Ciencia, tecnología y arte en Alcalá la Real

3DVDM&LHQF
,661
&LHQFLDWHFQRORJtD\DUWHHQ$OFDOiOD5HDO
0DULQR$JXLOHUD3HxDOYHU
3URIHVRUGH*HRJUDItDH+LVWRULD
,(6$QWRQLRGH0HQGR]D$OFDOiOD5HDO
+R\ GtD HO DUWH FRQVWLWX\H XQ iPELWR GH FRQRFLPLHQWR ELHQ GLIHUHQFLDGR GH OD
FLHQFLD\ODWHFQRORJtDGHQWURGHQXHVWURSDWUyQFXOWXUDO7DQWRODVPRWLYDFLRQHVFRPRORV
REMHWLYRVGHXQR\GHRWURVVXHOHQVHUGLVWDQWHV\HVWiQFODUDPHQWHGHOLPLWDGRVDXQTXH
QR VLHPSUH KD VLGR QL HV DVt $OJXQDV DQWLJXDV FLYLOL]DFLRQHV HPSOHDURQ XQ PLVPR
YRFDEORSDUDUHIHULUVHDORVFRQFHSWRVGHFLHQFLDWHFQRORJtD\DUWHHUDQWLHPSRVHQORV
TXHHOFRQRFLPLHQWRVREUHHOPHGLRHUDH[WUHPDGDPHQWHOLPLWDGR3HURODHYROXFLyQGHO
SHQVDPLHQWR\GHOFRQRFLPLHQWRIXHGLVFHUQLHQGRXQFRQFHSWRGHRWURKDVWDGH¿QLUORVGH
IRUPDLQGLYLGXDOLQFOXVRDQLYHOOLQJtVWLFRWDO\FRPRORVFRQRFHPRVKR\
'HVGHHORULJHQGHODUWHVXHYROXFLyQKDGHSHQGLGRHQEXHQDPHGLGDGHORVDYDQFHV
FLHQWt¿FRV\WHFQROyJLFRVSXHVWRTXHDORODUJRGHODKLVWRULDHOKRPEUHKDXWLOL]DGR\
GHVDUUROODGRWRGDVODVKHUUDPLHQWDVGLVSRQLEOHVDVXDOFDQFHSDUDODFUHDFLyQGHREUDV
WDOHVFRPRODPDGHUDODSLHGUDRHOPHWDO¢4XLpQQLHJDTXHORVSULPHURVH[SHULPHQWRV
TXtPLFRV ORV UHDOL]DURQ ORV SDOHROtWLFRV DO GHVDUUROODU ODV WLQWDV FRQ OD TXH FUHDURQ ODV
SLQWXUDVUXSHVWUHV"7DPSRFRQDGLHGLVFXWHHOVLJQL¿FDGRDVWURQyPLFRRFRVPROyJLFRGH
ORVVROHVOXQDV\HVWUHOODVUHSUHVHQWDGRVHQWDOHVSLQWXUDVFRPRWDPELpQVHDFHSWDTXH
6WRQHKHQJHDOVXUGH,QJODWHUUDHVXQWHPSORDVWURQyPLFRWHRUtDTXHDUUDQFDHQHOVLJOR
;9,,,SHURTXHQRVHUtDSOHQDPHQWHDFHSWDGDKDVWDHOVLJOR;;
/DVFXOWXUDVDQWLJXDVGHOPHGLWHUUiQHRRULHQWDOHQHVSHFLDOODHJLSFLDGHVDUUROODURQ
FRQMXQWRVDUTXLWHFWyQLFRVFRQORVTXHSODVPDURQVXLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHOFRVPRVPHGLDQWHOD
VLPELRVLVGHODDVWURQRPtD\ODPLWRORJtDTXHOOHJDURQDLQÀXHQFLDUDOSHQVDPLHQWRJULHJR
\DWUDYpVGHpVWHLPSUHJQDURQODWUDGLFLyQHXURSHD$TXHOODVSULPHUDVLQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV
GHOPXQGRDVHQWDURQFRQFHSWRVFRPRTXHODWLHUUDHUDSODQD\HVWDEDURGHDGDSRUXQUtR
XRFpDQRTXHSRUGHEDMRVHVLWXDEDXQVXEPXQGRWHQHEURVR\O~JXEUH\SRUHQFLPDXQ
FLHORKHPLHVIpULFRVHSDUDGRGHODWLHUUDSRUXQHVSDFLREULOODQWHGXUDQWHHOGtD\RVFXUR
GXUDQWHODQRFKH3HQVHPRVHQODLQÀXHQFLDTXHWXYRHQHOMXGDtVPR\HQHOFULVWLDQLVPR
DHVWDWHRUtDFRVPROyJLFDDPSOLDPHQWHWUDWDGDHQHODUWH
3RUORWDQWRVRQODFRVPRORJtD\ODDVWURQRPtDODVSULPHUDVUDPDVGHODFLHQFLDHQVHU
XVDGDVSRUHOKRPEUHHQVXVSULPHUDVFUHDFLRQHVDUWtVWLFDVXQPRWLYRTXHVHPDQWHQGUtD
DORODUJRGHODKLVWRULDGHODUWHSXHVQRKDKDELGRFXOWXUDRSHULRGRDUWtVWLFRTXHQRKD\D
LQWHUSUHWDGR VX FRQFHSFLyQ FRVPROyJLFD GHO PXQGR D WUDYpV GHO DUWH SHQVHPRV HQ ODV
FDWHGUDOHVJyWLFDV
(YLGHQWHPHQWHHOSDWULPRQLRDUWtVWLFRGH$OFDOiOD5HDOHVFDSDDWRGRVORVHMHPSORV
PHQFLRQDGRV DXQTXH QR D OD LQÀXHQFLD GHO SHQVDPLHQWR FRVPROyJLFR RULJLQDGR HQ OD
DQWLJXD *UHFLD /D SURGXFFLyQ DUWtVWLFD SUHVHQWH HQ$OFDOi QR IXH PX\ IUXFWtIHUD HQ OD
3UHKLVWRULD\HQOD(GDG$QWLJXDFDUHFLHQGRGHHQWUDPDGRVXUEDQtVWLFRVGHLPSRUWDQFLD
GHELGRDODKLVWyULFDGLVSHUVLyQGHODSREODFLyQGHXQPXQLFLSLRTXH\DGHVGHHQWRQFHV
VH GLVWLQJXLy SRU VHU OXJDU GH SDVR SDUD FRPHUFLDQWHV \ SRU VX FDUiFWHU DJUtFROD +D\
TXHHVSHUDUDOD(GDG0HGLDSDUDDVLVWLUDODVHQWDPLHQWRGHXQDFXOWXUDTXHGHVDUUROODUD
.5$1*++HOJH+LVWRULDGHOD&RVPRORJtDGHORVPLWRVDOXQLYHUVRLQÀDFLRQDULR%DUFHORQD&UtWLFD
3iJ
0DULQR$JXLOHUD3HxDOYHU
OD FLHQFLD D XQ QLYHO TXH LPSUHJQDUD ODV FUHDFLRQHV KXPDQDV DOJR TXH RFXUUH FRQ OD
SUHVHQFLDGHO,VODP
*HRPHWULVPRHQHODUWHLVOiPLFR
(O,VODPOOHJyD$OFDOiOD5HDOHQHODxRFRQODVWURSDVGHOiUDEH$EG$OODK
EHQ6DGTXHRFXSyHOFHUURGHOD0RWD(QHVWDHOHYDFLyQFDOFiUHDVHGHVDUUROODUtDXQD
TD¶ODWRFDVWLOORTXHH[WHQGHUtDVXVPXUDOODVKDVWDODVIDOGDVGHOFHUURHQpSRFDFDOLIDO
KDVWDFRQYHUWLUVHHQXQDGHODVIRUWDOH]DPiVLQH[SXJQDEOHVGH$O$QGDOXV/DpSRFDGH
HVSOHQGRUPXVXOPiQGH$OFDOiVHGDGXUDQWHORVVLJORV;,,\;,,,PRPHQWRHQHOTXHVH
FRQVWUX\HODDFWXDODOFD]DED\YDULDVSXHUWDV\PXUDOODVGHFLXGDGSRVLEOHPHQWHVREUH
DOJXQDHVWUXFWXUDPLOLWDUDQWHULRU
(O DVHQWDPLHQWR LVOiPLFR IXH IXHUWH \ HVWDEOH WDQWR TXH GHMy QXPHURVRV UHVWRV
DUWtVWLFRVFRQORVTXHGHEHPRVGHHPSH]DUHOHVWXGLRGHODSUHVHQFLDGHODFLHQFLDHQHO
DUWHGH$OFDOi
(ODUWHPXVXOPiQPRVWUyGHVGHVXVLQLFLRVXQIXHUWHUHFKD]RDODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
¿JXUDWLYD LQFOLQiQGRVH KDFLD XQD VHULH GH IRUPDV DEVWUDFWDV SXUDPHQWH JHRPpWULFDV
&RPRLQGLFD7LWXV%XUFNKDUGWHO,VODPSRQHHODFHQWRHQODUD]yQ\QRHQHOVHQWLPLHQWR
UHOLJLRVRPHQWDOLGDGTXHH[SOLFDODLPSRUWDQFLDGHODVFLHQFLDVDWULEXLGDVVREUHD[LRPDV
UDFLRQDOHV FRPR OD OyJLFD \ OD PDWHPiWLFD $Vt SXHV PXFKRV IXQGDPHQWRV GHO DUWH
PXVXOPiQHVWDEOHFHQGLYHUVDVWHRUtDV\UHJODVVREUHHOULWPRODSURSRUFLyQ\HOLQ¿QLWR
TXHSHQHWUDQHQHOGRPLQLRGHOVLPEROLVPRHVRWpULFR\FRVPROyJLFR\TXHGRWDQDODUWH
PXVXOPiQGHXQDJUDQSHUVRQDOLGDG\XQLGDG
(O JHRPHWULVPR FRPR REMHWR
PDWHPiWLFR VXMHWR DO HVWXGLR \ GLVHxR
SUHYLRHVXQRGHORVFDPSRVFLHQWt¿FRV
TXH PiV EULOOy HQ HO DUWH PXVXOPiQ
\ HV OD UD]yQ SRU OD TXH LQLFLDPRV HO
HVWXGLR GH DVSHFWRV FLHQWt¿FRV HQ HO
DUWHGH$OFDOiHQODVPDUFDVGHFDQWHUtD
SUHVHQWHV HQ OD )RUWDOH]D GH OD 0RWD
VLJQRV SHUVRQDOHV GH ODV FXDGULOODV GH
FDQWHURV JUDEDGRV HQ OD SLHGUD FRQ ORV
0DUFDVGHFDQWHUtDGHODIRUWDOH]DGHOD0RWD
TXHLQGLFDEDQVXDXWRUtD\FREUDEDQHO
WUDEDMR7DOHVPDUFDVDSHQDVSRVHHQSUHWHQVLyQDUWtVWLFDHQVtSHURVRQPXHVWUDVGHOD
H[SUHVLyQKXPDQDYLQFXODGDDODDUTXLWHFWXUD\VXGLVHxRHYLGHQFLDXQJHRPHWULVPRPiV
RPHQRVSUHFLVR\EDVDGRHQSULQFLSLRVPDWHPiWLFRVHOHPHQWDOHV
/D DEXQGDQWH FROHFFLyQ GH PDUFDV D~Q VLQ FDWDORJDU \ HVWXGLDU UHÀHMD XQ XVR
SUHGRPLQDQWH GHO WULiQJXOR FRPR ¿JXUD JHRPpWULFD EDVH D SDUWLU GH OD FXDO VH FUHDQ
GLYHUVRVGLVHxRVPHGLDQWHVXFRPELQDFLyQ\FRQMXQFLyQ$XQTXHHVWDV¿JXUDVWULDQJXODUHV
PXHVWUDQHVFDVDVR¿VWLFDFLyQODSUHSRQGHUDQFLDGHOWULiQJXORHVWiPX\UHODFLRQDGDFRQ
HOFRQFHSWRGHLQ¿QLWRWDQSUHVHQWHHQHOHVRWHULVPRLVOiPLFRFRQFHSWRTXHHQJHRPHWUtD
HTXLYDOHDžRDODVXSHUDFLyQGHORVPLVPRV(QWRGRWULiQJXORODVXPDGHVXVWUHV
iQJXORVVLHPSUHGDFRPRUHVXOWDGRž\VLGXSOLFDPRVHVWHWULiQJXORGDUiž'HDKt
TXHHOWULiQJXORQXQFDDSDUH]FDDLVODGR\VLHPSUHVHHQFXHQWUHGXSOLFDGRRWULSOLFDGR
&DEH PHQFLRQDU DOJXQRV RWURV GLVHxRV HODERUDGRV PHGLDQWH VLPSOHV VHJPHQWRV
FXDGUDGRVLQFOXVRDOJXQDHOLSVH\DPRGRDQHFGyWLFRORVHODERUDGRVHQODUHVWDXUDFLyQ
&$12È9,/$3HGUR$OFDOiOD5HDOHQORVDXWRUHVPXVXOPDQHV'LSXWDFLyQGH-DpQ
%85&.+$5'77LWXV³(O$UWHGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHODWUDGLFFLyQSHUHQQH´(QLQWHUQHWKWWS
ZZZZHELVODPFRP"LGO 3DVDM&LHQF
&LHQFLDWHFQRORJtD\DUWHHQ$OFDOiOD5HDO
TXHVHHIHFWXyHQODDOFD]DEDHQORVDxRV
GHOSDVDGRVLJORHQODVTXHMyYHQHVFDQWHURV
DOFDODtQRV FRQWLQXDURQ FRQ OD WUDGLFLyQ
PDWHPiWLFDLQVHUWDQGRQXHYDVPDUFDVFRPR
HOVtPERORGHOQ~PHUR3L
2WUDSLH]DLVOiPLFDQRVOOHYDDXQWLSR
GH JHRPHWULVPR \ VLPHWUtD PiV FRPSOHMD
6HWUDWDGHXQDOLFDWDGRQD]DUtKDOODGRHQOD
)RUWDOH]DGHOD0RWD\IHFKDGRHQODVHJXQGD
PLWDG GHO VLJOR ;,,, DFWXDOPHQWH H[SXHVWR
HQ HO 0XVHR /RFDO (VWD WUD]D GHFRUDWLYD
PXHVWUDXQDWUDPDJHRPpWULFDGHUXHGDVGH
RFKRSXQWDVGHQRPLQDGD³VHOORGH6DORPyQ´
TXH VH REWLHQH PHGLDQWH HO VRODSDPLHQWR
GH FXDGUDGRV TXH GD FRPR UHVXOWDGR XQD
VLPHWUtD GH RUGHQ RFKR XQ Q~PHUR GH $OLFDWDGRQD]DUtGHODIRUWDOH]DGHOD0RWD
HVSHFLDO VLJQL¿FDFLyQ SDUD HO ,VODP FRPR
WRGRVORVP~OWLSORVGHFXDWUR3XHGHUHVXOWDUHQJDxRVRTXHODFRPSRVLFLyQGHODVSLH]DV
GHODOLFDWDGRQRVHDQSROtJRQRVUHJXODUHVSHURVLSURFHGLpUDPRVDGHVFRPSRQHUODVXQDD
XQD\DPRYHUVXVSDUWHVFRPSUREDUtDPRVFyPRGDQFRPRUHVXOWDGRIRUPDVSROLJRQDOHV
UHJXODUHV
3RU PRGHVWR TXH VHD HO DOLFDWDGR DOFDODtQR SXHGH YDOHUQRV SDUD DGYHUWLU ORV
FXDWURSULQFLSLRVJHRPpWULFRVTXHDMXLFLRGH2OHJ*UDEDUULJHQFXDOTXLHUGHFRUDFLyQ
JHRPpWULFD PXVXOPDQD OD VLPHWUtD OD XQLGDG GH FRPSRVLFLyQ HO FUHFLPLHQWR OLQHDO \
ODURWDFLyQ&RPRKHPRVLQGLFDGRODHOHFFLyQGHQ~PHURVQRHVFDVXDO\UHVSRQGHD
SULQFLSLRVHVRWpULFRVFRPXQHVDWRGRHO,VODPJHQHUDOPHQWHUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODYLVLyQ
GHOSDUDtVR$VtORVSROtJRQRVGHRFKRYpUWLFHVVLPEROL]DQORVRFKRPRQWHVTXHORURGHDQ
\ODSUHVHQFLDGHOFXDGUDGRHYRFDORVFXDWURUtRVTXHORUHFRUUHQ
/DSUHVHQFLDGHO,VODPHQ$OFDOiOD5HDOFRQFOX\yHQSHURQRVHSXHGHGHFLU
ORPLVPRGHVXFXOWXUDTXHSHUPDQHFLyDUUDLJDGDHLQÀX\yVREUHPDQHUDHQXQDFXOWXUD
FULVWLDQD TXH SDVy D GRPLQDU OD FLXGDG IRUWL¿FDGD /D SUHVHQFLD GHO DUWH PXVXOPiQ
FRQWLQXySRUWDQWRHQODV]RQDVFRQTXLVWDGDVGHODSHQtQVXODFRQVWUX\HQGRHQODIXVLyQ
XQHVWpWLFDSURSLDOODPDGDHVWLORPXGpMDUTXHDVHJXUyODFRQWLQXLGDGGHODVGHFRUDFLRQHV
LVOiPLFDVHQPXOWLWXGGHHGL¿FLRVFULVWLDQRVLQFOXVRHQODVLJOHVLDVFRPRHQHOFDVRGH
ODDQWLJXDSDUURTXLDGH6DQWR'RPLQJRGH6LORVHULJLGDHQHOYLHMRDUUDEDOSRVLEOHPHQWH
VREUH XQD PH]TXLWD PXVXOPDQD $ SHVDU GH VX HVWDGR GH UXLQD DFWXDO SHUYLYH HQ VX
LQWHULRUXQSDQHOGHHVFD\RODTXHRUQDPHQWDHOIURQWDOGHXQDSHTXHxDFDSLOODGHHVWLOR
JyWLFRPXGpMDU
(O SDQHO GHO TXH KR\ WDQ VyOR TXHGDQ UHVWRV H[KLEH GRV WLSRV GH GHFRUDFLRQHV
PXGpMDUHV GH HVWLOR WROHGDQR GH OD VHJXQGD PLWDG GHO VLJOR ;,9 VHSDUDGDV SRU XQD
PROGXUDJyWLFDFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDORVUHVWRVGHXQDUFRFDUSDQHO/DGHFRUDFLyQVXSHULRU
PXHVWUDXQDPDOODGHWULiQJXORVHTXLOiWHURVTXHHQOD]RGHVHLVYDQIRUPDQGRKH[iJRQRV
\ HVWUHOODV HQFDMDGDV HQWUH Vt HQ FX\R FHQWUR VXUJH XQ ÀRUyQ GH VHLV SpWDORV /D
LQIHULRUGL¿HUHEDVWDQWHGLVWDQFLiQGRVHGHOJHRPHWULVPRDXQTXHVLQDEDQGRQDUORSDUD
GHVHPERFDUHQXQDWDXULTXHQDWXULVWDHQHOTXHORVWUD]RVSROLJRQDOHVVHKDQFRQYHUWLGR
HQ WDOORV TXH VH HQWUHPH]FODQ IRUPDQGR URPERV LUUHJXODUHV HQ FX\R FHQWUR YXHOYHQ D
VXUJLUÀRURQHVHVWDYH]GHFXDWURSpWDORV'HQXHYRHORUGHQODVLPHWUtDODUHSHWLFLyQ
\HOFRQFHSWRGHLQ¿QLWRPXVXOPiQHQFRPSRVLFLRQHVGHFRUDWLYDVGHRUGHQJHRPpWULFR
LQFOXVRHQREUDVGHDXWRUtDFULVWLDQD
*5$%$52OHJ/D$OKDPEUD0DGULG$OLDQ]D(GLWRULDO
3DVDM&LHQF
0DULQR$JXLOHUD3HxDOYHU
/DFRVPRORJtDUHQDFHQWLVWD
$OPDUJHQGHODFDSLOODPXGpMDUGHODLJOHVLDGH6DQWR'RPLQJRHODUWHPHGLHYDO
FULVWLDQRHVWiKXpUIDQRHQ$OFDOiGHHOHPHQWRVGHFRPSRVLFLyQPDWHPiWLFDPiVDOOiGHO
PLVPRGLVHxRGHHGL¿FLRV+D\TXHHVSHUDUDOVLJOR;9,\DODOOHJDGDGHO5HQDFLPLHQWR
SDUD HQFRQWUDU XQD GH ODV PXHVWUDV GH FRQRFLPLHQWR FLHQWt¿FR PiV VRUSUHQGHQWHV GH
$OFDOiOD5HDO1RVHVWDPRVUH¿ULHQGRDODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVLPEyOLFDGHODEyYHGDFHOHVWH
HQODFDSLOOD%DXWLVPDOGHOD,JOHVLD0D\RU$EDFLDO
/D FDSLOOD VH VLW~D HQ HO SULPHU
WUDPRGHODQDYHGHO(YDQJHOLRODWHUDO
L]TXLHUGR \ HV GH SODQWD UHFWDQJXODU
FRQ XQDV GLPHQVLRQHV GH SRU PHWURV /D EyYHGD YDtGD VH VRVWLHQH
VREUH SHFKLQDV \ VX GHFRUDFLyQ VH
FRPSRQH GH WUHV HOLSVHV FRQFpQWULFDV
VHSDUDGDV HQWUH Vt SRU FDVHWRQHV \ XQ
DQLOOR GH GRFH FtUFXORV FRQFpQWULFRV D
ODOLQWHUQDFLHJDREyYHGDTXHPXHVWUD
HQ UHOLHYH RQFH HVWUHOODV GH RFKR
SXQWDV
/DSUHVHQFLDGHHVWUHOODVVREUHXQ
SODQRKRUL]RQWDOVXSHULRUDODSRVLFLyQ
GHOHVSHFWDGRUTXHOHREOLJXHDHOHYDU
ODPLUDGDHV\DGHSRUVtXQDDOXVLyQ
HYLGHQWHDODEyYHGDFHOHVWH\PRUDGD
GH 'LRV (VWH FRQFHSWR FRVPROyJLFR
WHROyJLFRQRHVQXHYRHQHODUWHFULVWLDQR
HVSDxRO (Q pSRFD URPiQLFD PXFKRV
iEVLGHVVHGHFRUDURQFRQDSRFDOtSWLFRV
FLHORVHVWUHOODGRVTXHVHDEUtDQDQWHOD
SUHVHQFLD GHO 3DQWRFUiWRU \ GXUDQWH OD
HWDSD JyWLFD ODV EyYHGDV GH FUXFHUtD
R HVWUHOODGDV DVHPHMDURQ HO FLHOR
HPStUHR (Q UHDOLGDG HO DUWH FULVWLDQR
UHSLWLy GHVGH VX RULJHQ SDOHRFULVWLDQR
HVWD FRQFHSFLyQ GHO FRVPRV HQ VXV
%yYHGD FHOHVWH HQ OD FDSLOOD %DXWLVPDO GH OD ,JOHVLD
HGL¿FLRV XQD FRQFHSFLyQ KHUHGDGD
0D\RU$EDFLDO9LVWDJHQHUDO\GHWDOOH
GHOPXQGRFOiVLFR\IXQGDPHQWDGDHQ
ODSODQLWXGGHOD7LHUUDVREUHODTXHVHDEUHXQDJUDQEyYHGDTXHDOEHUJDHOVROODOXQD
\ODVHVWUHOODV\EDMRODFXDOVHHQFXHQWUDHOPXQGRLQIHULRU(OFULVWLDQLVPRWUDGXFLUtD
ODEyYHGDFRPRPRUDGDGH'LRVOD7LHUUDFRPRODGHORVKRPEUHV\HOPXQGRLQIHULRU
FRPRODGHOGLDEOR
1LTXHGHFLUWLHQHTXHHVWHHVTXHPDFRQFHQWUDGRHQXQDSHTXHxDFDSLOODGHGLFDGD
DOVDFUDPHQWRGHOEDXWLVPRHQFXHQWUDHQHOSHFDGRXQDFODYHLQWHUSUHWDWLYDWHROyJLFDTXH
HVFDSDDODVLQWHQFLRQHVGHHVWHDUWtFXOR6LQHPEDUJRQRHVpVWDOD~QLFDVLPELRVLVGH
HOHPHQWRVDVWURQyPLFRV\WHROyJLFRVGHODFDSLOOD
/D SUHVHQFLD GH RQFH HVWUHOODV QR HV FDVXDO \ SXHGH KDFHU DOXVLyQ DO VXHxR GH
-RVp*pQHVLVHQHOTXHYLRDOVROODOXQD\DRQFHHVWUHOODVLQFOLQiQGRVHDQWHpO
LQWHUSUHWiQGRVH HVWRV DVWURV FRPR VX SDGUH VX PDGUH \ VXV RQFH KHUPDQRV VLHQGR pO
*UXSRGH7UDEDMR³(O3DWULPRQLR$UWtVWLFRGH$OFDOiOD5HDO,JOHVLD0D\RU$EDFLDO$\XQWDPLHQWRGH
$OFDOiOD5HDO3iJ
3DVDM&LHQF
&LHQFLDWHFQRORJtD\DUWHHQ$OFDOiOD5HDO
PLVPRODHVWUHOODQ~PHURGRFH
/RV GRFH FtUFXORV SDUHFHQ UHSUHVHQWDU ORV GRFH KLMRV GH -DFRE TXH IXQGDURQ ODV
GRFHWULEXVGH,VUDHO(QFODYHDVWURQyPLFDHVHYLGHQWHODFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDGHHVWRVGRFH
FtUFXORVFRQORVGRFHWUDPRVTXHUHFRUUHHOVROHQVXPRYLPLHQWRDSDUHQWHVREUHOD7LHUUD
KXVRVKRUDULRV\EDMRODEyYHGDFHOHVWHGRQGHHVWiQVLWXDGDVODVGRFHFRQVWHODFLRQHV
TXHFRQVWLWX\HQHO]RGLDFR$VtSXHVODWUDPDFRVPROyJLFDGHODFDSLOODQRHVPiVTXHOD
SODVPDFLyQGHOPRYLPLHQWRDSDUHQWHGHOVROVREUHOD7LHUUDTXHHVSODQDPRYLPLHQWRTXH
GHVFULEHGRFHWUDPRVEDMRODEyYHGDFHOHVWH(QFODYHKLVWyULFD\UHOLJLRVDHVWHXQLYHUVR
SODVPDGR HQ SLHGUD UHD¿UPD ODV WHVLV GH OD ,JOHVLD GH XQ PXQGR LQDPRYLEOH VREUH HO
TXHFLUFXODEDHOVROHQXQPRPHQWRSULPHUDPLWDGGHOVLJOR;9,HQTXHODVWHRUtDVGH
&RSpUQLFRVREUHHOVLVWHPDKHOLRFpQWULFRVHDEUtDQSDVRFRPRUHYROXFLyQFLHQWt¿FDSDUD
FXHVWLRQDUODVFUHHQFLDVWUDGLFLRQDOHV
(O3HQWDJUDPDGHOD0RWD
(QSDUDOHORDODWUDGLFLyQHVRWpULFDGHODVPDUFDVGHFDQWHUtDPXVXOPDQDVUHIHULGDV
DQWHULRUPHQWHODWUDGLFLyQRFFLGHQWDOGHVDUUROOyGHVGHPX\SURQWRGLVHxRVJHRPpWULFRV
TXHIXHURQGRWDGRVGHXQDSURIXQGDFDUJDVLPEROyJLFDHQRFDVLRQHVGHDPEXODQWHHQWUH
ORUHOLJLRVR\ORVXSHUVWLFLRVR7DOHVHOFDVRGHOSHQWDJUDPDFRPSRVLFLyQJHRPpWULFDGH
FLQFRYpUWLFHVFX\RXVRVHUHPRQWDDODpSRFDVXPHULDDXQTXHHVHQODDQWLJXD*UHFLD
FXDQGR DGTXLHUH HO VHOOR GH LFRQR GH HVSHFLDO YDORU HQ OD HVFXHOD SLWDJyULFD TXH OR
FRQVLGHUDED³OODYHGHODJHRPHWUtD\GHODVHFFLyQiXUHD´(QOD(GDG0HGLDOOHJyDOD
DUTXLWHFWXUDDWUDYpVGHORVFDQWHURVFRQXQDLPSRUWDQWHFDUJDVXSHUVWLFLRVDDXQTXHQR
IDOWyODFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDFULVWLDQDFRQODVFLQFROODJDVGH&ULVWR\HQHO5HQDFLPLHQWRVH
UHODFLRQyFRQODSHUIHFFLyQKXPDQD\HOKRPEUHPLFURFyVPLFRTXHSODVPDUtD/HRQDUGR
'D9LQFLHQVXFRQRFLGRGLEXMR
(Q WRGR FDVR GH QXHYR QRV HQFRQWUDPRV FRQ XQD FRPSRVLFLyQ JHRPpWULFD ELHQ
GH¿QLGD\REWHQLGDDWUDYpVGHOFiOFXORPDWHPiWLFRDODTXHODVGLIHUHQWHVVRFLHGDGHV
DSOLFDURQYDORUHVHVRWpULFRV
(QDSDUHFtDHQODVH[FDYDFLRQHVDUTXHROyJLFDVOOHYDGDVDFDERHQOD)RUWDOH]D
GH OD 0RWD XQ SHQWDJUDPD R HVWUHOOD GH FLQFR SXQWDV VREUH XQ FtUFXOR TXH OD URGHD
UHSUHVHQWDGRHQHOHPSHGUDGRGHXQDYLYLHQGDGHOVLJOR;9,R;9,,VLWXDGDHQODFDUD
RHVWHGHODDOFD]DEDPLOLWDU-XQWRDpOHQXQDKDELWDFLyQFRQWLJXDORVUHVWRVGHORTXH
SDUHFHXQDURVDGHOD³5RVD&UX]´
3DUHFHHYLGHQWHTXHDTXtQRVPRYHPRVHQHOPXQGRGHOHVRWHULVPR\ODVXSHUVWLFLyQ
\TXHODSUHVHQFLDGHDPEDV¿JXUDVHQHOVXHORGHKDELWDFLRQHVTXHVLQGXGDVHFXEULUtD
FRQDOJXQDHVWHUDRDOIRPEUDDSXQWDDSHQVDUHQODE~VTXHGDGHSURWHFFLyQFRQWUDORV
³PDORVHVStULWXV´
/DWHFQRORJtDDOVHUYLFLRGHOKRPEUHHQHODUWH
/DSUHVHQFLDGHLQVWUXPHQWRVWHFQROyJLFRVHQREUDVGHDUWHFRQVWLWX\HXQFDStWXOR
DSDUWH HQ OD UHODFLyQ DUWHFLHQFLDWHFQRORJtD HQ$OFDOi OD 5HDO7DOHV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV
HQWHQGLHQGR SRU LQVWUXPHQWRV WHFQROyJLFRV DTXHOODV KHUUDPLHQWDV GLVHxDGDV SRU HO
KRPEUHSDUDIDFLOLWDUHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOPHGLR\VDWLVIDFHUVXVQHFHVLGDGHVVRQPX\
QXPHURVDV\SRGUtDRWRUJDUVHDODOODYHVtPERORGH$OFDOiSRUVXFDUiFWHUIURQWHUL]ROD
GLVWLQFLyQGHVHUODSULPHUDPXHVWUDWHFQROyJLFDSODVPDGDHQHODUWH
&LxpQGRQRVDODDUTXLWHFWXUDHQODIDFKDGDGHOD,JOHVLDGH&RQVRODFLyQIHFKDGD
HQODRFWDYDGpFDGDGHOVLJOR;9,HQFRQWUDPRVXQFRPSiVJUDEDGRHQHOSHGHVWDOGHXQ
SLQiFXORPRWLYRTXHVHKDDSXQWDGRFRPRFDXVDQWHGHTXHDODSHTXHxDSOD]DTXHVHDEUH
IUHQWHDODLJOHVLDVHOHGHQRPLQH³&RPSiVGH&RQVRODFLyQ´1RHVHO~QLFRLQVWUXPHQWR
3DVDM&LHQF
0DULQR$JXLOHUD3HxDOYHU
FLHQWt¿FRGLUHFWDPHQWHHPSDUHQWDGRFRQHOFiOFXORJHRPpWULFRLQVFULWRHQODIDFKDGDGH
XQHGL¿FLRDOFDODtQR8QRVPHWURVPiVDOVXUHQODSRSXODU&DUUHUDGHODV0HUFHGHVR
/ODQLOORXQHGL¿FLRFRQVWUXLGRSUREDEOHPHQWHHQODVHJXQGDPLWDGGHOVLJOR;,;PXHVWUD
HQ OD IDFKDGD FRQFUHWDPHQWH HQ OD FODYH GH XQR GH VXV GLQWHOHV OD FDEH]D GH XQ WRUR
ÀDQTXHDGDSRUGRVFROXPQDV\SRUGHEDMRXQDHVFXDGUD\GRVFRPSDVHV
/D SUHVHQFLD HQ HO DUWH GH LQVWUXPHQWRV XVDGRV SDUD HO GLVHxR DUTXLWHFWyQLFR \
SRU WDO HPSDUHQWDGRV FRQ OD JHRPHWUtD KD VLGR PX\ GLVFXWLGD SRU ORV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV
GHODKLVWRULD GHO DUWH \ GHO HVRWHULVPRDXQTXHVHJ~QODpSRFDHQTXHDSDUH]FDQWDOHV
UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVHOVHQWLGRSXHGHFDPELDU
6REUH HO WHPSOR GH &RQVRODFLyQ FDEUtD DGPLWLU OD WHVLV GH 7RDMDV 5RJHU TXLHQ
FRQVLGHUD TXH ³HO DUJXPHQWR FHQWUDO GH HVWDV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV JLUD HQ WRUQR D OD
FRQVLGHUDFLyQ GH OD DUTXLWHFWXUD \ ODV DUWHV GH OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ ODV
OLEHUDOHV´'XUDQWHHO5HQDFLPLHQWR\HQWUHORVWUDWDGLVWDV\HUXGLWRVVHGLRXQDGLVSXWD
VREUHODFDOL¿FDFLyQGHODDUTXLWHFWXUDFRPRDUWHOLEHUDO$GLIHUHQFLDGHODSLQWXUD\OD
HVFXOWXUD HQ OD DUTXLWHFWXUD H[LVWH XQD GLVRFLDFLyQ HQWUH TXLHQHV GLVHxDQ HO HGL¿FLR \
TXLHQHVORFRQVWUX\HQFRQVXVSURSLDVPDQRVPRWLYRTXHODH[FOX\yGXUDQWHHOSULPHU
5HQDFLPLHQWR GH SHUWHQHFHU D ODV DUWHV
OLEHUDOHV $ OR ODUJR GHO VLJOR ;9, HVWD
SHUFHSFLyQFDPELDDOHQOD]DUORVDUTXLWHFWRV
VX R¿FLR FRQ OD JHRPHWUtD GLVFLSOLQD GHO
4XDGULYLXP PHGLHYDO \ HMH GH WRGD OD
WUDGLFLyQGHODVDELGXUtDDQWLJXDWUDQVPLWLGD
DOPXQGRPRGHUQR\XWLOL]DUODFRPRSXHQWH
D WUDYpV GHO FXDO OD DUTXLWHFWXUD LQWHQWDUD
UHEDVDU ORV OtPLWHV GH VX SURSLD QREOH]D \
HTXLSDUDUVHFRQHOUHVWRGHDUWHVOLEHUDOHV
6L DSOLFDPRV HVWD WHVLV DO FRPSiV GH
ODIDFKDGDGHODLJOHVLDGH&RQVRODFLyQpVWH
VHUtDXQDVHxDOGHLGHQWLGDGGHODSURSLDREUD
TXHFRQWHPSODHOHVSHFWDGRUTXHODLGHQWL¿FD
FRPR IUXWR GHO FiOFXOR JHRPpWULFR VREUH HO
SODQR\DFWXDUtDFRPR³PDUFDGHFDOLGDG´R
SDWHQWHGHDUWHOLEHUDO
3RGUtDPRVDFKDFDUODPLVPDLQWHQFLyQ
DODHVFXDGUD\GRVFRPSDVHVUHSUHVHQWDGRV
HQODFDVDGHOD&DUUHUDGHODV0HUFHGHVSHUR
HQODVHJXQGDPLWDGGHOVLJOR;,;ODGXGDGH ,FRQRJUDItD PDVyQLFD HQ OD &DUUHUD GH ODV
LQFOXLUDODDUTXLWHFWXUDFRPRXQDUWHOLEHUDO
0HUFHGHV
\D VH HQFRQWUDED VXSHUDGD \ SRU WDQWR KD\
TXHEXVFDURWURWLSRGHPRWLYDFLRQHV7UDGLFLRQDOPHQWHVHKDUHODFLRQDGRODLFRQRJUDItD
GHODFODYHGHOGLQWHOFRQODPDVRQHUtDKDVWDWDOSXQWRTXHFRWLGLDQDPHQWHDHVWHHGL¿FLR
VHOHKDFRQRFLGRFRPR³HOGHORVPDVRQHV´\QROHIDOWDUD]yQDODFUHHQFLDSRSXODU
7DQWR OD FDEH]D GHO WRUR FRPR ODV GRV FROXPQDV ODWHUDOHV \ ORV WUHV LQVWUXPHQWRV VRQ
VtPERORV ELHQ UHFRQRFLGRV GH OD PDVRQHUtD$GHPiV HVWDPRV HQ XQD pSRFD VHJXQGD
*,/$0(',1$/i]DUR$UWHV\DUWLVWDVGHO5HQDFLPLHQWRHQWRUQRDOD5HDO$EDGtDGH$OFDOiOD5HDO
$OFDOiOD5HDO$\XQWDPLHQWR3iJ
72$-$6 52*(5 0 ÈQJHOHV ³/D DUTXLWHFWXUD FRPR OD JHRPHWUtD VREUH VX UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ HQ OD
WUDWDGtVWLFD GH ORV VLJORV ;9, \ ;9,,´ &XDGHUQRV GH $UWH H ,FRQRJUDItD (Q ,QWHUQHW KWWS
ZZZIXHVSFRP
,GHP
3DVDM&LHQF
&LHQFLDWHFQRORJtD\DUWHHQ$OFDOiOD5HDO
PLWDGGHOVLJOR;,;HQODTXHODPDVRQHUtD
VH GHVDUUROOD HQ (VSDxD \ FRQWDUtD FRQ XQD
ORJLDHQ$OFDOiGHVGH
&LxpQGRQRV D ORV LQVWUXPHQWRV GH
WUD]R JHRPpWULFR HO RULJHQ GH VX XVR FRPR
VtPERORV VH HQFXHQWUD HQ ODV FXDGULOODV GH
FDQWHURVGHOD(GDG0HGLD7UDGLFLRQDOPHQWH
VH DWULEX\H D ORV JUHPLRV GH FDQWHURV
PHGLHYDOHV TXH FRQVWUXtDQ FDWHGUDOHV \
FDVWLOORVHORULJHQGHODPDVRQHUtDPRGHUQD
$O ¿QDO GH OD (GDG 0HGLD HVWRV JUHPLRV
HYROXFLRQDURQ KDFLD FRPXQLGDGHV GH WLSR
LQWHOHFWXDOFRQVHUYDQGRSDUWHGHVXVDQWLJXRV
ULWRV\VtPERORVHQWUHORVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQ
OD HVFXDGUD \ HO FRPSiV TXH HQ HO SODQR
LFRQROyJLFR DOXGHQ DO ³*UDQ$UTXLWHFWR GHO
8QLYHUVR´FUHDGRUGHOFRVPRV
7DQWR OD FDEH]D GHO WRUR FRPR ODV
FROXPQDVUH¿HUHQDOWHPSORPDVyQLFRRORJLD
(O WRUR VLPEROL]D OD HTXLGDG \ HO FRQVHQVR 5HWUDWR GH -XDQ &DUORV , $\XQWDPLHQWR GH
$OFDOiOD5HDO
HQWUH ODV GLIHUHQWHV RSRVLFLRQHV QHFHVDULDV
TXHH[LVWHQHQODORJLDPLHQWUDVTXHODVGRV
FROXPQDV-DNLQ\%RD]PDUFDQODHQWUDGDDODORJLD\DOXGHQDOFRQRFLPLHQWR¿ORVy¿FR\
JHRPpWULFR(VFXULRVDODUHODFLyQHQWUHODVFROXPQDV\3LWiJRUDVODPDVRQHUtDOHDWULEX\H
HOGHVFXEULPLHQWRGHXQDGHHOODVWUDVGHVDSDUHFHUHQHOGLOXYLRXQLYHUVDO
'HMDQGRDXQODGRODDUTXLWHFWXUDODSLQWXUDWDPELpQKDGHMDGRDOJXQDVPXHVWUDV
GHWHFQRORJtDSUHVHQWHHQHODUWH(QFRQWUDPRVGRVFXDGURVSURSLHGDGGHO$\XQWDPLHQWR
GH$OFDOiOD5HDOGHVWLQDGRVDSUHVLGLUODVDODGHFDELOGRVRVDOyQGHSOHQRVHQORVTXH
DSDUHFHDOJ~QLQVWUXPHQWRFLHQWt¿FRDFRPSDxDQGRODH¿JLHGHXQPRQDUFD
(O SULPHUR GH HOORV HV HO UHWUDWR GH XQ UH\ FRPR SURWHFWRU GH ODV %HOODV$UWHV
LQFOXLGDHODUWHGHODJXHUUD6HGXGDVLUHSUHVHQWDD)HOLSH9RD&DUORV,9DXQTXHOR
PiVSUREDEOHHVTXHVHWUDWHGHOSULPHURIXQGDGRUGHOD5HDO$FDGHPLDGH%HOODV$UWHV
GH6DQ)HUQDQGRHQGHOTXHH[LVWHQQXPHURVDVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVFRPRSURWHFWRU
GHODVDUWHV\ODVFLHQFLDV(QSULPHUSODQRDSDUHFHXQDHVFXDGUDHQDOXVLyQDODUWHGH
ODDUTXLWHFWXUDMXQWRDXQEXVWR\XQDSDOHWDHQUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHODHVFXOWXUD\SLQWXUD
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH(QHOVLJOR;9,,,ODDUTXLWHFWXUD\DHUDFRQVLGHUDGDXQDUWHOLEHUDO
(OVHJXQGRFXDGURHVXQUHWUDWRGH-XDQ&DUORV,FRQXQLIRUPHGH&DSLWiQ*HQHUDO
GH ORV (MpUFLWRV \ SRUWDQGR HO WRLVyQ GH RUR UHDOL]DGR SRU HO SLQWRU DOFDODtQR 5DIDHO
5HYHOOHV HQ /D REUD VLJXH HO PRGHOR GH UHWUDWR FRUWHVDQR FRQ HO UH\ GH PHGLR
FXHUSR\GHIUHQWHVLWXDGRMXQWRDXQDPHVDVREUHODTXHDSDUHFHXQJORERWHUUiTXHR\
XQPDSDDSR\DQGRVXPDQRVREUHpVWH(OMRYHQPRQDUFDHYRFDDVtDVXVDQWHSDVDGRV
LOXVWUDGRVTXHKX\HURQGHODKHURLFLGDGGHODVDUPDV\SUH¿ULHURQSRVDUMXQWRDOQXHYR
FRQRFLPLHQWRFLHQWt¿FRTXHDOXPEUDEDODWHFQRORJtD(OHPHQWRVWDQVHFXQGDULRVFRPR
ORVPHQFLRQDGRVHQHOUHWUDWRGH5HYHOOHVGDQODFODYHSDUDODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHODREUD
$OLJXDOTXHRFXUULyHQOD,OXVWUDFLyQODQXHYD(VSDxDGHPRFUiWLFDGH-XDQ&DUORV,VH
DSR\DUtDHQORVSLODUHVGHOFRQRFLPLHQWR\GHOVDEHUFLHQWt¿FR
)(55(5%(1,0(/,-RVp$QWRQLR/D0DVRQHUtD0DGULG$OLDQ]D(GLWRULDO
$$99 ³$OFDOi OD 5HDO KLVWRULD GH XQD FLXGDG IURQWHUL]D \ DEDFLDO´$\XQWDPLHQWR GH$OFDOi OD 5HDO
9RO,9SiJLQD
,GHP3iJLQD
3DVDM&LHQF