la dualidad de géneros en el mito griego: el caso del dios femenino

/DGXDOLGDGGHJpQHURVHQHOPLWRJULHJRHOFDVRGHO'LRVIHPHQLQR
)(51È1'(=*yPH]-RUJH'DYLG
,QWURGXFFLyQ
/D PXMHU KD VLGR PDOWUDWDGD SRU ORV JULHJRV GH OD DQWLJHGDG HQ ODV GRV
FRQVWDQWHVSRVLEOHV(QODUDFLRQDOQRHVDOJRTXHH[WUDxHGHPDVLDGRVLSHQVDPRVTXH
D~QKR\H[LVWHQJUDYHVSUREOHPDVGHPDUJLQDFLyQ\TXHKDEODPRVGHXQDFRQFHSFLyQGH
KDFH DxRV SHUR HQ OD FRQVWDQWH PtWLFD WDPELpQ VH DGRSWD HVWH HQIRTXH DVt SRU
HMHPSORODVGLRVDVKHOHQDVVHQRVPXHVWUDQFRPRVHUHVSHUYHUVRVTXHVHMDFWDQGHGDxDU
D ORVKRPEUHV(VWDYLVLyQOHMRVGHSHUGHUVHHQHOWUDQVFXUVRGHOWLHPSRHQFXOWXUDV\
PLWRORJtDVYHQLGHUDVVHSUHVHUYD3RUSRQHUXQHMHPSORFODURORVPDORVHQORVFXHQWRV
LQIDQWLOHVQRVRQRWURVTXHYLHMDVEUXMDV3HURWDPELpQHQGLVFXUVRVPiVDFWXDOHVFRPR
HOFLQHPDWRJUiILFRVHFRQVHUYDHVHDXUDGHPLVWHULR\WHUURUHQODVPXMHUHVFRPRHVHO
FDVRGHODKROO\ZRRGHQVHPXMHUIDWDO'HHVWHPRGR$UWHPLVDR0HGXVDQRPXHUHQFRQ
ORV JULHJRVVLQRTXHVLJXHQVHPEUDQGRHOWHUURU\HOFDRVHQODDFWXDOLGDG¢4XpPRWLYRV
WHQHPRV UHDOPHQWHORVKRPEUHVSDUDFUHDUHVWRVDUTXHWLSRVIHPHQLQRVWDQPDOLJQRV"
(QWRGRHVWHHQWUDPDGRPtWLFRUHDOH[LVWHXQDWLVERGHUXSWXUDGHODFRQFHSFLyQ
PDFKLVWDWUDGLFLRQDOUHSUHVHQWDGRSRU'LRQLVRGLRVGHOJRFH\HOYLQR/DLPDJLQDFLyQ
KHOpQLFD FUHy XQ GLRV DGHPiV GH ORV TXH FRQIRUPDEDQ HO FtUFXOR ROtPSLFR GLIHUHQWH
2WUR HQ WHUPLQRORJtDGH9HUQDQWTXHFRQXQHVStULWXDQLPDOLQYRFDDSHULyGLFDVRUJtDV
D VXV ILHOHV SRU PHGLR GH OD HPEULDJXH] 3RU RWUR ODGR pVWH VH DVRFLD FRQ OR GXDO HV
iQJHO \ GLDEOR PiUWLU \ YHUGXJR LOXPLQDGRU \ VHxRU GH ODV VRPEUDV HWF 6L QRV
DWHQHPRV DO JpQHUR QRV HQFRQWUDPRV FRQ HO SULPHU SHUVRQDMH KHUPDIURGLWD GH OD
OLWHUDWXUD 'LRQLVR UHSUHVHQWD SRU XQ ODGR OR IHPHQLQR FUHFH VH HGXFD \ YLVWH FRPR
PXMHUDGHPiVVHUiQHOODVODVTXHFRQIRUPHQVXVpTXLWRPpQDGHVEDFDQWHVHWFKDVWD
HO SXQWR TXH VXV VDFHUGRWLVDV WDPELpQ VHUiQ KHPEUDV 3RU RWUR ODGR VH OH FRQVLGHUD
FRPR HO PDFKR YLULO EDVWH UHFRUGDU TXH VH DVRFLD FRQ HO WRUR DQLPDO IHFXQGDGRU SRU
H[FHOHQFLD (VWD DSDUHQWH SDUDGRMD GH DQWDJRQtDV \ SRU H[WHQVLyQ GH JpQHURV GHMD
HQWUHYHUXQDVSHFWRIXQGDPHQWDOHQ'LRQLVRSURSyVLWRIXQGDPHQWDOGHHVWHWUDEDMRTXH
-HDQ3LHUUH9HUQDQWHQYDULDVGHVXVREUDVGHVLJQDGHHVWHPRGRDODVGLYLQLGDGHVTXHQRHQFDMDEDQHQ
HO HQWUDPDGR ROtPSLFR FRQYHQFLRQDO GLRVHV FRPR 0HGXVD R HO SURSLR 'LRQLVR TXH UHSUHVHQWDQ HO ODGR
PiVRVFXUR\VDOYDMHGHODVFRQFLHQFLDVHOHVSHFWURGHODVDOPDVSXUDV
HV OD YLVLyQ ULFD \ SOXUDO GH OD GLYLQLGDG JULHJD FRQ UHVSHFWR D OD FRQFHSFLyQ VRFLDO
SUHGRPLQDQWHHQOD*UHFLD&OiVLFD /DPXMHUHQHOPLWRJULHJR
1R HV PHUD FRLQFLGHQFLD TXH HQ GLVFXUVRV GH OD PRGHUQLGDG FRPR HO
FLQHPDWRJUiILFRRHOSXEOLFLWDULRORVPDORVVHDQORVPLVPRVTXHHQRWURVGLVFXUVRVPiV
WUDGLFLRQDOHVFRPRHOOLWHUDULR6LVHSUHWHQGHEXVFDUXQSRUTXpQRGHEHPRVREYLDUODV
EDVHVGHWRGRHVWHHQWUDPDGRILORVyILFRDUWtVWLFRODPLWRORJtD<VLHOWHUUHQRHQHOTXH
QRV YDPRV D PRYHU SDUWH GH XQD FRQFHSFLyQ RFFLGHQWDO GH ODVFRVDVKD\TXHFHUUDUHO
PDUFR GH DFFLyQ DO PXQGR KHOpQLFR /RV JULHJRV YDQ D FUHDU XQ XQLYHUVR GLYLQR TXH
VLHQWDODVEDVHVGHXQDFRQFHSWXDOL]DFLyQHVWpWLFRILORVyILFDD~QKR\YLJHQWH(OWHPD
TXH VH WUDEDMD HV EXHQD SUXHED GH HOOR ¢SRU TXp $UWHPLVD *RUJR ODV DUStDV R ODV
VLUHQDV HUDQ WDQ WHUULEOHV \ FUXHOHV SHUR D OD YH] DWUD\HQWHV" < DKRUD IRUPXODPRV OD
SUHJXQWD HQ SUHVHQWH ¢SRU TXp HO FLQH FUHD SHUVRQDMHV SRU XQ ODGR VRPEUtRV \
PDTXLDYpOLFRV FRPR OD PXMHU IDWDO SHUR SRU RWUR ODGR UHERVDQWHV GH DWUDFWLYR \
HURWLVPR"
1LHW]VFKHHQHOKR\\DFOiVLFR(OQDFLPLHQWRGHODWUDJHGLDH[SOLFDTXHGHILQLU
LGHDVPHGLDQWHODSHUVRQLILFDFLyQGLYLQDYLHQHDVHUXQPRGRGHTXHHVRVFRQFHSWRVVH
KDJDQPiVItVLFRVUHDOHV\SDOSDEOHV³(VRVQRPEUHVVHORVWRPDPRVHQSUpVWDPRDORV
JULHJRV ORVFXDOHVKDFHQSHUFHSWLEOHVDOKRPEUHLQWHOLJHQWHODVSURIXQGDVGRFWULQDVGH
VXYLVLyQGHODUWHQRFLHUWDPHQWHFRPRFRQFHSWRVVLQRFRQODVILJXUDVLQFLVLYDPHQWH
FODUDV GHO PXQGR GH VXV GLRVHV´ 0RVWUDU XQ GHWHUPLQDGR FRPSRUWDPLHQWR KXPDQR
PHGLDQWH XQD GHLGDG SRU XQD ODGR OHJtWLPD SRU GHFLUOR GH DOJ~Q PRGR WDO
FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GHMD FODUR OD IUDJLOLGDG GH ORV KRPEUHV \ SRU RWUR PDUFD XQD
FRQVWDQWH (Q QXHVWUR FDVR pVWD HV FODUD OD FRQFHSFLyQ SHUYHUVD SHUR D OD YH]
LUUHVLVWLEOHTXHVHWLHQHGHODVKHPEUDV
$KRUD ELHQ ¢TXp PRWLYRV LPSXOVDQ D ORV YDURQHV D FUHDU HVWH DUTXHWLSR
IHPHQLQR" /D FXHVWLyQ WLHQH GRV OHFWXUDV HQ SULPHU OXJDU VH SXHGH FRQVLGHUDU HO
PDFKLVPR UHLQDQWH HQ JUDQ SDUWH GH OD VRFLHGDG \ FRPR VHJXQGD KLSyWHVLV VH SXHGH
EDUDMDU HO KLSRWpWLFR PLHGR D ODV PXMHUHV ³'HEHPRV LPDJLQDU HO HVWDGR PHQWDO GH ODV
PXMHUHV HQ OD FXOWXUD FOiVLFD JULHJD TXH VH FUHtD HO RPEOLJR GHO PXQGR HQ OD TXH
1,(7=6&+()(ORULJHQGHODWUDJHGLD0DGULG$OLDQ]DSiJ
)(51È1'(= *yPH] - ' ³/R DSROtQHR \ ORGLRQLVLDFROD~OWLPDGLFRWRPtD´+XPDQtVWLFDQž
SiJV
PXFKRVKRPEUHVPHQRVSUHFLDEDQ\WHPtDQDODYH]ODVPXMHUHV(QODPLWRORJtDJULHJD
DEXQGDQ ORV UHODWRV GH PXMHUHV WHPLEOHV /DV PXMHUHV GH /HPQRV PDWDEDQ D VXV
PDULGRV ODV GDQDLGHV KLFLHURQ WUHV FXDUWRV GH OR PLVPR D VXV SUHWHQGLHQWHV QDGD PiV
GHVSRVDUVH FRQ HOORV ODV DPD]RQDV RGLDEDQ D ORV KRPEUHV \ ODV PpQDGHV OHV
GHVFXDUWL]DEDQ +DEtD PXFKRV PiV VHUHV PtWLFRV IHPHQLQRV TXH SRQtDQ ORV SHORV GH
SXQWD D ORV KRPEUHV FRPR JULIRV TXLPHUDV \ HVILQJHV TXH VHUHV PDVFXOLQRV TXH
DWHPRUL]DVHQ D ODV PXMHUHV /D GHVSURSRUFLyQ HQWUH HO SRGHU DWULEXLGR D ODV PXMHUHV
IDWDOHV HQ OD PLWRORJtD JULHJD \ OD VLWXDFLyQ GH ODV PXMHUHV QRUPDOHV HQ *UHFLD HUD
HQRUPH 1R VRUSUHQGH SXHV TXH ODV PXMHUHV JULHJDV VXIULHVHQ IUHFXHQWHPHQWH GH
GHSUHVLyQ´
/OHJDGRDHVWHSXQWRQRQRVGHEHVRUSUHQGHUTXHORVKHOHQRVYDURQHVDWULEX\DQD
ODV KHPEUDV OD LUUDFLRQDOLGDG 3UHFLVDPHQWH HO SHUVRQDMH TXH QRVRWURV YDPRV D WUDWDU
JR]D GH HVWD DXVHQFLD GH UD]yQ \ QR VyOR HOOR OR YD D XQLU DO VH[R IHPHQLQR FRPR
YHUHPRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
+DFLDHOFRQFHSWRGHORGLRQLVLDFR
)UHQWH D OD SRVWXUD DSROtQHD GH PHVXUD \ DXWRFRQWURO 'LRQLVR UHSUHVHQWD OD
SRVWXUD GHVRUGHQDGD FDyWLFD \ HPEULDJDGRUD 9HUQDQW OR GHILQH FRPR XQD ³EUXVFD
LUUXSFLyQHQPHGLRGHODYLGDWHUUHQDGHDTXHOORTXHVXVWUDHDOKRPEUHGHODH[LVWHQFLD
FRWLGLDQD GHO FXUVR QRUPDO GH ODV FRVDV GH Vt PLVPR HO GLVIUD] OD PDVFDUDGD OD
ERUUDFKHUDHOMXHJRHOWHDWUROD]R]REUDHQILQHOGHOLULRGHOp[WDVLV'LRQLVRHQVHxDX
REOLJDDORFRP~QDGHYHQLURWURDKDFHUHQHVWDYLGDDTXtDEDMRODH[SHULHQFLDGHXQD
HYDVLyQ KDFLD XQD GHVFRQFHUWDQWH IRUDQHLGDG´ 6H WUDWD GH XQ GLRV GH OD YHJHWDFLyQ
³UHERVDQWHGHDQLPDOLGDGTXHVXVSHQGHODIURQWHUDGHODLGHQWLGDGSHUVRQDOHLQYRFDD
SHULyGLFDV RUJtDV´ 'LRQLVR HV DQWDJRQLVWD GHO GLRV TXH VDQFLRQD OD OyJLFD GH OD
GRPLQDFLyQ\HOFDPSRGHODUD]yQFRQHOTXHHVWiQHPSDUHQWDGRV$SROR
'LRQLVR PRQWDUD] QR XUEDQR OLEHUDGRU QR SROtWLFR IUHQpWLFR HQWXVLDVPR QR
PRGHUDFLyQ DSROtQHD OLEHUDFLyQ IHPHQLQD PiV TXH OD DXWRULGDG PDVFXOLQD
FRPXQLFDFLyQHPRFLRQDOPiVTXHHOWtPLGRDLVODPLHQWRWUDVWRUQDHORUGHQSHURQRHV
6+/$,1 / (O DOIDEHWR FRQWUD OD GLRVD (O FRQIOLFWR HQWUH OD SDODEUD \ OD LPDJHQ HO SRGHU
PDVFXOLQR\HOSRGHUIHPHQLQR0DGULG'HEDWHSiJ
9(51$17 - 3 /D PXHUWH HQ ORV RMRV )LJXUDV GHO 2WUR HQ OD DQWLJXD *UHFLD %DUFHORQD
*HGLVDSiJ
(6&2+27$'2$/DVGURJDV'HORVRUtJHQHVDODSURKLELFLyQ0DGULG$OLDQ]DSiJ
(QWLpQGDVHHQHOVHQWLGRGH³UDFLRQDOLGDGWpFQLFD´TXHFULWLFyODHVFXHODGH)UDQNIXUW
0$5&86(+(URV\FLYLOL]DFLyQ%DUFHORQD$ULHOSiJ
LQPRUDO VLQR DPRUDO 'LRQLVR H[WUDPXURV EXHQD FRDUWDGD OD GH DSR\DU VXV UHFLQWRV
FRQWUD ODV PXUDOODV D HIHFWRV DF~VWLFRV 1R LPDJLQR D HVWH GLRV HQ 2GHRQHV WHDWURV
FXELHUWRV'LRQLVRQHFHVLWDGHHVSDFLRVDELHUWRVQRVRSRUWDODFLXGDG
'LRQLVRSRUWDQWRUHSUHVHQWDHOJR]R\ODUHDOL]DFLyQVXYR]DGLIHUHQFLDGHOD
GH$SRORQRRUGHQDVLQRFDQWD6L$SRORHVODPHGLGD±DXWRFRQWUROFRPR+HUPHVHV
ODPHGLGDGHOHQWRUQR'LRQLVRHVHOH[FHVRODIDOWDGHPHGLGDpVWDVOHVREUDQ
(OGHPyFUDWDOLEHUWLQR
$SRORYDDWHQHUFRPRUDVJRIXQGDPHQWDOHOFDUiFWHULQGLYLGXDOIUHQWHDOVRFLDO
TXH VH DVRFLD FRQ OD ILJXUD GH 'LRQLVR (Q HO HVWDGR GLRQLVLDFR HO SULQFLSLR GH
LQGLYLGXDFLyQTXHGDURWR³ORVXEMHWLYRGHVDSDUHFHWRWDOPHQWHDQWHODHUXSWLYDYLROHQFLD
GH OR JHQHUDOKXPDQR PiV D~Q GH OR XQLYHUVDO QDWXUDO´ < HV TXH ³ODV ILHVWDV GH
'LRQLVR QR VyOR HVWDEOHFHQ XQ SDFWR HQWUH ORV KRPEUHV WDPELpQ UHFRQFLOLDQ DO VHU
KXPDQR FRQ OD QDWXUDOH]D 'H PDQHUD HVSRQWiQHD RIUHFH OD WLHUUD VXV GRQHV
SDFtILFDPHQWHVHDFHUFDQORVDQLPDOHVPiVVDOYDMHV´
%DMR OD PDJLD GH OR GLRQLVLDFR QR VyOR VH UHQXHYD OD DOLDQ]D HQWUH ORV VHUHV
KXPDQRV WDPELpQ OD QDWXUDOH]D HQDMHQDGD KRVWLO R VXE\XJDGD FHOHEUD VX ILHVWD GH
UHFRQFLOLDFLyQFRQVXKLMRSHUGLGRHOKRPEUH'HPDQHUDHVSRQWiQHDRIUHFHODWLHUUDVXV
GRQHV\SDFtILFDPHQWHVHDFHUFDQORVDQLPDOHVUDSDFHVGHODVRFDV\GHOGHVLHUWR'H
IORUHV\JXLUQDOGDVHVWiUHFXELHUWRHOFDUURGH'LRQLVREDMRVX\XJRDYDQ]DQODSDQWHUD
\HOWLJUH
$ HVWH UHVSHFWR D MXLFLR GH -HDQ3LHUUH 9HUQDQW $SROR YD D UHSUHVHQWDU XQ
PRGHORIXHUWHPHQWHPDUFDGRGHLQWHJUDFLyQVRFLDOGHXQFXOWRFtYLFRFX\DIXQFLyQHVOD
GH VDFUDOL]DU HO RUGHQ WDQWR KXPDQR FRPR QDWXUDO \ OD GH SHUPLWLU D ORV LQGLYLGXRV
DMXVWDUVHDpOSHURVLQGHMDUGHVHULQGLYLGXRVVLQFRQFLHQFLDFROHFWLYDpVWRVVHDMXVWDUiQ
D XQ RUGHQ LPSXHVWR SRU HO GLRV \ HVWDUiQ HQRUPHPHQWH MHUDUTXL]DGRV (Q FDPELR
'LRQLVRVHUiXQLQVWUXPHQWRQRVyORVRFLDELOL]DGRUVLQRWDPELpQGHPRFUDWL]DGRU
/Ï3(= - - /RV GLRVHV EDMDQ GHO 2OLPSR +LVWRULD GH OD KXPDQLGDG D WUDYpV GH ORV PLWRV
JULHJRV6HYLOOD&HQWUR$QGDOX]GHO/LEURSiJ
0$5&86(2SFLWSiJ
/Ï3(=2SFLWSiJ
1,(7=6&+(2SFLWSiJ
,EtGHPSiJ
9(51$17-30LWR\SHQVDPLHQWRHQOD*UHFLDDQWLJXD%DUFHORQD$ULHOSiJ
4XL]iVHOKHFKRGHTXH'LRQLVRVHDXQGLRVH[WUDQMHURH[SOLFDHOGHVHRGHPRFUDWL]DGRUGHpVWH6HGHEH
UHFRUGDU TXH HQ OD DQWLJXD *UHFLD D~Q H[LVWtD OD HVFODYLWXG \ D ODV PXMHUHV VH ODV FRQVLGHUDED FRPR
LQGLYLGXRVGHVHJXQGDILODSRUORTXHSRUORJHQHUDOODVGLYLQLGDGHVHUDQSRFRWROHUDQWHV$VtHOTXHXQ
GLRVGHOSHVRGH'LRQLVRSUHJRQHWDOHVYDORUHVQRGHMDGHUHVXOWDUH[WUDxRSHURFRPRVHH[SOLFDpVWHVH
(O GLRV HQ VXV EDFDQDOHV XQH D WRGR HO PXQGR VLQ GLVWLQFLyQ GH UD]D VH[R R
FRQGLFLyQVRFLDODVtHQXQDILHVWDGLRQLVtDFDVHURPSHODULJXURVDMHUDUTXtDDSROtQHD\
HVTXH³HOHVFODYRHVKRPEUHOLEUHHOQREOH\HOGHKXPLOGHFXQDVHXQHQSDUDIRUPDU
ORV PLVPRV FRURV EiTXLFRV´ (O FXOWR D 'LRQLVR FRPR VH KD YLVWR VH SUDFWLFDED HQ
PD\RUJUDGRSRUORVLQGLYLGXRVTXHQRHQFDMDEDQHQHOHQWUDPDGRSROtWLFRVRFLDOJULHJR
ODOHFWXUDSXHGHUHGXFLUVHDORVTXHQRKDEtDQDOFDQ]DGRODFDWHJRUtDGHFLXGDGDQRVHQ
OD SROLV 'H HVWD FRQVLGHUDFLyQ HUDQODVPXMHUHV\SUHFLVDPHQWHpVWDVVRQHOHOHPHQWR
FODYH\SULQFLSDOGHODEDFDQDO/RVULWRVGLRQLVtDFRVVHKDFtDQSRU\SDUDPXMHUHVHOODV
HUDQVDFHUGRWLVDV\GHYRWDV.HUpQ\LVRVWLHQHTXHVXVEDFDQDOHVLEDQGLULJLGDVDWRGDOD
FRPXQLGDG SHUR ODV FHUHPRQLDV PiV VHFUHWDV LEDQ GLULJLGDV H[FOXVLYDPHQWH D ODV
PXMHUHV6XVpTXLWRORFRQIRUPDEDQEDFDQWHVPpQDGHVQLQIDVHQGHILQLWLYDPXMHUHV
(VWHKHFKRH[SOLFDFRPR\DYLPRVODLUUDFLRQDOLGDGTXHVHOHDWULEX\HDOGLRV\
HVTXHpVWDVHDVRFLDHQOD*UHFLDDQWLJXDFRQORIHPHQLQR³ORVDQWLJXRVUHYHUHQFLDEDQ
OD SURIHFtD OD LQWXLFLyQ \ ORV HVWDGRV DOWHUDGRV GH FRQFLHQFLD 4XH DKRUD HO GLRVGHOD
LUUDFLRQDOLGDG 'LRQLVR IXHVH XQKRPEUHYHVWLGRFRQURSDVGHPXMHUQRHUDVLQRRWUR
EXUGRDUWLILFLRTXHSHUPLWtDDXQGLRVPDVFXOLQRXVXUSDUORVDWULEXWRVIHPHQLQRV´
/R GLRQLVLDFR DSDUHFH FRPR XQ FXOWR GHO GHOLULR \ GH OD ORFXUD QR VH GHEH
ROYLGDUTXHHVWRVGRVUDVJRVVHDWULEX\HQDODVIpPLQDV/DIXVLyQFRQHOGLRVQRHVXQD
FRPXQLyQSHUVRQDOHVGHFLUQRVHDOFDQ]DHQODVROHGDGSRUODPHGLWDFLyQODRUDFLyQR
HOGLiORJRFRQXQGLRVLQWHULRUVLQRHQJUXSR³HQ\SRUODWKLDVRVPHUFHGDWpFQLFDVGH
IUHQHVt FROHFWLYR TXH KDFHQ LQWHUYHQLU GDQ]DV VDOWRV FDQWRV \ JULWRV FRUUHUtDV
YDJDEXQGDVTXHLQWHUQDQDOKRPEUHHQSOHQDQDWXUDOH]DVDOYDMH´
VLW~DHQODLPDJLQDFLyQJULHJDOHMRVGHOSDtVWDOFRPRLQGLFD9HUQDQWVHWUDWDGHXQGLRVYHQLGRGHDIXHUD
GHOH[WUDQMHUR
1,(7=6&+(2SFLWSiJ
.(5e1<,.'LRQLVRV5Dt]GHODYLGDLQGHVWUXFWLEOH%DUFHORQD+HUGHUSiJ
%LHQ HV FLHUWR TXH SHUVRQDMHV FRPR ORV ViWLURV R ORV VLOHQRV YDURQHV VRQ WDPELpQ XQ HOHPHQWR
LPSUHVFLQGLEOH HQ OD EDFDQDO SHUR QR OR HV PHQRV TXH ODV PXMHUHV VH HULJHQ FRPR ODV SURWDJRQLVWDV
SULQFLSDOHVGHOHYHQWRKDVWDHOSXQWRTXHDOJXQRVDXWRUHVSRQHQHQGXGDODSURSLDVH[XDOLGDGGHOGLRV
6+/$,12SFLWSiJ
³/RFXUD GLYLQD TXH HV DUUHEDWDPLHQWR SRVHVLyQ SRU HO GLRV 3RU HVWD PDQtD HO KRPEUH VH OLEHUDGHO
RUGHQTXHIXQGDPHQWDEDGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHODUHOLJLyQRILFLDOHOGRPLQLRSURSLRGHORVDJUDGROR
KLHURQ$ WUDYpVGHODH[SHULHQFLDGHp[WDVLV\GHOHQWXVLDVPRHVWHRUGHQVHGHVFXEUHFRPRXQDVLPSOH
LOXVLyQ VLQ YDORU UHOLJLRVR OR TXH HO ILHO VH HVIXHU]D SRU DOFDQ]DU GH DKRUD HQ DGHODQWH D WUDYpV GH XQ
FRQWDFWR tQWLPR FRQ OR GLYLQR HV XQ HVWDGR GLIHUHQWH HVWDGR GH VDQWLGDG\GHSXUH]DWRWDOHVDOFXDOVH
DSOLFDHOWpUPLQRGHοσιοςTXHVXEUD\DODHQWHUDFRQVDJUDFLyQHQVHQWLGRSURSLRODOLEHUDFLyQUHVSHFWRD
ORVDJUDGR´9(51$170LWR\SHQVDPLHQWR2SFLWSiJ
9(51$17,ELGHPSiJ
0LVSUREOHPDVFRQODVPXMHUHV
1R YDPRV D VHU QRVRWURV ORV TXH GHIHQGDPRV OD FDVWLGDG GH 'LRQLVR VHUtD
WHPHUDULR GXGDU GH VXV FRQWLQXDV FRQTXLVWDV \ DPRUtRV SHUR Vt SRGHPRV DILUPDU TXH
'LRQLVR QR HV XQ SHUVRQDMH GH ODVFLYLD LUUHIUHQDEOH ³FRPR ORV GLRVHV DXWpQWLFDPHQWH
PDVFXOLQRV FX\RV DPRUtRV VH H[WLQJXHQ FRQ OD PHUD SRVHVLyQ \ HV TXH VX DPRU HV
H[WiWLFR\ORXQHSDUDVLHPSUHFRQODDPDGD´$MXLFLRGH/ySH]³'LRQLVRJXVWDGHODV
PXMHUHVSHURPiVTXHSRVHHUODVIDVFLQDUODVKDFHUODVVXVVHJXLGRUDV/DFRQTXLVWDGHOD
,QGLD OD UHDOL]y FRQ XQ HMpUFLWR GH ViWLURV TXH WRFDEDQ FDUDPLOORV \ EDFDQWHV TXH
EDLODEDQDVXVRQ1ROHJXVWDQODVTXHWHMHQSXHV'LRQLVRGHVDWD\GHVDQXGDQLODVTXH
VH PDUJLQDQ R OH UHFKD]DQ SXHV 'LRQLVR HV OD PH]FOD GRQGHWRGRKDGHPH]FODUVH´
&RPRLQGLFD2WWRORIHPHQLQRGHVXQDWXUDOVHPDQLILHVWDWDPELpQHQVXPRGRGHDPDU
3XHVWRGRVXVHUHVWiLPSUHJQDGRHLOXPLQDGRSRUHODPRUIHPHQLQR'HHVWHPRGRQR
FDEH GXGD TXH 'LRQLVR HV XQ FRQTXLVWDGRU QDWR R 'RQ -XDQ KHOHQR SHUR WDPELpQ HV
YHUGDG TXH HO GLRV PXHVWUD XQD TXHUHQFLD \ QR VyOR VH[XDO KDFLD HO VH[R IHPHQLQR
3UXHED GH HOOR HV TXH YDQ D VHU ODV PXMHUHV ODV SULQFLSDOHV VHJXLGRUDV GH OD GHLGDG
DVSHFWR GHPRVWUDEOH QR VyOR HQ HO JUXSR TXH DFRPSDxD DO GLRV HQ VXV DYHQWXUDV
%DFDQWHV 0pQDGHV /HQDV 7tDGHV 1LQIDV 1i\DGHV VLQR WDPELpQ HQ ORV HSLVRGLRV
TXH QDUUDQ OD YLGD \ REUD GHO GLRV \ HV TXH pVWH FXDQGR OOHJD D ODV FLXGDGHV QR VH
SUHRFXSDGHRWUDFRVDTXHQRVHDTXHODVMyYHQHVDQFLDQDVFDVDGDV\VROWHUDVDFXGDQD
VXV ILHVWDV (V PiV HQ ORV FDVRV HQ TXH pVWDV VH UHVLVWHQ VXIULUiQ OD LUD GHO GLRV $O
UHVSHFWRGHORVVDFHUGRWHVHQFDVLWRGRVORVFDVRVPXMHUHV
/RV VDFHUGRWHV GH HVWH GLRV IXHURQ HQ VX PD\RUtD PXMHUHV TXH HUDQ OODPDGDV
XQDV YHFHV 0pQDGHV SRU VX IDOWD GH VHQVDWH] RWUDV 7UtDGHV SRU VHU LPSXOVLYDV \
DORFDGDVRELHQSRU7tDTXHIXHODSULPHUDHQLQVWLWXLUORVVDFULILFLRVGH%DFRRELHQ
SRU VX IDOWD GH PRGHUDFLyQ \ OR GHSUDYDGR GH VXV FRVWXPEUHV %DFDQWHV )XHURQ
OODPDGDVWDPELpQ0LPDORQHVSRUTXHLPLWDEDQD'LRQLVR
2WWRH[SOLFDODSUHVHQFLDSURIXVDGHPXMHUHVHQVXVpTXLWRHLQFOXVRVXSURSLD
IHPLQLGDGPHGLDQWHODIRUWDOH]DGHOGLRV$MXLFLRGHODXWRU'LRQLVRUHSUHVHQWDUDVJRV
FRPR OD OXFKD \ HO WULXQIR HPLQHQWHPHQWH YLULOHV FRPR VH VDEH SHUR ³VX YLULOLGDG
2772:'LRQLVR0LWR\FXOWR0DGULG6LUXHODSiJ
/Ï3(=2SFLWSiJ
27722SFLWSiJ
&217,10LWRORJtD0XUFLD8QLYHUVLGDGGH0XUFLDSiJ
27722SFLWSiJ
FHOHEUDODYLFWRULDPiVVXEOLPHHQORVEUD]RVGHODPXMHUSHUIHFWD3RUHOOR\DSHVDUVX
FDUiFWHUJXHUUHUROHHVDMHQDODKHURLFLGDGFRPRWDO´
(VGHFLUHOPDFKRYLULOHQFDUQDQGRXQWRURWRUQDDXQDIUiJLO\WHUULEOHGDPD
6LQGXGDHVWDPRVDQWHODFRQFHSFLyQTXHORVJULHJRVWHQtDQGHODVPXMHUHVVHREVHUYD
HVHGREOHMXHJRGHDPRU\WHUURURDWUDFFLyQ\IDWDOLGDG(QGHILQLWLYDHVWDGXDOLGDGGH
SDUHFHUHV VH WUDGXFH HQ XQ H[WUDxR PLHGR KDFLD ODV PXMHUHV XQLGR SRU VXSXHVWR D OD
GHSHQGHQFLD GH HOODV 3HUR SDUDGyMLFDPHQWH WUDWDPRV D XQ GLRV UHERVDQWH GH
PDVFXOLQLGDGFRQDWULEXWRVFODUDPHQWHIHPHQLQRVSRUORTXHSRGHPRVKDEODUGHOSULPHU
GLRV KHUPDIURGLWD 3RU XQ ODGR VH WUDWD GHO GLRV GH OD YLULOLGDG GH ODV UHODFLRQHV
FDUQDOHVGHOIDOR\GHODGXOWHULRSRURWURODGRVXVVHJXLGRUHVHQODPD\RUPHGLGDVRQ
IpPLQDV EDFDQWHV PpQDGHV HWF 'LRQLVR VH UHODFLRQDUi FRQ DPERV VH[RV SRU XQD
SDUWH GHELGR SULQFLSDOPHQWH D VX HGXFDFLyQ HQ WRGR PRPHQWR URGHDGR GH PXMHUHV \
DGHPiVHVFRQGLGRWUDVORVURSDMHVGHXQDGHHOODVSUHVHQWDUiUDVJRVPX\IHPHQLQRV\
SRU RWUD FRPR KHPRV GLFKR SRU VX LQQDWR FDUiFWHU VHPHQWDO PX\ DVRFLDGR FRQ OD
ILJXUD GHO WRUR VH OH DVRFLDUi FRQ HO PDFKR (VWH DVSHFWR GH GXDOLGDG VH[XDO HV XQD
FRQVWDQWHHQHOPLWR&RQWLORFDOLILFDGHYDUyQ\KHPEUDDOPLVPRWLHPSRDOOHHUHO
+LPQRD0LVH
$PRGRGHFRQFOXVLyQ
1R GHMD GH VHU FXULRVR TXH HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH 'LRQLVR VHD SXUDPHQWH
HPRFLRQDO KDVWD HO SXQWR TXH VXSHUD ORV OtPLWHV GH OR KXPDQR SDUD SHQHWUDU HQ OD
DQLPDOLGDG\VHWUDWHGHXQDGLYLQLGDGJULHJDDWRGDVOXFHVWROHUDQWH\UD]RQDEOH'LFKR
'HVGHVXQDFLPLHQWRKDVWDODPDGXUH]'LRQLVRKDHVWDGRURGHDGRGHPXMHUHV/DWRUWXRVDUHODFLyQGHO
GLRVFRQ+HUDYDDVHUHOSULQFLSDOPRWLYRSRUHOTXHpVWHGHVGHVXQLxH]SRURUGHQGH=HXVVXSDGUH
WHQJDTXHYLYLUHVFRQGLGRFRQPXMHUHV\DWDYLDGRFRPRHOODV(OKLMRLOHJtWLPRGHOLQILHO=HXVHUDSUHVD
IiFLO SDUD OD YHQJDWLYD +HUD eVWD SUHWHQGtD DFDEDU FRQ 'LRQLVR SDUD ROYLGDU OD UHODFLyQ DG~OWHUD GH VX
PDULGRFRQ6pPHOH=HXVWHPHURVRGHTXHFRQVSLUDUDQFRQWUDVXKLMRVHORFRQILyD3HUVpIRQHTXLHQVHOR
OOHYyD$WDPDQWHHOUH\GH2UFyPHQRV\DVXHVSRVD,QRDTXLHQHVSHUVXDGLySDUDTXHFULDVHQDOQLxRHQ
ODVKDELWDFLRQHVGHODVPXMHUHVGLVIUD]DGRGHQLxD3HURODIDUVDQRGXUyPXFKR\ODWUDPDOOHJyDRtGRV
GH+HUDTXHGHVFXEULyTXH'LRQLVRHQDSDULHQFLDGHQLxDHVWDEDHQ2UFyPHQRV3HURHVWDHGXFDFLyQWDQ
IHPHQLQDQRDFDEDHQHVWHHSLVRGLRHOGLRVYROYHUiDHGXFDUVH\IRUPDUVHURGHDGRGHPXMHUHV<HVTXH
+HUPHVUHJDOyDOMRYHQ'LRQLVRDODVQLQIDV0DFULV1LVD(UDWR%URPLD\%DFTXHGHOPRQWH1LVDHQHO
+HOLFyQ (OODV FXLGDURQ FRQ JUDQ HVPHUR DO GLRV HQ XQD FXHYD OR PLPDURQ \ OR DOLPHQWDURQ FRQ PLHO
VHUYLFLRSRUHOFXDO=HXVFRORFyOXHJRVXVLPiJHQHVHQWUHODVHVWUHOODVFRQHOQRPEUHGHODV+tDGHV)XH
SUHFLVDPHQWH HQ HO PRQWH 1LVD HQ HO TXH 'LRQLVR LQYHQWDUD HO YLQR DFRPSDxDGR GH ODV QLQIDV /D
DGROHVFHQFLDGHOGLRVWDPELpQJLUDUiHQWRUQRGHPXMHUHV$VtSHVHDOJUDQFXLGDGR\SURWHFFLyQTXHODV
QLQIDV GDEDQ D 'LRQLVR XQD YH] TXH pVWH OOHJy D OD HGDG YLULO+HUDORUHFRQRFLyFRPRKLMRGH=HXVD
SHVDUGHODIHPLQDPLHQWRDTXHORKDEtDUHGXFLGRVXHGXFDFLyQ\FRQVLJXLyOOHJDUDpOSDUDKDFHUORSUHVD
GHXQDHQRUPHORFXUD
3UXHEDGHHOORHVODLQWHUPLQDEOHOLVWDGHDPDQWHVGHOGLRV
&217,2SFLWSiJ
HVWRWDPSRFRGHEHH[WUDxDUQRVTXHVHDVRFLHFRQORLUUDFLRQDOIUHQWHDODUDFLRQDOLGDG
DSROtQHD 3RU RWUR ODGR \ VHJXLPRV VXPDQGR HQIRTXHV D SULRUL QHJDWLYRV QR VH GHEH
ROYLGDU OD FRQFHSFLyQ GH PDOLJQR TXH VH WLHQH GHO GLRV EDVWH UHFRUGDU TXH VH OH
UHODFLRQDFRQHOPLVPtVLPR/XFLIHU/DYHUGDGHVTXHVLHQXPHUDPRVVXVSUiFWLFDVPiV
FRPXQHVHVWDYLVLyQSXHGHOOHJDUDH[SOLFDUVHODERUUDFKHUDODILHVWDHOGHVHQIUHQROD
RUJtDHOp[WDVLV
7RGRHVWHHOHQFRGHYLUWXGHVTXHWLHQHODGLYLQLGDGGHSHRUUHSXWDFLyQGHFXDQWDV
SXHEODQHOFtUFXORROtPSLFR\DSXUiQGRQRVODPLWRORJtDJULHJDDOFRPSOHWRWDPELpQVH
DVRFLDQDODPXMHUKHOHQD'HHVWHPRGRODFRQFHSFLyQTXHORVFLXGDGDQRVGHODSROLV
WHQtDQGHORGLIHUHQWHOR2WURVHSHUVRQLILFDHQ'LRQLVRSRUXQODGR\HQORIHPHQLQR
SRU RWUR $Vt SXHV FRPR DQWHV QRV SUHJXQWiEDPRV ¢HVWDPRV DQWH HO SULPHU GLRV
DIHPLQDGR KRPRVH[XDO R KHUPDIURGLWD" /DV SLQWXUDV JUDEDGRV R WH[WRV TXH VH
FRQVHUYDQ VRQ XQ WDQWR FRQIXVRV D HVWH UHVSHFWR SHUR QR DGPLWHQ JpQHUR GH GXGDV
DFHUFD GHODGXDOLGDGGHOGLRVXQDVYHFHVFRQEDUEDRWUDVLPEHUEHDWDYLDGRGHIRUPD
PDVFXOLQDRSRUWDQGRSUHQGDVGHGHOLFDGDVGDPDVHWF
/RTXHQRGHMDGHVHUFXULRVRHVTXHHVWDSHUFHSFLyQGHOSXHEORFRPSDUWLGDSRU
pVWDV\DTXpOHQDxRVYHQLGHURVOHMRVGHSHUGHUVHVHDFHQW~DEDVWHXQUHFRUULGRSRUORV
GLVFXUVRVGHODPRGHUQLGDG¢4XL]iVWRGDYtDH[LVWHHVDFUHHQFLDTXHDVRFLDDODPXMHU
R D 'LRQLVR D OR PiV SODFHQWHUR \ D OD SDU WHUURUtILFR" ¢TXL]iV VLJXH WUDWiQGRVH GH
PLHGR D OR TXH DSDUHQWHPHQWH HV GHVFRQRFLGR OR IHPHQLQR" ¢R TXL]iV HVWDPRV FRPR
FRPHQWDQ DOJXQRV HQ XQD QXHYD HUD GH OR GLRQLVLDFR" /R TXH QR FDEH GXGD HV TXH VH
WUDWDGHORGLIHUHQWH
3HVHDHVWHKHFKRDUWHVFRPRODSLQWXUDODOLWHUDWXUDHOFLQH\SRUVXSXHVWROD
SXEOLFLGDG WRGDYtD PDQWLHQHQ FyGLJRV HVWUXFWXUDV R PLWHPDV TXH ELHQ GH IRUPD
LPSOtFLWD R ELHQ H[SOtFLWDPHQWH PXHVWUDORVUDVJRVGHODRUJtDGLRQLVtDFD'HEHUtDVHU
FDVLWHPHUDULRUHFXUULUDHVWHJURWHVFRIUtYROR\ORTXHHVSHRUPDOLJQRSHUVRQDMHSDUD
YHKLFXODU PHQVDMHV SXEOLFLWDULRV \D TXH pVWRV GHEHQ PRVWUDU FRPR GLFH HO PDHVWUR
SXEOLFLWDULR+RSNLQVOREXHQR/DSXEOLFLGDGHVXQUHIOHMRPtWLFRGHODUHDOLGDGGRQGH
UHLQD OD EHOOH]D VH WUDWD GH XQ PXQGR GRQGH QR FDEH XQ SHUVRQDMH TXH HQFDUQD D XQD
GLYLQLGDG LQIHUQDO 3HUR FXULRVDPHQWH OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH pVWH HV SURIXVD QR GXGHQ HQ
DFXGLU D OD ~OWLPD FDPSDxD GH 7RUR R GH %HHIHWHU SDUD FRQILUPDU HVWD DILUPDFLyQ
¢%XVFDPRVODUHVSXHVWDHQODHVWXOWLFLDGHORVHVWUDWHJDV\FUHDWLYRVSXEOLFLWDULRVRHQOD
',(/3(OVLPEROLVPRHQODPLWRORJtDJULHJD%DUFHORQD/DERUSiJ
SURSLDQDWXUDOH]DGHOSHUVRQDMH"¢4XpEXVFDHOGLVFXUVRSXEOLFLWDULR\WLHQH'LRQLVR"/R
2WUR