BOLETÍN Nº291

Anuncio
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA
GUSTAVO CAPONI
GRUPO ESTUDOS EM FILOSOFIA E HISTÓRIA DA BIOLOGIA
FRITZ MÜLLER-DESTERRO
GUSTAVO CAPONI
LA MARCHA DE LA NATURALEZA
Y
SUS EXTRAVÍOS
BOLETÍN Nº291
DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE MATEMÁTICAS
[PP.2-3]
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO
MÉXICO, NOVIEMBRE DE 2009
1RWD´(QHOPLVPRDxR
GHOQDFLPLHQWRGH'DUZLQ\DxRVDQWHV
GHODSXEOLFDFLyQGHO2ULJHQGHODV
(VSHFLHVHOQDWXUDOLVWDIUDQFpV-HDQ
%DSWLVWH/DPDUFN
SXEOLFyHQGRVYRO~PHQHVVXREUDQRWDEOH
)LORVRItD=RROyJLFD(QHVWDREUD/DPDUFN
SDUDH[SOLFDUHORULJHQGHODYLGD\OD
IRUPDFLyQGHODVGLIHUHQWHVHVSHFLHVDSHOy
SXUDPHQWHDODDFFLyQGHODVIXHU]DV
QDWXUDOHV$GHPiVGHSURGXFLUODVIRUPDV
PiVVLPSOHVGHVHUHVYLYRVDSDUWLUGH
PDWHULDLQHUWHHVDVIXHU]DVKDFtDQFRQTXH
JHQHUDFLyQWUDVJHQHUDFLyQODVIRUPDV
PHQRVRUJDQL]DGDVGLHUDQOXJDU
DRWUDVSURJUHVLYDPHQWHPiVFRPSOHMDVµ
(VWRHVORTXHQRVH[SOLFD*XVWDYR&DSRQL
GHO'HSDUWDPHQWRGH)LORVRItD
GHOD8QLYHUVLGDG)HGHUDOGH6DQWD&DWDULQD
HQ%UDVLOHQHODUWtFXORSXEOLFDGR
HQODUHYLVWD&LHQFLD+RMHGHMXOLRGHHVWH
DxRFRQHOWtWXOR´$PDUFKDGDQDWXUH]DH
VHXVGHVFDPLQKRVµ1RSDJV
£%XHQDOHFWXUD
/$0$5&+$'(/$
1$785$/(=$ < 686
(;75$9Ì26
*867$92&$321,
/DPDUFN QDFLy HQ XQ SHTXHxR
SREODGR GHO QRUHVWH GH )UDQFLD (Q
DODEDQGRQDUODFDUUHUDPLOLWDU
SRU XQ SUREOHPD GH VDOXG SDVy D
HVWXGLDU KLVWRULD QDWXUDO (Q HVD
DFWLYLGDGDODTXHVHGHGHGLFyKDVWD
VXPXHUWHVHGHVWDFySULPHURFRPR
ERWiQLFR 3HUR HQ IXH GHVLJ
QDGR SDUD RFXSDU OD FiWHGUD GH
LQYHUWHEUDGRV HQ HO UHFLHQ FUHDGR
0XVHR1DFLRQOGH+LVWRULD1DWXUDO
GH 3DUtV )XHURQ DGHPiV VXV WHVLV
HYROXFLRQLVWDV\QRVXVLPSRUWDQWHV
WUDEDMRVFRPRWD[RQRPRGHSODQWDV
LQVHFWRV\JXVDQRVORVTXHOHGLHURQ
XQOXJDUGHKRQRUHQODKLVWRULDGH
ODELRORJtD$QWHVGH/DPDUFNRWURV
QDWXUDOLVWDV HVER]DURQ FRQMHWXUDV
WUDQVIRUPLVWDVSHURQLQJXQRGHHOORV
ODV IRUPXOy GH IRUPD WDQ FODUD \
VLVWHPiWLFDFRPRODSUHVHQWDGDHQVX
)LORVRItD =RROyJLFD
'HQWUR GH FLHUWRV OtPLWHV SDUD /D
PDUFNDVtFRPRSDUDPXFKRVGHVXV
FRQWHPSRUDQHRV \ SDUD OD PD\RUtD
GH VXV SUHGHFHVRUHV ODV GLIHUHQWHV
FODVHV GH VHUHV YLYRV SRGtDQ VHU
RUGHQDGDV HQ HVFDODV GH RUJDQL
]DFLyQ GHVFHQGLHQWH TXH SDUD pO
HUDQ OD H[SUHVLyQ LQYHUWLGD GH XQD
SHUPDQHQWH\UHFXUUHQWHPDUFKDGH
OD QDWXUDOH]D 8QD MRUQDGD TXH
FRPHQ]DED FRQ IRUPDV PHQRV
FRPSOHMDVGHVHUHVYLYRVVXUJLGDVGH
PDWHULDLQHUWH\GHVSXpVLEDQSUR
GXFLHQGRVHUHVSURJUHVLYDPHQWHPiV
FRPSOHMRV(OKRPEUHTXHHQODVFOD
VLILFDFLRQHVVHULDGDVGHORVVHUHVYL
YRV VLHPSUH RFXSDED HO QLYHO PiV
DOWRGHODHVFDODHUDSDUD/DPDUFN
VyOR XQ HVFDOyQ PiV DOWR TXH HVD
PDUFKD GH OD QDWXUDOH]D KDEtD
DOFDQ]DGR
(Q RSLQLyQ GHO QDWXUDOLVWD OD YLGD
HUDXQIHQyPHQRSXUDPHQWHItVLFR\
VXRULJHQVLELHQGLItFLOGHH[SOLFDU
VyOR SRGtD REHGHFHU D ODV UHJX
ODULGDGHV TXH UHJtDQ ORV RWURV
IHQyPHQRV QDWXUDOHV 6HJ~Q pO QR
HUD VRUSUHQGHQWH TXH UHFX
UUHQWHPHQWH IRUPDV GH YLGD PiV
VLPSOHVEURWDVHQGHPDWHULDLQHUWH
FRPR ORV JDVHV TXH EURWDQ GH OD
FRPEXVWLyQ (VR DGHPiV HUD DOJR
TXHPXFKRVGHVXVFRQWHPSRUiQHRV
DFHSWDEDQ VLQ PD\RU UHWLFHQFLD 6L
ELHQQRKDEtDFRQFHQVRHQORTXHVH
GHFtDUHVSHFWRDORVVHUHVYLYRVPiV
VLPSOHVODVWHRUtDVGHODJHQHUDFLyQ
HVSRQWiQHD WRGDYtD HUDQ PRQHGD
FRUULHQWHDSULQFLSLRVGHOVLJOR;,;
$ IDOWD GH XQD H[SOLFDFLyQ XQL
YHUVDOPHQWH DFHSWDGD SDUD HVRV
VXSXHVWRV SURFHVRV GH ELRJpQHVLV
PXFKRVORVFRQVLGHUDEDQIHQyPHQRV
QDWXUDOHVWDQKDELWXDOHV\UHJXODUHV
FRPRFXDOTXLHURWUR
3HURORTXHHUDXQKHFKRQXHYRHQ
/DPDUFNHUDODLGHDGHTXHORVVHUHV
VLPSOHV \ GLPLQXWRV VXUJLGRV GH
PDWHULDLQHUWHSRGtDQSURGXFLUXQD
GHVFHQGHQFLD PiV FRPSOHMD < HVD
GHVFHQGHQFLD D VX YH] SRGtD GDU
RULJHQ D XQD WHUFHUD JHQHUDFLyQ
WRGDYtDXQSRFRPiVFRPSOHMD
/DPDUFN FRQVLGHUDED TXH HO GHVD
UUROOR GH OD YLGD HUD UHJXODGR SRU
XQD WHQGHQFLD DO LQFUHPHQWR GH
FRPSOHMLGDG TXH UHVXOWDED GHO
SHUPDQHQWH PRYLPLHQWR GH ORV
IOXLGRVHQHOLQWHULRUGHORVFXHUSRV
RUJDQL]DGRV(VHPRYLPLHQWRWHQGtD
D DEULU QXHYRV FDQDOHV GH FLUFXOD
FLyQKDFLHQGRTXHQXHYDVSDUWHV\
QXHYRV yUJDQRV VXUJLHVHQ GRQGH
DQWHV VyOR KDEtD WHMLGRV LQGL
IHUHQFLDGRV
(OGHVDUUROORHPEULRQDULRHUDVHJ~Q
/DPDUFN XQ LQGLFLR FODUR GH FyPR
HVHPRYLHQWRGHIOXLGRVDFWXDEDHQ
ORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRV
(O SURFHVR VH LQLFLD D SDUWLU GH XQ
FXHUSRLQGLIHUHQFLDGRHQHOFXDOQR
VH GLVWLQJXH XQ yUJDQR HVSHFtILFR
3HUR FRQIRUPH HVH FXHUSR VH YD
LUULJDQGRSRUIOXLGRVRUJiQLFRVORV
WHMLGRV FRPLHQ]DQ D PRGLILFDUVH
GDQGR RULJHQ D ORV GLIHUHQWHV
yUJDQRV (VH EUHYH FDPLQR GH OR
VLPSOHDORFRPSOHMRTXHRFXUUHHQ
HORUJDQLVPRLQGLYLGXDOH[SOLFDHO
JUDQ FDPLQR GH OD QDWXUDOH]D TXH
D SDUWLU GH XQ JXVDQR SXHGH
SURGXFLUXQKRPEUH
/D´JUDQPDUFKDµHVQDGDPiVTXH
HO UHVXOWDGR DFXPXODGR GH OD
´PDUFKDEUHYHµTXHRFXUUHHQFDGD
RUJDQLVPR &XDQGR XQ LQGLYLGXR
OOHJD D OD HGDG UHSURGXFWLYD pVWH
DOFDQ]D VX PiV DOWR JUDGR GH
FRPSOHMLGDG 3HUR OD FRQIRUPDFLyQ
\ODGLIHUHQFLDFLyQDGTXLULGDVSRUVXV
yUJDQRVQRSHUHFHUiQFRQVXPXHUWH
VLHQGRGHDOJXQPRGRWUDQVPLWLGDV
D VXV GHVFHQGLHQWHV 6L ELHQ HVWRV
LQLFLDQ VX FLFOR GH GHVDUUROOR FRPR
VHUHV FDVL WDQ VLPSOHV \ GLPLQXWRV
FRPRVXVSDGUHVHQHOPRPHQWRGH
ODFRQFHSFLyQHOORVOOHJDUiQXQSRFR
PiVUiSLGRDOQLYHOGHFRPSOHMLGDG
DOFDQ]DGR SRU VXV SURJHQLWRUHV \
WUDQVPLWLUiQ D OD JHQHUDFLyQ SRV
WHULRU OD FDSDFLGDG GH DOFDQ]DU XQ
JUDGR WRGDYtD PiV HOHYDGR GH
FRPSOHMLGDG
'(/*86$12$/+20%5(
/DPDUFN QR WHQtD XQD H[SOLFDFLyQ
FODUD SDUD OD VXSXHVWD WUDQVPLVLyQ
KHUHGLWDULD GHO LQFUHPHQWR GH
FRPSOHMLGDG3RUORWDQWRFRPRVXV
FRQWHSRUiQHRV\SUHGHFHVRUHVFUHtDQ
HQOD´WUDQVPLVLyQKHUHGLWDULDGHORV
FDUDFWHUHV DGTXLULGRVµ VyOR FXHV
WLRQDGDDILQDOHVGHOVLJOR;,;
(VDWUDQVPLVLyQGDGDSRUREYLDQR
WHQtD SRU TXp H[FOXLU HO LQFUHPHQWR
GH FRPSOHMLGDG H[SHULPHQWDGR SRU
WRGRVORVVHUHVYLYRVDORODUJRGHVX
YLGD3HUR/DPDUFNVHGLVWLQJXtDGH
OD PD\RUtD GH VXV FRQWHPSRUDQHRV
SRUFRQVLGHUDUTXHQRKDEtDOtPLWHV
SDUD OD DFXPXODFLyQ JUDGXDO GH
PRGLILFDFLRQHVVXIULGDVSRUORVVHUHV
YLYRV GXUDQWH VX H[LVWHQFLD
JHQHUDFLyQ WUDV JHQHUDFLyQ (VR OH
SHUPLWtD SHQVDU TXH HO DXPHQWR GH
ODFRPSOHMLGDGWDQDFXPXODEOHDOR
ODUJR GH ODV JHQHUDFLRQHV FRPR
FXDOTXLHU RWUD PRGLILFDFLyQ HUD
FDSD] GH SURGXFLU OD PDUFKD GH OD
QDWXUDOH]D TXH SDXODWLQDPHQWH
KDEtDOOHYDGRGHOJXVDQRDOKRPEUH
\GHODVDOJDVKDVWDORViUEROHV
/D WUDQVPLVLyQ KHUHGLWDULD GH ORV
FDUDFWHUHV DGTXLULGRV QR HV SRU OR
WDQWR OD ~QLFD FRQWULEXFLyQ GH OD
WHRUtD GH /DPDUFN 6L GHSHQGLHVH
VRODPHQWHGHOLQFUHPHQWRSURJUHVLYR
GH OD FRPSOHMLGDG OD PDUFKD GH OD
QDWXUDOH]DVHUtDVLHPSUHOLQHDO\FDGD
XQR GH VXV SURGXFWRV SRGUtD VHU
DOLQHDGR HQ XQD HVFDOD GH FRPSOH
MLGDGFUHFLHQWHRGHVFHQGLHQWH3HUR
QRHUDH[DFWDPHQWHDVt/DVJUDQGHV
RUGHQHV WD[RQyPLFDV TXH /DPDUFN
OODPDED ´PDVDVµ HUDQ GH KHFKR
VXFHSWLEOHVGHHVHRUGHQ3DUDpOQR
KDEtD GXGD ORV SHFHV HUDQ PiV
FRPSOHMRVTXHORVPROXVFRV\ORVUHS
WLOHVPiVFRPSOHMRVTXHORVSHFHVVL
ELHQHVWRV~OWLPRVHUDQPiVVLPSOHV
TXH ODV DYHV \ ORV PDPtIHURV 3HUR
/DPDUFN UHFRQRFtD TXH FXDQGR VH
FRPSDUDEDQHVSHFLHVSDUWLFXODUHVDO
LQWHULRU GH HVDV JUDQGHV PDVDV OD
HVFDODGHORVVHUHVVHH[WLQJXtD\VH
UDPLILFDED HQ XQ VLQ ILQ GH OtQHDV
¢4XLpQHVHODXWRU
GHODSRUWDGD"
GLYHUJHQWHV UHVLVWHQWHV D FXDOTXLHU
FODVLILFDFLyQVHULDO3DUHFtDUD]RQDEOH
GHFLU TXH XQ SH] HUD PiV FRPSOHMR
TXH XQ PROXVFR SHUR QR VH SRGLD
GHFLU TXH XQ ]RSLORWH HUD PiV R
PHQRVFRPSOHMRTXHXQFRQGRU
(Q OD SHUVSHFWLYD GH /DPDUFN HO
]RSLORWH\HOFRQGRUVHUtDQHVSHFLHV
FRQXQPLVPRJUDGRGHFRPSOHMLGDG
\ VXV GLIHUHQFLDV PRUIROyJLFDV VH
GHEtDQ D OD LQIOXHQFLD GH ODV
FLUFXQVWDQFLDVDFXPXODGDVDORODUJR
GH JHQHUDFLRQHV (O FOLPD \ OD
DOLPHQWDFLyQ DO FXDO ODV GLIHUHQWHV
HVSHFLHV HVWDEDQ VRPHWLGDV HQWUH
RWURV IDFWRUHV KDFtD FRQ TXH ORV
IOXLGRV FRUSRUDOHV FLUFXODUDQ HQ
PD\RU R PHQRU FDQWLGDG R FRQ
PD\RU R PHQRU LQWHQVLGDG SRU VXV
yUJDQRV KDFLHQGR TXH FRQ pVWRV VH
PRGLILFDVHQGHPRGRVGLVWLQWRVTXH
QRUHVSRQGtDQDODVLPSOHGLQiPLFD
GHIOXLGRVUHVSRQVDEOHSRUHOLQFUH
PHQWRUHJXODUGHODFRPSOHMLGDG
/D DFXPXODFLyQ KHUHGLWDULD GH ORV
HIHFWRVGHODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHYLGDHUD
UHVSRQVDEOH GH ODV QRWDEOHV GLIH
UHQFLDVPRUIROyJLFDVH[LVWHQWHVHQWUH
ODVHVSHFLHVTXHFRPRHOFyQGRUR
HO]RSLORWHRODMLUDIDRHODQWtORSH
FRPSDUWtDQ XQ PLVPR JUDGR GH
RUJDQL]DFLyQ DXQTXH HVWXYLHVHQ
VRPHWLGDV D GLIHUHQWHV FRQGLFLRQHV
GHYLGD
/DVLQIOXHQFLDVGHIRUPDGRUDV\QR
ODV DGDSWDWLYDV TXH ODV FLUFXQV
WDQFLDVGHYLGDSURGXFtDQHQHIHFWR
XQGHVYtRGHOyUGHQLGHDOGHVXFHVLyQ
GHODVIRUPDVTXHQRKDEUtDRFXUULGR
VL OD WHQGHQFLD DO LQFUHPHQWR GH
FRPSOHMLGDG KXELHVH DFWXDGR XQL
ODWHUDOPHQWH
9LUJLO6ROLV"²1~UHPEHUJ
IXHXQJUDEDGRUDOHPiQ
GHO5HQDFLPLHQWR3RVLEOHPHQWH
HOJUDEDGRUPiVSUROtILFR
GHVXpSRFDHQODDFWXDO$OHPDQLD
JUDFLDVDXQWDOOHUFRQD\XGDQWHV
TXHSURGXMRPiVGHPLOSODQFKDV
0XFKDVGHHOODVRVWHQWDQODILUPD
GHODUWLVWDSHURQRKL]RWRGDV
SHUVRQDOPHQWH\ODILUPDGHEHWRPDUVH
VyORFRPRVHOORGHOWDOOHU
6XLUUXSFLyQHQHOJUDEDGRGDWDGHVGH
6XHVWLORPDUFDGDPHQWH
GHFRUDWLYRVLQWRQL]y
FRQHO5HQDFLPLHQWRHQERJD
HQ&HQWURHXURSDTXHIXVLRQDEDWHPDV
\RUQDPHQWRVGHHVWLUSHLWDOLDQD
FRQXQJXVWRSRUORDELJDUUDGR
WtSLFDPHQWHJHUPiQLFR
6XDUWHLQFRUSRUyLQIOXHQFLDV
GH'XUHUR6HEDOG%HKDP\GLYHUVRV
DUWLVWDVLWDOLDQRV\IUDQFHVHV
$XQTXHHOORSXHGHGHODWDU
XQDIDOWDGHFUHDWLYLGDGORVFUtWLFRV
SUHILHUHQSHQVDUTXH6ROLVRSWy
SRUXQHVWLORHFOpFWLFRFRQILQHV
FRPHUFLDOHV
6XDFWLYLGDGHQHOiPELWRHGLWRULDO
LQFOX\HLOXVWUDFLRQHV
SDUDXQD%LEOLDOXWHUDQD
\SDUDHGLFLRQHVGH2YLGLR
$XQTXHPXFKtVLPDV
GHVXVSODQFKDVRVWHQWDQVXILUPD
HQIRUPDGHLQLFLDOHV´96µXQLGDV
HOORQRJDUDQWL]DODDXWRUtD
\DTXH6ROLVRUJDQL]yXQDFWLYRWDOOHU
TXHDFRVWXPEUyDLQFOXLUODILUPD
FRPRVHOORGHRULJHQ
6HFUHHTXHVXVVHULHVPiVWHPSUDQDV
VRQDXWyJUDIDV\TXHHQVXV~OWLPRV
DxRVODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHOWDOOHU
IXHPD\RULWDULD/DFDOLGDG
GHODVSODQFKDVIOXFW~DPXFKR
SRUHVWDUD]yQ
,QIRUPDFLyQWRPDGDGH
KWWSHVZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL9LUJLOB6ROLV
/D PDUFKD
GH OD 1DWXUDOH]D
\VXVH[WUDYtRV
,9 7DOOHU (VWXGLDQWLO
GH7HRUtD
GHORV&RQWLQXRV
\VXV+LSHUHVSDFLRV
'RORUHV'HO5LR
OD HQFDQWDGRUD
GH FiPDUDV
6XVFULSFLyQ
D0,73UHVV
&RPSXWDFLyQ
$FXHUGRVGHO&'0
<RWDPELpQIXL
DODHVFXHOD
9LUJLO6ROLV0HODQFROLFXV
Descargar