Fuentes de estrés y su influencia en la adaptación psicológica en jóvenes con adversidad económica Sources of Stress and its Influence in the Psychological Adaptation of Youth in Adverse Economic Situations Blanca Estela Barcelata Eguiarte Emilia Lucio Gómez‐Maqueo En-claves del Pensamiento, vol. VI, núm. 12, julio-diciembre, 2012, pp. 31-48. Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Ciudad de México Distrito Federal, México En-claves del Pensamiento, ISSN (Versión impresa): 1870-879X [email protected] [email protected] Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Ciudad de México México FUENTES DE ESTRÉS Y SU INFLUENCIA EN LA ADAPTACIÓN PSICOLÓGICA EN JÓVENES CON ADVERSIDAD ECONÓMICA BLANCA ESTELA BARCELATA EGUIARTE* EMILIA LUCIO GÓMEZ­MAQUEO** Resumen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­CLAVES del pensamiento!"#$%"&'!"()*+",-!"./01%231415*675"-8,-!"99+":,2;<+ :-" M0#(4#"H>A50#"M#7450#A#"HB/1#7A5"C"H*101#"S/41%"_?*5@2E#I/5% Palabras clave:"#3%05>45(41#!"75>1015(41#!"#3#9A#41?(!">/45>%>"5>A75>#(A5>!"#32 versidad. Abstract H4%(%*14"^#73>^19>!"%7"9%=57AC!"#75"4%(>135753"#"^1B^271>`"D#4A%7"D%7"#3%05>45(A" 35=50%9*5(A"6C"1A>"#>>%41#A1%("a1A^">A75>>D/0"01D5"5=5(A>!"(5=57A^505>>"A^575"#75" D5a">A/315>"1("EFG14%+"b^5"#1*"%D"A^1>">A/3C"a#>"A%"#(#0C@5"A^5">%/745>"%D">A75>>" #(3"A^5"7%05"%D">A75>>D/0"01D5"5=5(A>"%("A^5"#3#9A#A1%("1("#3%05>45(A">A/35(A>"%D" 0%a21(4%*5"#75#>"%D"EFG14%"J1AC+"[">#*905"%D"-:8">A/35(A>!"#B53",:"A%",<"C5#7>!" 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C#"I/5"B5(57#0*5(A5"A15(5"I/5"^#457"D75(A5"#"/(#"B7#("=#7153#3"35"35*#(3#>" A#(A%"1(A57(#>"4%*%"5GA57(#>"4/#(3%"#)("(%"4/5(A#"4%("A%3%>"0%>"754/7>%>">/L2 415(A5>"9#7#"5(D75(A#70#>!"9%7"0%"I/5"0%>"#3%05>45(A5>">%("4%(>1357#3%>"/("B7/9%" en constante riesgo.-"H("0#>")0A1*#>"3F4#3#>!"0#">#0/3"DY>14#"C"*5(A#0"35"(1$%>" , " c7B#(1@#41?(" K#(#*5714#(#" 35" 0#" U#0/3!" dU#0/3" C" 35>#77%00%" 350" #3%05>45(A5e!" 5(" f^AA9ghh 9#^%+%7BhU9#(1>^h[ihWJjhJ[h[icSj%*5+^A*k+"lJ%(>/0A#g"D56757%!"-88\m+ " n%^("J%05*#(!"S5%"M+"j5(37C"C"E#71%("o0%59!"!"#$%&'%('%)*(")+%*$,-+"p1(4^5>A57!"Z+"o+!" EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 31­48. W/5(A5>"35"5>A7F>"C">/"1(T/5(41#"5("0#"#3#9A#41?("9>14%0?B14#"" :: C"#3%05>45(A5>">5"^#"=1>A%"1(T/13#"9%7"31=57>#>">1A/#41%(5>"4%*%"9%7"5.5*90%!" 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B5(57#02 *5(A5"A5(357R("#">5(A17>5"*#0!"1(4?*%3%>!"0%"I/5">5"754%(%45"4%*%"*#05>A#7" 9>14%0?B14%!-t">1("I/5"9%7"500%!"(545>#71#*5(A5"975>5(A5("#0B)("A7#>A%7(%"*#C%7!" 4%*%"5>I/1@%D75(1#"%"35975>1?(+"S#>"41D7#>"5("AF7*1(%>"35"35>?735(5>"*5(A#05>" I/5"/614#("#"0%>"A7#>A%7(%>"35"#(>153#3"5("971*57"0/B#7!"75>#0A#("0#"1*9%7A#(41#" 35"4%(%457"4/R05>">%("0#>"D/5(A5>"35"5>A7F>"C"0%>">/45>%>"I/5"1*9#4A#("35"*#2 (57#"(5B#A1=#"#"0%>"#3%05>45(A5>!"#>Y"4%*%"35A57*1(#7"4/R0"5>">/"D/(41?("35(A7%" 35"0%>"97%45>%>"#3#9A#A1=%>!"4%("50"L("35"#9%C#7"50"35>#77%00%"35"5>A7#A5B1#>"35" 1(A57=5(41?("#"(1=50"35"975=5(41?("I/5"97%*/5=#("0#"75>1015(41#"5("0%>".?=5(5>" #(A5">1A/#41%(5>"I/5"1*901I/5("715>B%+ H0"975>5(A5"A7#6#.%"D%7*#"9#7A5"35"/(#"1(=5>A1B#41?("*R>"#*901#"5(D%4#3#"#0" 5>A/31%"35"0#"75>1015(41#!"9%7"0%"I/5"50"%6.5A1=%"35"5>A#"5G9%>141?("D/5"#(#01@#7"0%>" >/45>%>"35"=13#"5("31=57>#>"R75#>"C">/"7%0"4%*%"D/5(A5>"35"5>A7F>"5("0#"#3#9A#41?(" -, " '(B5"U51DDB52o75(`5!"dJ#/>#0"01(`>"65Aa55(">A75>>D/0"5=5(A>!"4%9C1(B">AC05"#(3"#3%05>45(A" >C*9A%*#A%0%BCe!"5("Journal of Adolescence!"=%0+"-:!"-888!"99+"s\s2tw,+ -" E#7A^#" p#3>a%7A^" et al+!" dK#75(A" #(3"[3%05>45(A" O5>9%(>5>" A%" K%=57AC" O50#A53" UA75>>g" b5>A>"%D"E531#A53"#(3"E%357#A53+"J%91(B"E%350>e!"5("<#=8(*$)#?)@-:$")*(")I*1:$3);,=":%&!"=%0+" ,;!"()*+"-!"-88s!"99+"-<:z-w<+ -: " b575>#"o174^(57"C"E#7Y#"W%7(>!"d[/A%95745941?("35"01D5"5=5(A>"4%*%"D#4A%75>"35"715>B%"C"35" 97%A5441?("5("#3%05>45(A5>+"H>A/31%"31D575(41#0e!"5("Revista de Psiquiatría!"=%0+"-\!"()*+"-!"-888!" 99+"t:2\t+ -; " U#7#" n#DD55" %,) *$C!" d'(31=13/#0!" D#*10C!" #(3" (51B^6%7^%%3" D#4A%7>" 31>A1(B/1>^" 75>1015(A" D7%*" (%(275>1015(A"*#0A75#A53"4^10375(g"["4/*/0#A1=5">A75>>%7>"*%350e!"5("@-:$")!D=&%)E)5%4$%',!"=%0+" :,!"-88\!"99+"-:,2-s:+ -s " K#/0#"S#(A@"%,)*$C!"dUA75>>!"01D5"5=5(A>"#(3">%41%54%(%*14>"31>9#71A15>"1("^5#0A^g"O5>/0A>"%D" 4^#(B1(B"01D5">A/3Ce!"5("<#=8(*$)#?)+%*$,-)*(");#':*$)J%-*/:#8!"=%0+";t!"()*+":!"-88s!"99+"-\;2-<<+ -t " J#A#01(#"_%(@R05@2W%7A5@#"%,)*$C!"dH0"5>A7F>"9>14%>%41#0"C">/"750#41?("4%("0#>"75>9/5>A#>"35" 5(D75(A#*15(A%"C"50"*#05>A#7"5*%41%(#0"5("/(#"*/5>A7#"75975>5(A#A1=#"35"#3%05>45(A5>"#0">/7"35" 0#"J1/3#3"35"EFG14%g"#(R01>1>">5B)(">/"(1=50">%41%54%(?*14%e!"5("Salud Mental!"=%0+"-,!"()*+"-!" ,ww<!"99+":\2;s+ EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 31­48. W/5(A5>"35"5>A7F>"C">/"1(T/5(41#"5("0#"#3#9A#41?("9>14%0?B14#"" :\ 5(".?=5(5>"#3%05>45(A5>"I/5"=1=5("5("@%(#>"*#7B1(#3#>"350"R75#"*5A7%9%01A#(#" 35"0#"J1/3#3"35"EFG14%+ Método Participantes K#7A1419#7%("5("5>A5"5>A/31%"-:8"#3%05>45(A5>"35",:"#",<"#$%>"35"53#3"4%("/(#" *531#"35",;+w"#$%>"N.CAC)KCLMP!",:8"^%*675>"Nst"qP"C",88"*/.575>"N;;qP!"135(2 A1L4#3%>"5("715>B%"35"/(#"*/5>A7#"*R>"B7#(35"35"#3%05>45(A5>"35"1(>A1A/41%(5>" 9)6014#>"53/4#A1=#>"C"35">#0/3"*5(A#0+"H0"715>B%"D/5"35L(13%"5("AF7*1(%>"35"(1=50" >%41%54%(?*14%"6#.%"NNSEBP"C"975>5(41#"35"5>A7F>+"S#"*/5>A7#"I/53?"#B7/9#3#" 5("3%>"60%I/5>+"Z("B7/9%"75>1015(A5"NRP"1(A5B7#3%"9%7",,s"#3%05>45(A5>"I/5"9752 >5(A#7%("#3#9A#41?("#"95>#7"35"5>A#7"5("715>B%!"t;"^%*675>"Nss+\qP"C"s,"*/.575>" N;;+:qP"4%("/(#"*531#"35"53#3"35",s+8"#$%>"N.CAC)KCNOP+"Z(">5B/(3%"B7/9%"(%" 75>1015(A5"NNRP"1(A5B7#3%"9%7",,s"#3%05>45(A5>"I/5"(%"*%>A7#7%("#3#9A#41?(!"50" 4/#0"I/53?"4%(D%7*#3%"9%7"tt"^%*675>"Ns\+;qP"C";w"*/.575>"N;-+tqP"4%("/(#" *531#"35"53#3"35",;+<"#$%>"N.CAC)KCPLP+" Instrumentos S#>"=#71#605>">%41%35*%B7RL4#>"C"50"(1=50">%41%54%(?*14%"NNSEP">5"5G90%7#7%(" 4%("50"J/#357(100%"35"K75B/(A#>"350"K7%C54A%"MPt2,,g"K75=5(41?("C"#9%C%"9#7#" 5>A/31#(A5>"35"6#4^10057#A%"35"0#" UNAM"NE#47%97%C54A%" UNAM"-88\2-88w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acroproyecto UNAM) STTOQSTTUV+" EFG14%!" 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H0"E#(/#0"E%357(%!"-88:+ EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp.31­48 :<" M0#(4#"H>A50#"M#7450#A#"HB/1#7A5"C"H*101#"S/41%"_?*5@2E#I/5% ,-w"4%("4/#A7%"%941%(5>"35"75>9/5>A#g"#P"*5">/4531?"C"D/5"6/5(%"9#7#"*Yr"6P" *5">/4531?"C"D/5"*#0%"9#7#"*Yr"4P"*5">/4531?"C"(%"A/=%"1*9%7A#(41#r"3P"(%"*5" >/4531?!"C"/(#"975B/(A#"#6157A#"I/5"1(3#B#"0#"%4/775(41#"35"%A7%">/45>%"5>A75>#(A5" C"0#"D%7*#"35"#D7%(A#*15(A%+"S%>"75#4A1=%>">5"31>A716/C5("5(">15A5"R75#>g"D#*101#7!" >%41#0!"0%B7%>"C"D7#4#>%>"957>%(#05>!">#0/3!"97%605*#>"35"4%(3/4A#"C"5>4%0#7!"I/5" 35*%>A7#7%("4%(>1>A5(41#"1(A57(#"4%("=#0%7"B0%6#0"35"o/3572O14^#7>%("35"+<w!" /(#"=#0135@"4%(4/775(A5"4%("/("4%5L415(A5"35"4%7750#41?("35"+\t"C"/("4%5L415(A5" A5>A275A5>A"35"+\s+-w K#7#"*5317"0#"#3#9A#41?(!"5("AF7*1(%>"35"975>5(41#h#/>5(41#"35"97%605*#>" 5*%41%(#05>"C"35"9>14%9#A%0%BY#"#"9#7A17"35"/(#"(%7*#"5>A#3Y>A14#!">5"#9014?"50" '(=5(A#71%"E/0A1DR>14%"35"0#"K57>%(#013#3"35"E1((5>%A#"9#7#"[3%05>45(A5>2MMPI­ A:8"35"*#(57#">1*10#7"#"%A7%>"5>A/31%>"I/5"0%"/A101@#("4%*%"*5313#"35"A#*1@#.5+:, J/5(A#"4%("(%7*#>"9#7#"#3%05>45(A5>"*5G14#(%>"C"5>AR"1(A5B7#3%"9%7";\<"75#42 A1=%>"35"505441?("D%7@#3#"=573#357%hD#0>%!"I/5"5>AR("#B7/9#3%>"5("4/#A7%"A19%>" 35"5>4#0#>g",+"H>4#0#>"35"=#0135@r"-+"H>4#0#>"40Y(14#>r":+"H>4#0#>"35"4%(A5(13%"C" ;+"H>4#0#>">/905*5(A#71#>+"S#>"5>4#0#>"35"=#0135@"A15(5("50"%6.5A1=%"35"5=#0/#7" 0#"*#(57#"35"4%(A5>A#7"0#"97/56#!"0%"I/5"957*1A5"%6A5(57"75>/0A#3%>"4%(L#605>"C" =R013%>r"0#>"5>4#0#>"40Y(14#>"5=#0)#("7#>B%>"35"957>%(#013#3!"97%605*#>"5*%41%(#2 05>"C">1(A%*#A%0%BY#"4%("31=57>%>"4%(A5(13%>!"0%>"4/#05>"9/535(">57"135(A1L4#3%>" 35"*#(57#"5>954YL4#"#"A7#=F>"35"0#>"5>4#0#>"35"4%(A5(13%r"C!"9%7")0A1*%!"0#>" 5>4#0#>">/905*5(A#71#>"97%9%741%(#("1(D%7*#41?("4%*905*5(A#71#"I/5"957*1A5" 135(A1L4#7"50"(1=50"35"*#3/75@"350"#3%05>45(A5!"C">/"A5(35(41#!"#459A#41?("C"=/02 (57#61013#3"#0"/>%"35"#04%^%0"C"37%B#>!"#>Y"4%*%">/"(1=50"35"4%(A7%0"35"1*9/0>%>+" U5"759%7A#("#0D#>"I/5"=#7Y#("35"+<w"#"+;8!"#>Y"4%*%"4%5L415(A5>"35"4%(L#61013#3" A5>A275A5>A"35"+st"#"+w,!"C"#354/#3%>"1(314#3%75>"35"=#0135@"4%(4/775(A5"I/5" %>410#("5(A75"+:,"C"+st+:- -w " H*101#"S/41%!"M0#(4#"M#7450#A#"C"J%(>/50%"i/7R(!"dK7%9153#35>"9>14%*FA714#>"350"J/5>A1%(#71%" 35"U/45>%>"35"&13#"350"[3%05>45(A5e!"5("Revista Mexicana de Psicología!"=%0+"-8!"()*+"-!"-88:!" 99+"-,,2--:r"H*101#"S/41%!"n%>F"E+"KF75@"C"W#7Y#>"C"J%(>/50%"i/7R(!"d&#0135@"4%(4/775(A5"5(A75"50" '(=5(A#71%"E/0A1DR>14%"35"0#"K57>%(#013#3"35"E1((5>%A#2[3%05>45(A5>"C"50"J/5>A1%(#71%"35"U/45>%>" 35"&13#e!"5("Revista de Psicología y Salud!"=%0+",;!"()*+"-!"-88;!"99+",ss2,t:+ :8 " H*101#" S/41%!" Inventario Multifásico de la Personalidad de Minnesota para Adolescentes­ MMPI­AC"EFG14%!"H0"E#(/#0"E%357(%!",ww<+ :, " O%657A"[74^57!"O14^#73"j#(350"C"o#A^055("SC(4^!"db^5"5DD54A1=5(5>>"%D"MMPI­A"1A5*>"1("31>2 471*1(#A1(B"65Aa55("(%7*#A1=5"#(3"401(14#0">#*905>e!"5("Journal of Personality Assessment!"=%0+" \\!"()*+":!"-88,!"99+";-82;:s+ :" "H*101#"S/41%!"#0C)':,C EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 31­48. W/5(A5>"35"5>A7F>"C">/"1(T/5(41#"5("0#"#3#9A#41?("9>14%0?B14#"" :w Procedimiento S%>"#3%05>45(A5>">5"4%(A#4A#7%("5("0#>"1(>A1A/41%(5>"53/4#A1=#>+"S#"#9014#41?(" >5"75#01@?"35"*#(57#"4%054A1=#"5("0%>">#0%(5>"35"0#>"5>4/50#>!"4%("/(#"3/7#41?(" 97%*531%"35"-g:8"^%7#>"4%("/("7545>%"35",s"*1(/A%>+"U5"L7*#7%("4#7A#>"35" 4%(>5(A1*15(A%"1(D%7*#3%"9%7"9#7A5"35"0#>"#/A%713#35>"35"0#"5>4/50#"C"35"0%>" 9#375>"35"0%>"#3%05>45(A5>+"S#"9#7A1419#41?("D/5"35"4#7R4A57"=%0/(A#71%!"#(?(1*%" C"4%(L35(41#0+" S#"4%(D%7*#41?("35"0#"*/5>A7#">5"75#01@?"#"A7#=F>"35"/("A#*1@#.5"9#7#"135(2 A1L4#7"#3%05>45(A5>"5("715>B%+"H0"715>B%">5"35L(1?"9%7"0#"975>5(41#"35" NSEB"C" 5>A7F>+"H0"971*57%"D/5"35L(13%"9%7"0#"975>5(41#"35"*R>"35"A75>"35">51>"1(314#2 dores de NSEB"N(1=50"5>4%0#7"C"%4/9#41?("35"#*6%>"9#375>!"A19%"35"=1=15(3#!" 5"1(B75>%>"31#71%>"350"#3%05>45(A5P"%6A5(13%>"350"4/#357(100%"35"K75B/(A#>"350" K7%C54A%"MPt2,,r"50">5B/(3%"D/5"35L(13%"4%*%"0#"5G9%>141?("#">/45>%>"35"=13#" 5>A75>#(A5>!"35A57*1(#3#"9%7"9/(A/#41%(5>"bkts"5("#0B)("R75#"350"J/5>A1%(#71%" U/45>%>"35"&13#+"b#*61F(">5"*131?"50"()*57%"A%A#0"35"5=5(A%>"5>A75>#(A5>+ S%>"B7/9%>"NR{,,s"C"NR{,,sP"I/53#7%("1(A5B7#3%>"5("D/(41?("35"0#"975>5(2 41#"35"#3#9A#41?("%"(%"#3#9A#41?("#"95>#7"35"975>5(A#7"NSEB"C"5>A7F>"N4%(3141%(5>" 35"715>B%P+"S#"#3#9A#41?(">5"35L(1?"9%7"0#"#/>5(41#"35"A7#>A%7(%>"5*%41%(#05>!" A7#3/413%"5("*5(%>"35"A75>"5>4#0#>"4%("9/(A/#41%(5>"bkts!"C"0#"(%"#3#9A#41?(" %"975>5(41#"35"97%605*#>"5*%41%(#05>"9%7"9/(A/#41%(5>"bkts"5("*R>"35"A75>" 5>4#0#>"%"D/57#"35"0#"(%7*#"5>A#3Y>A14#"5("50"MMPI­A. Resultados Z(#"=5@"5>A#605413%>"0%>"B7/9%>"R"C"NR">5"97%4531?"#"75#01@#7"#(R01>1>"35>4719A1=%>" C"35"31D575(41#>"35"*531#>"4%("A"35"UA/35(A"5(A75"#*6%>"B7/9%>+"U5"005=#7%("#" 4#6%"#(R01>1>"35"4%7750#41?("97%3/4A%2*%*5(A%"35"K5#7>%("NrP"5(A75"0#>"R75#>" 35">/45>%>"35"=13#"C!"9%7")0A1*%!">5"4%771?"/("#(R01>1>"35"75B75>1?("0%BY>A14#"9%7" 9#>%>!"9#7#"=57"0#"1(T/5(41#"35"0%>">/45>%>"C">/"4#9#413#3"975314A1=#"5("0%>" 97%45>%>"35"#3#9A#41?(+ @*8*',%8X&,:'*&)&#':#"%1#48YZ'*& ["L("35"#>5B/7#7"0#"5I/1=#05(41#"35"0%>"B7/9%>"75>1015(A5"NRP"C"(%"75>1015(A5"NNRP" >5" #(#01@#7%(" 0#>" =#71#605>" >%41%35*%B7RL4#>!" #0B/(%>" 35" 500%>" *#74#3%75>" 35"715>B%"NA#60#",P+ EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp.31­48 ;8" M0#(4#"H>A50#"M#7450#A#"HB/1#7A5"C"H*101#"S/41%"_?*5@2E#I/5% b#60#",+"J#7#4A57Y>A14#>">%41%35*%B7RL4#>"5"1(314#3%75>"54%(?*14%>g" _7/9%>"O5>1015(A5"C"Q%"O5>1015(A5+ Variables Edad Escolaridad U54/(3#71# K759#7#A%71# Promedio escolar Dinero para gastar Q#3# |",2,8 ,,2"-8 Tipo de vivienda &541(3#3 Unidad ^#61A#41%(#0 i59#7A#*5(A% Casa en terreno D#*101#7 Casa sola Tipo de familia Q/405#7 E%(%9#75(A#0 HGA5(># Reconstituida G. Resiliente NR P N= 115 G. No Resiliente NNRP N=115 ,;+<"#$%> N.CAC)KCPLP ,s+8"#$%> N.CAC)KCNOP sw+, ;8+w t\+8 :-+- \+< \+, :+s -\+8 ;w+t X2 p \+w;w +,sw -+\;w +-s: 2;+w:8 .000** t+\;\ +:;s ;+wts +;-8 w+t -\+8 ;\+< ,-+: ,-+: ,8+s s+: ,-+: :t+< ,;+8 :s+, -,+, -<+, s,+: -t+, ,;+< t+, ;,+\ :-+,;+< w+t EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 31­48. -+\s8 +t88 ;, W/5(A5>"35"5>A7F>"C">/"1(T/5(41#"5("0#"#3#9A#41?("9>14%0?B14#"" b#60#",+"J#7#4A57Y>A14#>">%41%35*%B7RL4#>"5"1(314#3%75>"54%(?*14%>g" _7/9%>"O5>1015(A5"C"Q%"O5>1015(A5+ NcontinuaciónP Escolaridad padre K71*#71# U54/(3#71# K759#7#A%71# Escolaridad madre K71*#71# U54/(3#71# K759#7#A%71# Ocupación padre c6757% H*905#3% J%*5741#(A5 Ocupación madre c6757% H*905#3% J%*5741#(A5 [*#"35"4#># -,+\ s-+,:+w ::+w ;-+t ,s+\ ,,+: sw+, ,,+: ,w+, ,w+, ,:+, s:+w <+,t, +--\ <+tt: +,w: \+-tw +-w\ t+8\\ +-ww :,+: ;t+, \+< :s+\ ;s+\+< ,<+: ;;+: ,<+: -<+\ -<+\ \+< ;\+< ** p< 0.001; * p< 0.05 S%>"=#0%75>"A"35"UA/35(A!"9#7#"53#3"C"97%*531%!"C"35"}-"N4^1"4/#37#3#P"9#7#" 0#>"35*R>"=#71#605>"(%"1(314#("31D575(41#>"5>A#3Y>A14#*5(A5">1B(1L4#A1=#>"5(A75" 50"B7/9%"R"C"50"B7/9%"NR"5("0#"*#C%7Y#"35"0#>"=#71#605>"957>%(#05>!"#"5G45941?(" 350"97%*531%"5>4%0#7!"0%"4/#0"1(314#"I/5"#*6%>"B7/9%>"A15(5("4%(3141%(5>">%2 41%54%(?*14#>"5I/19#7#605>"5("AF7*1(%>"35">/>"*#74#3%75>"35"NESB+"["95>#7" 35" I/5" (%" >5" 5(4/5(A7#(" 31D575(41#>" 5>A#3Y>A14#*5(A5" >1B(1L4#A1=#>" 5(A75" 50" B7/9%"R"C"NR!">5"9/535"%6>57=#7"I/5"0#"5>4%0#713#3"5>"*R>"#0A#"5("50"B7/9%"R C"I/5"*R>"#3%05>45(A5>"350"B7/9%"NR"5>AR("5(">54/(3#71#+ EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp.31­48 ;-" M0#(4#"H>A50#"M#7450#A#"HB/1#7A5"C"H*101#"S/41%"_?*5@2E#I/5% .:?%8%(':*&)%()$*)0%8'%0':H()"%)$#&)&='%&#&) estresantes entre los grupos resiliente y no resiliente S#"A#60#"-"*/5>A7#"0#>"*531#>"35"0#>"9/(A/#41%(5>" T de los sucesos de vida 5>A75>#(A5>"9%7"31*5(>1?("%"R75#!"5("0#>"I/5">5"135(A1L4#("#0B/(#>"31D575(41#>" 4%(">1B(1L4#(41#"5>A#3Y>A14#"5(A75"50"B7/9%"75>1015(A5"NRP"C"50"(%"75>1015(A5"NNRP"#" 95>#7"35"I/5"#*6%>"B7/9%>"759%7A#("5G95715(41#>"35"=13#"5>A75>#(A5>+" b#60#"-+"i1D575(41#"35"*531#>"35">/45>%>"5>A75>#(A5>"5("9/(A/#41%(5>"b" C"()*57%"A%A#0"35">/45>%>g"_7/9%>"O5>1015(A5"C"Q%"O5>1015(A5+ Grupo Resiliente N=115 Grupo No Resiliente N=115 Media D. E. Media D. E. t p Familiar t,+:< ,;+-,; \-+<; -,+<:; ;+\,s +888VV Social ss+\\ ,,+;;, ts+8s ,;+tw: s+:;: +888VV Logros y fracasos t8+s; ,:+t-w t:+t, ,-+--t ,+\ww +8\: Salud s<+-\ ,;+;\: t-+w: ,\+-ws -+-,; +8-< Personal s<+<\ ,8+st\ t\+t\ ,-+st- s+\s, +888VV Problemas de conducta s<+st ,t+\:, t\+s; -8+-;: :+t\8 Escolar st+\- ,;+\s: sw+<< ,s+8<< ,+t8\ +,8w Sucesos prom. total s\+\- \+s,\ ts+w< ,:+8;- s+<<; +888VV Núm. total de sucesos ,w+;- t+<,: -t+\t ,8+;\w t+-w\ +888VV +888VV **p< 0.001; * p< 0.05 U5"%6>57=#"I/5"5("50"B7/9%"R"0#"*#C%7Y#"35"0#>"R75#>"975>5(A#("9/(A/#41%2 nes T"97%*531%"C"35(A7%"35"0#"(%7*#!"#"31D575(41#"350"B7/9%" NR en el cual las 9/(A/#41%(5>"T">%("*R>"505=#3#>!"4%("31D575(41#>">1B(1L4#A1=#>"5("9#7A14/0#7"5(" 0#>"R75#>"W#*101#7"NW#*P!"U%41#0"NU%4P!"K57>%(#0"NK57P"C"K7%605*#>"35"J%(3/4A#" NKJ%P!"4%("31D575(41#>"35"^#>A#",8"9/(A/#41%(5>"T!"0%"I/5"1*9014#">1B(1L4#(41#" 40Y(14#+"b#*61F(">5"(%A#"/(#"9/(A/#41?("B0%6#0"T"97%*531%"*R>"#0A#"C"/("()*57%" EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 31­48. ;: W/5(A5>"35"5>A7F>"C">/"1(T/5(41#"5("0#"#3#9A#41?("9>14%0?B14#"" A%A#0"35">/45>%>"5>A75>#(A5>"*#C%7"5("50"B7/9%"NR"#"31D575(41#"350"B7/9%"R!"4%(" >1B(1L4#(41#"5>A#3Y>A14#+ Relación entre los sucesos estresantes por áreas S#"A#60#":"*/5>A7#"0#"*#A71@"35"4%7750#41%(5>"r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b#*61F(">5"%6>57=#("4%7750#41%(5>"9%>1A1=#>"5(A75" 0#>"R75#>"957>%(#0"C"D#*101#7+"S#>"4%7750#41%(5>"*R>"6#.#>">5"975>5(A#("5(A75"50 "R75#"0%B7%>"C"D7#4#>%>"C"50"75>A%"35"0#>"R75#>"#"5G45941?("350"R75#"D#*101#7+ b#60#":+"J%7750#41%(5>"61=#71#3#>"5(A75"0#>"R75#>"35">/45>%>"5>A75>#(A5> Dimensión o Área Fam Familiar 22 Soc LyF Social +;,,VV 22 Logros y fracasos +:,8VV +-<<VV 22 Sal Per PCo Salud +:s,VV +:w8VV +-,:VV 22 Personal +;twVV +:\<VV +-\;VV +::,VV 22 Problemas de conducta +;8-VV +:\8VV +,;tV +;:8VV +-t:VV 22 Escolar +:-tVV +,t\V +,:sV +,twV +,t,V +;:,VV Esc 22 **p< 0.001; * p< 0.05 G([=%(':*)"%)$#&)&='%&#&)%&,8%&*(,%&)0#8)Y8%*)%()$*)8%&:$:%(':* U5"97%6?"0#"1(T/5(41#"C"50"=#0%7"975314A1=%"35"0%>">/45>%>"5>A75>#(A5>"9%7"31*5(2 >1?("%"R75#">%675"0#"75>1015(41#2(%"75>1015(41#+"U5"4%(>1357#7%("4%*%"=#71#605>" EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp.31­48 ;;" M0#(4#"H>A50#"M#7450#A#"HB/1#7A5"C"H*101#"S/41%"_?*5@2E#I/5% 1(3595(315(A5>"0%>">/45>%>"35"0#>"R75#>"D#*101#7!">%41#0!">#0/3!"957>%(#0!"97%2 605*#>"35"4%(3/4A#!"5>4%0#7!"0%B7%>"C"D7#4#>%>+"H("50"971*57"9#>%"5(A7#7%("0%>" >/45>%>"5>A75>#(A5>"35"0#"31*5(>1?("957>%(#0"NR{+,\sr"p{+88,P!"5("50">5B/(3%" >5"1(A5B7#7%("#"0#"54/#41?("0%>"35"0#">%41#0"NR{+-;sr"p{+88,P+"S%>"#(R01>1>"350"9#>%" A75>"#B75B#7%("0%>">/45>%>"5>A75>#(A5>"35"0#"31*5(>1?("D#*101#7!"#77%.#(3%"/(" A57457"*%350%"I/5"*%>A7?"/("*5.%7"#./>A5"4%("/(#"R"4/#37#3#"*#C%7"NR{+-<tP!" 4%("/("=#0%7"35"}-{"t+8-;!"(%">1B(1L4#A1=#"Np{+t;;P"I/5"1(314#"6/5("#./>A5"350" *%350%!"957%"4%("J%,*&)(%4*,:/*&">1B(1L4#A1=#>!"4%*%">5"#97541#"5("0#"A#60#";+ b#60#";+"U/45>%>"5>A75>#(A5>"975314A%75>"35"0#"75>1015(41#+ &#71#605> ~ Wald U1B+ HG9N~P '+J+"ws"q i1*5(>1?(" D#*101#7 2+8-- ;+t:- +8:,V +w<8 N+wsw!"ww<P i1*5(>1?(" social 2+8:w w+t-, +88-V +wt- N+w:<!"w<tP i1*5(>1?(" 957>%(#0 2+8s8 ,,+:\w +88,VV +ws- N+w-s!"w<8P Constante t+w-t :\+,<\ +888 ,8,<+;w8 Q{-:8r"VV9f+8,!"V9f+8s '+J+{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y/53#7%("5G40/13#>"35"0#"54/#41?(!"0%>">/45>%>"5>A75>#(A5>" 35"0#>"31*5(>1%(5>"0%B7%>"C"D7#4#>%>!"5>4%0#7"C">#0/3+ Discusión y conclusiones [0B/(%>"35"0%>"75>/0A#3%>">%(">1*10#75>"#"0%>"759%7A#3%>"9%7"5>A/31%>"975=1%>" I/5"1(314#(!"5("971*57"0/B#7!"I/5"0%>"#3%05>45(A5>"(%"75>1015(A5>"9574165("*R>" EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 31­48. 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Rutter #0C)':,C :s " H+"S/41%"%,)*$C! op cit+r"b+"o174^(57"%,)*$C!)#0C':,C :t " U+"K0/(`5AA"%,)*$C!)#0C)':,C :; EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp.31­48 ;t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w"Q%"%6>A#(A5!"5>"/("R75#!"4/C%>">/45>%>"A15(5(" /(#"1(T/5(41#"(5B#A1=#"9#7#"0#"#3#9A#41?(!"9%7"0%"I/5"A#*61F("9/535"95(>#7>5" 5("I/5"0%>">/45>%>">%41#05>"#0">57"95741613%>"35"*#(57#"(5B#A1=#"75975>5(A#(" /("715>B%"9#7#"0#">#0/3"*5(A#0"35"0%>".?=5(5>+ S%>" >/45>%>" 350" R75#" 957>%(#0!" >%(" %A7%" A19%" 35" 5G95715(41#>" I/5" 5.5745(" /("5D54A%"(5B#A1=%"5("0%>"#3%05>45(A5>+"[I/F00%>"(%"75>1015(A5>"%"4%("975>5(41#" 35"#0B)("97%605*#"9#7545("95741617"*R>"5>A75>%75>"5("5>A#"R75#!"0%"4/#0"#">/" =5@">5"750#41%(#"4%("50"R75#"D#*101#7"C"0#">%41#0+"[/(I/5"5("5>A5"A7#6#.%"(%">5" 975>5(A#("A%3%>"0%>"3#A%>!"5>"1*9%7A#(A5">5$#0#7"I/5"#0B/(%>"35"0%>"5=5(A%>"5(" 5>A#"R75#"4%*%"d(%"A5(B%"31(57%e!"d*5"35971*Ye!"d(%"^5"0%B7#3%"0%"I/5"I/157%e!" dA/=5"4#*61%>"(5B#A1=%>"5("*1"*#(57#">5">57e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w " y+"b15A"%,)*$C!)#0C)':,C ;8 " o+"E14`50>%("%,)*$C!)#0C)':,+r"E+"p#3>a%7A^"%,)*$C!)#0C)':,C :< EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 31­48. W/5(A5>"35"5>A7F>"C">/"1(T/5(41#"5("0#"#3#9A#41?("9>14%0?B14#"" ;\ 35"5>A7F>">1B(1L4#A1=#+"H>A#">1A/#41?(">5"4%*97/56#"#0"5(4%(A7#7>5"I/5"(%"A15(5" 1(T/5(41#"31754A#"5("0%>"97%45>%>"35"#3#9A#41?(!"#/(I/5"5>"/("R75#"I/5">5"750#2 41%(#"35"*#(57#"*%357#3#"4%("A%3#>"0#>"35*R>!"971(419#0*5(A5"4%("97%605*#>" 35"4%(3/4A#"C"5=5(A%>"D#*101#75>!"0%"I/5"(/5=#*5(A5"1(314#"I/5"/("D#4A%7"*/C" 1*9%7A#(A5"5>"0#"D#*101#+;, H>A%>"^#00#@B%>">/B1575("I/5"5("971*57"0/B#7!"50"NSEB"9%7">Y">%0%"%"0#"#3=572 >13#3"54%(?*14#"(%"9#7545">57"/("D#4A%7"I/5"9%7">Y"*1>*%"B5(575"97%605*#>"35" #3#9A#41?("%"975>5(41#"35"A7#>A%7(%>"5*%41%(#05>+"S%"I/5"5>AR"5.57415(3%"*#C%7" 975>1?("5("0%>"#3%05>45(A5>"35"0%>"B7/9%>"5>A/31#3%>!"9#7545">57"0%>">/45>%>" 35"=13#+"[/(I/5">5"754%(%@4#"I/5"F>A%>"#">/"=5@"9/535("5>A#7"#>%41#3%>"#" 4%(3141%(5>"54%(?*14#>"9754#71#>!"I/5"A15(5("5D54A%>"31754A%>"5"1(31754A%>"5(" 0#"4%(LB/7#41?("C"31(R*14#"D#*101#7!"5>"0#"95745941?("35"0%>"#3%05>45(A5>"0%"I/5" ^#45"971(419#0*5(A5"0#"31D575(41#+ Q%"%6>A#(A5!"5>"1*9%7A#(A5"754%73#7"I/5"50"5>A7F>"5>"/("97%45>%"31(R*14%" 1(A57#4A1=%"957>%(#2#*615(A5!"#>Y"I/5"#/(I/5"0#"=#0%7#41?(">/6.5A1=#"./5B#"/(" 7%0"45(A7#0"5("50">/7B1*15(A%"350"5>A7F>"C"9%7"A#(A%"5("0%>"97%605*#>"35"#3#9A#2 41?(!"#0B%"D/(3#*5(A#0"5>"0#"975>5(41#"35">/45>%>"9%A5(41#0*5(A5"(5B#A1=%>" 5("50"R*61A%"D#*101#7"C"I/5"0#>"95745941%(5>"#0"75>954A%"35"0%>"#3%05>45(A5>" 9%37Y#(" 5>A#7" 75T5.#(3%" #0" *1>*%" A15*9%" >1A/#41%(5>" d%6.5A1=#>e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i5" #4/573%" 4%(" 5>A%>" 75>/0A#3%>!" >5" >/67#C#" 0#" (545>13#3" 35" 4%(A1(/#7" 1(=5>A1B#(3%"5("%A7%>"(1=505>">%41%54%(?*14%>!"#*615(A5>"35"*#7B1(#41?("C" ;, " U+"n#DD5"%,)*$C!)#0C)':,C R. Conger %,)*$C!)#0C)':,Cr"U+"n#DD5"%,)*$C!)#0C)':,Cr"[+"U#*57%DD"%,)*$C!)#0C)':,C ;: " H+"[771(BA%("%,)*$C!)#0C)':,C ;; " o+"_7#(A"%,)*$C!)#0C)':,C ;- EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp.31­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s W54^#"35"7545941?(g":8h8sh-8,, W54^#"35"#459A#41?(g"8:h8wh-8,, ;s " U5"#B7#3545"50"#9%C%"#0"PASPA­DGAPA C"#0"PAPIIT2'Q:8<:,8"35"0#"UNAM!"#>Y"4%*%"#"0#"*#5>A7#" J%(>/50%"i/7R("K#A1$%"35"0#"W#4/0A#3"35"K>14%0%BY#"35"0#"UNAM en la lectura de los datos. EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 31­48.