Las analogías en la formulación de la teoría

Anuncio
Las analogías en la formulación de la teoría electromagnética de la luz de Maxwell Analogies in the Formulation of Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory of Light Vladimir Cachón Guillén En-claves del Pensamiento, vol. VII, núm. 14, julio-diciembre, 2013, pp. 11-33.
Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Ciudad de
México Distrito Federal, México
En-claves del Pensamiento,
ISSN (Versión impresa): 1870-879X
[email protected]
[email protected]
Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de
Monterrey Campus Ciudad de México
México
LAS ANALOGÍAS EN LA FORMULACIÓN DE LA TEORÍA ELECTROMAGNÉTICA DE LA LUZ DE MAXWELL
VLADIMIR CACHÓN GUILLÉN*
Resumen
E
<=5"=7#6#.%"<5"45(=7#"5("0%<"3%<";71*57%<"#7=>4/0%<"35"?#*5<"@057A"B#CD500"
<%675"0#<"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#"*#G(H=14#+"IJ/H"005KL"#"B#CD500"#"5<471617"<%675"
5<=5"=5*#!"M"4L*%"1(N/M57%("5("H0"0#<"4174/(<=#(41#<"=54(%0LG14#<"35"</"=15*­
;%O"P!"<%675"=%3%!"I4L*%"0%G7L!"#";#7=17"350"5*;05%"35"#(#0%G>#<"*54Q(14#<!"
5(=5(357"0#"(#=/7#05F#"35"0%<"4#*;%<"5054=7%*#G(H=14%<"M"4%(45617"/(#"=5%7>#"
/(1R4#3#"350"*#G(5=1<*%!"0#"5054=71413#3"M"0#"0/FO"S5"5C;0%7#"50";7%45<%"475#­
=1K%"35"B#CD500"M"<5"1(=5(=#"3571K#7"35"H0"#0G/(#<"4%(40/<1%(5<")=105<"<%675"0#"
*#(57#"5("T/5"<5"U#45"415(41#+
Palabras claveV"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#!"4#*;%"5054=7%*#G(H=14%!"=505G7#E>#"</6*#71(#!"
B#CD500!"WU%*;<%(!"X#7#3#M+
Abstract
WU1<"#7=1405"E%4/<5<"%("=U5"=D%"R7<="?#*5<"@057A"B#CD500";#;57<"%("*#G(5=14"
01(5<"%E"E%745+"YU#="=%%A"B#CD500"=%"D71=5"#6%/="=U1<"1<</5!"#(3"U%D"313"=U5"=5­
4U(%0%G14#0"4174/*<=#(45<"%E"U1<"=1*5"1(N/5(45"U1*O"Z(3!"%K57"#00!"U%D"313"U5"
[" \%45(=5"350"]#6%7#=%71%"35"^<=/31%<"S%41#05<"35"0#"@15(41#!"\5;#7=#*5(=%"35"_1%0%G>#"^K%0/=1K#!"
X#4/0=#3"35"@15(41#<!"`aZB!"BHC14%!"bK0#31*174GcM#U%%+4%*d+
,,
En-Claves14-book.indb 11
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento!"#$%"&''!"()*+",-!"./01%231415*675"89,:!";;+",,2::+
04/11/13 14:54
,8"
&0#31*17"@#4UL("e/100H(
*#(#G5"=%"/(357<=#(3!"=U7%/GU"=U5"/<5"%E"*54U#(14#0"#(#0%G15<!"=U5"(#=/75"%E"
5054=7%*#G(5=14"R503<"#(3"*#(#G5"=%"6/103"#"/(1R53"=U5%7M"%E"*#G(5=1<*!"5054­
=7141=M"#(3"01GU=O"'="1<"5C;0%753"=U5"475#=1K5";7%45<<"%E"B#CD500f<"*1(3!"#(3"=U5(!"
1="1<"#==5*;=53"=%"1(E57"<%*5"/<5E/0"4%(40/<1%(<"#6%/="=U5"D#M"<415(45"1<"3%(5+
Key wordsV"]1(5<"%E"E%745!"5054=7%*#G(5=14"R503!"</6*#71(5"=505G7#;UM!"B#CD500!"
WU%*;<%(!"X#7#3#M+
Contemplado desde muy lejos en la historia de la humanidad –digamos que desde diez mil años a partir de ahora– debe haber poca duda de que se !"#$%&'()(*+,-'+'.+/'!/"+0*$+$%1#%2!)3%4"+&'.+
siglo XIX es el descubrimiento realizado por Maxwell de las leyes de la electrodinámica.
Richard Feynman1
Introducción
I@L*%"<5"50#6%7#("0#<"G7#(35<"=5%7>#<"415(=>R4#<O"^0";7%605*#"U#"%4/;#3%"#"
(/*57%<%<"R0L<%E%<"35"0#"415(41#"#0"*5(%<"35<35"Y1001#*"YU5DU500!8 a principios del siglo XIX+"\5<35"5(=%(45<!"(/*57%<%<"R0L<%E%<"5"U1<=%71#3%75<"35"0#"415(41#!""
4%*%"g/U(!:"h%;;57-"%"]#A#=%<i"U#("#;%7=#3%" K#01%<#<"jM"#"K545<"4%(=7#­
314=%71#<j"=5%7>#<";#7#"35<5(=7#$#7"0#"31(Q*14#"35"0#"1(K5<=1G#41L("415(=>R4#+
^("5<=5"#7=>4/0%"jM"#"31E575(41#"35"0#<";57<%(#013#35<"41=#3#<j"(%"6/<4#*%<"
U#00#7"/(#"75<;/5<=#"G5(57#0"#"5<=#";75G/(=#+"J/575*%<!"5("4#*61%!"5(4%(­
=7#7"/(#"75<;/5<=#"#"/("4#<%")(14%!";57%"T/5"=/K%"75;574/<1%(5<"G1G#(=5<4#<V"
I4/Q0"E/5"0#"31(Q*14#"350"35<4/671*15(=%!";%7";#7=5"35"B#CD500!"35"0#"=5%7>#"
5054=7%*#G(H=14#"35"0#"0/FO"h#7#"500%!"(%<"5(E%4#75*%<"5("0%<"3%<";71*57%<"
#7=>4/0%<"T/5"B#CD500"5<47161L"<%675"50"=5*#"35"0#<"líneas de fuerza —un con­
45;=%"T/5"35<;/H<"3571K#7>#"5("50"35"campo"5054=7%*#G(H=14%j"M"T/5"10/<=7#("
,
k+" X5M(*#(!" The Feynman Lectures on Physics!" K%0+" I." B#<<#4U/<5=<!"Z31<<%(2Y5<05M!"
,lm-!";+",,+
8
" Y+"YU5D500!"History of the Inductive Sciences!",n:o!"35"0#"T/5"5C1<=5"/(#"53141L("E#4<1*10#7"
;/6014#3#";%7"@#*6713G5"`(1K57<1=M"h75<<!"89,9+
:
" S%675"=%3%"5("50"M#"40Q<14%"W+"g/U(!"5)+'$3(-!3-()+&'+.)$+('4".-!%"#'$+!%'#362!)$7+BHC14%!"
FCE!",lm8+
h%7"5.5*;0%!"g+"h%;;57!"8/'+5"1%!+"9+:!%'#3%2!+;%$!"4'(<+"a/5K#"P%7A!"p/=4U1(<%("q"@%+!",lil+
i
" ^("*/4U#<"35"</<"%67#<!";57%"<%675"=%3%"5("'+"]#A#=%<!"=$!(%3"$+2."$>2!"$?+.)+0'3"&"."16)+
&'+."$+@("1()0)$+&'+%#4'$3%1)!%>#+!%'#362!)7+B#3713!"Z01#(F#!"8998+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33.
En-Claves14-book.indb 12
04/11/13 14:54
]#<"#(#0%G>#<"5("0#"E%7*/0#41L("35"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#"
,:
4L*%"0#<"4174/(<=#(41#<"#4#3H*14#<!";%0>=14#<"M"=54(%0LG14#<!"#<>"4%*%"0#"*/M"
;57<%(#0"E%7*#"T/5"4#3#"415(=>R4%"=15(5";#7#"4%(<=7/17"=5%7>#<!"<5"1*6714#("5("
una compleja trama en donde es difícil ponderar el peso que tiene cada uno 35"5<=%<"E#4=%75<+
^<=5"4#<%!"=#*61H(!"(%<"<17K5";#7#"4/5<=1%(#7"/(%"35"0%<"*1=%<"T/5"<5"5*­
;05#("4%("E754/5(41#"5("50"#*615(=5"#4#3H*14%V"50"35"T/5"0#"415(41#"#K#(F#"
primero como ciencia pura!"*531#(=5"%6<57K#41%(5<"M"5C;571*5(=%<"T/5"4/0­
minan en teorías #6<=7#4=#<"j(%7*#0*5(=5"#;%M#3#<"5("E%7*/0#41%(5<"*#­
=5*Q=14#<j!"M"T/5"5<=#<"=5%7>#<!"4%("50"=15*;%!"3571K#("%"*#3/7#("5("ciencia aplicada M"5("(/5K#<"=54(%0%G>#<!"4%*%"<1"0#";#7=5"=5L714%2#6<=7#4=#"356157#"
17"<15*;75";71*57%"M!"35<;/H<!"</<"#;014#41%(5<"=54(%0LG14#<+"Z"4%(=1(/#41L("
K575*%<"T/5"0#"31(Q*14#"35"35<4/671*15(=%<"5<"*/4U%"*Q<"4%*;05.#"T/5"5<=%!"
M"T/5"5<=#"<54/5(41#"135#0"(%"<5"#./<=#"#"0#"75#013#3"U1<=L714#!"#0"*5(%<"(%"5("
50"4#<%"350"T/5"(%<"%4/;#75*%<+
Surge el interés de Maxwell por el electromagnetismo
^0"=7#6#.%"=5L714%2*#=5*Q=14%"35"?#*5<"@057A"B#CD500";57*1=1L"/(#"35"0#<"<>(­
=5<1<"*Q<"1*;%7=#(=5<"35"0#"E><14#+"Z(=5<"35"H0!"0#"5054=71413#3!"50"*#G(5=1<*%"M"
0#"L;=14#"<5"4%(<1357#6#("=75<"4#*;%<"35"5<=/31%"=%=#0*5(=5"31<=1(=%<"M"<5;#­
7#3%<+"S1("5*6#7G%!"G7#41#<"#"</"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#!"U%M"<5"05<"4%(<1357#"
31E575(=5<"*#(1E5<=#41%(5<"35"/("*1<*%"E5(L*5(%+
h57%"I4L*%"<5"005GL"#"5<=%O"J/1FQ"0#";71*57#";75G/(=#"T/5"356#*%<";0#(­
=5#7(%<"5<"IT/H"U#4>#"B#CD500!"35"5(=7#3#!"=7#6#.#(3%"5("50"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"
*15(=7#<"5<=/31#6#"E><14#"5("0#"`(1K57<13#3"35"@#*6713G5!"5("3%(35"(%"RG/7#6#"
5("0%<";0#(5<"35"5<=/31%O"^0";71*57"505*5(=%"35"0#"75<;/5<=#"5<"T/5!"5("5<5"
*%*5(=%!"B14U#50"X#7#3#M"U#6>#"0%G7#3%!" 4%(" </<"1(K5<=1G#41%(5<!" <1=/#7" 0#"
5054=71413#3"4%*%"/(%"35"0%<";7%605*#<"45(=7#05<"35"0#"E><14#+"p#6>#"35*%<­
=7#3%"T/5"<5"=7#=#6#"35"/(#";7%;153#3"4#7#4=57><=14#"35"=%3%"=1;%"35"*#=571#!"
M"T/5"5<=#6#">(=1*#*5(=5"750#41%(#3#"4%("50"4%*;%7=#*15(=%"E><14%"M"T/>*14%"
35"0%<"4/57;%<"*#=571#05<+m"a%"%6<=#(=5!"5<=5"(/5K%";7%605*#"#)("(%"U#6>#"
;57*5#3%"0%<";0#(5<"35"5<=/31%"35"0#<"/(1K57<13#35<"350";#><+"@%(=7#"0%"T/5"
;%37>#"47557<5!"50"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"(%"57#"/("4#*;%"35"5<=/31%"=>;14%"5("0#<"
;71(41;#05<"/(1K57<13#35<!"4%*%"@#*6713G5!"5("0#"T/5"0#"4#7757#"35"X><14#"5("0%<"
m
" `(#"5C;%<141L("750#=1K#*5(=5"675K5!";57%"7#F%(#605*5(=5"4%*;05=#!"<%675"5<=5"=5*#"#;#7545"
5(V"X+"@Q(%K#<!"r?#*5<"@057A"B#CD500s!"5("Historia de la física+"B/741#!"`(1K57<13#3"35"B/741#!"
899i+"P";#7#"/(#"5C;%<141L("*Q<"#*;01#";/535"K57<5"Y+"_57A<%(!"Las teorías de los campos de fuerza desde Faraday hasta Einstein. B#3713!"Z01#(F#!",lni+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33.
En-Claves14-book.indb 13
04/11/13 14:54
,-"
&0#31*17"@#4UL("e/100H(
#$%<"41(4/5(=#<"350"<1G0%"XIX"<5"5(E%4#6#!"<%675"=%3%!"#0"5<=/31%"35"0#"*54Q(14#"
4505<=5!"0#"L;=14#"M"0#"U137%31(Q*14#+o"Z";5<#7"35"5<=%!"U#M"5K135(41#"35"T/5"
*15(=7#<"B#CD500"5<=/31#6#"5("@#*6713G5"5<=#6#"#0"4%7715(=5"35"#0G/(%<"35"0%<"
=7#6#.%<";1%(57%<"5("5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"75#01F#3%<";%7"X#7#3#M!";%7"/("0#3%!"M"
35"0%<"005K#3%<"#"4#6%";%7"Y1001#*"WU%*;<%(!"#"T/15("4%(%41L"5(",ni9"tM"T/5"
*/4U%"*Q<"=#735!"5(",nl8!"<57>#"(%*67#3%"6#7L("g50K1("35"]#G<"M"4%(%413%"
35<35"5(=%(45<"4%*%"0%73"g50K1(u+
W7#<"U#657"=57*1(#3%"</<"5<=/31%<"*#=5*Q=14%<"5("@#*6713G5!"#";71(41;1%<"
35" ,ni-!" 5" 1(N/13%" ;%7" 0%<" 5C;571*5(=%<" <%675" 4%7715(=5<" 50H4=714#<" M" 0>(5#<"
*#G(H=14#<" 35" X#7#3#M!" B#CD500" 5(K1L" /(#" 4#7=#" #" WU%*;<%(" jT/5" U#6>#"
5<=#3%" =7#6#.#(3%" 5(" 5<=%<" =5*#<j" <%0141=Q(3%05" T/5" ;/3157#" G/1#705" 5(" 50"
estudio de estos fenómenos:
ZU%7#"T/5"#4#6%"35"1(G75<#7"5("50"1(G7#=%"5<=#*5(=%"35"0%<"0145(41#3%<!"U5"
4%*5(F#3%"#";5(<#7"5("0557+"Z4=1K13#3";0#45(=57#!"3/7#(=5"4157=%"=15*;%!"5(=75"
0167%<"35"*H71=%"754%(%413%"T/5"/(%"(%"U#"05>3%!";57%"T/5"35657>#"U#657"05>3%+"
@%("=%3%"=5(5*%<"/(#"E/57=5"=5(35(41#"#"K%0K57"#"0%<"=5*#<"35"0#"E><14#!"M"
K#71%<"35"0%<"#T/>";75<5(=5<"T/577>#*%<"#6%73#7"0#"5054=71413#3+"'*#G1(5*%<"
/(#" ;57<%(#" T/5" =15(5" /(" 4%(%41*15(=%" 7/31*5(=#71%" 35" 0%<" 5C;571*5(=%<"
50H4=714%<"M"/(#"01G57#"#K57<1L("#"0#"^054=71413#3"35"B/7;UM!"I4L*%"35657>#"
;7%45357"5("0#"054=/7#"M"50"=7#6#.%";#7#"4%(<5G/17"4157=#"4%*;75(<1L("35"0#"
*#=571#"T/5";/53#"<5705")=10"5(";%<=571%75<"054=/7#<O"S1"5<=#";57<%(#"T/1<157#"
0557"#"Z*;H75!"X#7#3#M!"5=4H=57#!"I5("T/H"<54/5(41#"31<;%(570%<"M"5("T/H"
*%*5(=%"M"5("T/H"%735("35657>#"#6%73#7"0#"054=/7#"35"0%<"#7=>4/0%<"T/5"/<=53"
U#";/6014#3%"5("50"Cambridge JournalO"S1"/<=53"=15(5"5("0#"4#65F#"#0G/(#"
75<;/5<=#"#"5<=#<"4/5<=1%(5<!"=75<"35"(%<%=7%<"5<=#7>#*%<"G/<=%<%<"35"7541617"
;%7"5<471=%"</<"4%(<5.%<+n
P#"E/57#";%7"0#"75<;/5<=#"35"WU%*;<%("%";%7"1(141#=1K#";7%;1#!"B#CD500"4%­
*5(FL"</"1(K5<=1G#41%(5<"05M5(3%"0%<"Experimental Researches in Electricity!"35"
X#7#3#M+"]%<"5C;571*5(=%<"35"X#7#3#M";0#(=5#6#("/(#"G7#("4#(=13#3"35";7%605­
*#<"#"75<%0K57!"#35*Q<"35"0%<"750#=1K%<"#"0#"750#41%(5<"5(=75"0#"5054=71413#3"M"0#"
*#=571#+"Z;5(#<"/("#$%"35<;/H<!"5("%=7#"4#7=#"#"WU%*;<%("E54U#3#"5("e05(#17"
50",:"35"<5;=15*675"35",nii!"B#CD500"jT/5"#$%"M"*531%"#=7Q<";7Q4=14#*5(=5"(%"
<#6>#"*#M%7"4%<#"35"0#"5054=71413#3"M"50"*#G(5=1<*%j"754%(%4>#"0%"<1G/15(=5V
J/5713%"WU%*;<%("vwx"U5"%6=5(13%"*/4U%"35"=1"5("=5*#<"50H4=714%<!"31754=#­
*5(=5"#0"1G/#0"T/5"#"=7#KH<"35"0#"1*;75(=#"M"50"531=%7!"M"=#*61H("U5"/=101F#3%"
o
n
S+"S4U#EE57!"rWU5"]#173"%E";UM<14<s!"5("Nature!"()*. -o,!"89,,!";;+"8nl28l,+
" k5;7%3/413#"5("X+"@Q(%K#<!"op. cit+! ;+",:+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33.
En-Claves14-book.indb 14
04/11/13 14:54
]#<"#(#0%G>#<"5("0#"E%7*/0#41L("35"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#"
,i
%=7#<" #M/3#<!" M" 05>3%" 0%<" =75<" K%0)*5(5<" 35" 1(K5<=1G#41L(" 35" X#7#3#M+" B1"
1(=5(41L(" #0" U#457" 5<=%" 57#!" (#=/7#0*5(=5!" <#657" 0%" T/5" <5" U#" U54U%" 5(" 0#"
415(41#"50H4=714#!"*#=5*Q=14#"M"5C;571*5(=#0!"5"1(=5(=#7"4%*;75(357"5<=%"35"
/(#"*#(57#"7#41%(#0!"#M/3Q(3%*5"35"4/#0T/157"(%41L("T/5";/315<5"#=%7(100#7"
5("*1"4#65F#+l
Z"5<=%<";7%605*#<"=5L714%<";0#(=5#3%<" ;%7"0%<"5C;571*5(=%<"35"X#7#3#M!"
Schaffer,9" #$#35" /(#" 4174/(<=#(41#" =54(%0LG14#" T/5" ;#7545" U#657" ./G#3%" /("
;#;50"1*;%7=#(=5!"M"5<"T/5"./<=%"5("0%<"#$%<"5("T/5"B#CD500"<5"1(=575<#6#";%7"
0%<"5C;571*5(=%<"50H4=714%<"M"*#G(H=14%<"35"X#7#3#M!"0#"@%7%(#"671=Q(14#"5<=#6#"
*/M"1(=575<#3#!";%7"*%=1K%<";%0>=14%<!"5("0%G7#7"0#"/(1R4#41L("35"0#<"4%*/(14#­
41%(5<"35"=%3%"</"'*;571%!";#7#"0%"4/#0"5<=#6#";0#(5#3%"50"=5(313%"35"4#605<"
=505G7QR4%<"1(=57%45Q(14%<+"^<=5";7%M54=%"1*;014#6#"6/<4#7"*#(57#<"35"75<%0K57"
(/5K%<";7%605*#<!"4%*%"0#";7%;#G#41L("35"0#<"<5$#05<"5054=7%*#G(H=14#<"#"
=7#KH<"35"G7#(35<"31<=#(41#<!"0#"4%(R#61013#3"35"0%<"1(<=7/*5(=%<"35"*53141L("
M"50"#(Q01<1<"35"0#<"E/57F#<!"75<1<=5(41#<"M"4%7715(=5<"5("4#605<"=5(313%<"5("50"
E%(3%"350"%4H#(%+
^(",ni:!"X#7#3#M"U#6>#"<13%"=5<=1G%"35"0%<"4#=#<=7LR4%<";7%605*#<"4#/<#3%<"
;%7"50"75=7#<%"5("0#<"<5$#05<"5("0#<"0>(5#<"35"4#605"=5(313#<"5(=75"]%(375<"M"
B#(4U5<=57";%7"/(#"4%*;#$>#"35"=50HG7#E%<+"^("/(#"4%(E575(41#"T/5"1*;#7=1L"
/(%<"*5<5<"35<;/H<"5("0#"k%M#0"'(<=1=/=1%(!,, empleó su propia teoría de la 1(3/441L(" *#G(H=14#" ;#7#" *%<=7#7" 4L*%" 50" #G/#" <#0#3#" #4=/#7>#" 350" *1<*%"
*%3%"T/5"0#"4/6157=#"5C=571%7"35"/("4%(35(<#3%7"<%675"0%<"4#605<"</6*#71(%<!"
1(475*5(=#(3%"</"4#;#41=#(41#!"31<*1(/M5(3%"0#"1(3/441L("M!";%7"4%(<1G/15(=5!"
75=7#<#(3%"0#<"<5$#05<"=%3#K>#"*Q<+
B#CD500"M"WU%*;<%(";75<=#7%("*/4U#"#=5(41L("#"5<=#"4%(E575(41#"35"X#­
7#3#M"M"#"</<"1*;014#41%(5<";#7#"0#"=505G7#E>#"</6*#71(#+"Z;5(#<"/(%<"*5<5<"
35<;/H<!" WU%*;<%(" M#" U#6>#" 35<#77%00#3%" /(#" EL7*/0#" T/5" 750#41%(#6#" 50"
75=7#<%"5("0#<"<5$#05<"4%("0#"0%(G1=/3"35"0%<"4#605<!"0#"4/#0"75</0=#6#"35"G7#("
K#0%7"54%(L*14%";#7#"0%<"1(K57<1%(1<=#<"350"(/5K%"M"#*6141%<%";7%M54=%"35"/(17"
e7#("_75=#$#"4%("a%7=5#*H714#"*531#(=5"50"=5(313%"35"/(#"0>(5#"35"i"999"A*+"
a%"5<"4#</#0"T/5!";#7#",nim"WU%*;<%("M#"<5"U#6>#"4%(K57=13%"5("31754=1K%"35"
/(#"35"0#<";71(41;#05<"4%*;#$>#<"35"=5(313%"35"4#605<"=7#(<#=0Q(=14%<"M"5("/(#"
#/=%713#3"754%(%413#"5("<1<=5*#<"5054=7%*#G(H=14%<"tM"5("0%<"#$%<"<1G/15(=5<"<5"
U#7>#"*100%(#71%"4%("0%"T/5"G#(#7>#"5(";#=5(=5<"M"5("4%(</0=%7>#<"=505G7QR4#<u+
l
h+"B+"p#7*#(!"53+!"8/'+:!%'#3%2!+5'33'($+)#&+A)@'($+"9+B)0'$+C.'(D+E)FG'..!"K%0+" I"t,n-m2
,nm8u+"@#*6713G5!"@#*6713G5"`(1K57<1=M"h75<<!",ll9!";+":,l+
,9
S+"S4U#EE57!"op. cit+!";;+"8nl28l,+
,,
Ibid.!";+"8l9+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33.
En-Claves14-book.indb 15
04/11/13 14:54
,m"
&0#31*17"@#4UL("e/100H(
B15(=7#<"5<=%"%4/77>#!"5(",nim!";%4%"35<;/H<"35"0#"*/57=5"35"</";#375!"
B#CD500" <5" U#6>#" 4%(K57=13%" 5(" ;7%E5<%7" 35" R0%<%E>#" (#=/7#0" t50" (%*675" T/5"
<5"05"3#6#"#"0#"415(41#"U#<=#"R(#05<"350"<1G0%"XIXu ,8 en el Marischal College de Z657355(!"M"5<=#6#"=7#6#.#(3%"5("50"*%350%"35"X#7#3#M"35"0#"1(3/441L("5054­
=7%*#G(H=14#+"\%<"#$%<"*Q<"=#735"<5"4#<L"4%("g#=U571(5"B#7M"\5D#7!"U1.#"350"
31754=%7"350"B#71<4U#0"@%005G5+
B#CD500";5(<#6#"T/5"57#"(545<#71#"/(#"=5%7>#"*#=5*Q=14#"T/5"/(1R4#7#"0#"
#441L("35"0#"5054=71413#3"5<=Q=14#!"0#"#=7#441L("#*;571#(#!"0#<"4%7715(=5<";57*#­
(5(=5<"M"0#"1(3/441L("5054=7%*#G(H=14#+"@%("5<=5"%6.5=1K%"5("*5(=5!"4%*5(FL"#"
pensar en el electromagnetismo como algo dependiente de un medio de trans­
*1<1L("N/13%!"4%*%"50"H=57!,:"%"/("4#*;%!"4/M%"5<=7H<"M"=5(<1L("E/57#"4#;#F"35"
#0*#45(#7"5(57G>#"M"35"=7#(<*1=17"</"#441L("#"/(#"K50%413#3"R(1=#+"S/";71*57"
#7=>4/0%"#0"75<;54=%!";/6014#3%"5(",nii!"E/5"ry("X#7#3#Mf<"]1(5<"%E"X%745s+"Z"
;#7=17"35"5<=5";71*57"#7=>4/0%"<%675"50"=5*#"05"=%*L"#"B#CD500"41(4%"#$%<"35"
#73/%"=7#6#.%"0%G7#7"T/5"</"*%350%"350"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"M"</<"54/#41%(5<"
E/57#("4%(<1<=5(=5<"4%("0%"T/5"U#<=#"5<5"*%*5(=%"<5"<#6>#"35"5<=5"E5(L*5­
(%!";71*57%"5("0#"7541H("1(<=1=/13#"`(1K57<13#3"35"Z657355(!"M"35<;/H<"5("50"
g1(Gf<"@%005G5"35"]%(375<!"5("3%(35"%6=/K%"50";/5<=%"35";7%E5<%7"35"R0%<%E>#"
(#=/7#0"5(",nm9+"^0"75</0=#3%"35"5<=5"5<E/57F%"E/5"On Physical Lines of Force!"
;/6014#3%"5(",nm,+
S4U#EE57"U#"U54U%"(%=#7"T/5!"#"31E575(41#"35"</<"4%(=5*;%7Q(5%<"5("X7#(­
41#"M"Z05*#(1#!"0%<"R0L<%E%<"(#=/7#05<"671=Q(14%<"57#("53/4#3%<";#7#";5(<#7"
5("=H7*1(%<"*54Q(14%<"<%675"0#"E><14#!"4%(";%05#<!"6%*6#<"M"01G#<!"M"35<;/H<"
5C=7#;%0#7"5<=#"*#(57#"35";5(<#7"#0"`(1K57<%+"z<=5"E/5"50"5(E%T/5"T/5"#;75(31L"
B#CD500"*15(=7#<"5<=/K%"5("@#*6713G5"M"E/5!";%7"500%!"50"T/5"5*;05L"5("</<"
#7=>4/0%<"35",nii"M",nm,+
S1("5*6#7G%!"M"#";5<#7"35"<#657"T/5"B#CD500"E/5"53/4#3%"5("@#*6713G5"
;#7#";5(<#7"5("0#"E><14#"6#.%"50"5(E%T/5"35"0#"*54Q(14#"40Q<14#"35"a5D=%(!"#"
;71*57#"K1<=#";/535";#75457"5C=7#$%"T/5";5(<#7#"T/5"%6=5(37>#"#0G)("75</0=#3%"
(%K53%<%"/=101F#(3%"/("*%350%"*54Q(14%";#7#"/("E5(L*5(%"(%"*54Q(14%"4%*%"
50"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%+"a%"%6<=#(=5!"H<#"57#";7541<#*5(=5"</"1(=5(41L(V"#"0%"0#7G%"
,8
" ^0"=H7*1(%"rR0%<%E>#"(#=/7#0s"(%"E/5"</<=1=/13%";%7"0#";#0#67#"r415(41#s"U#<=#"T/5"0%";7%;/<%"
Y1001#*"YU5D500"top. cit+!",n:ou";57%"#)("#<>"50"(/5K%"=H7*1(%"=#73L"5("35<;0#F#7"#0"#(=571%7!"T/5"
U#6>#"<13%"5*;05#3%"35<35"0%<"=15*;%<"35"'<##4"a5D=%("M"0#"k5K%0/41L("415(=>R4#+
,:
" ^0";5(<#7"T/5"5C1<=>#"/("*531%"{50"00#*#3%"rH=57s{"T/5";57*1=>#"0#"=7#(<*1<1L("=#(=%"35"0#"
0/F"t50"éter luminíferou"4%*%"350"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"t;%<1605*5(=5"*531#(=5"/("<5G/(3%"=1;%"35"
H=57u!"E/5"#0G%"4%*)(*5(=5"#45;=#3%";%7"0#"*#M%7>#"35"0%<"415(=>R4%<"U#<=#",l9i!"4/#(3%"^1(<=51("
35*%<=7L"4%("</"#7=>4/0%"<%675"50"5E54=%"E%=%50H4=714%"T/5!"<1"</;%(5*%<"T/5"0#"0/F"5<=Q"E%7*#3#"
;%7"4/#(=%<!"5(=%(45<"75</0=#"=%=#0*5(=5"1((545<#71%"1(K%4#7"0#"5C1<=5(41#"350"H=57"%"35"4/#0T/157"
%=7%"*531%"35"=7#(<*1<1L(+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33.
En-Claves14-book.indb 16
04/11/13 14:54
]#<"#(#0%G>#<"5("0#"E%7*/0#41L("35"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#"
,o
35"5<=%<"3%<"=7#6#.%<"B#CD500"5*;05#"50"r*H=%3%"35"#(#0%G>#<s!"1(<;17#3%"5("
;#7=5";%7"0#"#(#0%G>#"T/5"WU%*;<%("U#6>#"5<=#605413%"5(=75"50"4#0%7"M"0#"5054­
=71413#3+,-"B#CD500"4%*;75(3>#"T/5"0#<"#(#0%G>#<"5(=75"E5(L*5(%<"05";57*1=>#("
/(#"G7#("N5C161013#3!"1(40/<%"<1";7%3/4>#("=5%7>#<";%4%"K57%<>*105<";57%"T/5"05"
671(3#6#("<1<=5*#<"*#=5*Q=14%<"*/M"40#71R4#3%75<"#0"#;014#70%<"#"0%<"E5(L*5(%<"
T/5"=7#=#6#"35"5<=/31#7!"#0"*1<*%"=15*;%"T/5"(%"0%"#=#6#("#"0#<"5C;014#41%(5<"
35"/(#"=5%7>#"M#"5C1<=5(=5+,i"h%7"0%"=#(=%!"(%"5<"T/5"B#CD500"r;5(<#7#s"T/5"50"
5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"E/57#"/("E5(L*5(%"*54Q(14%!"<1(%"T/5"al hacerlo parecer, mediante analogías, como un fenómeno mecánico";%3>#("35<4/6717<5";71(41;1%<"
*#=5*Q=14%<"T/5";57*1=157#("4%*;75(3570%"*5.%7+
Sobre las líneas de fuerza de Faraday
B#CD500"<5"U#6>#"4%(K5(413%"35"T/5"0#"(%41L("35"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#"*#G(H=14#"
35"X#7#3#M,m"5C;014#6#"*5.%7"50"*#G(5=1<*%"T/5"0#"4%(45;41L("35"45(=7%<"35"
E/57F#!" #/(T/5" 5(" 5<=#" ;75E575(41#" <L0%" 4%1(413>#(" X#7#3#M!" WU%*;<%(" M" H0"
*1<*%+"]#"G7#("*#M%7>#"35"0%<"E><14%<"35"0#"H;%4#!"1(N/13%<";%7"0#"5(<5$#(F#"
35"0#"*54Q(14#"40Q<14#"5("0#<"/(1K57<13#35<"M!"4%(475=#*5(=5!";%7"50"*%3%"
5("T/5"a5D=%("U#6>#"#(#01F#3%"0#"G7#K53#3!";75E57>#";5(<#7"5("0#"#=7#441L("
*#G(H=14#" 4%*%" /(#" E/57F#" T/5" <5" 4%(45(=7#6#" 5(" /(" ;/(=%!" 5(" 50" 45(=7%"
350"*#=571#0"*#G(H=14%!"M"T/5"#4=/#6#"#"31<=#(41#"<%675"%=7%<"*#=571#05<+"h#7#"
5<=%<"E><14%<!";%7"=#(=%!"50"E5(L*5(%";71*#71%"#"5<=/31#7"57#"0#"(#=/7#05F#"35"5<=%<"
45(=7%<"35"E/57F#+"X#7#3#M!";%7"50"4%(=7#71%!";7%;%(>#"T/5"50"*#G(5=1<*%"#4=/#6#"
*531#(=5"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#"T/5"4/67>#("0#"31<=#(41#"5(=75"#*6%<"*#=571#05<!"M"
T/5"0#"31<=716/41L("35"5<=#<"E/57F#<"5("50"5<;#41%"57#"50"E5(L*5(%";71*#71%!"M"
(%"0#"(#=/7#05F#"35"0%<"45(=7%<"#075353%7"35"0%<"4/#05<"5<=#<"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#"
<5"#G7/;#6#(+,o
, S5G)("#3*1=5"H0"*1<*%!"KH#<5"?+"@+"B#CD500!"ry("X#7#3#Mf<"]1(5<"%E"X%745s!"5("Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society!"()*+",9!",nim!";+",io+
,i
" &H#<5"0#"5C;014#41L("T/5"U#45"35"</"*H=%3%"50";7%;1%"B#CD500"tibid+!";;+",ii2,imu+
,m
El concepto de líneas de fuerza magnética!"%"<1*;05*5(=5"líneas de fuerza!"E/5";7%;/5<=%";%7"
X#7#3#M"5(",n:lV"rh%7"4/7K#<"*#G(H=14#<"T/157%"35417"0#<"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#"*#G(H=14#"T/5!"#/(T/5"
5<=H("*%31R4#3#<";%7"0#"M/C=#;%<141L("35";%0%<!"<5"*#(1R5<=#("*531#(=5"01*#3/7#<"35"U1577%|"%"
#T/500#<"4%("0#<"T/5"/(#"#G/.#"*#G(H=14#!"*/M";5T/5$#!"E%7*#7>#"/(#"=#(G5(=5s"+
,o
" &H#<5"50"rk5</*5(s"U54U%";%7"50";7%;1%"B#CD500"<%675"</"ry("X#7#3#Mf<"]1(5<"%E"X%745s!"
M"T/5!"#/(T/5"(%"005GL"#";/6014#7<5!"#;#7545"75;7%3/413%"5("p#7*#(!"op. cit.!";+":i:"M"5("?+"B+"
SQ(4U5F"k%(!"rB#CD500!"</"K13#"M"</"%67#s!"5("?+"@+"B#CD500!"Materia y movimiento+"_#7450%(#!"
@7>=14#!"899m!";+"-i+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33.
En-Claves14-book.indb 17
04/11/13 14:54
,n"
&0#31*17"@#4UL("e/100H(
h#7#" 5<=/31#7" 35" *#(57#" =5L714#" 5<=5" E5(L*5(%!" B#CD500" 5<47161L" ry("
X#7#3#M}<"]1(5<"%E"X%745s!"T/5"<5";/6014L"5(",nim,n en los Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society+"^0"%6.5=1K%"35"B#CD500"5("5<=5"#7=>4/0%"57#"
35<#77%00#7"0#<"135#<"35"X#7#3#M"35(=7%"35"/(#"=5%7>#"*#=5*Q=14#"350"5054=7%­
*#G(5=1<*%+"h#7#"500%!"5*;05L"/("5(E%T/5"4%*;05=#*5(=5"31<=1(=%"#"0%<"T/5"
<5"4%(%4>#("5("</"H;%4#+"`=101FL"j4%*%"U#4>#"WU%*;<%(j"/(#"1(=57;75=#41L("
35"0%<"E5(L*5(%<"5054=7%*#G(H=14%<"5("E/(41L("35"0#"5C1<=5(41#"35"/("*531%"
4%*%"50"H=57!"0%"4/#0"05";57*1=>#"/=101F#7"*%350%<"*#=5*Q=14%<"5("0%<"T/5";%3>#"
#;014#7"0#<"05M5<"35"a5D=%(+"^("5<=5"#<;54=%!"</"1(=57;75=#41L("57#"31<=1(=#"#"0#"
35"X#7#3#M"jT/5"(%"#;50#6#"#0"H=57j!";57%";5(<#6#"T/5"57#";75E571605+
h#7#"#(#01F#7"0%<"E5(L*5(%<"5054=7%*#G(H=14%<!"B#CD500"5*;05L"/(#"<5715"
35"#(#0%G>#<"10/<=7#=1K#<+"^<"35417!"5<=#60541L";#75413%<"M"=7#6#.L"<%675"500%<"
;#7#"K1</#01F#7"35"*5.%7"*#(57#"0%<"E5(L*5(%<"T/5"35<4716>#!"#/(T/5"(%";75­
=5(3>#"3571K#7"/(#"=5%7>#"(/5K#"#";#7=17"35"5<=#<"#(#0%G>#<!"M#"T/5"=#*;%4%"
;75=5(3>#"T/5"H<=#<"E/57#("E><14#*5(=5"K573#357#<+"@%(475=#*5(=5!"#0"5*;05#7"
0#"#(#0%G>#"T/5"M#"U#6>#"U54U%"WU%*;<%("5(=75"5054=71413#3"M"N/.%"4#0%7>R4%!"
B#CD500"5<=#6#"4%(<415(=5"35"T/5"r(%"3565*%<"4%(40/17"35"0#"<1*101=/3";#741#0"
35"#0G/(#<"35"0#<"750#41%(5<"35"0%<"E5(L*5(%<"350"4#0%7"M"0#"5054=71413#3"T/5"
5C1<=5"/(#"<1*101=/3"75#0"5(=75"0#<"4#/<#<"35"#*6%<"E5(L*5(%<+"]#"<1*101=/3"5<"
5(=75"750#41%(5<!"(%"5(=75"0#<"4%<#<"750#41%(#3#<s+,l
h57%!"#/(T/5"0#<"#(#0%G>#<"57#("<L0%"10/<=7#=1K#<!"./G#7%("/(";#;50"E/(3#­
*5(=#0"5("5<=5"#7=>4/0%+"h#7#"4%*;75(357"0#"U5/7><=14#"350"*H=%3%"#(#0LG14%"
35"B#CD500"75K1<5*%<"#0G/(#<"35"0#<";71(41;#05<+
&5#*%<!"5(";71*57"0/G#7!"</"#(#0%G>#"*54Q(14#";#7#"0#<"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#+"
B#CD500"(%<"5C;014#"T/5!"<1"005(#*%<"35"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#"50"5<;#41%"T/5"7%35#"
/("1*Q(!"4%*%"U1F%"X#7#3#M!"r%6=5(37>#*%<"/("*%350%"G5%*H=714%"35"0%<"E5(L­
*5(%<"E><14%<"T/5"(%<"1(314#7>#("0#"3175441L("35"0#"E/57F#!";57%"(%"</"1(=5(<13#3"
5("4/#0T/157";/(=%!";#7#"0%"4/#0"(545<1=#7>#*%<"35"%=7%"*H=%3%s+"]#"<%0/41L("T/5"
<5"05"%4/771L"#"B#CD500"E/5"r4%(<1357#7"5<=#<"4/7K#<"(%"4%*%"<1*;05<"0>(5#<!"<1(%"
4%*%"R(%<"=/6%<"35"<5441L("K#71#605"T/5"=7#(<;%7=#("/("N/13%"1(4%*;75<1605s+"
^("4/#0T/157";/(=%"350"4#*;%"*#G(H=14%!"0#"*#G(1=/3"M"0#"3175441L("35"0#"E/57F#"
5<=#7>#"5(=%(45<"75;75<5(=#3#";%7"0#"3175441L("M"*#G(1=/3"350"N/13%"1*#G1(#71%!"
4%(=5(13%"35(=7%"35"=/6%<"35"31<=1(=%"31Q*5=7%+
,n
" ]#" ;71*57#" ;#7=5" 35" 5<=5" #7=>4/0%" E/5" 05>3#" ;%7" B#CD500" #(=5" 0#" S%4153#3" X10%<LR4#" 35"
@#*6713G5"50",9"35"31415*675"35",nii!"M"0#"<5G/(3#"50",,"35"E56757%"35",nim+
,l
" ^<=5" 4%*5(=#71%" 0%" U1F%" */4U%" 35<;/H<!" 5(" ?+" @+" B#CD500!" A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism+"]%(375<!"@0#75(3%("h75<<!",no:!";57%"75R71H(3%<5"#"0#"*1<*#"#(#0%G>#"35"WU%*;<%("
T/5!"5("5E54=%!"=/K%"5("*5(=5"#0"5<471617"ry("X#7#3#Mf<"]1(5<"%E"X%745s+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33.
En-Claves14-book.indb 18
04/11/13 14:54
]#<"#(#0%G>#<"5("0#"E%7*/0#41L("35"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#"
,l
k5K1<5*%<"#U%7#"</"#(#0%G>#"*54Q(14#"35"0#"5054=71413#3+"]#"4#7G#";%<1=1K#"
<5"4%(<1357#"4%*%"/(#"E/5(=5"35"N/13%!"4/M#"4#(=13#3"35;5(35"35"</"1(=5(­
<13#3+"]#"4#7G#"(5G#=1K#"<57>#"/("sumidero"T/5"#6<%765"=%3%"50"N/13%"35"0#<"
;7%C1*13#35<"35"*#(57#";7%;%741%(#0"#"</"1(=5(<13#3+"S5G)("X#7#3#M!"U#6>#"
0#"*1<*#"4#(=13#3"35"4#7G#";%<1=1K#"T/5"(5G#=1K#"M!";%7"=#(=%!"0%<"</*1357%<"
(/(4#"45<#7>#("35"#6<%7657"N/13%+"S5"=7#=#6#!"5("4/#0T/157"4#<%!"35"/("N/13%"
5C=7#$%!"T/5"(/(4#"35.#7>#"35"5<=#7"475Q(3%<5"5("/("0/G#7"M"#6<%761H(3%<5"%"
35<=7/MH(3%<5"5("%=7%+"S1("5*6#7G%!";#7#"B#CD500"(%"57#"/(";7%605*#"0%"<1(G/0#7"
35"5<=#<";7%;153#35<"M"50"5C=7#$%"4#7Q4=57"350"N/13%V"H0!"0%"T/5"(545<1=#6#"5("
5<=5";/(=%!"57#"/("*%350%"T/5"05";57*1=157#";#<#7"#"54/#41%(5<"0%"T/5"5<=#6#"
r</45315(3%"*54Q(14#*5(=5s"5("</"</;/5<=%!"<1("1*;%7=#7"5("5<=5"*%*5(=%"<1"
5<#<";7%;153#35<"57#("/("=#(=%"5C=7#$#<+
^("/(#"=57457#"#(#0%G>#!"B#CD500"#(#01FL"0#"#441L("35"0%<"3150H4=714%<89 supo­
(15(3%"T/5"50"N/13%"tT/5"(%";%<55"1(5741#u"N/>#"#"=7#KH<"35"/("*531%"75<1<=5(=5"
T/5"5.574>#"<%675"H<=5"/(#"E/57F#";7%;%741%(#0"#"</"K50%413#3+"\5"5<=5"*%3%!"
K#71#(3%"0#"75<1<=5(41#"350"*531%";%7"50"T/5"31<4/77>#"50"N/13%!"%6=/K%"/(#"#(#­
0%G>#"*54Q(14#"35"0#"#441L("35"0%<"*#=571#05<"3150H4=714%<"M"31#*#G(H=14%<V8, 5(E75(=#(3%"5("</"4#*1(%"#"/(#"75G1L("35"*#M%7"75<1<=5(41#!"50"N/13%"=5(357>#"
#"7%35#70#!"35<K1#(3%"0#<"0>(5#<"35"N/.%!"4%*%"5("50"4#<%"5C;571*5(=#0"5("T/5"
0#<"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#";#754>#("35<K1#7<5";%7"#441L("35"/("*#=571#0"31#*#G(H=14%+"
S1G/15(3%"5<=#"#(#0%G>#!"B#CD500"1(=7%3/.%"/(#"K#71#605"#3141%(#0V"/("*531%"4/M#"
75<1<=5(41#"#0"N/.%"K#7>#"4%("0#"3175441L(!"M"5(=%(45<"*%<=7L"4L*%"5<=#"#(#0%G>#"
5C;014#7>#"0%<"5E54=%<"*#G(H=14%<"T/5"=15(5("0/G#7"5("0%<"471<=#05<+"@%*%"50"N/13%"
5<"1(4%*;75<1605!"50"K%0/*5("35"4/#0T/157";#7=5"350"N/13%"U#67>#"35";57*#(5457"
4%(<=#(=5"5("50"=15*;%"M!";%7"4%(<1G/15(=5!"0#"K50%413#3"350"N/13%"=5(37>#"T/5"
31<*1(/17"<5G)("<5"E/57#"#05.#(3%"35"0#"E/5(=5+"\5"U54U%!"(%<"3145"B#CD500!"0#"
K50%413#3"350"N/13%"=5(37Q"T/5"%6535457"0#"05M"350"1(K57<%"350"4/#37#3%+"B#CD500"
35*%<=7L"=#*61H("T/5"#<>"4%*%"0#"K50%413#3"5<"#(Q0%G#"#"0#"E/57F#"5("50"4#*;%"
50H4=714%!"0#";75<1L("5("/(";/(=%"350"N/13%"5<"#(Q0%G#"#0";%=5(41#0+
&5*%<!";/5<!"T/5"5<=#"<5715"35"#(#0%G>#<"*54Q(14#<"05";57*1=157%("#"B#CD500"
(%"<L0%"10/<=7#7"<1(%"4%*;75(357"*5.%7"0#<";7%;153#35<"350"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%!"
89
" `("3150H4=714%"5<"/("*#=571#0"T/5"5<"/("*#0"4%(3/4=%7"35"0#"5054=71413#3";57%"T/5!"#"31E575(41#"
35"0%<"*#=571#05<"#1<0#(=5<!";%<55"0#";7%;153#3"35"T/5"#0"<57"<%*5=13%"#"/("4#*;%"50H4=714%"5C=57(%"
;/535"5<=#605457<5"5("H0"/("4#*;%"50H4=714%"1(=57(%+"^0"=H7*1(%"E/5"4%(45613%";%7"Y1001#*"YU5D500"
5("75<;/5<=#"#"/(#";5=141L("35"X#7#3#M+
8,
El diamagnetismo es una propiedad de algunos materiales que consiste en ser repelidos por /("1*Q("t5<!";%7"0%"=#(=%!"0#";7%;153#3"%;/5<=#"#"<57"#=7#>3%";%7"/("1*Q(u+"]#"35<4/671L"X#7#3#M"
5(",n-i!"#0"%6<57K#7"T/5"/("=7%F%"35"61<*/=%"57#"75;5013%";%7"#*6%<";%0%<"35"/("1*Q("t0%"T/5"
</G57>#"T/5"50"4#*;%"*#G(H=14%"350"1*Q("5<=#6#"G5(57#(3%"/("4#*;%"*#G(H=14%"5("50"61<*/=%!"
;57%"35"<5(=13%"%;/5<=%u+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33.
En-Claves14-book.indb 19
04/11/13 14:54
89"
&0#31*17"@#4UL("e/100H(
M" 5*;05#(3%" /(#" *54Q(14#" (5D=%(1#(#" ;#7#" 75;75<5(=#7" 0%" T/5" %4/77>#" t<1("
importar si físicamente sucedía realmente"35"5<5"*%3%u!";/3%"(%"<L0%"3571K#7"
(/5K%<"#<;54=%<"350"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%!"<1(%"=7#<0#3#7"*Q<"#350#(=5"</"4%*­
;%7=#*15(=%" #" /(" 05(G/#.5" *#=5*Q=14%+" ^<=%" )0=1*%" 0%" 75#01FL" 5(" 0#" <5G/(3#"
;#7=5"350"#7=>4/0%!"5("0#"<5441L("=1=/0#3#"ry("X#7#3#Mf<"5054=7%=%(14"<=#=5s+"^("
5<=#"<5441L("B#CD500"35<#77%00L"0#";71*57#"K57<1L("350"<1<=5*#"35"54/#41%(5<"
T/5"35<47165("0#<"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#"50H4=714#<"M"*#G(H=14#<"M"T/5!"#$%<"35<;/H<"
M"4%("*/4U#<"=7#(<E%7*#41%(5<!"3571K#7>#"5("</<"E#*%<#<"54/#41%(5<"<%675"
50"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%+"^("5<=#"K57<1L(!"<1("5*6#7G%!"B#CD500"=%3#K>#"(%"U#6>#"
35<#77%00#3%" 50" 4%(45;=%" 35" r35<;0#F#*15(=%" 50H4=714%s!" 4/M#" 3571K#3#" 4%("
75<;54=%"#0"=15*;%"4%(<=1=/M5"0#"r4%7715(=5"35"35<;0#F#*15(=%s!"/("4%(45;=%"#0"
T/5"005G#7>#"5("0%<"<1G/15(=5<"#$%<+
Sobre las líneas físicas de fuerza
B#CD500"=5(>#"<L0%"8l"#$%<"4/#(3%"#;#7541L";/6014#3#"0#";71*57#";#7=5"35"On Physical Lines of Force!"5("*#7F%"35",nm,!";%7"The London, Edinburgh and ;-H.%#+A/%."$"@/%!).+E)1)I%#'+)#&+B"-(#).+"9+:!%'#!'788 Este artículo represen­
=L!"4%("=%3#";7%6#61013#3!"50";#<%"*Q<"1*;%7=#(=5"5("0#"/(1R4#41L("=5L714#"T/5"
0%G7#7>#"3/7#(=5"0%<"<1G/15(=5<"#$%<+"S1("5*6#7G%!"5("H0"(%"#;#7545"=%3#K>#"</"
4%(45;=%"35"%(3#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#!"<1(%"T/5"j4%*%";%35*%<"%6<57K#7"5("
0#"RG/7#",j"B#CD500"<1G/5";5(<#(3%"5("0#<"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#"35"X#7#3#M"*Q<"
615("5("E/(41L("35"/(#"<5715"35"5(G7#(#.5<"T/5"G17#6#("M"35"7/53#<"M"5<E57#<"
T/5"=7#(<*1=>#("0#"#441L("35"0#"E/57F#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#+
88
" ]#";71*57#";#7=5"<5";/6014L"5("50"()*57%"35"*#7F%"35",nm,!"0#"<5G/(3#"5("50"35"#6710"350"
*1<*%"#$%!"0#"=57457#"U#<=#"5(57%"35",nm8!"M"/(#"4/#7=#"M")0=1*#";#7=5"#0"*5<"<1G/15(=5+"]#"31E575(41#"
5("=15*;%<"5(=75"0#";71*57#"M"0#"=57457#";#7=5<"75</0=#7Q"7505K#(=5"5("</"4%(=5(13%"M"5("5<=#"U1<=%71#!"
4%*%"5C;014#75*%<"*Q<"#350#(=5"5("50"=5C=%+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33.
En-Claves14-book.indb 20
04/11/13 14:54
]#<"#(#0%G>#<"5("0#"E%7*/0#41L("35"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#"
8,
X1G/7#",+"'0/<=7#41L("%71G1(#0"35"B#CD500"5("On Physical Lines of Force!";#7=5"II+
`(#"35" 0#<" ;71(41;#05<" 01*1=#41%(5<" T/5" U#6>#(" #E54=#3%" #" ry(" X#7#3#Mf<"
]1(5<"%E"X%745s"57#"</"1(4#;#413#3"35"=7#=#7"0#<"4%(5C1%(5<"5(=75"0%<"4#*;%<"
50H4=714%<!"4#*;%<"*#G(H=14%<"M"4%7715(=5<"50H4=714#<+"h#7#"</;57#7"5<=5";7%­
605*#!"5("5<=#"%4#<1L("B#CD500"354131L"35.#7"35"0#3%"0#<"#(#0%G>#<"10/<=7#=1K#<!"
M"35<#77%00#7"/("*%350%"*54Q(14%"35"5<=%<"E5(L*5(%<"T/5"E/57#"=5L714#*5(=5"
K1#605"M"T/5"05";57*1=157#"5<=#605457"0#<"4%(5C1%(5<";5(315(=5<+"^("5<=5"<5(=13%!"
U#M"/(#"31E575(41#"E/(3#*5(=#0"5(=75"0#<"#(#0%G>#<"5*;05#3#<"5("ry("X#7#3#Mf<"
]1(5<"%E"X%745s"M"0#<"(/5K#<"#(#0%G>#<"*54Q(14#<"T/5"B#CD500"K#"#"/=101F#7"5("
On Physical Lines of Force+"^("50";71*57"4#<%!"<5"U#6>#"=7#=#3%")(14#*5(=5"35"
#(#0%G>#<"10/<=7#=1K#<+"ZU%7#!"4%("</<"1(475>605<"*%350%<"*54Q(14%<!"B#CD500"
U#"3541313%"4%(<=7/17!"*531#(=5"#(#0%G>#<!"*%350%<"T/5"356>#("4%(<1357#7<5"
4%*%"4#(313#=%<"#"/(#"r=5%7>#"K573#357#s+"P"5<=#6#"4%(<415(=5"35"T/5"=#*61H("
;%3>#("75</0=#7"E#0<%<w";57%"U#6>#("<13%"31<5$#3%<";#7#"T/5"=/K157#("0#";%<1­
61013#3"35"75</0=#7"K573#357%<!"#0"*5(%<"5("50"<5(=13%"35"35<471617"0#"#/=H(=14#"
75#013#3"E><14#+"h%7"4%(<1G/15(=5!"M"4%*%"U#"<5$#0#3%"#354/#3#*5(=5"SQ(4U5F"
k%(!8:"50"5<=#=/<"%(=%0LG14%"35"#*6%<"#7=>4/0%<"5<"*/M"31E575(=5+
B#CD500"5C;014#"</"%6.5=1K%"M"0#"7#FL("350"5*;05%"35"</"*H=%3%"#(#0LG14%"
del modo siguiente:
8:
" ?+"B+"SQ(4U5F"k%(!"rB#CD500!"</"K13#""</"%67#s!"5("op. cit.!";+"-l+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33.
En-Claves14-book.indb 21
04/11/13 14:54
88"
&0#31*17"@#4UL("e/100H(
B1"%6.5=1K%"5("5<=5"#7=>4/0%"5<"40#71R4#7"50"4#*1(%"vwx"1(K5<=1G#(3%"0%<"75</0­
=#3%<"*54Q(14%<"35"4157=%<"5<=#3%<"35"=5(<1L("M"*%K1*15(=%"5("/("*531%!"M"
4%*;#7Q(3%0%<"4%("0%<"E5(L*5(%<"%6<57K#3%<"350"*#G(5=1<*%"M"0#"5054=7141­
3#3+"Z0"<5$#0#7"0#<"4%(<54/5(41#<"*54Q(14#<"35"5<=#<"U1;L=5<1<!"5<;57%"<57"
35"#0G/(#"/=1013#3"#"#T/500%<"T/5"4%(<1357#("5<=%<"E5(L*5(%<"4%*%"35613%<"
#"0#"#441L("35"/("*531%!";57%"T/5"3/3#("35"0#"750#41L("35"5<=#"U1;L=5<1<"4%("
0#<"05M5<"5C;571*5(=#05<"M#"5<=#605413#<!"0#<"4/#05<"U#("<13%"G5(57#0*5(=5"
5C;75<#3#<"5*;05#(3%"%=7%"=1;%"35"U1;L=5<1<+8-
Z0"1G/#0"T/5"WU%*;<%(!"B#CD500"475>#"T/5"50"4#*;%"5054=7%*#G(H=14%"5<­
=#6#"realmente"4%(<=1=/13%";%7"/("H=57"</6%731(#3%"#"0#<"05M5<"35"0#"*54Q(14#"
(5D=%(1#(#+8i"h%7"0%"=#(=%!"356>#"=5(57"/("*54#(1<*%"M"H<=5"57#"</<45;=1605"
35"<57"35<4/6157=%+"h#7#"50"*%*5(=%"35"0#";/6014#41L("35"5<=5"(/5K%"#7=>4/0%!"
B#CD500"K5>#"0#<"#(#0%G>#<"*54Q(14#<"T/5"U#6>#"5*;05#3%"5("</"#7=>4/0%"#(=5­
71%7"4%*%"1(</R415(=5<!"M"05";#754>#"T/5"<1"615("05"U#6>#("<57K13%";#7#"10/<=7#7"M"
5(=5(357"*5.%7"0#<"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#"35"X#7#3#M!"(%";7%;%741%(#6#("/(#"=5%7>#"
G5(57#0"35"0%<"E5(L*5(%<"5054=7%*#G(H=14%<+"h%7"4%(<1G/15(=5!"</"(/5K#"*5=#"
57#"755C#*1(#7"5<=%<"E5(L*5(%<"6#.%"/(";/(=%"35"K1<=#"*54Q(14%!";57%"#U%7#"
5(E%4Q(3%<5"5("T/H"E/57F#<"%"*%K1*15(=%<"5("50"H=57"tT/5"<57K>#"35"*531%"35"
=7#(<*1<1L(u" ;%3>#(" 3#7" 4/5(=#" 35" 0%<" E5(L*5(%<" %6<57K#3%<!" 5(" ;#7=14/0#7"
35"0%<"4#*;%<"*#G(H=14%<+"P!"35"<57";%<1605!"6/<4#7>#"0#"*#(57#"35"T/5"5<=5"
*%350%"*54Q(14%"05"#M/3#7#"#"4%(54=#7"50"E5(L*5(%"35"0#"#=7#441L("*#G(H=14#"
4%("0%<"E5(L*5(%<"350"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%!"35"0#<"4%7715(=5<"1(3/413#<"M"4%("50"
35"0#"0/F!"5("/(#"<%0#"=5%7>#"/(1R4#3%7#+8m
Z0"4%*5(F#7"#"35<#77%00#7"</"*%350%"*54Q(14%";#7#"5C;014#7"50"4#*;%"35"
4#7G#!"B#CD500"j#0";#75457j"(%"=5(>#"135#"35"T/H"54/#41%(5<"16#"#"5(4%(=7#7!"
(1"<1"<57>#"4#;#F"35"35<#77%00#7"/(#"=5%7>#"/(1R4#3%7#+"h57%"5<=#6#"4%*;05=#­
*5(=5"<5G/7%!"#0"*5(%<!"35"3%<"4%<#<V"35"0#<"=75<"05M5<"35"0#"*54Q(14#"35"
a5D=%("M"35"T/5"0#"5C;014#41L("=5(>#"T/5";#<#7";%7"/(#"=5%7>#"35"4#*;%<+"S/"
E5"5("#*6#<"4%<#<"05"671(3L"/(";7%G7#*#";#75413%"#0"35"WU%*;<%(V"5C;014#7"
=%3%"5("=H7*1(%<"35"/("H=57"</;531=#3%"#"0#<"05M5<"35"a5D=%(+
B#CD500"<#6>#!"(#=/7#0*5(=5!"T/5"=%3#"=5%7>#"4%7754=#"=15(5"T/5"<57"4%(­
<1<=5(=5"4%("0%<"U54U%<"5C;571*5(=#05<!"M"=#*61H("<%<;54U#6#"T/5"0#"=5%7>#"
4%7754=#"356>#";#75457"5C=7#$#!";/5<=%"T/5"(1(G)("1(=5(=%"7#41%(#0";75K1%"U#­
6>#"3#3%"4%("0#"=5%7>#"#354/#3#+"\5"*%3%"T/5"<5";57*1=1L"#"<>"*1<*%";7%6#7"
8 ?+" @+" B#CD500!" ry(" hUM<14#0" ]1(5<" %E" X%745s!" 5(" 8/'+ 5"#&"#J+ =&%#H-(1/+ )#&+ ;-H.%#+
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science!"()*+"8,!",nm,!";;+",m,2,oi!"8n,28l,!"::n2:-i|"M"
()*+"8:!";;+",828-!"ni2li+"t^<=#"41=#";57=5(545"#"0#";#7=5"I!";+",m8+u
8i
X+"@Q(%K#<!"op. cit+!"4#;+"8+
8m
?+"@+"B#CD500!"ry("hU<14#0"]1(5<"%E"X%745s!"5("op. cit.!";#7=5"I!";+",m8+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33.
En-Claves14-book.indb 22
04/11/13 14:54
]#<"#(#0%G>#<"5("0#"E%7*/0#41L("35"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#"
8:
4/#0T/157"U1;L=5<1<"T/5"E/57#"4%(<1<=5(=5"4%("</<"3%<";75*1<#<"t0#"*54Q(14#"
35"a5D=%("M"0#"5C1<=5(41#"35"4#*;%<u+"B#CD500";5(<#6#"T/5!"#/(T/5"(%"3157#"
4%("</<"#(#0%G>#<"4%("50"*54#(1<*%"4%7754=%!";%3>#"5(4%(=7#7"/(%"T/5"E/57#"0%"
</R415(=5*5(=5";#75413%"#0"K573#357%"4%*%";#7#";%<557"#0G/(#<";7%;153#35<"
5("4%*)(+"h%7"5<=#"7#FL(!"M"/(15(3%"</"1*#G1(#41L("#"</"E#41013#3"*#=5*Q=14#!"
<5"=%*L"0#"01657=#3"35"1*#G1(#7"*54#(1<*%<"1*;%<1605<"M"35<4#6500#3%<"T/5!"
<1("5*6#7G%!";/3157#(";%<557"#0G/(#<";7%;153#35<"4%7754=#<!"#(Q0%G#<"#"0#<"
350"*54#(1<*%"K573#357%!"4/#0T/157#"T/5"H<=5"E/57#+
Z0" ;#75457!" B#CD500" =#*;%4%" 5<=#6#" <#=1<E54U%" 4%(" </<" 54/#41%(5<" 35"
,nim+" h5(<#6#" T/5" </<" 75</0=#3%<" 35" 5<#" %4#<1L(" 356>#(" <57" *%31R4#3%<"
4%("0#"1(=7%3/441L("35"0#"K50%413#3"R(1=#"35"0#"1(3/441L("*#G(H=14#+"P"5<"T/5"
B#CD500!" #0" 1G/#0" T/5" X#7#3#M" M" WU%*;<%(!" =5(>#" 7#F%(5<" *5=#E><14#<" ;#7#"
47557"T/5"0#"1(3/441L("5054=7%*#G(H=14#"(%";%3>#"<57"1(<=#(=Q(5#"M"T/5"75T/57>#"
35"=15*;%";#7#";7%;#G#7<5";%7"50"4#*;%+"S5G)("50"4%(45;=%"350"H=57"T/5"
*#(5.#6#!"4#3#";#7=5"350"H=57"(%";%3>#"#4=/#7"<%675"0#<"35*Q<"#"31<=#(41#!"
<1(%" <L0%" <%675" 0#<" ;#7=5<" #3M#45(=5<+"P!"<1"<5"</;%(>#"T/5"50"H=57"5<"/(#"
</<=#(41#"50Q<=14#"M"4%("*#<#!"5(=%(45<"0#"K50%413#3"35";7%;#G#41L("356>#"35"
<57"R(1=#+"p#6>#!"#35*Q<!"/(#"7#FL(";%357%<#";#7#"47557"T/5"50"H=57";%<5>#"
5<=#<";7%;153#35<V"0#"K50%413#3"R(1=#"35"0#"0/F+"P"<1"615("H<=#"<5"=7#(<*1=>#";%7"
medio de un éter luminífero!"T/5"(%"(545<#71#*5(=5"5<=#6#"750#41%(#3%"4%("
50"4#*;%"5054=7%*#G(H=14%!"#"B#CD500"05"4%<=#6#"=7#6#.%"47557"5("0#"5C1<=5(41#"
35"3%<"H=575<"</;57;/5<=%<!"/(%";#7#"0#"0/F"M"%=7%";#7#"50"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%+"
X1(#0*5(=5!"5<=#6#"50"35<4/671*15(=%"35"X#7#3#M"35"0#"7%=#41L("*#G(H=14#"35"
0#"0/F";%0#71F#3#!"T/5"35*%<=7#6#"0#"5C1<=5(41#"35"/(#"750#41L("5(=75"0#"0/F"M"
50"*#G(5=1<*%+"h%7"0%"=#(=%!"0%"(#=/7#0"57#"#<1G(#7"#"/("*1<*%"H=57"0%<"5E54=%<"
5054=7%*#G(H=14%<"M"0%<"0/*1(%<%<+"P"<1"5<=5"H=57";7%3/4>#"/(#"K50%413#3"R(1=#"
;#7#"0#"0/F!"356>#";%7"=#(=%"%4#<1%(#7"/(#"K50%413#3"=#*61H("R(1=#";#7#"0#"1(­
3/441L("5054=7%*#G(H=14#+
^0";7%605*#"35"B#CD500"57#"3#7"4%("/("*%350%"350"H=57"350"4#*;%"5054=7%­
*#G(H=14%"T/5"1(4%7;%7#7#"0#"*#<#"M"50#<=1413#3"(545<#71#";#7#"0#"K50%413#3"
R(1=#"M"005G#7!"35"<57";%<1605!"#"E%7*/0#7"/(#"=5%7>#"T/5";/3157#"/(1R4#7"0#"5054­
=71413#3!"50"*#G(5=1<*%"M"0#"0/F+
P"E/5"50";7%;1%"X#7#3#M"T/15("#;%7=L"0#"135#"<%675"0#"T/5"B#CD500"4%*5(FL"
#"=7#6#.#7"5("</"*%350%"*54Q(14%+"X#7#3#M"U#6>#"314U%"T/5"0#"31<=716/41L("35"
0#<" 0>(5#<" *#G(H=14#<" 35" E/57F#" ;%3>#" 35=57*1(#7<5" </;%(15(3%" T/5" 5C1<=5"
=5(<1L("#"0%"0#7G%"35"0#<"0>(5#<"M"/(#";75<1L("5(=75"500#<+"B#CD500!"5(=%(45<!"
<5" ;75G/(=L" T/H" 5C;014#41L(" *54Q(14#" ;%3>#" ;7%3/417" 5<=#" 35<1G/#03#3" 35"
;75<1%(5<"5("/("N/13%"%!";%7"#(#0%G>#!"5("/("*531%"*LK10+"]#"40#K5"0#"5(4%(=7L"
5("0%<"=7#6#.%<"35"WU%*;<%(!"3%(35"<5"5<=#6054>#"0#"(545<13#3"35"</;%(57"/("
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33.
En-Claves14-book.indb 23
04/11/13 14:54
8-"
&0#31*17"@#4UL("e/100H(
*%K1*15(=%"=/76/05(=%"5("=%7(%"#"0#<"0>(5#<"*#G(H=14#<"35"E/57F#"5("/("*531%"
31#*#G(H=14%!";/5<";5(<#6#"T/5"H<=#"57#"0#")(14#"E%7*#"35"5C;014#7"0#"7%=#41L("
35"0#"0/F"%6<57K#3#";%7"X#7#3#M+"B#CD500"U1F%"</M#"0#"135#"35"0%<"75*%01(%<"
*#G(H=14%<"M"354131L"#;014#70#"#"=%3#<"0#<"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#!"=#(=%"5("50"5<;#­
41%"4%*%"5("/("*531%"*#=571#0+"^<=#"G5(57#01F#41L(";57*1=>#"/(#"5C;014#41L("
*54Q(14#"#0";7%605*#"35"0#"35<1G/#03#3"35";75<1%(5<!"=#(=%"#"0%"0#7G%"35"0#<"
0>(5#<"4%*%"5(=75"500#<+
^(" </<" 353/441%(5<!" B#CD500" 1(=7%3/.%" /(#" U1;L=5<1<" T/5" 75</0=L" <57" 35"
G7#("K#0%7"U5/7><=14%V"T/5"0#<"*#<#<"35"0%<"75*%01(%<"*#G(H=14%<"35;5(3>#("
35"0#";57*5#61013#3"*#G(H=14#"350"*531%"M!";%7"0%"=#(=%!"0#"5(57G>#"350"4#*;%"
*#G(H=14%"j5<"35417!"0#"5(57G>#"41(H=14#"35"5<=%<"75*%01(%<j"57#"/(#"E/(41L("
35"0#"4%(<=#(=5"35";57*5#61013#3+
^0"<5G/(3%";#<%"5("0#"4%(<=7/441L("350"*%350%"T/5"5<=#6#"6/<4#(3%!"57#"
5(4%(=7#7"/(#"#(#0%G>#"*54Q(14#"35"0#"4%7715(=5"50H4=714#"T/5"5<=#6054157#"/(#"
750#41L("5(=75"H<=#"M"50"*#G(5=1<*%+"]#"<%0/41L("1(G5(1%<#"35"B#CD500"4%(<1<=1L"
5("</;%(57"T/5"0#"5054=71413#3"5<=Q"4%(<=1=/13#";%7"6%01=#<!"%";#7=>4/0#<"tK57"0#"
RG/7#" 8u!" T/5" <5;#7#(" #" /(%<" 75*%01(%<" *#G(H=14%<" 35" %=7%<!" 4%(<1357#(3%"
#"H<=%<"4%*%"6#77#<"N5C1605<"4%("/(#"</;57R415"7/G%<#+"^0"7#F%(#*15(=%"35"
B#CD500"5<"=#("<%7;75(35(=5"T/5"4%(K15(5"75;7%3/4170%V
S/;%(15(3%"T/5"<5#"4%7754=#"0#"5C;014#41L("35"0#<"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#"*531#(=5"
75*%01(%<"*%054/0#75<!"I;%7"T/H"/(#"35=57*1(#3#"31<=716/41L("35"75*%01(%<"
</;%(5" /(#" 4%7715(=5" 50H4=714#O" `(#" 75<;/5<=#" <#=1<E#4=%71#" (%<" E#4101=#7>#"
*/4U%"50"4#*1(%"U#41#"0#"<%0/41L("350"K573#357%";7%605*#!"T/5"(%"5<"<1(%"
4%(=5<=#7"#"0#";75G/(=#V"IT/H"5<"0#"4%7715(=5"50H4=714#O
B5"U#"4%<=#3%"*/4U%"#45;=#7"0#"5C1<=5(41#"35"75*%01(%<"#"=7#KH<"35"=%3%"
/("*531%!"G17#(3%"4%3%"4%("4%3%"5("0#"*1<*#"3175441L("5("=%7(%"#"5.5<";#7#­
050%<+"]#<";%741%(5<"4%(=1G/#<"35"3%<"75*%01(%<"4%(<54/=1K%<"3565("*%K57<5"
5("3175441%(5<"%;/5<=#<|"M"5<"31E>410"4%*;75(357"4L*%"50"*%K1*15(=%"35"/(#"
;#7=5"350"*531%";/53#"4%5C1<=17"4%("/("*%K1*15(=%"4%(=7#71%"35"0#";%741L("
4%(=1G/#!"5"1(40/<%";7%3/4170%+
]#")(14#"135#"T/5"*5"U#"#M/3#3%"#"4%(45617"5<=5"=1;%"35"*%K1*15(=%<"5<"
T/5"0%<"75*%01(%<"5<=Q("<5;#7#3%<";%7"/(#"4#;#"35";#7=>4/0#<"G17#(3%"4#3#"
/(#"#075353%7"35"</";7%;1%"5.5!"5("3175441L("%;/5<=#"#"0#"35"0%<"75*%01(%<!"
35"E%7*#"T/5"0#<"</;57R415<"35"4%(=#4=%"5(=75";#7=>4/0#<"M"75*%01(%<"=15(5("
50"*1<*%"<5(=13%"35"*%K1*15(=%+
^("*54Q(14#!"4/#(3%"<5"T/1575"T/5"3%<"7/53#<"G175("5("0#"*1<*#"31754­
41L(!"<5"4%0%4#"5(=75"500#<"%=7#"7/53#"T/5"5(G7#(5"4%("#*6#<!"M"T/5"<5"00#*#"
r;1$L("0%4%s+"]#"U1;L=5<1<"T/5"</G157%"<%675"0%<"75*%01(%<"5<"T/5"5(=75"4#3#"
3%<"75*%01(%<"4%(=1G/%<"<5"1(=57;%(5"/(#"4#;#"35";#7=>4/0#<"T/5"#4=)#"4%*%"
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33.
En-Claves14-book.indb 24
04/11/13 14:54
]#<"#(#0%G>#<"5("0#"E%7*/0#41L("35"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#"
8i
;1$L("0%4%|"35"5<=#"E%7*#"4#3#"75*%01(%"=15(35"#"U#457"T/5"</<"K541(%<"<5"
*/5K#("5("0#"*1<*#"3175441L(+
vwx"h%7"0%"=#(=%!"M"35"#4/573%"#"5<=#"U1;L=5<1<!";#7545"<57"T/5"0#"4%7715(=5"
50H4=714#"T/53#"75;75<5(=#3#";%7"0#"=7#(<E575(41#"35"0#<";#7=>4/0#<"*LK105<"
1(=57;/5<=#<"5(=75"0%<"KL7=145<"K541(%<+"h%35*%<"4%(45617"T/5"5<=#<";#7=>­
4/0#<"<%("*/M";5T/5$#<"4%*;#7#3#<"4%("50"=#*#$%"35"0%<"KL7=145<!"M"T/5"
/(#"G7#("4#(=13#3"35"KL7=145<"4%("=%3%"M"</<";#7=>4/0#<"4174/(3#(=5<!"T/53#("
4%(=5(13%<"5("/(#")(14#"*%0H4/0#"4%*;05=#"350"*531%+8o
X1G/7#"8+"]%<"75*%01(%<"*#G(H=14%<"35"B#CD500"5("On Physical Lines of Force+
^0"=57457";#<%"5("0#"4%(<=7/441L("35"</"*%350%"*54Q(14%"E/5"</;%(57"T/5"
5<=%<"75*%01(%<"*#G(H=14%<"5<=#6#("3%=#3%<"35"50#<=1413#3+"^<=#"U1;L=5<1<"5C1G>#"
/(#"K50%413#3"R(1=#"35"K#71#41L("35"0%<"5<=#3%<"350"*54#(1<*%V"/(#"K50%413#3"
35"1(3/441L("R(1=#+"P"35";#<%";7%;%741%(#6#"/(#";%<1605"5C;014#41L(";#7#"0#"
5054=71413#3"5<=Q=14#V"5("/("3150H4=714%!"0%<"5.5<"35"0%<"75*%01(%<"*#G(H=14%<"(%"
;/535("*%K57<5+"S1"/(#"4#/<#"5C=571%7"#0"*54#(1<*%"5.574>#"E/57F#"<%675"0#<"
;#7=>4/0#<"50H4=714#<!"H<=#<"35E%7*#6#("50Q<=14#*5(=5"0%<"75*%01(%<"*#G(H=14%<+"
P"5<=#"35E%7*#41L(";%(>#"5("./5G%"#"0#<"E/57F#<"50Q<=14#<"350"75*%01(%!"T/5"
5(=%(45<";75<1%(#6#("<%675"0#<";#7=>4/0#<"50H4=714#<"4174/(3#(=5<+"P!"5("5<=5"
*%350%!"<5"</;%(5"T/5"0#"E/57F#"35"/("75*%01(%"<%675"/(#";#7=>4/0#"50H4=714#"
75;75<5(=#"0#"E/57F#"50H4=714#"35613#"#"0#"4#7G#+
Z<>";/5<!"B#CD500"j#0"1G/#0"T/5"X#7#3#Mj"135L"/(#"=5%7>#"35"4#*;%"35"
4#7G#+"P!"4%*%"K575*%<"#"4%(=1(/#41L(!"0#"#3%;41L("35"5<=#"135#"35"4#*;%<"35"
4#7G#"05"#;%7=#7>#"#"</"=5%7>#"#0G/(%<"35"0%<"75</0=#3%<"*Q<"%71G1(#05<+
8o
Ibid+!";#7=5"II!";;+"8n:28ni+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33.
En-Claves14-book.indb 25
04/11/13 14:54
8m"
&0#31*17"@#4UL("e/100H(
La teoría electromagnética de la luz
^("50"K57#(%"35"#T/50",nm,"B#CD500"K1#.L"#"</<";%<5<1%(5<"5("^<4%41#!"#;#­
75(=5*5(=5"<#=1<E54U%"35"</"#(#0%G>#"*54Q(14#"350"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"M"35"0#"
U1;L=5<1<"T/5"U#6>#"E%7*/0#3%";#7#"0%<"4#*;%<"35"4#7G#+"h57%"5("0%<"<1G/15(=5<"
*5<5<" E/5" 4#*61#(3%" </" 4%*;75(<1L(" <%675" 0#<" 1*;014#41%(5<" 35" </" ;7%;1%"
=7#6#.%+
B15(=7#<"#=5(3>#"</<"=1577#<"M";5(<#6#"5("</<"*%350%<"5054=7%*#G(H=14%<!"
5("50"K57#(%"35"5<5"*1<*%"#$%"0%<";7%605*#<"=H4(14%<"35"0#"=505G7#E>#"%4/;#­
6#("0#"#=5(41L("35"0%<"E><14%<"671=Q(14%<+"\5<;/H<"35"0%<"35<#<=7%<%<";71*57%<"
1(=5(=%<" 35" =5(357" /(" 4#605" =7#(<#=0Q(=14%!8n" 0#"Z<%41#41L(" _71=Q(14#" ;#7#" 50"
ZK#(45"35"0#"@15(41#"5<=#60541L"/("4%*1=H"T/5"<5"5(4#7G#7>#"35"R.#7"0%<"5<=Q(­
3#75<"35"75<1<=5(41#"50H4=714#"T/5";57*1=157#("T/5"0#"753"35"4#605<"E/(41%(#7#"
#;7%;1#3#*5(=5+"B#CD500"<5"/(1L"#"5<=5"4%*1=H!"#0"1G/#0"T/5"%=7%<"E><14%<!"M"
;7%(=%"0%<"(/5K%<"0#6%7#=%71%<"/(1K57<1=#71%<"35"5(<5$#(F#"35"E><14#"5("0#"e7#("
_75=#$#"5<=#6#("35314#3%<"#"U#457"*53141%(5<"5054=7%*#G(H=14#<!"1(40/M5(3%"
50"0#6%7#=%71%"3171G13%";%7"WU%*;<%(!"5("e0#<G%D!"M"50"0#6%7#=%71%"@#K5(31<U!"
5("@#*6713G5!"3171G13%";%7"B#CD500+
^<=#(3%"5("^<4%41#!"5<5"K57#(%"35",nm,!"<1G/1L"=7#6#.#(3%"5("</"*%350%"
*54Q(14%";#7#"5C;014#7"50"E/(41%(#*15(=%"350"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"4%("6#<5"5("
5(G7#(#.5<!"6%01=#<"M"75*%01(%<"*#G(H=14%<!"M"E/5"5(=%(45<"j5("/(%"35"</<"
*/4U%<"35<=500%<"475#=1K%<j"4/#(3%"<5"31%"4/5(=#"35"T/5"5<=5"*531%"N/13%"
~356>#"=7#(<*1=17"</"#441L("#"=7#KH<"35"%(3#<"=7#(<K57<#05<•
^0"*54#(1<*%"T/5"M#"U#6>#"135#3%";#7#"5C;014#7"0#"750#41L("5(=75"50"4#*;%"
*#G(H=14%"M"0#"4%7715(=5"50H4=714#"57#"50"<1G/15(=5V"0#"4%7715(=5"50H4=714#"57#"50"
*%K1*15(=%"35"0#<";#7=>4/0#<"50H4=714#<"t0#<"6%01=#<"T/5"7%35#("0%<"U5CQG%(%<"
35"0#"RG/7#"8u|"4/#(3%"/(#";#7=>4/0#"<5"*%K>#!"7%F#6#"0#<";#7535<"350"75*%­
01(%"*#G(H=14%"4%(=1G/%"t0#<"4H0/0#<"U5C#G%(#05<"35"0#"RG/7#u"M"0%";%(>#"5("
*%K1*15(=%+"]#"7%=#41L("35"5<=5"75*%01(%";7%K%4#6#"0#"7%=#41L("35"=%3#<"0#<"
;#7=>4/0#<" 50H4=714#<" T/5" 5<=#6#(" 5(" 4%(=#4=%" 4%(" H0+" ^<=#<" ;#7=>4/0#<!" #" </"
K5F!"#0"G17#7"7%F#6#("4%(=7#"0%<"75*%01(%<"5("4%(=#4=%"4%("500#<!";7%K%4#(3%"</"
G17%!"M"#<>"</45<1K#*5(=5!"U#<=#"T/5"=%3%"50"5<;#41%"<5"005(#6#"35"75*%01(%<"
8n
" ^("50";71*57"1(=5(=%!"5(",nio!"50"4#605"<5"75K5(=L"50";71*57"3>#+"X/5"75;#7#3%"M"K%0K1L"#"
7%*;57<5+"^("50"<5G/(3%"1(=5(=%!"50"K57#(%"<1G/15(=5!"<5"7%*;1L"5("=75<"%4#<1%(5<!"#"31E575(=5<"
31<=#(41#<+"^("/("=57457"1(=5(=%!"<5"0%G7L";%7"R("/("5*;#0*5"5C1=%<%!"M"50";71*57"*5(<#.5"E/5"5(K1#3%"
;%7"0#"k51(#"&14=%71#"#0";75<135(=5"?#*5<"_/4U#(#("50",m"35"#G%<=%"35",nin!";57%"0#"4%*/(14#41L("
5(=75"e7#("_75=#$#"M"a%7=5#*H714#"<L0%"3/7L"/(#<"<5*#(#<!"M"50"89"35"%4=/675"50"4#605"35.L"35"
E/(41%(#7!"35<;/H<"35"U#657<5"K/50=%"4#3#"K5F"*Q<"05(=#"0#"=7#(<*1<1L("tU#41#"50"R(#0!"50"5(K>%"35"
/("*5(<#.5"35"*531#";QG1(#"35"=5C=%"75T/57>#"*Q<"35"/("3>#u+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33.
En-Claves14-book.indb 26
04/11/13 14:54
]#<"#(#0%G>#<"5("0#"E%7*/0#41L("35"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#"
8o
*#G(H=14%<"5("*%K1*15(=%+"h%7"0%"=#(=%!"/(#";#7=>4/0#"50H4=714#"4%("01657=#3"
35"*%K1*15(=%"5("/("4%(3/4=%7!";7%3/417>#"/("4#*;%"*#G(H=14%"#075353%7"350"
4#605+
h57%!"#0";75G/(=#7<5"T/H"%4/7717>#"<1"0#"4%7715(=5"50H4=714#"350"4#605"31<*1(/>#!"
<5"31%"4/5(=#"35"T/5"5<=%"1*;014#7>#"j5("</"*%350%"*54Q(14%j"T/5"0#<";#7=>4/0#<"
50H4=714#<"4%*5(F#7>#("#"*%K57<5"*Q<"35<;#41%!"U#415(3%"T/5"0%<"75*%01(%<"
*#G(H=14%<"#3M#45(=5<";573157#("=#*61H("K50%413#3+"^<=%"<1G(1R4#6#"T/5"<5"
;75<5(=#7>#"/(#"31E575(41#"35"K50%413#3"5(=75"0%<"75*%01(%<"4%(=1G/%<"#0"4#605"
M" 0%<" <1G/15(=5<!" 4%(" 50" 75</0=#3%" 35" T/5" 0#<" ;#7=>4/0#<" T/5" T/53#6#(" 5(=75"
#*6%<" =5(357>#(" #" ;%(57<5" 5(" *%K1*15(=%w" ^<=#" 31E575(41#" 35" K50%413#3!"
;5(<L"B#CD500!"T/53#7>#"#6<%7613#"1(141#0*5(=5";%7"/(#"31<=%7<1L("50Q<=14#"35"
0%<"75*%01(%<!"35E%7*#(3%"</"4%(=%7(%+"^(=%(45<!"5<=%<"75*%01(%<"35E%7*#3%<"
5.57457>#("/(#"E/57F#"<%675"0#<";#7=>4/0#<"T/5"<5"*%K>#("*Q<"35";71<#!"31<*1­
(/M5(3%"</"K50%413#3+"P"35"5<=5"*%3%";#<#7>#";%7"=%3%"50"4#*;%"/(#"%(3#"
35"35<;0#F#*15(=%"35"0#<";#7=>4/0#<"50H4=714#<"M"/("4#*;%"*#G(H=14%"K#71#605+
\5"5<=5"*%3%!"B#CD500"353/.%"T/5"U#67>#"%(3#<"35"35<;0#F#*15(=%"=7#(<­
K57<#0" ;#7#" 50" 5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%!" M" T/5" 4/#0T/157" 4#*61%" 5(" 0#<" 4%7715(=5<"
50H4=714#<"%"5("0%<"4#*;%<"<5"*%K57>#"5("50"H=57"=7#(<*1<%7";7541<#*5(=5"#<>!"
5("%(3#<"T/5"0%"U#7>#("K167#7+"^("5<=5"*%*5(=%"tK57#(%"35",nm,u"=%3#K>#"(%"
U#6>#"4%(45613%"T/5"50"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"5<!"5("<>"*1<*%!"/(#"%(3#w";57%"
M#"5<=#6#"4574#"35"4%*;75(3570%+"P!"#/(T/5"=#*;%4%"U#6>#";%313%";7%6#7"#)("
T/5"0%<"E5(L*5(%<"5054=7%*#G(H=14%<"=15(5("0#"*1<*#"(#=/7#05F#"T/5"0#"0/F!"0#"
4%(5C1L("05"75</0=#6#"4#3#"K5F"*Q<"5K135(=5+"h57%"I4L*%";7%6#70%O
@%*%"U5*%<"*5(41%(#3%!"/(%"35"0%<";71(41;#05<";7%605*#<"=5L714%<"T/5"
005KL"#"B#CD500"#"4%(<=7/17"</"(/5K%"*%350%"U#6>#"<13%"50"35"35<#77%00#7"/(#"=5%­
7>#"5("0#"4/#0"0#"1(3/441L("tT/5"U#<=#"5<5"*%*5(=%"<5"U#6>#"4%(<1357#3%"4%*%"
/("5E54=%"1(<=#(=Q(5%u"=/K157#"/(#"K50%413#3"R(1=#+"h#7#"#<5G/7#7"0#"K50%413#3"
(%"1(<=#(=Q(5#!"B#CD500"U#6>#"3%=#3%"#"</"*54#(1<*%"35"*#<#"M"35"50#<=141­
3#3+"Z35*Q<"jM"4%*%"U5*%<"K1<=%j"U#6>#"0%G7#3%"135(=1R4#7"*/4U#<"35"0#<"
;7%;153#35<"4%(%413#<"350"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"4%("/("*%350%"*54Q(14%"T/5"05"
;57*1=>#"3571K#7"EL7*/0#<"*#=5*Q=14#<+"Z<>"T/5";5(<L"T/5"<1"0%G7#6#"353/417"0#"
K50%413#3"35"0#<"%(3#<"5("50"*54#(1<*%"#";#7=17"35"5<=#<";7%;153#35<!"5(=%(45<"
=5(37>#" /(#" ;7531441L(" T/5" <57>#" 4%(=7#<=#605" 4%(" 0%<" 3#=%<" 5C;571*5(=#05<!"
1(35;5(315(=5*5(=5"350"*54#(1<*%"1(K5(=#3%";#7#"353/4170#+
B#CD500"=7#6#.L"5("500%"M!"4%("#M/3#"35"0#"*54Q(14#"(5D=%(1#(#!"35"</"G7#("
U#61013#3"*#=5*Q=14#"M"35"/(#"<5715"35"#</(41%(5<8l logró calcular la velocidad 8l
" Z<>!" ;%7" 5.5*;0%!" </;/<%" T/5" 0#" *#<#" 35" 0#<" 6%01=#<" 50H4=714#<" M" </" 50#<=1413#3" 57#("
35<;7541#605<!"M"T/5"=%3#"0#"*#<#"M"=%3#"0#"50#<=1413#3"5<=#6#("5("0%<"75*%01(%<+"h#7#"/(#"5C;%<141L("
*Q<"35=#00#3#"35"0#"*#(57#"5("T/5"005GL"#"</<"54/#41%(5<+"tX+"@Q(%K#<!"op. cit.!";;+"8m2:9+u
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33.
En-Claves14-book.indb 27
04/11/13 14:54
8n"
&0#31*17"@#4UL("e/100H(
35"0#<"%(3#<"5("*531%<"35"=7#(<*1<1L("35"31E575(=5<"35(<13#35<!"#";#7=17"35"
*53141%(5<"35"0#6%7#=%71%"35"0#<"E/57F#<"5054=7%<=Q=14#<"M"5054=7%*#G(H=14#<+"
\5"75G75<%!"5("]%(375<!"4%*;#7L"</<"75</0=#3%<"4%("0#<"%6<57K#41%(5<"5054=7%­
*#G(H=14#<"75#01F#3#<"U#4>#"/(%<"#$%<"5("Z05*#(1#"M";7%6L"5<%<"3#=%<"5("</<"
54/#41%(5<+"h#7#"</"<%7;75<#!"~0%<"75</0=#3%<"35"5<#<"%6<57K#41%(5<"31E57>#("5("
(%"*Q<"35"/(",€"350"K#0%7";#7#"0#"K50%413#3"35"0#"0/F"T/5"<5"U#6>#"35=57*1(#3%"
5("h#7><"U#4>#"3%45"#$%<•"S/<"4Q04/0%<"05"3#6#("T/5"0#"K50%413#3"35"=7#(<*1<1L("
350"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"<57>#"35":,9"o-9"A*•<5G+"M"Z7*#(3"p1;;%0M=5"X1F5#/:9 U#6>#"4#04/0#3%"0#"K50%413#3"35"0#"0/F"5(":,-"nin"A*•<5G+
r]#"4%1(4135(41#"(%"5<"*57#*5(=5"(/*H714#s!"5<47161L"#"X#7#3#M"5("50"%=%$%"
35"#T/50",nm,+"Z;#75(=5*5(=5"0#"0/F"57#"/(#"K167#41L("350"*1<*%"*531%"tIM"
350"*1<*%"=1;%Ou"T/5"57#"75<;%(<#605"35"0#"=7#(<*1<1L("350"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%+"
~\5"(1(G/(#"*#(57#";%3>#"<57"/(#"<1*;05"4%1(4135(41#•"h57%!"<1"0#"0/F"57#"/(#"
%(3#"{4%*%"U#6>#"35*%<=7#3%"@U71<=1##("p/MG5(<"35<35"50"<1G0%"XVII{"IT/57>#"
35417"5<=%"T/5"50"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"=#*61H("<5"=7#(<*1=>#";%7"%(3#<!"<%675"50"
*1<*%"H=57"T/5"U#4>#"K167#7"0#"0/F"#"0#"*1<*#"K50%413#3O"B#CD500!"T/5"5<=#6#"
preparando la tercera parte de On Physical Lines of Force!"#<5(=LV
]#"K50%413#3"35"0#<"%(3/0#41%(5<"=7#(<K57<#05<"5("(/5<=7%"*531%"U1;%=H=1­
4%!"4#04/0#3#"#";#7=17"35"0%<"5C;571*5(=%<"5054=7%*#G(H=14%<"35"0%<"S75<+"
g%0U7#/<4U" M" Y5657!" 4%1(4135" =#(" 5C#4=#*5(=5" 4%(" 0#" K50%413#3" 35" 0#" 0/F"
4#04/0#3#"#";#7=17"35"0%<"5C;571*5(=%<"L;=14%<"350"S7+"X1F5#/!"T/5"31E>410*5(=5"
podemos evitar la inferencia de que la luz consiste en ondulaciones trans­
versales del mismo medio que es la causa de los fenómenos magnéticos y eléctricos+:,
h57%!"I;%3>#"<57"T/5"#*6%<"E5(L*5(%<"5<=/K157#("*/4U%"*Q<"5<=754U#­
*5(=5"750#41%(#3%<"T/5"0%"T/5"M#"1(314#6#"50"U54U%"35"<57"=7#(<*1=13%<";%7"50"
*1<*%"*531%"M"#"0#"*1<*#"K50%413#3O"a/5K#*5(=5!"B#CD500"<%<;54U#6#"T/5"0#"
4%1(4135(41#"5("K50%413#35<"1(314#6#"*/4U%"*Q<"T/5"/("*531%"35"=7#(<*1<1L("
4%*;#7=13%+"\5"5<=5"*%3%!"M"=7#6#.#(3%"5("</<"54/#41%(5<"#U%7#"=#(=%";#7#"
:9
" X1F5#/"75#01FL"</"5C;571*5(=%"35"*53141L("5(",n-l+"`("7#M%"35"0/F"<5"3171G>#"#"/("5<;5.%"#"
415(=%<"35"*5=7%<"35"31<=#(41#+"^("</"=7#M54=%"35"0#"E/5(=5"U#41#"50"5<;5.%!"50"7#M%";#<#6#"#"=7#KH<"
35"/("5(G7#(#.5"7%=#=%71%+"Z"4157=%"(1K50"35"7%=#41L(!"50"7#M%";#<#7>#"#"=7#KH<"35"/("%71R41%"5("</"
4#*1(%"35"<#013#"M!";%7"%=7%!"5("</"4#*1(%"35"75G75<%+"h57%"#"(1K505<"01G57#*5(=5"*5(%75<!"50"7#M%"
<5";7%M54=#7>#"5("/(%"35"0%<"315(=5<"M"(%";#<#7>#"#"=7#KH<"35"0#"7/53#+"@%(%415(3%"0#"31<=#(41#"
U#41#"50"5<;5.%!"50"()*57%"35"315(=5<"350"5(G7#(#.5!"M"50">(3145"35"7%=#41L(!"<5";%3>#"4#04/0#7"0#"
K50%413#3"35"0#"0/F+"X1F5#/"0#"4#04/0L"5(":,-"nin"999"*•<+"S/"K50%413#3"75#0"5("50"K#4>%!"4%*%"U%M"
<5"05"4%(%45!"5<"35"8l"ol8!-in"*•<+
:,
?+"@+"B#CD500!"op. cit+!";#7=5"III!";+"88+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33.
En-Claves14-book.indb 28
04/11/13 14:54
]#<"#(#0%G>#<"5("0#"E%7*/0#41L("35"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#"
8l
50"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"4%*%";#7#"0#"0/F!"B#CD500"4%*5(FL"0#"*#M%7"/(1R4#41L("
=5L714#"35"0#"U1<=%71#"35"0#"E><14#"35<35"'<##4"a5D=%(+
\/7#(=5" 0%<" <1G/15(=5<" 3%<" #$%<" B#CD500" <5" 5<E%7FL" ;%7" =7#(<E%7*#7" </"
*%350%" 35" 5(G7#(#.5<!" 75*%01(%<" M" 6%01=#<" *LK105<" 5(" /(#" =5%7>#" 31(Q*14#"
G5(57#0"350"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%+"h%7"R(!"0#"=5%7>#"T/53L"4%*;05=#*5(=5"35­
<#77%00#3#"5(",nm-"M"0#";/6014L"#0"#$%"<1G/15(=5"6#.%"50"=>=/0%"35"K+;<#)0%!).+
Theory of the Electromagnetic Field+"^("5<=5"#7=>4/0%"B#CD500"U1F%"#0";7%;1%"
*531%"5054=7%*#G(H=14%"</.5=%"35"#(Q01<1<"/=101F#(3%"0%<";71(41;1%<"G5(57#05<"
35"0#"31(Q*14#"t35"#U>"50"=>=/0%"r`(#"=5%7>#"31(Q*14#"350"4#*;%"5054=7%*#G­
(H=14%su+"P"5<"#T/>"4/#(3%"M#"/=101F#"50"4%(45;=%"35"%(3#<"5054=7%*#G(H=14#<!"
5("0/G#7"35"<1*;05*5(=5"0>(5#<"%"4#*;%<"35"E/57F#!"M"5("3%(35"755*;0#F#"
=%=#0*5(=5"</"#(=571%7"5(E%T/5"*54Q(14%";%7"/("7#F%(#*15(=%"*Q<"#6<=7#4=%"
M"*#=5*Q=14%";#7#"35<471617"50"4%*;%7=#*15(=%"35"0%<"4#*;%<"5054=7%*#G(H­
=14%<"5("50"5<;#41%+
@574#"350"R(#0"350"4#;>=/0%"VI de K+;<#)0%!).+8/'"(<+"9+3/'+=.'!3("0)1#'3%!+
Field!"35<;/H<"35"/(#"67100#(=5"35*%<=7#41L("*#=5*Q=14#"5("T/5"0%G7#"/(17"0#<"
54/#41%(5<"350"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"4%("0#<"35"0#"=7#(<*1<1L("35"0#"0/F!"B#CD500"
5<47161L!" =71/(E#0*5(=5" r]#" 4%(4%73#(41#" 35" 0%<" 75</0=#3%<" ;#7545" 35*%<=7#7"
T/5"0#"0/F!"0#"5054=71413#3"M"50"*#G(5=1<*%"<%("*#(1E5<=#41%(5<"35"0#"*1<*#"
</<=#(41#!"M"T/5""0#"0/F"5<"/(#";57=/76#41L("5054=7%*#G(H=14#"T/5"<5";7%;#G#"
;%7"50"4#*;%"<1G/15(3%"05M5<"5054=7%*#G(H=14#<s+:8
Corolario
Z";5<#7"35"0#"U#F#$#"1(=5054=/#0"M"35"0#<"5(%7*5<"1*;014#41%(5<"35"0#"=5%7>#"
5054=7%*#G(H=14#"35"0#"0/F"35"B#CD500!"G7#41#<"#"0#"4/#0"<5"0%G7L"0#"/(1R4#41L("
=5L714#"*Q<"1*;%7=#(=5"35"0#"E><14#"35<35"0#"k5K%0/41L("@15(=>R4#!"#0"4%0%4#7"
6#.%"0#"*1<*#"5C;014#41L("=5L714#"0%"T/5"U#<=#"5(=%(45<"U#6>#("<13%"4%(<135­
7#3%<"=75<"31E575(=5<"=1;%<"35"E5(L*5(%<!"0#"=5%7>#"35"B#CD500"E/5"#45;=#3#"M"
4%*;75(313#"<L0%"35"*#(57#"*/M"G7#3/#0";%7"</<"4%(=5*;%7Q(5%<+::
:8
?+" @+" B#CD500!" rZ" \M(#*14#0" WU5%7M" %E" =U5" ^054=7%*#G(5=14" X1503s!" 5(" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society!"4#;+"VI+
::
" S1("5*6#7G%!"0#"=505G7#E>#"./GL"/(#"K5F"*Q<"#"E#K%7"35"B#CD500!"M";#7#"0#"3H4#3#"35"0%<"<5=5(=#<"
del siglo XIX"</<"54/#41%(5<"5*;5F#7%("#"<57"5(<5$#3#<";%7"0%<";7%E5<%75<"35"*#=5*Q=14#<"35"0#"
`(1K57<13#3"35"@#*6713G5!"T/5"0#<"U#6>#("1(=7%3/413%"5("</<"(/5K%<"4/7<%<"35"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"
;%7"</"/=1013#3";#7#"50"=5*#"35"0#"=505G7#E>#"</6*#71(#+"^0";7%;1%"B#CD500"354131L"5(=%(45<"5<471617"
A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism,"yCE%73!"@0#75(3%("h75<<!",no:!"5C;75<#*5(=5";#7#"<57K17"
4%*%"0167%"35"=5C=%"t50";71*57%"<%675"50"=5*#u";#7#"</<"#0/*(%<"5("@#*6713G5+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33.
En-Claves14-book.indb 29
04/11/13 14:54
:9"
&0#31*17"@#4UL("e/100H(
WU%*;<%(!"T/5"U#<=#"5(=%(45<"U#6>#"<13%"#*1G%"35"B#CD500"M"</"4%05G#"
5("50"*1<*%"4#*;%"35"1(K5<=1G#41L(!"<5"4%(K17=1L"5("/(%"35"</<"47>=14%<"*Q<"
<5K57%<+"h#7#"5*;5F#7!"(%"05";573%(#6#"U#657"#6#(3%(#3%"</"5C;014#41L("*5­
4Q(14#"350"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"5("E#K%7"35"/(#"=5%7>#"5054=7%31(Q*14#"6#<#3#"5("
#6<=7#4=#<"54/#41%(5<"#0G567#14#<+"h#7#"WU%*;<%(!"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#"
35"0#"0/F"35"B#CD500"75;75<5(=#6#"r/("75=7%45<%!"*Q<"T/5"/(";#<%"#350#(=5s!"
<1"(%"5<"T/5"/("=1;%"35"r(1U101<*%s+"^(",nn-!"4/#(3%"B#CD500"M#"005K#6#"41(4%"
#$%<"35"U#657"*/57=%"#"4#/<#"35"/("4Q(457!"WU%*;<%("<5G/>#"31415(3%"350"
=7#6#.%"35"</"71K#0V
a/(4#"*5"5(4/5(=7%"<#=1<E54U%"U#<=#"T/5";/53%"U#457"/("*%350%"*54Q(14%"
35"#0G%+"S1";/53%"U#457"/("*%350%"*54Q(14%!";/53%"5(=5(3570%+"^("=#(=%"T/5"
(%";/53%"U#457"/("*%350%"*54Q(14%"4%*;05=%!"(%";/53%"4%*;75(357|"M"5<"
;%7"5<=%";%7"0%"T/5"(%";/53%"5(=5(357"/(#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#"v4%*%"0#"
35"B#CD500x+"@75%"R7*5*5(=5"5("/(#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#"35"0#"0/F!"M"T/5"
4/#(3%"4%*;75(3#*%<"0#"5054=71413#3!"50"*#G(5=1<*%"M"0#"0/F!"0%<"K575*%<"
=%3%<"./(=%<"4%*%";#7=5"35"/("=%3%+"h57%"T/157%"4%*;75(357"0#"0/F"=%3%"0%"
615("T/5";/53#"<1("1(=7%3/417"4%<#<"T/5"5(=15(3%"=%3#K>#"*5(%<+:-
P!"#0"*1<*%"=15*;%"T/5"U#4>#"3540#7#41%(5<"4%*%"H<=#!"<%<=5(>#";)6014#­
*5(=5!"M"35"*#(57#"4%(=7#314=%71#!"T/5"5("75#013#3"H0"M#"<#6>#"=%3%"<%675"0#"
=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#"35"0#"0/F"35<35"#(=5<"T/5"B#CD500"0#";/6014#7#!"G7#41#<"
#"</<";7%;1%<"5<=/31%<"<%675"0#";7%;#G#41L("35"0#<"<5$#05<"=505G7QR4#<"5("0%<"
4#605<"</6*#71(%<+:i
^("4/#(=%"#"r0#<"54/#41%(5<"35"B#CD500s!"T/5"<1(=5=1F#("</"=5%7>#"35"*#(57#"
=#("505G#(=5"M"T/5"U%M"5("3>#"#;#7545("5("4#<1"=%3%<"0%<"0167%<"35"=5C=%"35"E><14#!"
3565"754%73#7<5"T/5"(%"E/57%("U54U#<";%7"H0"5("</"E%7*/0#41L("K54=%71#0"#4=/#0+"
]#<"54/#41%(5<"#;#754157%("5(",nmi"5("50"4#;>=/0%" III de K+;<#)0%!).+8/'"(<+
of the Electromagnetic Field+"^("5<=5"4#;>=/0%!"B#CD500"E%7*/0L"%4U%"54/#41%­
(5<"tT/5"(%*67L"35"0#"05=7#"Z"#"0#"pu!"M"35"5<#<"%4U%"54/#41%(5<")(14#*5(=5"
/(#!"0#"35"0#"]5M"35"e#/<<"tT/5"5("50"4%(./(=%"35"54/#41%(5<"4%775<;%(3>#"#"
: Thompson dio este discurso en una conferencia que impartió durante las Baltimore Lectures. ]#"41=#"4%*;05=#";/535"4%(</0=#7<5"5("h+"g#7G%("M"h+"Z4U1(<=51(!"53<+!"Kelvin’s Baltimore Lectures and Modern Theoretical Physics!"B#<<#4U/<5==<!"WU5"MIT"h75<<!",lno!";+"89m+
:i
" S+"S4U#EE57!"op. cit.!"<%<=15(5"T/5!"5("75#013#3!"#*6%<"E><14%<"U#6>#("5*;5F#3%"#"#05.#7<5"
35<35"=15*;%"#=7Q<!"M"T/5"WU%*;<%("U#6>#"4%*5(F#3%"#"5(5*1<=#7<5"4%("B#CD500"35<35"T/5"
#*6%<" =/K157%(" /(#" 4%(45;41L(" 31E575(=5" 35" 0#" <5$#01F#41L(" =505G7QR4#+" B#CD500" <%<=5(>#" T/5"
0#"1(K5<=1G#41L("1(141#0"35"X#7#3#M"<%675"0#"31<=%7<1L("35"0#<"<5$#05<"75T/57>#"35"/("=7#=#*15(=%"
/(1R4#3%"35"0#"1(3/441L(!"35"0#"4%(3/441L("M"350"*531%"4174/(3#(=5+"^0"*%350%"35"=505G7#E>#"35"
WU%*;<%(!"5("4#*61%!"<5"6#<#6#"5("#(Q01<1<"<5;#7#3%<"35"0#"4%(3/441L("#"0%"0#7G%"35"0%<"4#605<"
M"35"0#"1(3/441L(";%7"50"#1<0#(=5"#075353%7"35"0%<"*1<*%<+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33.
En-Claves14-book.indb 30
04/11/13 14:54
]#<"#(#0%G>#<"5("0#"E%7*/0#41L("35"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#"
:,
0#"05=7#"eu"U#"<%675K1K13%"5("</"E%7*#"%71G1(#0"5("0%<"0167%<"35"=5C=%"#4=/#05<+"
^0"*H71=%"35"U#657"753/413%"5<#<"%4U%"54/#41%(5<"#0G567#14#<"%71G1(#05<"#"0#<"
505G#(=5<"4/#=7%"54/#41%(5<"K54=%71#05<"#4=/#05<!"4%775<;%(31L"#"/("67100#(=5"
=505G7#R<=#" 35" ]%(375<!" y01K57" p5#K1<135!" T/5" 0#<" ;/6014L" 5(" ,nni" t8," #$%<"
35<;/H<"35"0#";/6014#41L("35"K+;<#)0%!).+8/'"(<+"9+3/'+=.'!3("0)1#'3%!+L%'.&u"
en The Electrician!"T/5"(%"57#"/(#"75K1<=#"415(=>R4#"<1(%"/(#";/6014#41L(";#7#"
1(G5(157%<"M"U%*675<"35"(5G%41%<+"\5"*#(57#"<1*/0=Q(5#"5"1(35;5(315(=5!"5("
Z05*#(1#!"50"E><14%"p51(714U"p57=F"005GL"#"0#"*1<*#"5C;75<1L("K54=%71#0"<1*;01R­
4#3#"35"0#<"54/#41%(5<"35"B#CD500+"h%7"5<=#"7#FL(!"5<=#<"4/#=7%"54/#41%(5<"
(%"E/57%("4%(%413#<"1(141#0*5(=5"4%*%"r0#<"54/#41%(5<"35"B#CD500s!"<1(%"4%*%"
r0#<"54/#41%(5<"p57=F2p5#K1<135s+
^("</"K57<1L("%71G1(#0"35"%4U%"54/#41%(5<!"B#CD500"5*;05#6#"/("<1<=5*#"35"
cuaterniones:m"M"</";0#(=5#*15(=%"57#"5<5(41#0*5(=5"#0G567#14%+"P"5("0#"%;1(1L("
35"#0G/(%<"#/=%75<!"#/(T/5"0#<"EL7*/0#<"T/5"0%G7#7%("p5#K1<135"M"p57=F"<%("/("
*%350%"35"4%*;#413#3"M"<>(=5<1<!"50"=7#=#*15(=%"5("4/#=57(1%(5<"35"B#CD500"
75</0=#"*Q<"1(=/1=1K%"M";57*1=5"353/417"*5.%7"0%<"E5(L*5(%<"T/5"35<47165(!"M#"T/5"
0%<"4/#=57(1%(5<"<5";75<=#("*/M"615(";#7#"75;75<5(=#7"0%<"4#*;%<"*#G(H=14%<"
M"0#<"%715(=#41%(5<"M"7%=#41%(5<"5("50"5<;#41%"35"%6.5=%<"5("=75<"31*5(<1%(5<+
h57%"0%"*Q<"1*;%7=#(=5"35"0#<"54/#41%(5<"35"B#CD500"tM#"<5#"5("</"E%7*/­
0#41L("%71G1(#0"5("4/#=57(1%(5<!"%"5("0#"*%357(#"E%7*/0#41L("K54=%71#0u"5<"T/5"
=7#<415(35("0#"E><14#"40Q<14#"5"1(=7%3/45("0#"5C1<=5(41#"350"4#*;%"4%*%"#0G%"
75#0+"^(";#0#67#<"35"^1(<=51(V
]#"E%7*/0#41L("35"5<=#<"54/#41%(5<"5<"50"#4%(=541*15(=%"*Q<"1*;%7=#(­
=5"35"0#"E><14#"35<35"50"=15*;%"35"a5D=%(!"(%"<L0%";%7"0#"71T/5F#"35"</"
4%(=5(13%!" <1(%" ;%7T/5" 75;75<5(=#(" /(" *%350%" %" ;#=7L(" ;#7#" /(" (/5K%"
=1;%"35"05M"vwx
S5G)("0#"5C;5715(41#"35"X#7#3#M!"=15(5"T/5"U#657"/("4%(3/4=%7"T/5"75K505"
0#"5C1<=5(41#"350"4#*;%"50H4=714%!"1G/#0"T/5"75</0=#"1(31<;5(<#605"0#";75<5(41#"
35"/(";%0%"%"35"/(#"#G/.#"*#G(H=14#";#7#";7%6#7"0#"5C1<=5(41#"350"4#*;%"
*#G(H=14%" 5(" 0#" 5C;5715(41#" 35" y57<=53+" ]#" (/5K#" 4%(45;41L(" =5L714#" 35"
B#CD500"K#"*Q<"#00Q"35"0%<"75</0=#3%<"35"314U%<"5C;571*5(=%<+"vwx"50"4#*;%"
5054=7%*#G(H=14%"5<!"5("0#"=5%7>#"35"B#CD500!"#0G%"75#0+"^0"4#*;%"50H4=714%"5<"
475#3%";%7"/("4#*;%"*#G(H=14%"K#71#605"1(35;5(315(=5*5(=5"35"0#"5C1<=5(­
41#"35"/("4%(3/4=%7!"M"<5"475#"/("4#*;%"*#G(H=14%";%7"/("4#*;%"50H4=714%"
K#71#605!"U#M#"%"(%"/(";%0%"*#G(H=14%+
:m
" ]%<" 4/#=57(1%(5<" <%(" /(#" 5C=5(<1L(" 35" 0%<" ()*57%<" 75#05<!" <1*10#7" #" 0#" 35" 0%<" ()*57%<"
4%*;05.%<+"Z<>!"*15(=7#<"T/5"5("0%<"()*57%<"4%*;05.%<"<5"5*;05#"50"()*57%"i!"=#0"T/5"i2 ‚"2,!"0%<"
4/#=57(1%(5<" <5" G5(57#(" 35" *#(57#" #(Q0%G#" #$#315(3%" 0#<" /(13#35<" 1*#G1(#71#<V" i, j" M" D a los ()*57%<"75#05<!"4%(";7%;153#35<"=#05<"T/5"i2=j2MD2M%NDM+OP+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33.
En-Claves14-book.indb 31
04/11/13 14:54
:8"
&0#31*17"@#4UL("e/100H(
vwx"50"4#*;%"5054=7%*#G(H=14%"/(#"K5F"475#3%"5C1<=5!"#4=)#"M"K#7>#"<5G)("
0#<"05M5<"35"B#CD500+"vwx"</"K#0135F"<5"5C=15(35"#"=%3%"50"5<;#41%"4%(=7#71#­
*5(=5"#"0#<"05M5<"35"=1;%"*54Q(14%!"T/5"K#05("=#("<L0%";#7#"#T/500%<"0/G#75<"
3%(35" U#M#" *#=571#" %" 4#7G#<" 50H4=714#<" %" *#G(H=14#<+" vwx" a%" 750#41%(#(!"
4%*%"0#<"05M5<"35"a5D=%(!"3%<"</45<%<"31<=#(=5<|"(%"754%(%45("0#"r#441L("
#"31<=#(41#s+"^0"4#*;%"r#T/>s"M"r#U%7#s"35;5(35"350"4#*;%"T/5"U#6>#"5("50"
5(=%7(%"1(*531#=%"5("/("1(<=#(=5"1(*531#=#*5(=5"#(=571%7+"]#<"54/#41%(5<"
;57*1=5(";7535417"0%"T/5";#<#7Q"/(";%4%"*Q<"#00Q"35"/("4157=%"0/G#7"350"5<;#41%!"
/("1(<=#(=5"35<;/H<!"<1"4%(%45*%<"0%"T/5";#<#"r#U%7#s"M"r#T/>s+:o
Discusión
]#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#"35"0#"0/F"E/5"/("5(%7*5"0%G7%"1(=5054=/#0"M"4%(<=1=/M5!"
;7%6#605*5(=5!"0#"=5%7>#"/(1R4#3%7#"35"0#"E><14#"*Q<"1*;%7=#(=5"U#<=#"0#"475#41L("
350"*%350%"5<=Q(3#7"#"*531#3%<"350"<1G0%"XX+"B#CD500"0%G7L"5<=#"U#F#$#"475#=1K#"
#";#7=17"35"/(#"4%(./(41L("35"4174/(<=#(41#<"M"4/#013#35<+"^(=75"0#<"4174/(<=#(­
41#<"T/5"0%"1(N/M57%("3565*%<"35<=#4#7!"5(";71*57"0/G#7!"0%<"5C;571*5(=%<"5"
U1;L=5<1<"35"X#7#3#M"T/15(!"#/("<1(";%<557"/("5(=75(#*15(=%"*#=5*Q=14%"E%7*#0!"
4%*%"50"35"B#CD500"j;%7"0%"T/5"31E>410*5(=5";%3>#"U#657"0%G7#3%"0%"T/5"U1F%"5<=5"
)0=1*%j!"57#"/("5C;571*5(=#3%7"*/M"UQ610"M"4%("/(#"1(=/141L("67100#(=5+"X#7#3#M"
(%"<L0%";7%;%741%(L"/(#"6#<5"5C;571*5(=#0"<%675"0#"4/#0"B#CD500!"WU%*;<%("M"
%=7%<";/3157%("=7#6#.#7!"<1(%"T/5";7%K5ML"1(=/141%(5<"475#=1K#<"T/5!"5("0#"*5(=5"
*#=5*Q=14#"35"B#CD500!";7%3/.57%("U1;L=5<1<"E7/4=>E57#<+
^(" <5G/(3%" 0/G#7!" 50" /<%" 5(%7*5*5(=5" 475#=1K%" 35" B#CD500" 350" *H=%3%"
#(#0LG14%"05";57*1=1L"1*#G1(#7"#(#0%G>#<"*54Q(14#<"M"*%350%<"1(K57%<>*105<"
T/5!"<1("5*6#7G%!"4%*61(#3%<"4%("</"4#;#413#3"*#=5*Q=14#!"71(3157%("4%*%"
E7/=%"K#71#<"G5(57#41%(5<"35"EL7*/0#<"T/5!""#0"R(#0!"3571K#7%("5("</<"54/#41%(5<"
/(1R4#3%7#<"35"0#"5054=71413#3!"50"*#G(5=1<*%"M"0#"0/F+"^0"0%G7%"1(=5054=/#0"35"
5<=#<"#(#0%G>#<"5<"=%3#K>#"*Q<"(%=#605"4/#(3%"=%*#*%<"5("4/5(=#"T/5"0#<"U1F%"
6#.%"50"</;/5<=%"35"T/5"5C1<=>#"/("*531%"35"=7#(<*1<1L(!"50"H=57!"T/5"5("75#013#3"
(/(4#"U#"5C1<=13%!"M"#0"T/5"#<1G(L"/(#"<5715"35";7%;153#35<"E><14#<"T/5"57#("0#<"
T/5"3#6#("<5(=13%"#"</<"#(#0%G>#<"*54Q(14#<+"
^("=57457"0/G#7!"E/5"1(N/13%"=#*61H(";%7"/(#"*5=#E><14#"4#7=5<1#(#"T/5"4%*­
;#7=>#"4%("WU%*;<%("M"T/5"05"005KL"#"4%*;7%*5=57<5"4%("</;/5<=%<"T/5!"#"
0#";%<=75!"75</0=#7%("5C;571*5(=#0*5(=5"4%(R7*#3%<!"4%*%"0#"K50%413#3"R(1=#"
:o
" Z+"^1(<=51("M"]+"'(E503!"r]#"5K%0/41L("5("0#"E><14#+"@#*;%"M"750#=1K13#3s!"5("S=5;U5("p#DA1(G!"
53+!"La gran ilusión. Las grandes obras de Albert Einstein+"_#7450%(#!"@7>=14#!"89,9!";;+":no2:l9+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33.
En-Claves14-book.indb 32
04/11/13 14:54
]#<"#(#0%G>#<"5("0#"E%7*/0#41L("35"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#"
::
35"0#"1(3/441L("5054=7%*#G(H=14#"M"0#"(%"#441L("#"31<=#(41#"35"0#<"#=7#441%(5<"
5054=7%*#G(H=14#<+
X1(#0*5(=5!"0#<"4%(3141%(5<"=54(%0LG14#<"M";%0>=14#<"35"0#"H;%4#"1(N/M57%("
5("</"1(=57H<";%7"50"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"M"5("0#"4#(=13#3"35"3#=%<"#"0%<"T/5"=/K%"
#445<%";#7#"=7#6#.#7"4%("500%<+"]#" (#415(=5" (545<13#3" 35" /(#" 4%*;75(<1L("
=5L714#"35"0#"4%(3/441L("35"<5$#05<"5("0%<"4#605<"=505G7QR4%<"</6*#71(%<"4%(<­
=1=/ML"/("#01415(=5"M"/(#"E/5(=5"35"3#=%<"*/M"1*;%7=#(=5!"=#(=%";#7#"B#CD500"
como para los colegas con quienes competía por comprender los fenómenos 5054=7%*#G(H=14%<!"4%*%"WU%*;<%(+"^("50";75E#41%"35"</"Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism!"35",no:!"B#CD500"#3*1=5"</"35/3#"4%("0#"=505G7#E>#!"M"#R7*#"
T/5" G7#41#<" #" 500#" <5" #<1G(L" r/(" K#0%7" 4%*5741#0" #" U#457" *5313#<" 50H4=714#<"
4%("5C#4=1=/3s"M"T/5"=#*61H(";57*1=1L"75#01F#7";7/56#<"M"5C;571*5(=%<"r5("/(#"
5<4#0#"T/5"=7#<45(3>#";%7"*/4U%"0#"35"0%<"0#6%7#=%71%<"%731(#71%<s!";71K#3%<"%"
;)6014%<+"\5"U54U%"jM"4%*%"<5$#0#"S4U#EE57j"0#"=505G7#E>#";7%K5ML!"=#*61H(!"
/("#;%M%"5*;>714%"47/41#0"#"0#"=5%7>#"35"B#CD500"#"=7#KH<"35"0#<"*53141%(5<"
T/5" <5" U14157%(" 35" 0#" 5054=7%<=Q=14#" M" 50" 5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%" 5(" 0#<" 0>(5#<" 35"
4%(3/441L("5(=75",nmn"M",nml+
@%(" =%3#<" 5<=#<" 1(N/5(41#<" M" </" G7#(" 4#;#413#3" 1(=5054=/#0!" B#CD500" E/5"
4#;#F"35"/(#"U#F#$#"5(%7*5"T/5"K#"1(40/<%"*Q<"#00Q"35"0#"/(1R4#41L("=5L714#"
T/5"75;75<5(=#"</"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#"35"0#"0/F+"P"5<"T/5"B#CD500"0%G7L!"
#<1*1<*%!" =7#<45(357" 0#" E><14#" 35" 0#" *54Q(14#" (5D=%(1#(#" j35" E/57F#<" T/5"
#4=)#("<%675"%6.5=%<"4%("*#<#j!"M"#";5<#7"35"U#657"=7#6#.#3%"4%("#(#0%G>#<"
*54Q(14#<!"E/5"4#;#F"35"17"*Q<"#00Q"5"1*#G1(#7"/(#"(/5K#"E><14#"5("0#"T/5"
0%<"4#*;%<"5054=7%*#G(H=14%<!"/(#"K5F"475#3%<!"<%("#0G%"75#0!"T/5"5C1<=5("M"
#4=)#("<5G)("0#<"05M5<"T/5"35<47161L"5("</<"54/#41%(5<+
h%7")0=1*%!"/(#"(%=#"<%675"50"4%*5(=#71%"T/5"U141*%<"5("0#"1(=7%3/441L("35"
5<=5"#7=>4/0%!"<%675"<1"0#"415(41#"#K#(F#";71*57%"4%*%"415(41#";/7#!"M"35<;/H<"
4%*%"415(41#"#;014#3#+"^0"4#<%"350"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%!"M"5<;54>R4#*5(=5"</"
1(=57750#41L("4%("0#"=54(%0%G>#"35"0%<"4#605<"=505G7QR4%<"</6*#71(%<!"*/5<=7#"
T/5"(%"5C1<=5"/("%735("40#7%!"M"T/5"0#"=54(%0%G>#"M"0#"=5%7>#"<5"75E/57F#("#0=57­
(#=1K#*5(=5!"5("/(#"5<;17#0"5("0#"T/5"#*6#<"<5"#01*5(=#("</45<1K#*5(=5"35"
0#"%=7#+"a%"U#M"415(41#";/7#";71*57%"M"35<;/H<"415(41#"#;014#3#+"^0"4#<%"350"
5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"*/5<=7#"T/5"0#<"3%<"<5"K#("475#(3%"5(";#<%<"</45<1K%<!"
1*;/0<Q(3%<5"*/=/#*5(=5+
X54U#"35"7545;41L(V"89•9o•89,8
X54U#"35"#45;=#41L(V"9i•98•89,:
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33.
En-Claves14-book.indb 33
04/11/13 14:54
Descargar