UNIT 1

UNIT 1
1. Presente Perfecto Simple
El presente perfecto se usa en el idioma inglés para narrar hechos que ya han ocurrido en
un momento no específico del pasado, y que pueden o no estar continuando en el presente.
Ejemplo
-
I have sent the letter.
Yo he enviado la carta.
-
Paul has painted his room.
Paul ha pintado su cuarto.
Conjugación
PRONOMBRE
Sujeto
AFIRMATIVA
Auxiliar (have o Has) +
Verbo (pasado participio)
NEGATIVA
Auxiliar (haven’t o Hasn’t)
+ Verbo (pasado participio)
PREGUNTAS
Auxiliar (have o has) + Sujeto
+ Verbo (pasado participio)
I
have eaten
haven‟t eaten
Have you eaten …?
YOU
have eaten
haven‟t eaten
Have you eaten …?
HE
has eaten
hasn‟t eaten
Has he eaten …?
SHE
has eaten
hasn‟t eaten
Has she eaten …?
IT
has eaten
hasn‟t eaten
Has it eaten …?
WE
have eaten
haven‟t eaten
Have we eaten …?
YOU
have eaten
haven‟t eaten
Have you eaten …?
THEY
have eaten
haven‟t eaten
Have they eaten …?
ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS:
Para formar oraciones afirmativas en Presente Perfecto debemos utilizar el auxiliar HAVE o
HAS acompañado por el verbo principal en su Pasado Participio (ya sean verbos regulares
o verbos irregulares)
Sujeto + Auxiliar (have o has) + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento
I have bought a new dress for the party.
Yo he comprado un nuevo vestido para la fiesta.
You have studied the lesson for two hours. Tú has estudiado la lección por dos horas.
He has eaten pizza many times this month. Él ha comido pizza muchas veces este mes.
She has lost the keys again.
Ella ha perdido las llaves nuevamente.
Recuerde que las 3º personas del singular (He, she, It) deben conjugarse con el auxiliar HAS.
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Ejercicio 1
I.
Usando la conjugación adecuada, complete las siguientes oraciones.
1.
Sofia (study) _______________ so hard for the final exam.
2.
We (write) _______________ a lot of beautiful poems.
3.
Margaret (travel) _______________ to Italy.
4.
I (go) _______________ to the cinema.
5.
They (bring) _______________ a lovely dog.
6.
Sam (arrive) _______________ late to work.
7.
Mark (visit) _______________ wonderful cities in Europe.
8.
My mother (make) _______________ a nice dress for my sister.
9.
Clare (invite) _______________ her boyfriend to the wedding.
10.
Lia (want) _______________ to work in the fashion industry.
II. Ordene las palabras y siguiendo la estructura forme una oración afirmativa.
1. 6 o‟clock/Diana/ has/ until/ slept
_______________________________________________________
2. I/ traveled/ to USA/ have / many times.
_______________________________________________________
3. has/about/ Sally/ her/ job/ thought
_______________________________________________________
4. important/The/ director/ has/ an/ meeting/ arranged
_______________________________________________________
5. Governor/ written/ My/ mother/ has/ letters/ to/ the/ a lot of
_______________________________________________________
6. enjoyed/ Tom and Mary/ have/ movie/ the
_______________________________________________________
7. exam/ I/ many/ mistakes/ in/ the/ made/ have
_______________________________________________________
8. delicious/ has/ Sarah/ made/ dinner/ a
_______________________________________________________
9. tried/ I/ to/ do/ exercises/ the/ have
_______________________________________________________
10. the/ radio/ concert/ She/ has/ the/ on/ listened
_______________________________________________________
ORACIONES NEGATIVAS:
Para construir oraciones negativas en Presente Perfecto, utilizamos la forma negativa del
auxiliar, es decir HAVEN‟T o HASN‟T acompañado por el verbo principal en su Pasado
Participio.
Sujeto + Auxiliar (haven‟t o hasn‟t) + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento
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I haven‟t visited my grandparents this year.
Yo no he visitado a mis abuelos este año.
You haven‟t finished the homework yet.
Tú no has terminado el deber todavía.
He hasn‟t used the computer today.
Él no ha usado la computadora hoy día.
She hasn‟t taken a shower yet.
Ella no se ha bañado todavía.
Ejercicio 2
I. Transforme las siguientes oraciones afirmativas en negativas.
1. They have accepted credit cards.
___________________________________________________________
2. He has built a new department.
___________________________________________________________
3. Jonathan has bought a new car and a new house.
___________________________________________________________
4. We have sung different songs at the camp.
___________________________________________________________
5. The player has scored twice today.
___________________________________________________________
6. The President has visited the museum.
___________________________________________________________
7. The students have printed the magazine.
___________________________________________________________
8. The secretary has asked the boss to sign the letters.
___________________________________________________________
9. The children have swum in the lake.
___________________________________________________________
10. Sarah has worked for a building company.
___________________________________________________________
II. Complete los espacios en blanco con la forma correcta de una oración negativa.
1. Jane ______________ (studied) for her exam.
2. Your letter ______________ (arrive).
3. I ______________ (live) here for ten years.
4. We ______________ (go) to the cinema this week.
5. The game ______________ (start). I‟m getting bored.
6. I ______________ (phone) my mother for two days.
7. My friend______________ (lose) her keys since she was in high school.
8. They ______________ (travel) to Italy this year.
9. My partners ______________ (work) all day.
10.
We ______________ (buy) a new house since 2010.
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PREGUNTAS DE SI Y NO:
Para formar una interrogación, colocamos el auxiliar (have o has) al comienzo de la oración,
luego el sujeto y posteriormente el verbo principal también en Pasado Participio:
Auxiliar (have o has) + Sujeto + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento?
Have you studied for the final exam this month?
¿Has estudiado para el examen final este mes?
Have they arrived punctual to the class this level?
¿Han llegado puntuales a la clase este nivel?
Has he cleaned his room?
¿Ha limpiado su cuarto?
Has she called her daughter today?
¿Ha llamado a su hija hoy día?
Para responder este tipo de preguntas en forma corta, necesitamos usar el sujeto y el
auxiliar ya sea en forma afirmativa o negativa.
Ejemplo:
-
Have you finished the project?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven‟t.
-
Has Paula eaten her lunch?
Yes, she has. No, she hasn‟t.
-
Have they painted their house?
Yes, they have. No, they haven‟t.
-
Has the dog slept in the sofa?
Yes, it has.
No, it hasn‟t.
Ejercicio 3
I.
Transforme la siguientes oraciones afirmativas en preguntas de Si y No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Bob has visited his grandma. _______________________________________________
Jimmy has played on the computer. _______________________________________________
Sue and Walter have washed their car. ______________________________________________
Andrew has repaired his bike. _______________________________________________
Phil has helped Anne with maths. _______________________________________________
Brad and Louise have watched a film. _______________________________________________
Tamara has talked to her best friend. _______________________________________________
Bridgette has drawn a picture. _______________________________________________
Carol has read a computer magazine. _______________________________________________
Tom and Alice have been to a restaurant.____________________________________________
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II. Conteste las siguientes preguntas en forma corta.
1. Have you answered the question? ________________________________
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Has Jenny locked the door? ________________________________
Has Patricio called us? ________________________________
Have you seen the picture? ________________________________
Have your parents got the letter? ________________________________
Has it rained a lot? ________________________________
Have we sung the song? ________________________________
Has Maureen watched the film? ________________________________
Has Bob read many book? ________________________________
Have you ever been to London? ________________________________
III. Estructure preguntas usando las palabras del paréntesis.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(travel / Colombia / Yadira ) __________________________________
(eat / sushi / you) ___________________________________________
(watch / Titanic / your parents) ________________________________
(finish / the homework / your friend) ________________________________
(call / your mother / you) ________________________________
PREGUNTAS INFORMATIVAS:
Para formar una pregunta informativa, colocamos la pregunta informativa de acuerdo al tipo
de información requerida, seguido del auxiliar (have o has), luego el sujeto y posteriormente
el verbo principal también en Pasado Participio:
Wh + Auxiliar (have o has) + Sujeto + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento?
Pregunta Informativa
WH
WHAT
WHERE
WHERE … FROM
WHEN
WHICH
WHY
HOW
HOW OLD
HOW OFTEN
WHAT TIME
qué
dónde
de dónde
cuándo
cuál/ cuáles
por qué
cómo
cuántos años
con qué frecuencia
qué hora/ a qué hora
Ejemplo
-
What have you learnt in your English class?
I have learnt new vocabulary.
-
Where has your friend bought her books?
She has bought her books in the library.
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-
How long have they studied for the test?
They have studied for the test for two hours.
-
Who has finished the English homework?
Everybody has finished the English homework.
Ejercicio 4
I.
Formule la pregunta en base a la información marcada en negrilla.
1.
I have been in the garden. _______________________________________________
2. My sister has cooked dinner. _____________________________________________
3. Sue has read the book twice. _____________________________________________
4. My friend has crashed his car. _______________________________________________
5. Jeanneth has been on holiday for eight days. ___________________________________
6. Freddy has done his homework. ____________________________________________
7. Gabriel has stopped at the corner. __________________________________________
8. Sarah has bought five books. _____________________________________________
9. Jason has talked to his teacher. ___________________________________________
10. Catherine has cleaned the house because she is having a party tonight.
_______________________________________________
II. Responda las siguientes preguntas.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Where has your sister learnt French? _________________________________
Who has called today? ________________________________________
What have you bought in the mall? ________________________________
When has she traveled to Cuenca? ________________________________
Who has been you teacher during this level? ___________________________
1.1 Present perfect con for y since
For y Since sirven para delimitar el tiempo de la acción del verbo.
FOR
DURANTE
SINCE
DESDE.
Ejemplo
-
I have lived here for four years.
I have lived here since 2011.
He hasn‟t studied for eight years.
He hasn‟t studied since 2009.
Yo he vivido aquí durante 4 años.
Yo he vivido aquí desde el 2011.
El no ha estudiado durante ocho años.
El no ha estudiado desde el 2009.
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Observa que usamos for para expresar la duración de una acción, y since para indicar
cuándo comenzó la acción.
Ejercicio 5
I.
Use for o since de acuerdo al contexto.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
I haven't phoned home _________ Christmas.
We've been here _________ nine o'clock.
I have worked for International House _________ more than eight years.
I haven't visited my home town_________ I left school.
I haven't been to the cinema_________ ages.
I have studied non-stop_________ 9.15.
I have had a driving license_________ I was eighteen.
She hasn't had a day off_________1999.
Johan has been in England_________ more than two weeks now.
Peter has been my best friend _________we were nine.
1.2. Present perfect con already, yet y just
For y since, establecen cuando se ha concluido la acción mientras que already, just y yet
establecen acciones que todavía no han acabado.
ALREADY
YA
JUST
ACABAR DE
YET
TODAVIA NO, AUN
Ejemplo
-
I have already done my homework
I have just done my homework.
I haven't done my homework yet.
Have you studied Unit 3 yet?
Yo ya he hecho mis deberes.
Yo he acabado de hacer mis deberes.
Yo todavía no he hecho mis deberes.
¿Ya has estudiado la unidad 3?
2. Presente Perfecto Continuo
Usamos el presente perfecto continuo para hablar de acciones no terminadas que
empezaron en el pasado y están continuando ahora.
Ejemplo
- I have been baking this cake.
Yo he estado horneando este pastel.
- He has been stuying English all the day.
El ha estado estudiando Ingles todo el dia.
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El presente perfecto continuo también se usa para expresar acciones que no están
terminadas y pero que estuvieron en progreso en el pasado. Puede enfatizar también el
resultado de la acción.
Ejemplo
- She has been painting a picture the whole day. Her clothes are covered in paint.
Ella ha estado pintando un cuadro todo el día. Su ropa está cubierta de pintura.
Aquí, ella empezó a pintar el cuadro y ha estado pintando durante un periodo de tiempo
durante el día, pero en el momento de hablar no ha terminado de pintar el cuadro.
Al igual que en presente perfecto simple, podemos medir la duración de la acción continua
con "how long'" (¿Cuánto tiempo?) y con "for (durante) / since (desde)".
Ejemplo
- I have been studying English for five years.
Yo he estado estudiando inglés durante cinco años.
- How long have you been studying the present perfect continuous?
¿Cuánto tiempo has estado estudiando el presente perfecto continuo?
Recuerden que HOW LONG lo podemos emplear en los dos tiempos.
Conjugación
PRONOMBRE
Sujeto
AFIRMATIVA
Auxiliar (have o Has) +
BEEN + Verbo (ING)
NEGATIVA
Auxiliar (haven’t o
Hasn’t) + BEEN + Verbo
(ING)
PREGUNTAS
Auxiliar (have o has) +
Sujeto + BEEN + Verbo
(ING)
I
have been working
haven't been working
YOU
have been working
haven't been working
HE
has been working
hasn't been working
Have you been
working… ?
Have you been
working…?
Has he been working…?
SHE
has been working
hasn't been working
IT
has been working
hasn't been working
WE
have been working
haven't been working
YOU
have been working
haven't been working
THEY
have been working
haven't been working
Has she been
working…?
Has it been working…?
Have we been
working…?
Have you been
working…?
Have they been
working…?
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ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS:
Para formar oraciones afirmativas en Presente Perfecto Continuo debemos utilizar el auxiliar
HAVE o HAS acompañado por BEEN y el verbo principal en su Pasado Participio (ya sean
verbos regulares o verbos irregulares)
Sujeto + Auxiliar (have o has) + Been + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento
We have been waiting here for over two hours!
She has been working at that company for three
years.
They have been talking since five o‟clock.
James has been teaching at the university since
June.
Nosotros hemos estado esperando aquí por más de dos
horas.
Ella ha estado trabajando en aquella compañía por tres
años.
Ellos han estado hablando desde las cinco.
James ha estado ensenando en la universidad desde
Junio.
ORACIONES NEGATIVAS:
Sujeto + Auxiliar (haven‟t o hasn‟t) + Been + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento
My friend hasn‟t been teaching English.
Mi amiga no ha estado enseñando inglés.
The children haven‟t been sleeping well.
Los niños no han estado durmiendo bien.
I haven‟t been cleaning the room.
Yo no he estado limpiando la habitación.
Her mother hasn‟t been cooking lately.
Su madre no ha estado cocinando últimamente.
PREGUNTAS DE SI Y NO:
Para formar una interrogación deberemos colocar el auxiliar (have o has) al comienzo de la
oración, luego el sujeto y posteriormente el verbo principal también en Pasado Participio:
Auxiliar (have o has) + Sujeto + Been + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento?
Has Paula been talking on the phone?
¿Ha estado Paula hablando por teléfono?
Have the students been working in the platform?
¿Han estado los estudiantes trabajando en la
plataforma?
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Have you been smoking?
¿Has estado tu fumando?
Has he been exercising in the gym?
¿Has estado el ejercitándose en el gimnasio?
PREGUNTAS INFORMATIVAS:
Wh + Auxiliar (have o has) + Sujeto + Been + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento?
Para formar una pregunta informativa, es necesario seguir la estructura indicada.
Ejemplo
1. What have you been doing lately?
I have been working with my father in his company.
- ¿Qué has estado haciendo últimamente?
Yo he estado trabajando con mi padre en su compañía.
2. Where has Jose been studying French?
Jose has been studying French in the university.
- ¿Donde ha estado José estudiando Francés?
El ha estado estudiando Francés en la universidad.
3. Why have you been working long hours?
I have been working long hours because I have to present a Project next week.
- ¿Por qué has estado trabajando por tantas horas?
Yo he estado trabajando por tantas horas porque tengo que presentar un proyecto la
siguiente semana.
4. How long has she been doing her English homework?
She has been doing her English homework for three hours.
- ¿Por cuánto tiempo ha estado ella haciendo su deber de Ingles?
Ella ha estado haciendo su deber de inglés por tres horas.
Ejercicio 6
I.
Escriba oraciones afirmativas o negativas siguiendo la estructura indicada.
1.
Alberto / soccer / play / for two hours / not
________________________________________________
2.
Not / Ana / volleyball / match / watch / since 9 o‟clock
________________________________________
3.
For a long time / we / in the park / wait
___________________________________________________
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4.
Ricky Martin / for a long period / record / a new album
________________________________________
5.
I / a magazine / not / read / for an hour
___________________________________________________
6.
it / rain / all day
_____________________________________________________
7.
lately / Patricio and Susan / in marathons / run / not
_______________________________________________________________
8.
for five minutes / she / her teeth / brush
__________________________________________________
9.
in London / live / for three years / my uncle
________________________________________________
10.
swim / not / on the beach / the children
____________________________________________________
II. Complete las siguientes oraciones utilizando el auxiliar mas apropiado de acuerdo al contexto.
( have – has – haven’t – hasn’t )
1. She _______ been asking questions all day long.
2. My friends _______ been climbing the mountain since they had the accident.
3. We _______ been washing the dishes for a long time.
4. The technician _______ been repairing my computer all this week because he traveled to
Colombia.
5. I _______ been working in the university for a long period because I was on vacation.
6. It _______ been raining for a week.
7. The boy _______ been playing video games since breakfast.
8. Caty _______ been cleaning the house today, she will do it tomorrow..
9. The men _______ been painting the building since Monday.
10. Monica and Paola _______ been studying English for a year, they have been studying French.
III. Complete las siguientes oraciones con la conjugación correcta del verbo.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
He _________________ (work/not) in this company since 1985.
I _________________ (wait) for you since two o'clock.
Mary _________________ (live) in Germany since 1992.
He _________________ (play/not) tennis for five hours.
The students _________________ (learn) English for one year.
We_________________ (look) for the information for more than an hour.
I _________________ (live) without electricity for two weeks.
She _________________ (work/not) in the garden this day.
Beatriz ____________________ (teach/not) in Cuenca this year.
Ricky _________________ (wash) his car for two hours.
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IV. Escriba preguntas de Si o No.
1.
she / on the phone / talk
________________________________________________________
2.
his brother / dinner / cook
_______________________________________________________
3.
Jane and Mary / badminton / play
__________________________________________________
4.
Sue / in the gym / exercise
_______________________________________________________
5.
Robert / the room / paint
________________________________________________________
6.
they / trees / plant
____________________________________________________________
7.
Henry / in the garage / work
_______________________________________________________
8.
they / in the lake / swim
__________________________________________________________
V. Responda las siguientes preguntas informativas.
1.
Who has been waiting in the office since 4 o‟clock?
____________________________________
2.
Where has Sue been working for 20 years?.
_________________________________________
3.
What have Tim and Tina been learning for six years?
___________________________________
4.
How long has Mary been saving her money?
_________________________________________
5.
Who has been watching TV for hours?. _________________________________________
3. Verbos Compuestos (Phrasal Verbs)
Los verbos compuestos son expresiones idiomáticas que se forman combinando verbos con
preposiciones. Esto da como resultado nuevos verbos compuestos con un significado muy
distinto al que nos da el diccionario para los verbos individuales.
Verbos compuestos inseparables
No se puede separar la preposición del verbo y el complemento debe venir después de la
preposición.
A continuación la lista de los verbos compuestos mas comunes.
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VERBO
COMPUESTO
SIGNIFICADO
EJEMPLO
AGREE WITH
estar de acuerdo
"All women are bad drivers." "I don't
agree with you."
BE ABOUT TO
estar a punto de
I was about to leave the house when my
friends arrived.
BE BACK
Regresar
I'm working late at the office tonight so I
won't be back until 10.
BE OUT OF
quedarse sin
We're out of eggs so we can't make a
tortilla.
BE OVER
terminarse
When the football match was over, we
went to the pub.
BE UP
estar levantado
BLOW UP
estallar (una bomba)
BLOW UP
Inflar
We blew up at least a hundred balloons
for the Christmas party.
BREAK DOWN
averiarse
My car broke down on the way to Manta.
CALL BACK
volver a llamar
CARRY ON
seguir. continuar
I'm sorry if I interrupted you. Please carry
on.
CARRY OUT
cumplir (una promesa)
The President carried out his promise to
reduce taxation.
CARRY OUT
llevar a cabo
The execution was carried out at seven
o'clock in the morning.
CLEAR UP
poner en orden
COME ACROSS
encontrar, dar con
I came across an old friend on the metro
in Madrid.
COME BACK
Regresar
I'm going to England for two weeks. I'm
coming back on the fifth.
COME IN
Entrar
"Good morning. Come in and sit down."
COME ON
¡Vamos!, ¡Date prisa!
CUT DOWN ON
consumir menos
CUT OFF
cortar, desconnectar
CUT UP
cortar en pedazos
DO UP
abrochar, atar
"Phil isn't up yet: he's still in bed. Phone
again in ten minutes."
The bomb blew up killing six people.
"I'm afraid the manager isn't here at the
moment. Could you call back later?"
It took four hours to clear up after the
party.
Come on. We're going to be late.
You must cut down on cholesterol or
you'll have a heart attack.
When we didn't pay the bill, the electricity
was cut off.
We cut up the birthday cake and gave
everyone a slice.
I was five before I knew how to do up my
shoelaces.
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DO WITH
tener algo que ver con,
tener relación con
DO WITHOUT
pasarse sin, prescindir de
GET BACK
volver, regresar
GET IN(TO)
Entrar
I lost my keys and so I couldn't get into
the house.
GET OFF
bajar (de un autobus,
tren)
You have to get off the bus at the next
stop if you want the station.
GET ON
subir (a un autobus, tren,
moto)
GET UP
levantarse
When I got up this morning it was still
dark.
GIVE UP
perder la esperanza,
rendirse
If you find phrasal verbs difficult, don't
give up.
GIVE UP
dejar (de fumar, beber)
You'll get cancer if you don't give up
smoking.
GO AHEAD
¡Siga!
"Can I use the telephone?" "Yes, go
ahead."
GO BACK
volver, regresar
GO DOWN
Bajar
GO OUT
salir (por la calle)
I always go out and have a few drinks on
Saturday night.
GO UP
Subir
The price of cigarettes went up in January
1992.
HANG ON/HOLD ON
Esperar
HANG UP
colgar (el teléfono)
My ex-girlfriend hung up when I phoned
her.
KEEP UP WITH
mantenerse (a la altura
de)
I can't keep up with my father when we
go cycling as he goes too fast.
KNOCK DOWN
derribar, atropear,
demoler
My grandfather's old house was knocked
down and a bank was built.
LEAVE BEHIND
olvidar, dejar
When I got to the airport, I realized I had
left my passport behind.
LET IN
dejar entrar
She opened the door and let in the cat.
LOOK AFTER
Cuidar
My mother looks after the children when
we go away.
LOOK FOR
Buscar
I spent two hours looking for my glasses
before I found them.
LOOK FORWARD TO
esperar con ilusión
"What's MS DOS?" "It's got something to
do with computers."
The shops are shut so we'll have to do
without sugar.
Cinderella had to get back by twelve
o'clock.
Quick! Get on the train, it's about to
leave.
Although she's forty, she's going back to
University to study French.
The price of fruit goes down in the
summer.
Hold on for a minute as Pablo will be
back in five minute.
I'm looking forward to the Easter holidays.
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LOOK OUT
tener cuidado, ¡Ojo!
Look out! - There's a car coming.
PUT ON
encender
Put on the light, it's getting dark.
PUT ON
ponerse (la ropa)
Put your coat on or you'll get cold.
RUN OUT OF
quedars sin algo
We ran out of petrol so we had to get the
bus.
SET OFF
ponerse en camino
We set off to Madrid at five o'clock to
avoid the traffic.
TAKE AFTER
parecerse a
Pablo takes after his mother: they are
both optimistic.
TAKE OFF
despegar
TAKE OFF
quitarse la ropa
TAKE OUT
extraer, sacar
TURN DOWN
bajar (el volumen)
TURN UP
poner el volumen más
fuerte
TURN ON
encender (televisión,
luces etc.)
The flight was delayed for two hours and
the plane eventually took off at 6 p.m.
Take off your coat and make yourself
comfortable.
He took out a cigarette and lit it.
Turn down the radio: it's too loud.
Turn up the radio. I can't hear it.
Turn on the television, please; I want to
see the news.
UNIT 2
Gerundios e Infinitivos
Los gerundios e infinitivos son formas verbales, no tiempos. Como formas verbales se usan
en determinadas situaciones que serán explicadas en breve.
Estas formas verbales traducidas al español tienen la terminación –ar, –er, –ir.

El gerundio es la forma verbal que termina con –ing.
Ejemplo:

(work)
working
trabajar
(read)
reading
leer
(come)
coming
venir
El infinitivo es la forma verbal que empieza con la preposición to
Ejemplo:
(work)
to work
trabajar
(read)
to read
leer
(come)
to come
venir
15
A. USO DE LOS GERUNDIOS
1. COMO SUJETO DE LA ORACIÓN:
Cuando un verbo tiene que ser sujeto de la oración, el verbo tiene que ir en gerundio.
Cuando un gerundio es sujeto de la oración la conjugación del verbo tiene que ir en
singular, es decir como tercera persona.
Ejemplo:
-
Smoking is bad for your health.
(Fumar es malo para su salud)
-
Drinking eight glasses of water helps your body eliminate toxins.
(Tomar ocho vasos de agua ayuda a tu cuerpo a eliminar toxinas)
2. DESPUES DE CIERTOS VERBOS:
Se usa el gerundio después de ciertos verbos. A continuación se presenta una lista básica
de verbos que siempre van seguidos del gerundio:
VERBOS SEGUIDOS POR UN GERUNDIO
admit
delay
Finish
Permit
resume
advise
deny
Forbid
postpone
risk
appreciate
detest
get through
practice
spend (time)
avoid
dislike
Have
Quit
suggest
complete
enjoy
Imagine
Recall
tolerate
consider
escape
Mind
Report
waste (time)
resist
excuse
Miss
Resent
Ejemplos:
-
They enjoy spending time with their friends.
Ellos disfrutan pasar tiempo con sus amigos.
-
He couldn´t resist coming to the party.
El no pudo resistir venir a la fiesta.
-
Mary always avoids being in crowded places.
Mary siempre evita estar en lugares con mucha gente.
Como se puede dar cuenta en el ejemplo, los verbos ENJOY, RESIST, AVOID están
seguidos del gerundio.
16
¡A MEMORIZAR!
Memorice el listado de verbos que van seguidos del gerundio.
3. DESPUÉS DE PREPOSICIONES:
De necesitar un verbo después de una preposición, este verbo tiene que ser en la forma de
gerundio.
A continuación un listado de preposiciones, que será de utilidad para que las reconozca.
in
before
After
with
at
From
to
on
Of
for
about
Ejemplo:
-
They are interested in studying politics.
Ellos están interesados en estudiar política.
-
John washes his hands before eating any meal.
John lava sus manos antes de comer cualquier comida.
B. USO DE LOS INFINITIVOS
1. DESPUES DE CIERTOS VERBOS
Se usa el infinitivo después de ciertos verbos. A continuación se presenta una lista básica
de verbos que siempre van seguidos del infinitivo:
VERBOS SEGUIDOS POR UN INFINITIVO
Arrange
Prepare
Decide
agree
pretend
Ask
Want
Promise
refuse
forget
Appear
Need
Offer
hope
intend
Refuse
Can‟t afford
Would like
expect
choose
Seem
Can‟t wait
Would love
plan
manage
Ejemplos:
-
I need to buy some books for my father.
Yo necesito comprar algunos libros para mi padre.
-
The students would like to travel to London next summer.
A los estudiantes les gustaría viajar a Londres el próximo verano.
17
-
The taxi driver offered to wait for us until we finish our job.
El conductor del taxi ofreció esperarnos hasta que terminemos nuestro trabajo.
¡A MEMORIZAR!
Memorice el listado de verbos que van seguidos del infinitivo.
2. DESPUES DE ADJETIVOS
En los siguientes ejemplos nos podemos dar cuenta como se usa el infinitivo después de un
adjetivo.
Ejemplos:
-
I‟m happy to see you again.
Estoy feliz de volverte a ver.
-
For some people, it‟s difficult to study alone.
Para algunas personas, es difícil estudiar solo.
-
It‟s easy to ride a bycicle, you just need to practice a little more.
Es fácil montar bicicleta, tu solo necesitas practicar un poco más.
3. PARA EXPRESAR UN OBJETIVO ( el porqué estamos haciendo una acción)
-
They are here to study English.
Ellos estan aqui para estudiar Inglés.
-
I have come to help you.
He venido a ayudarte.
-
She called to talk to the English coordinator.
Ella llamo para hablar con la coordinadora de Ingles.

Recuerden que NO es correcto decir *I’m here for to study English. No podemos
usar las dos preposiciones.
Ejercicio 1
I. Completa las frases con la forma de infinitivo o de gerundio de los verbos entre
paréntesis.
1. I don't mind ______________ (work) in an open-space office.
2. He promised ______________ (help) me with the project.
3. He is worried about ______________ (lose) his job.
18
4. ______________ (study) for exams is very tiring.
5. I'm saving money ______________ (buy) a new car.
5. She managed ______________ (present) the project alone.
6. I enjoy ______________ (not go) shopping on Saturdays.
7. I'm looking forward to ______________ (see) you again soon.
8. She is afraid of ______________ (fly).
9. ______________ (read) is relaxing.
10. I've come ______________ (visit) my grandmother.
II. Escoja la mejor opción para completar las frases.
1. I'm going to the post-office _____ some stamps.
a)
for to buy
b)
to buy
2. _____ from home can be stressful.
a)
Working
b)
Work
3. I would like _____ English well.
a)
speaking
b)
to speak
4. I‟m worried about _____ enough money at the end of the month.
a)
not having
b)
having not
5. I'm planning _____ anything this weekend.
a)
to not do
b)
not to do
6. It's difficult _____ at the same time.
a)
working and studying
b)
to work and study
7. I can't afford _____ a flat on my own.
a)
renting
b)
to rent
c)
don't have
8. They enjoy _____ their weekends at the seaside.
a)
to spend
b)
spending
9. He suggested _____ the Modern Tate in London.
a)
visiting
b)
to visit
10. I hope _____ this year.
a)
to graduate
b)
graduating
III. En el siguiente ejercicio se practicara el infinitivo y el gerundio en un texto, mediante unos
consejos para aprender de inglés. Completar el texto con la forma de infinitivo o de
gerundio de los verbos entre paréntesis.
19
1. If you are a beginner, you need _________ (use) a bilingual dictionary. Bilingual
dictionaries are good not just for _________ (translate) but also for _________
(compare).
2. Spend time _________ (study) - if you don't study regularly, you won't become fluent.
3. Don't be afraid of mistakes - every time you are wrong, you are also able _________
(learn) something correctly.
4. Don't translate! It's easier _________ (learn) English if you can think in English.
5. Grammar isn't boring. _________ (learn) English grammar will help you understand the
language.
6. Find a friend _________ (practice) with! _________ (share) your learning adventure is a
great way to go further and to have some fun along the way.
7. A qualified teacher is the best person _________ (help) you learn English.
8. Remember _________ (do) things that you enjoy in English. If you are interested in
gardening, read about it in English.
9. Try _________ (practice) all the areas of English: listening, reading, writing and
speaking.
10. Remember that _________ (learn) a language is not like cycling: if you don't use it, you
lose it!
IV. Escriba la preposición correcta.
1.
Paola is good _______ dancing salsa.
2.
Some students from high school complain _______bullying.
3.
The soccer players are afraid _______losing the match.
4.
People use computers _______storing data.
5.
We are looking forward _______going to the beach at the weekend.
6.
Laura dreams _______living on a small island.
7.
The teacher apologized _______being late.
8.
Do you agree _______staying in a foreign country?
9.
The girls insisted _______going out with Kerry.
10. Eduardo thinks _______ climbing trees this afternoon.
UNIT 3
20
1. Reporte Directo e Indirecto
Cuando queremos comunicar o informar de lo que otra persona ha dicho, hay dos maneras
de hacerlo: utilizando el reporte directo o el reporte indirecto.
1.1 Reporte Directo (Direct Speech)
Cuando queremos informar exactamente lo que otra persona ha dicho, utilizamos el reporte
directo. Con este estilo lo que la persona ha dicho se coloca entre comillas y deberá ser
palabra por palabra.
Ejemplos:
-
“I am going to Cuenca next week,” she said.
"Voy a Cuenca la semana que viene," ella dijo.
-
“Do you have a pen?” he asked.
"Tienes un bolígrafo?" él preguntó.
-
Alicia said, "I love to dance."
Alicia dijo, "Me encanta bailar."
-
Christian asked, "Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?"
Christian preguntó, "Te gustaría cenar conmigo mañana por la noche?"
1.2 Reporte Indirecto (Indirect Speech)
El reporte indirecto, a diferencia del reporte directo, no utiliza las comillas y no necesita ser
palabra por palabra. En general, cuando se usa el reporte directo, el tiempo verbal cambia.
Ejemplos:

Reporte de Oraciones
-
Paola said she was a new student.
Paola dijo que ella era una nueva estudiante.
-
They said they would bake a cake for their parents.
Ellos dijeron que hornearían una torta para sus padres.
-
The boy said he could play soccer very well.
El niño dijo que el podía jugar futbol muy bien.
-
The teacher said she would come back in one hour.
La profesora dijo que ella volvería en una hora.

Reporte de Preguntas: Existen dos formas de reportar preguntas:
- Sofia asked: Do you like English?
Sofia asked if I liked English.
21
- Did your mother go to her job? Peter asked.
Peter asked if my mother had gone to her job.
- What does Patricia‟s brother study? Augusta asked.
Augusta asked what Patricia‟s brother studied.
- Why are you angry? My mother asked.
My mother asked why I was angry.

A continuación se presenta un cuadro explicativo de los cambios de los tiempos
verbales.
Reporte Directo
Reporte Indirecto
Present Simple
Past Simple
"He's American" she said.
She said he was American.
"I'm happy to see you," Maria said.
Maria said that she was happy to see me.
He asked, "Are you busy tonight?"
He asked me if I was busy tonight.
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
"Daniel is living in Loja," she said.
She said Daniel was living in Loja..
He said, "I'm making dinner."
He told me that he was making dinner.
"Why are you working so hard?" they asked.
They asked me why I was working so hard.
Past Simple
Past Perfect Simple
"We went to the movies last night," he said.
He told me they had gone to the movies last night.
Luis said, "I didn't go to work yesterday."
Luis said that he hadn't gone to work yesterday.
"Did you buy a new car?" she asked.
She asked me if I had bought a new car.
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
"I was working late last night," Vicki said.
Vicki told me she'd been working last night.
They said, "We weren't waiting long."
They said that they hadn't been waiting long.
He asked, "Were you sleeping when I called?"
He asked if I'd been sleeping when he called.
Present Perfect Simple
Past Perfect Simple
Heather said, "I've already eaten."
Heather told me that she'd already eaten.
"We haven't been to China," they said.
They said they hadn't been to China.
"Have you worked here before?" I asked.
I asked her whether she'd worked there before.
Present Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
"I've been studying English for two years," he said.
He said he'd been studying English for two years.
Sofia said, "We've been dating for over a year now."
Sofia told me that they'd been dating for over a year.
"Have you been waiting long?" they asked.
They asked whether I'd been waiting long.
Past Perfect Simple
"I'd been to Chicago before for work," he said.
Past Perfect Continuous
She said, "I'd been dancing for years before the accident."
Past Perfect Simple (*NO CHANGE)
He said that he'd been to Chicago before for work.
Past Perfect Continuous (*NO CHANGE)
She said she'd been dancing for years before the accident.
22

A veces se usa "that" en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo que ha
dicho la otra persona. Por otro lado, en las frases interrogativas se puede usar "if" o
"whether".
Nota: Cuando hablamos de algo que no ha cambiado, es decir que todavía es verdad o que
es en el futuro, no tenemos que cambiar el tiempo verbal.
Ejemplos:


"I'm 30 years old," she said. → She said she is 30 years old.
"I'll cut my hair tomorrow," Nina said. → Nina said she is cutting her hair tomorrow.
1.3 Reporte Indirecto con los verbos modales:
El tiempo verbal cambia en el reporte indirecto también con algunos de los verbos modales:
Reporte Directo
Reporte Indirecto
Will
Would
"I'll go to the movies tomorrow," Freddy said.
Freddy said he would go to the movies tomorrow.
"Will you help me move?" she asked.
She asked me if I would help her move.
Can
Could
Debora said, "Andres can work tomorrow."
Debora said Andres could work tomorrow.
"Can you open the window, please?", he asked.
He asked me if I could open the window.
Must
Had to
"You must wear your seatbelt," mom said.
My mom said we had to wear my seatbelt.
She said, "You must work tomorrow."
She said I had to work tomorrow.
Shall
Should
"Shall we go to the beach today?" Tomas asked.
Tomas asked if we should go to the beach today.
"What shall we do tonight?" she asked.
She asked me what we should do tonight.
May
Might/Could
Sandra said, "I may not be in class tomorrow."
Sandra said she might not be in class tomorrow.
"May I use the bathroom, please?" the boy asked.
The boy asked if he could use the bathroom.

Los adverbios y expresiones adverbiales de lugar y tiempo cambian de la siguiente
forma:
CUADRO DE CAMBIOS EN ADVERBIOS DE LUGAR Y TIEMPO
REPORTE DIRECTO
REPORTE INDIRECTO
Today
That day
Yesterday
The day before
The day before yesterday
Two days before
Last week / year…
The previous week / year…
A / two … week / year…ago
A / two…week / year before
23
Tomorrow
The next /following day
The day after tomorrow
In two days' time
Next week /year …
The following week / year
Here
There
Now
Then
This
That
these
Those
Ejercicio 1
I. Cambie las siguientes oraciones de reporte directo a reporte indirecto.
1. Juan:"Marcelo is at home."
___________________________________________________________________
2. Max:"Francis often reads a book."
___________________________________________________________________
3. Susan:"I'm watching TV."
___________________________________________________________________
4. Simon:"David was ill."
___________________________________________________________________
5. Patricia:"The girls helped in the house."
___________________________________________________________________
6. Ricardo:"I am going to ride a skateboard."
___________________________________________________________________
7. Stefani and Carlos:"We have cleaned the windows."
___________________________________________________________________
8. Charlie:"I didn't have time to do my homework."
___________________________________________________________________
9. Mrs. Salas:"My mother will be 50 years old."
___________________________________________________________________
10. Jeanneth:"The boss must sign the letter."
___________________________________________________________________
II. Cambie las siguientes preguntas de reporte directo a reporte indirecto.
24
1. Christopher:"Do you want to dance?"
___________________________________________________________________
2. Betty:"When did you come?"
___________________________________________________________________
3. Mark:"Has John arrived?"
___________________________________________________________________
4. Ronald:"Where does Maria park her car?"
___________________________________________________________________
5. Elisabeth:"Did you watch the latest film?"
___________________________________________________________________
6. Mandy:"Can I help you?"
___________________________________________________________________
7. Andrew:"Will Mandy have lunch with Sue?"
___________________________________________________________________
8. Justin:"What are you doing?"
___________________________________________________________________
9. Frank:"How much pocket money does Lisa get?"
___________________________________________________________________
10. Anne:"Must I do the shopping?"
___________________________________________________________________
III. Escoja la respuesta correcta tomando en cuenta el cambio del tiempo verbal.
1. Sofia "I love chocolate."
Paola: Sofia said (that) she ___ chocolate.
a. loved
b. loves
c. loving
2. Patricio: "I went skiing."
Santiago: Patricio said (that) he ___ skiing.
a. went
b. had gone
c. have gone
3. Maria: "I will eat steak for dinner."
Her mother: Maria said (that) she ___ eat steak for dinner.
a. willing
b. will
c. would
4. Juan: "I have been to Loja twice."
His brother: Juan said (that) he ___ to Loja twice.
a. had been
b. has been
c. was being
25
5. The principal: "I have had three cars."
The student: The principal said (that) he ___ three cars.
a. has
b. has had
c. had had
6. My friends: "We‟re going to go to Tonsupa next holiday."
Johana: My friends said (that) they ___ going to go to Tonsupa next holiday.
a. were
b. was
c. are
7. Sebastian: "I don't like spinach."
Domenika: Sebastian said (that) he ___ like spinach.
a. doesn't
b. don't
c. didn't
8. Mary: "I have never been to London."
Jill: Mary said (that) she ___ never been to London.
a. had
b. has
c. have
9. Daniela: "I was swimming with my friends last weekend."
Gabriela: Daniela said (that) she ___ swimming with her friends last weekend.
a. has been
b. had been
c. have been
10. Teacher: "I have two beautiful cats."
Student: The teacher said (that) she had ___ some cats.
a. have
b. has
c. had
UNIT 4
1. Pasado Simple
El pasado simple se utiliza para hablar de una acción concreta que comenzó y acabó en el
pasado.
ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS
Sujeto + Verbo (pasado simple) + Complemento
- Tony stayed at home last night.
- Katherine worked in the store yesterday.
- The students studied a lot for the exam.
Tony se quedo en casa anoche.
Katherine trabajo en la tienda anoche.
Los estudiantes estudiaron bastante para el examen.
ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
Sujeto + Auxiliar (didn’t) + Verbo (forma simple) + Complemento
- Paul didn‟t come to the party last Friday.
Paul no vino a la fiesta el viernes anterior.
- The students didn‟t arrive on time today.
Los estudiantes no llegaron puntuales hoy día.
26
- I didn‟t study for the oral presentation.
Yo no estudie para la presentación oral.
PREGUNTAS DE SI Y NO
Auxiliar (Did) + Sujeto + Verbo (forma simple) + Complemento?
- Did your parents travel to the beach last year?
¿Viajaron tus padres a la playa el año anterior?
- Did Vanesa work in her office last night?
¿Trabajo Vanesa en su oficina anoche?
- Did you understand the simple past?
¿Entendiste el pasado simple?
PREGUNTAS INFORMATIVAS
- Where did you buyWh
your
car? (Did) + Sujeto + Verbo
¿Dónde
compraste
carro?
+ Auxiliar
(forma
simple) +tu
Complemento?
- When did the students finish the first level?
¿Cuándo terminaron los estudiantes el primer
- What did her mother prepare for lunch
nivel?
yesterday?
¿Qué preparo su madre para el almuerzo ayer?
1.1 Usos
1. Se usa el pasado simple para una serie de acciones en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
- I received the good news and immediately called my husband.
Recibí la buena noticia y llamé de inmediato a mi esposo.
- He studied for an hour in the morning, worked all afternoon and didn't return home until
10 at night.
El estudió por una hora por la mañana, trabajó toda la tarde y no regresó a casa hasta las
10 de la noche.
2. También lo usamos para acciones repetidas o habituales en el pasado, como se usa el
pretérito imperfecto español.
Ejemplos:
- We always traveled to Cancun for vacation when we were young.
Nosotros siempre viajábamos a Cancún durante las vacaciones cuando éramos jóvenes.
- He walked 5 kilometers every day to work.
El caminaba 5 kilómetros hasta el trabajo cada día.
3. Lo usamos para narraciones o acciones de períodos de largo tiempo en el pasado, como
el pretérito imperfecto español.
Ejemplos:
- I worked for many years in a museum.
Yo trabaje en un museo durante muchos años.
- My best friend didn't eat meat for years.
27
Mi mejor amiga no comió carne durante años.
4. Se utiliza para hablar de generalidades o hechos del pasado.
Ejemplos:
- The Aztec lived in Mexico.
Los aztecas vivían en México.
- My husband played the guitar when he was a child.
Mi esposo tocaba la guitarra cuando era niño.
2. Pasado Progresivo
ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS
Sujeto + Verbo To-Be(was-were) + Verbo (ING) + Complemento
- My niece was doing her homework
alone.
- Henry and Linda were dancing all
night.
- I was watching TV while I was
eating.
MI sobrina estuvo haciendo sola su deber.
Henry y Linda estuvieron bailando toda la
noche.
Estuve viendo televisión mientras estaba
comiendo.
ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
Sujeto + Verbo To-Be(was-were) (not) + Verbo (ING) + Complemento
- Teresa wasn‟t listening to music in the
room.
- I wasn‟t washing the dishes with my
sister.
- His parents weren‟t watching the soap
opera.
Teresa no estuvo escuchando música en el
cuarto.
Yo no estuve lavando los platos con mi
hermana.
Sus padres no estuvieron viendo la
telenovela.
PREGUNTAS DE SI Y NO
Verbo To-Be(was-were) + Sujeto + Verbo (ING) + Complemento?
- Were his brothers working in the office?
- Was Marisol reading the magazine in the
bus?
- Were you singing during the concert?
¿Estuvieron sus hermanos trabajando en su
oficina?
¿Estuvo Marisol leyendo la revista en el bus?
¿Estuviste cantando durante el concierto?
28
PREGUNTAS INFORMATIVAS
Wh + To-Be (was-were)+ Sujeto + Verbo (ING) + Complemento?
- Where was your father working last week?
- What were you doing yesterday morning?
- Who was she chatting to during the class?
¿Dónde estuvo trabajando tu padre la semana
pasada?
¿Qué estuviste haciendo ayer en la mañana?
¿Con quién estaba ella chateando durante la clase?
2.1 USOS
1. El pasado progresivo lo utilizamos para una acción larga que ya en el pasado fue
interrumpido. La acción que se interrumpe está en pasado progresivo y la acción que
provoca la interrupción está en pasado simple. "When" y "while" señalan el uso del pasado
simple y progresivo. En general, usamos el pasado simple directamente después de "when"
y el pasado progresivo después de "while."
Ejemplos:
- Jose called while I was watching the news.
José llamó mientras yo estaba viendo las noticias.
- He was walking to work when he fell.
El estaba caminando hacia su trabajo cuando se cayó.
- Was it raining when you left?
¿Estaba lloviendo cuando te fuiste?
2. Se usa el pasado progresivo para hablar sobre acciones en un tiempo específico en el
pasado.
Ejemplos
- Paula wasn't living in Spain in 2005.
Paula no estaba viviendo en España en el 2005.
- We were still working at 10 o'clock last night.
Nosotros todavía estábamos trabajando a las 10 de la noche.
3. Se usa el pasado progresivo para dos acciones que estaban ocurriendo al mismo tiempo
en el pasado.
Ejemplos
- My son was reading while I was cooking.
Mi hijo estaba leyendo mientras que yo estaba cocinando.
- They were talking very loudly while we were trying to watch the movie.
Ellos estaban hablando muy alto mientras nosotros estábamos intentando ver la película.
3. Pasado Perfecto
ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS
Sujeto + Auxiliar (had) + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento
29
- I had finished the task when you
arrived.
- They had practiced the choreography
a lot.
- Charlie had worked in different places
before he traveled to Spain.
Yo había terminado la tarea para cuando tu
llegaste.
Ellos habían practicado mucho la coreografía
Charlie había trabajado en diferentes lugares
antes de viajar a España.
ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
Sujeto + Auxiliar (hadn’t) + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento
- Marley hadn‟t traveled abroad before.
Marley no había viajado al extranjero antes.
- They hadn‟t walked the dog until I Ellos no habían paseado al perro hasta que
arrived.
llegue.
- I hadn‟t had seen my friend in ages.
Yo no había visto a mi amigo por años.
PREGUNTAS DE SI Y NO
Auxiliar (had) + Sujeto + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento?
- Had Alberto written a letter to his ¿Estuvieron sus hermanos trabajando en su
mother?
oficina?
- Had the children eaten when she ¿Estuvo Marisol leyendo la revista en el bus?
arrived?
¿Estuviste cantando durante el concierto?
- Had you tried the dessert yet?
PREGUNTAS INFORMATIVAS
Wh + Auxiliar (had) + Sujeto + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento?
- How long had they studied for the final ¿Cuánto tiempo han estudiado ellos para el
exam?
examen final?
- How many exercises had you done?
¿Cuántos ejercicios habías hecho?
- Where had she been all this time?
¿Dónde ha estado ella todo este tiempo?
3.1 USOS
1. Usamos el pasado perfecto para referirnos a una acción o evento que comenzó en el
pasado y que es anterior a otra acción también en el pasado (el pasado simple).
30
Ejemplos:
- I'd read the book before I saw the movie.
Yo había leído el libro antes de ver la película.
- Donna had just left when you called.
Donna había salido justo cuando llamaste.
- Had you ever flown before the trip to France?
¿Alguna vez habías volado antes del viaje a Francia?
2. Se usa para acciones que pasaron antes de un tiempo específico en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
- I had already woken up when the alarm clock rang at 7am.
Ya me había despertado cuando sonó el despertador a las 7.
- He hadn't been to France before the trip in 2008.
El no había estado en Francia antes del viaje del 2008.
3. También, como el presente perfecto, con algunos verbos usamos el pasado perfecto para
situaciones que han empezado en el pasado y que siguieron hasta un punto específico en el
pasado.
Ejemplos:
- She had only owned one car before she bought her new BMW.
Ella había tenido un coche antes de comprarse su nuevo BMW.
- They had been depressed for a long time before they changed jobs.
Ellos habían estado deprimidos durante mucho tiempo antes que cambiaran de trabajo.
4. Pasado Perfecto Continuo
ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS
Sujeto + had been + Verbo (ING) + Complemento
- Paul had been waiting for more than
three hours when she finally arrived.
- The students had been practicing for
the oral exam all this week.
- She had been working at that
company for years when she won the
lottery.
Paul había estado esperando por más de tres
horas cuando ella finalmente llego.
Los estudiantes habían estado practicando para
el examen oral toda la semana.
Ella había estado trabajando en esa compañía
por años cuando se gano la lotería.
ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
Sujeto + hadn’t been + Verbo (ING) + Complemento
-
They hadn‟t
been
teaching
at
a Ellos no habían estado enseñando en la
31
University for more than a year.
- I hadn‟t been studying Italian very long
when I had to travel.
- He failed the final exam because he
hadn‟t been attending to the class
regularly.
universidad por más de un año.
Yo no había estado estudiando italiano por
mucho tiempo cuando tuve que viajar.
El perdió el examen final porque el no había
estado asistiendo a clases regularmente..
PREGUNTAS DE SI Y NO
Had + Sujeto + been + Verbo (ING) + Complemento?
- Had Alberto written a letter to his ¿Estuvieron sus hermanos trabajando en su
mother?
oficina?
- Had the children eaten when she ¿Estuvo Marisol leyendo la revista en el bus?
arrived?
¿Estuviste cantando durante el concierto?
- Had you tried the dessert yet?
PREGUNTAS INFORMATIVAS
Wh + had + Sujeto + been + Verbo (ING) + Complemento?
- How long had they studied for the final ¿Cuánto tiempo han estudiado ellos para el
exam?
examen final?
- How many exercises had you done?
¿Cuántos ejercicios habías hecho?
- Where had she been all this time?
¿Dónde ha estado ella todo este tiempo?
4.1 USOS
1. Usamos el pasado perfecto continuo para acciones en proceso de realización en el
pasado antes de otra acción en el pasado (el pasado simple). Nos referimos a algo que
hemos estado haciendo en un período de tiempo, por lo tanto, solemos usar los
preposiciones del tiempo "for" y "since".
Ejemplos:
- I'd been working for hours when I fell asleep at my desk.
Yo había estado trabajando durante horas cuando me quedé dormido en mi escritorio.
- Frank bought a new car. He'd been waiting for that one since last year.
Frank compró un nuevo carro. Lo había estado esperando desde el año pasado.
- We'd been disagreeing for days when Elizabeth found a resolution.
Nosotros habíamos estado en desacuerdo durante días cuando Elizabeth encontró una
solución.
2. Se utiliza para demostrar causa y efecto en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
- She was tired because she'd been working too much.
32
Ella estaba cansada porque había estado trabajando demasiado.
- They were angry because they'd been waiting for me for hours.
Ellos estaban enfadados porque habían estado esperándome durante horas.
Ejercicio 1
Escoja la forma correcta del verbo. Use pasado simple o pasado progresivo.
Ejemplo: I ________ my keys while I ________ to school. (to lose) (to walk)
Respuesta: I lost my keys while I was walking to school.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
While I__________, the school bus__________. (to text) (to arrive)
Cindy __________her leg while she __________. (to break) (to snowboard)
He __________to the radio while he __________breakfast. (to listen) (to prepare)
My father __________at 70 km/h when a policeman __________him. (to drive) (to stop)
The girl __________that the boy __________her. (to notice) (to watch)
My dad __________the ladder while he __________the carport. (to fall off) (to paint)
While we __________, we __________crossword puzzles. (to wait) (to do)
Nick __________sick while he __________in Texas. (to become) (to travel)
What __________when you __________about 9/11? (to do) (to hear)
Ejercicio 2
Complete las siguientes oraciones de acuerdo al grafico, usando los verbos en paréntesis
en presente progresivo.
1. Ann was ________ for me when I arrived. She was furious!
2.
3.
4.
5.
(wait)
I was _________tv when someone knocked on the door... (watch)
This time last year we were __________in Tahiti... (relax)
I was __________a coffee while she was in the kitchen.
(have)
Thomas was __________a bath when the telephone rang.
(take)
33
6. What was he doing when you arrived? "He was _________ someone" (phone)
7. What was your cousin doing at eleven? "He was __________to his iPod
"
(listen)
8. What was she doing at five? "She was____________ the house "(clean)
9.
At three o'clock yesterday, Linda was_______________ (study)
Ejercicio 3
Complete las siguientes oraciones con la forma correcta de pasado simple o pasado
continuo.
1. I __________ (go) to work when my car __________ (break down).
2. She __________ (fall down) when she __________ (clean) the windows.
3. They __________ (study) for five hours and then they __________ (go) to watch a
movie.
4. Yesterday we __________ (go) to the cinema and later we __________ (meet) my
friends.
5. While I __________ (study) my brother __________ (listen) to the radio.
6. I __________ (not go) to the school because I __________ (have) a terrible headache.
Ejercicio 4
Escoja la respuesta correcta entre pasado simple y pasado perfecto.
1. He walked into the bus station only to find that the bus left / had left.
2. My brother told me that Bill arrived / had arrived before me.
3. Where is he? My sister asked / had asked.
4. Lucas was very happy. He got / had got what he was looking for.
5. I was going to leave when I remembered / had remembered I didn‟t have the key.
6. When I went to the stadium I realized / had realized that the match had been
postponed.
34
7. My sister moved to the house where she lived / had lived when she was a little girl.
8. When I was having a shower I heard / had heard the phone ringing.
Ejercicio 5
Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the past simple or the past continuous.
1. Mark __________ (hear) a cry for help while he __________ (swim) in the sea.
2. Mary __________ (close) the window because it __________ (rain).
3. I __________ (read) a magazine when the doorbell __________ (ring).
4. Pete __________ (play) in the football final when he __________ (score) a brilliant goal.
5. The last time I __________ (speak) to Mark he __________ (study) law in Manchester.
6. I __________ (phone) my mother because I __________ (be) worried about her health.
Ejercicio 6
Complete the text. Use the correct form of the past simple, past continuous, past perfect
simple or past perfect continuous.
Jack Williams __________ (be) sixteen years old in 1940. He __________ (live) with his
family in a small house in Liverpool. Tom __________ (have) a job in a factory. He
__________ (work) there since he was fourteen. One day Tom __________ (walk) along the
road to the factory when he __________ (meet) Katy. Katy was younger than Tom and
__________ (stay) with her aunt since her mother died. Tom __________ (be) surprised to
see her so early in the morning. „Where are you going?‟ he asked. „To the Smith‟s house,‟
she replied. „They __________ (offer) me a job in the kitchens.‟
UNIT 5
1. Segundo condicional (Condicional Irreal en presente)
El uso del condicional significa que una acción depende de otra. Los condicionales se
utilizan para hablar sobre situaciones reales o irreales. En general, las frases condicionales
llevan la palabra "if" (si).
1.1 Estructura:
A continuación las estructuras que se utiliza en el segundo condicional. Las estructuras
expresan exactamente lo mismo.
IF
Condition ,
Result Clause
35
If
Past simple
,
"Would" + infinitivo
o
Result Clause
"Would" + nfinitivo
IF Condition
If
Past simple
Ejemplos:
-
If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world.
I would travel around the world if I won the lottery.
Si ganara la lotería, viajaría alrededor del mundo.
-
If Rachel had more time, she would learn to play the guitar.
Rachel would learn to play the guitar if she had more time.
Si Rachel tuviera más tiempo, aprendería a tocar la guitarra.
1.2 USOS

Se utiliza el segundo condicional para expresar una posibilidad irreal en el presente,
como un deseo o un sueño, o para una acción en el futuro no tan probable.

Las oraciones condicionales de segundo tipo se caracterizan porque la condición es
improbable que se cumpla, aunque no es imposible, es decir expresa situaciones
hipotéticas referidas al momento actual.
-
If I ate more, I would be very fat
Si yo comiera más, estaría muy gordo
-
If I worked harder, I would pass the exam
Si yo trabajara más, pasaría el examen
-
We would phone her if we had her number.
A Nosotros
pesar que
oración condicional
va su
ennúmero.
pasado, el sentido es de presente o de futuro.
la la
llamaríamos
si tuviéramos
-
If I won the lottery next Saturday, I would buy a car immediately
Si ganara la lotería el próximo sábado, me compraría un carro inmediatamente.

En este segundo condicional, se emplea were para todas las personas del verbo to
be.
Este es uno de los usos más importantes de este segundo condicional y se suele traducir
por "Si yo fuera tú", "Yo en tu lugar".
36
Ejemplos:
- If he were a millionaire, he would lend me the money.
Si el fuera millonario, el me prestaría dinero.
-
You look tired. If I were you, I would get some rest
Te ves cansado. Yo en tu lugar, descansaría.

Con el segundo condicional también se puede expresar ambiciones o esperanzas:
-
If I got a pay rise, I would buy a flat.
Si tuviera un aumento, me compraría un departamento.

Dependiendo de lo que se desea expresar, podemos utilizar la negación en la
clausula condicional o en la clausula de resultado. A continuación algunos ejemplos.
Ejemplos:
1. If you didn‟t have so much work you wouldn‟t be so serious.
Si no tuvieras tanto trabajo, no estarías tan seria / tan serio.
2. If you didn‟t ask me, I wouldn‟t give you so many sweets.
Si no me pidieras, no te daría tantos dulces.
3. If I had more friends I wouldn‟t live alone.
Si yo tuviera más amigos, no viviría solo.
4. If the English weren‟t so rude, I‟d like them more.
Si los ingleses no fueran tan groseros, a mí me gustarían más.
5. If all the predictions came true, I wouldn‟t be very happy.
Si todos los pronósticos se cumplieran, yo estaría muy contento.
6. If they didn‟t accept his behavior, their son wouldn‟t do that.
Si no aceptaran su comportamiento, su hijo no haría eso.
7. If she loved me more, I wouldn‟t leave her.
Si ella me quisiera más, no la dejaría.
8. If we didn‟t talk so much, we would do more work.
Si no habláramos tanto, haríamos más trabajo.
2. Wish and If Only
I wish / if only + pasado simple: Se usa esta estructura para manifestar un deseo de que
algo cambie en el presente, lamentamos algo que no nos gusta del presente.
 Las dos formas significan “Ojala”, aunque "if only" es más enfático.
 "I wish" puede ir seguido de "that", "if only" NUNCA
 Para Expresar el deseo de que algo sea distinto a como es:
I wish [that] / if only + sujeto + pasado simple
37
Ejemplos:
-
I wish [that] / If only you were here!
¡Ojalá estuvieras / estuvieses aquí!
I wish [that] / If only he worked with us!
¡Ojalá trabajara / trabajase con nosotros.
I wish [that] / If only my brother didn't find it!
¡Ojalá mi hermano no lo encontrara / encontrase!
 Cuando usamos WISH e IF ONLY, usamos la conjugación WERE del verbo To - be
con todos los pronombres.
Ejemplos:
-
I wish that I were there!
¡Ojalá yo estuviera allí!
If only his sister were nicer!
¡Ojalá su hermana fuera más amable!
I wish it were easier!
¡Ojalá fuera más fácil!
Ejercicio 1
I. Complete las siguientes oraciones con la forma correcta de los verbos en paréntesis de
acuerdo a la estructura del Segundo condicional.
1. If I _________________ (be) you, I _________________ (get) a new job.
2. If he _________________ (be) younger, he _________________ (travel) more.
3. If we _________________ (not / be) friends, I _________________ (be) angry with you.
4. If I _________________ (have) enough money, I _________________ (buy) a big house.
5. If she ______________ (not / be) always so late, she ________________(be) promoted.
6. If we _________________ (win) the lottery, we _________________ (travel) the world.
7. If you _________________ (have) a better job, we _________________ (buy) a new car.
8. If I _________________ (speak) perfect English, I ________________(have) a good job.
9. If we _________________ (live) in Mexico, I _________________ (speak)Spanish.
10. If she _____________ (pass) the exam, she _____________ (enter) university.
11. She _________________ (be) happier if she _________________ (have) more friends.
12. We _________________ (buy) a house if we _________________ (decide) to stay here.
13. They ________ (have) more money if they _____________ (not / buy) so many clothes.
14. We _________________ (come) to dinner if we _________________ (have) time.
15. She _________________ (call) him if she _________________ (know) his number.
16. They ____________ (go) to Spain on holiday if they ____________(like) hot weather.
17. She _________________ (pass) the exam if she _________________ (study) more.
18. I ________________ (marry) someone famous if I _______________ (be) a movie star.
19. We never _______________ (be) late again if we _________________ (buy) a new car.
20. You _________________ (lose) weight if you _________________ (eat) less.
II. Una las oraciones de la Columna A con las oraciones de la Columna B.
38
A
B
1. My parents would help me if...
a. ...I were going to a fancy dress party.
2. I would color my hair blue if...
b. ...I were dying of hunger.
3. Paul would tell you my secret if...
c. ...she did all her exams well.
4. I wouldn‟t eat monkey meat unless…
d. ...I had problems at school.
5. Rachel would marry Martin if...
e. ...I missed the bus.
6. Her teacher would be very pleased if...
f. ...he though my life was in danger.
7. I wouldn‟t take a taxi home unless...
g. ...he had a lot of money and he was old
enough.
III. Complete las siguientes oraciones.
1. If you changed your job _____________________________________
2. If we bought a house in the country _____________________________________
3. What _____________________________________ if he proposed to you?
4. What would happen if _____________________________________
5. How would he react if _____________________________________
6. If you helped me _____________________________________
7. Even if he were rich and handsome _____________________________________
Ejercicio 2
I. Complete las siguientes frases con la forma correcta del verbo en paréntesis.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
I wish I _____________ to get up so early. (not / have)
I wish I _____________ how to be successful. (know)
I wish I _____________ to bed earlier last night. (go)
I wish I _____________people better. (understand)
I wish I _____________ more time to study English. (have)
I wish I _____________ in another era. (live)
I wish I _____________ my life. (can change)
I wish I _____________ more confident. (be)
I wish I _____________ never impolite. (be)
I wish I _____________ more skills. (have)
II. Lea las siguientes oraciones y usando If only o I wish, exprese un deseo siguiendo las
estructuras apropiadas.
Ejemplo:
I don't know many people (and I'm lonely).
I wish I knew more people.
1. I can't give up smoking (but I'd like to).
I wish I _________________________________.
2. I don't have any cigarettes (and I need one).
I wish _______________________________.
39
3. George isn't here (and I need him).
I wish George _________________________________.
4. It‟s cold (and I hate cold weather).
I wish _________________________________.
5. I live in New York City (and I hate New York City).
I _______________________________.
6. Tina can't come to the party (she's your best friend).
I _____________________________.
7. I hate to work tomorrow (but I'd like to stay in bed
_________________________________.
8. I don't know anything about cars (and my car has just broken down).
_________________________ .
RESPUESTAS
UNIT 1
Ejercicio 1
I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Usando la conjugación adecuada, complete las siguientes oraciones.
Has studied
Have written
Has traveled
Have gone
Have brought
6. Has arrived
7. Has visited
8. Has made
9. Has invited
10. Has wanted
II. Ordene las palabras y siguiendo la estructura forme una oración afirmativa.
1. Diana has slept until 6 o‟clock.
2. I have traveled to USA many times.
3. Sally has thought about her job.
4. The director has arranged an important meeting.
5. My mother has written a lot of letters to the Governor.
6. Tom and Mary have enjoyed the movie.
7. I have made many mistakes in the exam.
8. Sarah has made a delicious dinner.
9. I have tried to do the exercise.
10. She has listened the concert on the radio.
Ejercicio 2
40
I.
Transforme las siguientes oraciones afirmativas en negativas.
1. They haven‟t accepted credit cards.
2. He hasn‟t built a new department.
3. Jonathan hasn‟t bought a new car and a new house.
4. We haven‟t sung different songs at the camp.
5. The player hasn‟t scored twice today.
6. The President hasn‟t visited the museum.
7. The students haven‟t printed the magazine.
8. The secretary hasn‟t asked the boss to sign the letters.
9. The children haven‟t swum in the lake.
10. Sarah hasn‟t worked for a building company.
II. Complete los espacios en blanco con la forma correcta de una oración negativa.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Hasn´t studied
Hasn´t arrived
Haven´t lived
Haven´t gone
Hasn´t started
6. Haven´t phoned
7. Hasn´t lost
8. Haven´t traveled
9. Haven´t worked
10. Haven´t bought
Ejercicio 3
I.
Transforme la siguientes oraciones afirmativas en preguntas de Si y No.
1. Has Bob visited his grandma?
2. Has Jimmy played on the computer?
3. Have Sue and Walter washed their car?
4. Has Andrew repaired his bike?
5. Has Phil helped Anne with maths?
6. Have Brad and Louise watched a film?
7. Has Tamara talked to her best friend?
8. Has Bridgette drawn a picture?
9. Has Carol read a computer magazine?
10. Have Tom and Alice been to a restaurant?
II. Conteste las siguientes preguntas en forma corta.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Yes. I have.
Yes, she has.
Yes, he has.
Yes, I have.
Yes, they have.
Yes, it has.
Yes, we have.
Yes, he hasn‟t
Yes, he has.
Yes, I have.
No, I haven´t.
No, she hasn‟t.
No, he hasn‟t.
No, I haven‟t.
No, I haven‟t.
No, it hasn‟t
No, we haven‟t
No, he hasn‟t.
No, he hasn‟t.
No, I haven‟t
41
III. Estructure preguntas usando las palabras del paréntesis.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Has Yadira traveled to Colombia?
Have you eaten sushi?
Have your parents watched Titanic?
Has your friend finished the homework?
Has your mother called?
Ejercicio 4
I.
Formule la pregunta en base a la información marcada en negrilla.
1.
Where have you been?
2. Who has cooked dinner?
3. How many times has Sue read the book?
4. Who has crashed his car?
5. How long has Jeanneth been on holiday?
6. What has Freddy done?
7. Where has Gabriel stopped?
8. How many books has Sarah bought?
9. Who has talked to his teacher?
10. Why has Catherine cleaned the house?
II. Responda las siguientes preguntas.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
She has learnt French in the university.
My mother has called today.
I have bought some clothes in the mall.
She has traveled to Cuenca many times this week.
Paola has been my teacher during this level.
Ejercicio 5
I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Use for o since de acuerdo al contexto.
since
since
for
since
for
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
since
since
since
for
since
Ejercicio 6
I.
1.
Escriba oraciones afirmativas o negativas siguiendo la estructura indicada.
Alberto hasn‟t been playing soccer for two hours.
42
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Ana hasn‟t been watching the volleyball match since 9 o‟clock.
We have been waiting for a long time.
Ricky Martin has been recording a new album for a long time.
I haven‟t been reading a magazine for an hour.
It has been raining all day.
Patricio and Susan haven‟t been running in marathons lately.
She has been brushing her teeth for five minutes.
My uncle has been living in London for three years.
The children haven‟t been swimming on the beach.
II. Complete las siguientes oraciones utilizando el auxiliar mas apropiado de acuerdo al
contexto. ( have – has – haven’t – hasn’t )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
III.
has
haven‟t
have
hasn‟t
haven‟t
6. has
7. has
8. hasn‟t
9. have
10. haven‟t
Complete las siguientes oraciones con la conjugación correcta del verbo.
1.
Hasn‟t been working
2.
Have been waiting
3. Has been living
4. Hasn‟t been playing
5. Have been learning
6. Have been looking
7. Have been living
8. Hasn‟t been working
9. Hasn‟t been teaching
10. Has been washing
IV. Escriba preguntas de Si o No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
V.
Has she been talking on the phone?
Has his brother been cooking dinner?
Have Jane and Mary been playing badminton?
Has Sue been exercising in the gym?
Has Robert been painting the room?
Have they been planting trees?
Has Henry been working in the garage?
Have they been swimming in the lake?
Responda las siguientes preguntas informativas.
1. The secretary has been waiting in the office since 4 o‟clock.
2. Sue has been working in Marathon Sports for 20 years.
3. They have been learning English for six years.
43
4. She has been saving her money since she graduated from high school.
5. The children have been watching TV for hours.
UNIT 2
Ejercicio 1
I.
Completa las frases con la forma de infinitivo o de gerundio de los verbos entre
paréntesis.
1. working
2. to help
3. losing
4. studying
5. to buy
5. to present
6. going
7. seeing
8. flying
9. Reading
10. to visit
II. Escoja la mejor opción para completar las frases.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B
A
B
A
B
6. B
7. B
8. B
9. A
10. A
III. Completar el texto con la forma de infinitivo o de gerundio de los verbos entre
paréntesis.
1. To use
2. Studying
3. To learn
4. To learn
5. Learning
6. To practice
7. To help
8. To do
9. to practice
10. learning
/
translating
/
sharing
/
comparing
IV. Escriba la preposición correcta.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
At
About
Of
for
To
6. Of
7. For
8. With
9. On
10. of
44
UNIT 3
Ejercicio 1
I. Cambie las siguientes oraciones de reporte directo a reporte indirecto.
1. Juan said that Marcelo was at home.
2. Max told me that Francis often read a book.
3. Susan said to me that she was watching TV.
4. Simon said that David had been ill.
5. Patricia told me that the girls had helped in the house.
6. Ricardo said to me that he was going to ride a skateboard.
7. Stefani and Carlos told me that they had cleaned the windows.
8. Charlie remarked that he hadn't had time to do his homework.
9. Mrs. Salas told me that her mother would be 50 years old.
10. Jeanneth said that the boss had to sign the letter.
II. Cambie las siguientes preguntas de reporte directo a reporte indirecto.
1. Christopher asked me if I wanted to dance.
2. Betty wanted to know when I had come.
3. Mark asked me if John had arrived.
4. Ronald asked me where Maria parked her car.
5. Elisabeth asked me if I had watched the latest film.
6. Mandy wanted to know if she could help me.
7. Andrew asked me if Mandy would have lunch with Sue.
8. Justin asked me what I was doing.
9. Frank wanted to know how much pocket money Lisa got.
10. Anne asked if she had to do the shopping.
III. Escoja la respuesta correcta tomando en cuenta el cambio del tiempo verbal.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
a
b
c
a
c
6. a
7. c
8. a
9. b
10. c
UNIT 4
Ejercicio 1
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
was texting / arrived
broke / was snowboarding
was listening / was preparing
was driving / stopped
noticed / was watching
fell off / was painting
were waiting / were doing
bécame / was traveling
were you doing / Heard
Ejercicio 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
waiting
watching
relaxing
having
taking
6.
7.
8.
9.
phoning
listening
cleaning
studying
5.
6.
7.
8.
remembered
realized
had lived
heard
Ejercicio 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
was going / broke down
fell down / was cleaning
were studying / went
went / met
was studying / was listening
didn‟t go / had
Ejercicio 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
had left
had arrived
asked
had got
Ejercicio 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
heard / was swimming
closed / was rainning
was reading / rang
was playing / scored
spoke / was stuying
phoned / was
Ejercicio 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
was
lived
had
had worked
was walking
met
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7. had been staying
8. was
9. had offered
UNIT 5
Ejercicio 1
I. Complete las siguientes oraciones con la forma correcta de los verbos en paréntesis de
acuerdo a la estructura del Segundo condicional.
1. were / would get
2. were / would travel
3. weren‟t / would be
4. had / would buy
5. weren‟t / would be
6. won / would travel
7. had / would buy
8. spoke / would have
9. lived / would speak
10. passed / would enter
11. would be / had
12. would buy / decided
13. would have / didn't buy
14. would come / had
15. would call / knew
16. would go / liked
17. would pass / studied
18. would marry / were
19. would never be / bought
20. would lose / ate .
II. Una las oraciones de la Columna A con las oraciones de la Columna B.
1–d
2–a
3–f
4–b
5–g
6–c
7–e
III. Complete las siguientes oraciones. (Posibles respuestas)
1. you would earn more money.
2. we would be more relaxed.
3. would you do
4. you won the lottery?
5. lost his wallet?
6. I would invite you to the movies.
7. I wouldn‟t get married with him.
Ejercicio 2
I. Complete las siguientes frases con la forma correcta del verbo en paréntesis.
1. didn't have
2. knew
3. went
4. understood
5. had
6. lived
7. could change
8. were
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9. were
10. had
II. Lea las siguientes oraciones y usando If only o I wish, exprese un deseo siguiendo las
estructuras apropiadas.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
I wish / If only I could give up smoking.
I wish / If only I had a cigarette / some cigarettes.
I wish / If only George were here.
I wish / If only it weren't so cold (or I wish it were warm).
I wish / If only I didn't live in New York City.
I wish / If only Tina could come to the party.
I wish / If only I didn't have to work tomorrow or I wish I could stay in bed tomorrow.
I wish / If only I knew something about cars.
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