teorìa sensorial < molec8lar del sabor d8lce

VITAE, REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE QUÍMICA FARMACÉUTICA
ISSN 0121-4004 Volumen 9 número 1, año 2002.
Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín - Colombia. págs. 15-26
!"
%&&'()'*+
#$
!
"
#
$
$
%
%& '
(
(
& ( " )
* +,
- .
$ $
.
. $ .
+ . $ $ $ $ . - % $ %
.
$ . $ . .
% $
%
/.
* #
,'-&('*./'%*&'&&0''-&('*.*1&&*&&0''-&('*.
1('-&('*.--2(&(3&.&"*&---&'4&.
$
&&&'*1'-&-&&,,&5'(61(..'789:;<+#=9;9>
+
2(&(3&..2(&.1('-&('*.--2(&(3&.&"*&---
&'4&.
0
1 2-+
2-345526
1'*'**'&*&&&1'1*?
&-*('%*&''4(&'4@
*'A'*1'***'&*B1'*'B*-?
%&*(''('4(&''%*&?
'41'-*1*-'*1'*
**'&*7'*'&'*.**?
&*%*&*04(&*-'*&('**'*?
('*41&A'*'C'*B'-'*B1&0(@*?
'*B& 0A'B0'*1'*&&&'*
&(1*'*4"&CD*A'-'-*
&1'"&&3-''*"--*?
*&,. 11&, ' '&, - *
&(1*&'***'&*-(&4
&('*1'*D8#B+<.
)&*&***'&*-&0-'*-?
*'*01%&*-'*'*(&-'*1'?
1&--*&A*0A&-%&&-*-1'?
-'--'B'(1-'0& -'*?
*&*-'*1'-'*4'*'*(&?
-'*1&'D E"&,**'?
&'&A0-*'**1'*1'*&&"'*
0&"'*0-1'*1*1'-(C'
*'-'*'*(&-'*.*''&(&?
'*"&1'-(1*44&*'(?
1&&"(-'.'('(%&
'AC&"'-*&&*1-&%'
'(1'(&'-1'-'(-'.
/'**&''(A&&,
--'*1'-&%*(3'-'*" &?
'* 8&&"'* 0 &&"'*< 0 D-,&'*
C' '(1*&, - * ('&"&'*
D(*8#BF<.
'**&-'*-D'(AB-*'
*('*-&-'B4*D" -'
A*-&&-&,-*%&'(&?
'.'**('*&1-'*1'A'
'(' ('-&--* A)*&* - *' ?*-'B
)&-'B-B('01'*&A(((&?
-*-*&-&'*4(&?
* * 3* *&"* - '* A''*
*&"'*-8;?><.
*'**&-'4(&'4*1'?
-&,-'*'(1'*4(&'*-
'* &('* '* *&&'* 1'* - *
11&* *&"* 4 * '& 1&&1?
(./*--'*B'*1'?
-'*4(&'*1'-'*-*A'-A-&?
*'"*'*%-'*-A'E***&,
'*,'*1&A&-'*1'**
-*11&*B*&'(A&34&1'
-"&--A8+B:<.
'-'*'*A'*A)*&'*B*A'
-B * *'& DA&( '(1*'*
D&-'A'-'*B'('*'*4*&&?
'(' *)- 1 71* - ' -
''* @*0-''*-'*.&(?
A'B7&*'***&*1*--*?
-***&,B'('('3*'
1'*D&-,7&''D,&'*B*1&(
&'E'*(&')&-'*B131&-'*B)&-'*
')&'*B-D-'*?'('-D-'&)(&'
- ?B -&D&-''*B D(&B
('&B *1(B *%(?G 0 ''*
-'* &*'* &%&&* 0 *B
41-1'-&**&,-
4'*1'-'*'*4*'
'*4*H-."&---**?
*4(&*-****&*B4-*?
- (&*( **&,B D *&(-'
-(D'&(1'%&*&,''*04(&'*
A@*4--**&*('*
'%&*&',&*-(&*-*1'1&-8I?#=<.
/1*'*'(,'('1?
'-1&-AC'('')%&'& -'
1' ...0*1'...&-'
%&
'.IB'1&%'(
*&*()&*&-AC'*&"*&&"'*
0-'('**'A-'**'
,&'*0*1&&,&-*&-&?
('*B *1&( %&- 1 '*
-'**',&'*1'-&-'*
1' * *1&* "* B1'-''(1?
-&-'#.JI:K#.JJ:.
-&&'(B*D& '"&*&,-7?
'* 0 * A** - -'* '*L
&B&''&B"&'(&
0 71-- -(& / &'
1 1'-' '(1-&-' #.JJ9 K
+.==#.
#+)5)526
32+#4#8-3
A'*B1?
-'*1%&-'(&-"'-1?
-0@"'M(1&N.1'*'4
*%&('-'*&'-A'
(1& '&&,1'(*&&,'
'*-&*B*&-'-7&,-'*?
4&-'*1'1*(&'-&(''
'1-0*&()'-*&?
(&'-A''&(&&'D&*,%'.
-&,B4*'C'-('"&?
(&'*4D1*A''&(&&'0
&-'1'(*&&,*,%'0-*?
13**,('B1&'&*&'-?
'4"&B0"'-1-*
(" '(1H-' &, - *&, '
-&,.(&*('&(1'B('"&(&'-
-&, & *'A 1*&, A'B4D &1'"'*.
" &(''4&-'D*'A1*?
-'--*,%'B**A&?
&'*1&'&'.*('('B&7?
1-&-'"&*"&--A0*&(1?
''*'(*0''*-1'-'4*
D&&-'B*-'***A*&*D*?
* %'** **B -'- *&( *
'*'%&"*8#B;<.
#
9
%
*11&*&**)'(1**1'
***1&& -*B-'(&-*A''?
* *&"'*B * * (&- --' -
I=.===O(7I=.===O(8(&,('*<.*
-&(*&'*4&*'9=.===?
I=.===O(7F=.===?9=.===O(8(&,('*<.
7
*'*A''**'C01-
A-'.*(0'B'*A''**&"'*
-*DB*" B-'-*
11&**&"*B1'(&&*14H*-
4'%&**1'&'1?
-'04**&%&*@*('%''.*
11&*%&%'(**'--'-+==F==B
*&-1&'-B'?
& ' ' "&'* A''* *&"'*. (0'(H'*'*11&*&&%'(*B4
@('1'7&(-'-#+B*)1
1'*&'-B-&*&A&-*%'(-
MPN&"&-.1'*-*11&*
%'&-* 14H'* *'* '* A'-*
*-11'*&'-.&?
(*&*11&*%&&%'(*4*'
*()*('**B1'4-A''?
* *&"'*E *& (A'B *) &(1&-*
**&,)&A8P3*%&#<
8;B##?#F<.
:%*11&*-
*A'-B-'*-A'* @?
*0(0'-***&*-*B*
--'1'*11&**&"*-1
- B 1' 7&* * **&*B
1&&1( -&D&-''* '(' '*%&-&?-&D&-''B0'*A'-
*-11'*&'-8I<.
*3*-*'*&?
&' - '* A''* *&"'* 8;<. '
1&-**3*1**F:1'?
;
'&'* %&&%'(* ' 1*H* 4 *' &-- "&&'* - ((A
1*()&.*&"**&@'*1'*
**&A*B(1 (&'*(*1%&?
'* 1* - &' ' * **&*
*)1&-*-&***&"0"-**?
"3*-1''*&"'-A',D**%'?
(&'*((A'****&A*. 'A*
-3**'&*)'--1'- %&('* "&'*'* 4 ' *
1''&'*%&&%'(*0'1*
3***'&*B4--''''
((A8P3*%&+<.-A',
*'*&&-'1'F=>=3*'-*B
'&-*-(4*,'#Q0
+Q-**((A*?1'*1'?
-&*1''&'*%&&%'(*?D'?
''*&".JIQ'JJQ*-*
((A* *) '(1'(&-' 1-*
&'*&*B'4D44-
&*-'-''''**('*4(&'*
-&*'**&".
-()*''-**11&*%&%'(*1'?
*A''**&"'*."&-*'0&A
#JI=B''41*;;Q-*
11&***&A**'04@('
-A''*4(0AC'B#0
#9E&*&"B+;Q-*11&**-&-*
1*#0FA''*8#+<./'*
1&0**'A'-'*#JJJB?
''-*&--*-+9;R9#0#F>R:9
A''*1'11&%'&-0&&%'(B*1?
&"( 8#F<. AC' - & * -*?
1-(A&341*''(1'*
1'7&(-( :9= A''* *&"'*B -
'**1*#9Q'*1'-11&*
%&%'(*. '* A''* ' *' *&?
(*1%&'*-&,-*A'*B'
4'(1&()*''&(&'-'*(?
&*('* 4 &"& 1'*'.
"&-*'0&AB''4'-'*
*C'**-&-'*1'*11&'*,'
A',*&"'.*&('''*'
*A'*A)*&'*B*C'%1 -''?
'**&&-&%&-8#B#;?#9<.
1 2-+
:%<3**'&-*'
#
'**-&'*& -'*D('*0&?
(*-(*)"&A-'?
&, * *&* 4(&* -
***&*0('-&--*&"*'&?
-B*1&(*'-'*'(1*'*
('*'-*.D'*A'D&-'**'
-*B1'''-'*.-()*B7&*(?
&1&&---&1'*-1'-'*4(&'*4
1-1'"'(&*(**&,5''?
%'(' 0 '* -'* &%&&* '(' *1( ' *& * '*&-*
-*B1*-4**4(&'
-'(@'- @8;<.
(&*('A&'4(&'4'
'*A''**&"'*B'*1'-'*4(&'*
*'&-'**A'-0('*&?
'*1'*-((A4-*?
-*--*H*&&'
-*3*B0'*-'%&*(&%&*
10&-'**&,&'*.
#JJ+'*S0'A'-'*B&-&%&?
''-'*(&(A'*"-*-.
' (' *'-&B -- * *&(&&(''*-&B1'-
*3*&&*40-*%'('
*-&*H(&'*4 ?
&&(1*'3&''*&&"'-
"&*&,8;<.*'-&0*-&*'
1'*T8#><B4*&-*
1&--&*&'*&1'*-1'*-
*1%&&.&%'*%'-'*&'T/?
*&"&--8;B#:?#I<.-'('?
3 *&" & * 3
*&"1'B'*1&%&&---
" * -B * *A&--* - *'-&**10& *&-
&'*A&'4(&*4-*(A'
1'&-'**&,&'*.*
(B&&'-31*?
()*1'*&&"8;B##<.
"A&'4(&*'&-*A'-B
'**('*-**'1'-&-'*1' @?
''*-'**&3&'*B4'
* 3* *&"*B 1' -*-
(A&'*&&'-*(&*(*.*('3?
*--'&"'*1'*-
((AB'***" B&?
"*1'*T.'('*-'B*1'?
*8'(1**-**A&--*αBU0γ<
%'('(1C''('3*-T/0
'**&-&A-'*A&--4
1(*'&-T/.*"''(?
1C'&"-&&*B &(&-
((A 4 & '"*&, -
/ /. * -'*&(''%'*%' *
'*&0**-'(*C'81&?
('&%'(&,'A&--('3?
-'7&'-3<0
(01'AA(&"4&*B'
*1'1&&%'*%'&&'--
&'*1'*&'.*-'-'-'*1'*'
*B'*B(A&''-&-
-&D'*&'*0B1''B1A&,
1'&-((A.*1?
A&,*1'1MD&AC'N0(-&
M%'-'(&,N&-1-?
*-&'**'-&'0*'*-*-&'*
&'.*'*@&('*1**(?
*C'B1*(**'&,B*
-*- ' *& - &'* 4 &?
'('*-'&A&,-('3*
'*(&*'**&1*&*.&D*('?
3*&"'*1'*-'*(&*
-*%&A*"&'**--''&**H?
=
*3&*4%&()A'
1 * &1-* '(' *A' -
8P3*%&F<8;B#J<.***'*
1'*B 0 (' ' D
*&-'@'(71'-B*&-'*
*1%&&-3*&"4*)'?
-'* 1'* T. -' *' *-B
* *A&--* 8 A 0 < - 1' T *
*&--'**A&--*%&'*8α0
βγ<4&" &(1,7&(.&-?
(B &( '"& &* ('3*
1*'*-&&'-3'4*
'''('*-'*(*C'*4B-%'?
(&-&&'**-1'*&'.(?
A&3D0&"&,*&&%&&"-&,
*'-&'0-&,&'.'&'*-
*(&*&,-*H*4(&1'?
A'.8P3*%&F<8;B#J<.
&(B * &(1' ' 4 1' - &"*&-'* - )&*&* **'&
1',&(-*A&(&'-
41-**1'*A-11?
&,-*A'-'*-&*8+=<.
:%>*('*-*
<?
1 2-+
)34 4#53+-
-*1'1&--*()*''&-*-
'*A'D&-'***1'--'.?
"' (0 1'* 71&'*B '* (''? 0
'&'*)&-'*1'**A'-0*-&%?
& *B '* '**B 1' * 1'-
-'.
'((1'--'?
- @'*)%&,-*'?
&,.(-&--&*&---*?
A'-*"A'(-&-(&?
&,-(A-11&,-*A'B'
"-'* -'*B 4&* & *
**&*-*-*-1'-"&*-'*
*&-'*D('*B'1''(1&,'
**&-%&B(*?
'*B043**-**'A'*-()*1'
**A'*1&(-A&*''?
&'**8IB+#<.
-&%*&"*&&'**D*-&?
-''*%'*4-(&'*D('*
1&,01%&1''**A'*A)*&?
'*.**D'&-'4('('
-&&('C11&(1'?
*7'B"&A&&--3&B
01A&&--*1''*&('*0AA&?
-*4*11D'0'*4'%
(-'(-&8++?+;<.
&*&--0&---*A'--?
1--"&'*%'*B'***)
*B(1B1B1*?
&-'***&*41-&%&'
'*1'*-*A'B&(1'-11?
&,-**'&'*-'*-'*0
'&,-'*(&*('*8#;B+9<.1?
*&-)&-'*B**0'*1'('**
'(' "&*'*&-- - *&*(B ('-&%& 11&,-*A'-E'&*&%&
- -*'*0'(&*('D'*
)&-'* ' %'*B (&* 4 A'7&(&'*0(&-,-B
1'*&A(1'4'1'**&&'*&"'*
-'*1'*8+>?+:<.
1&&1%&,-'*-'*
'*&('**(C'B '(A&
*A'-'*1'-'*'****&'?
1'8+#<./*&-*&*&(&*1'?
-'*-%*'*0AA&-*B-*B1'**
'-'*B- '*1*-*B1'**-
&0''*B&&3*1'"'*
-'*-&*&--*%&,-
'*'AC&"'* &"&&'0-
'**1'*',&'B(&'0'?
,(&'1A*-*''('&'*'-
'*1'-'*-&&'*0&-'*8-'?
(&-'*1'-'*&D<B*1-'*?
(&'*7&**0*"&-*8#;B#JB
+I<.--'&1'1&--*0&?
(&&'* *1%&* 8+J<. - - %'*&&(1'&*'&(-&'B
4-C*A'-'-.&(1'-
*'* * ('B 1' - 1'' ()* 0
1-(*''**A'*B(&*4
'* -'* - &*&-- '(' *1(8<B''DA&B
0-C*A'*&-41(-?
"&'*(&'*A'.'0-*
%'(&'* * D ' ( * -
-'*41(&(C'*1'1&?
--*--'-'*8+;<./'C(1'
1&&,-%'*&*&1'?
1'&,-9=59='*'*0'B0?
-(1&- 'B-'**,&-'*'*
-'*-'*+9Q'()*B-
*'*B(C'*A'0D''*'*.
-&*%'('*-'*
1C*B'('*1(0*%(?
G.'(A&-'-'*-&*&?
--*0-A-A&&----?
''*% *-''B0**A'
' *A&&-- * (1* * 0 1
)&-'* 8F#?FF<. (A&3 * ( -'*,&'*'-'*'?
,&'*B'%&--&*'*
1'-'%&8IB+#BF;<.
-3@+3#5#+4#+A3
4#5
11&,-*A'-*A*B*@
D&1,*&*1'1*1'DA0
7&*&-*&*(-'-'L1'
-1''*.&('D0*&*(L
41-'''*&*(
'(1(&' L - 1' *
11&* *&"*. 0 *' )'('*
'&"'*81'C(1''7&'B&,?
''''<0*)'('-D&-,'&?
-'(-&'".**?
*L-('3-01?
' * 1- %'( * 1' 1* -
<
D&-,'B')-3A&(D&-'%&'
'A&-&1'D&-'%,A&'.@*-&'*1'*?
&'*B * ('-' * (1&' H-&-' 7&*& - 1'* D&-,%'A'* 8V<B 4 *'
-'*1'1'**&(&*-&*1*'*
1' *&"'. * LLV *
'''('*,%'-***?
&*-'*'*&1&.&?
D**-A*&-(4
**'(1'*'''?
'1'./4'(1*'*?
A'-B-&*&0-A*'('
(&('=.+9=.;=(8+.9;W<.*?
L'-&*&(''&&?
*A'('8"3*%&;<8#B#;B+><.
Aprox. 0.3 nm
0.25 nm
A
B
H
H
X
O
O
H
X
H
H
A
B
XX
Aprox. 0.3
nm
Compuestos dulces
B
A
XX
Aprox. 0.3 nm
Interferencias
AH: - OH,- COOH,- NH3+,- NH-,-CH=
B: - OH,- NH2, - SO2-, - C = C-, CL
:%B'-DA0*'A11&,-*A'-
<<
1 2-+
*&'*D&1,*&*D1(&&-'*?
A*&'* 4?
(&0*A'--**&B'4
D1(&&-'*" B'&&"*&?
&, - "'* -'* 1 * && ?
&,&-*&8#;<.'**-&'*-*1'?
1&--*%&*&'4(&*0**&*--&%?
*-'*&%&&*B'**K?
4(0-&%*4(&( @K
-&*(C ' @?
'*A''**&(3&'*B1(&&''?
'A' 4 * *1** **'&* *
**&*-**)&'-*'*?
1&%&&--4(&.-&"*(A&'*
* (' - * **&*
-* '(' *1(B * D 'A&-'
1'-'*'(0''('1'--'?
B &*1&-'* ' @ ('*. '*
*'&*,('*0,('*-'* @?
*0(&')&-'*(A&31*-&%?
**A'*.**-&%&**A'**
-A(A&''%'(&,-*
('3*&-&4-&*&&,-*A'?
**1''&(&'-*?
*1&-3**8+JBF>?F:<.
*A'-'((*1'"'-'
1''* @*B1'14*()*
**&,-A&-1&&---'?
%&&,*3&-('341'?
1&('3*B04**&,--?
'1'1'&''* @*''?
%&&,-7,&0'*",&*0-1?
-(A&3-'%&&,*3&-'*
1'* D&-'7&' 8;<. /' C(1'B '* -'*
,('* - ?('* & -&%*
*A'*5 ??('* * - 0 A??
('**(.'* @*B'('
'A&'*B*'&*1&-'*'4A??
%'**-./'*1B?'**
(A&3-B(&*4?'*&
*A'"(*-'.*'-?
'*B71&((*D'& -'
*,%'*1'*A-*A'-?
'(' * (* %& 9B 1'
D&-'7&'?;*4-*(1H%?
&,0'7'-?F'*&0&?
--.***&&'**DDD'&?
-'41'D&-'7&'?>
*) 1'*&&'-' - %'( 4 1-
&&'''7&'-?;B%'(?
-'1-D&-,'0'%&&-'*
1',-1'D&-'7&'-?;)
()* )&-' 0 (0' 1&-- - %'( 1-D&-,'&(''1?
'-1'8+JBF><.
$+
;
CH2OH
$+
HO
OH
O
HO
OH
;%
OH
D-Glucosa
%
;
O
OH
HO
OH
D-Fructosa
:%T&,%''-'*'(1*'*
C
H2
OH
<>
*'*B'('*'A*"%&>B
'&'D'1'*D&-'7&'-&*1*'*-
%'(4B&*-***&B
'* 0 %'* '*&&"* *
*A -'* 1* - D&-,'
&('*B'1'D&-'7&'
-?>X0'7&'-?90''
1'D&-'7&'?#X0'7&'-?+.
-&*'&,B *& (A'B *'' * (& -D&-,'*A&-'1'
D&-'7&'-?#Y0'7&'-?+8"3*
%&><8+J<.
CH2OH
O
H
O
HO
HO
OH
O
H
O
OH
O
'(' '* '(1*'* -* - 8.< 8"3* %& :<B * D (?
1&-''&1&.'-'*'*&,*&-'*
-'* - * 1 '* - -&*)&-' D&-,%&' 0 &' D&-,%'A
8F;<.'&1&*(1&,&0-'
"%&,D&-,%&-'(&-M*'?
-1'N.*'-1-*U??'*
-*"&,*&-'.1'*1'4*'-&?
4&*(A&3'1'()*
*1%&' 4 * %&'* B 4 1'
*%&-'*'1'-*1 (&'
-B-*-*1*&*
-*&-'-*'.('3'(1*
*&@ - %'( 4 * &--* D&-,%'A D&-,%&*-*1'*'1*-
1'B*&-'M*'-N1'*?
1%&'B1-*-(&'-&?
*'*A'-8+J<.
OH
:%0+*'*&*&
6
4
CH2OH
5
HO
OH
O
3
1
OH
4'
2´
O
O
1'
HO
O
OH
OH
O
H
O
HO
2
HO
OH
OH
6'
5'
OH
OR2
O
3'
O
HO
:%0A'*-&*'&,
('*'* ?&*,('* - (&')&-'*
'*4*1B&*B/DB0B
BT001*'-*B(&*4'*?
(&')&-'* ( *' &*1&-'* '
('*. *1(B 4 * 3*
(&'--&131&-'B?*1&?%&&
8?*1K?/D?F<*#I=?+=="*()*
- 4 *'*. '* '*1'-&*
&*,('* BE B 0 B *' &*1&-'*. *
(&*('*''''*131&-'*14H'*4
*'('*8+J?F=<.
'%&-71&1'--'?
-*('3*-(H''*&-A
CH2
H3C
COOR1
Compuestos
R1
R2
Esteviósido
Esteviolbiósido
Rebaudiósido A
Rebaudiósido B
Rebaudiósido C
Glc = Glucosil
Glc
H
Glc
H
Glc-Glc
H
H
Glc
Glc
H
:%7*-'*'(1*'*
&'*-&'*-8
<B
1 2-+
1+-3@+4#+A3
/*(&A(B('3*&(*
-A''-(&-'%&&,
1 1'- &&' ' 1'. /'
-A&-'4D0**&*'*'%&?
&'*1&-*4-*A')&-''*-'B*
D*1*'4(H'('1'-*
'-'*'-&&'**&'*-*?
A'.*'(*-*@&('D?
"-'1'1*-''A*-
"'(*1%&'1B4*&,
"'( (' 1 0 1*'
('8P3*A#<."'(('
1B*-%&'('&('-"'?
( 1 -' (' - *'' *
-&*"&----&*'"B0
"'( 1 *1%&' * &('
-'*-&*"('-*''8+<.
-%&-"'(1
*1%&'*A'
Volumen aparente
específico cm³/gramo
Sabor
0.10-0.30
Salado
0.30-0.50
` cido
0.50-0.70
Dulce
0.70-0.90
Amargo
5 D' ZB ' *' Z Z. '-&, )&*&***'&-'*&('*.*1H.-&&'*-
&"*&-'.#JJJ./).>J?I>.
'*(A&'*-"'(1-&*'?
"**&%C(14?
-'4*1'-'('%'-*% *
'*)&*0B1''*&&B1'*&A&&--1'-*('3**)1&-*
0((A1'.''*('3*'
"'(*1%&'1()*14H'8'
A**&*-(14-'<B1-
1-%'(1'%-1&&'?
1'.*('3*(*&"'@(?
**1%&'*1*(0'*B'1'A*
*&*-(14-'B0*))1&-?
(*1-*-*'&,'*--'?
* - 1' - - 'B 4 *' - &1'
D&-'%,A&' 0 ' AC &"&-- - . -''*'B'* @*
"'( 1 *1%&' =.>=?=.>;B
-*A'-()**&'B(&?
* 4 '* (&')&-'* "'@(*
1* *1%&'* =.F=?=.J= (A&3
1'-*)&-'*B*-'*'('*8+<.
535#23
(1'-'&&*&"*&?
&'*& -**'A*&-'-*'
D'(AD'-'&(1'**?
-'*B1'D0-&%*1*%-(?
**&*1'-@-A&-'4*-&%&
*-&' - '* *&*(* A&',&'*. '*
"*71&(*&(1'**?
&*(&'-1'T-'(&-
*'-&B0**A&--*& *& - &'* A&'4(&* 4 '
% -&%* *('* '* A''*
*&"'*.&(A'B'*D-&-'@
1'43(&*('A',*'&'*)?
1&---1&A&-'*'()**A'*A)*&'*.
'&,*('-*
**&*-*B*1*(43**1*?
-(&- '%&&, 1
&&'*1%&('1'.
&(A'B7&***&*''%&?
&'*1&-*4-*A')&-''*-'.
'&'*&&%&4'&1&?
LLV'**%&&171&&,
*('-***&*
-*0*1'--'.D&(1'?
&-'''(0'*&--)*
*''**1'***-*('3*
4-'&*A'-0)**''*
(&*('*-*--&'*4&?
'*1'**&"'*./'-A
**&(11*4''&(&'
&'AC&"'*(0'*B'*-&*H'
-"'*-'*0'(1*&,'?
-%&'(&'-'*7&**1*?
'(*'*-*&'&--.
DD'-4*3**&"*'*?
31'(-*1@&'&1'-*(?
'*&"'04'*&(1'('
?LLV'**%&&11&
'-'*'**'*B&-&4*&-'-*'
*(D'(*'(1C'4'**&(1*?
1'* 1 '* *A'* A)*&'* 0 *
<
&&'*4(&*4*3?
* *&"*. (A&3B * &(1' '?
41*-'*-*"*4*
DDD'*'A'('-*A'
-B'-"*)C'*'(1*&,'-
'*%,('***'&*'&*('D?
('.
:52+ A2A#238C:25+
#. D'Z.'.0*'Z.Z.'-&,)&*&*
**'&-'*&('*.*1H.-&&'*-&"*&
-'.#JJJ.1).>J?I>.
#9. &- . &"& T. P. - . . *'0
"&'D&4*.F-.-&&'.&**'%(&.
/**.#JJJ.1).#:?#I.
+. *'*&
..('*-''-&('*.#+[.
&(1*&,.37&'5"&/A&*D&'(10.#JJ:.#9?
+J.
#>. &-(.1'*-*-&'&*.
.
;#F8>I9+<.1&(A#FB+==#./)+#J?++9.
F. './.**&%&*-)&*&***'&.-*&
)*1H'.
'.9:.&&(A.#JJJ.
;. (&D.P.0'*S..*&-'-*'."*?
&&,0&&.
'.+J>B;?#+.0'+==#.
9. 'D&..'S&D*'%*.D(.
.
\*]..&*'?^.P'.:J8F:<B+==#.1)
;+?;>.
>. .-'*./1&''%*./D0*&'D(&
-1*0D'1D0*&*1*.''-&.D'..98;<.B.
+JJ?F=J.'*'#JJJ.
:. *..DD(&***-&&'&&5
D&'-**(1&'*.Z.(.&.**'.#=+8+<.
A.+==+.1).#J+?#J>.
I. ..E0*1'...-'*
*
',&'*0*1&&,&-*&-&('*B
*1&%&0
.
-.#JJ:.1).+#I.''%8/'*-'&&0
''-&('*<.&"*&---&'4&.?
--2(&(3&.
J. *.-"'1(*&DD& &'A&'D''&1'-&''%*\?*&1'&*.11.
&'A&'.&'D'.]..&*'?^.P'.9F8+<.
A.+===.1).#;9?#9#.
#=. /'
.&&-'*&('*._' 5&A&.#JJJ.
##. .*1&'./D0*&'.".P'.:>8F<.Z0
#JJ>.1):#I?:>>.
#+. "&-*'.&A.&.P'.+=J5I=:?I=I.#JI=.
#F. &
.D(&**.#95>+=?>+#.
#;. 'Z..-&&"'*07&&*-%A&&,*&?
-*&* '&(&*. - -&&,. _' 5
&A&.+===.1).F#F?F;#.
#:. & "&.&.-'*S..&"&'**0
*%'-(&D1'0'%*"A&'(1'-*.
D(&**.+98;<.+===./)F>#?F>I.
#I. T-&Z..&*.-.
\T/*%'(
D(&
&A0.D(.**.+>8J<.
'".
+==#.1).##9:?##>>.
#J. /0&S.'\*\&Y*&.-0-*0.P'.>>
8;<.1&+==#.1).;>?9=.
+=. "1'.Z.
\(0AS0'*\''D.&.
P'.+J+899#:<.*D&'B1&+==#./).>+=?>+#.
+#. . . . 0 '() . . . &"* -
-'*./&(&(1'*&'&'-A&-*A*
-*8('&*?<.-.H'+===./).#J.
++. D&%%(..''D.Z.0?&..TD(.
T.-T&A*G..&"&D&A&&''%*\**A0D
*'-&(*%`L?+?8;?(D'701D'70<1'1'&&-.
D(&**.+;8;<.'*'#JJJ./).;FJ?;;:.
+F. Z..-D(1T.G.0%"'71&*5
*D1-81&-%'(/-&&*&*.
.".
9>8:<.Z.#JJI./)+=9?+##.
+;. T&-.G*&.-D'DT.*'A*'%
*\1'-*&D-&'%&%*-D&-.D.?
(*D.;;8#+<.&.#JJ:./).;;#.
+9. /*' . D1-& . - &*S1D'S .
*1(--&'&*'&'"&'*1'-&&'*.
Z.''-.&.P'>>8><.*+==#./)I=I?I=J.
+>.-,H Z.8-&'<.''-'*&('*.'(1'?
*-'*&('*0/'*'*.-&'&*&*..
#JJI.1).:+?I+.
+:. T&((' . . (1'* . . - T*D*' . .
&' A\ 1'**&( *'A - *1( &
4'*('-**0*(*.Z.''-.&.P'.>>8F<.1&
+==#./).;+I?;F#
<0
1 2-+
+I. /.+==+a"0."-*0.P'.JF8#<.
Z0+==+./).;9?;I.
'&'*. / ''-* %' ( &&'. P'.
9;8+<.#JJJ./).##J?#F=.
+J. '...2(&-'*&('*5&*('*0
'._' 5&A&.#JJ9.1).+J9?F#9.
F9. DA..-..'D'0'%
*\*.
.+#>.#J>:./).;I=?;I+.
F=. P&S*_.''.-Z.%%'%0'*\**
'**'0*1&%&*&0.Z.*.-&*.#F8;<.&.#JJI.
/).F::?FII.
F>. (( . - S . /'1&* - 0D** '%
\& *. D(&. '&0. P'.J::8><. #J:J.
/).;F#?9>9.
F#. /'( . . - G&* . *&1&" 1'%&* '%
*0&*&(&7*'%AS-&**\*.''-*
2&0a/%.J8;<.Z.#JJJ./).++#?++J.
F:. &&Z..-
'%.*1'**'%D*&*&'
"&'* '(1'-* 1&"- * *\ & D(*5 *?&"&0&'*D&1*-0.D(.**.+>8F<.
.+==#./).+F#?+F:.
F+. D' . . '' Z. /. - T . *'0
"&''%&7*'%(&''*1(B'*
-'(.D(&**.+F8#<.A.#JJI.
/).9J?>>.
FF. /1& T. /. P*& . *& . - T**& .
"&'*&-*1('%*'*&1D5*'0
"&'.Z''%*'0-&*.#>89<.
'".+===.
/).;:#?;I;.
F;. -'.&".-(*&'.*('%
D &" *\** '% "& 7B *1( 0(L*D&A-*'(1-'*'*-&%%
FI. ' . . * . . . 3 . &D&./'A(&''&&'**&''&&'*&
%'( &'-&&(&&1''&&.
'5X&"&b
(('-&%&&-%&&)-&*&'*&&
-*"&A-&'&."&*'&&&-&
& -Y&( &'B'#JB.#?+L#JJ=.1).#?
+++.
!
""##"
$!"%"##"