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Introdixct i o n
On June 28, 19G6 t h e c o n s . t ; i t u t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t ; o f A r g e n t i n a
.;/aso v e r t h r o v r n by a m i l i t a r y coup dV.ei;nt, A c o u n c i l o f r ; : i l i t c i - y
cl15efs w i t h r c - p r e s e n t a n ' t ; ~o f army, m2ri:cie a n d a i r f o r c o
e l a b o r a - te d a document which stated t h e p u r p o s e o f -the Eevolu-t i o n
aild e l e c t e d G e n e r a l Juan C a r l o s O n g a n i a a,s presic1.en-t.
P o l i t i c a l i n t e r v e n t t o n o n N a t i c n a l U n i v c r s i t i e s vlas
o n e o f t h e f i r s t d e c i s i o n s o f t h e new government,
FCy prirnnry p u r p o s e i s t o s t i t d y t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e n
t h e n e w A r g e n t i n e Government a n d t h e U n i v e r s i t y t h r o u g h t h e
a n a . l y s i s o f c h a n g e s vrhich w e r e i n L r o d u c e d by y o l i t i c a l
intervention,
Soti~e ~L-C-'?T~O-L!S c o n s i d e r a - t i o n s a r e n e c e s s a r y i n o r d e r t o
c l a r i f y t h c prob:Lerns which w i l l b e i n t r o c i u c o d t h r o u g h o u t
t h e study,
The r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n a p o l i t i c a l system agd a x
cduca-tionz.1 s y s t e m ~ ~ bze ys e e n . i n t : ~ odimenr;ions.
F i r s t ; as
i n f l u e n c e o.f -tke p o l i t i c a l s g s t em o n t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e
ed-uca-ti o n a l sgst ern. Secoililly, s p e c i f j.c ways i n !vhi.ch -the
e 2 . u c a t i o n a l s y s t e m affects t h e Sui?cJiioni.ng o f - t h e p o l i - t i c a l
s y s t en.
E o t h dimensions a r e i n y e l a t i o n -to o n e f u n c - b i o n
p o l i t icz.1 systems
'I.
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V Z " *ou;ca?qoS Tap s m q u a q u s o y
:i.n Argent. i n n . Yie a s r e f a c e d init11 a. pheno;77,eiion o f s i . ~ y e r i n : i o s i -ito n
i n t h e s e n s e t h e t t h e sa.rr!e p e o p l e i n e e t i n g i n different c o n . t e x t s
28
bu-1; i n i d e n t i c a l r c l a . l ; i o n o f c o n f l i c - t ,
Tile d i g n i t c r i e s o f
- t h e Church a1-e -is some ways c o n n e c t e d v ~ i t h- t h e r ~ C L e r s o f :the
S t a t e and
t h e c h i e f s o f Arrrled F o r c e s . 29
Tlie pj?cnomcn.on o f s u p e r i m p o s i t i o n ment i o n e d a b o v e i s
and it i s e x p r e s s e d i n
r e f l e c t e d i n t e r m s of
r e v o l u t i ofi2r7 docwnent s
.
he
centrs.1 values a r e i n r e l a t i o n
t o na,t;ionc?l d e f e n z e a g a i n s t m ~ r x i s ti n f i l t r a t i o n and
cor~l.rnu.nis-te c t i on. The r e v o l u t i o n a r y d.oc ~ m e nst spealc a b o u t
k e e p i n g t3-e na.t iolin.1
- t r c . . d i t ion d e f i n e 2 i n t e r x s o f vid!; e r n
clilrist i z z c i v i l i . z , a - b io n qs v a l u e s . 31
On.-the ui;hcr- ]?_and,t h e t e r m s "nocIcr,-.,ization" 2nd
" r z t i o l i a . l . i z a t i o n " a p p e a r a.r:i.ong t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f ~ o v e r x e n'ts
o b j e c t i v e s amtl anlong o u t l j - n e s o f the fu-Lure econorzic, s o c j - a l ,
e.nd p o l ; t i . c a l development .32 hny p r o c e s s o f " n o d e r n i z a t l o n "
or
11
r a t : i o l ~ a l i z ~ ; t i o nr 'e~q u i r e s p r o f e s s i o n a l and -t e c h n i c a . 1
pers.o-nnnl, A phencmenon of' r . e c r u i t m e n t o f e x p e r t e r s by
pub]-ic b u . r e ~ . u c r a c yi s obsel--fed i n I";rgel?-t i n n . T h i s r e c r u i n e n t
i n v o l v e -Lhe enlergence of -tec'::nic-j.1 cc?..dres rr!'ni ch are urider
e x c c u t i v e a con-trol
. I n -the a r g e n t i c e
case, -the te c h n i c i a n " ~
p e r f o r l n a n c c r e i n f o r c e t h e o r e t i c a l sta.l;crzer?ts o n - i ; e c h n i c i a n s f
r o l e in p u b l i c b u r e a u c r a c i c s .
"The t c.chnicj.r~:is c o n c c i v c t h e i r r o l e a.s m e r e l y t h a t
h e d g e d a b o u t lvi-t;l? sen-Limem-t, i s e x y r e s s e d i n t h e
f o r m u l a : t h e policy-malccr
supplies t h e goals(end,
o b j e c t i v e s ) ancl tile t e c h . i i i c i . a n s , on. t l i e b a s i s o f
e x p e r t lii+io~:;ledge, i md.c n - L e a.1-t e r n a t i v e rneaiis f o r
r e a c h i n g ' t h e s e e n d s " 33
F o r o u r p u . r p o s e s , i t i s o n l y i m p o r t a . n t t o p o i n t out
- t h a t the t e ~ 3 e n c yo f b e c o n i n g a t cch.:rlocra.cy i n some
econon;-ic, s o c i a l , and p o l i t i c a l 2 r e a . s i s a , n o t h e r f e a t u r e
of - t h e new g o v e r l m e n t i n A r g e n t i n e I!eplvtblic.
I i n t e n d t o show i n l:/ha-t s e n s e , a.nd t h r o u g h w h i c h
mec',lan.i.sm, t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e new r e g i m e n a n d
p o l i - t i c a l c u l t u . r c a r e r e f l e c t e d oil na.tiona.1. u n i v e r s i t i e s l
chilngcs.
The TJniyrersit:;
--- b e f o r e t h e Coixn clletal;
The p z - i n c i p a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f u n i v e r s i t y gover;?ment
'oefore t h e cOi,Ip d 1 e t n t were t h e f o l . l o ~ . ' i i n g : autonomy, au'tarlcy
cogove~-maen-tc?;;nd extra:t; e r r s i t ,o r i a l i t y . 34
The n a t i o n a l universities ha.d t h e riglrl-L t o d i c t a . t e - t ; ' r ~ e i r
OVI~I
sta'i;ut e w i t h o u t approval from t h e e x e c u - k l v e poTi.:er, T h e y
-
e x e r t ed abso1u.i; e c o n t r o l . o n t h e i r si;~,~i?.i.
cs
g o a l s , proEre.ns,
a p p l i c a . t i o n r u l e s , pro!:!otion,
e t c.
-
ar,d o n t h e ad7gi.ni.st r z t i o i . 1
o f t h c i r pa.trimoiiy. They r e c r u i t e d and removed a u t h o r i t i e s ,
c7.r~cl f , ? . c ~ ? I . t >i:'1~.~;7.01.11;
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31
New q u e s t i o n s a r i s e , t o v!ha't e x t e n t t h e s e groupr;,
such
as w o r k e r s u n i o n s had ota.bl'ishcd real c o r r ~ n u n i c a . t i o n s
p r o c e s s e s be-tvleen them a n d u n i v e r s i t y g r o u p s ? o r $Yas t h e
u n i v e r s i t y ' s b e h a v i o r o n l y a n a.d.fiesion t o p o l i t i c a l dcmaizds
e x p r e s s e d t h r o u g h o-tiler means, vlorlcers s t r i k e , f o r i n r ; t a . n c e ?
T h e s e q u e s t i o n s b r i n g u s L o w i d e r probleiris s u c h as t h e
r e l a t ' i o n s h i p between i n t e l l e c t u a l s , u n i v e r s i t y s t u d e n t s
and v o r k i n g c l a s s , vrhich a r e n o t d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e
p u r p o s e s o f this p a p e r .
I f we a . s s m e d t h e e x i s t e n c e of' r e a l coirvnunica.tion
p r o c e s s e s b e t w e e n u n i - v e r s i t y g r o u p s and cor;~muni-tyg r o u p s
we 1;:ould be a b l e t o firlcl -tha.t fiot al-1. wants f r o a t h e
,
cowrnl~.nityoi- from c c r - L a i n g r o u p s x e r e c o ~ i - v c r t e dj.xto
demands f o r t h e u . n i v e r s j . t y . T h e r e would be a s e l e c - L i v e
p r o c e s s t h r o u g h u n i v e r s i t y g a t e k e e p e r s 3 ' t h a t viould
regula-te t h e f l o ~
into the university.
S t u d e n - t s or-g3,~iz-;a-t
i o c s , lor ii?st,?.?ce, p e r f o r c ~ e d su.ch
r o l e a c c o r d i . n g t o t h e i r i i i c o l o g i e 3 , i n k crests and c o a l s .
,111
a n a . l y s e s o f t l i e e v o l u t i o n o f general p o l i t i c a l . - t r e n d s
a.nlon~gs t u c ' e n t orcaniza,i;i.oi:.s v:o:..~lcI y ~ r o v i r l eus w i t h one
a s p e c t f o r 'iPLe unrlel-:;-t r~.:;dil?g o f t h e i r g z t e ! i e q c r s r o l e .
. T h e r e l ? . t i o n be-Lween t h i s e v o l u t i o n a n d n a t i o n a l as
wel.1 a s i n t e r n a t i o i l a l :xl"f'izirs
ivoulrl be m o t h e r c s v e c - t
n o t O Z L X ~ for u i 1 C e r ~~t . ~ ~ !t ih ie ~gga t e k e c q c r ro1.e bui n.lso
t h e 7:o:-;,.;ibj.l.i-kies 01:' -tho ~.i?i..l.ver:;i-tyi n
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- 17 "If a s y s t e m i s u x a h l e t o meet a m i n i m a l number o f
demandc o f m o s t o f - t h e r e 1 e v a g . t members n i t h s o x e
minir,,al. El-equency, i t w i l l b e i m p o s s i b l e t o
p r e v e n t -thcr:e rr,en!ber..c; frorn d e v e l o p i n g f e e l i n g
of deep deacont ent
mi&-t
. Iniztially,
the discontent
be d i r e c t e d t o w a r d t h e a u t h o r s i - L i e s , But i f
t h u s h z p p e n s a g a , i n and a g a i n , a n d s t i l l l i t 4 ; l e
improveri?cilt; i n o u t p u t s o c c u - r s , i t w i l l b e
i m p o s s i b l e t o p r e v e n t t h e d i s s a t i s f a c ' t i o i ? from
s h i f t i n g t o w a r d 1;he r e g i m e a n d e v e n the p o l i t i c a l
community. ?Jlialole t o o b t a i _ r t h e i r o b j e c t i v e s by
i l i f l i z ~ e i i c i n gthe a u t l ~ o r iite s , t h e y a r e l i k e l y t o
f e e l t h e need
'LO
turn .to more ciras-l;ic rnea.sure
i n t h e form o f e f f o r t s t o ~ ~ o d i ft hy e r e g i m e
f u l i d a ~ l e nat l . l y o r e v e n t o h r e a l c u p t h e con!nufli.ty t~ 43
1 . ~ 1t
h e c a s e o f I l r g c n t i i l a , t h e s u . p p o r t v ~ z sr e - t i r e d t o
, z ? ~ t h o ~ i L arid
. e y o 1 i t i c ; ~ l .r e g i m e .
B e f o r e 1 3 6 6 c o u p r l ' e t x t t h e S u p e r i o r C o u n c i l of t h e
U n i v e r s i - t ; ~ o f B:.l.enos A i r e s arid t h e D i r e c . t o r Col..1ncils o f
P i 1 o r ; o f i a y L e t r a s , C i e n . c i a s Ex:zctas 2nd h g r o n o m i a y V e l; e r i n x r i a e 1 a b o r a . t e d d e c l . a r a t i o l ? . s ::gainst
d' e t a t and
ill
any ty pe o f c o u p
sup;?orl; . o f d e ~ o c r zj-c
t i n s t i t u t i o n s . Tile
u . n i v e r s i t y p;:.ave his ,.;upport t o c f i e m o c r a t i c reg-ir;le lr~hic'll
h a d . no l o n g e r . t h e s u ; ~ p o r . tf r o r ; ~-tile ~ o s - t p
; o v i c r f u l groul3s.
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anTq,e.xqsTuTr;rp Mau cry?, q d a a a z pTnc:n Aaq?, q-ou ;ro ,raijrl.aiz;td
i n e f f ec'l;i.ve grol*tFs. It; i s v e r y r l i : c ^ f j c u l t t o e s t i m a t e w i t h
any c e r t : ? . i i ~ t y t h e i m p a c t o f t h e
t h e popula.t'l.on.,
ii.1
5-6.312 1-avi
011
t h e x-es-t; o f
p a . r t i c u l a r on tl-;ore v;ho r e a , c t e d w i t h .
p a s s i v e acceptance, a c q u i . e c c n c e o r i n d i f f c r e l ? c e d u r i n g t h e
i n i t i a l n e r i o d o f new gover.nn!ent.
The 1 6 . 9 1 2 1a.w r e f l e c - t e c l s0rr.e o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
o f t h e p o l i - t i c a l c u l t u r e cf t h e ne71 gavel-nment.
F i r s t a t all t h e l a w l e d t o an i n c r e s . s e o f i n s t i t u . t i o n a . 1
e n c z p s u . l a ' ; i o n and t h e d e g r e e o f o b s e r v 2 . b i l i t y , w h i c h
c h a r a c t e r i za most t o t a l i t a r i a n g o v e r n x e n t s ,
I n s t i - t u t i o n a l enczpsulz.tioii r e f e r s t o a process o f
incre2:;ing
c o n t r o l o n i n . s . ? - i . t u t is
o ~arid a. c o r r e s p o ~ d i ~ i g
r e d u c t i o n in t h e rates o f ii?_deyendcnt a c t i o n . 5 4
0bserva'oil.it;i
r e f e r s t o t h . e e x t e n t t o r h i c ' r l t h e rlorms
a.nd r o l e - p e r f orn~,.;..ac
e wi.t'llin a g r o u p a r e r e a d . i l ? j o p e n - t o
o b s e r v a t i o n by o t h c r s
-
s t a t u s i n f e r i o r s , p e e r s , a i ~ d~ t a i - ~ ~ s
superiors. An increased d c p e c o f o7~.c;ervabil.it,y
P~J,S brougl:?t
a b o u t 13.0-t o n l y by t h e l n v b u t a l s o by t h e i n t r o c l u c t i o n o f
p o l i c e f o r c e s in.-to t h e u n i v e r s i t : ~ . The nlain f u n c t i o n o f t h e
p o l i c e c.as -Lo o'st a i n inforno:Lion
o n u n i v e r s i t y mem'ners'
behavior.
The c e n - k r a l va?u e s c o z c e r f i i n g n a t i o n a l d e f e n s e against
F;';nrxist i l l f i l - 1 ; r a t ; i . o ~a n d comnv.nis% ac-ti o n m e r e t a k e n a.s t h e
p i - i n c i p n l r ~ ~ . s o: f n
o r ir;.terven-!;:ion. I-cl f:>.cf, t h e
:*~z.ss e e n 3.z
3,
SO~III'CE
o.?
t.i,.AAir.?.;
~ 0 . ~ 1 ~ ~ 1i:]L'?"
:-~i:~ri?
C .
xi-!iversi.f;y
"La u.l;.ivcrni d3.d c o n s t i t uia v.no d e l o c n f i c l e o s cle
con:t2-adicci6n n4.s p a t eiit e s d e l alrila national"
.. a menudo
If.
s e a . l e j a h a de n u s o'oj e t i v o s "
IfUn cs.tzdo d e s u b v e r s i 6 n i n t c r n a l a c1esgarra.ba y l a
de-t c n i a e n s7a marcha c0:lvier-t i6ndo.la a1ucha.s v e c e s
e n f o c o r l e es't 6 r i l a g i t a c i 6 n . I n t e r e s e s e g o i s t a s
de p e r s o n a s o rle s e c t o r pretendio.-n u t i l i z a r l a . U n
cu-ya e x i s t e n c i a noc t r a e n o t i c i a s a. d i a r i o l a
c r 6 n t c a p e r i o d - l s - t - i c a , queria c o n . v e r t i r a n u e s t r a
juvei-kud
e s t u d i o s a e n p i e z a d e j e g o de una lucha d e
A c c o r d i n g -Lo -t h e E::ecu-t;ive Poc?.er, t 5 . e 1s.w
1;~a.s
not
i n ' t e n d e d S o Y:ren!c d o n a t h e u n i v e - r s i t y a ~ iol~om-;,
t
but rather
-to art? c~~1.s.-t
e t h e i . ~ . ~ . i v e r s i . ta.f
y :Ca.irs w i t h t h . e Argent i c e
Rcvol-ut i on, 57
F=_reside.r~t
0rzgz.iiia s'ta-Led t h a t the
16.912
1.9.1;'1 :..:a.s
.to i-evi.ev; 'tile u:-,i.versj.t;y
r?.~~
pil.r;lose
in
nor:ns
ill
02
order t o
elirnj.r,at e t h e sor.lrcc?r: o:? s u b v e r s i v e a c t i o n .
,?ie r n i ~ l ~point,
t
o u t t h a t the law l e d t o a d e c r e a s e t h e
*
role of the ailivcr.s~-l;,y,
as a. c'r,;;l,n:lel
9
po3.i.t -i.c<?.l dcnl.ands ; i.n thercb;.
polj.l;ic;.l
of expression of
con-tr o l l i i l ~t h e ~ ; . n i v e r s i t > -s'
i n ~ ~ u 1r ;o l e . .According t o Ea.si;o:lt s a . n a l y s i s t o t a l i t a r i z r :
.
.r*c:yime::;
rl-ti;c~n.;c) .Lo. r c ~Li;.cc .t; h e
.
- t h e pol-i.t;-ic;:.l s y s t e y .
l?u!:.lt1e.r
cf :!o F::lt; s of el1.t;r
j
r
i.yl, 0
p a Te-pwxoj aq tiz.3 rro r q n q T J ? s T p S u ~ t r : o ~ ~ o _ r
r
03
q . ~ o d d n s ?.Jan0
~ G Bq ~ i ) i , o 3Rzaf:,q.aq
~ a ~ a g - r _ s r z ?!A
o a 31 e;~oclcins a n ; q ~ c i : o d pu::
p a z - ; - C c c a acy rci22~:!i Lq.rssan?rrn
65
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a y q 0 3 p a c + ~ a , x r pqndu? as par;vrasa~da;c r,laT z ~ 6 ' ga q~&
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d L%-[nze,g
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1zuorqz.u j o
cL.rq:~!.~o-,,a y T a ~ u a - ior) o s ~ z .
q.-:-~y s ; ~ o - r ~ ~ s o~ iC l ~ . ~ ~ S ~ ~ ~ J, T. ~, L~ ;. ?L dj'n.
J ~ ~ a~ ~ r 30 3 ~ C - C T I G
q o u p a p ~ 3 a p'[snl)-Fnrpr;:r a q 3 = a l , r r 2 a ~,:-~e-,,~?r-[oZa q l
p t r ~MET ay?_ ~ o _ rq.%orId?-.s a ~ ~ r ; . , t S a rj:o
. r i ~ o ~ s s a ~ due
xa
s a n T o n u r J o T x q a q 9 A T q . a CcLo s z u o y $ , ~ ~ 2 - ~ u6r-aK ~ ~ r r a z ~ d d v
-aToql:,
t. s.u
'i;,ia?,sfs ~ . t ? a - c l r ~ oa yd ? pu-c mo7: a'L{y y ~ o q
qsrrrs2z. I l q r y ~ q s o r jp a s s a ~ t I x ax o r n z . y a q aso.r{!~j a s o y L o p
z l i a l y s i s , I might h y p o t h e s i z e tha-t t h e observed b e h a v i o r
o f u n i v e r s i t y members i n v o l v e d a c o n f l i c t w h i c h a f f e c t e d
-the func-ti o n i n g o f t h e u n i v e r s i t y ret h e r t h a n t h e p o l i t i c a l
system as a vrhole,
I-Iovlever, any s t a . t e m e n t s z b o u t t h e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e
c o n f l i c t a r i s i n g f r o m t l i e u n i v e r s j . t y vfou.ld r e q u - i r e a l s o
t o t a k e i n t o account -the r e a . c t i o n of oth.er groups o u t s i d e
t h e u n i v e r s i t y a.nd t h e c o n n e c t i o n b e ' t v ~ e e nt h e m a,nd
u n i v e r s i t y members, bly s u g g e s t i o n i s t h a t t h e potiler o f
t h e u n i v e r s i t y in any g i v e n c o ~ m t r yd e p e n d s o n t h e n u i ~ b e r
and t y p e o f g r o u p s w h i c h a r e c o n n e c t e d lv~i~t41
-the u n i v e r s i t y
members.
I n o t h e r v ~ o r d s , t h e paver o f t h e u n i v e r s i - t y
depends o n i t s c a p a c i t y f o r m o b i l i z i n g o t h e r groups from
t h e popula-Lion,
N e g a t i v e r e s g o n s e s ( n e g a t i v e f e e d b a c l r ) -Lo t h e 1 6 . 9 1 2
law a r o s e f r o m o t h e r g r o u p s o f t h e i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l
er,vi.roament
. S u c h as t r a d e
G e l l e r a l del T r a b a j o ,
u n i o n s , tihe Conf e 2 e r a c i 6 n
t r a d i 'cional p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s ,
f o r e i . cb~
. s c i e n t i f j - c , a s 8 o c i s . t i o n s , f o r e i g n nul;!s p a p e r s , among
other.
63
Meg:?;tive r e s p o n s e s a . r o s c vlireil . t h e :First c o l i s c r ~ u e i i c e s
o:F ?;he 1a.w
- 1 - e s i ~ r t z : j ; i o : ~ ,cnigrz.'t;ion -
:;,/ere p:~b'L'l'-cized,
/In a t - tenpl; t o re-:~-rcse~:+g3;1'~;1iLi
(>~.ll;i
t h e diff eren-l;
fnc!!bac!i
'122
:['G : 1 . ~ ~ ~ 1 .
responses: t o
3. ~1 (1i ~2.g[I;:,
.I;;IE
~ ! i 11
!.xv: ai-ld ;its coilsec;ueaccr, c a n
Most o f t h e i n t e r n a l g r o u p s which e x p r e s s e d n e g a t i v e
r e s p o n s e s t o t h e 16.912 law were n o n - e f f e c t i v e
groups i n
r e l a t i o n .to t h e p o l i t i ca.1 s y s t ern, 64
On t h e b a s i s o f t h e in:€om.a.tion a v a i l a b l e it seems - t o
me t1ia;t i t i s r e a s o n a b l e t o a r g u e t h a t t h e r e .;as no r e a l
t h r e a - t 8.gains-t t h e p o l i t l c d s y s t e m 3,s a v ~ h o l e , b e c a u s e
~ o w e r f u lg r o u p s r e i n f o r c e d t h e i r p o s i t i v e s u p p o r t as a
r e s u l t o f t h e o u t p u t and o n l y n o n - e f P e c t i v e
groups
e x p r e s s e d t h e i r ~ ~ e g a . t i vs cu p p o r t and t h i s w a s n a i - d y
a g a i n s t t h e u n i v e r s i t y r e g i m e rather t h a n a g a i n s t poli-i;i c a l
s y s t e m a s a r!hole.
\:!c
n i g h t ask, what w a s the o u t p u t f r o x -the p o l i t j - c a l
s y s t e m in r e c ? d t i o r ~t. o t h e feedbaclc r e s p o n s e s ?
The g o v e r ~ ~ ~ ecoulci
nt
have rcsponcled i n -l-30i.-!a.ys: 'oy
attemp-Ling t o compesate the consec;uences of $ h e law, o r by
r e i n f o r c i n g the l.al;r t h r o u g h s u ' o s e q u e ~ t decj.8ions0
The f i r s t a l t e r n a t i v e i n v o l v e s sonc k i n d o f baJ_,?,,rrce
of f o r c e s , w h i l e t h e s e c o n d VIO~JJ-d
imply -to clecpen t h e l i n e
of cleavage,
Some out-pu-Ls on y o E i - ti c i l s y s t en ~rierc:t h e u s e o f
p o l i c e f o r c e s a g a i n s t :;;kuden:';
:-;
z.nc!
:~ri:):C'czsors, t h e
'adAr;. 2
~ ' iq? ~ d~~ i l ;ork
3 a . m - c T z j croj suor;.=~:i:es a I q w o n a j v r n cro
sp..r2;.ra.1 a n ~ ? . o 3 z za g ~ a a d sjo ~:orqsa-?-ya'c3,ea y l s? u o - ~ a ~ a oj oa
* a s u o d s a ~paxrtu
amos p u ~ oq.
j 2u~%ciuraq.?~t'
L 1 - p u - r ~ pua '~ayI;10 av,? oq. a p r s a u o
u o ~ 2j u ~ ~ - e ~ ~ ?' aas us ooS : : a ~ a y T L e ~ a p0 % 1 C p y r ~ a: q p-[no,u
uiaqsLs
-ssom
E
j o sarq-c,.royq.n.e aqq. Lq.rsuaqur a w e s aqq. j o a ~ - n s s a ~ d
j o s u o r ~ r p u o a;rapun * L % r s u a q u y a m s a y q 30 a m s s a ~ d
.
s a r ~ ~ . I o?,nn
T ; i ; ~ - y s ~ a n - p npu,e
- t Tes ~?.~'[ocl.
q.aq:,?. ri:aa s p pi lo!,^ $1
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as
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J o Saa;cizos s n o ? . m n arjq 2 ~ " u o wa~3 u - e ~ a qr? rns!,r,aJarr,?. hjey
99
Lq?s.zan?un a r j q u r ~ a c l o ~ cpurr
l
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~ ~
F B L ~ ~jAo
a ~ a y d s
asuas u ~ i o
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sy.%ari;a~rnba~
q?
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L ~ ~ s ~ a n Su~p-e;37:
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8
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p u p 1 y 3 n s j o q s o 3 aqT a q p y c ~ o i ~$-e~?f!~
.
'spcro!~ Laqq.0
69
UI
,,aAo-[ $nOi-i?.r!.!~xaS J o ?BIT3 0 9 . J9TT'J.irS
sn7z.q.s a n y $Dr,J?.sap .e s-ey L3au-c %?Say ~ ~ o ' J , ~ ~
- c~~JJ oL J , ,
~llq.ys~an?un
30 T a n a x ~ ~ 3 y u $~ piTc
a y
3~
j ~ q u 'aa r~ w~a ps ~ 3a~3 u a n T j u r
aoTa;caoa p-cp TLraqxa q - e v , ~oq. ' s a s y ~ a u o r p a n b ~ a yu
* L q y s ~ a n r u na y q o q Lmouoq.no 3 0 aacrzap
awos ,~a"eq~ A E qSa ~ y ~r 4~ . ep u~o s a s n 2 u ~ ~ c l r o qlCq~ ~u aay T p-ue
' s a T$r;coy 7.~12p u e
89
~ o o s a j o . r c ij:o q.uau$rn;raaJ ayq. 2urpocrquo3 Lq
'aq p ~ n o f is a r qrn73;3a p 3 7 q . ~ ~ o .zo
r i suo ?T-emTaap
. a q o n ou ' a a ~ o ni;q.TlA
OSTE
qnq 6 , ' ; r l . l ~ ~ 30
a ~ j s ~ ~ a u r - 1 ~0 o3 q . a a ~ ?up~ Tuapnqs alro
L p o a q p I n o f i acraya * p a y s r y o q E
S E ~ A~
u a u m ~ a ~ . o 3a-y0;~~ * c
s a ~ 7 ~ d ~ pa=
a ~ Jr app J o
2 u ~ j c n ~ aJzO J sT-r-eaur E
SG
p a s n a q p ~ n o aa3.10~ a a r ~ o daT1L.Z
would be anpoj.11-lied by . t h e u n i v e r s i . t ; y , The s c h o l a r s would be
e l e c t e d t h r o u g h c o m p e t i t i v e efixa;iiina-ti
ons;: h o w e v e r , t h e
E x e c u t i v e Power viould s p p o i n t t h e f i r s t r e c t o r s and deans f o r
a period of f i v e years.
Apparently t h e 17.215 l a w
b i ~ a sa
n
o u t p u t f r o m t h e new
g o v e r n m e n t t h r o u g h w h i c h it w a s a . t t empt e d t o a c h i e v e a
c e r t a i n b a l z x c e b e t w e e n e n c a p s u l a t i o n , o b s e r v a b i l i t y and
c o e r c i o n on t l i e one hand, and autonomy, a l a t a r l g and
aca.d.ernic f r e e d o m on t h e o t h e r .
I i o v r e v e r , t h e l a w vlas never p ~ t ;i n t o e f f e c t and a t
presen-I; t h e E x e c u t i v e Power s - t i l l e x e r c i s e s c o n t r o l u p o n t h e
national university.
The " q u i e s c e n c e and p e a c e " has b e e n
b r o k e n down p e r i o d i c a l l y by s t u d e n t r i o t s and in% e r n a l
c r i s i s . 3 - t u d e ~ tr i o t s , s t r i k e s , a.nd s t r e e t d e m o s t r a - t i o n s
t o o k p l n c e i n J u n e 1 9 6 8 , Se-tember 1 9 6 8 , Thy 1 9 6 9 , Jurie 1 9 6 3
and F e b r u a r y 1 9 7 0 ,
New s'tu.deat;s g r o u p s and new clz8.-mels o f corg;nunicn.ti o n
betvlecn s t u . d e n t s a n d o t h e r cormunit,y g r o u p s s u c h
2.s w o r k e r
u.nions .have bee11 c r e a . t e d s i r r c e 1962. This phenomenon i s
c o r r e l a t e d v:i-th ne7i.I adv3.iices i n the dcvel-opmcn-t o f t h e
l a b o r r~ioverncnt a n d n i t h t h e nppearaiTce o f l e f t is+; f a c t i o n s
i.nci.de t h e Cat:-iol-ic C'ourch,
thc
--,?.
c.:.
t!?.a:k -t'l:e um~i--j~:?rslt;r
au-k:lorj. tic:; lost t h e su;.:port
,.. (: y -:i;.:. . ;,-r?-;:xr.:.i
:7:3:,::-!;<sy-t (3 :;.h ;:! j.?? <;-: ..:,:I;. -y
:fi.;.c-t;
.. .-
,
,,:c::?:, :?I.s 2%
-,,
1.7nll-
qno y9no;cyq. p a ye;s
: 9 u ~ : ~ o t ~3 o~ 1j %a m ~ a d . 8 6srqq.
acrar:, ~ ~ T YS U M
O~;~SO~~OJC'L
U?CIU
aq;r,
*Tapom ~ n d q n o- ? r n d ~ r
a y ? 30 s w a q u? L ~ ~ . c a r s - zep-errr
c ~ swt, ss~s1I~cc-2
ayA *,Cq:rs~anrtrn
-puorT.ei:
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o c l
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sr
sry;r, * p o y ~ a d
6 g f j ~ - g g G ~a y q 2uy;rnp s ~ o q . 3 a ~q.rraJajj-cp
r
aa;cyq p z q sa;crbr
s o u a n a j o R q r s x a ~ r ua~y q~
q a e j a1 * s u o r s s - e ~ ~poa q - e a d a ~
u o S T E ? ~ T J J O$uaqwnaur a y q ,103 q.;coddns q a q q . b:ia~py$p,f
ayq. u y rriorq.uanJaq.ur j o TTi-ISaJ e s-e uaq.slCs - ~ ~ - C ~ T X O S
aqq. o rl. q . ~ o d d n sa ~ r ~ ? s o c xiy a q ? pa3zojuraJ s d n o ~ 2
- 37 p o l i t i c a l and economic changes.
T h i s pr-oblem i n v o l v e s
s p e c i f i c - q u e s t i o n s f o r L a t i n A n e r i can c o u n t r i e s :
what
h a p p e n s when s c i e n t i f i c , a c a d e m i c a n d t e c h n i c a l b o d i e s at
t h e university provide a higher professional l e v e l t h a n the
one r e q u i r e d . by economic, s o c i a l o r p o l i t i c a l coridi-l;ions
o f -the counl;ry?
Yihich iles b e e n t h e c o s t o f o l i t i . c a l i n t e l - v e n t i o n s
i n L a d t i n A r n e r i c ~ nu . n i v e r s i t i e s i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e i r s c i e ~ + ; i f i c ,
a c a d e m i c amd t e c h n i c a l l e v e l ?
Yhich i s t h e c a p a c i t y of t h e u n i v e r s i - t y f o r l i l o b i l i z i n g
o t l i e r g r o u p s from t h e r e r n s i n d e r p o p u l a t i o n ; p a r t i c ~ . i l a . r y
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A r g e n t i n a a n t e l a junta, l u e g o de l a . c u a l s e c o n z i d e r a
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Statements f r o n Other Groups
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011
16.912 L a v 90
d e l e g a c i d n d e j 6 v e n e s o b r e r o s d e v a r i o s greinios
( U n i 6 n F e r r o v i a r i a , Uni6n Obrera L!ei;alf~rgica,,Emplead o s d e Cornel-cio, C-r5.ficos y S e g u r o s ) s e d i r i g i 6
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D i r e c c i l j n de I n C o n f e d e r a c i S ; ~G e n e r a l dcl T r a b a j o
a n t e 1.a bl'~i.ta1r e p r e s i 6 n c o n t r a las U ~ i . v e r s i d a d e s
FTizci~iiales. En e l cloc~~inent
o s e d i c e : " e s I n d u d e b l e que
las f u e r z a s de l a r e . = . c c i 6 n ? r e t e n d e n coil c s t e g o l p e
a l a u n i v e r s i c l a d , s e n a r a r l a ciel pueblo y e s p e c i a l m c n -
t e d e 1 0 s trnba.jzldor.es, trsns:for!nnndola e n I2 vieja
cuna g o r i 1 . a y comservaclor:~, en cloi~de 3310 t endrBn
z.cceso 10s Zli;joa d c l ~rF7iil.e:.:i0,
-Las
62 organizaciones(:fificlco c e n t r a l de l a Corlfede-
raci6n G e n e r a l del ~ r a b z j o )c r i t i c a y s e opone a1 nnmh r a ~ ; l i e l i t o del d o c ' t o r E o t e t como rector d e l a UBA,
-Las
e n t i i d a c i c s s i n d i c a l e s Ce 10s obreros g r & f i c o s a . f i r -
~n~x'o2.nsu yrjr;j.ciijn
en cIeIc:~.sa de :I.:?c :a~~'~;onomrla,d e 1.a
l e e x p r e s a su p r e o c u p a c i 6 n p o r 10s h e c h o s a c a e c i d o s y
p o r sus i n e v i t a n l e s r e p e r c u s i o n e s a n i v e l n a c i o n n l e
i n t e r n a c i o l i a l , SeEalan e l a l t o n i v e l alczlzzado p o r
10s c i e n . t i P i c o s a r g e i ~ t i n o sy e l ernpobrecin!iel?-to q u e
s i g n i f i c a r f a para l a - A r g e n t i n a s u i n e v i t z . b l e d r e n a j e.
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T . r i . l i t a r y R e v o l t s in ,2rt?ent i n 2 d u r i ! i g t h e Tf;:cnt j . e t l ~Century.
The l i s t o f r e v o l t s u s e d i s t h e one compiled by L i i s a
~ ! o r t h ~ f' r o m various s o u r c e s ; we added t o it t h e j u n e 1 9 6 6
coup d' e t a t .
Year
1905
Pre - s ident :."i.arr~l.el Quin'ca.na
1930 (Dec.)
P r e s i d ~ n tG e n e r a l
J'os6 P 6 l i x Uribu-ru
1931 ( ~ u l - y )
Same a s above
U
1932 ( J a n . )
S a x e 2s a b o v e
U
U
Prcsiden-t
R p p s t i n P,J u s t o
1333 (Jan*)
1933
t
-7533 ( ~ e c , )
Sane as a b o v e
U
Same a.3 above
U
Sarrle a.s above
I?
Presic1.en-b
Rob er.t I.:. C r t i z
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aAoq.3 s-e anas
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