Unit Grammar

 Unit: Market Grammar Please note: These activities are designed to supplement your Quechua learning. The grammatical descriptions are not meant to be comprehensive. The vocabulary and grammar covered relate directly to the audio activities. Grammar Covered in this Document (explanations follow below) •
Verbs Present tense (Lessons 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) Progressive tense (Lessons 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) Future tense (Lessons 2, 3, 4, 5) Imperative tense (Lessons 2, 3, 4) Conditional tense (Lessons 3, 4, 5) •
Grammatical Elements -­‐cha -­‐paq -­‐lla -­‐pi -­‐kuna -­‐ta -­‐man -­‐wan -­‐manta •
Possessive Interrogatives Interrogative words Chu for yes/no questions Taq/ri •
Affirmative/Negative Responses List Ima •
Pronounciation When speaking Quechua, the emphasized syllable is the second to last one. example: ño-­‐qan-­‐chis 1 Present Tense Verbs Verb – Wayk’uy (To Cook, Cocinar) Ñoqa Verb Ending Conjugation English Español -­‐ni Wayk’uni I cook Yo cocino Ñoqayku -­‐yku Wayk’uyku We cook (exclusive) Nosotros cocinamos (exclusivo) Ñoqanchis -­‐nchis Wayk’unchis We cook (inclusive) Nosotros cocinamos (inclusivo) Qan -­‐nki Wayk’unki You cook Qankuna -­‐nkichis Wayk’unkichis You cook (plural) Uds. cocinan Pay -­‐n Wayk’un S/he cooks Él/Ella cocina Paykuna -­‐nku Wayk’unku They cook Ellos/Ellas cocinan Tú cocinas Present Progressive Tense Verbs The present progressive tense is basically the same as the present tense including the verb endings, but it contains another element: the – sha right before the verb ending. The present progressive tense is used to refer to actions that are in progress. Verb – Llank’ay Verb Ending (To Work, Trabajar) Ñoqa -­‐sha + -­‐ni Conjugation English Español Llank’ashani I am working Yo estoy trabajando Ñoqayku -­‐sha + -­‐yku Llank’ashayku We are working (exclusive) Nosotros estamos trabajando (exclusivo) Ñoqanchis -­‐sha + -­‐nchis Llank’ashanchis We are working (inclusive) Nosotros estamos trabajando (inclusivo) Qan -­‐sha + -­‐nki Llank’ashanki You are working Tú estás trabajando Qankuna -­‐sha + -­‐nkichis Llank’ashankichis You are working (plural) Uds. están trabajando Pay -­‐sha + -­‐n Llank’ashan S/he is working Él/Ella está trabajando Paykuna -­‐sha + -­‐nku Llank’ashanku They are working Ellos/Ellas están trabajando Note: Similar to the difference between “ser” and “estar” in Spanish, Quechua uses two forms of “to be.” “Kay” functions similarly to “ser,” which denotes a more permanent state of being. Therefore, “Ñoqa kani Ana” means “I am Ana,” or “Yo soy Ana.” Inserting the progressive –sha into the verb “kay” makes the verb “kashay,” which functions similarly to “estar” and denotes a more temporary state of being. Therefore, “Ñoqa kashani kaypi” means “I am here,” or “Yo estoy aquí.” 2 Future Tense Verbs Verb -­‐ Rimay (To Talk, Hablar) Ñoqa Verb Ending Conjugation English Español -­‐saq Rimasaq I talk Yo hablo Ñoqayku -­‐saqku Rimasaqku We talk (exclusive) Nosotros hablamos (exclusivo) Ñoqanchis -­‐sun Rimasun You and I talk -­‐sunchis Rimasunchis We talk (inclusive) Nosotros hablamos (inclusivo) Qan -­‐nki Rimanki You talk Tú hablas Qankuna -­‐nkichis Rimankichis You talk (plural) Uds. hablan Pay -­‐nqa Rimanqa S/he talks Él/Ella habla Paykuna -­‐nqaku Rimanqaku They talk Ellos/Ellas hablan Tú y yo hablamos Imperative Tense Verbs Verb -­‐ Riy (To Go, Ir) Verb Ending Conjugation English Español Ñoqanchis -­‐na Rina Let’s go (you and I) ¡Vayamos (tú y yo)! -­‐nachis Rinachis Let’s go (inclusive) ¡Vayamos nosotros! Qan -­‐y Riy You go! ¡Tú ve! Qankuna -­‐ychis Riychis You go! (plural) ¡Uds. Vayan! Pay -­‐chun Richun S/he go! ¡Él/Ella va! Paykuna -­‐chunku Richunku They go! ¡Ellos/Ellas van! 3 Conditional Tense Verbs Verb -­‐ Riy (To Go, Ir) Verb Ending Conjugation English Español Ñoqa -­‐yman Riyman I would go Yo iría Ñoqayku -­‐ykuman Riykuman We would go (exclusive) Nosotros iríamos (exclusivo) Ñoqanchis -­‐sunman Risunman We would go (inclusive) Tú y yo iríamos Qan -­‐waq Riwaq You would go Tú irías -­‐nkiman Rinkiman Qankuna -­‐waqchis Riwaqchis You all would go (plural) Uds. irían Pay -­‐nman Rinman S/he would go Él/Ella iría Paykuna -­‐nkuman Rinkuman They would go Ellos/Ellas irían Suffixes and Grammatical Elements •
-­‐cha -­‐cha is added to the end of nouns but placed before other suffixes as an affectionate diminutive example: “Urpi” = bird. “Urpicha” = Birdie, Pajarito When used on a name it denotes love and affection: Ana (person’s name) becomes “Anacha” •
-­‐lla -­‐lla is added onto the end of any part of speech before other suffixes in order to (1) signify the limitedness of that word (only) Qanlla rinki = Only you go (alone) Sólo tú vas. (2) signify affection Imaynalla kashanki? = How are you? (sweet and politely) ¿Cómo estás? •
-­‐kuna -­‐kuna is a pluralizor. Added to the end of a noun, it denotes more than one (plural quantity) example: Urpikuna = Birds, Pájaros 4 •
-­‐man -­‐man added to the end of nouns (usually places) expresses destination and translates to “to” example: Peruman rini = I go to Peru. Voy al Peru. •
-­‐manta -­‐manta added to the end of nouns (usually places, sometimes people) expresses origin and translates to “from” examples: Maymanta kanki? = Where are you from? ¿De dónde eres? Perumanta kani = I am from Peru. Soy de Peru. Anamanta kan t´ikakuna = The flowers are from Ana. Las flores son de Ana. •
-­‐paq -­‐paq added to the end of nouns expresses the reason for doing something and translates to “for” example: Qhatuman rini papakunapaq = I go to the market for potatoes. Voy al mercado para papas. •
-­‐pi -­‐pi added to the end of nouns performs a locative function and translates to “in” examples: Kaypi = (In) Here. (en) Aquí Wasi = house. Wasipi = In the house. En la casa •
-­‐ta -­‐ta is added to the end of nouns and verbs to mark direct objects examples: Kayta munani = I want this. Yo quiero esto. Rantiyta rinki = You go to buy. Tú vas a comprar. •
-­‐wan -­‐wan added to the end of nouns (usually people) to signify accompaniment and translates to “with” example: Rini Carloswan = I go with Carlos. Voy con Carlos. 5 Possessives The possessive suffixes are added onto nouns and are different for each subject. Noun -­‐ Wasi (House, Casa) Possessive Ending Conjugation English Español Ñoqa -­‐y Wasiy My house Mi casa Ñoqayku -­‐yku Wasiyku Our house (exclusive) Nuestra casa (exclusivo) Ñoqanchis -­‐nchis Wasinchis Our house (inclusive) Our house (inclusivo) Qan -­‐yki Wasiyki Your house Tu casa/Su casa (Ud.) Qankuna -­‐ykichis Wasiykichis Your house (plural) Su casa (Uds.) Pay -­‐n Wasin His/her house Su casa (él/ella) Paykuna -­‐nku Wasinku Their house Su casa (ellos) Interrogatives •
Interrogative words Runa Simi/Quechua English Español Ima? What? ¿Qué? Imayna? How? ¿Cómo? May? Where? ¿Dónde? Mayqen? Which? ¿Cuál? Hayk´a? How many? ¿Cuánto? Hayk´aq? When? ¿Cuándo? •
-­‐chu The suffix –chu is used in several ways. 1) First it can be added onto any word in a statement to make it a yes/no question in the absense of an interrogative word. example: Munankichu riyta? Do you want to go? Quieres ir? 6 2) Secondly, it is necessary to use in any negative statement, coupled with a negative adverb (mana, ama, ni). The word mana stands alone, while the suffix –chu is added onto the word with the negative meaning. example: Mana munanichu riyta = I don´t wan´t to go. Yo no quiero ir 3) -­‐taq/-­‐rí -­‐taq added to the end of an interrogative word with –ri added to the verb or object noun performs an interrogative function. examples: Pitaq kankirí? And who are you? Y, ¿Quién eres tú? Imaynataq kankirí? And how are you? Y ¿Cómo estás tú? In the absence of an interrogative word, -­‐rí can be added to the end of a word to perform an interrogative function and translating to “and”. example: Qanrí? And you? Y tú? Affirmative/Negative Responses Affirmative response To answer a yes/no question in the affirmative, you must answer yes with the word arí, and then add a particular suffix onto the word given the –chu from the original question. This ending is –n for words ending in vowels and –mi for words ending in consonants. examples: Riyta munankichu? Do you want to go? Quieres ir? Arí, riyta munanin. Yes, I want to go. Sí, quiero ir. Carloschu kanki? Are you Carlos? Eres Carlos? Arí, Carlosmi kani. Yes, I am Carlos. Sí, soy Carlos. Negative response To answer a yes/no question in the negative, you must answer no with the word mana, and then repeat the negative construction using –chu. examples: Riyta munankichu? Do you want to go? Quieres ir? Mana. Mana riyta munanichu. No. I don´t want to go. No. No quiero ir. Lists ima The word ima is added onto the end of a list. example: Ñoqa munani papata, sarata ima. I want potato and corn. Yo quiero papa y maíz. 7