Destinodela
producci—nprincipal
Actoressociales
delaeconom’a
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1a3
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llanos
1a3
Miskitos
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Rama
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depescados
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tropical
Zonaagropecuaria
1a5
10a34
Sumu/mayangnas
miskitos
mestizos
Mestizos,miskitos,
sumu/mayangnas,rama
¥ Extracci—ndemadera ¥ Ganader’a
decolor
¥ Granosb‡sicoscon
¥ Extracci—ndeoroy
Žnfasisarroz
plata
¥ CafŽycacao
¥ TubŽrculos
¥ EE.UU.,(Miami)
Mercadolocalein- ¥ Madera:islascaribe¥ EE.UU.,(Miami)
¥ Mercadolocal
terregional,RAAN
–asymercadonacio- ¥ islascaribe–as
yRAAS
nal
¥ ElSalvador
¥ oroyplata:Canad‡
¥ CostaRica
¥ Mercadonacionaly
local
¥ Trabajadoresdel ¥ Ind’genaconsis- ¥ Ind’genasconsistema ¥ Campesinosdesubsistencia
mar
temasagroforesagroforestalempresa¥ Campesinosfinqueros
¥ Microypeque–os
tal
rios
¥ Microypeque–os ¥ Empresariosmadere- ¥ Finqueros
empresarios
rosymineros
¥ Empresariosagrope¥ Empresarios
empresariosde
cuarios
madera
¥ Guardabosques,ONG
¥ ONGyagenciasde
yagenciasdecoopecooperaci—n
raci—n
Indicador
Actividadessecundarias
Zonamarinocostera,conocidacomo
Litoralpesquero
¥ Agriculturaautoconsumo
¥ Comercioyservicios
¥ Turismo,Corn
IslandyLittleC.I.
Zonadesabanas
depino,conocida
comoZonadelos
llanos
¥ Agriculturapara
elautoconsumo
Zonabosquehœmedo
tropical
¥ Agriculturaautoconsumo
Zonaagropecuaria
¥ Comercioyservicios
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HSBOEFTDPNQB×ÓBTCBOBOFSBTFOMBEÏDBEBEF
MPTDVBSFOUB-BJOEVTUSJBMJ[BDJØOEFMBQFTDB
TFJOJDJBFOMBEÏDBEBEFMTFUFOUBDPOFMJNQVMTP
EFMHPCJFSOPDFOUSBMQBSBMBJOTUBMBDJØOEFFN
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&O#MVFGJFMETFTUBBDUJWJEBEMMFHØBSFQSF
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UJFSSBT DPNVOBMFT JOEÓHFOBT Z BGSPEFTDFO
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MapaNo.IV.2.1:Zonamarino-costera
*7&DPOPNÓBTJTUFNBTQSPEVDUJWPTZNFSDBEPT
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EF 1FSMBT Z #MVFGJFMET $PNP SFTVMUBEP
MBTFDPOPNÓBTDPNVOJUBSJBTFOFTB[POBTF
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BVORVF FTUB ÞMUJNB FT JODJQJFOUF Z FT NÈT
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EFM B×P TBMWP FO MPT QFSÓPEPT EF WFEB FT
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TFMPRVFMJNJUBMBTPQFSBDJPOFTEFDBSHBZ
EFTDBSHB
Actores sociales y econ—micos
delazona
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UFTMPTUSBCBKBEPSFTBTBMBSJBEPTRVFSFQSF
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DPNVOJEBEFTRVFTFJOWPMVDSBOFOMBQFTDB
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EF
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#JMXJMPTUSFTDFOUSPTVSCBOPTEFSFMFWBODJB
QBSBMBBDUJWJEBEQPSFMHSBEPEFQSPDFTB
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RecuadroNo.IV.2.2:Tipolog’adeactoresproductivosenlazona
Categor’a
Trabajadores9
Pueblos
ind’genasy
comunidadesŽtnicas
Miskitosymestizos
Mediosde
trabajo
Fuerzadetrabajo,avecesaperospropios
Pescadoresporcuentapropia
R’osylagunas
Marabierto
Miskitos,creoles,gaGar’fonas,rama,
r’fonasyrama
creolesymiskitos
Cayucos(cuatrotama–os)concanalete
omotorfueradebordademenorcaballaje
Aperosmenoresde
pesca(redes,atarrayas,l’neas)
¥
¥
¥
¥
¥
¥
¥
Pangas
Motoresde
mayorcaballaje
Nasas
GPS
Boyas
Mecates
Carnada
Empresarios
(37)10
Mestizosnacionalesyextranjeros
Barcosparaarrastre
Plantasprocesadoras
Recursosfinancieros
Informaci—nycontactos
conelmercadoexterno.
#V[PTDBZVRVFSPTZQFTDBEPSFTEFFTDBNBT
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ZEFDPMBTEFMBOHPTUBDPOHFMBEB&TUBTQMBOUBTUJFOFOMBNBZPSDBQBDJEBEEFDPOHFMBNJFOUPZQSPEVDDJØOEFIJFMPMBTSFTUBOUFTMBTDPNQBSUFO
FNQSFTBTVCJDBEBTFOTVNBZPSÓBFO#JMXJ$BSPEJ4FBGPPE-BOWJOJD4BO(BCSJFM$PSO*TMBOE1BTFOJD#MVFmFMET&YQPNBS0DFBOJD/FQUVOP
1FTDB'SFTDB
Categor’a
Trabajadores9
Inversi—n
m’nima
estimada
Tipode
Variados
producto
Destinodel Empresasproceproducto
sadorasyexportadoras
Ingreso
estimado11
Pescadoresporcuentapropia
R’osylagunas
Marabierto
De300-3.500d—lares
10mild—lares
Escamas,camar—n
(sietebarbas)
Centrosdeacopioyal
mercadolocal
200d—laresporventa
realizada
Langosta,camar—nyescamas
Empresasprocesadorasyexportadoras
1.000d—larespor
ventarealizada
Empresarios
(37)10
-
ExportacionesaMiami,
EE.UU.
-
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TFNBOBFOPUSBTPDBTJPOFTMFTUPNBØEÓBTFOEFQFOEFODJB
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MBCJPNBTBNBSJOB
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OVBSFYUSBZFOEPFMSFDVSTP
Cuantificaci—necon—micadela
Zonamarino-costera
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3""4QSFTFOUBVONFKPSEFTBSSPMMPMPRVF
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TablaNo.IV.2.1:Contribuci—nalPIBsectorialdelapescapor
tipo de producto valor agregado, en millones de c—rdobas
del2000
Productos
Camar—n
Langosta
Pescado
Total
CostaCaribe
87,98
164,70
43,19
295,86
Nacional
345,87
184,03
107,66
637,56
%
25%
89%
40%
46%
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JNQPSUBODJBEFMWBMPSFDPOØNJDPFTUJNBEP
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SFTVMUBNBZPSRVFMBQFTDBBSUFTBOBM-PRVF
TFSFQPSUBDPNPQFTDBDPNVOBMDPSSFTQPO
EFBMBQSPEVDDJØODBQUVSBEBQPSMBTDPNV
OJEBEFTZSFDIB[BEBQPS"EQFTDBQPSRVFMBT
UBMMBTOPDPSSFTQPOEFOBMBTSFRVFSJEBTQBSB
TVDPNFSDJBMJ[BDJØOFYUFSOB-BQSPEVDDJØO
DPNVOBMTFWFOEFFOFMNFSDBEPMPDBM
Gr‡ficaNo.IV.2.1:Din‡micadelaproducci—npesqueraenlaCostaCaribe
PIBpesqueroenmillonesdec—rdobasde1994
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FTUB[POBHFOFSBDFSDBEFEJF[NJMFNQMFPT
MB NBZPS DPODFOUSBDJØO MB UJFOFO MBT BDUJ
WJEBEFTEFDBQUVSBFOFMNBSZFONFOPS
DBOUJEBEMPTFNQMFPTFOUJFSSBGJSNFFOMBT
QMBOUBTQSPDFTBEPSBT
%FMUPUBMEFMFNQMFPHFOFSBEPFOFMTFDUPS
FM QPS DJFOUP DPSSFTQPOEF B MPT IPN
CSFT Z FM QPS DJFOUP B MBT NVKFSFT &O
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DPNFSDJBMJ[BDJØO FO MB QFTDB BSUFTBOBM BTÓ
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QPTJDJØO ÏUOJDB NVFTUSB RVF MPT NJTLJUPT
SFQSFTFOUBO FM QPS DJFOUP EFM UPUBM EF
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Empleosdirectosenla
captura
TablaNo.IV.2.2:Generaci—ndeempleodelsectorpesquero
Industria
Actividad
Nœmerodepersonaldelmar
Totalindustrialyartesanal
Industrial
Artesanal
Nœmerodepersonaldeservicios
Comercio,acopio,reparaci—n.
2000
10.393
2.543
7.850
600
600
2001
9.899
2.049
7.850
520
520
2002
9.651
1.841
7.810*
600
600
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Contribuci—n de los productos
del mar a las exportaciones
nacionales
ÀEs sostenible la actividad pesquerabajolamodalidadproductivaactual?
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Gr‡fica No. IV.2.2: Exportaciones de
productospesqueros,milesded—lares
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6OFTUVEJPSFBMJ[BEPFOFMFTUJNØVOQSPNFEJPEFJOHSFTPT
FO DPODFQUP EF UVSJTNP QBSB MBT 3""4 FO NJMMPOFT EF EØMBSFT
BOVBMFT7FSFO$PNQFOEJPFTUBEÓTUJDPWBMPSBDJØOFDPOØNJDBEFMQP
UFODJBMUVSÓTUJDP5BCMB/P
$JFSUBTÈSFBTEFCPTRVFQPSTVJNQPSUBODJBFDPMØHJDBIBOTJEPEFDSFUBEBTQBSRVFTNVOJDJQBMFTQPSMBBMDBM
EÓBBTPMJDJUVEEFMBTDPNVOJEBEFT
'JOBMNFOUFFMSFDPOPDJNJFOUPNÈTHSBOEFEFFTUFFTGVFS[PFTDPOTUBUBSDØNPDPNVOJEBEFTNBSHJOBEBTIJT
UØSJDBNFOUFFODPJODJEFODJBDPOMPTQSFDFQUPTEFMB*OWFTUJHBDJØO"DDJØO1BSUJDJQBUJWB*"1TFJOWPMVDSBO
EFDJEJEBNFOUFFOMBTPMVDJØOEFMBQSPCMFNÈUJDBBNCJFOUBMEFTV[POBEFNBOEBOEFMBTBVUPSJEBEFTMPDBMFT
MBEFTDFOUSBMJ[BDJØOEFMBUPNBEFEFDJTJPOFTZQSPNVMHBOGPSNBTJOOPWBEPSBTEFNBOFKPDPMFDUJWPZTPTUF
OJCMFEFTVTSFDVSTPTOBUVSBMFT
&UENTE$AVID"RADFORDn#ABAL#ARL"ROELABORACI˜NPROPIAENELMARCODELPRESENTEINFORME
Zonadelassabanasdepinos
&TUB[POBFTDPOPDJEBQPSMBQPCMBDJØOEF
MBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT DPNP MB ;POB EF
MPTMMBOPT%FTEFNFEJBEPTEFMTJHMP9*9IB
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NÈT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT EF CPTRVF TFDVOEBSJP
EFCBKPWBMPSFDPOØNJDP4FHÞOEBUPTEFM
NBQBEFVTPBDUVBMEFMTVFMPZWFHFUBDJØO
EFMB×PMPTQJOBSFTTFVCJDBOTP
CSF VOB MMBOVSB EF IFDUÈSFBT EF
MBT DVBMFT FM QPS DJFOUP TF VCJDB FO MB
3""/ZUSFTQPSDJFOUPFOMB3""4
MapaNo.IV.2.2:Zonadelassabanasdepino
7FSXXXTJBSPSHOJ
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%FMUPUBMEFBNCBTSFHJPOFTIFDUÈ
SFBTDPSSFTQPOEFOBCPTRVFTEFQJOPBCJFS
UPZBCPTRVFTEFQJOPDFSSBEP
&O MB 3""/ FM QPS DJFOUP IFDUÈSFBT DPSSFTQPOEF B CPTRVF BCJFSUP Z
QPSDJFOUPIFDUÈSFBTBCPTRVF
DFSSBEP&ODBNCJPFOMB3""4EFMUSFTQPS
DJFOUPEFCPTRVFEFQJOPEJTQPOJCMFFM
QPS DJFOUP FT CPTRVF BCJFSUP Z FM QPS
DJFOUPCPTRVFDFSSBEP
&TUB [POB FT IBCJUBEB QSJODJQBMNFOUF QPS
DPNVOJEBEFTNJTLJUBTRVFBEFNÈTEFBQSP
WFDIBS FM QJOP QBSB DPNFSDJBMJ[BSMP DB[BO
QFTDBOZSFDPMFDUBOVOBCVFOBQBSUFEFMPT
BMJNFOUPTRVFDPOTVNFO5BNCJÏODVMUJWBO
BSSP[ EF TFDBOP NVTÈDFBT GSJKPM Z BMHVOPT
UVCÏSDVMPTDPNPMBZVDBFOÈSFBTMJNJUBEBT
QBSB BDUJWJEBE BHSÓDPMB FO MB SJCFSB EF MPT
SÓPT"MHVOPTQPCMBEPSFTEFMB[POBSFDPMFD
UBOGSVUBTDPNPOBODJUFTQBSBWFOEFSMBTFOFM
NFSDBEPMPDBMEF8BTQBNZ#JMXJBMHVOBT
GBNJMJBTQSPDFTBONBEFSBFODBSCØOQBSB
TVQPTUFSJPSDPNFSDJBMJ[BDJØOFO#JMXJ
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
%FTEFMB[POBIBFTUBEPDPOUFNQMBEB
FOMPTQMBOFTEFSFGPSFTUBDJØOEFEJGFSFOUFT
PSHBOJTNPT4JOFNCBSHPMPTQSPCMFNBT
EFUSBTMBQFTDPOMBQSPQJFEBEEFMBUJFSSBEF
DPNVOJEBEFTJOEÓHFOBTZMBEFQFOEFODJB
EFMBBDUJWJEBEDPOMBWJHFODJBEFMPTQSP
ZFDUPTIBJOGMVJEPFOMBEFTBUFODJØOEFMBT
QMBOUBDJPOFT
&YJTUFODVBUSPGPSNBTBUSBWÏTEFMBTDVBMFT
TFFYUSBFFMQJOP
4FFOUJFOEFQPSCPTRVFBCJFSUPBMBTÈSFBTEFCPTRVFRVFZBIBO
TJEPJOUFSWFOJEBTQBSBMBFYUSBDDJØOEFEJTUJOUPTQSPEVDUPTGPSFTUBMFT
PQBSBFMVTPEFMBUJFSSB
#PTRVFDFSSBEPFTBRVFMRVFBÞOQFSNBOFDFWJSHFO
-BWFOUBEFDBSCØOTFIBDFHFOFSBMNFOUFEFMBQSPWFDIBNJFOUPEF
BMHVOPTÈSCPMFTRVFDSFDFOKVOUPBMPTQJOBSFTEBEPFMBMUPDPTUPEFM
HBTMJDVBEPFMDPOTVNPEFDBSCØOSFQSFTFOUBVOBPQDJØONÈTCBSBUB
QBSBMBDPDDJØOEFBMJNFOUPT
*OTUJUVUPEF'PNFOUP/BDJPOBM*OGPOBDQPTUFSJPSNFOUFFM*OT
UJUVUPEF3FDVSTPT/BUVSBMFT*SFOBZMVFHPMB"ENJOJTUSBDJØO'P
SFTUBM EFM &TUBEP "EGPSFTU BETDSJUB BM .JmD B USBWÏT EFM 1SPZFDUP
'PSFTUBM/PSFTUF1'/&
4FHÞOMBÞMUJNBDBSBDUFSJ[BDJØONVOJDJQBMQVCMJDBEBQPSFM*OJ
GPNFM&TUBEPNBOFKBCBVOÈSFBEFIFDUÈSFBTEFUJFSSBEF
MBTDVBMFTGVFSPOSFJOUFHSBEBTBMBTDPNVOJEBEFTJOEÓHFOBTVOBT
NJMRVFEBOEPNJMIFDUÈSFBTDPNPSFTFSWBEFM&TUBEP
t MPTDPNVOJUBSJPTNJTLJUPTTBDBOMBNB
EFSB BVYJMJÈOEPTF EF VO QMBO NÓOJNP
EFDPSUFZGÈDJMBQSPCBDJØOQPS*OBGPS
t MBWFOUBEFNBEFSBFOSPMMPBQJFEFCBO
DPÈSFBEFDPSUFFOMBDVBMMPTDPNVOJ
UBSJPTSFBMJ[BOUPEBTMBTMBCPSFTNFOPTMB
FYUSBDDJØO
t MBWFOUBEFNBEFSBFOSPMMPBMCPSEFEF
DBNJOPEFUPEPUJFNQPJNQMJDBRVFMBT
DPNVOJEBEFTNJTLJUBTUBNCJÏOTFIBDFO
DBSHP EF UPEP FM USBCBKP JODMVZFOEP FM
USBTMBEPEFMBNBEFSBZ
t WFOUBEFNBEFSBFOQJFFOMBRVFUPEP
DPSSFQPSDVFOUBEFMDPNQSBEPSZFOMB
RVFMBTDPNVOJEBEFTNJTLJUBTTVFMFOTFS
DPOUSBUBEPTDPNPNBOPEFPCSBQBSBMBT
MBCPSFTRVFJNQMJDBFMBQSPWFDIBNJFOUP
4BCBMMPTFUBM
Potencial de aprovechamiento
delpino
4FHÞO MPT QMBOFT HFOFSBMFT EF NBOFKP EFM
*OBGPS
FYJTUFVOÈSFBEFIFD
UÈSFBTRVFQPESÓBOHFOFSBSVOWPMVNFOEF
NFUSPT DÞCJDPT EF QJOP QBSB FM
NFSDBEP
Tabla No. IV.2.3: Autorizaciones del
PlanGeneraldeManejoForestal
Municipio
A–o
Prinzapolka
1999
Autorizaciones
1
78
3.878
2000
2
4.915
593.852
2001
1
243
15.437
4
5.236
613.167
1
215
15.073
5
5.451
628.240
Subtotal
Total
Waspam
Total
RAAN
1999
'VFOUF3FHJTUSPT*OBGPS
çrea
(ha.)
Volumen
(m3)
4JOFNCBSHPFOFMB×PTØMP1SJO[BQP
MLBUVWPSFMFWBODJBFOFMBQSPWFDIBNJFOUP
EFMQJOP&TUPPCFEFDFBMOJWFMEFEFUFSJPSP
RVFIBTVGSJEPFMCPTRVFFOFMSFTUPEFMPT
NVOJDJQJPT&MQPUFODJBMEFMQJOPOPTØMP
MPDPOTUJUVZFMBNBEFSB‰MBNÈTFYQMPUB
EB‰TJOPUBNCJÏOMBSFTJOBMBTFNJMMBZMBT
IPKBT‰RVFFOFMOPSUFEFMQBÓTTJSWFOEF
CBTFQBSBMBFMBCPSBDJØOEFBSUFTBOÓBT&OMB
BDUVBMJEBEOPFYJTUFOQMBOFTEFBQSPWFDIB
NJFOUPDPNPMPTIVCPFOMBTEÏDBEBTEFMPT
TFTFOUBTFUFOUBZPDIFOUB
&YJTUF DJFSUP DPOUSPM FO FM VTP Z WFOUB EF
MPT SFDVSTPT NBEFSBCMFT 1BSB TV FYQMPUB
DJØOTFSFRVJFSFEFMQFSNJTPEFMPTMÓEFSFT
EFMBTDPNVOJEBEFT&MOJWFMEFFYUSBDDJØO
QFSNJUJEPQVFEFPTDJMBSFOUSFMPTNJMZDJO
DPNJMQJFTUBCMBSFTBN©
FOEF
QFOEFODJBEFMBTOFDFTJEBEFTRVFQSFTFOUF
DBEBGBNJMJBRVFTVFMFOTFSEFWBSJPTUJQPT
t OFDFTJEBEEFNBEFSBQBSBBVUPDPOTUSVD
DJØOEFWJWJFOEBT
t NBEFSBQBSBDFSDBSÈSFBTEFDVMUJWPDPO
QSFTFODJBEFBOJNBMFTHBOBEPNBZPSZ
NFOPS
t NBEFSBQBSBMF×BZ
&OBRVFMMPTDBTPTDVBOEPFMQJOPUJFOFDPNP
GJOTVDPNFSDJBMJ[BDJØOFMRVFFYUSBFMBNB
EFSBEFCFQBHBSEØMBSFTBMBBMDBMEÓBQPS
DBEB QJF EF NBEFSB SÞTUJDB WFOEJEB Z EØMBSFTUBNCJÏOQPSDBEBQJFEFNBEFSBSÞT
UJDBWFOEJEBFODPODFQUPEFUSPODPOBKFBMB
DPNVOJEBEJOEÓHFOBRVFMFBVUPSJ[ØFMVTP
4FHÞOMPTEBUPTEF*OBGPSFYJTUFVOOJWFM
EFBQSPWFDIBNJFOUPEFUSP[BTEFQJOP
FOUSFRVFFRVJWBMFOBVOUPUBM
EFN©EFNBEFSBFOMB3""/Z
N©FOMB3""44FHÞOSFHJTUSPTEFMB
BMDBMEÓBEF1VFSUP$BCF[BTMBFYUSBDDJØO
GVFEFN©EFQJOPFOFMQFSÓPEP
%FBDVFSEPBEBUPTEFMBBMDBMEÓBEF#JMXJ
EVSBOUF FM B×P FO FTUB BDUJWJEBE TF
BVUPFNQMFBSPO DFSDB EF QFSTPOBT EF
MBTDVBMFTFMQPSDJFOUPGVFSPOIPNCSFT
ZQPSDJFOUPNVKFSFT-BPDVQBDJØOFO
FTUBBDUJWJEBEFTFTUBDJPOBMDPOUFOEFODJBB
BVNFOUBSFOFMTFHVOEPTFNFTUSFEFMB×P
$POTJEFSBOEPMPTWPMÞNFOFTEFNBEFSBEF
QJOPFYUSBÓEPTFOQSPNFEJPQPSNFTB×PZ
TFYPMBQBSUJDJQBDJØOEFMBTNVKFSFTNVFTUSB
VO DPNQPSUBNJFOUP BTDFOEFOUF EFM QPS DJFOUP FO FM BM QPS DJFOUP
FO FM DPNP MP NVFTUSB FM TJHVJFOUF
DVBESP
t NBEFSBQBSBDPNFSDJBMJ[BSZPCUFOFSBM
HVOPTJOHSFTPT4BCBMMPTZ+BNFT
TablaNo.IV.2.4:Extracci—ndemaderadepinopormes,a–oysexodelextractor,
enmƇ
A–o
Total
2002
Hombres
Mujeres
4.690,17
998,92
2003
Hombres
Mujeres
4.217
1.130
2004*
Hombres
Mujeres
2.098,26
982,83
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)NCLUYEDEENEROAABRIL¢NICAMENTE
1PSFKFNQMPJ
FO8BTQBNBUSBWÏTEFMBFNQSFTB
QSPDFTBEPSB EF SFTJOB "UMBOUJD $IFNJDBM $PNQBOZ "UDIFNDP EF
DBQJUBMNJYUPOPSUFBNFSJDBOPZKBQPOFT
MBDVBMDFSSØQPSMBQSPUFT
UBEFMBTDPNVOJEBEFTRVFDPOTJEFSBCBOMBEFTUSVDDJØOEFMSFDVSTP
ZFMCBKPQSFDJPBMPTSFDPMFDUPSFT-BOV[BTG
ZJJ
MBSFDPMFDDJØO
EFTFNJMMBEFQJOPFO"MBNJLBOHCBODPOFMQSPQØTJUP
EFWFOEFSMBFOFMNFSDBEPJOUFSOBDJPOBMDPNPQBSUFEFVOQJMPUBKF
RVFOPMPHSØDPOTPMJEBS
&TUPT DPSSFTQPOEFO BM SFHJTUSP EF HVÓB EF DPOÓGFSBT TJO QPEFS
QSFDJTBSBRVÏNVOJDJQJPDPSSFTQPOEÓBO
-BBMDBMEÓBEF1VFSUP$BCF[BTMMFWBSFHJTUSPTQPSMBWFOUBEFNB
EFSBEFQJOPFOTVNVOJDJQJP
*7&DPOPNÓBTJTUFNBTQSPEVDUJWPTZNFSDBEPT
Zonadebosquehœmedo
tropical
EFKBEPEFTFSBQSPWFDIBEBFOUJFNQPTEF
HVFSSB
"MPMBSHPEFMBIJTUPSJBFMCPTRVFMBUJGP
MJBEP IB TJEP VO SFDVSTP EFM RVF TF CVT
DBTBDBSNÈYJNPTCFOFGJDJPTFDPOØNJDPT
%FTEFGJOBMFTEFMTJHMP9*9GVFFYQMPSBEP
ZBQSPWFDIBEPQPSDPNQB×ÓBTFYUSBOKFSBT
QBSUJDVMBSNFOUF OPSUFBNFSJDBOBT QBSB MB
FYQPSUBDJØOEFNBEFSBBTÓDPNPMBFYUSBD
DJØOZFYQMPUBDJØOEFMDIJDMFFMUVOPZMB
SBJDJMMB
-B 3""/ EJTQPOF EF NJMMPOFT EF
IFDUÈSFBTEFCPTRVFIÞNFEPUSPQJDBM-BT
QSJODJQBMFTÈSFBTGVFSBEFMBTQSPUFHJEBTTF
VCJDBO FOUSF FM 3ÓP $PDP 3ÓP 8BTQVL Z
TPCSFFMFKFWJBM3PTJUB#JMXJZNÈTBMTVS
FOUSFMPTSÓPT#BNCBOBZ"LBXBT
-B TVC[POB GPSFTUBM IB TJEP UFSSJUPSJP EF
MJUJHJP FOUSF FM &TUBEP MBT DPNVOJEBEFT
JOEÓHFOBT Z BGSPEFTDFOEJFOUFT ‰QBSUJDV
MBSNFOUFTVNVNBZBOHOBTZNJTLJUBT‰Z
MBT QPCMBDJPOFT NFTUJ[BT RVF QBVMBUJOB
NFOUFIBOMMFHBEPBNFEJEBRVFTFBNQMÓB
MBGSPOUFSBBHSÓDPMB&TUBTVC[POBTØMPIB
1PSTVQBSUFMB3""4QPTFFNJMMPOFTEF
IFDUÈSFBTFOMBTRVFTFJODMVZFOTVTÈSFBT
QSPUFHJEBTMBNBZPSQBSUFVCJDBEBTFOEPT
EJSFDDJPOFTMBQSJNFSBTPCSFMBGSBOKBQBSB
MFMBBMBDPTUBZMBTFHVOEBRVFDPMJOEBDPO
FMEFQBSUBNFOUPEF3ÓP4BO+VBO&YJTUFO
EPTBDUJWJEBEFTFDPOØNJDBTJNQPSUBOUFTEF
FTUB[POBMBGPSFTUBMCPTRVFTZMBNJOFSB
FOFMTVCTVFMPEFMCPTRVF-BBHSJDVMUVSBEF
TVCTJTUFODJBFTVOBBDUJWJEBETFDVOEBSJB
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
MapaNo.IV.2.3:ZonadebosquehœmedotropicalSubzonaforestalyminera
-BNBEFSBEFMPTCPTRVFTMBUJGPMJBEPTTFFY
USBFEFTJUJPTEFNPOUB×BRVFDPMJOEBODPO
FM NBDJ[P NPOUB×PTP EF 4BTMBZB FO $P
QFSOBNVOJDJQJPEF4JVOBTPCSFFMFKFWJBM
3PTJUB o#JMXJ ,VLBMBZB 4BITB 4VNVCJMB
FOUSFPUSPTZFOUSFFMFNQBMNFEF3PTJUBZ
1SJO[BQPMLB&TUFÞMUJNPTJUJPFTFMQSJODJQBM
TFDUPSEFPQFSBDJØOEFMPTNBEFSFSPTRVJF
OFTIBOFNQF[BEPBDPNQSBSUJFSSBTDPNP
VOB GPSNB EF BTFHVSBS VO NFKPS BDDFTP BM
CPTRVFBOUFMBTSFTUSJDDJPOFTRVFFOGSFOUBO
FONFEJPEFMPTDPOGMJDUPTFOUSFFM&TUBEPZ
MBTDPNVOJEBEFTJOEÓHFOBT
"EFNÈTEFMBNBEFSBMBTVC[POBGPSFTUBMQSF
TFOUBMBNBZPSDPODFOUSBDJØOEFCJPEJWFSTJ
EBEHFOÏUJDBEFQMBOUBTZFTQFDJFTUFSSFTUSFT
EFWBMPSQPDPDPOPDJEPZQPSUBOUPFTDBTB
NFOUFBQSPWFDIBEPQBSBPUSPTGJOFTDPNPMB
NFEJDJOBZMBJOWFTUJHBDJØODJFOUÓGJDB
Actores sociales y econ—micos
enlazona
.ÞMUJQMFT BDUPSFT BQBSFDFO SFMBDJPOBEPT FO
FTUB[POBJOTUJUVDJPOFTEFM&TUBEP*OBGPSZ
.BHGPS NBEFSFSPT DBSQJOUFSPT FCBOJTUBT
DPNFSDJBOUFT EF NBEFSB BTFSSBEB Z MBT DP
NJTJPOFT BNCJFOUBMFT FO MB RVF QBSUJDJQBO
NJFNCSPT EF PSHBOJ[BDJPOFT OP HVCFSOB
NFOUBMFTRVFJNQVMTBOQSPZFDUPTEFSFGPSFT
UBDJØOPDPOTFSWBDJØOEFMPTSFDVSTPTOBUVSB
MFTWJODVMBEPTBMBTBMDBMEÓBTNVOJDJQBMFT
/PPCTUBOUFTFDMBTJGJDBOBTÓMPTRVFKVFHBO
VOB GVODJØO NÈT OPSNBUJWB Z EF DPOUSPM
&TUBEPBMDBMEÓBTJOTUJUVUPTBVUØOPNPTZPS
HBOJTNPTOPHVCFSOBNFOUBMFTMPTRVFEJOB
NJ[BOFMDPNFSDJPNBEFSFSPTFNQSFTBSJPT
ZDPNFSDJBOUFTZMPTRVFGPSNBOBGVUVSPT
UÏDOJDPT Z QSPGFTJPOBMFT QBSB MBCPSBS FO FM
TFDUPSGPSFTUBM6SBDDBOF*OBUFD
)BTUBEJDJFNCSFEF*OBGPSSFHJTUSBCB
WFJOUFJOEVTUSJBTGPSFTUBMFTDPOQFSNJTPEF
PQFSBDJØOFOBNCBTSFHJPOFTDBUPSDFFOMB
3""/ Z TFJT FO MB 3""4 DPO VOB JOGSB
FTUSVDUVSB F JOTUBMBDJPOFT EF USFDF BTFSSÓPT
QFSNBOFOUFT Z EJF[ BTFSSÓPT QPSUÈUJMFT MB
NBZPSÓB DPO UFDOPMPHÓB PCTPMFUB RVF MFT
JNQJEF FM BQSPWFDIBNJFOUP ØQUJNP EF MB
NBEFSB
-PT QFRVF×PT NBEFSFSPT USBCBKBO DPO
QPDPT SFDVSTPT Z TJO QMBOFT EF NBOF
KP BVORVF QBHBO JNQVFTUPT P FOUSFHBO
SFHBMÓBT B MBT BMDBMEÓBT Z TÓOEJDPT EF MBT
DPNVOJEBEFT JOEÓHFOBT -PT NBEFSFSPT
HSBOEFTFODBNCJPEFCFOSFBMJ[BSQMBOFT
EF NBOFKP PQFSBO DPO GPOEPT QSPQJPT
DPO FM DBQJUBM EF TPDJPT P FO PUSPT DBTPT
DBODFMBOEP MB NBEFSB FO EPT QBSUFT BM
JOJDJBS Z UFSNJOBS PQFSBDJPOFT " MB WF[
QVFEFO FTUBS BSUJDVMBEPT MPDBMNFOUF DPO
MBJOEVTUSJBEFQSJNFSBUSBOTGPSNBDJØOP
DPOBTFSSÓPTGVFSBEFMBTSFHJPOFT-PTFN
QSFTBSJPTTPOQPDPTZDPOPDJEPTBUSBWÏT
EFTVTFNQSFTBT1SBEBFO3PTJUB"NFSJ
OJDBZ.BEFOTBFO#JMXJZ5FLOJTBFO&M
3BNBZTPORVJFOFTNBOFKBOFMNFSDBEP
EF MB NBEFSB IBDJB FM FYUFSJPS Z MPT RVF
PCUJFOFONFKPSFTCFOFGJDJPT
RecuadroIV.2.4:Tipolog’adelosactoresproductivosenelaprovechamientodelamadera
Categor’a
Pueblos
ind’genasy
comunidades
Žtnicas
Producto
conelque
trabajan
Madereros
Madereros
peque–osde
grandesde
extracci—n
extracci—n
Miskitos,
Miskitosy
mayangnasy mestizos
mestizos
Trozas,
tablonesy
cuartones
Trozas
Procesadores
demadera(20)
Empresarios
queexportan
Mestizos
Mestizos
Madera
aserrada
Madera
aserrada,
plywood
*7&DPOPNÓBTJTUFNBTQSPEVDUJWPTZNFSDBEPT
Carpinterosy
ebanistas
locales
Mestizos
Tablonesy
cuartones
Categor’a
Mediosde
trabajo
Madereros
peque–osde
extracci—n
Motosierras,
mulaso
bueyes,
balsas,
cami—n
alquilado
ylanchas
tambiŽn
alquiladas
Manodeobra Sin
calificaci—n.
Familiarode
socios
Destino/
Mercadolocal
producto
Madereros
grandesde
extracci—n
Motosierras,
squiders,
tractoresde
orugapara
arrastrartrozas,
montacargas,
camiones,
barcosparajalar
balsascontrozas
Carpinterosy
ebanistas
locales
Aserr’osfijosy Aserr’osfijos, Serruchos,
port‡tiles.
plantasde
martillosy
Tractores,
procesamiento escuadras
montacargas,
camiones
Procesadores
demadera(20)
Empresarios
queexportan
Contratanmanodeobracalificadaprincipalmente Sin
tŽcnicosforestales,administradoresdeempresas, clasificaci—n
contadoresyotros
Industriaconfinesdeexportaci—n
Mercadolocal
ypocoal
nacional
&UENTE#ABAL#IPRES.ITLAPÕNETALBASADO/BSERVACI˜NDECAMPODE%SCOBARY-ART¤NEZYESTUDIOSECTORIALFORESTAL#"!
Contribuci—n econ—mica de la
producci—nforestal
&O MPT ÞMUJNPT DJODP B×PT FM SFHJTUSP EF
QMBOFTBVUPSJ[BEPTQPSFM*OBGPSSFWFMBRVF
FMNBZPSWPMVNFOEFNEFNBEFSBDPSUB
EB QSPWJFOF EF ÈSFBT EF FYUSBDDJØO QPS MB
WÓBEFQMBOFTNÓOJNPTZFM1MBO(FOFSBMEF
.BOFKP'PSFTUBM&OUSFZBN
CBT SFHJPOFT EJTQPOÓBO EF IFDUÈ
SFBTFOQMBOFTEFNBOFKPDPOVOQPUFODJBM
QPS BQSPWFDIBS EF NJMMPOFT NJM
N EF NBEFSB EFTBHSFHBEPT EF MB TJ
HVJFOUFNBOFSB
Tabla No. IV.2.5: Cuantificaci—n del volumen de madera segœn planes de manejo forestal.
Per’odo1999-2003
Tipodepermiso
Planesm’nimos26
PlanOperativoAnual27
PRA-2000
Subastas
Total
Nœmerode
permisos
autorizados
216
43
8
31
298
çreatotal
aprovechable
portipo/permiso
(ha.)
289.991
11.953
301.944
Cantidadde
‡rbolespor
aprovechar
34.359
51.989
549
86.897
Volumentotal
demadera(m3)
129.079.055
105.388.085
1.587.710
1.325.155
237.380.005
&UENTE3ISTEMADE2EGISTROY#ONTROLDE/PERACIONES&ORESTALES3IRCOF)NAFOR
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&RVJWBMF BM WBMPS EF UPEPT MPT CJFOFT Z TFSWJDJPT QSPEVDJEPT FO
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QSPEVDUPS-PTCJFOFTZTFSWJDJPTEFTUJOBEPTBMDPOTVNPJOUFSOPTF
WBMPSJ[BOBMPTQSFDJPTRVFEJDIPTCJFOFTUJFOFOFOFMNFSDBEP1BSB
NBZPSEFUBMMFEFMDÈMDVMPFOFMTFDUPSWFS"OFYP/PNFUPEPMØHJDP
EFMB1BSUF*7
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QPSDJFOUPDPOTJEFSBRVFFTQBSBCFOFGJDJP
EF MB GBNJMJB Z VO QPS DJFOUP QBSB MBT
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QSPEVDDJØO Z FYQMPUBDJØO EF NBEFSB
MB HSBO NBZPSÓB RVF MBT SFBMJ[BO TPO
QFSTPOBTEFM1BDÓGJDPZMPTDPTUF×PTTPO
MP RVF NFOPT CFOFGJDJPT TBDBNPT EF
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TablaNo.IV.2.6:RAANyRAASÀAquiŽnconsidera
ustedquelequedanlosbeneficiosdelaproducci—ny
explotaci—ndelosrecursosnaturalesdelCaribe?
Casos
66
37
71
67
393
303
13
950
Austedysufamilia
Alascomunidadescoste–as
Alosmunicipiosdelacosta
Alasregionesaut—nomas
Alpa’s
Aotros
Ns/nr
total
Porcentaje
6,9%
3,9%
7,5%
7,1%
41,4%
31,9%
1,4%
100%
'VFOUF#!3#)PADE
-B DPOUBCJMJ[BDJØO FDPOØNJDB EFM BQPSUF
EFMTFDUPSDPOTJEFSBTØMPMBQBSUFEFFYUSBD
DJØOGPSFTUBMRVFJODMVZFBDUJWJEBEFTWJODV
MBEBTBMBFYQMPUBDJØOEFMSFDVSTPEFTEFMPT
CPTRVFTZDVZBQSPEVDDJØOFTMBNBEFSBFO
Tabla No. IV.2.7: Estimado del valor agregado
(d—laresdel2000)
ORIGEN
RAAS
RAAN
TotalCosta
Caribe
Totalnacional
Contribuci—n
Caribe
2000
2001
2002
2.151,5
2003
9.444,1
5.266,9
19.377,1
25.772,2
33.483,9
7.418,4
19.377,1
25.772,2
42.928,0
38.188,0 42.108,0
46.299,0
25.612,0
29%
50%
61%
92%
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NBEFSB DPSSFTQPOEF BM TFDUPS JOEVTUSJBM Z
DBTJFOTVUPUBMJEBETFIBDFGVFSBEFMBTQSP
QJBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
-B FYUSBDDJØO EF NBEFSB MBUJGPMJBEB FT BM
UBNFOUF SFQSFTFOUBUJWB EF MBT SFHJPOFT BV
UØOPNBT&TMBQSJODJQBMGVFOUFQSPWFFEPSB
EFNBEFSBCMBODBZNBEFSBSPKBFOFMQBÓT
"EJDJPOBMNFOUF EJWFSTBT JOTUJUVDJPOFT EFM
TFDUPSQÞCMJDPSFDJCFOJOHSFTPTQPSMBBD
UJWJEBEGPSFTUBM&OUSFZ*OBGPS
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FOMBDBQBDJEBEEFJOGMVFODJBQPMÓUJDBQSJO
DJQBMNFOUFFOFMÈNCJUPOBDJPOBM-PTJO
UFSNFEJBSJPTFODBNCJPTFBQPZBONÈT
FOTVTSFMBDJPOFTTPDJBMFTZFOTVDBQBDJEBE
EFOFHPDJBS
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BDUJWJEBEQSJNBSJBTJOQPTJCJMJEBEEFFTDBMBS
EFCJEPBMBTCBSSFSBTRVFFOGSFOUBOBMFKBEPT
EFMNFSDBEPTJODPOUBDUPTFJOGMVFODJBQP
MÓUJDBTJOJOGPSNBDJØODBQJUBMZTJONFEJPT
EFUSBCBKPMPRVFIBDFRVFTVQBSUJDJQBDJØO
ZMPTCFOFGJDJPTEFMWBMPSRVFBMDBO[BTVQSP
EVDUPFOFMNFSDBEPTFBOCBKPT
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MB BDUJWJEBE FOUSF MPT EVF×PT EF CPTRVF Z
MPTJOUFSNFEJBSJPTFTEFTJHVBM-PTQSJNFSPT
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FO MB DPNFSDJBMJ[BDJØO EF MB NBEFSB QBSB
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Potencial de aprovechamiento
delosrecursosforestales
4JEFMQPUFODJBMEFCPTRVFBQSPWFDIBCMF
NJMMPOFTEFIFDUÈSFBTTFSFTFSWBTFVOQPS
DJFOUPQBSBMBQSPUFDDJØOEFDVFODBTBCBTUF
DFEPSBTEFBHVBTJUJPTSFQSPEVDUJWPTEFGMPSB
ZGBVOBZQBSBHBSBOUJ[BSMBSFHFOFSBDJØONJT
NBEFMCPTRVFRVFEBSÓBODFSDBEFNJMMP
OFTEFIFDUÈSFBTEJTQPOJCMFTQBSBTFSJOUFSWF
OJEBTCBKPQMBOFTEFNBOFKPMPRVFEBVOB
QPTJCJMJEBEBOVBMEFFYQMPUBDJØOPEFPGFSUB
QSPEVDUJWBEFNJMNBOVBMFT&MMPQP
ESÓBHFOFSBSVOJOHSFTPBEJDJPOBMEFMPSEFO
EFMPTNJMMPOFTEFEØMBSFTBOVBMFT
&YJTUFOFOMBSFHJØOPUSPTTFSWJDJPTBNCJFO
UBMFTDPNPMBGJKBDJØOEFDBSCPOPDVZPQP
UFODJBMFOMPTCPTRVFTMBUJGPMJBEPTTFFTUJNB
FONJMMPOFT5.BOVBMFT4JTFUPNB
DPNP QSFDJP EF SFGFSFODJB EØMBSFT QPS
5. ‰EF QSPZFDUP QJMPUP FO FM DPODFQUP
EF TFSWJDJP BNCJFOUBM‰ FM JODSFNFOUP FO
MBDPOUSJCVDJØOEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOPNBT
TFSÓBEFNJMMPOFTNJMEØMBSFT
0USPT CJFOFT Z TFSWJDJPT BTPDJBEPT B MB
[POB GPSFTUBM TPO MB MF×B FM DBSCØO GSV
UBTZOVFDFTTJMWFTUSFTQMBOUBTNFEJDJOBMFT
MBCFMMF[BFTDÏOJDBMPTSFDVSTPTIÓESJDPTZ
UPEBMBHBNBEFCJPEJWFSTJEBEEFMPTCPT
RVFT IÞNFEPT USPQJDBMFT TPCSF MPT DVBMFT
OP FYJTUF B MB GFDIB VOB DVBOUJGJDBDJØO
EF TV BQSPWFDIBNJFOUP &TUP TVHJFSF RVF
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OPFTUÈOQFSDJCJFOEPMPTCFOFGJDJPTRVFTF
EFSJWBSÓBOEFMBQVFTUBFONBSDIBEFVOB
QPMÓUJDB EF BQSPWFDIBNJFOUP Z WFOUB EFM
TFSWJDJPBNCJFOUBMZEFVOBQSPEVDDJØOZ
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$POTJEFSBOEP MPT DPTUPT EF FYUSBDDJØO RVF JODMVZFO DPTUPT EF
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7FS5BCMB/PEFM$PNQFOEJPFTUBEÓTUJDP
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RecuadroIV.2.5
&MJCPMBOVF[EFMBTMBQBTSPKBTZWFSEFT
3FDPMFDDJØOEFJCPFOMBTDPNVOJEBEFTNJTLJUBTEFM-MBOPOPSUFZTVSEFMB3""/
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OPSUFZTVSEFMB3""/TFQSBDUJDBMBSFDPMFDDJØOEFOBODJUFT‰#ZSTPOJNBDSBTTJGPMJB‰DPOGJOFTDPNFSDJBMFTQBSBFM
NFSDBEPEF8BTQBNZ#JMXJ
&OUBOUPFODPNVOJEBEFTSBNBHBSÓGVOBTZDSFPMFTEFMPTNVOJDJQJPTEF#MVFGJFMET,VLSB)JMMZ-BHVOBEF1FSMBT
FYJTUFMBUSBEJDJØOEFSFDPMFDUBSOVFDFTEFJCPPBMNFOESP‰%ZQUFSJYQBOBNFOTJT‰RVFTFVUJMJ[BOFOMBFMBCPSBDJØO
EFVOBCFCJEBUÓQJDBEFMB[POBDPOPDJEBDPNPiJCPGSFTDPw&MTBCPSQFDVMJBSEFFTUBTOVFDFTNVZQBSFDJEPBMEF
MBWBJOJMMBIBDFRVFÏTUBTUFOHBOVOBEFNBOEBNVZBMUBFOMPTNFSDBEPTMPDBMFTEF#MVFGJFMETZ-BHVOBEF1FSMBT
4JOFNCBSHPFMJCPUJFOFVOBTFSJFEFDBSBDUFSÓTUJDBTBEJDJPOBMFTRVFMPEJTUJOHVFOEFPUSBTGSVUBTRVFVTVBMNFOUFTF
SFDPMFDUBOFOMBSFHJØOFOUSFÏTUBT
&MQSFDJPFOMPTNFSDBEPTMPDBMFTTFJODSFNFOUBB×PUSBTB×PEFCJEPBRVFFMGSVUPFTDBEBWF[NÈTFTDBTPFTVOP
EFMPTQSJODJQBMFTQSPEVDUPTTJMWFTUSFTRVFDPNFSDJBMJ[BDBTJFYDMVTJWBNFOUFMBDPNVOJEBESBNBFO#MVFGJFMET
-BFTDBTF[EFMJCPTFEFCFBRVFMBNBEFSBEFFTUFÈSCPMFTMBQSJODJQBMNBUFSJBQSJNBQBSBMBGBCSJDBDJØOEF
DBSCØOWFHFUBMFOMBSFHJØOQPSQBSUFEFDBNQFTJOPTQPCSFTEFMBGSPOUFSBBHSÓDPMBQJPOFSB
&MJCPBEFNÈTEFTFSVOPEFMPTÈSCPMFTNÈTHSBOEFTEFMCPTRVFUSPQJDBMIÞNFEPFTVOBFTQFDJFJOEJDBEPSB
EFMFTUBEPEFMBCJPEJWFSTJEBEFOMB$PTUB$BSJCFZBRVFFYJTUFVOBSFMBDJØOTJNCJØUJDBEJSFDUBFOUSFÏTUFZMBT
FTQFDJFTEFMBQBTSPKBTZWFSEFT‰"SBNBDBPZ"SBBNCJHVB&TEFDJSRVFQPSDBEBÈSCPMEFJCPUVNCBEPQBSB
DBSCØOTFBGFDUBOFHBUJWBNFOUFMBTVQFSWJWFODJBEFFTUBTBWFTFOQFMJHSPEFFYUJODJØO
-BJNQPSUBODJBEFSFTBMUBSMBSFDPMFDDJØOEFJCPDPNPVOBCVFOBQSÈDUJDBFTEFNPTUSBSRVFMBSFDPMFDDJØOEFGSVUBT
ZOVFDFTTJMWFTUSFTFTVOBBDUJWJEBETPTUFOJCMFZWJBCMFEFTEFFMQVOUPEFWJTUBEFMPTCFOFGJDJPTTPDJPFDPOØNJDPT
ZBNCJFOUBMFTQBSBFMDBNQFTJOBEPZDPNVOJEBEFTJOEÓHFOBTEFMB[POBZBRVFBOVBMNFOUFTFBQSPWFDIBSÓBVOB
QSPEVDDJØOOBUVSBMEFOVFDFTFODPOUSBQPTJDJØODPOMBUBMBEFEJDIPTÈSCPMFTQBSBMBPCUFODJØOEFDBSCØO
&MDBTPNFKPSEPDVNFOUBEPEFSFDPMFDDJØOEFGSVUBTFTFMEFMBOVF[EF#SBTJMRVFTVQMFVOBJOEVTUSJBNVOEJBMQBSB
MBFMBCPSBDJØOEFIFMBEPTZNFSJFOEBTEFQSJNFSBDMBTF1PSTVTDBSBDUFSÓTUJDBTTJNJMBSFTBMBOVF[EF#SBTJMFMJCP
TFQVEJFSBDPOWFSUJSFOMBiOVF[EF/JDBSBHVBw
&TJNQPSUBOUFTF×BMBSRVFDVBOEPTFDPOTFSWBOMPTÈSCPMFTEFJCPQBSBMBSFDPMFDDJØOEFOVFDFTTFFTUÈDPOUSJCV
ZFOEPFOMBDPOTFSWBDJØOEFEPTFTQFDJFTJNQPSUBOUFTFOQFMJHSPEFFYUJODJØOMBOVF[ZMBTMBQBTSPKBTZWFSEFT
&UENTE$AVID"RADFORDn#ABAL#ARL"ROELABORACI˜NPROPIAPARAESTEINFORME
Zonaminera
%FTEF MB ÏQPDB EF MB DPMPOJ[BDJØO IBTUB
IPZ FM PSP IB TJEP FM SFDVSTP NÈT FYQMP
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NBOMBTVC[POBNJOFSBBVORVFFOBNCBT
SFHJPOFTEJTQPOFOEFZBDJNJFOUPTNJOFSB
MFTNFUÈMJDPTZOPNFUÈMJDPT
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UFTPUPSHBEPTBDJODPDPODFTJPOBSJPTEF
MPTDVBMFTMBFNQSFTB)FNDPOJDEFDBQJUBM
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QPSDJFOUP
Actoressocialesyecon—micos
-BBDUJWJEBENJOFSBTFDMBTJGJDBFONJOFSÓB
BSUFTBOBM QFRVF×B NJOFSÓB Z NJOFSÓB JO
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EPSFTEFPSPFOMPTSÓPTMBQFRVF×BNJOFSÓB
FT NBOFKBEB QPS NJOFSPT PSHBOJ[BEPT FO
DPPQFSBUJWBTPHSVQPTEFTPDJPTZFOMBNJ
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RecuadroNo.IV.2.6:Tipolog’adelosactoresproductivosenlaminer’a36
Categor’a
Pueblos
ind’genas
ycomunidadesŽtnicas
Producto
que
obtienen
GŸiriseros
Peque–osmineros
individualesenlos
organizados
r’os
Miskitos,sumu/
Sumu/mayangnasy
mayangnasymes- mestizos
tizos
Pepitasdeoroy
amalgama
Obreros
asalariados
Miskitosymestizos
Pepitasdeoroy
Brozaentoneladas
Empresarios
Extranjeros
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Categor’a
Medios
detrabajo
disponible
GŸiriseros
individualesenlos
r’os
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¥mazos
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¥molinetes
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muerta)
Manode
obra
Familiar
Destinodel
producto
Joyer’aslocalesy
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oro
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organizados
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asalariados
Empresarios
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demazo
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maderacon
planchasdecobre
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mazos
Amigosysocios
Fuerzade
trabajo
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procesamiento
conmaquinaria
instalada
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mediosnecesarios
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materialenbarras
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Empresaminera
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TablaNo.IV.2.8:Evoluci—ndelaproducci—nmineraenlaRAAN2000Ð2003
OroyplataenonzasTroy
Conceptos
Oro(Au)
Hemconic
DPM*
Artesanal**
Plata(Ag)
Hemconic
Nacional
Oro
Plata
2000
18.381,0
14.933,9
375,1
3.072,1
24.558,3
2001
26.661,0
21.661,0
290,9
4.709,1
46.264,8
2002
28.178,1
23.146,2
225,8
4.806,2
33.603,1
2003
32.836,2
26.972,4
160,9
5.702,9
29.811,7
118.067,2
51.098,4
123.500,0
81.395,4
125.500,0
70.700,0
108.300,0
65.700,0
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RecuadroIV.2.7
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MapaNo.IV.2.4:Zonaysubzonasagropecuarias
Actoressocialesyecon—micos
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RecuadroNo.IV.2.8:Caracter’sticasdelosactoressocialesagropecuarios
Campesinosde
subsistencia
¥ Porcompra
demejorasy
‡reaspeque–as
¥ PorprŽstamo
deotroenrelaci—ndemedier’a
¥ Porrenta
¥ Porreforma
agraria
Porcomprade
mejorasyherencia
Porherenciay
porcomprade
mejorasy‡reas
peque–as,t’tulos
supletorios
Porcomprade
mejoras,t’tulos
supletorios,otra
documentaci—n
paralegalizar
Extensi—nde
tierradisponible
De0a50manzanas
50a200manzanas
Superiora200
manzanas
Variado
10Ð50manzanas
Lugarde
residencia
Enlaspropias
‡reasproductivas
Enlapropia
unidaddeproducci—n
Enelpuebloola
ciudadcabecera
delmunicipio
Enlaciudadcon
mayordin‡mica
comercial
Tierrascomunales
Factorprincipaldeacumulaci—n
Noexiste
Ganader’aytierra
Elcomerciode
productosagropecuarios
Par‡metro
Accesoala
tierra
Fuerzade
trabajoutilizada
Especializaci—n
Campesinos
finqueros
Combinaci—nde
productosagr’colasdiversosy
ganado
Finqueros
Empresarios
Familiar,yaljornalenelcasode
mujeresmestizas
jefasdefamilia
Familiardemaneraintensiva
ys—loenexcepcionescontrata
aljornal
Asalariadospermanentesytemporalessinprestacionessociales
Asalariadospermanentesytemporalesconosin
prestaciones
Mestizosgranobasiqueros,o
combinandocon
trabajoaljornal
oconlagŸiriser’a
Diversificaci—n
productivacon
peque–as‡reas
decultivosde
mayorvaloren
elmercado:cacao,hortalizas,
quequisque,
etcŽtera
Ganaderolechero
odeengordey
desarrollodenovillos
Acopio,procesamientoycomercializaci—ndeproductosagropecuariosincluyendo
plantacionespropias
Cafetalero
Productores
ind’genas
Comunal,por
asignaci—npara
laexplotaci—n
agr’cola,forestal,guiriser’a
oganaderay
caza
Noexisteoes
restringido
Familiary
PANAPANA
Granosb‡sicos
autoconsumo
Ra’cesytubŽrculos
Ganadomayor
dobleprop—sitoyganado
menor
Cazaypesca,
extracci—nde
oro
&UENTE.ITLAPÕN5#!ELABORADOPARAESTEINFORME
SÓBTMPTEFTVCTJTUFODJBRVFSFQSFTFOUBOFM
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Tabla No. IV.2.9: Tipolog’a de productores en municipios con predominancia de poblaci—n
mestiza
Municipio/
rangodetenencia
ElAyote
ElRama
ElTortuguero
Nœmerodecampesinosproductoresde
Campesino
Finqueroy
subsistencia
finquero
empresario
De0a2.50
De2.51a10 De10.01a50 De50.01a200 m‡sde200
Mzs.
Mzs.
Mzs.
Mzs.
Mzs.
M
H
M
H
M
H
M
H
M
H
6
18
24
46
62
183
42
288
7
100
19
31
58
165
338
1.363
Total
general
M
141
H
635
240
1.397
29
269
684
3.225
1
3
17
50
120
622
115
925
16
209
269
1.809
Muelle/Bueyes
21
47
41
113
165
612
123
719
9
139
359
1.630
NuevaGuinea
48
111
130
409
583
2.611
248
1582
9
100
1.018
4.813
Paiwas
12
35
55
140
165
766
122
922
27
294
381
2.157
Siuna*
45
106
156
845
446
3.074
272
2.302
29
373
948 6.700
Waslala
113
400
268
1.121
280
1.791
85
605
2
73
748 3.990
265
751
1.247 8.740
128
Total
749 2.889
2.159 11.022
1.557 4.548 24.959
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TablaNo.IV.2.10:Comunidadesyorganizacionesproductivasind’genas2000
Ð2004
Municipio
PuertoCabezas
Waspam
Prinzapolka
Rosita
Bonanza
LagunadePerlas
Bluefields
TOTAL
Comunidades
ind’genas
71
91
23
20
19
23
247
Organizaciones
ind’genas41
73
91
24
20
19
ND
227
Productores
comunitarios
2.425
3.900
670
2.120
1.500
1.580
2.670
14.865
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BDUJWJEBEFT EJOÈNJDBT EF MB HBOBEFSÓB TF
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GBNJMJBT HBOBEFSBT QPS DJFOUP
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SFHJPOFT RVJFOFT HFOFSBO FNQMFP EJSFDUP
FOUSF UFNQPSBM Z QFSNBOFOUF B QFSTPOBT EF MBT DVBMFT QPS DJFOUP TPO
NVKFSFT$FOBHSP
RecuadroIV.2.9
i%FDØNPMPTQSPEVDUPSFTMFDIFSPTEF/VFWB(VJOFBiTFOUBSPODBCF[Bw
6OBFYQFSJFODJBEFBDDFTPBMNFSDBEPFOVOBTPMBVOJEBEEFQSPEVDDJØO
-BFYQFSJFODJBFNQSFOEJEBQPSDBNQFTJOPTGJORVFSPTZGJORVFSPTHBOBEFSPTEF/VFWB(VJOFBIPN
CSFTZNVKFSFT
TPDJPTEFMBDPPQFSBUJWBBHSPJOEVTUSJBMDPOPDJEBDPNP$PPQSPMFDIFDPOTUJUVZFVOBQSVFCB
JOUFSFTBOUFEFBDDFTPBMNFSDBEP-BDPPQFSBUJWBMPHSBBDPQJBSZWFOEFSEPTNJMMPOFTEFMJUSPTEFMFDIFDBMJEBE
"BMB×P
*OJDJBSDBNCJPTIBDJBVOTJTUFNBEFQSPEVDDJØOTJMWPQBTUPSJMTFNJUFDOJGJDBEPZSFOUBCMFDPOQFSTQFDUJWBTEF
FTUBCMFDFSVONPEFMPEFQSPEVDDJØOTPTUFOJCMFFOFMNBSDPEFMDPOHMPNFSBEPMÈDUFPFOMBDVFODBMFDIFSBEFMPT
NVOJDJQJPT/VFWB(VJOFB&M$PSBM&M"MNFOESPZ.VFMMFEFMPT#VFZFTIBTJEPFMGSVUPEFMBJOUFSSFMBDJØO
FOUSF EJGFSFOUFT BDUPSFT *%3 $PPQFSBDJØO JUBMJBOB 6SBDDBO .JGJD .BHGPS*/5" "ZVEB FO BDDJØO4/7
6OBO-FØO6/"6$"Z053
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OFDFTJUBCBBDPQJBSMFDIFEFDBMJEBEh"hEFNBOFSBFTUBCMFQBSBBCBTUFDFSFMNFSDBEPOBDJPOBM%FTEFMPT
QSPEVDUPSFTFNQSFOEJFSPOEJGFSFOUFTQSPZFDUPTBDPNQB×BEPTQPSEJTUJOUBTFOUJEBEFTEFHPCJFSOPBHFODJBTEF
DPPQFSBDJØOZVOJWFSTJEBEFTRVFQBVMBUJOBNFOUFFTUÈODBNCJBOEPMBNFOUBMJEBEEFMBHBOBEFSÓBFYUFOTJWB4JFUF
B×PTEFBDPNQB×BNJFOUPFJOWFSTJØOQPSNÈTEFNJMMPOFTEFEØMBSFTFOJOGSBFTUSVDUVSBZFRVJQPTNVFTUSBO
MPTTJHVJFOUFTSFTVMUBEPT
%F BDVFSEP BM NBQFP EF SVCSPT SFBMJ[BEP QPS /JUMBQÈO QBSB MB
EFMJNJUBDJØOEF[POBTQSPEVDUJWBTDPOCBTFFOMBJOGPSNBDJØOEFM
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.VFMMFEFMPT#VFZFTZ&M"ZPUF
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t QSPEVDUPSFT DPO TJFUF B×PT EF OP RVFNBS QPUSFSPT DPNCJOBOEP QBTUPT DPO ÈSCPMFT JOUSPEVDJFOEP QBTUPT
NFKPSBEPTFOQSPNFEJPDJODPNBO[BOBTQPSB×PQPSQSPEVDUPSHBMFSBTTBMBTEFPSEF×PPUSBTNFKPSBTEF
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EFMPTQSPEVDUPSFT
t JODSFNFOUPEFMBQSPEVDDJØOEFMFDIFEFEPTBDVBUSPMJUSPTQSPNFEJPQPSWBDB-BDPPQFSBUJWBQBTØEFBDPQJBS
MJUSPTEJBSJPTFOBWFJOUFNJMMJUSPTEFMFDIFQPSEÓBBDUVBMNFOUF
t NFKPSFTQSÈDUJDBTFOFMPSEF×PRVFBTFHVSBOIJHJFOFZDBMJEBEEFMBMFDIF
t MBUSBTIVNBODJBEFMHBOBEPDBTJIBEFTBQBSFDJEPMPDVBMJNQMJDBVOBNFOPSQSFTJØOTPCSFMBFYQBOTJØOEFMB
GSPOUFSBBHSÓDPMB
t JODSFNFOUPEFMWBMPSBHSFHBEPBWBRVJMMBTZTFNFOUBMFTQSPEVDUPEFJOTFNJOBDJØOBSUJGJDJBMNFKPSBOEPFMWBMPS
EFNFSDBEPEFTJFUFNJMBEPDFNJMDØSEPCBTQPSBOJNBMEFSB[BNFKPSBEB
t BMHVOPTQSPEVDUPSFTEFMBDPPQFSBUJWBZBIBOWFOEJEPGJODBTQBSBJOWFSUJSFOVOBTPMBIBOWJTUPRVFFMNBOFKP
UFDOJGJDBEPEFMBGJODBEBNFKPSFTSFTVMUBEPTRVFUFOFSWBSJBTGJODBTBMBWF[MPTEJSFDUJWPTFTUJNBORVFiFOVOPT
DJODPB×PTNÈTMPHSBSFNPTRVFUPEPTTJFOUFODBCF[BFOVOBTPMBVOJEBEEFQSPEVDDJØOZOPFOWBSJBTw
t MBFYJTUFODJBEFVODPOWFOJPDPO6SBDDBOQFSNJUFRVFMPTFTUVEJBOUFTEF[PPUFDOJBQVFEBOGPSNBSTFFOEJWFSTBT
QSÈDUJDBTEFNBOFKPEFGJODBTMFDIFSBTZFTUBSQSFQBSBEPTQBSBEBSDPOUJOVJEBEBMNBOFKPUÏDOJDPEFMBTGJODBT
EFMPTQSPEVDUPSFTVOBWF[RVFFHSFTBOEFMBDBSSFSB
&UENTE3ELMIRA&LORESn.ITLAPANELABORACI˜NPROPIAPARAELPRESENTEINFORME
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
Subzonadeproductosdiversificadosdeexportaci—n
-BBHSJDVMUVSBEJWFSTJGJDBEBBVORVFTFPC
TFSWBFOUPEPFMUFSSJUPSJPBERVJFSFNBZPS
EJOBNJTNP QPS TV WÓODVMP DPO FM NFSDB
EP QBSUJDVMBSNFOUF FO MPT NVOJDJQJPT EF
8BTMBMBZ/VFWB(VJOFB&OFTUFÞMUJNPMB
BHSJDVMUVSB EJWFSTJGJDBEB JODMVZF FM DVMUJWP
EF HSBOPT CÈTJDPT Z FO NBZPS QSPQPSDJØO
GSJKPMQBSBBCBTUFDFSFMNFSDBEPOBDJPOBMZ
DFOUSPBNFSJDBOP&M4BMWBEPSZ$PTUB3JDB
1SPEVDFUVCÏSDVMPTNVTÈDFBTSBÓDFTDPNP
FMKFOHJCSFTFBQSPWFDIBFMQFKJCBZFZUBN
CJÏOTFQSPDFTBFMQBMNJUP4FIBOFTUBCMF
DJEPQMBOUBDJPOFTEF×BNQÓ×BNFZQBQBT
DIJOBT DPNP QSPEVDUPT EF FYQPSUBDJØO
IBDJB $PTUB 3JDB BEFNÈT EFM RVFRVJTRVF
EFNFKPSDBMJEBERVFFTFYQPSUBEPB1VFS
UP3JDP.JBNJZ3FQÞCMJDB%PNJOJDBOBB
USBWÏTEF1VFSUP-JNØO$PTUB3JDB
&TOFDFTBSJPTF×BMBSRVFEBEBMBDPNQMFKJEBE
ZEJGFSFOUFTDPNCJOBDJPOFTQSPEVDUJWBTRVF
VUJMJ[BOMBTVOJEBEFTGBNJMJBSFTZEFQSPEVD
UPSFTFOFTUBTVC[POBOPFTQPTJCMFJEFOUJGJ
DBSDPOQSFDJTJØOFMOÞNFSPEFQSPEVDUPSFTZ
QSPEVDUPSBTWJODVMBEBTBEJDIBTBDUJWJEBEFT
&M DPNFSDJP EF HSBOPT EF DPOTVNP JOUFSOP
FTNBOFKBEPQPSVOBSFEEFDPNFSDJBOUFTEF
.BOBHVB.BTBZB FO /VFWB (VJOFB Z EFT
EF .BUBHBMQB.BOBHVB FO8BTMBMB RVJFOFT
PQFSBO DPO TPDJPT MPDBMFT QBSB BDPQJBS MPT
QSPEVDUPTFOQVFSUPTEFNPOUB×BZEFTEFBIÓ
USBTMBEBSMPTNFEJBOUFDBNJPOFTPDBNJPOFUBT
IBDJB MPT QSJODJQBMFT NFSDBEPT EF .BOBHVB
&ODBNCJPMPTQSPEVDUPTEFFYQPSUBDJØODPNP
FMRVFRVJTRVFTPONBOFKBEPTQPSFNQSFTBTEF
DBQJUBMOJDBSBHàFOTFZDPTUBSSJDFOTF&MDBDBP
FT NBOFKBEP EJSFDUBNFOUF QPS $BDBPOJDB FO
8BTMBMBZFMDBGÏQPSFNQSFTBTDPNFSDJBMFTFY
QPSUBEPSBTEFFTUFSVCSPDPNP$JTBBHSP
RecuadroIV.2.10
$BDBPQBSBUPEPTMPTNFSDBEPT
1SPEVDDJØOTPTUFOJCMFEFDBDBPPSHÈOJDPFO8BTMBMB
-B$PPQFSBUJWBBHSÓDPMBEFDBDBPPSHÈOJDPEF/JDBSBHVB$BDBPOJDBTFGVOEØFODPOQFRVF×PTQSPEVDUP
SFTEFMNVOJDJQJPEF8BTMBMBFOMB3""/ZDPOFMBQPZPEFM0/(BMFNÈO1SPNVOEP)VNBOP&MB×PTJHVJFO
UFTFDFSUJGJDBSPOMPTQSJNFSPTDJFOQSPEVDUPSFTEFDBDBPPSHÈOJDPEFFTUFNVOJDJQJPZEFMQBÓT
$BDBPOJDBFTVOBDPPQFSBUJWBQBSBMBDPNFSDJBMJ[BDJØODPMFDUJWB%BEPRVFMBNBZPSÓBEFMPTQSPEVDUPSFTUJFOF
FOUSFVOBZEPTNBO[BOBTEFDBDBPMBQSPEVDDJØOFTNVZSFEVDJEBQPSVOJEBEQSPEVDUJWBQBSBJODFOUJWBSBMPT
QSPEVDUPSFTBRVFFYQPSUFOEFNBOFSBJOEJWJEVBM"DUVBMNFOUFMBDPPQFSBUJWBDVFOUBDPONÈTEFRVJOJFOUPT
BTPDJBEPTDFSUJGJDBEPTDPNPQSPEVDUPSFTPSHÈOJDPTMPTDVBMFTIBOBQSFOEJEPRVFDPNFSDJBMJ[BSEFGPSNBDPMFD
UJWBFTNVDIPNÈTSFOUBCMF
-BDPPQFSBUJWBDVFOUBDPOVOQMBOEFUBMMBEPEFDBQBDJUBDJPOFTQBSBTVTTPDJPTOPTØMPTPCSFQSPEVDDJØOPSHÈOJ
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BTQFDUPRVFMPTEJTUJOHVFFTRVFMBTJFNCSBEF
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RecuadroIV.2.11
%FDBNQFTJOPBDBNQFTJOP
6OBFYQFSJFODJBJOOPWBEPSBDPOEVDJEBQPSMPTQSPQJPTQSPEVDUPSFT
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SFDVQFSBDJØOEFMBGFSUJMJEBEEFMTVFMPVTBOEPFMBCPOPWFSEFZFOMBSFGPSFTUBDJØOEFÈSFBTEFGPSFTUBEBTDPO
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EFTUBDBO MBT BHFODJBT JOUFSOBDJPOBMFT EF DPPQFSBDJØO GJOBODJFSB 0/( JOUFSOBDJPOBMFT OBDJPOBMFT Z MPDBMFT
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SFOEJNJFOUPTQSPEVDUJWPTFOHSBOPTCÈTJDPT4JOFNCBSHPFOMBNFEJEBFORVFMPTQSFDJPTEFMPTQSPEVDUPTFOFM
NFSDBEPTPOCBKPTZMBBVTFODJBEFNFSDBEPQBSBMPTPUSPTQSPEVDUPTOPUSBEJDJPOBMFTBGFDUBOBMQSPEVDUPSFMJODFO
UJWPQBSBDPOUJOVBSDVMUJWBOEPEFDBFZMBUFOEFODJBFTQBTBSBMBDSJBO[BEFHBOBEPQBSBFOGSFOUBSNFOPTSJFTHPT
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MPTQFRVF×PTQSPEVDUPSFTFOIBDFSDPNQBUJCMFMBWJEBTVTJTUFNBQSPEVDUJWPZFMNFEJPBNCJFOUF
&UENTE3ELMIRA&LORES.ITLAPAN5#!
Subzona agrosilv’cola ind’gena
yafrodescendiente
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RVF BM NFSDBEP BVORVF FO BMHVOPT DBTPT
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UJWPEFHSBOPTUVCÏSDVMPTNVTÈDFBTGSVUBMFT
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QSÈDUJDBNFOUFPSHÈOJDBTZTFDPNCJOBODPO
MB SFDPMFDDJØO EF QSPEVDUPT EFM CPTRVF MB
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NFEJDJOBMFTZDPSUFZWFOUBEFNBEFSB
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GMPSBDPOVOBWJTJØORVFOPQPOFFOSJFTHPFM
FDPTJTUFNBZBVORVFJOUFSWJFOFOFOFMNJT
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QSFTFOUBOMBTTJHVJFOUFTDBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT
TablaNo.IV.2.11:Caracter’sticasgeneralesdetrescomunidadesind’genas
Municipio
Comunidad
Ubicaci—n
Sukatpin
LlanoSura55
kil—metrosde
Bilwi
Kambla
LlanoNortea
9,4kil—metros
deBilwi
Puerto
Cabezas
Waspam
AwasTingni
LlanoNoroeste
ComunidadŽtnica
ypoblaci—n
Miskitos
938habitantes48,6por
cientomayoresde16
a–os
168familias
Miskitos
549habitantes51,4por
cientomayoresde16
a–os
Sumu/mayangnacon
1.164habitantes.
239familias,45,6por
cientomayoresde16
a–os
Accesovial
Tipodeecosistema
Caminodetodotiempo,
enunabifurcaci—ndela
carreteraenelejevial
Bilwi-Rosita
Transici—n
debosquede
tr—picodepino
ahœmedo
Caminosecundarioque
enlazaconelejevialque
uneaBilwiconRosita
Pinares
Caminodetierrade
casi20kil—metrosque
enlazaconelejevial
BilwiÐWaspam
Bosquetropical
hœmedo
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NVFTUSBOOJWFMFTEFQSPEVDDJØODPNPMPT
RVF JMVTUSB MB TJHVJFOUF UBCMB -PT SFOEJ
NJFOUPT QSPEVDUJWPT QSFTFOUBO WBSJBDJP
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UBMFTQPSNBO[BOBNJFOUSBTRVF4VLBUQJOZ,BNCMB&OGSJ
KPMMPTSFOEJNJFOUPTUBNCJÏOPTDJMBOFOFMNJTNPPSEFOEF
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5BNCJÏOFTJNQPSUBOUFJOEJDBSRVFFMÈSFBQSPNFEJPDVMUJWBEBQPS
GBNJMJBPTDJMBFOUSFZNBO[BOBT
OFT QPS DPNVOJEBE -BT GBNJMJBT UBN
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DPNP HBOBEP CPWJOP QPSDJOP Z BWFT EF
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TablaNo.IV.2.12:Resultadosproductivosentresgruposind’genas
Conceptos
Arrozgranza quintales
Frijol
quintales
Ma’z
quintales
TubŽrculos
quintales
Mus‡ceas
racimos
C’tricos
sacos
AwasTingni
11.531
4.506
3.913
5.927
13.028
334
Sukatpin
3.352
844
1.051
45.990
8.960
2.500
Kambla
410
35
220
4.625
1.145
1.868
Total
15.293
5.385
5.184
56.542
23.133
4.702
&UENTE#IDCAn5#!APARTIRDEDATOSDE!LISTARETAL#IDCA5#!AE)REMADES
TablaNo.IV.2.13:Existenciadeganadosegœnlascomunidadesseleccionadas
Concepto
Bovino,encabezas
Porcino,encabezas
Avesdecorral,enaves
AwasTingni
235
1.938
3.111
Sukatpin
75
467
717
Kambla
175
262
694
Total
485
2.667
4.522
&UENTE#IDCAn5#!APARTIRDEDATOSDE!LISTARETAL#IDCA5#!AE)REMADES
RecuadroIV.2.12
i.JTLJUPTEFTBOHSFQFSPDSFPMFTQPSMBMFOHVBw
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BTÓNJTNPTOPFTTØMPMBBHSJDVMUVSBEFTVCTJTUFODJBTJOPMBDPTNPWJTJØOZMBJEJPTJODSBTJBJOEÓHFOBFOMBRVF
TFJOTDSJCFFTUFTJTUFNBEFQSPEVDDJØOBHSPGPSFTUBM1BSBMPTQSPEVDUPSFTJOEÓHFOBTEFBNCBTDPMFDUJWJEBEFTMBT
UJFSSBTTPOEFMBDPNVOJEBEQFSPEFIFDIPDBEBGBNJMJB‰FO.BOIBUUBOZFO3PDLZ1PJOU‰UJFOFVO
ÈSFBEFFOUSFZNBO[BOBTDBSSJMBEBTTPCSFMBTDVBMFTUJFOFOEFSFDIPQPEFSZBVUPOPNÓBQBSBEFDJEJSFM
UJQPEFVTPZEFPSHBOJ[BDJØOEFMTVFMPRVFEFTFFOBTVNJFOEPMPTQSJODJQJPTDPNVOJUBSJPT
$BEB GBNJMJB SFTFSWB VO ÈSFB EF CPTRVF ‰QBSB FYUSBFS MF×B P
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DVMUJWPMPTUBDPUBMFTZFOBMHVOPTDBTPTIBTUBÈSFBQBSBHBOBEFSÓB
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TablaNo.IV.2.14:Razonesporlascualeslaactividadecon—micaalaquesededicanotienefuturo
ÀPodr’adecirmeporquŽlaactividadecon—micaala
quesededicanotienefuturo?
Nœmerode
respuestas
Porcentajes
Porqueelsalarioesmuybajo/ganamospoco
Porques—lonosdaparalasubsistencia
Porquelatierranoesmuyproductiva,porquelosRRNNseagotan.No
haypesca,sevanaacabarlaslangostas,losancianosdicenqueseest‡
acabandolapesca,porquelosconsorciossacanmuchamadera,etcŽtera
Porquenohayayuda/apoyodelgobierno/delacooperaci—n
Porqueestamosamerceddelascondicionesclim‡ticas,cuandollueve
mucho,etcŽtera/delasplagas
Porquenohay/notengoempleoestable
Porquesintenerpropiedadnotenemosfinanciamiento/accesoa
prŽstamosparasostener/desarrollarnuestrafuentedeingresos,el
costodelaproducci—nesmuyalto,nohaysostenimiento/mercado/
comercializaci—n
Laeconom’adelpa’sest‡pŽsima
Nosepuedeahorrar
Otrasrazones(educaci—ndemishijos,eslaformam‡seficiente,deeso
vivimos,hastaqueelhijo/hijamenorde13tenga20,entreotros)
Nosabe/noresponde
70
41
20,6%
12,1%
18
5,3%
9
2,6%
5
1,5%
29
8,6%
24
7,1%
9
10
2,6%
3,0%
51
15,0%
73
21,6%
Totaldelosquedicenquenotienefuturo
339
100,0%
'VFOUF$"4$*QBEF
TablaNo.IV.2.15:Razonesporlascualeslaactividadecon—micaalaquesededicatienefuturo
ÀPodr’adecirmeporquŽlaactividadecon—micaalaquesededicas’
tienefuturo?
Nœmerode
respuestas
Porcentajes
7
1,3%
9
1,7%
13
10
2,5%
1,9%
Haym‡singresos,haydemanda
Lapescaesunrubrodeexportaci—n,lasiembrasiemprepagabien,el
sembradornuncapasahambre,enlaventasiempresevende,entre
otros
Notienenecesidadecon—mica
Tenemosmuchotiempodeviviras’
Otrasrazones:predicolapalabradeDios,trabajoconpol’ticos,aveces
funcionauno,entreotros
Nodefinen
21
4,0%
463
88,5%
Totaldelosquedicenques’tienefuturo
523
100,0%
'VFOUF$"4$*QBEF
&O FM TJHVJFOUF DVBESP TF QSFTFOUBO MPT
SFTVMUBEPT EF MB &ODVFTUB $"4$*QBEF
TPCSF MBT DPOEJDJPOFT RVF EFNBO
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TablaNo.IV.2.16:ÀQuŽnecesitaparamejorarlascondicionesdevidadesufamilia?
ÀQuŽdeber’anconseguirparamejorarlas
condicionesdevidade
sufamilia?
Tierra
PrŽstamos
Insumosparasiembra
Ganado
Implementosdepesca
Otros
NS/NR
Total
Puebloind’genaocomunidadŽtnicaaquepertenece(%)
Mestiza
Miskita
45,0
26,6
3,3
12,6
2,5
9,2
0,8
100,0
11,9
53,1
9,6
11,9
2,3
9,0
2,2
100,0
Sumu/mayangna
57,1
25,7
1,4
11,4
2,9
1,5
100,0
Negro
Creole
20,8
29,2
4,2
2,8
20,8
16,7
5,5
100,0
Rama
Garifuna
11,1
42,6
3,7
5,6
18,5
18,5
16,4
41,8
5,5
9,1
25,5
1,8
100,0
100,0
Total
34,3
33,5
4,5
11,1
5,9
9,4
1,3
100,0
'VFOUF$"4$*QBEF
Aportesecon—micosdelazona
agropecuaria
Gr‡fica No. IV.2.3: Estructura de la producci—n
agr’cola,valoragregadoenc—rdobas
-BT BDUJWJEBEFT BHSÓDPMBT SFQSFTFOUBO FM
QPS DJFOUP EF MBT SFHJTUSBEBT FO FM TFD
UPS QSJNBSJP FO MBT SFHJPOFT BVUØOPNBT Z
TPO BEFNÈT FM NFEJP EF BVUPTVGJDJFODJB
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%FOUSPEFMPTDVMUJWPTEFNBZPSJNQPSUBO
DJBTFEFTUBDBOFMNBÓ[DPOFMQPSDJFO
UPEFMUPUBMOBDJPOBMFMGSJKPMDPOFMQPS
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DPOUFOEFODJBJOUFSBOVBMEFQPDBWBSJBDJØO
RVFNBOUJFOFTVEJOÈNJDBFOMBHFOFSBDJØO
EFFYDFEFOUFTDPNFSDJBMFTQBSUJDVMBSNFOUF
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EFCJEPBMPTEFGJDJFOUFTWÓODVMPTDPNFSDJB
MFTZBMBTQPDBTQPTJCJMJEBEFTEFSFUFODJØO
EFDPTFDIBOPFYJTUFODPOEJDJPOFTEFBDV
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TFMFDUPT EF BHSJDVMUPSFT DPSSFTQPOEFO B
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NFSDBEP DPO .BUBHBMQB TJOP UBNCJÏO FO
PUSBT ÈSFBT DBGFUBMFSBT EJTQFSTBT FO MPT EF
NÈTNVOJDJQJPTMBTRVFQPSMPHFOFSBMTPO
EFTUJOBEBTBMDPOTVNPZNFSDBEPJOUFSOP
&TUSVDUVSBMNFOUF MB QSPEVDDJØO HBOBEFSB
FTVOTJTUFNBFOQSPDFTPEFFYQBOTJØO4V
JNQPSUBODJB OBDJPOBM TF FTUBCMFDF QPS TV
DPOUSJCVDJØO FO NÈT EF DJFO NJM DBCF[BT
*7&DPOPNÓBTJTUFNBTQSPEVDUJWPTZNFSDBEPT
EFHBOBEPBOVBMFTRVFTPOQSPWFÓEBTBMPT
SFQBTUBEPSFT EF MBT SFHJPOFT DFOUSBM Z EFM
1BDÓGJDP
$POTJEFSBOEPMPTEBUPTBOVBMFTEFNBUBO[B
B OJWFM OBDJPOBM DPO JODSFNFOUPT FOUSF FM
EPT Z USFT QPS DJFOUP FOUSF FM B×P Z
Z MBT QFSTQFDUJWBT EF MPT WPMÞNFOFT
FYQPSUBCMFTTFMF DPOTJEFSB VOB EF MBT DB
EFOBTQSPEVDUJWBTNÈTQSPNJTPSJBTQBSBMB
SFHJØODVZPEFTBSSPMMPEFCFSÓBJNQVMTBSTF
CBKP QSÈDUJDBT TPTUFOJCMFT NÈT BNJHBCMFT
QBSBMBDPCFSUVSBGPSFTUBMZMBDBMJEBEEFMPT
TVFMPT
Gr‡fica No. IV.2.4: Estructura de la producci—npecuaria
'VFOUF/JUMBQÈOFUBM
TablaNo.IV.2.17:Valoragregadodelasactividadesagropecuarias,enmillones
dec—rdobascorrientes,a–o2000
Sub-sectores
Agricultura
Ganader’a
Total
Regiones
aut—nomas
RAAN
RAAS
316,6
401,2
109,4
468,0
426,0
869,2
TOTAL
TOTAL
REGIONES NACIONAL
717,8
5.431,9
577,4
2.703,9
1.295,2
8.135,8
Participaci—n
regional,PBI
agropecuario
13%
21%
16%
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regionalalPIBdeNicaragua
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EB DPO MPT EBUPT TPCSF MPT SFDVSTPT EF MB
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DSFBEPBUSBWÏTEFBDUJWJEBEFTFYUSBDUJWBTRVF
TFSFBMJ[BOFOMBTSFHJPOFTEFNBOFSBJMFHBM
0USB PNJTJØO JNQPSUBOUF TF SFGJFSF B MB
DPOUSJCVDJØORVFNJMFTEFGBNJMJBTJOEÓHF
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TVQSPEVDDJØOOPMMFHBBMNFSDBEP
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TablaNo.IV.3.1:Contribuci—necon—micadelasactividadesproductivasdelasregionesaut—nomas
alPIBdeNicaragua.Costoaproximadodefactoresenela–o2000,enmillonesdec—rdobas
PIBderegionesaut—nomas
Conceptos
PIBacostodefactores
Actividadprimaria
Agricultura
Pecuario
Pesca
Silvicultura
Actividadsecundaria
Industriamanufacturera
Construcci—n
Miner’a
Actividadterciaria
Comercio,restauranteyhoteles
Otrosservicios
RAAN
87,4
49,0
25,0
8,6
5,2
10,3
8,1
2,5
1,7
3,9
30,3
6,9
23,4
RAAS
127,0
88,1
31,6
36,9
18,1
1,4
14,4
11,3
3,1
24,5
8,0
16,6
Total
214,4
137,1
56,6
45,5
23,3
11,7
22,5
13,8
4,8
3,9
54,8
14,8
40,0
PIB
Nicaragua
3.500,2
734,4
428,2
213,2
55,1
37,9
862,0
552,6
280,9
28,5
1.903.8
618,5
1.285,3
Participaci—n
porcentual
enelPIB
6,1
18,7
13,2
21,3
42,3
30,9
2,6
2,5
1,7
13,7
2,9
2,4
3,1
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TablaNo.IV.3.2:Regionesaut—nomas:ingresosmunicipalestotales
enmilesdec—rdobas
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
Municipio
Totalnacional
RAAN
PuertoCabezas
Siuna
Waspam
Bonanza
Rosita
Waslala
Prinzapolka
RAAS
Bluefields
ElRama
NuevaGuinea
CornIsland
BocanadePaiwas
MuelledelosBueyes
ElAyote
LagunadePerlas
KukraHill
LaCruzdeR’oGrande
ElTortuguero
DesembocaduradeR’o
Grande
Ingresos
2001
2002
2003
Distribuci—n%
(2003)
1,005.387 1,275.993 1,811.273
27.750
37.412
53.651
100
9.997
13.061
16.238
30
4.863
7.297
11.543
22
2.188
2.088
6.767
13
2.014
3.422
6.658
12
3.420
4.546
5.588
10
5.269
6.991
5.570
10
0
7
1.287
2
47.418
39.627
71.659
100
7.772
11.502
16.134
23
5.311
7.632
10.992
15
9.887
11.231
9.773
14
5.824
0
9.349
13
10.785
5.954
7.083
10
3.079
0
6.732
9
2.130
0
3.209
4
1.547
1.627
2.570
4
1.083
1.681
2.276
3
0
0
1.759
2
0
0
1.044
1
0
0
0
739
1
&UENTE$EPARTAMENTODE&INANZAS-UNICIPALES)NIFOM
TablaIV.3.3:Regionesaut—nomas:ingresosmunicipalesporimpuestosenmiles
dec—rdobas
Municipios
2000
881.131
19.914
9.582
3.256
0
0
1.472
5.605
0
35.783
0
14.280
8.256
0
7.389
3.117
1.602
1.140
0
0
0
Totalnacional
RAAN
PuertoCabezas
Siuna
Waslala
2000
2001
244.496,85 289.054,30
6.890,70
6.947,10
4.968,56
4.476,47
430,95
429,96
913,36
1.008,22
Total
2002
672.563,13
10.242,54
6.369,58
802,82
750,35
2003
Distribuci—n%
(2003)
786.653,22
8.840,70
100
5.290,25
59,84
1.164,27
13,17
792,08
8,96
Total
Municipios
Rosita
Bonanza
Waspam
Prinzapolka
RAAS
Bluefields
CornIsland
NuevaGuinea
ElRama
BocanadePaiwas
Muelledelos
Bueyes
LagunadePerlas
KukraHill
ElTortuguero
LaCruzdeR’o
Grande
Desembocadurade
R’oGrande
ElAyote
2000
2001
2002
Distribuci—n%
(2003)
689,80
7,80
534,10
6,04
354,66
4,01
15,55
0,18
22.542,55
100
5.444,95
24,15
4.151,17
18,41
4.026,23
17,86
3.291,97
14,60
2.085,99
9,25
2003
577,84
0,00
0,00
0,00
8.489,89
0,00
0,00
2.408,87
2.118,69
2.517,56
520,29
263,96
248,20
0,00
18.078,89
3.762,90
4.476,47
2.784,73
2.369,91
2.795,20
1.016,15
1.047,79
255,84
0.00
13.277,09
4.745,10
0,00
3.830,06
3.108,89
1.593,03
476,32
531,66
0,00
1.649,99
7,32
663,85
0,00
0,00
665,06
311,53
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
793,44
642,55
312,64
3,52
2,85
1,39
0,00
0,00
0,00
61,80
0,27
0,00
0,00
0,00
44,84
0,20
304,61
381,42
0,00
36,98
0,16
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TablaNo.IV.3.4:Contribuyentesactivossegœntama–oparalosa–os2002y2003
2002
Administraci—n
derentas
Bluefields
PuertoCabezas
Managua
Total
Medianos2/
Grandes1/
Peque–os3/
2003
Cuota
fija4/
Total
Grandes1/
Medianos2/
Peque–os3/
Cuota
fija4/
Elpa’s
9
36
544
512
1.101
8
33
590
569
1.200
14
43
243
140
440
17
61
387
95
560
918
7.938
5.451
14.856
29.163
1.094
3.418
13.123
18.096
35.731
1.053
18.466
16.419
48.078
84.016
1.523
5.409
34.402
53.161
94.495
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TablaNo.IV.3.5:Desembolsosdecooperaci—nexternaenmilesded—lares
A–os
2002
2003
2004
Total
General
510.186,22
542.601,38
415.946,35
Tasade
crecimiento
6,35
-23,34
Subtotal
36.514,86
57.321,14
54.197,44
Tasade
Tasade Relaci—n%
CostaCaribe
crecimiento
crecimiento CC/Total
17.300,77
3,39
56,98
23.469,44
35,66
4,33
-5,45
18.765,23
-20,04
4,51
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Tabla No. IV.3.6: Inversiones pœblicas programadas por sectores en la RAAN y RAAS, 2002
Ð2004,enmilesdec—rdobas
Sectores
Administraci—ndelEstado
Agropecuario,forestalypesca
Agua,alcantarilladoy
saneamiento
Comunicaci—n,cultura,
deportesyrecreaci—n
Educaci—n
Energ’a
Medioambiente
Multisectorial
Obrasyservicioscomunitarios
Protecci—n,asistenciay
seguridadsocial
Salud
Transporte
Vivienda
Total
2002
RAAN
RAAS
6.965,7
286,2
11.014,6
15.198,2
2003
RAAN
RAAS
1.855,5
2.552,8
13.545,2
18.949,1
2004
RAAN
RAAS
2.989,0
4.203,4
33.596,6
38.923,1
14.014,8
19.024,6
40.148,8
104.065,8
75.954,6
37.433,4
115,0
827,2
670,0
1.778,1
1,964,5
3.660,1
30.313,5
50.318,9
7.697,0
4.299,1
0,0
29.390,5
1.398,2
8.680,5
6.133,8
5.830,9
59.830,4
57.848,3
16.925,8
6.331,6
1.300,0
51.529,8
7.001,3
12.777,4
13.410,4
1.154,7
66.032,7
51.496,1
36.261,1
20.866,3
19.645,8
55.908,4
21.739,1
39.906,1
25.352,3
6.400,6
1.785,4
7.071,6
38.355,6
9.181,7
18.306,4
6.700,3
15.940,2
10.132,0
4.023,5
156.619,7
1.298,3
22.158,3
1.283,2
118.581,6
46.948,9
17.924,7
17.263,8
318.948,6
24.118,2
109.800,1
5.295,8
361.615,3
45.349,8
85.039,1
7.791,0
465.293,0
20.502,8
80.610,3
11.190,0
352.529,8
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Gr‡ficaNo.V.1.1:PropuestadeorganigramadelosgobiernoSregionales
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
Tabla No. V.1.1: Proceso de fortalecimiento institucional de los consejos regionales
aut—nomosRAANyRAAS4
Secretar’asdelacoordinaci—ndelgobierno
regional,RAAN
¥ Secretar’adePlaniÞcaci—n
¥ Secretar’adeRecursosNaturales
¥ Secretar’adeSalud
¥ Secretar’adeEducaci—n
¥ Secretar’adeAsuntosMunicipales
¥ Secretar’adeInfraestructura
ComisionespermanentesCraan
Secretar’asdelacoordinaci—ndelgobierno
regional,RAAS
¥ Secretar’adePlaniÞcaci—n
¥ Secretar’adeRecursosNaturales
¥ Secretar’adeEducaci—n
¥ Secretar’adeFinanzas
¥ Secretar’adeSalud
¥ Secretar’adeInfraestructura
ComisionespermanentesCraas
¥ Comisi—ndePoblaci—n,DesarrolloComunal,
AsuntosInd’genasyƒtnicos
¥ Comisi—ndeAsuntosLaborales,Justiciay
DerechosHumanos
¥ Comisi—ndeAsuntosAgrarios,Ordenamientoy
Demarcaci—nTerritorial
¥ Comisi—ndeEducaci—n
¥ Comisi—ndeCulturayDeportes
¥ Comisi—ndeInfraestructura
¥ Comisi—ndeSaludyBienestarSocial
¥ Comisi—ndeGobernaci—n,DefensayAntidrogas
¥ Comisi—ndePlaniÞcaci—n,AsuntosEcon—micos
ydePatrimonio
¥ Comisi—ndelaMujer,Juventud,Ni–ezyla
Familia
¥ Comisi—ndeMedioAmbienteyRecursos
Naturales
¥ Comisi—ndelRelacionesExteriorese
IntercambioTradicionalconelCaribe
¥ Comisi—nEspecialdeAutonom’a
¥ Comisi—ndeRecursosNaturalesyMedio
Ambiente
¥ Comisi—ndeSaludyBienestarSocial
¥ Comisi—ndeEducaci—n,CulturayDeportes
¥ Comisi—ndeAsuntosEcon—micos
¥ Comisi—ndeInfraestructura
¥ Comisi—ndeDemarcaci—nTerritorial
¥ Comisi—ndeAsuntosAgrarios
¥ Comisi—ndeAsuntosƒtnicos
¥ Comisi—ndeGobernaci—nyDefensa
¥ Comisi—ndelaMujeryNi–ez
¥ Comisi—ndeƒticayTransparencia
¥ Comisi—ndeAsuntosLaborales
¥ Comisi—ndePatrimonioRegional
¥ Comisi—nAntidrogas
¥ Comisi—nEspecialdeAutonom’a
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TablaNo.V.1.2:Resolucionesaprobadasenlosconsejosregionalesaut—nomosenela–o20025
RAAN
1.
RAAS
ReformadelreglamentointernodelConsejo
RegionalAut—nomodelAtl‡ntico-CaribeNorte.
2. RatiÞcaci—ndelosactosadministrativosdela
juntadirectiva,delasfechascomprendidasentre
elcuatrodemayoyelveinticincodejuniode
2002.
3. Establecimientodelmarcodecoordinaci—ny
cooperaci—nentrelasautoridadesmunicipalesy
regionalesenlaRAAN.
4. Aprobaci—ndelplandegobiernodelcoordinador
delgobiernoregionaldelaRAAN.
5. Decretodedueloporeldecesodelconsejal
MarvinMichelNichodelabancadadeYatama,y
susustituci—nporLoydaCastell—n.
6. RatiÞcaci—ndeladisposici—nadministrativade
lajuntadirectivadelConsejoRegionalsobre
laDeÞnici—ncomoPatrimonioRegionaldel
Transbordadordelr’oWawa.
7. Mecanismodesoluci—nparaenfrentarla
situaci—ndelasv’astroncalesenlaRAAN.
8. EstablecimientodeUraccancomouniversidad
comunitariaenlaCostaCaribedeNicaragua.
9. Rechazoalprocesodelicitaci—nsobre
exploraci—nyexplotaci—ndehidrocarburosenla
RAAN.
10. AvalalaempresaHemconic,sobreexploraci—ny
explotaci—ndelproyectoGuatusa.
11. Institucionalizaci—ndeloss’mbolosregionalesde
laRAAN
12. Aprobaci—ndel30deoctubrecomoeld’adela
autonom’a.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Nombramientodelcoordinadordegobierno
regionaldelaRAASalse–orGuyCox.
TŽrminosdereferenciaparaelnombramientode
losdelegadosregionales.
Destituci—ndeladelegadadelMECDenlaRAAS.
Mandatoalcoordinadordelgobiernoregionalde
laRAAS,pararecuperarlasempresasregionales
arrendadasporSeaService,OceanicyCAF,as’
comoelHotelSouthAtlantic1.
MandatoalaComisi—ndePatrimoniodel
ConsejoRegionaldelaRAASparaelaborarun
informesobrelasituaci—nlegalyecon—micade
lasempresasregionalesSeaService,Oceanic,y
SouthAtlantic1.
Conformaci—ndelaComisi—nEspecialdeSiete
MiembrosparaanalizarlacrisisenergŽticadel
municipiodeCornIsland.
Declaraci—ndeoctubrecomoelmesdela
autonom’ayeltreintadeoctubrecomo
d’aferiadocongocedesalario.Mandato
alcoordinadordelgobiernoregionalpara
contribuirecon—micamentealcostode
celebraci—ndelmesdeoctubre,hastalacantidad
decincuentamilc—rdobasnetos.As’mismo,
mandat—alpresidentedelconsejoregional
aut—nomoparacontribuirconigualcantidad.El
montototaldeber‡serentregadoalatesorera
delasociedadcivildelaRAAS.
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GPSNBMZTJNCØMJDPDVBOUJUBUJWBZDVBMJUBUJ
WBNFOUFEFDSFDJFOUF
TablaNo.V.1.3:Representaci—nŽtnicaenelconsejoregionaldelaRAAS
Puebloind’genay
comunidadŽtnica
Mestizos
Creole
Miskitos
Gar’funa
Sumu/mayangna
Rama
TOTAL
1998
Nœmerode
consejales
27
7
5
3
3
2
47
2002
Nœmerode
consejales
28
9
3
2
3
2
47
%
57,5
14,8
10,6
6,4
6,4
4,3
100%
%
59,5
19,1
6,4
4,3
6,4
4,3
100%
'VFOUF$POTFKP4VQSFNP&MFDUPSBM
TablaNo.V.1.4:Representaci—nŽtnicaenelconsejoregionaldelaRAAN
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
Puebloind’genay
comunidadŽtnica
Mestizos
Creole
Miskitos
Sumu/mayagna
Total
1998
Nœmerode
consejales
23
2
21
2
48
%
47,93
4,16
43,75
4,16
100%
2002
Nœmerode
consejales
27
1
18
2
48
%
56,26
2,08
37,50
4,16
100%
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Tabla No.V.1.5: ÀQuiŽn es el que mejor le puede
ayudararesolversusproblemas?
Regi—n
Caribe
Pac’Þco
No.
%
No.
%
Elgobierno
centralode
309
32,5
Managua
Gobierno
72
7,6
regional
Elalcaldede
95
10,0
sumunicipio
SuIglesia
29
3,1
Losl’deresde
43
4,5
lacomunidad
Solousted
consupropio
79
8,3
esfuerzo
Lafamiliay
44
4,6
parientes
Losamigosy
amigas
Nadie
27
2,8
Todos
33
3,5
Otro
97
10,2
NS/NR
122
12,8
Total
950 100,0
Total
No.
192
21,3
501
27,1
0,0
0,0
72
3,9
72
8,0
167
9,0
45
5,0
74
4,0
16
1,8
59
3,2
255
28,3
334
18,1
84
9,3
128
6,9
54
6
54
2,9
37
4,1
57
6,3
63
7,0
25
2,8
900 100,0
64
3,5
90
4,9
160
8,6
147
7,9
1850 100,0
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Relaciones entre las regiones
aut—nomas y el gobierno central
TablaNo.V.1.6:ÀQuŽtantosientequesusnecesidadesest‡nsiendotomadasencuentaporelgobierno
central?
&OFMQSPDFTPEFGPSNVMBDJØOEFMBTQPMÓUJ
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TF BSUJDVMBO MBT FTUSBUFHJBT OBDJPOBMFT 4JO
FNCBSHPFOFMDBTPEFMBTSFHJPOFTBVUØOP
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FM&TUBUVUPEFMB"VUPOPNÓBEFMBT3FHJPOFT
EFMB$PTUB"UMÈOUJDBEF/JDBSBHVB
Regi—n
Caribe
PaciÞco
No.
%
No.
%
105
11,1
103
11,4
236
24,8
286
31,8
110
11,6 0,0
427 44,9
488
54,2
72
7,6
23
2,6
950 100,0
900 100,0
Mucho
Poco
Algo
Nada
NS/NR
Total
Total
No.
%
208
11,2
522
28,2
110
5,9
915
49,5
95
5,1
1.850 100,0
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TablaNo.V.1.7:Espaciosdecoordinaci—nregionesaut—nomasÐEstado11
Entidades
Presidenciadela
Repœblica
Atribuciones
Secretar’adela
PresidenciaparalaCosta
Atl‡ntica-Caribe,SEPCA12
Ministeriosdelgobierno
central
Mesasparitarias13
Espaciosdeconcertaci—n
nacional
Conafor
Conades
Conpes
Conadeti
Comisi—nNacionalde
Bosawas
Comisi—nNacionalde
Minas
PresupuestoGeneraldela
Repœblica
PlanesdeDesarrollo
Regionales
PlanesdeArbitrio
Regionales
Espaciosymomentos
decoordinaci—ny
convergencia
Comentarios
Establecida en el art’culo 11 de la Ley 290
comoatribuci—ndelaPresidenciadelaRepœblica para establecer los mecanismos de
coordinaci—nconlosconsejosregionalesaut—nomos,enbasealoestablecidoenelart’culo8,numeral2,delaLey28.
El reglamento de la Ley de Autonom’a establece la creaci—n de mesas paritarias con
cada uno de los ministerios del gobierno
central,sesentad’asdespuŽsdeentradoen
vigenciaelreglamento.
LaLeyForestal,LeydeDemarcaci—nyTitulaci—ndeTierrasInd’genas,laLeydeMinas,
la Ley de Bosawas, entre otras, establecen
los procedimientos y mecanismos de participaci—n directa de las regiones aut—nomas
enespaciosdeconcertaci—nydeÞnici—nde
pol’ticasqueelEstadonacionalhadeÞnido
enelmarcolegal.
LaLeydeAutonom’aysureglamentoestablecenunprocedimientoconcertadodedeÞnici—ndelpresupuesto,elPlandeDesarrollo
yPlanesdeArbitriodelasRegionesAut—nomas,enelquesecoordinadirectamentecon
elEstadoysusinstituciones.
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lasregionesyelEstado
CorteSupremadeJusticia
ReformadelEstatutode
laAutonom’adelasRegionesdelaCostaAtl‡nticadeNicaragua
AsambleaNacional
Comentarios
Elart’culo164,inciso13,establececomofunci—ndelaCorteSupremadeJusticiaconocer
y resolver los conßictos de constitucionalidadentreelgobiernocentralylasregiones
aut—nomasdelaCostaCaribe.
El art’culo 25 del reglamento del Estatuto
delaAutonom’adelasRegionesdelaCostaAtl‡nticadeNicaragua,establecequelos
acuerdosentrelosgobiernosregionalesyel
gobierno central ser‡n de estricto cumplimientoyestar‡ngarantizadosporlosministerios e instituciones correspondientes. En
casocontrario,losafectadospodr‡nasumir
losprocedimientosadministrativosylegales
que estimen pertinentes para asegurar tal
cumplimiento.
Elt’tuloV,delaLey28ÒDelaReformadel
EstatutoÓ, en su art’culo 38, establece: Las
dos terceras partes de ambos consejos regionales podr‡n conjuntamente solicitar la
reformadelpresenteestatutoconformelos
mecanismos establecidos por la Constituci—nPol’ticadelaRepœblicadeNicaragua,el
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Tabla No. V.1.8: El principal problema de la autonom’aesquelasautoridadescoste–asquehansido
electasnohanfuncionadobienhastaahora
Regi—n
Total
Caribe
PaciÞco
No. %
No. %
No. %
664 69,9
215 23,9 879 47,5
108 11,4
20
2,2
128
6,9
33
3,5
10
1,1
43
2,3
145 15,3 655 72,8 800 43,2
950 100 900 100 1850 100
Deacuerdo
Nodeacuerdo
Duda
NS/NR
Total
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TablaNo.V.1.9:Elprincipalproblemadelaautonom’a es que el gobierno de Managua no ha querido
apoyarla
Deacuerdo
Nodeacuerdo
Duda
NS/NR
Total
Regi—n
Total
Caribe
PaciÞco
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
627 66,0 240 26,7 867 46,9
107
11,3
6
0,7
113
6,1
58
6,1
6
0,7
64
3,5
158 16,6 648 71,6 806 43,5
950 100 900 100 1850 100
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TablaNo.V.2.1:Espaciosdecoordinaci—nentrelasautoridadesregionalesymunicipalesen
lasregionesaut—nomas
Espaciosde
coordinaci—n
ComitŽ
Coordinadordel
ProgramaRAAN-
ASDI-RAAS
Comisi—n
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ÐProdemu-Danida
ComitŽ
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Programade
DesarrolloLocal
delaCostaCaribe
Consejos
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Transporte
Comisi—nde
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yConsejode
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Regionaldela
RAAN
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aut—nomas.Losconsejosregionalesaut—nomossonla
contrapartenacionaldelaAgenciaSuecaparaelDesarrollo
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programas
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porelBancoInteramericanodeDesarrollo,BID.
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TablaNo.V.2.2:Procesodeplanificaci—nmunicipalenSiunayPuertoCabezas,2004
SIUNA
Niveldeavance Actoresconsultados Articulaci—ndel
municipioyla
regi—n
Terminadoy
Conformadosycon- Mientrasel
enejecuci—nel sultadosloscomitŽs PDMdeSiuna
PDM2001/2011 dedesarrollocoest‡enejecumunal,comarcales ci—n,elplande
yCDM,integrados desarrolloregionalest‡enconsportodoslossectores:ganaderos,
trucci—nanivel
estudiantes,l’deres delineamientos
comunales,comer- generales.No
ciantes
existecontradicci—nencuanto
alosobjetivos
estratŽgicosde
ambos.
PUERTOCABEZAS
Niveldeavance Actoresconsultados
PDM2001-2020.
Actualmente
seejecutaPIM
2001-2004.yen
construcci—nel
PIM2005-2008
Conformados,
consultadoseinstitucionalizadoslos
comitŽsdedesarrollobarriales,comunales,territoriales,
municipales,mesas
deconcertaci—n,
confuncionesy
reglamento.
Articulaci—ndel
municipioyla
regi—n
Hayarticulaci—n,yaque
contienenlos
mismoslineamientosestratŽgicos,aunque
elplanmunicipalest‡m‡s
avanzadoque
elregional.
Articulaci—n
Proyectoscon
delmunicipioy Þnanciamiento
Estado
ElPDMesan29porciento
terioralplan
nacional,sin
embargola
metodolog’adel
PDMeslamismausadaenla
construcci—ndel
PND.
Articulaci—ndel Proyectoscon
municipioyla
Þnanciamiento
Estado
33porciento
Existearmon’a
entreambos,
puestoquepersiguenlosmismos
objetivosestratŽgicos,entre
elloseldesarrollo
econ—mico;se
utilizaronlos
mismosmŽtodos
deelaboraci—n.
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Proyectossin
Þnanciamiento
71porciento.Se
est‡negociando
conlasdiferentesfuentespara
laobtenci—nde
Þnanciamiento.
Proyectossin
Þnanciamiento.
67porciento.
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TablaNo.V.2.3:ÀQuŽtanœtilesparaustedeltrabajoquehacelaalcald’ade
sumunicipio?
Muyimportante
Importante
Pocoimportante
Nadaimportante
NS/NR
Total
Regi—n
Caribe
PaciÞco
No.
%
No.
%
331
34,8
270
30,0
217
22,8
289
32,1
169
17,8
177
19,7
219
23,1
139
15,4
14
1,5
25
2,8
950 100,0
900 100,0
Total
No.
601
506
346
358
39
1850
%
32,5
27,4
18,7
19,4
2,0
100,0
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yŽtnicos42
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Laasambleaterritorial
Es la m‡xima autoridad del territorio
yseconvocasegœnlosprocedimientos
establecidos por el conjunto de
comunidades que integran la unidad
territorial.
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TablaNo.V.3.1:Territoriosind’genas
Nombre
Karat‡
KiplaSaitTasbaika
Territoriodelas
DiezComunidades
MayangnaSauni
Bas
MayangnaSauniAs
MayangnaSauni
Arunka
Territoriorama
MayangnaSauniBu
LiLamniTasbaika
Kum
Descripci—n
Abarcalascomunidadesde
Lamlaya,Karata,Wountay
el‡reaurbanadeBilwi,sobre
cuyosl’mitesexistediferendo.
Conformadoporcatorce
comunidadesmiskitasysumu/
mayangnasenlazonader’o
CocoArribayJinotega.
AbarcaveintitrŽscomunidades
enlazonaentrelosmunicipios
dePuertoCabezasyWaspam.
Conformadopordos
comunidades.
Abarcaquincecomunidadesen
elmunicipiodeBonanza.
Cuentaconcinco
comunidades.
Tieneunacomposici—n
multiŽtnica.
CompuestapordiecisŽis
comunidades,delascualesseis
est‡nfueradelterritorio
Abarcaveintisiete
comunidades.
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Autoridadterritorial
Es la autoridad intercomunal, elegida
en asamblea de autoridades comunalestradicionales.Lamismarepresenta
aunconjuntodecomunidadesind’genas o Žtnicas que forman una unidad
territorial,ycuyaelecci—nserealizar‡
conforme a los procedimientos que
adopten.Art’culo3.Ley445.
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TablaNo.V.3.2:Relaci—nentreautoridadescomunalesyterritoriales
Gobiernocentral
Ðcomunidades
Ðterritoriosind’genas
Gobiernosregionales
Ðcomunidades
Ðterritorios
Municipios
Ðcomunidades
Ðterritorios
Entrecomunidades
Ðterritorios
¥Consultadeconcesionessobre
exploraci—n y explotaci—n de
recursosnaturales.
¥Consulta sobre inversi—n en
infraestructura productiva y
social.
¥CertiÞcaci—n de los mojones
territoriales.
¥CertiÞcaci—n de autoridades
comunalesyterritoriales.
¥Acompa–amiento
para
resoluci—n de conßictos
de tierras y explotaci—n de
recursosnaturales.
¥Coordinaci—nsobreinversi—n
social y productiva en el
territorio.
¥Manejo y administraci—n
compartidos de recursos y
‡reasterritoriales.
¥Resoluci—n
de
l’mites
territoriales.
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TablaNo.V.4.1:An‡lisissituacionaldelaRAAS47
Gobernabilidad
Polarizaci—npol’tica
delasinstituciones
delgobiernoregional
ydelegacionesdel
gobiernocentral
Lenta
institucionalizaci—ndel
sistemaauton—mico
regional
Desarticulaci—n
institucional
Aspectosecon—micos
Pocoaccesoarecursos Vulnerabilidadsocial
Þnancieros
Econom’asde
subsistencia
Erosi—ny
desintegraci—ndel
capitalsocial
Agotamientodela
fronteraagr’cola
Altatasade
inmigrantesen
extremapobreza
Bajodesarrollodela
infraestructurasocial
Modelode
Desarticulaci—n
Administraci—nPœblica territorialy
altamentecentralizado productiva
Inestabilidadpol’tica
conpocodesarrollo
institucional
Aspectossociales
InsuÞciente
infraestructura
productiva
Rezagotecnol—gico
Ordenamiento
territorial
Agotamientodela
fronteraagr’colasobre
bosquesyreservas
Inseguridadjur’dica
delapropiedad,en
especialdelastierras
comunalesind’genasy
afrocaribe–os
Reservassinplanesde
manejo
Actividades
econ—micas
inapropiadassobre
suelosfr‡giles
IniciativastŽcnicasde
autoridadeslocales
desarticuladas.
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TablaNo.V.4.2:Principalesproblemasdelgobiernoregional48
Problemas
Encuesta2001
Encuestade1997
Deacuerdo
Deacuerdo
Desacuerdo
Duda
Nosabe
75,7%
82,4%
7,8%
2,6%
7,2%
74,0%
77,8%
8,1%
4,9%
9,1%
73,%
76,6%
12,8%
3,5%
7,1%
70,2%
71,8%
17,6%
3,5%
7,1%
77%
71%
19,1%
3,6%
6,2%
54%
63,5%
22,4%
4,2%
9,9%
62%
66,2%
14,2%
6,2%
13,3%
40%
51,3%
37,6%
3,1%
8,0%
Losproblemasdelconsejoregional
est‡nenquelosconsejaleslehacen
m‡scasoalospartidospol’ticosque
alagentequeloseligi—
Elproblemadelgobiernoregionales
quehaymuchacorrupci—n
Elproblemadelconsejales
regionalesquelosconsejalesnose
preocupanpordiscutirlosproblemas
delagente
Elgobiernoregionaldebesercomo
unpadreparatodos
Elgobiernoregionaltienela
obligaci—nderesolvertodoslos
problemasdelapoblaci—n
Elproblemaentreelconsejo
regionalyelgobiernoregionales
queelconsejonotienepoderyno
manda
Elproblemadelgobiernoregionales
quetrabajasintomarencuentaal
consejoregional
Esnormalquelasautoridades
elegidasgobiernenbuscando
favoreceralosquevotaronpor
ellos.
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Tabla No. V.4.3: Estrategias de coordinaci—n planteadas en el documento Visi—n de naci—n
multiŽtnica
Nivelde
gobierno
Comunal
Municipal
Regional
Nacional
Estrategias
¥ Obtenerinformaci—nsobrelosproblemasdelascomunidades
¥ Asegurarlacomunicaci—nconlosnivelesmunicipalyregional
¥ Establecerprogramasdemonitoreoyevaluaci—ndelquehacerinstitucional
¥ Diseminareinformarsistem‡ticamentelosplanesdedesarrollomunicipal
¥ Establecergabinetedegobiernomunicipal
¥ Establecerprogramasdemonitoreoyevaluaci—ndelquehacerinstitucional
¥ Impulsarelmarcojur’dicodelaautonom’aenfunci—ndelaAdministraci—nPœblicaregional
¥ ArticularlaplaniÞcaci—nsectorialenunsoloplandedesarrolloregional
¥ Establecergabineteregional
¥ Establecerprogramasdemonitoreoyevaluaci—ndelquehacerinstitucional
¥ Establecermesassectorialesparaeldesarrolloregional
¥ Presenciasistem‡ticadelasinstitucionesnacionalesenlaregi—n
¥ Descentralizaci—ndelosserviciosb‡sicosalasmunicipalidades
¥ AsegurarlosrecursosÞnancierosparalagesti—ninstitucional
¥ Establecerprogramasdemonitoreoyevaluaci—ndelquehacerinstitucional
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TablaNo.V.4.4:PropuestaselaboradasenlaRAAN
Nivelde
gobierno
Comunal
Municipal
Regional
Nacional
Mecanismos
¥
¥
¥
¥
¥
¥
¥
¥
¥
¥
¥
¥
¥
¥
¥
PlaniÞcarconjuntamenteconlosentesquetienenpresenciaenlosterritorios
EstructurarloscomitŽsdedesarrollocomunal
Presenciapermanenteenlosterritorios
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FormarlaComisi—nMunicipaldePlaniÞcaci—n
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planiÞcaci—n
DeÞnirplanesdetrabajo
Complementarlasaccionessectoriales
Establecerconveniosinterinstitucionalesysectoriales
EstablecerlainstanciadeplaniÞcaci—nregional
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Complementarlasaccionessectoriales
Establecerconveniosinterinstitucionalesysectoriales
Establecerconveniosinterinstitucionalesysectoriales.
Asegurarlapresenciadelacooperaci—nexternaenlaregi—n.
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TablaNo.V.5.1:ÀCu‡leslaformadepropiedadquemejorgarantizaelcrecimientoecon—mico
delaCostaCaribe?
Mestizos
No.
Privadao
individual
Estatalo
nacional
Municipal
Comunitaria
Otra
Total
%
No.
%
332
64,5
95
40
7,8
2
14
2,7
54
10,5
75
14,6
515 100,0
Sumu/
Mayangnas
Miskitos
54,9
No.
36
%
Creoles
No.
Rama
%
No.
Garifunas
%
No.
%
Total
No.
%
52,2
47
69,1
19
35,8
27
50,0
556
59,7
1,2 0,0
5
7,4
1
1,9
1
1,9
49
5,3
13
7,5 58
33,5
5
2,9
173 100,0
0,0
31 44,9
2
2,9
69 100,0
5
7,4 8
11,8
3
4,4
68 100,0
0,0
32 60,4
1
1,9 53 100,0
1
25
1,9
46,3
0,0
54 100,0
33
3,5
208
22,3
86
9,2
932 100,0
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Menorde0,5
Desde0,5hasta
antesde0,65
Desde0,65hasta
antesde0,8
Desde0,8hasta1
Condici—ndel
municipio
Desarrollohumano
bajo
Desarrollohumano
mediobajo
Desarrollohumano
medioalto
Desarrollohumano
alto
II. Resultados preliminares del
IDHpormunicipios
&OMB5BCMB/PTFNVFTUSBOMPTWBMPSFT
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TablaNo.1:êndicedeDesarrolloHumanoenlosMunicipiosdelasregiones
aut—nomasdelaCostaCaribedeNicaragua,2005
RAAN
Condici—nsegœn
IDH
êndiceEcon—mico
Ingresoperc‡pita
primario(C$/Hab)
êndicedeDesarrollo
Humano
Econ—mico
êndicedeEducaci—n
Tasabrutadematr’culacombinada
êndicedeSalud
Coberturadeagua
potable
%deni–osconbajo
pesoalnacer
Coberturadevacunaci—nenmenores
de1a–o
Poblaci—n
Municipio
Educaci—n
Retenci—ncombinada
Salud
%deni–osmenores
de1a–oenriesgo
dedesnutrici—n
Dimensiones
0,466Bajo
Waspam
43.343
81,73
5,15
17,72
21,2
0,45
88,03
83,60
0,85
803,9
0,01
0,437Bajo
PuertoCabezas
48.709
91,53
7,43
8,04
37,3
0,53
87,11
83,60
0,85 2764,1
0,20
Medio
0,527
bajo
Rosita
21.866
78,47
7,75
7,47
45,0
0,55
78,51
93,69
0,89
758,2
0,00
0,479Bajo
Bonanza
16.164
86,36
3,87
5,14
33,3
0,53
88,47
82,18
0,84 3499,1
0,27
0,547
Waslala
Medio
bajo
42.171
95,08
8,60
7,95
6,8
0,43
85,76
67,23
0,73 2478,9
0,17 0,446Bajo
75.086
85,01
5,59
5,54
16,8
0,47
83,76
50,57
0,62 3080,2
0,23
7.534
81,74
15,79
6,50
10,1
0,43
84,31
65,74
0,72 1919,2
0,12 0,420Bajo
Paiwas
51.328
33,00
15,63
8,15
4,5
0,37 89,08
27,52
0,48 2996,4
0,22
LaCruzdeR’o
Grande
21.044
90,98
8,33
8,26
4,5
0,42
98,70
52,55
0,68 3872,9
0,31 0,470Bajo
8.658
84,46
2,33
5,87
29,7
0,52
90,33
69,95
0,77 6667,6
0,58
Medio
0,622
bajo
ElAyote
12.468
73,14
8,52
1,52
35,2
0,53 86,44 80,96
0,83 3835,4
0,30
Medio
0,553
bajo
Rama
55.528
65,24
4,63
2,09
35,8
0,53
84,42
57,28
0,66 3006,4
0,22
0,471Bajo
MuelledelosBueyes
28.054
89,12
6,55
2,77
30,2
0,52
88,42
54,64
0,66 3003,5
0,22
0,467Bajo
11.095
77,26
6,27
5,10
25,5
0,49
83,68
35,22
0,51 6953,3
0,61
Medio
0,539
bajo
0,96 0,807Alto
Siuna
Prinzapolka
RAAS
LagunadePerlas
Kukrahill
CornIsland
0,438Bajo
0,454Bajo
0,357Bajo
6.425
75,08
11,59
2,65
70,0
0,64
97,91
75,41
0,83 10454,7
Bluefields
46.724
66,91
7,11
7,30
9,2
0,42
86,01 89,60
0,88 2527,6
0,18 0,494Bajo
NuevaGuinea
113.583
83,04
6,89
3,12
51,3
0,59
83,43
41,18
0,55 1610,7
0,08 0,408Bajo
ElTortuguero
12.956
73,14
7,14
9,83
7,8
0,42
72,89
42,95
0,53 4624,0
0,38
4.112
66,08
1,82
7,08
46,5
0,56
98,32
74,73
0,83 7540,8
Medio
0,67 0,684
alto
Desembocadurade
R’oGrande
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IDH-RAAS
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"MDBMEÓBT$PSSFEPS#JPMØHJDPEFM"UMÈOUJDP
ZQPSHSVQPTEFJOWFTUJHBEPSFTEF6SBDDBO
&OEJDIBDPNQBSBDJØOTFFODPOUSBSPOHSBO
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TablaNo.2:Diferenciaenlascifrasdepoblaci—nprovenientesdedistintasfuentes
Municipios
Waspam
PuertoCabezas
Rosita
Bonanza
Waslala
Siuna
Prinzapolka
TotalRAAN
Paiwas
LaCruzdeR’oGrande
LagunadePerlas
ElAyote
ElRama
MuelledelosBueyes
Kukra-Hill
CornIsland
Bluefields
NuevaGuinea
ElTortuguero
LaDesembocaduradeR’oGrande
TotalRAAS
Estimaciones CifrassuminisCifrassumiAjustesrealizados
oficialesINEC tradasporla
nistradaspor porelINECapartir
2004(Octubre DefensaCivil investigadoresde delaactualizaci—n
2004)
2004
URACCAN
cartogr‡fica2004
37.806
54.530
18.811
15.447
46.063
66.698
5.615
244.970
57.222
15.975
10.303
13.359
56.071
25.661
8.783
7.733
48.017
113.583
11.010
4.112
371.829
&TUBT EJTQBSJEBEFT BGFDUBSPO FM DÈMDVMP EFM
¶OEJDF EF %FTBSSPMMP )VNBOP .VOJDJQBM
QSJODJQBMNFOUF FO MB QBSUF FDPOØNJDB ZB
RVF BM DBMDVMBS FM JOHSFTP QSJNBSJP QFS
DÈQJUB IBZ HSBOEFT EJGFSFODJBT EFQFOEJFO
EPEFMBQPCMBDJØORVFTFVUJMJDF
-B BDUVBMJ[BDJØO DBSUPHSÈGJDB SFBMJ[BEB QPS
FM */&$ DPNP QBTP QSFWJP BM $FOTP EF
QPCMBDJØOZWJWJFOEBEFNBZPEFQFS
NJUJØBMPTEFNØHSBGPTEFM*/&$IBDFSVO
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TFSMBPGJDJBMQPTJCJMJUØBFMMPTIBDFSBMHVOPT
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TFSFBMJ[ØFMDÈMDVMPEFM*%)NVOJDJQBM
" QFTBS EF FMMP FM ¶OEJDF EF %FTBSSPMMP
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BVUØOPNBTEFMB$PTUB$BSJCFQPESÓBNPT
65.451
60.339
18.811
21.235
44.753
75.806
7.790
294.185
51.328
15.700
9.943
-62.543
28.054
8.631
7.464
49.331
121.924
10.819
4.000
--
53.028
57.465
25.462
23.849
47.068
80.387
21.179
308.438
55.000
20.000
10.628
15.196
63.245
29.590
13.200
7.500
47.849
128.000
33.844
5.500
429.552
43.343
48.709
21.866
16.164
42.171
75.086
7.534
254.873
51.328
21.044
8.658
12.468
55.528
28.054
11.095
6.425
46.724
113.583
12.956
4.112
371.975
USBSTJUVBDJPOFTRVFOPTFBKVTUFOBSFBMJEB
EFT&MDFOTPEFQPCMBDJØOQFSNJUJSÈMMFHBS
BMBTDJGSBTQSFDJTBTEFQPCMBDJØOQPSHSVQPT
EF FEBE RVF OFDFTBSJBNFOUF BGFDUBSÈ FM
DÈMDVMP EF MB NBZPSÓB EF MPT JOEJDBEPSFT
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TablaNo.3:Comparaci—nentreIDHmunicipal2002y2005
Municipios
IDH2002
valor
valor
R.A.A.N.
0,466
0,608
0,533
Bajo
Mediobajo
Mediobajo
0,437
0,527
0,479
Bajo
Mediobajo
Bajo
Bonanza
Waslala
Siuna
0,579
0,443
0,417
Mediobajo
Bajo
Bajo
0,547
0,446
0,438
Mediobajo
Bajo
Bajo
Prinzapolka
0,376
Bajo
0,420
Bajo
Paiwas
LaCruzdeR’oGrande
LagunadePerlas
ElAyote
ElRama
MuelledelosBueyes
Kukrahill
CornIsland
Bluefields
NuevaGuinea
Tortuguero
LaDesembocaduradeR’o
Grande
'VFOUF&MBCPSBDJØOFRVJQP*%)
/PUB&M"ZPUFFTEFSFDJFOUFDSFBDJØO
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
Clasificaci—n
Waspam
PuertoCabezas
Rosita
R.A.A.S.
IDH2005
Clasificaci—n
0,38
0,41
Bajo
Bajo
0,357
0,470
Bajo
Bajo
0,577
0,482
0,523
0,461
0,705
0,662
0,502
0,415
Mediobajo
Bajo
Mediobajo
Bajo
Medioalto
Medioalto
Mediobajo
Bajo
0,622
0,553
0,471
0,467
0,539
0,807
0,494
0,408
0,443
Mediobajo
Mediobajo
Bajo
Bajo
Mediobajo
Alto
Bajo
Bajo
Bajo
0,495
Bajo
0,684
Medioalto
AnexoNo.2:
êndicedeCondicionesdeVida(ICV)
paralascomunidadesdelosmunicipios
delasregionesaut—nomasdelaCostaCaribe
I.Introducci—n
TablaNo.1:Criteriosparahacerlaclasificaci—nde
comunidadessegœnICV
-BTDPOEJDJPOFTEFWJEBEFMBTQFSTPOBTTPO
JNQPSUBOUFTDVBOEPTFUSBUBEFNFEJSFMEFTB
SSPMMPIVNBOPFOMBTDPNVOJEBEFT-BBDUVB
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MB DPNVOJEBE FO MB RVF IBCJUBO MBT QPCMB
DJPOFT %F BDVFSEP B MP FTUBCMFDJEP QPS FM
*/&$FMUÏSNJOPDPNVOJEBEFTTFSFGJFSFBMB
QPCMBDJØORVFSFTJEFFOFMÈSFBSVSBM
êndicede
Condici—nde
Vida(ICV)
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RVFIBCJUBFOFMÈSFBVSCBOBEFCJEPBRVF
MBSFDPMFDDJØOEFMBJOGPSNBDJØOOPTFIJ[P
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t
t
t
t
t
t
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BDDFTPBUSBOTQPSUF
BDDFTPBDPNVOJDBDJØOCÈTJDBUFMÏGPOP
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t BDDFTPBDPNVOJDBDJØODPNQMFNFOUBSJB
GBYPJOUFSOFU
Z
t BDDFTPBMSFHJTUSPDJWJMEFMBTQFSTPOBT
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&OMBTJHVJFOUFUBCMBTFEFTDSJCFEFGPSNB
SFTVNJEB MPT DSJUFSJPT FTUBCMFDJEPT QBSB
IBDFSMBDMBTJGJDBDJØOTFHÞO*$7
Alto
Medio
Bajo
BajoSevero
Condici—nquedebesatisfacerlacomunidad
Tenerdeformasatisfactoriaalmenos6delas
8 condiciones donde siempre estŽn incluidas
las de educaci—n, salud y abastecimiento de
agua(consideradascomob‡sicas)
Satisfacci—n de 3, 4 — 5 condiciones y entre
ellasobligatoriamentelastresb‡sicas,otener
5—6condicionessatisfactoriasydeellass—lo
dosb‡sicas.Obiensatisfacer6condiciones,
dentrodeellass—lounserviciob‡sico.
Quesatisfagan3—4condiciones,entreellas
obligatoriamentedosb‡sicas.
Que satisfagan entre 1 y 5 condiciones y
entre ellas s—lo un servicio b‡sico o bien
que cumplan a lo sumo tres condiciones
satisfactoriasyningœnserviciob‡sico.
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PDIP EJNFOTJPOFT GVF TVNJOJTUSBEB BM
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DPOPDJNJFOUP EF MBT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT EF MB
QPCMBDJØOEFMBDPNVOJEBEZEFMPTTFSWJ
DJPTDPORVFDVFOUBO
II. Metodolog’a de c‡lculo del
ICV
"DPOUJOVBDJØOTFEFUBMMBMBTWBSJBCMFTDPO
TJEFSBEBTZMBGPSNBFORVFGVFSPOBHSVQB
EBTIBTUBRVFEBSDPOPDIPEJNFOTJPOFT
7BSJBCMFT DPOTJEFSBEBT FO FM DÈMDVMP EFM
*$7
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QMBEBT FO MB CPMFUB EPOEF TF MFWBOUØ MB
JOGPSNBDJØO QPS DPNVOJEBE EVSBOUF MB
BDUVBMJ[BDJØO DBSUPHSÈGJDB TF FOTBZØ VO
¶OEJDFDPOMBTTJHVJFOUFTEJNFOTJPOFT
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DPOUBCBDPOBMNFOPTVOBEFMBTUSFTQSJ
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WBSJBCMFT EFQFOEJFOEP EF TJ MB QPCMBDJØO
EFMBDPNVOJEBEUFOÓBPOPBDDFTPBDBEB
UJQPEFOJWFMFEVDBUJWPZBGVFSBDPNQMFUP
P JODPNQMFUP -VFHP TF DSFØ VOB WBSJB
CMF QBSB EFUFSNJOBS FO RVÏ DPNVOJEBEFT
FYJTUÓBOMPTUSFTUJQPTEFOJWFMFTFEVDBUJWPT
P CJFO TØMP EPT P TØMP VOP &TP QFSNJUJØ
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DBUJWB DPOTJEFSBOEP TBUJTGBDUPSJP TJ FO MB
DPNVOJEBEIBCÓBBMNFOPTFTDVFMBQSJNB
SJBPTFDVOEBSJB
#"DDFTPBTFSWJDJPTEFTBMVE
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PQJQB
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TJMBDPNVOJEBEDVFOUBDPOBMNFOPTVOP
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J4FSWJDJPEFUFMFDPNVOJDBDJPOFT
&ODVBOUPBFTUFTFSWJDJPTFQSFHVOUØDVBM
FTFMNFEJPEFUFMFDPNVOJDBDJØORVFQSF
EPNJOBFOUSFMPTQPCMBEPSFTEFMBDPNV
OJEBE
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$FMVMBS
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4F DPOTJEFSØ UBNCJÏO FM BDDFTP B PGJDJOB
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4FDPOTJEFSØTBUJTGBDUPSJPTJMBDPNVOJEBE
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EFGVODJPOFT4FDPOTJEFSØTBUJTGBDUPSJPTJMB
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$ÈMDVMPEFM*$7
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DJØO
ZMBWBSJBCMF#JFOFTUBSUPNFWBMPSFT
P5BNCJÏOEFOUSPEFFTUBDMBTJGJDBDJØOTF
FODVFOUSBO MBT DPNVOJEBEFT RVF QSFTFOUFO
EPT TFSWJDJPT CÈTJDPT Z MB WBSJBCMF #JFOFTUBS
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MBWBSJBCMF#JFOFTUBSTFBJHVBMB
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OPNCSF Z VOB OBDJPOBMJEBE FT VOP EF MPT
QSJNFSPT EFSFDIPT IVNBOPT DPOTJHOBEP
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TFSWJDJPT CÈTJDPT Z MB WBSJBCMF #JFOFTUBS
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DVFOUBDPOTFSWJDJPEF*OUFSOFU
"/&904
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USBO BRVFMMBT DPNVOJEBEFT RVF DVFOUBO
TPMBNFOUF DPO VOP EF MPT TFSWJDJPT CÈTJDPT
BHVB TBMVE P FEVDBDJØO
Z DVZB WBSJBCMF
#JFOFTUBSUPNBWBMPSFTFOUSFZ»CJFO
DPNVOJEBEFTRVFDBSFDFOQPSDPNQMFUPEF
FTUPTTFSWJDJPTCÈTJDPTZDVZBWBSJBCMF#JFO
FTUBSQSFTFOUBWBMPSFTJOGFSJPSFTB
III. Resultados preliminares
sobre el êndice de Condiciones
de Vida en las comunidades
ruralesdelaRAANyRAAS
# $PNQPTJDJØO EF MPT NVOJDJQJPT EF MB
3""4Z3""/QPSÈSFBHFPHSÈGJDBEJTUSJ
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TablaNo.2:Composici—ndelosmunicipiosdelaRAANylaRAAS,porbarriosycomunidades,
distribuci—ndelapoblaci—nyedificaciones,2004
Municipio
Urbano
Barrio
Waspam
PuertoCabezas
Rosita
Bonanza
Waslala
Siuna
Prinzapolka
TotalRAAN
12
24
15
15
11
20
1
98
Paiwas
LaCruzdeRioGrande
DesembocaduradeR’o
Grande
LagunadePerlas
ElTortuguero
ElRama
ElAyote
MuelledelosBueyes
Kukra-Hill
CornIsland*
Bluefields
NuevaGuinea
TotalRAAS
TotalRAANyRAAS
2
0
Distribuci—ndela
poblaci—n
Comunidad Urbano
Rural
RAAN
89
17,1
82,9
44
55,8
44,2
45
38,9
61,1
19
43,6
56,4
65
14,5
85,5
53
18,1
81,9
27
5,0
95,0
342
28,0
72,0
RAAS
30
9,3
90,7
31
4,8
95,2
Rural
Edificaciones1engeneral
Total
Urbano
Rural
8.786
11.893
4.190
3.164
8.721
13.057
1.741
51,552
1.375
7.061
1.748
1.550
1.373
2.578
89
15.774
7.411
4.832
2.442
1.614
7.348
10.479
1.652
35.778
7.335
3.645
739
199
6.596
3.446
1
6
38,4
61,6
516
213
303
4
0
7
3
9
6
6
18
9
65
163
14
26
121
19
49
17
0
19
136
468
810
23,7
8,8
17,8
33,2
14,2
30,9
100,0
86,0
21,3
31,1
29,7
76,3
91,2
82,2
66,8
85,8
69,1
0,0
14,0
78,7
68,9
70,3
1.747
2.529
11.739
2.640
4.876
2.419
1.715
10.465
15.812
65.438
116.990
492
239
2.298
989
785
793
1.715
9.101
3.901
21.464
37.238
1.255
2.290
9.441
1.651
4.091
1.626
0
1.364
11.911
43.974
79.752
'VFOUF#BTFTVNJOJTUSBEBQPSMB%JSFDDJØOEF$FOTPT*/&$
/PUB$PSO*TMBOEFTDMBTJGJDBEPQPSFM*/&$DPNPVONVOJDJQJPQPSDJFOUPVSCBOP
$1PSDFOUBKFEFDPNVOJEBEFTEFMB
3""/Z3""4DPODPOEJDJPOFTTBUJT
GBDUPSJBTFOMBTEJNFOTJPOFTEFM*$7EF
BDVFSEPBTVNFUPEPMPHÓB
FOMBTJHVJFOUFHSÈGJDBEPOEFTFNVFTUSBFM
QPSDFOUBKFEFDPNVOJEBEFTRVFEFBDVFSEP
BMBNFUPEPMPHÓBFYQMJDBEBFOFMBDÈQJUF**
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EJNFOTJPOFTTF×BMBEBT
6O QSJNFS SFTVMUBEP BOUFT EF DMBTJGJDBS B
MBT DPNVOJEBEFT TFHÞO *$7 TF QSFTFOUB
Gr‡ficaNo.1:PorcentajedecomunidadesdelaRAAN-RAAScon
condici—nsatisfactoriaenlasdimensionesdelICV
RAAN
RAAS
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%$MBTJGJDBDJØOEFMBTDPNVOJEBEFT
EFMB3""/Z3""4TFHÞOFM*$7ZMB
DPNVOJEBEÏUOJDBQSFTFOUF
*$7BMUPMBTEF*$7NFEJPMBTEF*$7CBKP
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TFQSFTFOUBFOMBTJHVJFOUFUBCMBZTFNVFTUSB
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QPSDFOUVBMEFEJDIBTDPNVOJEBEFTTFHÞOTV
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DPNVOJEBEFTTFDMBTJGJDBSPOFOBRVFMMBTDPO
TablaNo.3:ComunidadesenlosmunicipiosdelaRAANyRAAS,clasificados
segœnICV
Bajo
Municipios/ICV
severo
Bajo
Medio
Alto
Total
MunicipiosdelaRAAN
Waspam
47
28
14
0
89
PuertoCabezas
14
12
16
2
44
Rosita
32
10
3
0
45
Bonanza
12
7
0
0
19
Waslala
57
8
0
0
65
Siuna
40
8
5
0
53
Prinzapolka
15
10
1
1
27
TotalRAAN
217
83
39
3
342
Bajo
severo
Bajo
Medio
Alto
Total
'VFOUF"DUVBMJ[BDJØODBSUPHSÈGJDB*/&$
Municipios/ICV
MunicipiosdelaRAAS
Paiwas
19
8
3
0
30
LaCruzdeR’oGrande
24
5
2
0
31
DesembocaduradeR’o
Grande
4
2
0
0
6
LagunadePerlas
12
2
0
14
ElTortuguero
23
3
0
26
ElRama
101
11
8
1
121
ElAyote
19
0
0
0
19
MuelledelosBueyes
41
1
2
5
49
KukraHill
11
6
0
0
17
Bluefields
16
2
1
0
19
NuevaGuinea
88
26
18
4
136
TotalRAAS
358
64
36
10
468
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Gr‡ficaNo.2:Distribuci—nporcentualdecomunidadesenlaRAANyRAAS
Distribuci—nporcentualdecomunidadessegœnICVenlosmunicipiosdelaRAAN
Distribuci—nporcentualdecomunidadessegœnICVenlosmunicipiosdelaRAAS
-B BDUVBMJ[BDJØO DBSUPHSÈGJDB UBNCJÏO
QFSNJUJØ JEFOUJGJDBS QVFCMPT JOEÓHFOBT Z
DPNVOJEBEFT ÏUOJDBT QSFTFOUFT FO DBEB
DPNVOJEBEEFMPTNVOJDJQJPTEFMBTSFHJP
OFTBVUØOPNBTDPNPTFNVFTUSBFOMBUBCMB
TJHVJFOUF$BCFTF×BMBSRVFFOVOBDPNV
OJEBE QVFEFO FTUBS QSFTFOUFT NÈT EF VO
QVFCMPJOEÓHFOBPDPNVOJEBEÏUOJDB
"/&904
TablaNo.4:ComunidadŽtnicapresenteenlosmunicipiosdelaRAANyRAAS
Municipios/
comunidad
Žtnica
Rama
Sumu/
mayangna
Ulwa
Waspam
PuertoCabezas
Rosita
Bonanza
Waslala
Siuna
Prinzapolka
0
7
0
0
1
2
38
1
0
0
1
0
1
7
11
0
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
6
0
1
3
23
TotalRAAN
2
29
3
156
Paiwas
LaCruzdeR’o
Grande
DesembocaduradeR’o
Grande
Lagunade
Perlas
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
4
0
0
3
2
2
ElTortuguero
ElRama
ElAyote
Muelledelos
Bueyes
Kukra-Hill
Bluefields
NuevaGuinea
Mestizas
Otra
comunidad
Žtnica
Nosabe
Creoles
Nahoas
Chorotega
4
0
0
1
0
20
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
38
15
2
48
9
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
63
6
2
0
0
0
1
0
1
164
8
1
0
79
1
1
1
1
0
25
0
0
8
0
0
1
13
0
6
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
7
2
5
8
0
0
3
0
1
0
1
0
8
0
0
18
0
2
0
5
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
7
9
1
0
0
0
0
0
37
11
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
19
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
12
17
46
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
TotalRAAS
9
10
3
20
2
135
16
1
1
109
1
Totalgeneral
11
39
6
176
3
299
24
2
1
188
2
Miskito
Gar’funa
MunicipiosdelaRAAN
85
0
32
MunicipiosdelaRAAS
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/PUB&OVOBDPNVOJEBEQVFEFIBCFSWBSJBTDPNVOJEBEFTÏUOJDBTQSFTFOUFT
&%FUBMMFEFDPNVOJEBEFTQPS*$7Z
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DPNVOJEBEFTSVSBMFT
TablaNo. 5:Clasificaci—nde comunidades por ICV y comunidades Žtnicas presentesen los
municipiosdelaRAAN
Waspam:ComunidadessegœnICVypresenciadecomunidadesŽtnicas(en%)
ICV
Bajosevero
Bajo
Medio
Total
NœmeSumu/
rode
mayangComuninas
dades
47
28
14
89
Miskito
Mestiza
Miskito
ymestiza
61,7
67,9
35,7
59,6
2,1
0,0
0,0
1,1
25,5
28,6
42,9
29,2
2,1
0,0
7,1
2,2
Sumu/
mayangnas,
Sumu/
Sumu/
miskito,
mayang- mayangMiskito
creole,
nas,misnas,
ycreole
mestizay
kitoy
mestiza
otra
mestiza ycreole
comunidad
Žtnica
0,0
4,3
2,1
2,1
3,6
0,0
0,0
0,0
7,1
7,1
0,0
0,0
2,2
3,4
1,1
1,1
ComunidadesdelmunicipiodeWaspansegœnICVycomunidadesŽtnicaspresentes
ComunidadesconICVbajosevero:47
Miskito
Miskitoymestiza
AuhiaPura
Kiwastara
SantaAna
Tulinbila
Amakik
Namahka
Batsilaya
Klampa
SantaIsabel
Tuskrusirpi
Cocal
Naranjal
Boom
Klar
SantaRita
Tuskrutara
ElCarmen
Puramaira
Buenos
Aires
Kururia
SantaRosa
Uran
Florida
SantaFŽ
BullSirpi
LakiaSirpi
Sausa
UtlaMahta
Kisubila
Ulwas
IpriTingni
Kayutigni
Kiplamahta
Leimus
Planhkira
Tasbapain
Tulankira
Wasla
LaPi–era
Waspukta
Wiswis
ComunidadesconICVbajo:28
Miskito
Sumu/
mayangnas,
Sumu/
miskito,
mayangnas,
creole,mesmiskitoy
tizay
mestiza
otracomunidadŽtnica
SnJuan
LaEspeBodega
ranza
Wisconsin
Sumu/
mayangnas,
mestizay
creole
Sumu/
mayangnas
Santo
Tomas
Mestiza
ElCarrizal
Remolin
Miskitoy
creole
Miskitoymestiza
Andris
Kisalaya
KumR’o
Coco
Saklin
Siksayari
ElParaiso
RayaPura
SangSang
Bilwas
Karma
Kitaski
LindaVista
SantaClara
Uhry
Klisnak
R’oWaspuk
Bismona
KrinKrin
LivinKrik
Sawa
Yahbra
Tangni
Krasa
Tikiamp
Francia
Sirpi
KuiwiTingni
Pilhpilia
Sih
MossPan
Tronquera
"/&904
ComunidadesconICVmedio:14
Miskito
AndrisTara
Asang
Laguntara
Miguel
Bikan
SanPedro
Miskitoy
creole
Sumu/
mayangnas
Sumu/
mayangnas,
miskitoy
mestiza
SanJer—nimo
CaboGraciasaDios
Awastingni
SanCarlos
Wiwinak
Miskitoymestiza
BullKiamp SanAlberto
LaEsperanza
SanEsquipulas
PuertoCabezas:ComunidadessegœnICVypresenciadecomunidadesŽtnicas(en%)
ICV
Nœmero
decomunidades
Ulwa
Miskito
Miskitoy
mestiza
Mestiza
Sumu/
mayangnas,
miskitoy
mestiza
Ulwa,
gar’funay
mestiza
Miskito,
mestizay
creole
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
Bajoseve14
0,0
42,9
7,1
42,9
0,0
0,0
7,1
ro
Bajo
12
8,3
33,3
25,0
33,3
0,0
0,0
0,0
Medio
15
0,0
68,8
0,0
12,5
6,3
6,3
6,3
Alto
42
2.4
50.0
9.5
28.6
2.4
2.4
4.8
ComunidadesdelmunicipiodePuertoCabezassegœnICVycomunidadesŽtnicaspresentes
ComunidadesconICVbajosevero:14
Miskito,mestizay
Miskito
Mestiza
Miskitoymestiza
creole
ElNaranAltamira
Maniwatla
Sukwas
AuhyaTara
Awastara
jal
Gulawala
Tuapi
Sangnilaya
Truslaya
Km43
KUKALAYA
Hiltara
Km51
ComunidadesconICVbajo:12
Miskito
Mestiza
Miskitoymestiza
Ulwa
Santa WawaboKamla
Yulu
Siska
Nazareth
Butku
Rosa
om
SumuSukatpin
YuluTingni
SanPablo
Panwa
bila
Comunidadescon
ComunidadesconICVmedio:15
ICValto:2
Ulwa,
Sumu/mayangnas,
Miskito
gar’funay
Miskito
miskitoymestiza
mestiza
Akawasito
Karata
RahwaWatla
Betania
***PAHRA
Lapan
Auhya
Miskitoy
Kligna
Sahsa
SantaMartha
Pihni
mestiza
Dakban
Kuakuil
SandyBay
Sisin
Pahara
WawaBar
San
Miguel
Rosita:ComunidadessegœnICVypresenciadecomunidadesŽtnicas(en%)
Nœmerode
comuni
dades
ICV
Sumu/
madang Mestiza
nas
Otra
comunidad
Žtnica
Sumu/
mayangnas
ymiskito
3,1
3,1
Sumu/
Sumu/
mayangmayangnasy
nas
otra
ymes- comunitiza
dad
Žtnica
Ulwas
ymestiza
Miskito Mestiza Sumu/
yotra
yotra mayangcomucomu- nas,misnidad
nidad
kitoy
Žtnica
Žtnica
mestiza
Bajo
severo
32
3,1
Bajo
10
10,0
50,0
0,0
10,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
Medio
3
0,0
100,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
Total
45
4.4
68.9
2.2
4.4
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
71,9
3,1
3,1
3,1
3,1
Miskito,
mestiza
yotra
comunidad
Žtnica
6,3
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
10,0
20,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
4.4
2.2
4.4
ComunidadesdelmunicipiodeRositasegœnICVycomunidadesŽtnicaspresentes
ComunidadesconICVbajosevero:32
Sumu/
Sumu/
mayangnas mayangnas
ymiskito
ymestiza
Mestiza
Banazona
ElMilagro
Minesota
SnJosŽde
Banacruz
Waspadito
Espa–olita
BuenaVentura
ElSombrero
Nueva
AmŽrica
Susun
Waspado
Ulwasy
mestiza
Buenos
Aires
ElZopilote
Rawawas
Unawasito
Yakalwas
SanSan
Was
DantaII
Greytown
Riscode
Oro
Wasminona LosCarpaWasminona
SanIsidro
tos
#2
ComunidadesconICVbajo:10
Sumu/
Sumu/
mayangnas,
Mestiza
mayangnas
miskitoy
ymiskito
mestiza
Frutade
Bambanita ElDoce
Arenaloso
Pan
Sumu/
ElBlack
ElEmpalme Mayangnas
Kamawas
Wasakin
ElCamar—n
Sumu/
mayangnasyotra
comunidad
Žtnica
BuenaEspeLaUni—n
ranza
Sumu/
mayangnas
Mestizay
otracomu- Dibahil
nidadŽtnica
Miskitoy
otracomu- Tercipelo
nidadŽtnica
OtracomunidadŽtnica
LaLuna
DantaI
StaFŽ#1
ComunidadesconICVmedio:3
Miskito,
mestizay
otracomunidadŽtnica
Mestiza
LasBre–as
OkonwasCentral
Uhumbila
Waspuko
Banacruz
Bonanza:ComunidadessegœnICVypresenciadecomunidadesŽtnicas(en%)
ICV
Bajosevero
Bajo
Total
Nœmerode
comunidades
12
7
19
Sumu/mayangnas
Mestiza
0,0
57,1
21,1
50,0
28,6
42,1
Sumu/mayangnasy
mestiza
50,0
14,3
36,8
ComunidadesdelmunicipiodeBonanzasegœnICVycomunidadesŽtnicaspresentes
ElAvi—n
KalmataII
Mestiza
LasColinas
Miranda
ComunidadesconICVbajosevero:12
Sumu/mayangnasymestiza
SaltoGrande
Alal
Musawas
Suniwas
Waswalita
Betania
Sabawas
Wihilwas
"/&904
ComunidadesconICVbajo:7
Sumu/mayangnas
Sakalwas
Mukuswas
Espa–olina
Mestiza
SantaMar’a
ElOjochal
LosCocos
Sumu/mayangnasy
mestiza
SiempreViva
Waslala:ComunidadessegœnICVypresenciadecomunidadesŽtnicas(en%)
ICV
Nœmerode
comunidades
Sincomunidad
Žtnicadeclarada
Mestiza
Bajosevero
Bajo
Total
57
8
65
1,8
0,0
1,5
1,8
0,0
1,5
Otra
comunidad
Žtnica
96,5
87,5
95,4
Mestiza,miskita,rama,
creoleyotracomunidad
Žtnica
0,0
12,5
1,5
ComunidadesdelmunicipiodeWaslalasegœnICVycomunidadesŽtnicaspresentes
ComunidadesconICVbajosevero:57
OtracomunidadŽtnica
AguasCalientes
SanPedrodelas
Vallas
SanRam—nde
Vallas
Sofana
SantaMariade
Kubal’
Mestiza
SanMiguel
Dudu
Dipina
GuayaboArriba
LosMilagros
ElAchiote
HierbaBuena
LosPotrerillos
ElCipres
Kasquita
OcoteTuma
BarrialColorado ElCorozal
Kiawas
OcoteYaoska
BocadePiedra1 ElGuabo
Kusul’
PiedrasBlancas
VallasAbajo
Sincomunidad
Žtnicadeclarada
ElPijibay
LasDelicias
Puyu
VallasCentral
PuertoViejo
ElSombrero
LasFlores
SanBenito
VallasElPastal
WaslalitaCentral
Yar—Central
ZapoteDudu
Zinica#1
WaslalaArriba
Zinica#2
Mestiza,miskita,
rama,creoley
otracomunidad
Žtnica
Kubal’Central
Angostura
Dudu
ArenasBlancas
BocadePiedra2
BuenosAires
Dudu
Ca–oGarc’a
ElVarillal
Ca–oLosMartinez
Esperanzade
Kubal’
Ca–oSucio
Garrobo
CeibaDudu
GuayaboAbajo
SanJosŽde
Dipina
SanRafaelde
LasTorres
Kum
SanFrancisco
LosChiles
dePuertoViejo
SanPablode
LosMangos
Kubal’
ComunidadesconICVbajo:8
LasNubes
OtracomunidadŽtnica
ElNaranjo
ElPapayo2
LaPozolera
LasJaguas
Papayo#1
Siuna:ComunidadessegœnICVypresenciadecomunidadesŽtnicas(en%)
ICV
Nœmero
decomunidades
Bajosevero
Sincomunidad
Žtnica
declarada
Mestiza
Otra
comunidadŽtnica
Sumu/
mayangnas
ymestiza
Miskito
ymestiza
Mestiza
yotra
comunidadŽtnica
Sumu/
mayangnas,miskitoy
mestiza
Sumu/
mayangnas,miskito,mestizayotra
comunidadŽtnica
0,0
40
7,5
80,0
2,5
2,5
0,0
7,5
0,0
Bajo
8
0,0
87,5
0,0
0,0
0,0
12,5
0,0
0,0
Medio
5
20,0
20,0
0,0
0,0
20,0
0,0
20,0
20,0
Total
53
7,5
75,5
1,9
1,9
1,9
7,5
1,9
1,9
ComunidadesdelmunicipiodeSiunasegœnICVycomunidadesŽtnicaspresentes
ComunidadesconICVbajosevero:40
Sin
comunidad
Žtnica
declarada
Mestizayotra
comunidad
Žtnica
Mestiza
Sofana
Corozo
Suba
AguaSucia
ComeNegro
Kurrin
ElConsuelo
Uly
Pinares
ElPl‡tano
SantaRosa
Umbla
Bijagua
SantaRosa
deParasca
Waspuko
Sumu/
mayangnasy
mestiza
OroFino
Otra
comunidad
Žtnica
ElLim—n
Baka
Kasquita
LukuArriba
PaharaTingni
Bilwas
Kuikuinita
LukuParaska
ElDorado
LaGasolina
Madriguera
SanMiguel
SanRam—n
deSislao
ElGu‡simo
LaToboba
Martha
Lorena
ElGuayabo
LasDelicias
Montede
Oro
ElTorno
Irlan
LosBaldes
Lukœ
Mupiwas
Sarawas
Yaoya
ComunidadesconICVbajo:8
Mestizayotra
comunidad
Žtnica
Mestiza
Kuikina
LaBodega
Lisawe
Angostura
Grande
MonteCristo ComunidadesconICVmedio:5
Sumu/
mayangnas,
miskito,
Sumu/mayangnas,miskitoy
Miskitoymestiza
mestizayotra
mestiza
comunidad
Žtnica
AloBethel
Coperna
ElB‡lsamo
Sin
comunidad
Žtnica
declarada
El
Hormiguero
Mestiza
RosaGrande
Labœ
SauniAs
Wani
Prinzapolka:ComunidadessegœnICVypresenciadecomunidadesŽtnicas(en%)
ICV
Nœmero
decomunidades
Miskito
Mestiza
Nahoas
Ramay
miskito
Miskitoy
Mestiza
Miskitoy
creole
Miskito
Mestiza
yotra
yotra
comunicomunidadŽtnica dadŽtnica
Bajosevero
15
53,3
13,3
6,7
0,0
13,3
6,7
0,0
6,7
Bajo
10
50,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
40,0
0,0
10,0
0,0
Medio
1
0,0
0,0
0,0
100,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
Alto
1
100,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
27
51,9
7,4
3,7
3,7
22,2
3,7
3,7
3,7
Total
"/&904
ComunidadesdelmunicipiodePrinzapolkasegœnICVycomunidadesŽtnicaspresentes
ComunidadesconICVbajosevero:15
Miskito
Miskitoy
mestiza
Mestiza
Bethel
Isnawas
Limbaykang
Blun—
Esperanza
(Shelling)
Silibila
BuenaVista
Ladricula
Samil
Naranjal
Tungla
DosAmigos
Layasiksa#2
ComunidadesconICVbajo:10
Miskito
Klarindam
Kukalaya
Miskitoy
creole
Nahoas
Haulover
Mestizay
OtracomunidadŽtnica
LaRamplaII
Miskitoyotra
comunidad
Žtnica
Kuamwatla
Palmera
Wounta
ComunidadesconICValto:1
Miskito
Layasiksa#1
Miskitoymestiza
Prinzubila
Walpasiksa
Tuburus
ComunidadesconICVmedio:1
Ramaymiskito
TasbaPauni
Ariswatla
Galilea
TablaNo.6:Clasificaci—ndecomunidadesporICVyporcomunidadŽtnicapresenteenlos
municipiosdelaRAAS
Paiwas:ComunidadessegœnICVypresenciadecomunidadesŽtnicas(en%)
ICV
Nœmerode
comunidades
Bajosevero
Bajo
Medio
19
8
3
Sin
comunidad
Žtnica
declarada
10,5
25,0
0,0
Total
30
13,3
Nahoas
Otra
comunidad
Žtnica
Mestizayotra
comunidad
Žtnica
Creoleyotra
comunidad
Žtnica
5,3
0,0
0,0
73,7
75,0
100,0
5,3
0,0
0,0
5,3
0,0
0,0
3,3
76,7
3,3
3,3
ComunidadesdelmunicipiodePaiwassegœnICVycomunidadesŽtnicaspresentes
ComunidadesconICVbajosevero:19
Mestizayotra
Creoleyotra
comunidadŽtnica comunidadŽtnica
OtracomunidadŽtnica
Banderitas
ElPav—n
LasMinas
Okawas
Calder—n
Kaskita
Malkawas
SantaRosa
ElBambœ
ElNegro
Kepi
NuevoAmanecer WilikeElToro
LasDelicias ComunidadesconICVbajo:8
Sincomunidad
OtracomunidadŽtnica
Žtnicadeclarada
Ca–odeAgua ElCastillo
VillaSiquia
LaPaila
DavidTejada
LaSirena
Wilikon
WilikitoAbajo
Jorgito
Bilampi
Sincomunidad
Žtnicadeclarada
ElToro
Nahoas
Wanawana
ElCopalarWilike
ComunidadesconICVmedio:3
OtracomunidadŽtnica
Mulukuku1
SanPedro
Wasayamba
DesembocaduradeR’oGrande:ComunidadessegœnICVypresenciadecomunidadesŽtnicas
(en%)
Nœmerode
comunidades
4
2
ICV
Bajosevero
Bajo
Total
6
25,0
0,0
Ulway
miskito
0,0
50,0
Miskitoy
mestiza
25,0
0,0
Miskitoy
creole
25,0
0,0
Ulwa,miskito
ymestiza
25,0
50,0
16,7
16,7
16,7
16,7
33,3
Miskito
ComunidadesdelmunicipiodeDesembocaduradeR’oGrandesegœnICVycomunidadesŽtnicaspresentes
ComunidadesconICVBajosevero:4
Miskitoy
mestiza
Guadalupe
Miskito
Walpa
ComunidadesconICVBajo:2
Miskitoy
creoles
LaBarra
Ulwa,miskitoy
mestiza
CompanyCreek
Ulwaymiskito
Kara
Ulwa,miskitoy
mestiza
Esperanza
LagunadePerlas:ComunidadessegœnICVypresenciadecomunidadesŽtnicas(en%)
ICV
Nœmerode
comunidades
Bajo
severo
MesRama,
MisMistizas mayang- kito,
kito,
Miskitoy yotra nayotra gar’- mesticreo- comucomufunay zasy
les
nidad
nidad
creocreoŽtnica
Žtnica
les
les
Rama,
miskito,
gar’funas,
mestizasy
creoles
Otra
comunidad
Žtnica
Sumu/
mayangnasy
creoles
Miskitoy
mestizas
16,7
8,3
8,3
0,0
8,3
8,3
8,3
8,3
8,3
8,3
Miskito
Mestizas
Creoles
12
8,3
8,3
Medio
2
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
50,0
50,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
Total
14
7,1
7,1
14,3
7,1
7,1
7,1
14,3
7,1
7,1
7,1
7,1
7,1
ComunidadesdelmunicipiodeLagunadePerlassegœnICVycomunidadesŽtnicaspresentes
ComunidadesconICV
Medio:2
ComunidadesconICVBajosevero:12
Miskito
Mestizas
Creoles
NuevaEsperanza
Rama,sumu/
Mestizayotra
mayangnasy
comunidad
otracomuniŽtnica
dadŽtnica
Pondler
ElMango
Raitipura
OtracomunidadŽtnica
Sumu/
mayangnasy
creoles
ElLim—n
BrownBank
Manhathan
ElPedregal
Miskito,gar’funaycreoles
Miskito,mestizaycreoles
Miskitoy
creoles
SanVicente
Awas
TasbaPauni
Rama,miskito,gar’funa,
mestizasy
creoles
LaFŽ
Miskitoy
mestizas
Marshall
Point
Miskitoy
creoles
Kakahbila
ElTortuguero:ComunidadessegœnICVypresenciadecomunidadesŽtnicas(en%)
ICV
Bajosevero
Bajo
Total
Nœmerode
Comunidades
23
3
26
Sincomunidad
Žtnica
declarada
8.7
0.0
7.7
Mestizas
21.7
33.3
23.1
Sumu/mayangna,misOtracomuniMestizasyotra
kitoyotracomunidad
dadŽtnica
comunidadŽtnica
Žtnica
56.5
66.7
57.7
8.7
0.0
7.7
"/&904
4.3
0.0
3.8
ComunidadesdelmunicipiodeElTortuguerosegœnICVycomunidadesŽtnicaspresentes
ComunidadesconICVBajosevero:23
ComunidadesconICVBajo:3
Sincomunidad
Mestizayotracomunidad
Mestiza
Mestiza
Žtnicadeclarada
Žtnica
NuevoLe—n
Kasmitigni
BellaVista
SaltoBlanco
HierbaBuena
SanMigueldelosOlivos Sabawas
OtracomunidadŽtnica
Sumu/mayangna,miskitoy
SaltodeBuswaya
LaPaila
otracomunidadŽtnica
SulaTigni
Walpapin
ElCedro
WalpaTigni
OtracomunidadŽtnica
Karahola
SanMiguel
SantaRita
SanAntoniode
MatadeCa–a
TintaVerde
Kukarawala
Ca–oAzul
BambœPi–ol
SawawasCentral
PaharaTingni
GoodLiving
BellaVista
Waspado
ElRama:ComunidadessegœnICVypresenciadecomunidadesŽtnicas(en%)
ICV
Bajosevero
SincomuNœmero
nidad
decomuŽtnica
nidades
declarada
Rama
Sumu/
mayangnas
Miskito
Mestizas
Otra
comunidad
Žtnica
Sumu/
mayangnasyotra
comunidad
Žtnica
Mestizas
yotra
comunidad
Žtnica
Creoles
yotra
comunidad
Žtnica
101
59,4
2,0
1,0
1,0
3,0
26,7
4,0
2,0
1,0
Bajo
11
81,8
0,0
0,0
0,0
9,1
9,1
0,0
0,0
0,0
Medio
8
75,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
12,5
12,5
0,0
0,0
0,0
Alto
1
0
0
0
0
0
100
0
0
0
Total
121
62,0
1,7
0,8
0,8
4,1
24,8
3,3
1,7
0,8
ComunidadesdelmunicipiodeElRamasegœnICVycomunidadesŽtnicas
ComunidadesconICVBajosevero:101
SincomunidadŽtnicadeclarada
Rama
OtracomunidadŽtnica
Sumu/
mayangnas
yotra
comunidadŽtnica
Kurinwasito
LaDanta
Molej—n
Musuwaka
ElSoncuan
LaSompopa
ElCoco
#2
ElJobito
ElLim—n
SanLuis
LaFortuna
SanRafael
ElAbandono
Ca–o
Valent’n
Montesde
Oro
LaCeiba
Sam
Brown
ElCoco
#1
ElJobo
Kisilala
Boca
Azulita
Guan
Creek
ElGuabo
Cabecera
BellaVista deValent’n
Minade
Kisalala
LaConcha
halmeca
Central
Sumu/
mayangnas
Kilaika
Cuatro
Esquinas
ElCarmen
Pueblo
Nuevo
SaltoGrande
LaPi–uela
Nuevo
Sauce
LaTigra
ElDelirio
LaEsperanza
Frutade
Pan
Cerro
Grande
ElAmparo
SnAntoniodel
Pozol
ElVirgen
ElPilan
LaToalla
SanJer—nimo
Ca–oAdolfo
Palmar
LaCorona
Miskito
IslaGrande
Pablo
òbeda
ElDiamante
Mestizas
yotra
comunidadŽtnica
Monte
Rosa
Raicilla
ElGarrobo
Loma
Linda
BocaAzul
LasPalmeras
ElSilencio
PilanII
LaMosquitia
ElColoradito
SanAgust’n
Aguas
Calientes
Mataka
Zaragoza
SantaRita
delos
Pe–ones
ElMurciŽlago
Chalmeca
Abajo
Mestizas
Mirasol
Magnolia
RubŽn
Dar’o
ElPav—n
ComunidadesconICVBajosevero:101
SincomunidadŽtnicadeclarada
Rama
OtracomunidadŽtnica
SantaRita
Kisilala#1
Colorado
Villanueva
ElPorvenir
ElPara’so
Ignacia
ElToro
ElBanco
LaPalma
Kisilala#2
Chalmeca
Arriba
Boquita
Silva#2
LaVirgen
Pijibay
Saltode
laCruz
CorrentadaLarga
Maria
Cristina
LaConcha
San
Ram—n
Camilo
Ortega
LaSardina
ElEmbudo
San
Miguelito
Tutuwaka
ElMil‡n
Ca–oWilson
ComunidadesconICVBajo:11
SincomunidadŽtnicadeclarada
Poza
Redonda
Guadalupe
Ca–o
Garc’a
Muelle
Real
Calder—n
ElCastillo
Boquita
Silva#1
JulioBuitrago
Comunidadescon
ICVAlto:1
ComunidadesconICVMedio:8
Mestizas
Cedro
Macho
Pijibay
Otra
comunidadŽtnica
Otra
comunidadŽtnica
Oscar
Brenes
Santa
Rosa
Diamante
Rojo
SincomunidadŽtnicadeclarada
LasIguanas
Wapi
ElM—vil
LasLapas
Otra
comunidadŽtnica
ElRecreo
SanFrancisco
Totumbla
ElAreno
Sumu/
mayangnas
yotra
comunidadŽtnica
Creoles
yotra
comunidadŽtnica
Mestizas
ElAyote:ComunidadessegœnICVconpresenciadecomunidadesŽtnicas(en%)
ICV
Bajosevero
Total
Nœmerode
Comunidades
19
Sincomunidad
Žtnicadeclarada
21,1
19
21,1
21,1
Otracomunidad
Žtnica
31,6
Mestizasyotra
comunidadŽtnica
26,3
21,1
31,6
26,3
Mestizas
ComunidadesdelmunicipiodeElAyotesegœnICVycomunidadesŽtnicaspresentes
ComunidadesconICVBajosevero:19
Sincomunidad
MestizasyOtracomunidad
Mestizas
OtracomunidadŽtnica
Žtnicadeclarada
Žtnica
ElGuayabo
ElCarrizal
Calder—n
LaTortuga NuevaLuz
LasParras
LaChancha
ElLajerito
LasCa–as
Pilan
ElCacao
Nawawasito
BancodeSiquia
ElJobo
Nawawas
Kurinwasito
CerroAzul
Karawas
ElAyote
MuelledelosBueyes:ComunidadessegœnICVypresenciadecomunidadesŽtnicas(en%)
ICV
Bajosevero
Bajo
Medio
Alto
Total
Nœmerode
Comunidades
41
1
2
5
49
SincomunidadŽtnicadeclarada
Mestizas
63,4
0,0
100,0
40,0
61,2
36,6
100,0
0,0
60,0
38,8
"/&904
ComunidadesdelmunicipiodeMuelledelosBueyessegœnICVycomunidadesŽtnicas
ComunidadesconICVBajosevero:41
SincomunidadŽtnicadeclarada
Mestizas
Cedro
Zanjon
LaPintada
ElSilencio
Ca–oGarc’a
BocaAzul
Ticoralito
Macho
Hondo
#2
Aguas
LaPintada
Lajeroso
Ticoral
LaTigra
ElTigre
Pital#2
Calientes
#1
LaConfor- Sombrero
ElAguacate
ElPital#3
Tamagas
LasRosas
LasPavas
midad
Negro
LosAbanElManzano Tamalera
LaConchita Guapinol
SanIsidro
LaTortuga
donos
LaPatriota
Minasde
LaMaraCedroBoniLaEstrellita
ElCongo
Ca–oBlan- Pital#1
Topacio
villa
to
co
ComunidaComunidadesconICV
desconICV
ComunidadesconICVAlto:5
Medio:2
Bajo:1
SincomunidadŽtnica
SincomunidadŽtnica
Mestizas
Mestizas
declarada
declarada
Manteles
Carade
ElEspavel
LaGorra
Campana
LaBatea
ElCacao
Verdes
Mono
ElAreno
ElEmbudo
Piedra
Grande
ElSahino
SanMiguel
Presillas
Kukra-Hill:ComunidadessegœnICVypresenciadecomunidadesŽtnicas(en%)
ICV
Bajosevero
Bajo
Total
Nœmerode
comunidades
11
6
17
Sincomunidad
Žtnicadeclarada
27,3
16,7
23,5
Mestizas
54,5
66,7
58,8
Otracomunidad
Žtnica
9,1
0,0
5,9
Mestizasy
Creoles
9,1
16,7
11,8
ComunidadesdelmunicipiodeKukra-HillsegœnICVycomunidadesŽtnicas
ComunidadesconICVBajosevero:11
ComunidadesconICVBajo:6
SincomuniSincomuniOtracomuMestizasy
dadŽtnica
Mestizas
dadŽtnica
Mestizas
nidadŽtnica
creoles
declarada
declarada
LaMaravi- LaLuzde
SanJosŽ
Valent’n
LaUni—n
LaFonseca
llas
SanMarcos
Nueva
Mestizasy
SanRam—n
Silico
NeysiR’os
HoneCreek
Chontales
Creoles
LaPichinga BelŽn
LaSomLaNueva
LasLimas
SamBrown
popa
Alianza
Bluefields:ComunidadessegœnICVypresenciadecomunidadesŽtnicas(en%)
ICV
Nœmerode
comunidades
Rama
Bajosevero
Bajo
Medio
Total
16
2
1
19
0,0
50,0
0,0
5,3
Mestizas
OtracomunidadŽtnica
Mestizasy
creoles
Rama,
mestizasy
creoles
81,3
50,0
0,0
73,7
6,3
0,0
0,0
5,3
6,3
0,0
0,0
5,3
0,0
0,0
100,0
5,3
Sumu/
mayangna,
miskitoy
mestizas
6,3
0,0
0,0
5,3
ComunidadesdelmunicipiodeBluefieldssegœnICVycomunidadesŽtnicas
Comunidades
Comunidades
ComunidadesconICVBajosevero:16
conICVBajo:2 conICVMedio:1
Otracomunidad
Rama,Mestizay
Mestizas
Rama
Žtnica
Creoles
PolodeDesarrollo
BocaTapada
SanAntonio
SaltodeLe—n
SanPedropiedrafina
SanIsidro
SanSebasti‡n
SantaLucia
LaGloria
Delirio
Atlanta
LaGuitarra
SantaFedel
Caracol
Ca–oMa’z
MestizasyCreoles
LosCocos
Sumu/Mayangna,Miskitoy
Mestizas
SanMariano
RamaCay
MonkeyPoint
Mestizas
Masayon
NuevaGuinea:ComunidadessegœnICVypresenciadecomunidadesŽtnicas(en%)
ICV
Bajosevero
Bajo
Nœmerode
Comunidades
88
26
Sincomunidad
Žtnicadeclarada
61,4
80,8
Mestizas
Creoles
36,4
19,2
1,1
0,0
Ramay
mestizas
1,1
0,0
Medio
18
61,1
33,3
0,0
5,6
Alto
Total
4
136
75,0
65,4
25,0
32,4
0,0
0,7
0,0
1,5
ComunidadesdelmunicipiodeNuevaGuineasegœnICVycomunidadesŽtnicaspresentes
ComunidadesconICVBajosevero:88
SincomunidadŽtnicadeclarada
Mestiza
Maritza
LosChoSanJer—LosLimoLosIndios ElTigre
LasMinas
Diriangen
LaFlorida
rros
nimo
nes
Quezada
Florde
Buena
Buena
Florde
Matade
Santa
ElGorri—n
ElZapote
LosPŽrez
Pino
Vista2
Vista1
Ca–a
Ma’z
Rita
Nueva
LaTigra
Socorro
ElAmparo Kurinwas
Palmistan RubŽn
Antillas
Chacal’n
Creole
#2
Dar’o
Los
Nuevos
Nueva
Piedra
LaUni—n
LosOlivos ElAreno
Masayita
ElJicarito Bijagua
Fina
EncuenJerusalŽn
tros#2
Sto
Aguas
SnPedro
ElGuayaSalvadoDomingo Ramay
ElDanto
MiraValle
Calientes Pe–ones
deBuena
bo
rita
delSerra- mestiza
#1
Vista
no
ElPara’so
Guinea
SanRafael Esperanci- Kukra
Nuevo
NuevaSan
delaProCristoRey Sinai
Horizonte
Isidro
Vieja
deTorrez ta#2
River
videncia
SanLuis
Aguas
Nueva
LaAngosDosde
Pueblo
delaPro- LaCeiba
Calientes
LaCeiba
Oro
Nuevo
Holanda
tura
videncia
#2
Santa
Boca
Buena
CarlosA
N’spero
ElSilencio ElTorno
SanJorge
Vista
Delgado
Rosa
Tapada
SnJosŽ
Santa
ElDelirio
Casade
ElZapote dePunta ElLetrero
SanRoque S‡balos
Rosa
#2
Tabla
Gorda
"/&904
LaReforma
ElPorvenir
Saltodel
ElTendido
Le—n
LaFonseca
SanIsidro
Esperanci- LasMerta#1
cedes
Nuevo
Delirio
ComunidadesconICVBajo:26
SincomunidadŽtnicadeclarada
Buenos
Aires
FlorSur
SanAntonio
ComunidadesconICVMedio:18
SincomunidadŽtnica
declarada
Mestiza
Makengue Para’so
ElLajerito
ElCacao
SanPablo
LasMilpas LosPintos
Jacinto
Baca
Santa
Isabel
Losçngeles
Santa
Rosadel
Este
Cerro
Bonito
Corocito
Yolaina
LaProvidencia
SanMart’n
SanFrancisco
Chasmolar
San
Ram—n
Edgard
Lang
Delirio#1
Naciones
Unidas
LaDama
SanJuan
LaUni—n
JerusalŽn
Nueva
Guinea
RubŽn
Dar’o
LaEsperanza
Cedro
Macho
LosLaureles
Puerto
Pr’ncipe
Esperancita
ColoniaEl
Serrano
ElEnchape
ElParaisito
LosRanchitos
ElEscob’n LaCruz
San
Miguel
SanJosŽ
Ramay
mestiza
Mestiza
SantaFŽ
Blanca
Sandino
Comunidadescon
ICVAlto:
4
Sincomunidad
Žtnica
declarada
Talolinga
Atlanta
Nuevo
Le—n
ElVerdum
Mestiza
SanAntonio
'JOBMNFOUFFOMB5BCMB/PTFQSFTFOUBEFGPSNBSFTVNJEBMBEJTUSJCVDJØOQPSDFOUVBMEFDPNVOJEBEFTQPS
DPNVOJEBEFTÏUOJDBTFODBEBDMBTJGJDBDJØOTFHÞOFM¶OEJDFEF$POEJDJØOEF7JEB
TablaNo.7:ICVdelospueblosind’genasycomunidadesŽtnicasdelaRAANyRAAS
ComunidadesŽtnicas
RAAN
Gar’funa
Sumu/mayangnas
Mestiza
Miskito
Nahoas
Ulwa
OtracomunidadŽtnica
Sumu/mayangnasymiskito
Sumu/mayangnasymestiza
Miskitoycreole
Miskitoymestiza
Miskitoynahoas
Ramaygar’funa
Ramaymiskito
Ulwasygar’funa
Ulwasymestiza
Sumu/mayangnasyotracomunidadŽtnica
ComunidadessegœnêndicedeCondici—ndeVida
Bajosevero
Bajo
Medio
Alto
Total
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
3
1,4
3
0,9
1
0,5
1
0,3
65
29,8
16
19,3
4
10,3
85
24,8
29
13,3
20
24,1
5
12,8
1
33,3
55
16,0
1
0,5
1
0,3
1
0,5
2
2,4
1
2,6
4
1,2
57
26,1
7
8,4
64
18,7
1
0,5
1
1,2
1
2,6
3
0,9
8
3,7
4
4,8
12
3,5
1
1,2
1
0,3
31
14,2
22
26,5
12
30,8
65
19,0
1
1,2
1
0,3
1
0,5
1
0,3
1
2,6
1
0,3
2
5,1
2
0,6
1
0,5
1
0,3
1
0,5
1
0,3
ComunidadesŽtnicas
MestizayotracomunidadŽtnica
MiskitoyotracomunidadŽtnica
Sumu/mayangnas,mestizaycreole
Sumu/mayangnas,miskitoymestiza
Miskito,mestizaycreole
Ulwa,gar’funaymestiza
Miskito,mestizayotracomunidadŽtnica
M‡sde3comunidadesŽtnicas
SincomunidadesŽtnicasdeclaradas
TotalRAAN
RAAS
Chorotega
Creole
Mestiza
Miskito
Nahoas
Rama
OtracomunidadŽtnica
CreoleyotracomunidadŽtnica
Sumu/mayangnasycreole
Sumu/mayangnasyulwa
Mestizaycreole
Mestizaysutiaba
Miskitoycreole
Miskitoymestiza
Ramaymestiza
Ulwaymiskito
Sumu/mayangnasyotracomunidadŽtnica
MestizayotracomunidadŽtnica
Sumu/mayangnas,miskitoymestiza
Miskito,gar’funaycreole
Miskito,mestizaycreole
Rama,sumu/mayangnasymiskito
Rama,mestizaycreole
Ulwa,miskitoymestiza
Sumu/mayangna,miskitoyotracomunidad
Žtnica
Rama,sumu/mayangnayotracomunidad
Žtnica
M‡sde3comunidadesŽtnicas
SincomunidadesŽtnicasdeclaradas
TotalRAAS
Totaldecomunidades
'VFOUF"DUVBMJ[BDJØODBSUPHSÈGJDB*/&$
ComunidadessegœnêndicedeCondici—ndeVida
Bajosevero
Bajo
Medio
Alto
Total
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
6
2,8
1
1,2
7
2,0
1
0,5
1
1,2
2
0,6
1
0,5
1
0,3
4
1,8
1
1,2
3
7,7
8
2,3
1
0,5
1
1,2
5
12,8
2
66,7
9
2,6
2
5,1
2
0,6
2
2,4
2
0,6
1
0,5
3
3,6
2
5,1
6
1,7
4
1,8
1
2,6
5
1,5
218 100,0 83 100,0 39 100,0
3
100,0 343 100,0
1
0,3
1
0,2
3
0,8
3
0,6
81
22,7
13
20,3
8
22,2
4
40,0 106 22,7
3
0,8
3
0,6
1
0,3
1
0,2
2
0,6
2
0,4
75
21,0
11
17,2
4
11,1
1
10,0
91
19,5
2
0,6
2
0,4
1
0,3
1
0,2
1
1,6
1
0,2
2
0,6
1
1,6
3
0,6
1
1,6
1
0,2
2
0,6
1
2,8
3
0,6
3
0,8
1
1,6
1
2,8
5
1,1
1
0,3
1
2,8
2
0,4
1
1,6
1
0,2
4
1,1
4
0,9
11
3,1
11
2,4
1
0,3
1
0,2
1
0,3
1
0,2
1
0,3
1
0,2
1
1,6
1
0,2
1
2,8
1
0,2
1
0,3
1
1,6
2
0,4
1
0,3
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
0,2
1
0,3
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
0,2
1
158
357
575
0,3
44,3
100,0
-
33
51,6
20
64 100,0 36
147
75
55,6
5
100,0 10
13
1
0,2
50,0 216 46,3
100,0 467 100,0
810
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"/&904
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
Gr‡ficaNo.3:Distribuci—nporcentualdelascomunidadesŽtnicaspresentesen
losmunicipiosdelaRAANyRAAS
AnexoNo.3:
VitalidaddelaslenguasdelaCostaCaribedeNicaragua
basadoenloscriteriosdelaUNESCO
Vitalidaddelaslenguas
Transmisi—nintergeneracionalde
lalengua:
(5)Hablantodos
(4)Lamayor’adelosni–osla
hablan
(3)S—lolospadreslahablan,yano
losni–os
(2)S—lolosabueloslahablan,los
padreslaentienden
(1)S—lounospocosviejoslahablan
2.Nœmeroabsolutodehablantes
3.proporci—ndehablantesdentro
delapoblaci—ntotal:
(5)Todos.
(4)Casitodos
(3Lamayor’a
(2)Unaminor’a
(1)Muypocos
(0)Nadie
Kriol
Gar’funa
Mayangna
(Sumu)
Panamaka/
Twahka
Miskito
Rama
Ulwa
1
2>1
4
1
25-30.000
30
4
1
P5/T2
12.000/
2.000
P5/T1
"/&904
5>4
120.000
5>4
30-50
1
351
2
AnexoNo.4:
Mapadeasociatividaddelpueblomiskito
(1960-2004)
ASOCIACIONES
Tipoydenominaci—n
Per’odo1960-1978
Ejes/‡reastem‡ticasdeacci—n
ACARIC(1964)
Econom’acomunitaria,organizaci—ndecooperativas
Asociaci—ndeClubes
Agr’coladelR’oCoco
Desarrollodecooperativasagropecuariasenlas
comunidadesmiskitasdelr’oCoco,promovidasporla
ordendeloscapuchinosdelaIglesiacat—licayapoyados
porlaIglesiamorava.
Primeraorganizaci—nind’genacondemandasalEstado
enprodeldesarrolloecon—micodelascomunidades
miskitas
ALPROMISU(1974-1979)
AlianzaparaelProgreso
delosPueblosMiskiosy
Sumus
Demandanmejorasalascomunidades(centrosde
acopio,transporte,comercializaci—ndelosproductos).
Precedentedeloqueser‡laformaci—nyorganizaci—n
pol’ticacondemandasetnicistas.
Incorporaci—nalMovimientoIndigenistaInternacional
AlpromisuesdesignadoenlaPresidenciadelConsejo
MundialdePueblosInd’genas(CMPI)
GEOGRAFêA
çmbitodeacci—n
R’oCoco,Waspam
Waspam(r’oCoco),
PuertoCabezas
(Llano)
Internacional
(regi—nAmŽrica
Latina)
PERêODO1979-1989
MISURASATA(19791981)
Miskitu,Sumu,Rama,
SandinistaAslaTakanka,
organizaci—nsandinista
demiskitos,sumus,
ramas,unidos
PrimeraOorganizaci—nsocio-pol’ticaind’genacon
demandasÒetnicasÓalgobiernoyEstado
Sepresentacomolaorganizaci—ndelospueblos
ind’genas.Planteamientossocio-Žtnicosyreligiosos
sobreautonom’aind’gena.Hegemon’adelliderazgo
miskito.
1979/1980:Reivindicanparticipaci—nenlasestructuras
delgobiernorevolucionario,alfabetizaci—nenlenguas
ind’genaseinglŽscriollo.
1981:PresentanalEstadorevolucionarioelMapade
Polanco,condemarcaci—ndelterritorioind’genay
coste–o,quereivindicacomonaci—nlosderechosal
sueloysubsuelo,costasyaguasinterioresygobierno
aut—nomo.
ElEstadoacusaaMISURASATAdeseparatistayatentar
contralasoberan’aeintegraci—nnacional.Iniciodela
guerraenlaCosta.
Regi—ndelCaribe
nicaragŸense
ASOCIACIONES
Tipoydenominaci—n
MISURAOrganizaci—n
Miskitus,Sumus,Ramas
Unidos,1982-1985
MISURASATA
Organizaci—nMiskitus,
Sumus,Ramas,
SandinistasUnidos,19821985
MISATAN(1984)
MiskituSandinista
Aslatakanka
Organizaci—ndeMiskitus
ySandinistasUnidos
Ejes/‡reastem‡ticasdeacci—n
Organizacionesarmadasind’genasconducenalzamiento
contrarŽgimensandinistaporreivindicaciones
territorialesyautonom’aind’gena
Elpasoalaacci—narmadaencontradelrŽgimen
sandinistafraccion—aMISURASATAendos
organizaciones:MISURAlidereadasporS.Fagothque
seuni—aFDNcon4.000combatientesind’genas.
MISURASATA,lidereadaporB.Rivera,integradaaARDE
con2.000combatientesind’genas.
Promuevereunificaci—nyorganizaci—ndelretornoalas
comunidadesdelapoblaci—nind’genaamnistiada
Reunificaci—ndeorganizacionesarmadasind’genas,
participaci—neneldi‡logo-negociaci—n-acuerdosdepaz,
LeydeAutonom’a
Organizaci—nUnidad
Ind’gena
SedisuelvenMISURAyMISURASATA,seformaASLA,y
posteriormenteKISANpropaz,autonom’aydesarrollo,a
favordelanegociaci—nconelgobierno.
YaptiTasbaMasraka
NanihAslatakanka
Organizaci—ndeloshijos
delaMadretierra
Bordesfronterizos
deHondurasy
CostaRicacomo
zonasderefugioy
avituallamiento
Movilizaci—nyŽxodoacausadelaguerra:8.500
ind’genasfueronreubicadosenTasbaPriporelEstado
revolucionario.10.000ind’genasmiskitosysumus
huyeronhaciaHondurasy4.000fueronreubicadosen
empresasestatalesdeproducci—n,eneldepartamentode
Matagalpa
Reunificaci—ndefamiliasind’genasdesplazadas`porla
guerra
ASLA/KISAN(1985-1987)
YATAMA,1987
GEOGRAFêA
çmbitodeacci—n
Regi—nCaribede
Nicaragua
SefirmalapazylaAsambleaNacionalapruebael
EstatutodeAutonom’adelaCostaAtl‡ntica,Ley28,
encondicionesaœndeconfrontaci—nmilitaryfaltade
consenso:MISURASATAabogabaporautogobiernos
territorialesind’genas.Gobiernocentral,pormodelode
autonom’abasadoengobiernosregionalesmultiŽtnicos.
Reorganizaci—ndelmovimientoind’genaenunasola
organizaci—nsociopol’ticaconreivindicacionesŽtnicas
Lareorganizaci—ndeYatamarepresent—unesfuerzo
deunificaci—npol’ticadelasdiferentesorganizaciones
miskitasalzadasenarmascontraelrŽgimensandinista.
Asentamiento
TasbaPriyde
comunidadesr’o
Cocodesplazadas
(Nicaragua/
Honduras)
CostaCaribede
Nicaragua
RAANyRAAS,
creadasporLey
28.
CostaCaribede
Nicaragua
SurgedespuŽsdelafirmadelapazyseestructura
entornoalconceptodeYaptiTasba,Madretierra,
derechoscolectivossobrelatierra(territorios),
autogobiernoyetnodesarrollo.
"/&904
ASOCIACIONES
Tipoydenominaci—n
PERêODO1990-1999
YATAMA(1990-1999)
YatamaDesarmadoy
Desalzado(1990)
YatamaIndependiente,
HazelLaw(1992)
YatamaFracci—nFagoth
yYatamaFracci—nRivera
(1992)
Ejes/‡reastem‡ticasdeacci—n
GEOGRAFêA
çmbitodeacci—n
Pacificaci—n(desarme,desalzamiento)reivindican
autonom’a/autodeterminaci—n/derechosterritoriales
Apartirde1990seasumecomolagenuinaexpresi—n
representativadelospueblosind’genasycomunidades
ŽtnicasdelaCostadelCaribenicaragŸense.
CostaCaribede
Nicaragua
Rearme/desarmedeexcombatientespor
incumplimientosdeacuerdos(1998-2000)
EjŽrcitoInd’genaYatama
(ERI-Yatama)/Consejo
deComandantesYatama
(1998)
Asociaci—ndeex
combatientes,Yatama
(2002)
KUNASPAWA
OrganizacionesterritorialesmiskitosybiŽtnicasen
reservas/‡reasprotegidas
KIPLAUPLANANI
Organizaci—nTerritorioKiplaSaitTasbaika
ASLATAKANKAPAWAIA.
Asociaci—ndeDesarrollo
deMiskitusySumusde
LosRaudales
ReservaBiosfera
Bosawas
Altor’oCocoyAlto
r’oBocay(Wiwil’,
Jinotega)
ADESCUM
Asociaci—nparael
DesarrollodeMiskitosy
SumusdelaCuencaMedia
delr’oCoco
ADEPCIMISUJIN(19912000)
Asociaci—ndeDesarrollo
yProgresodelas
ComunidadesInd’genas
MiskitosySumusde
Jinotega,
Mikupia,1991
Organizaci—nTerritorioLiLamniTasbaikaKum
Organizaci—ndedesarrolloyTerritorialSumu-Miskitu
1991:secreaparaatenderlosproblemasespec’ficosque
enfrentanlascomunidadessumusymiskitas,ubicadasen
eldepartamentodeJinotega(quenohacepartedelas
regionesaut—nomas).
CuencaMedia
delr’oCoco
(Wasp‡n,RAAN)
MITK,Riberas
delAltor’oCoco
(Wiwili,Jinotega)
MSB:r’oBocay
(CuaBocay,
Jinotega)
2000:sereestructura(IVAsamblea)yseconforma
comolaOrganizaci—ndelosTerritoriosMiskituIndian
TasbaikaKum(MITK)yMayangnaSauniBu(MSB)
conelobjetodedesarrollarformasdeacci—nconjunta
orientadasaconsolidarelgobiernodeambosterritorios
yelmanejodelosrecursosnaturales(ReservaBosawas).
Organizaci—nambientalistaReservaBiol—gicaMarina
CayosMiskitos
Coraz—nmiskito
Organizaci—ncreadaparaparticiparenelmanejode
laReservaBiol—gicaMarina,qued—registradaenla
Declaraci—ndelaReservacomopartedelConsejo
Directivoparaelmanejo.
RAAN,Cayos
miskitosyFranja
Costerainmediata
ASOCIACIONES
Tipoydenominaci—n
Bloque10comunidades
Ejes/‡reastem‡ticasdeacci—n
Demarcaci—nterritorial
Organizadasentornoalprocesodedemarcaci—n
territorial
PERIODO2000-2004
YATAMA,partidopol’tico
Constituci—ncomopartidopol’ticoregional
Asociaci—ndeex
combatientes,Yatama
(2002)
Seincorporaalaluchapol’ticac’vica,participaen
losprocesoselectoralesmunicipales,regionales,
estableciendodiversasalianzasconpartidosnacionales.
MantieneagendadereivindicacionesestratŽgicasŽtnicas
(autonom’a,demarcaci—nterritorial).Persistenluchasy
fraccionamientointernos.
Yatama,partidopol’tico
ind’genareconocido
porelConsejoSupremo
Electoral(2004)
SIBU-RAAN,2000
Organizaci—nsindicalŽtnica
Yatama,partidopol’tico
ind’gena(2000)
Sindicatodebuzosy
miskitosdelaRAAN
GEOGRAFêA
çmbitodeacci—n
Kamla.Tuapi,
Krukira,Auhya
Pihni,kuakwil,
BoomSirpi,Yulu
Tigni,SagniLaya.
Aglutinaatrabajadoresmiskitosdelapesca:buzos,
cayuqueros.Reivindicanmejorescondicionesdetrabajo
enelmercadolaboraldelmaryparticipaci—nenlas
pol’ticasrelativasalapesca.
"/&904
RAAN
AnexoNo.5:
ActividadesdiariasenlaCostaCaribe
poretniaysexo
Hora
Mujeres
Hombres
Mestiza
5:00
Despiertan
5:20
Preparaneldesayunoyelalmuerzo
Levantanaloshijosehijasparaprepararlos
paralaescuela
5:30
6:00
Despiertan
6:10
Sepreparanparairaltrabajo
6:30
Desayunan
Desayunan
7:00
Sealistanparairaltrabajo
Vanasuscentrosdetrabajo
7:45
Dejanalosni–osenelcentrodeestudio
Inicianlajornadalaboralensuscentrosde
trabajo
Pausaparaelalmuerzo
Pausaparaelalmuerzo
8:00
12:00
13:00
Aseanlacocina
14:00
Regresanaltrabajo
Regresanaltrabajo
17:00
Horadesalida
Horadesalida
17:20
Preparanlacena
19:00
22:00
Reœnenasufamiliaparacenar
Sereœnenconsunœcleofamiliarparacenar
Aseanlacocinayluegorevisanlastareasde
Descansanviendotelevisi—n
sushijos
Descansanyrevisanlastareashechasfueradel
hogar
Sepreparanparadormir,asegur‡ndoseque
puertasyventanasest‡ncerradas
Sevanadescansar.
22:10
Seacuestanadescansar.
20:00
21:00
21:50
M’skitus
Inicianeld’apuestoque,ensumayor’a,se
dedicanalapescaartesanal
4:00
4:30
Despiertan
4:45
Preparaneldesayuno
Losni–osselevantanysepreparanparairal
colegio
Desayunan
5:00
5:30
6:00
6:30
6:45
8:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
Llevanasushijosasuscentrosdeestudios
SiguenconelrestodelaboresdomŽsticas.
Unporcentajemuybajodemujeresm’skitas
laboraeninstitucionesuoficinas
Preparanelalmuerzo
Almuerzanconsunœcleofamiliar
Regresanaltrabajo,lasquetrabajanfuerade
lacasa
Preparanlacena
Lospocosquelaboraneninstitucionesy
oficinassepreparanparasalirasustrabajos
Desayunan
Almuerzan
Regresanasustrabajos.Normalmentelos
pescadoresvuelvenapuertoaestahora
Hora
Mujeres
17:00
Regresanasucasaaquellasquetrabajan
18:00
Sereœnenparalacena
18:45
Aseanlacocina
19:00
Iniciasudescanso
Hombres
Losquetrabajanenoficinasvuelvenasus
casas
Cenan
Descansan.Losquetienentelevisi—nlaven
20:00
21:30
Descansan
21:50
Creoles
4:00
5:00
Inicianeld’a
5:15
Sealistanparasalir
5:20
Preparaneldesayuno
5:30
Despiertanalosni–osquevanalaescuela
5:45
Ba–anyvistenaloshijosehijas
Desayunan,œltimamentedemanera
individual
6:10
Sedirigenalaescuela
Losquetrabajaneninstitucionesuoficinasse
dirigenasuslugaresdetrabajo
6:45
13:00
Sedirigenasuscentrosdetrabajo.Para
aquellasquenotrabajafueradesucasala
ma–anatranscurreenelquehacerdeun
sinf’ndelaboresdomŽsticas
Regresanasushogaresaquellasquetrabajan
fuerade
Preparanelalmuerzo
14:00
Regresanasustrabajos
17:00
Horadesalidadeltrabajo.
Preparanlacena
19:00
Sereœnelafamiliaparacenar
20:00
20:50
Aseanlacocina
Descansan.Cadahijoesresponsablede
realizarsustareasdecolegioaunquelas
madreslosayuden
Descansan
10:00
Seretiranadescansar.
7:00
12:00
20:20
Desayunan
Losquetrabajanenlascallessalendesus
hogares
6:30
6:40
Inicialajornadaparaquienessededicanala
pescaartesanal
Despiertanlosquetrabajanenlaciudad
Sereœnenparaalmorzar
RegresanasuscasasdespuŽsdeund’ade
trabajoenlascallesobieneninstitucionesy,
porlogeneral,lospescadoresregresanaesta
mismahora
Sereœnenparacenar
Descansan
"/&904
AnexoNo.6:
Metodolog’ayfuentesdeinformaci—nparalaestimaci—ndela
contribuci—necon—micadelasregionesaut—nomas
I.-ASPECTOSGENERALES
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DPSSFTQPOEFODJB FM TJTUFNB EF FYQMPUBDJØO
UFDOJGJDBEP Z VOB HSBEVBDJØO B QBSB
MPTOJWFMFTTFNJUFDOJGJDBEPZEFNFOPTEF
QBSBMBUFDOPMPHÓBUSBEJDJPOBMDPOTJEF
SBOEPFMWBMPSEFMBNFEJBTFHÞOFMOÞNFSP
EFQSPEVDUPSFTP&"TZMBTWBSJBCMFT9
P
GBDUPSFTCÈTJDPTQBSBMBQSPEVDDJØOEJTQP
OJCMFQPSMBT&"T
$PO FTUF QSPDFEJNJFOUP TF EFGJOJFSPO VO
UPUBM EF EJF[ JOEJDBEPSFT EF FYQMPUBDJØO
UBOUPQBSBMPTSVCSPTBHSÓDPMBTZHBOBEFSPT
TJFOEPFTUPTJOEJDBEPSFT
t
t
t
t
JOGSBFTUSVDUVSBBHSÓDPMBTZHBOBEFSPT
FRVJQBNJFOUPBHSÓDPMBTZHBOBEFSPT
GJOBODJBNJFOUP
QSÈDUJDBTEFNBOFKPEFHBOBEPWBDVOP
BMJNFOUBDJØO WBDVOBDJØO Z SFQSPEVD
DJØO
t QSFQBSBDJØO EF TVFMP QBSB BDUJWJEBEFT
BHSÓDPMBTNBRVJOBSJBCVFZFTFTQFRVF
FUD
t QSÈDUJDBT BMUFSOBUJWBT FO FM NBOFKP EF
TVFMPTZGJODBT
t FO FM VTP EF JOTVNPT QBSB MBT BDUJWJ
EBEFT BHSÓDPMBT TFNJMMBT GFSUJMJ[BOUFT
BHSPRVÓNJDPTFUD
t DBQBDJUBDJØOUÏDOJDBBQSPEVDUPSFTZ
t BTJTUFODJBUÏDOJDBBQSPEVDUPSFT
-B GØSNVMB QBSB MB EFUFSNJOBDJØO EF MPT
JOEJDBEPSFTFT
;ǓQSPEVDUPSFT'C9O
UPUBM&"T
%POEF
;¶OEJDFEFFYQMPUBDJØO
&"T9
EFQSPEVDUPSFTRVFIBDFOVTP
EFMBUÏDOJDBPGBDUPSEFQSPEVDDJØO
UPUBM&"T5PUBMEFQSPEVDUPSFT
6O FKFNQMP DPODSFUP FTUB DPOTUSVJEP B
QBSUJSEFMTJHVJFOUFDÈMDVMP
êndice de pr‡cticas alternativas de
manejodefincas
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X7
Variables
Cercasvivas
MIP
Barrerasde
retenci—n
Cultivosde
cobertura
Cercasvivas
Cerolabranza
Barrerasrompe
vientos
Productores
conpracticas
alternativas
TOTAL
PRODUCTORES
Tecnolog’ade
explotaci—n
Calculo
127
244
98
67
578
112
88
Z=·Xn/19,890
Z=816/19,890
Z=0.07
816
19.890
1(tradicional)
-B QSPYJNJEBE EFM ÓOEJDF B FTUBCMFDF
RVFFMOJWFMEFMBUÏDOJDBBQMJDBFOFMUPUBM
EF QSPEVDUPSFT FT EF DBSÈDUFS USBEJDJPOBM
PTFBTPMPVOBQFRVF×BQSPQPSDJØOSFBMJ[B
QSÈDUJDBTEFNBOFKPBMUFSOBUJWPT
$PFGJDJFOUFEF$POUSJCVDJØO
4FEFGJOFDPNPFMBQPSUFZOJWFMEFDPOUSJ
CVDJØOEFDBEBVOPEFMPTJOEJDBEPSFTEF
FYQMPUBDJØO FO FM QSPNFEJP EFM TVCTFDUPS
TFB BHSÓDPMB P HBOBEFSP &TUF TF DBMDVMB B
"/&904
QBSUJSEFMBNFEJBSFTVMUBOUFEFMOÞNFSPEF
WBSJBCMFTRVFJODPSQPSBMBDPOTUSVDDJØOEF
DBEBVOBEFMPTJOEJDBEPSFT
&OFMDBTPEFMFKFNQMPBOUFSJPSFMOJWFMEF
DPOUSJCVDJØOTFSÓB
¶OEJDF ;
/JWFMEFDPOUSJCVDJØO &TUFDPFGJDJFOUFEFDPOUSJCVDJØOTFBHSFHB
BM SFTUP EF JOEJDBEPSFT SFTVMUBOUFT RVF
DPNQPOFO FM TJTUFNB EF QSPEVDDJØO BHSÓ
DPMBPHBOBEFSPT
II.Valoraci—necon—micadelos
Bienes y Servicios Ambientales
(BSA) de las regiones aut—nomas y la cuantificaci—n de
su aporte al Producto Interno
Bruto(PIB)
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
&MiBQPSUFFDPOØNJDPwPFMWBMPSBEJDJPOBM
QBSB FM 1*#
EF MPT #4" TF EFGJOF DPNP
MB 6UJMJEBE .BSHJOBM EFM SFDVSTP OBUVSBM
BOBMJ[BEP&TEFDJSMPTJOHSFTPTNBSHJOBMFT
QPSFMVTPEF#4"FOMBBDUJWJEBEFDPOØNJ
DB FTQFDÓGJDB NFOPT MPT DPTUPT NBSHJOBMFT
EF FYUSBDDJØO Z DPOTFSWBDJØO EF EJDIPT
SFDVSTPT
%JDIPTBQPSUFTFTUÈOCBTBEPTFOMPTGMVKPT
EFCFOFGJDJPTBOVBMFTQBSBDBEBCJFOPTFS
WJDJPBNCJFOUBM&MBQPSUFQVFEFWFSTFBGFD
UBEPQPS
&MVTPJOTPTUFOJCMFEFMPT#4"
-BEFGJDJFODJBFOMBSFDBVEBDJØO
-B
OP DPOUBCJMJ[BDJØO FO FM 1*# EF MPT #4"
RVFOPUJFOFOQSFDJPTEFNFSDBEPZ
-PT
JNQBDUPT BNCJFOUBMFT OFHBUJWPT TPCSF MB
GVODJØOEFSFQSPEVDDJØOEFMPT#4"
&O VOB NBUSJ[ GJOBM TF QVFEF BOBMJ[BS MB
EJTUSJCVDJØO EF MPT CFOFGJDJPT QPS VTP EF
MPT #JFOFT Z 4FSWJDJPT "NCJFOUBMFT JEFO
UJGJDBEPT QPS TFDUPS EF MB FDPOPNÓB &TUB
NBUSJ[ TFSÓB FM NBQB FDPOØNJDP EF MPT
#4"&TUPJNQMJDBRVFMPTEJGFSFOUFT#JFOFT
Z 4FSWJDJPT "NCJFOUBMFT QSPQVFTUPT TFSÈO
WBMPSBEPTQBSBFMNJTNPQFSÓPEPEFUJFN
QP Z FYQSFTBEPT FO VOJEBEFT NPOFUBSJBT
HFOFSBOEP BTÓ JOEJDBEPSFT DPNQBSBCMFT
RVFTFQVFEFOFYQSFTBSFOVOGMVKPBOVBM
-BJEFBEFHFOFSBSFTUFGMVKPFTQBSBQPEFS
DPNQBSBS MPT JOEJDBEPSFT EF VOB NJTNB
SFHJØO FO EJGFSFOUFT QFSÓPEPT EF UJFNQP
P DPNQBSBS MPT JOEJDBEPSFT EF EJGFSFOUFT
SFHJPOFTFOVOQFSÓPEPFTQFDÓGJDP
-PT CJFOFT Z TFSWJDJPT BNCJFOUBMFT
TFMFDDJPOBEPT
1BSBGBDJMJUBSFMBOÈMJTJTMPT#JFOFTZ4FSWJ
DJPT"NCJFOUBMFTEFVOFDPTJTUFNBFTQFDÓ
GJDPQVFEFOTFSTFQBSBEPTFOEPTEJGFSFOUFT
DBUFHPSÓBT -PT TFSWJDJPT BNCJFOUBMFT TPO
MBTGVODJPOFTFDPTJTUÏNJDBTRVFCFOFGJDJBO
BMIPNCSFZMPTCJFOFTBNCJFOUBMFTTPOMBT
NBUFSJBT QSJNBT RVF VUJMJ[B FM IPNCSF FO
MBTEJGFSFOUFTBDUJWJEBEFTQSPEVDUJWBT
1BSB BNCBT DBUFHPSÓBT TF VUJMJ[BO MBT NJT
NBT NFUPEPMPHÓBT EF WBMPSBDJØO FDPOØ
NJDB TJFOEP RVF MB UFPSÓB FDPOØNJDB VUJ
MJ[BEB QBSB FM BOÈMJTJT EF EJDIPT #4" MPT
DPOTJEFSB DPNP CJFOFT QÞCMJDPT o P TFB
CJFOFT Z TFSWJDJPT TJO FYQSFTJØO NPOFUBSJB
FOFMNFSDBEP-PTJNQBDUPTBNCJFOUBMFT
DPOTJEFSBEPT DPNP FYUFSOBMJEBEFT FO MB
UFPSÓBFDPOØNJDBUBNCJÏOTFWBMPSBOEFMB
NJTNBNBOFSB
1PSFKFNQMPFOMB5BCMB/PTFQSFTFOUBO
BMHVOPT #4" QSPWFOJFOUFT EF VO FDPTJTUF
NBGPSFTUBM
&M UÏSNJOP VUJMJEBE NBSHJOBM TJHOJGJDB MB VUJMJEBE QPS FM VTP EF
VOBVOJEBEBEJDJPOBMEFMSFDVSTPOBUVSBMMBVUJMJEBEUPUBMCFOFGJ
DJPTOFUPT
FTFMQSPEVDUPEFMBVUJMJEBENBSHJOBMNVMUJQMJDBEBQPS
FMOÞNFSPEFVOJEBEFTEFMSFDVSTPVUJMJ[BEBTFMJOHSFTPNBSHJOBMFT
FM JOHSFTP QPS FM VTP Z BQSPWFDIBNJFOUP EF VOB VOJEBE BEJDJPOBM
ZFMDPTUPNBSHJOBMFTFMDPTUPQPSFYUSBFSZPNBOFKBSVOBVOJEBE
BEJDJPOBMEFMSFDVSTP
TablaNo.1:AlgunosbienesyserviciosambientalesÐdiferenciaconceptual
BienesambientalesÐproductostangiblesdela
naturaleza(materiasprimas)
Madera
Plantasmedicinales
Manglares
Pesca(mariscos)
Productosnomaderables
AnimalesÐcacer’a
Mimbre
Plantasornamentales
Semillasforestales
Plantasyfrutascomestibles
Le–aycarb—n
Bejucosytroncos
Biocidasnaturales
Materialbiol—gicos
Artesan’as
Serviciosambientales-funcionesdelecosistemaque
beneficianalhombre
BellezaescŽnica
Fijaci—ndecarbono
Investigaci—n
Captaci—nh’drica
Protecci—ndesuelos
Energ’a
DiversidadgenŽtica(bancodegenes)
Bancodeproducci—ndeox’geno
'VFOUF&MBCPSBDJØOQSPQJB
-PT #4" MJTUBEPT BOUFSJPSNFOUF QVFEFO
FTUBS P OP FO DVBMRVJFS PUSP UJQP EF FDP
TJTUFNB1PSPUSPMBEPJOEFQFOEJFOUFNFO
UF EFM FDPTJTUFNB FO RVF TF FODVFOUSBO
TPMPBMHVOPT#4"UJFOFOEBUPTFTUBEÓTUJDPT
EJTQPOJCMFT RVF QFSNJUBO VOB WBMPSBDJØO
FDPOØNJDBJONFEJBUB&OOVFTUSPDBTPMPT
DSJUFSJPTEFTFMFDDJØOEFMPT#4"GVFSPOMPT
TJHVJFOUFT
EJGFSFOUFT FTUVEJPT UÏDOJDPT ZP EF WBMPSB
DJØOFDPOØNJDB
-PT#4"QBSBMPTRVFFYJTUFOEBUPTEJT
QPOJCMFT o EBUPT CJPGÓTJDPT DPTUPT F
JOHSFTPTFOVOQFSÓPEP
EFUJFNQPEF
UFSNJOBEP
-PT#4"WJODVMBEPTDPOBMHVOBTBDUJWJ
EBEFTFDPOØNJDBTSFHJPOBMFTDPODSFUBT
4F DPOPDFO MPT FDPTJTUFNBT EF EPOEF
QSPWJFOFOEJDIPT#4"
%F IFDIP OP UPEPT MPT #4" UJFOFO VO
QSFDJP EF NFSDBEP PCTFSWBCMF QPS MP RVF
TFIBUFOJEPRVFSFDVSSJSBMVTPEFUÏDOJDBT
EF WBMPSBDJØO FDPOØNJDB QBSB QPEFS FTUJ
NBSTVQSFDJPEFNFSDBEPZEFFTUBNBOFSB
QPEFSDVBOUJGJDBSTVWBMPSFDPOØNJDP
.FUPEPMPHÓB EF MB WBMPSBDJØO FDPOØ
NJDBEFMPTCJFOFTZTFSWJDJPTBNCJFOUBMFT
"DPOUJOVBDJØOTFQSFTFOUBOMPTDPODFQUPT
ZMBTGPSNVMBTCÈTJDBTVUJMJ[BEBTFOMBDVBO
UJGJDBDJØO DÈMDVMP
EFM BQPSUF FDPOØNJDP
EFDBEBCJFOPTFSWJDJPBNCJFOUBMTFMFDDJP
OBEPFOFTUFFTUVEJP
&TUBT GPSNVMBT TF BMJNFOUBO DPO JOGPSNB
DJØOTFDVOEBSJBHFOFSBEBQSFWJBNFOUFQPS
&TJNQPSUBOUFSFDPSEBSRVFUPEPTMPT#JF
OFT Z 4FSWJDJPT "NCJFOUBMFT RVF TF IBO
TFMFDDJPOBEP EFCFO UFOFS EBUPT CJPGÓTJDPT
PCTFSWBCMFT Z DVBOUJUBUJWPT BVORVF BMHV
OPTOPUFOHBOQSFDJPTEFNFSDBEPFTUBCMF
DJEPT
-PTQSJODJQBMFT#4"JEFOUJGJDBEPTZDVBO
UJGJDBEPTFOFTUFFTUVEJPTPOMPTTJHVJFOUFT
FMSFDVSTPNBSJOPMBOHPTUBFYQMPUBDJØOEF
NBEFSB GJKBDJØO EF DBSCPOP FM QPUFODJBM
UVSÓTUJDP CBTBEP FO MB CFMMF[B FTDÏOJDB Z
BUSBDUJWPT DVMUVSBMFT EF MBT SFHJPOFT BVUØ
OPNBT EFM "UMÈOUJDP Z FM QPUFODJBM EF
FYUSBDDJØOEFPSP
-BFYUSBDDJØOEFNBEFSBZMBFYUSBDDJØOEF
MBOHPTUBBQBSFDFOTFSMBTNÈTTJHOJGJDBUJWBT
FO UÏSNJOPT FDPOØNJDPT &T VOB DPODMV
TJØOMØHJDBTJFOEPRVFFTUPTCJFOFTBNCJFO
"/&904
UBMFTTPOMBTNBUFSJBTQSJNBTFOPUSBTBDUJWJ
EBEFTFDPOØNJDBTZIBZNFSDBEPTGPSNBMFT
DMBSBNFOUFFTUBCMFDJEPTQBSBFMMPT%JDIPT
CJFOFT BNCJFOUBMFT FO BMHVOBT PDBTJPOFT
FTUÈO DPOUBCJMJ[BEPT FO FM 1*# OBDJPOBM
DVBOEPMPTGMVKPTTPOBDUVBMFT
ZFOPUSBT
OP MP FTUÈO DVBOEP MPT GMVKPT TPO QPUFO
DJBMFT
1PSQPUFODJBMFTOPRVJFSFEFDJSRVFOPFTUÈO
CSJOEBOEPCFOFGJDJPTFOFTUFNPNFOUPBM
DPOUSBSJP EJDIPT #4" HFOFSBO TJFNQSF
CFOFGJDJPT QFSP MB TPDJFEBE OP IB TJEP
DBQB[ EF SFDPOPDFSMPT Z DBQUBSMPT 1PS
UBOUP EFCJEP B MB JOFGJDJFODJB BENJOJT
USBUJWB MB TPDJFEBE OP MPHSB QFSDJCJS VO
WBMJPTPBQPSUFEFMBOBUVSBMF[BFOUÏSNJOPT
FDPOØNJDPT
$5
$NC
$PTUP5PUBMEFGJKBDJØOEFDBSCPOP
$PTUP QPS GJKBDJØO FO QSPZFDUPT
EFNBOFKPEFCPTRVFB×P
$SF
$PTUP QPS GJKBDJØO FO QSPZFD
UPTUFDOPMØHJDPTEFSFEVDDJØOEF
FNJTJPOFTB×P
GD
2NC $BOUJEBE EF DBSCPOP GJKBEB
UPOFMBEBIBB×P
GD
&SF $BOUJEBE EF FNJTJPOFT FWJUBEBT
UPOFMBEBB×P
GD
/NC /ÞNFSPEF)BSFDPOPDJEBTQBSB
GJKBDJØOEFDBSCPOP
3
6OJEBEFT EF FOFSHÓB BMUFSOBUJWB
VUJMJ[BEB
NC
#PTRVF CBKP NBOFKP QBSB GJKB
DJØOEFDBSCPOP
SF
5JQP EF QSPZFDUP EF SFEVDDJØO
EFFNJTJPOFToMBUFDOPMPHÓBVUJ
MJ[BEB
1SPEVDUPTNBEFSBCMFT
6NƄ1NJo$NJ
2J
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
6N #FOFGJDJPTVUJMJEBE QPS BQSPWFDIB
NJFOUPEFNBEFSBB×P
1NJ 1SFDJP EF MB NBEFSB EF MB FTQFDJF J
N
$NJ $PTUPT EF MB NBEFSB EF QSPEVD
DJØO Z EFM QMBO EF NBOFKP
EF MB FTQFDJF
JN
2J 7PMVNFO EF NBEFSB DPNFSDJBMJ[BEP
EF MB FTQFDJF J NB×P
TFHÞO QMBOFT EF
NBOFKP
1SPEVDUPT OP NBEFSBCMFT o GJKBDJØO EF
DBSCPOP
1BSB MB GJKBDJØO EF DBSCPOP QSJNFSP IBZ
RVF DBMDVMBS FM DPTUP EF SFNPWFS VOB
UPOFMBEB NÏUSJDB TFB EFOUSP EF QSPZFDUPT
GPSFTUBMFTPEFOUSPQSPZFDUPTEFUFDOPMPHÓBT
BMUFSOBUJWBT Z EF SFEVDDJØO EF FNJTJPOFT
QPSTVTUJUVDJØOEFDPNCVTUJCMFTGØTJMFT
$5$NC0NCGD/NCGDƄ$SF&SFGD3
EPOEF
%FTQVÏTTFDBMDVMBOMPTCFOFGJDJPTQPUFO
DJBMFT EF EJDIB BDDJPOFT EF GJKBDJØO EF
DBSCPOPPSFEVDDJØOEFFNJTJPOFTEFHBTFT
JOWFSOBEFSPT
6 Ƅ1 $NC
0NCGD/NCGD Ƅ1
$SF
&SFGD3
6 #FOFGJDJPTVUJMJEBEQPSMBGJKBDJØOEF
DBSCPOPIBB×P
1 1SFDJPQPSUPOFMBEBTFHÞONFSDBEPT
FYJTUFOUFToQSPZFDUPTQJMPUPEFGJKB
DJØOEFDBSCPOPUPOFMBEB
&O FTUF FTUVEJP FM ÏOGBTJT FTUÈ FO MPT QSP
ZFDUPT EF GJKBDJØO EF DBSCPOP B USBWÏT EF
NBOFKP EF ÈSFBT EF CPTRVFT MBUÓGPMJBEPT
1PSUBOUPTPMBNFOUFTFDPOTJEFSBMBQSJNF
SB QBSUF EF MB FYQSFTJØO NBUFNÈUJDB 1
$NC
0NCGD/NCGD
-BOHPTUB
6-Ƅ1-o$-J
2J
6BH #FOFGJDJPT QPS BQSPWFDIBNJFOUP EF
-BOHPTUB FYUSBÓEB DPO FM BSUF EF
QFTDBiJwB×P
1- 1SFDJPEFMMBOHPTUBMC
$-J $PTUP EF FYUSBDDJØO EF MB MBOHPTUB
TFHÞOBSUFEFQFTDBiJwMC
2J $BOUJEBEFYUSBÓEBEFMBOHPTUBDPOFM
BSUFEQFTDBiJwMCTB×P
2UVSJTUBT$BOUJEBEEFUVSJTUBT
2DBMJEBE$BMJEBEEFMBPGFSUBUVSÓTUJDB
&OGJOMPTCFOFGJDJPTEFMBQSPWFDIBNJFOUP
EF MB CFMMF[B FTDÏOJDB TF QVFEFO FYQSFTBS
BTÓ
&YUSBDDJØOEFNJOFSBMFT
6NJOƄ1NJOJo$NJOJ
2J
6NJO #FOFGJDJPT QPS BQSPWFDIBNJFOUP
EF.JOFSBMFTUJQPiJwB×P
J
1NJO 1SFDJPEFMQSPEVDUPJUPO
$NJOJ $PTUPEFFYUSBDDJØOEFMQSPEVDUPJ
UPO
2J $BOUJEBEFYUSBÓEBEFNJOFSBMUJQP
JUPOB×P
#FMMF[BFTDÏOJDBo1PUFODJBMUVSÓTJUDP
&M BQPSUF FDPOØNJDP EF MB CFMMF[B FTDÏOJDB B
MBFDPOPNÓBOBDJPOBMTFSFGMFKBFOMBBDUJWJEBE
UVSÓTUJDB -B CFMMF[B FTDÏOJDB FT FM GBDUPS RVF
NPUJWBFMEFTBSSPMMPEFBDUJWJEBEFTUVSÓTUJDBTEF
UPEPUJQP-PRVFTFQBHBQPSMBBDUJWJEBEUVSÓT
UJDBFTMBTVNBUPSJBEFMPTDPTUPTPQFSBUJWPTNÈT
MPTDPTUPTEFDPOTFSWBDJØOBNCJFOUBMFT
-PTCFOFGJDJPTPMBVUJMJEBEQBSBMPTTFDUP
SFT RVF EFTBSSPMMBO MB BDUJWJEBE UVSÓTUJDB
FTUÈFOGVODJØOEFEPTFMFNFOUPTCÈTJDPT
-BDBOUJEBEEFUVSJTUBTZ
MBDBMJEBEEFMBPGFSUBUVSÓTUJDB
"M NJTNP UJFNQP MB DBMJEBE EF MB PGFSUB
UVSÓTUJDB EFQFOEF EF MB JOWFSTJØO BNCJFOUBM
QBSB FM NBOUFOJNJFOUP EF MPT #4" FO FM
UJFNQPoFMQBHPQPSTFSWJDJPTBNCJFOUBMFT
6e2UVSJTUBT0DBMJEBE
EPOEF
6 #FOFGJDJPTVUJMJEBE QPS EFTBSSPMMBS
BDUJWJEBEFT UVSÓTUJDBT FO CBTF B MB
CFMMF[B FTDÏOJDB EF MPT FDPTJTUFNBT
B×P
6 Ƅ1U& $U
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6 #FOFGJDJPTVUJMJEBEEFMBBDUJWJEBEFT
UVSÓTUJDBTB×P
&
1U 1SFDJPQBHBEPQPSUVSJTUBTFYUSBOKF
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/
1U 1SFDJPQBHBEPQPSUVSJTUBTOBDJPOB
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&
2U $BOUJEBE EF UVSJTUBT FYUSBOKFSPT
QFSTPOBTB×P
/
2U $BOUJEBE EF UVSJTUBT OBDJPOBMFT
QFSTPOBTB×P
-P OPWFEPTP EF MB NFUPEPMPHÓB QBSB MB
WBMPSBDJØO FDPOØNJDB EF MPT #4" FT FM
FOGPRVFJOUFHSBMEPOEFTFUSBUBOEFDVBO
UJGJDBS MPT GMVKPT EF CFOFGJDJPT FDPOØNJDPT
RVF HFOFSBO EJGFSFOUF #4"T EF VO ÈSFB
HFPHSÈGJDBFTQFDÓGJDB
$VBOUP NÈT HSBOEF FT FM ÈSFB HFPHSÈGJDB
NFOPS TFSÈ FM OJWFM EF EFUBMMF TJFOEP RVF
BMHVOPT JOEJDBEPSFT TF HFOFSBO FO TJUJPT
QVOUVBMFTZEFTQVÏTTFWBOFYUSBQPMBOEPB
OJWFMEFMÈSFBUPUBM
-PT BQPSUFT FDPOØNJDPT BRVÓ QSFTFOUBEPT
SFQSFTFOUBOMBTVUJMJEBEFTRVFHFOFSBDBEB
CJFO P TFSWJDJP BNCJFOUBM Z MPT GMVKPT EF
FTUPT WBMPSFT FTUÈO QSPZFDUBEPT QBSB FM
QFSÓPEPEFVOB×P
1BSB DBMDVMBS EJDIBT VUJMJEBEFT TF SFDVSSJØ
B BOÈMJTJT DPTUPCFOFGJDJPT 1BSB FM DÈMDVMP
EF MPT DPTUPT HFOFSBMNFOUF TF VUJMJ[BO MPT
DPTUPTRVFTFNBOFKBOFOFMNFSDBEPMPDBM
P OBDJPOBM TJO FNCBSHP QBSB FM DÈMDVMP
EF MPT JOHSFTPT B WFDFT TF VTBO QSFDJPT EF
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"/&904
Compendioestad’stico
I.Indicadoresdemogr‡Þcos
1.1 Poblaci—n de La Repœblica y del departamento de Zelaya (actualmente RAAN y RAAS) en
a–oscensales
çrea
Pa’s
DepartamentodeZelaya*
%Zelayarespectoapa’s
Censosnacionales
1920
1940
633.622
829.831
39.110
53.249
6
6
1906
501.849
33.849
7
'VFOUF3FTVNFODFOTBM*/&$ 1950
1.049.611
67.727
6
-MBNBEBBTÓEFTEF
1.2Poblaci—nsegœncensosrealizados,porsexoy‡readeresidencia
Censo1963
Censo1971
Departamento
Dist.%
deZelaya
Pa’s
Pa’s
Censo1995
Departamento
Dist.%
deZelaya
Pa’s
RAANy
RAAS**
Dist.%
1.535.588
88.963
*6
1.877.952
145.508
*8
4.357.099
464.968
*11
Hombres
757.922
44.396
50
921.543
73.408
50
2.147.106
233.218
50
Mujeres
777.666
44.567
50
956.409
72.100
50
2.209.993
231.750
50
Urbano
627.292
27.616
31
896.378
33.039
23
2.370.806
154.618
33
Rural
908.296
61.347
69
981.574
112.469
77
1.128.521
310.350
67
Total
'VFOUF$FOTPOBDJPOBMEFZ*/&$
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1.3Distribuci—nporcentualdelapoblaci—ndelasRegionesAut—nomaspor‡readeresidencia
'VFOUF*/&$
$PNQFOEJP
1.4Crecimientoanualdelapoblaci—nentrecensos
çrea
Pa’s
Dpto.Zelaya*
1906-1920
1,7
1,0
'VFOUF*/&$
Tasadecrecimientopoblacionalentrecensos
1920-1940 1940-1950 1950-1963 1963-1971
1,3
2,4
2,9
2,5
1,5
3,3
3,5
6,2
1971-1995
3,5
4,8
&OQBTBBMMBNBSTF3""/Z3""4
1.5Censo1950,estructuradelapoblaci—ndeldepartamentodeZelayaporsexo,edady‡reade
residencia.
Pa’s
Edad
Total
0-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80y-84
85+
AS
Mujeres
1.057.023
536.575
168.910
154.529
134.039
110.476
99.390
83.531
60.064
62.141
44.727
37.360
32.500
18.899
20.257
9.928
8.543
4.699
4.125
2.905
83.135
75.209
64.307
57.671
52.013
43.967
30.936
32.434
23.466
19.325
16.904
9.640
10.657
5.264
4.812
2.602
2.463
1.770
DepartamentodeZelaya
Total
Urbana
Dist.
%*
AS
Mujeres Dist.%*
AS
Mujeres
100 73.820
36.227
100 19.520
10.202
15,98 11.851
14,62 10.005
12,68 8.592
10,45 7.698
9,40
7.519
7,90 6.204
5,68 4.547
5,88
4.717
4,23 3.306
3,53
2.925
3,07
2.147
1,79
1.322
1,92
1.269
0,94
698
0,81
496
0,44
256
0,39
148
0,27
120
5.994
5.228
3.964
4.055
3.809
2.998
2.196
2.298
1.488
1.244
953
560
605
340
238
114
79
64
16,05
13,55
11,64
10,43
10,19
8,40
6,16
6,39
4,48
3,96
2,91
1,79
1,72
0,95
0,67
0,35
0,20
0,16
3.002
2.364
2.182
2.171
2.066
1.505
1.127
1.225
859
807
628
484
376
280
188
134
61
61
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Rural
AS
Mujeres
54.300 26.025
1.535
1.208
1.077
1.196
1.094
791
615
692
472
388
311
238
193
139
103
68
39
43
8.849
7.641
6.410
5.527
5.453
4.699
3.420
3.492
2.447
2.118
1.519
838
893
418
308
122
87
59
4.459
4.020
2.887
2.859
2.715
2.207
1.581
1.606
1.016
856
642
322
412
201
135
46
40
21
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1.6Censode1963,estructuradelapoblaci—ndeldepartamentodeZelayaporsexo,edady‡rea
deresidencia.
Pa’s
Edad
Total
0-4
5-9
10-14
AS
Mujeres
1.535.588 777.666
278.893
264.752
197.084
137.442
129889
96376
Dist.
%*
Total
AS
Mujeres
100 88.963
18,16
17,24
12,83
16.473
15.678
11.487
*OGPSNFEF%FTBSSPMMP)VNBOP
44.567
8.186
7.767
5.622
DepartamentodeZelaya
Urbano
Dist.
AS
Mujeres
%*
100 27.616
14.282
18,52
17,62
12,91
4.654
4.369
3.725
2.293
2.188
1.901
Rural
AS
Mujeres
61.347
30.285
11.819
11.309
7.762
5.893
5.579
3.721
Pa’s
Edad
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-74
75+
AS
Mujeres
147.902
122.193
108.504
82.335
83.441
58.697
48.823
40.935
26.359
30.719
27.322
17.629
77.120
64.406
57.032
42.030
43.044
29.808
25.077
21.045
13.629
15.934
14.638
10.196
Total
Dist.
%*
AS
9,63
7,96
7,07
5,36
5,43
3,82
3,18
2,67
1,72
2,00
1,78
1,15
Mujeres
8.124
6.560
6.318
4.909
5.129
3.431
3.117
2.374
1.550
1.600
1.422
791
4.352
3.517
3.288
2.464
2.591
1.660
1.501
1.085
691
705
695
443
DepartamentodeZelaya
Urbano
Dist.
AS
Mujeres
%*
9,13 2.802
1.536
7,37 2.000
1.053
7,10
1.851
995
5,52 1.566
809
5,77
1.477
823
3,86
1.106
578
3,50
1.021
554
2,67
833
393
1,74
578
266
1,80
595
297
1,60
644
349
0,89
395
247
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Rural
AS
Mujeres
5.322
4.560
4.467
3.343
3.652
2.325
2.096
1.541
972
1.005
778
396
2.816
2.464
2.293
1.655
1.768
1.082
947
692
425
408
346
196
1PSFEBEFTFOBNCPTTFYPT
1.7Censo1971,estructuradelapoblaci—ndeldepartamentodeZelayaporsexo,edady‡reade
residencia
Pa’s
Edad
DepartamentodeZelaya
Dist.
%*
AS
Mujeres
1.877.952
956.409
0-4
322.250
159.120
17,16
5-9
314.304
156030
16,74
Total
Total
72.100
33.039
27.235
13.541
18,72
5.245
25.819
12.739
17,74
5.595
AS
100 145.508
Mujeres
112.469
54.601
Dist.%
por
edades
100
2.615
21.990
10.926
18,72
2.819
20.224
9.920
17,74
Urbano
Dist.
%*
100
AS
Rural
Mujeres
17.499
AS
Mujeres
10-14
266.118
130635
14,17
20.328
9.839
13,97
4.946
2.488
15.382
7.351
13,97
15-19
204.245
105.898
10,88
14.888
7.656
10,23
3.811
2.099
11.077
5.557
10,23
20-24
155.165
81.918
8,26
11.030
5.873
7,58
2.495
1.459
8.535
4.414
7,58
25-29
122.078
65.271
6,50
9.305
4.845
6,39
1.797
1.027
7.508
3.818
6,39
30-34
94.246
48.816
5,02
7.084
3.586
4,87
1.534
847
5.550
2.739
4,87
35-39
97.574
51.345
5,20
7.671
3.884
5,27
1.649
963
6.022
2.921
5,27
40-44
73.340
37.288
3,91
5.533
2.576
3,80
1.379
747
4.154
1.829
3,80
45-49
59.096
30.560
3,15
4.855
2.235
3,34
1.130
608
3.725
1.627
3,34
50-54
47.649
24.529
2,54
3.701
1.706
2,54
972
508
2.729
1.198
2,54
55-59
33.126
17.246
1,76
2.345
1.083
1,61
647
345
1.698
738
1,61
60-64
31.947
16.708
1,70
2.170
943
1,49
570
285
1.600
658
1,49
65-69
17.762
9.448
0,95
1.239
515
0,85
437
218
802
297
0,85
70-74
17.591
9.304
0,94
1.051
443
0,72
344
183
707
260
0,72
75-79
8.729
4.740
0,46
531
249
0,36
204
114
327
135
0,36
80-84
6.959
4.048
0,37
407
209
0,28
148
87
259
122
0,28
85+
5.773
3.505
0,31
316
178
0,22
136
87
180
91
0,22
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1.8Censo1995,estructuradelapoblaci—ndelaRAANyRAASporsexo,edady‡readeresidencia
Pa’s
Edad
Total
AS
Mujeres
RAANyRAAS
Dist.%
*
Total
AS
100 464.968
Mujeres
Urbano
Dist.%*
AS
Rural
Mujeres
AS
Mujeres
4.357.099
2.209.993
231.750
100
154.618
79.623
310.350
152.127
0-4
732.961
358.759
16,82
107.997
52.790
23,23
30.340
14.605
77.657
38.185
5-9
624.238
307629
14,33
71.075
35.240
15,29
22.398
11.170
48.677
24.070
10-14
608.445
299.456
13,96
61.004
29.647
13,12
21.373
10.881
39.631
18.766
15-19
485.924
245.785
11,15
51.136
25.643
11,00
17.671
9.293
33.465
16.350
20-24
392.813
205.326
9,02
39.616
20.326
8,52
13.618
7.344
25.998
12.982
25-29
316.486
169.210
7,26
29.204
15.518
6,28
10.337
5.737
18.867
9.781
30-34
259.136
136.310
5,95
22.444
11.623
4,83
8.772
4.784
13.672
6.839
35-39
227.706
121.001
5,23
20.481
10.919
4,40
7.469
4.005
13.012
6.914
4
169.610
86.822
3,89
15.054
7.566
3,24
5.615
2.969
9.439
4.597
45-49
132.498
68.219
3,04
12.366
6.111
2,66
4.375
2.299
7.991
3.812
50-54
100.653
51.540
2,31
9.074
4.478
1,95
3.140
1.637
5.934
2.841
55-59
84.320
43.607
1,94
7.253
3.445
1,56
2.550
1.326
4.703
2.119
60-64
70.093
35.815
1,61
6.042
2.832
1,30
2.153
1.111
3.889
1.721
65-69
51.694
26.804
1,19
4.333
1.983
0,93
1.644
818
2.689
1.165
70-74
38.943
20.236
0,89
3.062
1.370
0,66
1.195
597
1.867
773
75-79
26.972
14.108
0,62
2.220
1.040
0,48
916
465
1.304
575
80-84
18.318
9.967
0,42
1.434
645
0,31
56