unit_III_surf_in_the_net - Gimnasio Virtual San Francisco Javier

GIMNASIO VIRTUAL SAN FRANCISCO JAVIER
“Valores y Tecnología para la Formación Integral del Ser Humano”
UNIT THREE
SURF IN THE NET
COMPETENCIES
AND
PERFORMANCE
INDICATORS
•Direct speech and Reported speech, say – tell
•reported statements
•reported questions
•Reported orders/instructions
•Sending messages to your e-pals
•questions tags
COMPETENCIAS E INDICADORES DE
DESEMPEÑO
Direct and Reported Speech (El estilo
directo y indirecto)
Cuando queremos comunicar o informar de lo que otra persona ha dicho, hay dos maneras de
hacerlo: utilizando el estilo directo o el estilo indirecto.
Direct Speech (El estilo directo)
Cuando queremos informar exactamente lo que otra persona ha dicho, utilizamos el estilo
directo. Con este estilo lo que la persona ha dicho se coloca entre comillas y deberá ser palabra
por palabra.
Ejemplos:




"I am going to London next week," she said.("Voy a Londres la semana que viene," ella dijo.)
"Do you have a pen I could borrow," he asked. ("Tienes un bolígrafo que puedas prestarme," él
preguntó.)
Alice said, "I love to dance." (Alice dijo, "Me encanta bailar.")
Chris asked, "Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?" (Chris preguntó, "Te
gustaría cenar conmigo mañana por la noche?")
English.

Reported Speech (El estilo indirecto)
Sexto
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Direct Speech
Reported Speech
Present Simple
Past Simple
"He's American" she said.
She said he was American.
"I'm happy to see you," Mary said.
Mary said that she was happy to see me.
He asked, "Are you busy tonight?"
He asked me if I was busy tonight.
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
"Dan is living in San Francisco," she said.
She said Dan was living in San Francisco.
He said, "I'm making dinner."
He told me that he was making dinner.
"Why are you working so hard?" they asked.
They asked me why I was working so hard.
Past Simple
Past Perfect Simple
"We went to the movies last night," he said.
He told me they had gone to the movies last
night.
Greg said, "I didn't go to work yesterday."
Greg said that he hadn't gone to work
yesterday.
"Did you buy a new car?" she asked.
She asked me if I had bought a new car.
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
"I was working late last night," Vicki said.
Vicki told me she'd been working last night.
They said, "We weren't waiting long."
They said that they hadn't been waiting long.
He asked, "Were you sleeping when I
called?"
He asked if I'd been sleeping when he called.
Present Perfect Simple
Past Perfect Simple
Heather said, "I've already eaten."
Heather told me that she'd already eaten.
"We haven't been to China," they said.
They said they hadn't been to China.
"Have you worked here before?" I asked.
I asked her whether she'd worked there
before.
Present Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
"I've been studying English for two
years," he said.
He said he'd been studying English for two
years.
Steve said, "We've been dating for over a
Steve told me that they'd been dating for
Sexto
English.
El estilo indirecto, a diferencia del estilo directo, no utiliza las comillas y no necesita ser
palabra por palabra. En general, cuando se usa el estilo indirecto, el tiempo verbal cambia. A
continuación tienes un explicación de los cambios que sufren los tiempos verbales.
A veces se usa "that" en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo que ha dicho la otra
persona. Por otro lado, en las frases interrogativas se puede usar "if" o "whether".
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“Valores y Tecnología para la Formación Integral del Ser Humano”
year now."
over a year.
"Have you been waiting long?" they asked.
They asked whether I'd been waiting long.
Past Perfect Simple
Past Perfect Simple (*NO CHANGE)
"I'd been to Chicago before for work," he said.
He said that he'd been to Chicago before for
work.
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous (*NO CHANGE)
She said, "I'd been dancing for years before
the accident."
She said she'd been dancing for years before
the accident.
Nota: Cuando hablamos de algo que no ha cambiado (todavía es verdad) o que es en el futuro,
no tenemos que cambiar el tiempo verbal.

Ejemplos:

"I'm 30 years old," she said. → She said she is 30 years old.

Dave said, "Kelly is sick." → Dave said Kelly is sick.

"We are going to Tokyo next week," they said. → They said they are going to Tokyo next week.

"I'll cut my hair tomorrow," Nina said. → Nina said she is cutting her hair tomorrow.
Modal Verbs (Los verbos modales)
El tiempo verbal cambia en el estilo indirecto también con algunos de los verbos modales:
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
Will
Would
"I'll go to the movies
tomorrow," John said.
John said
he would go to
the movies
tomorrow.
"Will you help me
move?" she asked.
She asked
me if I would
help her move.
Can
Could
Debra said, "Allen can
work tomorrow."
Debra said
Allen could
work tomorrow.
Must
Had to
"You must wear your
seatbelt," mom said.
My mom said
I had to wear my
English.
He asked
"Can you open the window,
me if I could
please?", he asked.
open the window.
Sexto
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seatbelt.
She said, "You must
work tomorrow."
She said I had to
work tomorrow.
Shall
Should
"Shall we go to the beach
today?" Tom asked.
Tom
asked if we should
go to the beach
today.
She asked me
"What shall we do tonight?"
what we should
she asked.
do tonight.
May
Might/Could
Jane said
Jane said, "I may not be in she might not
class tomorrow."
be in class
tomorrow.
"May I use the bathroom,
please?" the boy asked.
The boy
asked if he could
use the bathroom.
Nota: Con "would", "could", "should", "might" y "ought to", el tiempo no cambia.
Say vs. Tell
En español podemos traducir "say"o "tell" como "decir", pero en inglés se usan estos verbos de
maneras distintas. Hay unas reglas que indican el uso de uno sobre el otro en inglés, aunque en
general usamos "say" para "decir algo" y "tell" para "decir algo a alguien."
Say

Ejemplos:

Estilo directo



"I'm hungry," he said. ("Tengo hambre," él dijo.)
"I need your help," Glen said to Mike. ("Necesito tu ayuda," Glen dijo a Mike.)
She said, "Do you like to dance?" (Ella dijo, "¿Te gusta bailar?")

Estilo indirecto



He said he was hungry. (Él dijo que tenía hambre.)
Glen said to Mike that he needed his help. (Glen dijo a Mike que necesitaba su ayuda.)
She asked me if I liked to dance. (Me preguntó si me gustaba bailar.)
English.
Se usa "say" en el estilo directo y el indirecto. Si queremos usar "say" con un objeto personal,
necesitamos usar el preposicion "to".
Sexto
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Tell
También se puede usar "tell" con el estilo directo y el indirecto, aunque el uso con el estilo
directo no es tan común. Cuando usamos "tell" necesitamos usar un objeto indirecto que va
detrás del verbo.

Ejemplos:

Estilo directo


He told me, "I'm hungry." (Me dijo, "Tengo hambre.")
Glen told Mike, "I need your help." (Glen dijo a Mike, "Necesito to ayuda.")

Estilo indirecto


He told me that he was hungry. (Me dijo que tenía hambre.)
Glen told Mike that he needed his help. (Glen dijo a Mike que necesitaba su ayuda.)
Otros usos de "tell":
1. Se usa "tell" con ordenes o instrucciones.
o
Ejemplos:
I told him, "Stop complaining." (Le dije, "Deja de quejarte.")
She told us to hurry. (Nos dijo que nos diéramos prisa.)
2. Usamos "tell" cuando damos o pedimos información.
>
o
o
o
Ejemplos:
"Can you tell me your name please." ("Díme tu nombre, por favor.")
You told him the address of the office? (¿Le dijiste la dirección de la oficina?)
3. Se usa "tell" con cuentos o bromas. En esto caso, se puede traducir "tell" como "contar" en
español.
o
o
o
Ejemplos:
He told us a great story. (Nos contó un cuento maravilloso.)
"Tell me a joke," she said. ("Cuéntame un chiste," dijo ella.)
4. Con la verdad y las mentiras, se usa "tell."
o
o
o
Ejemplos:
"Tell me the truth," she said. ("Dime la verdad," dijo ella.)
Keith never tells lies. (Keith nunca miente.)
5. Usamos "tell" con el tiempo o la fecha.
>
o
Ejemplos:
o
o
"Could you tell me the time, please?" she asked. ("Podrías decirme la hora, por favor?" me preguntó.)
Bob told me the date. (Bob me dijo la fecha.)
Nota: Hay otros significados de "tell" que veremos en la lección sobre los verbos frasales.
We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can
use direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech.
Sexto
English.
o
o
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Direct Speech / Quoted Speech
Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted
speech)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.
For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.
Indirect Speech / Reported Speech
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose
what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported
speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who
spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
For example:
"I'm going to the cinema", he said.
Indirect speech
He said he was going to the cinema.
English.
Direct speech
Sexto
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Reporting Verbs
Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in indirect speech.
We use asked to report questions:For example: I asked Lynne what time the lesson started.
We use told with an object.
For example: Lynne told me she felt tired.
!Note - Here me is the object.
We usually use said without an object.
For example: Lynne said she was going to teach online.
If said is used with an object we must include to ;
For example: Lynne said to me that she'd never been to China.
!Note - We usually use told.
For example: Lynne told me that she'd never been to China.
There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and asked.
These include:accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised, begged, boasted,
complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied,
English.
suggested and thought.
Using them properly can make what you say much more interesting and informative.
Sexto
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For example:
He asked me to come to the party:He invited me to the party.
He begged me to come to the party.
He ordered me to come to the party.
He advised me to come to the party.
He suggested I should come to the
party.
Use of 'That' in reported speech
In reported speech, the word that is often used.
For example: He told me that he lived in Greenwich.
However, that is optional.
For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich.
!Note - That is never used in questions, instead we often use if.
English.
For example: He asked me if I would come to the party.
Sexto
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Reported statements
Pronouns
In reported speech, you often have to change the pronoun depending on who says what.
Example
She says, “My mum doesn’t have time today.” – She says that her mum doesn’t
have time today.
Tenses
No backshift
Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Present (e. g. He says). Note,
however, that you might have to change the form of the present tense verb (3rd person singular).
Example
He says, “I speak English.” – He says that he speaks English.
Backshift
You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Past (e. g. He said). This is
called backshift.
Example
He said, “I am happy.” – He said that he was happy.
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
Simple Present
Simple Past
Present Progressive
Past Progressive
Present Perfect Simple
English.
Simple Past
Past Perfect Simple
Past Perfect Simple
Sexto
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Direct Speech
Reported Speech
Past Progressive
Present Perfect Progressive
Past Perfect Progressive
Past Perfect Progressive
Future I (going to)
was / were going to
Future I (will)
Conditional I (would)
Conditional I (would)
The verbs could, should, would, might, must, needn’t, ought to, used to do not
normally change.
Example:
He said, “She might be right.” – He said that she might be right.
Place and Time expressions
For place and time expressions you have to check whether place and time are the same in direct
It is Friday and you meet James at a restaurant. James tells you that he saw Caroline in this
restaurant today. (“I saw Caroline here today.”) A few minutes later, Helen joins you and you want
to report what James has told you. Place (here) and time (today) are the same and you can say:
Sexto
English.
and reported speech or not. Check out the following example:
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→ James said that he had seen Caroline here today.
One day later, you meet Mary at the same restaurant. Again, you want to report to her what James
has told you. The place is the same, but not the time (it happened yesterday). So you would say:
→ James said that he had seen Caroline here yesterday.
Still a few days later, Tom rings you at home. Again, you want to report to him what James has told
you. However, now you are not at the restaurant (but at home) and a few days have passed since
then. So you would say:
→ James said that he had seen Caroline at the restaurant on Friday.
oder
→ I met James in a restaurant on Friday and he said that he had seen Caroline there that day.
Therefore you always have to think which place and time expressions are logical in a certain
situation.
In the following table, you will find ways of transforming place and time expressions into reported
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
today
that day
now
then
yesterday
the day before
… days ago
… days before
English.
speech.
Sexto
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Direct Speech
Reported Speech
last week
the week before
next year
the following year
tomorrow
the next day / the following day
here
there
this
that
these
those
Reported questions
If you put a question into Reported speech there are some steps which are the same like
instatements: (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time).
In Reported speech there is no question anymore, the sentence becomes a statement.
That's why the word order is: subject - verb
Question without question words (yes/no questions):
Peter: "Do you play football?" - Peter asked me whether (if) I played football.
Question with question words:
Peter: "When do you play football?" - Peter asked me when I played football.
Structures of reported questions
direct speech
reported question
English.
Structures of reported questions
She asked, "Is it better to wait?"
She asked if it was better to wait.
Sexto
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direct speech
reported question
He asked, "Have you been to Spain?"
He asked if I had been to Spain.
Reported questions - common mistakes
Common mistakes
Correct version
Why?
She asked me why did I
work so much.
She asked me why I
workedso much.
The word order in reported
questions is: SUBJECT +
VERB.
She asked me it was raining.
She asked me if it was
raining.
Yes/no questions (closed
questions) begin
with if when they become
reported questions.
She asked me if I have been
to Bristol?
She asked me if I had
been to Bristol.
She asked me what I do for
a living.
If the reporting verb (in this
caseask) is in the past tense,
the tenses used in the
original sentence have to
change:
She asked me what I did for I am becomes I was
a living.
I can becomes I could
I have been becomes I had
been.
Reported orders/instructions
requests/advice/instructions in reported speech
If you want to report requests, advice, promises or instructions, it can
sometimes be done fairly simply by using this construction:
English.
verb + pronoun + to + infinitive
In these examples, note the variety of reporting verbs we can use and
the pronoun and tense changes that are also needed. Note also the
conversion that is needed when we have a negative sentence:
Sexto
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
Could you please show me where the shops are?
~ He asked me to show him where the shops were.

Can you lend me $50?
~Then he asked me to lend him $50.

Don’t come and visit me yet. I’m infectious!
~ She advised me not to come and visit her as she wasstill
infectious.

Don’t go too near the edge of the cliffs. It’s too dangerous.
~ They warned us not to go too near the edge of the cliffs as it
was too dangerous.

Turn the music down! I’m trying to get to sleep.
~ He told us to turn the music down as he was trying to get to
sleep.
~ I told them to turn the music down as I was trying to get to
sleep.

I think you should leave now. It’s very late.
~ She ordered us to leave as it was very late.
~ I ordered them to leave as it was very late.

I’ll write to you as soon as I get back home.
~ She promised to write to me as soon as she got back
home.
~ I promised to write to her as soon as I got back home.
In this reply, I shall now concentrate on reporting direct speech
questions, as this often causes greatest difficulty.
reporting yes/no questions

Are you going to Tom’s wedding?
~ She asked me if I was going to Tom’s wedding.

Have you bought a new outfit for it?
~ She wondered whether I had bought a new outfit for
English.
When we are reporting yes/no questions, we have to
use if orwhether. And we still need to operate the tense change
of one tense further back, particularly if we are reporting the
question that was asked at a later time or date:
Sexto
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it.
reporting wh-questions
The other changes to note when we are reporting questions is
that there is no inversion (or change of the word order) of
subject and verb in reported speech and no do/does/did when
the question is reported. Compare the following:

What’s the matter?
~ She asked me what the matter was.

How do you feel today?
~ The doctor asked her how she felt.

Where are you going?
~I wanted to know where she was going.

Who is that girl in the red dress?
~ I wondered who that girl in the red dress was.

How did you make this salad?
~ I wondered how she’d made that salad.

Which Easter Egg would you like?
~ I asked him which Easter Egg he wanted.

Which Easter Egg did you buy?
~ My wife asked me which Easter Egg I had bought.
reporting suggestions and commands

Let’s go to Brighton for the weekend. / Why don’t we
goto Brighton for the weekend?
~ I suggested that we should go to Brighton for the
weekend.
OR: I suggested we go to Brighton for the weekend.

You must do the washing up before you go out.
English.
There are a few verbs like suggest or insist that require the
subjunctive when they are used in reported speech. This is very
difficult to get right, so if you want to impress your friends, learn
it! Compare the following:
Sexto
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~I insisted that she should do the washing up before
she went out.
OR: I insisted that she do the washing up before she
went out.
OR: I commanded her to do the washing up before she
went out.
Questions tags
hat is a tag question?
A tag question is a short question added to the end of a positive or negative statement.
For example:He is,
isn't he?
He will,
won't he?
He can,
can't he?
English.
He does, doesn't he?
Sexto