Alfonso San Miguel, Fernando Ballesteros, Juan Carlos Blanco y Guillermo Palomero (editores) Manual de buenas prácticas para la gestión de corredores oseros en la Cordillera Cantábrica NATURALEZA Y PARQUES NACIONALES Serie especies amenazadas Manual de buenas prácticas para la gestión de corredores oseros en la Cordillera Cantábrica Editores Alfonso San Miguel, Fernando Ballesteros, Juan Carlos Blanco y Guillermo Palomero Autores Fernando Ballesteros, Juan Carlos Blanco, José Luis García Lorenzo, María Gómez Manzanedo, Mikel Gurrutxaga, Víctor Gutiérrez, Beatriz Martín, Carlos Nores, Santiago Palazón, Guillermo Palomero, Marta Piñuela, Miquel Rafa, José A. Reque, Sonia Roig, Carme Rosell, Gema Ruiz, Alfonso San Miguel, Santiago Saura, Miguel Ángel Simón y Antonio Urchaga El presente manual ha sido elaborado en el marco del proyecto LIFE 07/NAT/E/000735 “Corredores de comunicación para la conservación del oso pardo cantábrico” desarrollado por la Fundación Oso Pardo (FOP), con el apoyo financiero de la Fundación Biodiversidad y de la Obra Social de Catalunya Caixa y con la colaboración de la Junta de Castilla y León, el Principado de Asturias y los ayuntamientos de Los Barrios de Luna, Cármenes, La Pola de Gordón, Sena de Luna, Valdelugueros, Vegacervera, Villablino y Villamanín (León) y de Aller, Cangas del Narcea, Degaña y Lena (Asturias). &,7$5(&20(1'$'$ 6DQ0LJXHO$%DOOHVWHURV)%ODQFR-&\3DORPHUR*(GV0DQXDOGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVSDUD ODJHVWLyQGHFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFD)XQGDFLyQ2VR3DUGR0LQLVWHULRGH$JULFXOWXUD $OLPHQWDFLyQ\0HGLR$PELHQWH6HULHHVSHFLHVDPHQD]DGDV0DGULG 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Liebl. Sus nombres vernáculos más usados son roble albar, carballo albar o roble albero. Consideraciones generales Especie de porte arbolado, caducifolio, de crecimiento relativamente lento, monoico y con fecundación anemófila. Rebrota bien de cepa y mal de raíz. Hábitat La distribución natural en España se extiende desde el este de Galicia hasta el Pirineo Central, resultando más escaso según se avanza hacia el noreste. Aunque de manera rara, aparece en zonas de interior de la mitad septentrional peninsular y alcanza su límite meridional en la conquense Sierra de Valdemeca. Sus dominios limitan con hayedos, pinares de silvestre, rebollares o carballedas, mezclándose habitualmente con estas especies e hibridando en ocasiones con otras especies del género Quercus. Forma masas puras o aparece disperso en laderas y faldas de las montañas en la transición de ambientes atlánticos y mediterráneos. Sus masas se han visto afectadas en los últimos 2000-3000 años por la invasión del haya que, por su temperamento más tolerante (de sombra) acaba invadiendo los robledales albares, impidiendo su regeneración (por exceso de sombra). Interés para el oso pardo Presenta frutos secos muy energéticos que fructifican a principios de otoño, momento de hiperfagia de importancia trascendental para la supervivencia de los osos y el éxito reproductor en la temporada siguiente. Al igual que el roble común, presenta alta productividad por unidad de superficie, superior a hayas y rebollos. Como inconveniente cabe citar su carácter vecero, aunque menos marcado que el haya y el rebollo. Suele tener asociado un abundante sotobosque de interés. En primavera los osos se alimentan también de sus hojas tiernas, para lo que suben a los árboles. Requerimientos ambientales Prefiere terrenos eutróficos, pero también vive en ácidos oligotróficos. Le gustan suelos sueltos y algo profundos, pero soporta suelos pobres y secos, pudiendo vivir incluso entre peñas y zonas rocosas si hay precipitaciones abundantes. No tolera suelos compactos ni encharcamientos. Más xerófilo que el roble común, le gustan zonas de transición entre los ambientes oceánicos y continentales. Evita las zonas de mucha insola- 0DQXDOGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVSDUDODJHVWLyQGHFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFD ción, exige un periodo vegetativo mas largo que Quercus robur y sube a mayor altitud que otros robles. $OWLWXGP ySWLPRUDQJR 7LSRGHVXHORV 7HPSHUDPHQWR ,QGLIHUHQWH SUHILHUHHXWUyILFRV 'HPHGLDOX] Indicaciones para plantaciones No es una especie muy exigente, aunque prefiere suelos ricos, en los que adquiere un mejor desarrollo, por lo que la elección del terreno debe realizarse de manera meticulosa. 3iJLQDDQWHULRU KRMDV\EHOORWDVGH UREOHDOEDU)RWR /XLV)HUQiQGH])23 (VWDSiJLQDRVR FRPLHQGREHOORWDV HQHOVXHORGHXQ UREOHGDOHQRWRxR \EHOORWDGHUREOH DOEDU)RWRV(OtDV 6XiUH])23\-RVp 0)HUQiQGH]'tD] )RUPHQWt La densidad recomendada es de unos 1100 pies/ha. Es preferible plantar al tresbolillo o marco irregular frente a marco cuadrado o rectangular, para su mayor integración en el paisaje. La presencia de un tapiz herbáceo denso es uno de los factores más comúnmente citados como limitantes de la regeneración de robles, lo que es necesario tener en cuenta a la hora de preparar el terreno para la plantación. )LFKDVGHiUEROHV\DUEXVWRVDXWLOL]DUHQSODQWDFLRQHVHQiUHDVRVHUDV Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras Roble común Quercus robur L. Como nombres vernáculos más habituales destacan roble común, roble pedunculado, carvallo o carballo. Consideraciones generales Es de porte arbóreo y se trata del roble de mayor talla. Caducifolio, de crecimiento relativamente lento, monoico y de fecundación anemófila. Rebrota bien de cepa y mal de raíz. Hábitat Su área de distribución natural en España se extiende principalmente por la mitad norte, en zonas de influencia atlántica, desde Galicia hasta Pirineos, resultando más rara su presencia según se avanza hacia el NE. Aparece de manera escasa y esporádica en montañas del interior peninsular. Forma bosques o bosquetes principalmente en las facies más termófilas del dominio del bosque caducifolio mesófilo. Suele presentarse en valles, llanos y laderas de baja pendiente en suelos profundos, húmedos, frescos y sueltos, preferiblemente sin cal. Se presenta en bosquetes o incluso aparecen pies sueltos en hayedos y otros robledales de Quercus petraea y Quercus pyrenaica, con los que hibrida con asiduidad, pero también forma parte de castañares y pinares de silvestre. Interés para el oso pardo Presenta frutos secos muy energéticos que fructifican a principios de otoño, momento de hiperfagia de importancia trascendental para la supervivencia de los osos y el éxito reproductor en la temporada siguiente. Al igual que el roble albar, posee alta productividad por unidad de superficie, superior a hayas y rebollos. Presenta vecería, aunque menos marcada que el haya y el rebollo. Suele tener asociado un abundante sotobosque de interés. En primavera los osos consumen sus hojas tiernas. 0DQXDOGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVSDUDODJHVWLyQGHFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFD Requerimientos ambientales Tiene preferencia por los suelos profundos, sueltos y frescos y sustratos silíceos, en laderas de moderada pendiente y exposiciones medias de solana. Requiere humedad edáfica, aguantando incluso inundaciones temporales, gracias a la poca exigencia en aeración de sus raíces. Presenta exigencias medias en cuanto a fertilidad. Le gustan los climas oceánicos, donde se acuse poco la sequía estival y las precipitaciones sean abundantes. Resiste muy bien fríos intensos (hasta –22ºC) tolerando periodos vegetativos cortos. $OWLWXGP ySWLPRUDQJR 7LSRGHVXHORV 7HPSHUDPHQWR 3UHILHUHVLOtFHRV ([LJHQWH 'HPHGLDOX] -RYHQGHOX] 3iJLQDDQWHULRU KRMDV\EHOORWDVGH UREOHFRP~Q )RWR-RVp0 )HUQiQGH]'tD] )RUPHQWt (VWDSiJLQD RVRMRYHQVXELGRD XQUREOHSDUDFRPHU VXVKRMDVWLHUQDVHQ SULPDYHUD )RWR6RUD\D*DUFtD )23 Indicaciones para plantaciones Su exigencia por buenos suelos hace que la elección del terreno deba realizarse de manera meticulosa. La presencia de piornales o antiguos terrenos de cultivos puede ayudar como buenos indicadores de buenos suelos. Por el contrario, suelos someros, decapitados y erosionados donde aparecen los brezales bajos, por ejemplo, se deberán excluir. La densidad recomendada es de unos 1100 pies/ha. Es preferible plantar al tresbolillo o marco irregular frente a marco cuadrado o rectangular, para su mayor integración en el paisaje. En las primeras fases de su desarrollo es muy exigente en luz, hecho a tener en cuenta a la hora de decidir la zona de plantación, su orientación, o las especies acompañantes. La presencia de un tapiz herbáceo denso es uno de los factores más comúnmente citados como limitantes de la regeneración de robles, lo que es necesario tener en cuenta a la hora de preparar el terreno para la plantación. )LFKDVGHiUEROHV\DUEXVWRVDXWLOL]DUHQSODQWDFLRQHVHQiUHDVRVHUDV Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras Rebollo Quercus pyrenaica Willd. Al rebollo también se le conoce como melojo, roble negro o carballo negro. Consideraciones generales Especie de porte arbóreo o arbustivo, marcescente, de crecimiento medio, monoico y de fecundación anemófila. Rebrota bien de cepa y muy bien de raíz. Hábitat En España está presente en todas las provincias peninsulares, con mayor abundancia en el centro, escaseando hacia el sur y este. Es una especie característica del clima submediterráneo, donde aparece formando amplias masas puras o mezclado con otras especies del género Quercus con los que hibrida con asiduidad. En el área de distribución del oso en la Cordillera Cantábrica es una especie en clara expansión. Interés para el oso pardo Presenta frutos secos muy energéticos que fructifican a principios de otoño, momento de hiperfagia de importancia trascendental para la supervivencia de los osos y el éxito reproductor en la temporada siguiente. Presenta menores cosechas que hayas y robles y un carácter vecero más marcado que éstos. Las extensas formaciones de monte bajo existentes en muchas zonas de la Cordillera Cantábrica, sometidas a incendios repetidos y fuerte pastoreo, no producen frutos abundantes aprovechables por el oso, aunque proporcionan una excelente cobertura. Requerimientos ambientales Habita en pendientes moderadas y suaves, y suelos de muy variada naturaleza, pero es considerada como una especie silicícola o basífuga, aunque puede habitar en raras ocasiones en calizas descalcificadas o dolomíticas, en zonas de grandes precipitaciones. Está adaptada a los climas continentales, soportando bien la amplitud térmica diurna o estacional y las heladas, gracias a su foliación tardía y ciclo corto. Es difícil encontrarlo en zonas de poca humedad, siendo las sequías prolongadas un verdadero problema debido a la superficialidad de gran parte de su masa radical. 0DQXDOGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVSDUDODJHVWLyQGHFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFD Tiene una excepcional capacidad de rebrote, incluso después de incendios. $OWLWXGP ySWLPRUDQJR 7LSRGHVXHORV 7HPSHUDPHQWR 2OLJRWUyILFRV 6HPLIUXJDO 'HPHGLDOX] 3iJLQDDQWHULRU KRMDV\EHOORWDVGH UHEROOR )RWR-RVp0 )HUQiQGH]'tD] )RUPHQWt (VWDSiJLQD H[FUHPHQWRGHRVR SDUGRFRQUHVWRVGH EHOORWDV)RWR)23 Indicaciones para plantaciones La densidad máxima recomendada es de 1100 pies/ha. Es preferible plantar al tresbolillo o marco irregular frente a marco cuadrado o rectangular, para su mayor integración en el paisaje. Los plantones requieren mucha luz para su desarrollo inicial, pero en zonas muy cálidas o muy frías, necesita algo de cobertura que le sirva como abrigo y protección. )LFKDVGHiUEROHV\DUEXVWRVDXWLOL]DUHQSODQWDFLRQHVHQiUHDVRVHUDV Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras Haya Fagus sylvatica L. Como sinónimos de esta especie se usan faya o fago. Consideraciones generales Especie caducifolia de porte arbóreo, crecimiento relativamente lento, sobre todo en los primeros años, monoica y de dispersión anemógama. Brota bien de cepa y mal de raíz. Hábitat Forma bosques en fondos de valles y especialmente en laderas con exposición de umbría en las montañas ibéricas de la mitad norte. Falta en Galicia al oeste de la Sierra del Courel. Le suelen acompañar el acebo, robles, serbales o abedules en sustratos ácidos y avellanos o tejos sobre calizas. Sin formar bosque, se la puede encontrar en robledales o abedulares con exposiciones de umbría. Su temperamento tolerante y su carácter invasor favorece su colonización desplazando a otras especies más intolerantes como los robles y rosáceas. Interés para el oso pardo Al igual que los robles, el haya produce frutos secos muy energéticos que fructifican a principios de otoño, momento de hiperfagia de importancia trascendental para la supervivencia de los osos y el éxito reproductor en la temporada siguiente. Presenta menores productividades por unidad de superficie que los robles, aunque superiores al rebollo, pero debido a que su cosecha es más tardía que en robles, permite que la temporada de montanera se alargue. Presenta una vecería más estricta que los robles albar y común pero menos que el rebollo. Requerimientos ambientales Tanto en sustrato ácido como básico, con algo de preferencia por las calizas, habita en suelos frescos y requiere que sean fértiles. Considerado mesófilo en cuanto a humedad edáfica, no soporta la sequía (a no ser con alta humedad ambiental) ni los encharcamientos. Requiere sombra en verano y un clima suave y húmedo, sin sequía estival ni heladas tardías. 0DQXDOGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVSDUDODJHVWLyQGHFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFD $OWLWXGP ySWLPRUDQJR 7LSRGHVXHORV 7HPSHUDPHQWR ,QGLIHUHQWH ([LJHQWH 'HVRPEUD Indicaciones para plantaciones Aunque es una especie de sombra y los brinzales pueden avanzar bajo cierta cobertura, su crecimiento se incrementa a medida que la radiación incidente va en aumento. No obstante, puede ser interesante la realización de plantaciones mixtas con otras frondosas de crecimiento más rápido, como el abedul. 3iJLQDDQWHULRU KD\XFRPDGXUR )RWR-RVp0 )HUQiQGH]'tD] )RUPHQWt (VWDSiJLQD DUDxD]RVGHRVR HQODFRUWH]DGHXQ KD\DHQOD0RQWDxD 3DOHQWLQD )RWR)23 La densidad de plantación recomendada es de unos 1100 pies/ha. Es preferible plantar al tresbolillo o marco irregular frente a marco cuadrado o rectangular, para su mayor integración en el paisaje. )LFKDVGHiUEROHV\DUEXVWRVDXWLOL]DUHQSODQWDFLRQHVHQiUHDVRVHUDV Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras Castaño Castanea sativa Mill. Consideraciones generales Es un árbol caducifolio, monoico, de crecimiento relativamente rápido y de fecundación anemófila y entomófila. Brota muy bien de cepa y regular de raíz. Muchas masas de castaño se encuentran afectadas por dos enfermedades fúngicas: la tinta y el chancro. Hábitat Su presencia en España es abundante en montañas silíceas, formando bosques o bosquetes o como árboles aislados en laderas frescas y umbrosas, pero calientes en verano, de la España húmeda septentrional, desde Galicia a Cataluña (escaseando en Pirineos) y en montañas del centro y occidente, así como en la Cordillera Bética. Es una especie ampliamente cultivada por su aprovechamiento para madera, en monte bajo y alta densidad, o para fruto en monte alto y con amplio espaciamiento. Existen interesantes formaciones, llamadas soutos en Galicia, formadas por grandes castaños seleccionados o injertados, que mantenidos de forma tradicional para la producción de fruto, y que actualmente tienen un alto valor cultural, además de ambiental, económico y social. Interés para el oso pardo Presenta frutos secos muy energéticos que fructifican a principios de otoño, momento de hiperfagia de importancia trascendental para la supervivencia de los osos y el éxito reproductor de la temporada siguiente. Produce abundantes cosechas prácticamente todos los años, por lo que su importancia trófica para el oso pardo es máxima. Sin embargo su rango altitudinal no le permite una amplia representación en el área de distribución del oso. Requerimientos ambientales Prefiere sustratos sueltos, profundos y silíceos, aunque podría aparecer sobre calizas cuando se produce un lavado de bases. Tiene requerimientos medios de humedad edáfica. Elige laderas de montañas frescas y umbrosas, en lugares con veranos calientes, pero sin fuertes sequías estivales, resiste medianamente bien el frío, pero le dañan las heladas tardías. 0DQXDOGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVSDUDODJHVWLyQGHFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFD $OWLWXGP ySWLPRUDQJR 7LSRGHVXHORV 7HPSHUDPHQWR 2OLJRWUyILFR ([LJHQWH 'HPHGLDVRPEUD Indicaciones para plantaciones Su exigencia por suelos profundos y de calidad implica una cuidadosa planificación de los lugares de plantación de la especie. La densidad de plantación adecuada varía desde 400 pies/ha hasta un máximo de 625 pies/ha, pudiendo llegarse incluso a 1000 pies/ha. Es preferible plantar al tresbolillo frente a marco cuadrado o rectangular, para su mayor integración en el paisaje, y las plantaciones pueden ser puras o mixtas. Puede propagar por estacas e injerto. 3iJLQDDQWHULRU VXHORGHXQERVTXH GHFDVWDxRVUHSOHWRGH IUXWRV )RWR-RVp0 )HUQiQGH]'tD] )RUPHQWt (VWDSiJLQD VRWRFRQYLHMRV FDVWDxRVFXOWLYDGRV \SRGDGRVSDUDOD SURGXFFLyQGHIUXWRV )RWR/XLV)HUQiQGH] )23 No le gusta recibir mucha insolación directa en los primeros años, favoreciendo su crecimiento inicial la existencia de matorral, pero no podrá prosperar bajo cubierta excesiva. Es muy importante tener en cuenta el riesgo de afección por tinta y chancro, por lo que el material a utilizar debería venir acompañado de su certificado de origen libre de estas enfermedades, y se debería intentar utilizar ejemplares resistentes. )LFKDVGHiUEROHV\DUEXVWRVDXWLOL]DUHQSODQWDFLRQHVHQiUHDVRVHUDV Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras Cerezo Prunus avium L. Consideraciones generales Árbol caducifolio, monoico, de crecimiento rápido, sobre todo en su juventud, y de fecundación entomófila. Brota bien de cepa y frecuentemente de raíz, formando grupos clonales. Tiene una gran facilidad para la hibridación, por lo que existe un alto intercambio genético con las variedades cultivadas para fruto. Hábitat Puede llegar a formar masas puras formando bosquetes, pero principalmente aparece como especie acompañante en las montañas húmedas de suelo fresco y profundo de la mitad septentrional. Salpica los dominios de los bosques caducifolios mesófilos, incluso aparece intercalado en los subesclerófilos más frescos y bosques de ribera, así como en barrancos, bordes de ríos y otros lugares frescos. Hacia el sur su presencia es menos habitual. En el área de distribución del oso pardo cantábrico es especie frecuente acompañante de hayedos, robledales y bosques mixtos y existen también abundantes formaciones asilvestradas procedentes de antiguas huertas o cultivos. Interés para el oso pardo Su fruto, la cereza, es una drupa muy apetecida por el oso. Resulta de gran valor debido a su fructificación a principios de verano e incluso finales de primavera, cuando escasean otros recursos tróficos tan energéticos. Es una especie de crecimiento relativamente rápido que enseguida puede aportar alimento para el oso. Requerimientos ambientales Puede vivir en todo tipo de suelos siempre que no sean muy secos y sean profundos, prefiriendo los silíceos, no excesivamente ácidos, o calizos bien lavados. No tolera suelos encharcados. 0DQXDOGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVSDUDODJHVWLyQGHFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFD Soporta mal la sombra y las heladas tardías, aunque es relativamente resistente a adversidades. Necesita adecuada fertilidad para producir madera de calidad. $OWLWXGP ySWLPRUDQJR 7LSRGHVXHORV 7HPSHUDPHQWR ,QGLIHUHQWH 1RWROHUD HQFKDUFDGRV 'HOX]RPHGLDOX] Indicaciones para plantaciones Si está comprobado que la calidad del material forestal de reproducción es alta, con sus regiones de procedencia identificadas, se pueden plantar con una densidad de 625 pies/ha, pero si no existe esta seguridad puede ser recomendable una densidad mayor, máximo de 1100 pies/ha. Es preferible plantar al tresbolillo frente a marco cuadrado o rectangular, para su mayor integración en el paisaje. Se pueden realizar plantaciones puras o mixtas. En plantaciones de conectividad y mejora del hábitat osero es muy recomendable intercalar golpes de cerezos en los lugares más adecuados. La fructificación suele comenzar a los cinco años, aunque no es abundante hasta los 12, siempre que la copa esté soleada. Su carácter heliófilo y, consecuentemente, su escasa tolerancia a la competencia, hace que soporte mal la sombra en su juventud, por lo que requiere superficies rasas y soleadas para su desarrollo inicial. 3iJLQDDQWHULRUUDPLOOHWHGHFHUH]DVPDGXUDV)RWR -RVp0)HUQiQGH]'tD])RUPHQWt (VWDSiJLQDSDWUXOODGHOD)23UHYLVDQGRXQFHUH]RHQ HOTXHXQRVRKDHVWDGRFRPLHQGRFHUH]DV\URPSLHQGR UDPDVSDUDDFFHGHUDORVIUXWRV)RWR)23 )LFKDVGHiUEROHV\DUEXVWRVDXWLOL]DUHQSODQWDFLRQHVHQiUHDVRVHUDV Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras Avellano Corylus avellana L. Consideraciones generales Es un arbusto caducifolio, monoico y de fecundación anemófila. Presenta crecimiento inicial lento cuando procede de semilla. Brota bien de cepa y sobre todo de raíz. Hábitat En la Península Ibérica abunda en pequeños grupos o individuos aislado en laderas, canchales, bosques de ribera, valles y barrancos, orlas e interior de bosques caducifolios, habitualmente en sitios umbrosos, de suelos húmedos y frescos de la mitad septentrional, siendo rara en el centro y sur. Puede formar pequeños bosquetes. Por su aprovechamiento para frutos o madera es habitual en setos y bordes de fincas y prados. Interés para el oso pardo Es una especie de alto interés para el oso. Produce frutos secos muy energéticos que fructifican a finales de verano y principios de otoño, antes del inicio de la cosecha de bellotas o hayucos. Son muy apetecidos y buscados por los osos y pueden tener una especial importancia en los años en los que robles y hayas producen escasas cosechas de frutos a causa de la vecería. Requerimientos ambientales Gusta de suelos frescos y sueltos y aparece indistintamente en silíceos o calizos. Precisa humedad media o abundante, faltando en sitios de precipitaciones estivales escasas. No le gustan los veranos cálidos y es capaz de resistir fríos muy intensos de hasta –25ºC. En cuanto a su temperamento, se le puede considerar de media luz, ya que aunque soporta muy bien la sombra, también es capaz de vivir a pleno sol, prefiriendo las solanas en el norte peninsular, y las umbrías en el sur. $OWLWXGP ySWLPRUDQJR 7LSRGHVXHORV 7HPSHUDPHQWR ,QGLIHUHQWH 'HPHGLDOX] 0DQXDOGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVSDUDODJHVWLyQGHFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFD Indicaciones para plantaciones Para tratar de obtener la máxima producción de frutos, puede ser recomendable plantar con una separación entre pies de hasta 6 m, aceptándose una densidad máxima de 625 pies/ha. Es preferible plantar en bosquetes, al tresbolillo o en marco irregular frente a marco cuadrado o rectangular, para su mayor integración en el paisaje. También puede plantearse la multiplicación por injerto. Los avellanos procedentes de semilla empiezan a dar buenas cosechas a los 10 años. 3iJLQDDQWHULRU DYHOODQDVD~QYHUGHV DÀQDOHVGHOYHUDQR )RWR-RVp0 )HUQiQGH]'tD] )RUPHQWt (VWDSiJLQD XQRVRFRPLHQGR DYHOODQDVHQHO 3DUTXH1DWXUDOGH 6RPLHGR$VWXULDV )RWR6RUD\D*DUFtD )23 )LFKDVGHiUEROHV\DUEXVWRVDXWLOL]DUHQSODQWDFLRQHVHQiUHDVRVHUDV Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras Pudio Rhamnus alpina L. También conocido en Asturias y León como escuernacabras o escornacabras. Consideraciones generales Arbusto caducifolio, polígamo y dioico, de polinización por insectos y dispersión de las semillas por mamíferos y aves. En general, las especies del género Rhamnus se consideran fijadoras de taludes y protectoras de la erosión del suelo. Es una especie de gran vitalidad y resistencia, poco afectada en caso de incendios. Hábitat Es frecuente en montañas del norte y este de la Península Ibérica aunque no aparece de manera abundante. Se presenta en torrenteras, orillas de arroyos, canchales o repisas rocosas; a veces surge en claros soleados o linderos de bosques. Forma bosquetes puros o mezclado en diversas formaciones, mientras no falte iluminación. En zonas calizas de la montaña palentina y leonesa existen algunas formaciones de pudio de enorme importancia para el oso pardo. Interés para el oso pardo Sus frutos drupáceos empiezan a madurar a finales de agosto. Durante un mes, más o menos, constituyen un recurso muy buscado por los osos, que acuden a las formaciones de estos arbustos, a veces lejos de masas arboladas, llegando a juntarse varios ejemplares durante varios días. La maduración se produce de forma escalonada entre diferentes pies de la misma formación, por lo que el recurso está disponible durante un periodo amplio de tiempo. Requerimientos ambientales Ocupa lugares soleados de sustrato calizo, de pH básico o neutro. No requiere suelos profundos y es muy resistente al frío. Puede vivir tanto en $OWLWXGP ySWLPRUDQJR 7LSRGHVXHORV 7HPSHUDPHQWR (XWUyILFR 'HOX] 0DQXDOGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVSDUDODJHVWLyQGHFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFD zonas con una considerable humedad en el suelo como tolerar cierta sequía estacional edáfica. Es heliófila y pionera. Indicaciones para plantaciones De manera natural suele aparecer aislada o formando pequeños rodales, lo que unido a su alta necesidad de luz, motiva que las plantaciones se realicen a muy bajas densidades y en bosquetes. Una distancia apta entre pies podría ser de unos 6 m. Es muy importante seleccionar adecuadamente los lugares de plantación. 3iJLQDDQWHULRU IUXWRVPDGXURVGH SXGLR )RWR/XLV)HUQiQGH] )23 (VWDSiJLQD RVRDGXOWRFRPLHQGR SXGLRVHQOD0RQWDxD 3DOHQWLQD )RWR$QGRQL&DQHOD Se están desarrollando en la Cordillera Cantábrica algunas experiencias interesantes de siembra en vivero de semillas procedentes de excrementos de oso. )LFKDVGHiUEROHV\DUEXVWRVDXWLOL]DUHQSODQWDFLRQHVHQiUHDVRVHUDV Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras Arraclán Frangula alnus L. También llamado sanguiño o hidionda. Consideraciones generales Arbusto caducifolio, monoico y de fecundación por insectos. Brota bien de cepa y de raíz. Tradicionalmente se ha usado como forraje para el ganado. Hábitat En España se encuentra en bosques húmedos de la mitad septentrional y occidental. Aparece en lugares soleados, como claros u orlas, siendo habitual en orillas de arroyos, valles fluviales y barrancos húmedos. Puede formar pequeños rodales en laderas silíceas, a menudo acompañado de peral silvestre y otras arbustivas, aunque generalmente aparece en mezcla con diversas especies en sotobosques o en orla forestales. Interés para el oso pardo Sus frutos drupáceos empiezan a madurar a finales de agosto y aunque son de menor interés osero que otras especies que maduran en esta época, como los pudios o los arándanos, proporcionan alimento en hábitats muy diferentes. Algunas formaciones de cierta extensión son visitadas por los osos y pueden constituir enclaves de interés trófico considerable. Requerimientos ambientales Prefiere sustratos silíceos, habitualmente graníticos. Es muy exigente en humedad y frescura, por lo que es frecuente encontrarla en lugares umbrosos, y aparece de manera abundante en valles fluviales y regiones con precipitaciones elevadas. También habita en terrenos turbosos o con periodos de saturación de agua. $OWLWXGP ySWLPRUDQJR 7LSRGHVXHORV 7HPSHUDPHQWR 3UHILHUHVXHORVVLOtFHRV ([LJHQWHHQKXPHGDG \IUHVFXUD 'HPHGLDOX] 0DQXDOGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVSDUDODJHVWLyQGHFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFD 3iJLQDDQWHULRU KRMDV\IUXWRVGH DUUDFOiQ )RWR/XLV)HUQiQGH] )23 (VWDSiJLQD DUEXVWRGHDUUDFOiQ URWRSRUHORVRDO DOLPHQWDUVHGHVXV GUXSDV )RWR)23 Indicaciones para plantaciones Puede multiplicarse por estaquilla, aunque lo habitual es hacerlo por semilla. La densidad de plantación adecuada es de unos 600 pies/ha, aunque lo preferible es usarla como especie de enriquecimiento en plantaciones mixtas. Debería plantarse en bosquetes con marco irregular y puede mezclarse con otras especies de requerimientos similares. Es una especie calificada como de baja combustibilidad, lo que puede ser interesente para considerar su plantación en aquellas zonas más susceptibles de incendios, siempre que las condiciones de estación sean las adecuadas para la especie. )LFKDVGHiUEROHV\DUEXVWRVDXWLOL]DUHQSODQWDFLRQHVHQiUHDVRVHUDV Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras Mostajo común Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz También se conoce como mostajo blanco, mostellar o mostayal. Consideraciones generales Árbol caducifolio, de crecimiento lento, monoico y de fecundación entomófila. Brota bien de cepa y escasamente de raíz. Hábitat Aparece salpicando bosques de variada naturaleza y diferente altitud en la mayoría de las regiones españolas, también en laderas pedregosas, canchales e incluso entre rocas. Escasea hacia el suroeste y en zonas bajas semiáridas o áridas. Es abundante en las montañas cantábricas y pirenaicas y en los sistemas Ibérico y Central, mezclándose, habitualmente en claros y márgenes, con hayedos, robledales, quejigares, bosquetes de arces, encinares y pinares, así como con diversos matorrales y arbustos, pudiendo llegar a formar en raras ocasiones pequeños bosquetes arbóreos. Interés para el oso pardo Sus pomos son de bastante interés trófico para el oso y otras muchas especies. Es una especie muy apetecida y mucho más apreciada que el serbal de cazadores. Fructifica con bastante regularidad a finales de verano y otoño y adquiere un valor trascendental como complemento trófico en años con mala cosecha de especies veceras. El fruto aguanta bastante en el árbol, estando disponible durante todo el otoño y parte del invierno Requerimientos ambientales Es especie heliófila y pionera que puede vivir en toda clase de sustratos, siempre que sean frescos, incluso en roquedos y canchales, pero parece preferir los suelos calizos no demasiado húmedos. Resistente a inclemencias y extremos térmicos, aunque no tanto a las sequías. $OWLWXGP ySWLPRUDQJR 7LSRGHVXHORV 7HPSHUDPHQWR ,QGLIHUHQWH SUHILHUHEiVLFRV )UHVFRV 'HOX] 0DQXDOGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVSDUDODJHVWLyQGHFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFD 3iJLQDDQWHULRU IUXWRVPDGXURVGH PRVWDMR )RWR/XLV)HUQiQGH] )23 (VWDSiJLQD GHVWUR]RVSURGXFLGRV SRUXQRVRHQ XQPRVWDMRDO DOLPHQWDUVHGHVXV IUXWRV)RWR)23 Indicaciones para plantaciones Se reproduce bien por semilla o esqueje. Es recomendable su utilización en plantaciones mixtas, como especie de enriquecimiento, en bosquetes con una separación aproximada entre plantones de 3 m. Su elevada apetencia para cérvidos requiere el uso de tubos protectores, que además aceleran el crecimiento de la especie. En los primeros estadios de desarrollo soportan la sombra, pero muy pronto requerirán plena luz para crecer bien. Es una especie muy útil como fijadora del terreno en laderas de fuertes pendientes. )LFKDVGHiUEROHV\DUEXVWRVDXWLOL]DUHQSODQWDFLRQHVHQiUHDVRVHUDV Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras Serbal de cazadores Sorbus aucuparia L. También se denomina capudre o cafresno Consideraciones generales Es un árbol caducifolio de crecimiento rápido, monoico y de fecundación entomófila. Brota bien de cepa y de raíz. Hábitat Aparece en la Península Ibérica como especie boreo-subalpina en las montañas septentrionales, cantábricas y pirenaicas, así como en el Sistema Ibérico septentrional, escaseando más en el Sistema Central y existiendo puntualmente en Sierra Nevada. Salpica claros y márgenes de pinares frescos, así como bosques húmedos caducifolios, como hayedos, abedulares y robledales, pudiendo presentarse incluso en la orla supraforestal con porte subarbustivo. Forma parte de los abedulares montanos cantábricos y puede llegar a constituir formaciones monoespecíficas, y compitiendo con el abedul por la apetencia para colonizar espacios abiertos. Interés para el oso pardo Sus pomos son de interés trófico para el oso, pero de menor importancia y apetencia que los del mostajo común. Fructifica con bastante regularidad, con algunos años de altas producciones, y suministra alimento en otoño e invierno. Su característico sabor amargo se dulcifica después de las primeras heladas, momento en el que pueden ser más buscados por el plantígrado. Permanece en el árbol disponible durante parte del invierno. Requerimientos ambientales Es indiferente edáfico y aunque prefiere suelos ácidos, sueltos y frescos, puede llegar a vivir en calizas muy estables. Prefiere sitios bien luminosos por su temperamento robusto, pero tolera la semisombra. Requiere abundantes precipitaciones, asociándose a zonas de lluvias estivales medias o altas. Soporta bien el frío y el viento. $OWLWXGP ySWLPRUDQJR 7LSRGHVXHORV 7HPSHUDPHQWR ,QGLIHUHQWH SUHILHUHVLOtFHRV 'HPHGLDOX] RFDVLGHOX] 0DQXDOGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVSDUDODJHVWLyQGHFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFD Indicaciones para Plantaciones Se reproduce fácilmente por semilla. Es recomendable su uso, para enriquecimiento, en plantaciones mixtas, en bosquetes con una separación aproximada entre plantones de 3 m. Por su buen comportamiento y crecimiento, puede utilizarse junto con el abedul para la plantación en zonas oseras degradadas. 3iJLQDDQWHULRU IUXWRVPDGXURVGH VHUEDOHQHOiUERO GXUDQWHHOLQYLHUQR )RWR-RVp0 )HUQiQGH]'tD] )RUPHQWt Los corzos y otros herbívoros comen con avidez sus hojas y brotes por lo que es aconsejable la protección de los plantones. (VWDSiJLQD H[FUHPHQWRGHRVR FRQIUXWRVGHVHUEDO )RWR)23 )LFKDVGHiUEROHV\DUEXVWRVDXWLOL]DUHQSODQWDFLRQHVHQiUHDVRVHUDV Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras Manzano silvestre Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. También conocido como maíllo, manzano bravío, manzano montés o manzanera. Consideraciones generales Arbolillo caducifolio, de crecimiento lento, monoico y de fecundación entomófila. Brota poco de cepa. Hábitat En España se encuentra diseminada en setos, claros y orlas de bosques caducifolios o mixtos en las montañas bajas y medias de la mitad septentrional. En el área de distribución del oso pardo cantábrico es una especie de presencia dispersa por orlas forestales. Interés para el oso pardo Sus pomos son de importante interés trófico para el oso en otoño. Al coincidir la época de maduración de los frutos con los hayucos y bellotas, las manzanas adquieren un valor significativo en aquellos años de escasas cosechas a causa de la vecería. Además, el otoño corresponde con el momento de hiperfagia de los osos. Requerimientos ambientales Especie de sustratos variados, pero con preferencia por los silíceos. Habita en regiones templadas con cierta humedad, de climas submediterráneos, con escasas apariciones en mesomediterráneos. $OWLWXGP ySWLPRUDQJR 7LSRGHVXHORV 7HPSHUDPHQWR ,QGLIHUHQWH SUHILHUHVLOtFHRV 'HPHGLDVRPEUD Indicaciones para plantaciones Se aceptan densidades adecuadas entre 600 y 800 pies/ha. Es preferible su uso en plantaciones mixtas, como enriquecimiento, en pequeños bosquetes. Los cérvidos sienten gran atracción por sus plantones, por lo que es recomendable el uso de tubos protectores. 0DQXDOGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVSDUDODJHVWLyQGHFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFD 3iJLQDDQWHULRU PDQ]DQDVVLOYHVWUHV )RWR-RVp0DUtD )HUQiQGH]'tD] )RUPHQWt (VWDSiJLQD RVRDGXOWR DOLPHQWiQGRVHGH PDQ]DQDVHQXQD ÀQFDHQ/LpEDQD &DQWDEULD )RWR-RUJH5XL] )23 Además de los manzanos silvestres, los osos también visitan en busca de alimento los manzanos cultivados o asilvestrados en fincas y huertos, a menudo próximos a los pueblos. Muchos de estos manzanos se encuentran desatendidos o abandonados y son muchas las variedades locales que se están perdiendo por falta de interés en su cultivo. La recuperación de algunas de estas variedades tradicionales, rústicas y bien adaptadas, y su plantación en zonas adecuadas, puede ser una experiencia interesante para mejorar la disponibilidad de alimento para el oso. )LFKDVGHiUEROHV\DUEXVWRVDXWLOL]DUHQSODQWDFLRQHVHQiUHDVRVHUDV Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras Niso Prunus insititia L. Como sinónimos se reconocen Prunus domestica L. ssp. insititia (L.) Bonnier & layens, Prunus domestica L. cv. Insititia, o Prunus domestica L. ssp. insititia (L.) C.K. Schneid. También se conoce como nisal, ciruelo silvestre o endrino real. Consideraciones generales Es un arbolillo caducifolio, monoico y de fecundación entomófila. Brota bien de cepa y de raíz. Hábitat En España es más frecuente en la mitad septentrional, siendo habitual encontrarlo asilvestrado en barrancos, setos, espinares, bosques aclarados y frescos y sus orlas, y en taludes y laderas con mucha humedad. En el área de distribución del oso pardo cantábrico se ha cultivado tradicionalmente por su fruto o para usar en injertos de ciruelos comunes, por lo que existen pies y pequeños bosquetes asilvestrados cerca de pueblos y en setos y huertos. Interés para el oso pardo Sus frutos son drupas que maduran a finales de agosto y son comidas por los oso con gran avidez. Al ser escasa su presencia, su importancia es más localizada que en otras especies. Requerimientos ambientales Es indiferente edáfico, hallándose presente tanto en suelos ácidos como básicos, generalmente en zonas altas y húmedas. En climas atlánticos prefiere sitios soleados y en zonas de clima mediterráneo busca enclaves más frescos. $OWLWXGP ySWLPRUDQJR 7LSRGHVXHORV 7HPSHUDPHQWR ,QGLIHUHQWH 5HTXLHUHFLHUWRJUDGR GHKXPHGDG 'HOX] RPHGLDOX] 0DQXDOGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVSDUDODJHVWLyQGHFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFD Indicaciones para plantaciones Se reproduce bien de semilla. Para su plantación se podrían aceptar densidades en torno a los 600 u 800 pies/ha. De todas formas, y teniendo en cuenta su presencia dispersa y su importancia local, es preferible su uso aislado o en pequeños bosquetes para enriquecimiento dentro de plantaciones mixtas. 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Fundación Oso Pardo [email protected] Santiago Palazón Servicio de Biodiversidad y Protección de los Animales, Generalitat de Catalunya [email protected] Guillermo Palomero Fundación Oso Pardo [email protected] Marta Piñuela D.G. de Calidad y Evaluación Ambiental y Medio Natural, Ministerio de Agricultura Alimentación y Medio Ambiente [email protected] Miquel Rafa Área de territorio y medioambiente, Obra Social Catalunya Caixa [email protected] José A. Reque Dpto. de Producción Vegetal y Recursos Forestales. ETSI Agrarias (Palencia), Universidad de Valladolid [email protected] Sonia Roig Dpto. de Silvopascicultura. Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal y del Medio Natural, ETSI Montes Universidad Politécnica de Madrid [email protected] Carme Rosell Minuartia Consultoría Ambiental [email protected] Gema Ruiz Jiménez Life Lince, Junta de Andalucía [email protected] Alfonso San Miguel Dpto. de Silvopascicultura, ETSI Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid [email protected] Santiago Saura Dpto. de Economía y Gestión Forestal, ETSI Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid [email protected] Miguel Ángel Simón Life Lince, Junta de Andalucía [email protected] Antonio Urchaga Ingeniero de Montes [email protected] 211