where have we gone wrong and what can we do - UNU

12/13/2007
Overall Goal
Objectives and Methods
Peter F. Sale
International Network on Water, Environment & Health
United Nations University
Specific Objectives – Years 1 & 2
• We start with the assumption that there is a
real need for action on POP/PTS pollution in
coastal waters
• And with the expectation that, for most
participating countries, effective methods for
monitoring or remediating this do not
currently exist
• And with the belief that partnering can build
new strength and unexpected capacity for
change
Specific Objectives – Years 3 to 5
• Extend training and equipment upgrade to
expand analytical capacity in the region
• Extend monitoring of coastal waters as a
permanent regional program
• Trace two cases of coastal pollution back to
their sources, and motivate action to
eliminate these problems
• Engage wider community to remedy
POP/PTS pollution in coastal waters
• Proudly advertise the success of southsouth partnerships for solving shared
environmental problems
• build a network among environmental
managers, analytical laboratories, and
other appropriate governmental
agencies in countries of the Wider
Caribbean Region (WCR) that will be
effective in measuring, evaluating and
then reducing pollution from POPs and
other PTS in the coastal marine
environment
Specific Objectives – Years 1 & 2
• Build network of coastal managers and
technical laboratories
• Evaluate lab capacity, then commence
training and equipment upgrade
• Extend data on PTS pollution in coastal
waters
• Engage stakeholders, public, politicians on
risks due to POP/PTS pollution, build
consensus on need for action
• Draft proposals for funding for subsequent
years
Suggested Actions – Years 1 & 2
• Two initial workshops held in the region with
additional participation
• South-North expert team to visit selected labs,
evaluate capacity, recommend upgrade
• Short secondments to Canada of lab staff (3-4)
for advanced training in POP/PTS evaluation,
limited upgrade in 1-2 labs
• Sample coastal ecosystems to extend baseline
data on POP/PTS presence
• Follow-up workshops, publications to build
community awareness, motivate effort to
remedy cases of POP/PTS pollution
1
Origins of MEL
IAEA activities in POPs related projects
in the Caribbean and elsewhere
• 1961… Global concern about the impacts and fate
of radioactive fallout from atmospheric testing of
nuclear weapons on the ocean
• Apply & transfer of emergent Nuclear & Isotopic
Tracers techniques for understanding and
managing the marine environment.
Marine Environmental Studies Laboratory
MEL, IAEA, Monaco
Jae R. OH
• As UN’s only Marine Laboratory, to host
partnership programs with UN organisation
(UNEP, IOC, UNDP, …)
• IAEA Monaco Seat Agreement
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
International Atomic Energy Agency
The only Marine Laboratory in UN System
1961 - Laboratory established in the
Oceanographic Museum
Department of Nuclear Sciences & Applications
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
Inauguration of MEL by HSH Prince Rainier
and Dr ElBaradei 1998
1961
1988 -Temporary facilities in the Louis
II Football Stadium
1998 - Permanent facilities on the Port
of Monaco
1998
1988
Department of Nuclear Sciences & Applications
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
International Atomic Energy Agency
International Atomic Energy Agency
Department of Nuclear Sciences & Applications
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
Mission Statement of the
Marine Environment Laboratory
MEL Laboratory Plan
PRINCIPAUTE DE MONACO
REHABILITATION DE L'IMMEUBLE
N: 4
QUAI ANTOINE 1er
Marine Environ Studies Lab
MESL
AVENUE
MAITRE D'OUVRAGE
PLA
N CO
NFOR
Marine Radioecology
Laboratory REL
DE
ME
LA
A L'E
XECU
TIO
BUREAU D'ETUDES
AMENAGEMENT DE L'AIEA
NIVEAU 2
RECOLEMENT
N
Echelle :
E.R.L.
1/50
Tel: 04.93.29.22.42
Date :
10/06/97
PLAN N °
2945
2nd Floor
1338 m2
Exécut é par:
V érifi é par:
QU
AR
Visé par:
AN
1630
TA
IN
E
6160
900
1195
1500
1000
3565
820
930
1800
970
350
2400
600
800
600
1000
2800
800
970
880
1500
1500
350
400
880
2248
2500
3521
970
600
600
1500
1500
800
600
1.
Research for the protection of the marine environment from
radioactivity and pollution
2.
Applications of nuclear & isotopic techniques and solutions for
tracking oceanic processes, marine ecosystems and pollution
impacts
3.
Expertise, Training & Reference Materials essential for Member
States’ commitment to the Sustainable Development and
Monitoring of their marine environments.
4.
Strategic partnerships with International and other UN ocean
agencies (IOC/UNESCO, UNEP, UNDP, IMO) to deliver the UNWSSD programmes on sustainable development of the ocean.
1200
2.20/1.04
1124
The Marine Environment Laboratory will provide Member States with
1124
750
1686
2400
4520
350
3765
2400
350
800
350
880
500
1000
1200
660
1500
3520
350
880
900
900
750
350
900
880
2130
2500
350
350
2400
800
2700
880
800
750
1686
880
700
750
1195
Offices
Labs
1300
2150
750
1300
800
ANTOINE
1 er
[D:\BAT4\AIEA\B4-2EX4.DWG-07.07.1997-00:00]
Marine Radiometrics Laboratory
PRINCIPAUTE DE MONACO
REHABILITATION DE L'IMMEUBLE
N: 4
QUAI ANTOINE 1er
Conference Room
MAITRE D'OUVRAGE
PLA
AVENU E
DE
N CON
FOR
LA
ME
A L'EX
ECU
TIO
N
BUREAU D'ETUDES
AMENAGEMENT DE L'AIEA
NIVEAU
RECOLEMENT
1/50
Echelle :
E.R.L.
Tel: 04.93.29.22.42
Date :
750
10/06/97
4000
PLAN N
°
2946
450
QU
1000
1020
500
2000
2484
1686
4520
900
880
1500
0
80
1500
1500
1500
650
1500
1500
1500
1900
634
900
975
600
1500
2045
4083
1124
800
6500
1686
1000
2360
35
880
350
350
60
750
1608
2740
500
600
1686
1124
6064
1686
2925
5321
1500
500
600
1500
1500
1090
3640
500
820
1490
600
1500
Ex é cut é par:
AR
AN
V érifi é par:
TA
INE
Vis é par:
3rd Floor
1360 m2
350
1200
880
880
500
2525
350
880
1686
QUAI
ANTOINE
1 er
[C:\AIEA\EXE\B4-3EXE.DWG-07.07.1997-00:00]
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
International Atomic Energy Agency
Department of Nuclear Sciences & Applications
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
1
IAEA-MEL ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
R Fauzi C. MANTOURA
DIRECTOR
Administration
RADIOMETRICS
LABORATORY
(RML)
Joan-Albert
Sanchez-Cabeza
Department of Nuclear Sciences & Applications
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
Objectives: To develop and improve capabilities to reduce the degradation, due to
anthropogenic and natural impacts, of the coastal ecosystems of the wider
Caribbean region by using nuclear techniques to support integrated coastal zone
•
Marine radionuclides, RMs
geochronology; ocean tracers; radiochemistry, u/w detection; modelling; training
REL:
Radioecology; biological tracers; carbon
export; ecotoxicity; Harmful Algal Blooms,
training
MESL;
Organic micropollutants; heavy metals;
RMs, survey & training in UN partnerships
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES LABORATORY
(MESL)
Jae OH
IAEA TC RLA/7/012 Project Use of Nuclear Techniques to
Address the Management of Coastal Zones in the Caribbean
Region
•
RML:
Electronic and
Engineering Services
RADIOECOLOGY
LABORATORY
(REL)
Ross Jeffree
International Atomic Energy Agency
Expertise of MEL’s 3 Sections
IAEA TC RLA/7/012 Project
Project Components
• Human Resources
management.
• Experts
Field(s): Radioecology, Environmental Assessment and Remediation Strategies,
• Meetings/Workshops
Isotopes and Radiotracers in Ecotoxicology and Pollution Studies, Marine
• Fellowships
Environment and Coastal Zone Management, Quality Management of Analytical
• Scientific Visits
Measurements, Radioecological and Isotopic Solutions for Coastal Marine Problems
•
Project period: 2007-2010 (4 years)
•
Budget: US$ 1,460,700
•
Recipient institute(s) and Counterpart(s): 11 Countries 23 Organizations
• Training Courses
• Procurement
• Equipment
Columbia(2), Coasta Rica(2), Cuba(2), Dominican Republic(2), Guatemala(2),
Haiti(2), Honduras(2), Jamaica, Mexico(3), Nicaragua, Panama(2), Venezuela(2)
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
Supporting Regional Seas Programmes
• Subcontracts
• Miscellaneous
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies
• Formulation of reference methods
• Technique development in marine analytical chemistry
and guidelines
• Sanitary quality of coastal waters
• Analysis of chemical contaminants in
• Formulation of reference methods and guidelines
• Intercomparison exercises
organisms, sea water and sediments
• Effects of pollutants on organisms
• Production of reference materials (RMs)
and ecosystems
• Education and training in analytical techniques
• 56 reference methods and 2
• Capacity building
technical bulletins
• All are available in English, some
• Monitoring programmes
have been translated into French
and / or Spanish
• Research activities
International Atomic Energy Agency
Department of Nuclear Sciences & Applications
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
2
Interlaboratory studies and the resulting marine RMs for TMs and MeHg or
organic contaminants produced in MESL and distributed through the
Analytical Quality Control Services (IAEA, Vienna)
Intercomparison Exercises
• Marine samples (sediment or
biota) are periodically
distributed free of charge
• Results are reported to MESL
and evaluated statistically
• Intercomparison exercises offer
IAEA – Code
Sample Type
Analyte Groups
IAEA-436
Tuna Tissue
TM & MeHg
Year
2006
Availability
Yes
IAEA-435
Tuna Tissue
Organic Contaminants
2006
Yes
IAEA-433
Marine Sediment
TM & MeHg
2004
Yes
IAEA-432
Mussel Tissue
Organic Contaminants
2003
Yes
IAEA-407
Fish Tissue
TM & MeHg
2003
Yes
IAEA-417
Marine Sediment
Organic Contaminants
2002
Yes
IAEA-406
Fish Tissue
Organic Contaminants
2000
Yes
IAEA-405
Estuarine Sediment
TM & MeHg
2000
Yes
IAEA-408
Estuarine Sediment
Organic Contaminants
1999
Yes
• Test analytical methods
IAEA-383
Coastal Sediment
Organic Contaminants
1998
Yes
• Control laboratory performance
IAEA-140/TM
Sea Plant Homogenate
TM & MeHg
1997
No
• Assess accuracy of results
IAEA-140/OC
Sea Plant Homogenate
Organic Contaminants
1997
Yes
IAEA-142/TM
Mussel Homogenate
Hg & MeHg
1996
No
IAEA-142/OC
Mussel Homogenate
Organic Contaminants
1996
No
analysts means to:
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
International Atomic Energy Agency
Interlaboratory studies and the resulting marine RMs for TMs and MeHg or
organic contaminants produced in MESL and distributed through the
Analytical Quality Control Services (IAEA, Vienna)
Year
Number of laboratories reporting more than 50% outliers for OCPs, PCBs
and PHs during the recent IAEA interlaboratory studies
IAEA – Code
Sample Type
Analyte Groups
IAEA-356
Hot Spot Coastal Sediment
TM & MeHg
1994
No
IAEA-357
Hot Spot Coastal Sediment
Organic Contaminants
1992
No
IAEA-350
Tuna Fish
TM
1992
No
IAEA-SD-M-2/TM
Marine Sediment
TM
1991
No
IAEA-MA-M-2/TM
Mussel Tissue
TM
1991
No
% lab with > 50% outliers
Availability
IAEA-SD-M-2/OC
Marine Sediment
Organic Contaminants
1989
No
IAEA-MA-B-3/OC
Fish Tissue
Organic Contaminants
1989
No
IAEA - Code
142
140
383
408
406
417
432
435
Year
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2006
Mussel
Sea Plant
Sediment
Sediment
Fish
Sediment
Mussel
Tuna
40
38
22
24
22
55
45
10%
8%
4%
9%
9%
4%
14%
CV range for PH
19 - 88
11 - 160
20 - 100
10 - 140
9 - 130
6 - 140
19 - 140
84
68
48
43
55
78
71
20%
25%
13%
17%
2%
6%
21%
Sample Type
Participants for PHs
Shrimp Homogenate
Organic Contaminants
1989
No
Participants for
chlorinated cpds
IAEA-351
Tuna Fish
Organic Contaminants
1989
No
% lab with > 50% outliers
IAEA-SD-M-1/OC
Marine Sediment
Organic Contaminants
1986
No
IAEA–MA-A–3/OC
IAEA-MA-M-2/OC
Mussel Tissue
Organic Contaminants
1986
No
IAEA-MA-A-2/TM
Fish Flesh
TM
1980
No
IAEA-MA-A-2/OC
Fish Flesh
Organic Contaminants
1980
No
IAEA–MA-A–1/OC
Copepod Homogenate
Organic Contaminants
1980
No
International Atomic Energy Agency
6 - 160
73
11%
CV range for OCPs
49 - 160
12 - 130
47 - 150
41 - 120
3 - 115
45 - 140
42 - 170
CV range for PCBs
37 - 91
5 - 160
19 - 180
13 - 150
7 - 160
1 - 160
10 - 110
23 - 110
International Atomic Energy Agency
The No of laboratories (histogram) and countries (line) participating in
laboratory performance studies organized by the MESL for the
determination of organic contaminants
31
10%
18 - 190
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
The No of laboratories (histogram) and countries (line) participating in
laboratory performance studies organized by the MESL for the
determination of inorganic contaminants
70
140
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
140
A
70
B
60
120
60
100
50
100
50
80
40
80
40
60
30
60
30
40
20
40
20
20
10
20
10
0
0
0
IAEA-142
IAEA-140
IAEA-383
IAEA-408
IAEA-406
IAEA-417
IAEA-432
IAEA-435
Number of Countries
120
0
IAEA-142
IAEA-140
Interlaboratory Code
International Atomic Energy Agency
Number of Countries
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA-405
IAEA-407
IAEA-433
IAEA-436
Interlaboratory Code
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
3
Global participation in recent laboratory performance studies for the
analysis of organic contaminants ( ) in mussel tissue (IAEA-432)
and trace metals (×) in marine sediment (IAEA-433)
Field Studies in the ROPME Sea Area
• Countries within the ROPME Sea Area: Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,
Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates
• Contaminant Screening Project: surveys of contaminants in water,
sediments and biota for a suite of inorganic and organic pollutants.
• MESL undertakes a
quality assurance
programme with Member
States in the region
involving:
• site visits
• training courses
• capacity building
• split sample analyses
• intercomparison
Tar washing ashore at Mina Al Fahal, Oman
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
Major Activities
International Atomic Energy Agency
exercises
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
Map of the ROPME Sea Area
ROPME
International Atomic Energy Agency
International Atomic Energy Agency
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
Onboard Sampling Activities
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
4
Quality Assurance
HSE Manual Onboard
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
International Atomic Energy Agency
Distribution of Σ DDTs ( DDT +DDD+DDE+ DDMU) in pg/g
in sediments from RSA
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
Distribution of Σ DDTs, the sum of DDT and the breakdown products DDD,
DDE and DDMU, (pg/g) in various bivalves (clams and oysters) from RSA
max: 3808 pg g-1 at Sulaibikhat, Ku
Sulaibikhat
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
International Atomic Energy Agency
Total Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Lipids contents in
Rock Oysters (Saccostrea cucullata)
Lipids (mg/g)
7000
T. DDTs (pg/g)
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
Rate of accumulation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in relation to lipids
contents and levels of organic matter in bed sediments of Rock Oysters
T.PCBs (pg/g)
7000
6000
6000
EOM (mg/g) in sediments
Lipids (mg/g) in R.Oys ter
ROE(µg/g)
T.PHs (µg/g)
T.DDTs (pg/g)
T.PCBs (pg/g)
5000
5000
4000
4000
3000
2000
3000
x10
x10
x10
x10
2000
x10
x10
x10
1000
x10
1000
T. DDTs (pg/mgLipids)
T.PCBs (pg/mgLipids)
U
A
E
-3
Lipids (mg/g)
200
200
200
180
180
160
160
160
140
140
140
120
120
120
100
100
100
80
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
U
A
E
-3
O
M
A
N
-1
1
O
M
A
N
-1
0
O
M
A
N
-9
O
M
A
N
-8
O
M
A
N
-7
O
M
A
N
-4
O
M
A
N
-3
O
M
A
N
-2
O
M
A
N
-1
0
IR
A
N
-4
O
M
A
N
-1
1
O
M
A
N
-9
O
M
A
N
-1
0
O
M
A
N
-8
O
M
A
N
-7
O
M
A
N
-4
O
M
A
N
-3
O
M
A
N
-2
IR
A
N
-4
O
M
A
N
-1
0
EOM (mg/g) in sediments
Lipids (mg/g) in R.Oys ter
ROE(µg/mgLipids)
T.PHs (µg/mgLipids)
T.DDTs (pg/mgLipids)
T.PCBs (pg/mgLipids)
180
60
40
U
A
E
-3
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
U
A
E
-3
O
M
A
N
-9
O
M
A
N
-8
O
M
A
N
-7
O
M
A
N
-4
O
M
A
N
-3
O
M
A
N
-2
O
M
A
N
-1
International Atomic Energy Agency
O
M
A
N
-1
1
O
M
A
N
-1
1
O
M
A
N
-1
0
O
M
A
N
-9
O
M
A
N
-8
O
M
A
N
-7
O
M
A
N
-4
O
M
A
N
-3
O
M
A
N
-2
O
M
A
N
-1
IR
A
N
-4
International Atomic Energy Agency
IR
A
N
-4
0
0
O
M
A
N
-1
0
20
0
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
5
Trend of accumulation of organic contaminants and levels of
organic matter in Rock Oysters bed sediments
45
40
EOM (mg/g)
ROE(µg/g)
T.DDTs (pg/g)
T.PCBs (pg/g)
Training Course
T.PHs (µg/g)
“NATIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON THE ANALYSES OF
CHLORINATED ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS AND STEROLS”
35
30
25
20
Central Environmental Lab, Qatar, April 15-26, 2007
15
10
5
45
40
EOM (mg/g)
ROE(µg/g)
T.DDTs (pg/g)
T.PCBs (pg/g)
O
M
A
N
-1
1
O
M
A
N
-1
0
O
M
A
N
-9
O
M
A
N
-8
O
M
A
N
-7
O
M
A
N
-4
O
M
A
N
-3
O
M
A
N
-2
O
M
A
N
-1
0
The main objective of the training course is to provide, to those
interested in the analysis of trace organic contaminants in
environmental samples, the tools needed for:
T.PHs (µg/g)
•
35
the critical knowledge of fundamentals aspects of Good
Laboratory Practices and
the quality assurance/quality control of the final data and report.
30
25
•
20
15
10
5
International Atomic Energy Agency
O
M
A
N
-1
1
O
M
A
N
-1
0
O
M
A
N
-9
O
M
A
N
-8
O
M
A
N
-7
O
M
A
N
-4
O
M
A
N
-3
O
M
A
N
-2
O
M
A
N
-1
0
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
International Atomic Energy Agency
Course Syllabus
Course Syllabus
1. Introduction and objectives
2. Environmental samples
a. The “Mussel Watch” concept
3. Sampling and sample processing
a. Documentation
4. Wet laboratory
a. Documentation
b. Sample processing for multiple residue analysis (Aliphatic and aromatic
hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, sterols and dioxins/furans)
i. Analysis of Sediments
1. Extraction
2. Ancillary parameters: dry weight determination
3. Clean-up procedures and fractionation
4. QA/QC samples in the laboratory (blank, spiked blank,
spiked sample, duplicate sample, reference material,
analytical control sample)
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
Marine biocides in waters from marinas
along the south of France
500
400
300
200
100
M
on
ac
Fo
o
nt
po
vie
rt
ille
m
Be
ar
au
in
a
lie
Vil
u
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le
ar
fra
in
nc
a
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N
ar
eg
in
re
a
An
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tib
be
es
ac
Po
h
rt
Va
ub
C
an
an
ne
s
be
ac
h
0
1800
1600
1400
1988
1995
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
ille
Be
m
ar
au
in
lie
Vil
a
u
le
m
fra
ar
nc
in
a
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m
ar
in
a
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e
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tib
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f. QA/QC of data
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
ie
5. Instrumental laboratory
a. Preparation of standard/calibration solutions
b. Analytical sequence
c. Calibration and troubleshooting
d. Quantitation
e. Use of control charts
g. Final report
1992
1995
600
-1
-Determination of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons by GC/FID
-Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbons by GC/LRMS
-Determination of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons by GC/ECD &
GC/LRMS
-Determination of Sterols by GC/FID
800
700
Total Butyltins (ng L )
ii. Analysis of Biota
1. Extraction: Use of surrogate standards
2. Ancillary parameters: D.W. & extractable organic matter
determination
3. Clean-up procedures and fractionation
4. QA/QC samples in the laboratory (blank, spiked blank, spiked
sample, duplicate sample, RM, analytical control sample)
5. Measurements
IRGAROL-1051(ng L-1)
Research in the MED POL Programme
Course Syllabus
International Atomic Energy Agency
4. Measurements
-Determination of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons by GC/FID
-Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbons by
GC/LRMS
-Determination of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons by
GC/ECD and GC/LRMS
-Determination of Sterols by GC/FID
-Determination of Dioxins/Furans by GC/HRMS or
GC/LRMS
Fo
nt
v
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
6
Trace Elements in Black Sea Sediments
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Black Sea Environment Programme
Cr
As
Pb
ppm
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Cr
As
Pb
Cr
As
Pb
ppm
ppm
Map showing the distribution of PAHs in marine
sediments from the Black Sea
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
Caspian Environment Programme
International Atomic Energy Agency
Analyses of Sediment Samples
•
•
•
•
•
•
•At Sea Training Programme
•Contaminant Screening Campaign
•Trans Boundary Diagnostics Analysis
Metals
Hydrocarbons
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Chlorinated Pesticides (lindane, DDT, etc.)
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Other parameters
•
•
•
•
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
35
Co & Pb (μ g/g)
25
20
15
y = 0.0003x
2
R = 0.889
10
y = 0.0002x
2
R = 0.8671
5
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
Al (μ g/g)
International Atomic Energy Agency
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
• Ni displays very high levels in
Co µg/g
Pb µg/g
Linear (Pb µg/g)
Linear (Co µg/g)
0
Grain size distribution
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
carbonate content
Extracted Organic Matter (EOM)
Nickel
Co & Pb versus Al in Sediments
30
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
sediments throughout the central
and southern Caspian Sea.
• NOAA ERL (21 mg g-1) was always
exceeded and the ERM (52 mg g-1)
values at several sites.
• The highest concentrations were
found near the mouth of the Kura
River, but the Ural River influence is
also evident.
• The elevated content reflects a high
natural background, but could be
augmented though mining activities.
Similar behaviour was apparent for
Cr and As.
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
7
Total Petroleum
Hydrocarbons (TPH)
Mercury
• The concentrations of TPH range
• The mercury content is low in
in concentration from 29 to 1820
µg g-1 in Azerbaijan where
generally the highest amounts
were found.
• It should be noted that sediments
from Turkmenistan were not
available.
• Compared to other global
locations, the levels of PH in the
most contaminated of these
sediments, just south of Baku Bay
(H-4-1 & H-5-1), are relatively
high.
the northern sector having
sediments that are relatively
coarse or composed mostly
of carbonates.
• Mercury concentrations are
high at a number of sites in
Azerbaijan, where Hg content
exceeds the NOAA ERL
value of 0.15 μg g-1.
• In particular, the sediments to
the south of Baku Bay are
polluted.
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
International Atomic Energy Agency
Lindane in Sediments
Endrin in Sediments
• Lowest values were found in
• Low levels were found in
Kazakhstan and Russia.
the Iranian and Kazakhstan
sectors.
• Several stations in the
Russian coastal zone had
elevated levels.
• The maximum concentration
609 pg g-1, exceeded the
ISQG value of 320 pg g-1.
• As lindane degrades rapidly in
the environment, elevated
levels reflect ongoing usage.
• Highest values were observed
in the coastal zone of
Azerbaijan (85 pg g-1) and Iran
(81 pg g-1).
• Maximum concentrations did
not exceed the ISQG value of
267 pg g-1.
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
Total DDTs in
Caspian Sea Sediments
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
Relative Contributions of DDT and
Degradation Products DDD & DDE
0
• NOAA ERL is 1600 pg g-1.
• Total DDT levels exceed this
DDT and Degradation Products
10
%)
70
40
60
50
)
(%
50
60
D
International Atomic Energy Agency
80
30
• Relatively high
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
90
20
Azerbaijan
Iran
Kazakhstan
Russia
Turkmenistan
proportions of
DDT indicate
recent influxes
and, by implication,
ongoing DDT
usage throughout
the region.
100
DD
quality standard at a number
of locations, especially in
Azerbaijan and Iran.
• The maximum value
(13400 pg g-1) shows a strong
signal from the Kura River.
• The lowest concentrations
were found in the North
Caspian Sea, particularly in
the north-eastern shallow area.
International Atomic Energy Agency
International Atomic Energy Agency
E(
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
DD
International Atomic Energy Agency
40
70
30
80
20
90
10
100
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
DDT (%)
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
8
The Future: New Priorities
Thank You
• Strengthened co-ordination with national institutes and
regional organisations
• Broadening of activities in response to the changing needs
of UN bodies:
• Global Programme of Action for the protection of the
marine environment from land based activities
• Tracers to characterise sewage and ground water discharges
• Convention for Biological Diversity
• Biomarker studies
• Biological effects studies
• IMO regulations on the use of tributyltin (TBT) as a
marine antifoulant
• Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of alternative marine
biocides
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
International Atomic Energy Agency
Department of Nuclear Sciences & Applications
IAEA - Marine Environment Laboratory
9
12/13/2007
UNU Coastal Hydrosphere project
What is the project about?
Monitoring of POPs in the Asian Region
POPs Planning Workshop
27 November 2007, Hamilton
Dr. Zafar Adeel
Director, UNU-INWEH
Project Overview – 1996-present
„
This project has a thematic focus on:
Project Activities – Monitoring Programme
PCRWR
• Water pollution (POPs) monitoring in coastal and river systems
• Protection, restoration and management of coastal resources impacted by
pollution
„
„
„
The project concept follows:
„
„
NIES
Pre-designed sampling
programme
Conducted annually
Two sampling rounds
QA/QC and data archiving by
UNU
VNU
Key elements of the project:
• 11-Country Pollution Monitoring in Asia
• Partnership with Japanese institutions (ORI of U Tokyo, Iwate Gov.)
• Coastal Ecosystem Management (with UNESCO, ISME)
„
KORDI
• Monitoring requirements for the Stockholm Convention
• Section 30 of WSSD Plan of Implementation
• Chapter 17 of Agenda 21
„
CJFC - EP
U of P
Bharatidasan U.
The project is funded by the following partners:
Key Partner:
ERTC
U of M
• UNU, Shimadzu Corp., Iwate Prefecture, UNESCO
NUS
SARPEDAL
Project Activities – Capacity Building
„
Equipment for chemical analysis – GC/MS
Project Activities - Researcher Network
„
UNU-ORI Joint International Workshops on Marine Environment
„
Supported by:
• Focus: Asia and Pacific
• Iwate Prefectural Government
• UNESCO
• Japan Society for Promotion of Science
„
„
Web-based dissemination of research results
Hands-on training for young professionals
1
12/13/2007
Project Activities – International Meetings
International Symposia:
„
POPs: Global Transport, Best Environmental Practice, and Risk Perception
Project Activities – International Meetings
International Workshops:
„
Sustainable Management of Coastal and Marine Resources
Otsuchi, Japan (October 2005)
Jakarta, Indonesia (2007)
„
POPS in Asia: its status and future
„
Ecosystem Impacts of POPs
„
Impacts of POPs from Urban Areas
„
Tracing pollutants from agrochemical use
„
Industries and EDC Pollution
„
Marine Ecosystems and Bio-logging Science
„
Ecosystem Conservation in Coastal Areas
„
Capacity Development for Monitoring of POPs in the East Asian Hydrosphere
„
Environmental Quality Guidelines and Capacity Development
„
Coastal Ecosystems, Nutrient Cycles and Pollution
„
Coastal Ecology, Nutrient Cycles and Pollution
Otsuchi, Japan (Nov 2004)
Manila, Philippines (2006)
Bangkok, Thailand (2005)
Beijing, P.R. China (2004)
Hanoi, Viet Nam (2002)
Seoul, Republic of Korea (2001)
„
EDCs in East Asian Coastal Hydrosphere
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2000)
„
Environmental Issues Related to EDC Pollution
Iwate, Japan (Feb 2004)
Tokyo and Hadano, Japan (Sept 2003)
Kwangju, Republic of Korea (Jan 2003)
Otsuchi, Japan (Oct 2001)
Otsuchi, Japan (Dec 2000)
International Conferences:
„
Man and the Ocean
Tokyo, Japan (July 2006)
Tokyo, Japan (1999)
„
Future Challenges in POPs Management
„
Conserving Our Coastal Environment
Tokyo, Japan (September 2005)
Tokyo, Japan (July 2002)
Project Activities – Policy-Relevant Synthesis
„
Policy synthesis reports
What Did We Learn? (so far…)
„
Targeted publications
Project Findings - challenges & opportunities
„
Selecting Sampling Locations
• Identifying potential hot-spots
• Correlation to agriculture, industries or concentrated urban areas
• Trial and error approach
„
Ensuring Data Quality
Project Findings – scientific issues
„
• Highly-localized spatially and
• Variable temporally
„
• Consistency in laboratory analyses
• Cross-calibration exercises
• Centralized data quality control
„
Data Interpretation
•
•
•
•
„
Sampling variability and seasonal impacts
Long-term evaluation
Understanding spatial distribution
Cross-referencing with other data sets
POPs pollutants in coastal waters are
Organochlorine pesticides continue to be introduced in coastal waters,
despite existing bans
• Continued use of pesticides
• Leaching from soils and sediments
„
„
„
Input from agricultural areas is apparent
Possible accumulation of DDT in coastal sediments
Overall declining trends for DDT??
Limitation of Resources
• Constraints on number of samples and frequency of sampling
• Shortage of trained technicians
2
12/13/2007
Project Findings – policy issues
„
Governments play a key role in monitoring and governance
• Government as a facilitator rather than provider
• Management and dissemination of information
• Smoother coordination of sectoral planning related to coastal management
„
Human and institutional capacity development
• Focus on trainers and managers
• Development of researcher networks
• Improved developing-country collaboration
„
Focus on community-based coastal development
• Creation of increased opportunities for the rural poor
• Raising local living standards
„
Need for consistent, long-term monitoring and assessment
„
Mapping of threats and prioritizing action
Key Project Accomplishments
„
„
Sustained focus on pollution monitoring and coastal management
Successful capacity development
• Extensive utilization of laboratory facilities in participating countries
„
„
„
Development of an international network of experts
Brought policy focus on pollution, endocrine disruption and POPs issues
The project has emerged as a model for:
• UN - private sector partnerships
• Multi-agency UN collaboration
• Systematic collection of ecosystem health and threats data
• Synthesize data into policy-relevant information
• Focus on identifying vulnerable populations
• Prioritizing financial resource allocation
3
12/13/2007
Our Projects
Contenido
El Programa Ambiental
del Caribe
&
Contaminantes Orgánicos
Persistentes en la Región del
Gran Caribe
Alexander Cooman
Coordinador Proyecto GEF-REPCar
Unidad de Coordinacion Regional
para el Caribe (PNUMA-UCR/CAR)
PNUMA
Gobiernos de la Región Caribe
División implementación de
políticas ambientales
Programa Ambiental del Caribe
“Convención de Cartagena y Protocolos”
Unidad de Coordinación Regional para el
Caribe del PNUMA y la Convención de
Cartagena
‹
Programa Evaluación y Manejo de
Contaminación Ambiental (AMEP) y el
protocolo FTCM
‹
Proyecto GEF-REPCar
‹
Programa de monitoreo ambiental de REPCar
La Convención de Cartagena
Único tratado regional con obligaciones
legales, para la protección y el desarrollo
del medio ambiente marino de la región
del Gran Caribe
Programas Mares Regionales
UCR/CAR
AMEP
‹
CETA
SPAW
SUB-PROGRAMA AMEP
CONVENCION
DE CARTAGENA
Adoptado en 1983
En vigor desde 1986
Objetivo:
Protocolo relativo a la
co-operación para
combatir derrames de
hidrocarburos
Protocolo relativo a
áreas y especies
especialmente
protegidas (SPAW)
Protocolo relativo a la
contaminación
proveniente de fuentes
terrestres (LBS)
Adoptado en 1983
En vigor desde 1986
Adoptado in 1990
En vigor desde 2000
Adoptado en 1999
REMPEITC
SPAW RAC
CIMAB
IMA
• Evaluación y manejo de contaminación ambiental
• Coordinación implementación protocolos LBS y
relativo a co-operación para combatir derrames de
hidrocarburos:
9 Prevenir, reducir y controlar contaminación de
zonas costeras y marinas
9 Apoyo a desarrollo de planeación integral y
manejo de zonas costeras
RAN
1
12/13/2007
AMENZA: Sedimento y contaminación
de origen terrestre
AMENZA: Contaminación y daño de
origen marino
• Aguas negras
• Descargas de aguas de
balastro y basuras
• Deforestación
• Derrames de
hidrocarburos y escapes
• Mal manejo y uso de
tierras
• Daño por anclas
• Escurrimiento de
fertilizantes y
plaguicidas
Protocolo relativo a fuentes terrestres
de contaminacion marina
Obligaciones generales:
• Desarrollo e implementación de planes
nacionales de acción
• Manejo integrado de áreas costeras
• Monitoreo y evaluación
Projects
ÁreasOur
temáticas
AMEP
‹
Programas Nacionales de Acción
‹
Planes para el manejo integrado de cuencas
hidrográficas – reformas políticas y legislativas
Evaluación y monitoreo ambiental – p.ej.
Know Why Network Project, REPcar,
IWCAM, IAEA, BASEL
COPs
Mejores Prácticas de Manejo para la
reducción de contaminación agrícola –
p.ej. REPCar, Programa de pequeñas
becas para MPM en agricultura
Manejo integrado de desechos, incluyendo
desechos marinos
‹
‹
‹
Protocolo relativo a fuentes terrestres
de contaminación marina y COPs
Obligaciones especificas relativo a fuentes
prioritarias
• Listado de COPs: fuentes, categorías,
contaminantes asociados (Anexo I)
• Limitaciones para la emisión de aguas negras
de origen doméstico, con cronograma para
implementación (Anexo III)
• Fuentes dispersas de contaminación agrícola,
implementación de mejoras practicas de
manejo (Anexo IV)
Know-Why-Network
Objetivo:
• Aumentar la capacidad de países de la región
para la implementación de protocolo LBS
• Establecer datos sobre estado ambiental de
aguas marinas: diagnosis de áreas críticas
• Mejorar la capacidad en uso de SIG y
Percepción Remota
• Desarrollo de guías de clasificación de aguas
2
12/13/2007
Apoyo a manejo de desechos peligrosos
Know-Why-Network
Objetivo :
Desarrollo de estrategias integradas y comunes
para la reducción y el control de contaminación
del medio ambiente marino por desechos
sólidos y tóxicos
Ejecutores:
• RAC-CIMAB
• RAC-IMA
• Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras
de Colombia (INVEMAR)
Otros Participantes:
• IOCARIBE
• IAEA
Ejecutores:
• Centros Regionales de Actividad (RACs)
Financiado por Sida
Apoyo a manejo de desechos peligrosos
Resultados:
• Estrategia regional para manejo de baterías
usadas
• Avances en estrategia regional para manejo
de aceites usados
• Apoyo a formulación de proyecto GEF para
plaguicidas vencidas
AMEP ACTIVITIES 2008-2009
GEF
THEMATIC AREAS
IWCAM
National Programmes of Actions
Integrated Watershed Management
RepCAR
Env. Assessment and Monitoring
Integrated Waste Management
Contaminated
bays
Sewage and Wastewater Manag.
GEF-REPCar
Colombia, Costa Rica y Nicaragua
Reduciendo el Escurrimiento de
Plaguicidas al Mar Caribe
MAVDT
www.cep.unep.org
Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente
Programa Ambiental para el Caribe
Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial – Colombia
Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía – Costa Rica
Ministerio del Ambiente y Recursos Naturales – Nicaragua
Con el apoyo financiero del Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial
GEF
3
12/13/2007
Antecedentes
Objetivos
Proteger del medio marino de la
región del Gran Caribe,
implementando practicas de
manejo integrado y medidas
específicas para el control
sobre el uso y la aplicación de
plaguicidas en el sector agrícola
• Actividad agrícola
en el Caribe
Suroccidental
• Riesgos para el
medio ambiente
• Deterioro potencial
del medio marino
Apoyo a los países en la
implementación del Protocolo
Relativo a la Contaminación
Procedente de Fuentes y
Actividades Terrestres (LBS),
como parte del Convenio de
Cartagena
Secunda reunión Comité Directivo - GEF-REPCar
Impacto
Antecedentes
Impacto difícil de estimar de forma directa a través de
indicadores de estado ambiental
=> Indicadores de proceso y de reducción de estrés
ambiental aplicados a subsectores y regiones donde
el proyecto es activo:
• Disminución en cantidad de plaguicidas persistentes
usados por ha
• Numero de agricultores con BPA implementados
en la región
• Reducción de escurrimiento de plaguicidas en
fincas piloto con implementación de Buenas
Practicas Agrícolas
Secunda reunión Comité Directivo - GEF-REPCar
Presupuesto global
Aportes:
• Fondo FMAM:
• Co-financiación (países):
• Co-financiación (Croplife LA):
• Costo total del proyecto:
Propuesta de proyecto (PDF-B):
• Desarrollada de 1998 a 2001
Inicio del proyecto:
• Fines de 2006
• Necesidad de revisión de:
9 alcances
9 actividades
9 co-financiación
9 arreglos institucionales
Secunda reunión Comité Directivo - GEF-REPCar
Participantes
4,295,000
5,185,000
440,000
9,920,000
• Propuesta de proyecto (PDF-B) desarrollada de
1998 a 2001
• Inicio del proyecto a fines de 2006
Secunda reunión Comité Directivo - GEF-REPCar
• Agricultores (asociaciones)
• Productores y distribuidores
de agroquímicos
• Universidades y entes de IDC
• NGOs, organizaciones de
consumidores, certificadores, …
• Ministerios de Agricultura y
otros entes oficiales
• Ministerios de medio ambiente:
– Colombia
– Costa Rica
– Nicaragua
• UNEP: CAR/RCU y DGEF
Secunda reunión Comité Directivo - GEF-REPCar
4
12/13/2007
Proyectos demostrativos en BPA
Actividades
• TdR proyectos demostrativos
• Selección de 2 cultivos objeto
por país
• Selección agencias implementadoras
• Desarrollo guías de implementación
BPA y capacitación
• Desarrollo protocolos de monitoreo
• Implementación de 12
proyectos
• Capacitación de capacitadores y agricultores
Monitoreo impacto ambiental plaguicidas
Actividades
• Monitoreo uso de plaguicidas
• Marco de programa
• Desarrollo de protocolos
• Capacitación en monitoreo costero
• Evaluación en zona marina (1-10 millas)
• Monitoreo plaguicidas zona costera
• Publicación base de datos SIG
• Retroalimentación sector agrícola
Secunda reunión Comité Directivo - GEF-REPCar
Fortalecimiento de la capacidad de
reducción de escurrimiento de plaguicidas
Actividades
• Revisión de marcos legales para mejorar
control y desestimular uso de plaguicidas
tóxicas
• Apoyo a programas de certificación
de cultivos para generar fuerzas
positivas en el mercado
• Diseminación de la
información
GEF-REPCar Project
Colombia, Costa Rica y Nicaragua - Reducing Pesticide Runoff to the Caribbean Sea
Secunda reunión Comité Directivo - GEF-REPCar
Coordinación de proyecto
Actividades
• Organización de Unidad de Coordinación de
Proyecto
• Coordinación regional:
9 CDP
9Paneles de asesores
• Coordinación Nacional:
9 CCN
9 Coordinadores
Nacionales
Organizacional Chart – Regional Level
Min. Agr.
NCC
Observers
Advisors
Min. Env.
PSC
Other Members
UNEP
CAR/RCU
UNEP
DGEF
• IICA
• FAO
• Croplife LA
• Environmental NGO
• Agricultural NGO
• Earth University
GEF
Organizacional Chart – National Level
REPCAR – Reducing Pesticide Runoff to the Caribbean Sea
Other
Ministries
Growers Ass.
Agrochem.
Industry
IICA/FAO
Min. Agr.
R&D
NCC
NGOs
Min. Env.
Impl. Ag.
Farmers Ass.
Impl. Ag.
Impl. Ag.
University
R&D Org.
PSC
REPCAR – Reducing Pesticide Runoff to the Caribbean Sea
Secunda reunión Comité Directivo - GEF-REPCar
Programa de monitoreo
costero de plaguicidas
CURSO – TALLER
Estandarización de Técnicas de Muestreo y
Análisis para la Determinación de Plaguicidas
en matrices Marinas
Estandarizar a nivel regional (Caribe) las técnicas de análisis y
muestreo, para la determinación de plaguicidas en diversas
matrices marinas:
•
•
Proveer a los participantes el conocimiento necesario para la
evaluación crítica de los aspectos fundamentales de un buen
muestreo y manejo de laboratorio en los análisis de plaguicidas.
Asegurar la calidad e integridad de los resultados que se obtienen
en los análisis de plaguicidas en muestras ambientales marinas
Secunda reunión Comité Directivo - GEF-REPCar
Programa de monitoreo
costero de plaguicidas
25 h de teoría y 60 h de práctica.
Bases teóricas, por medio de clases magistrales, discusión de
artículos y participación de experiencias.
Parte práctica, dos salidas de campo, una en el Buque BI/Ancon en
la zona marino costera del departamento del Magdalena, y otra
en embarcaciones menores a la CGSM.
Fase de laboratorio, desde la preparación de reactivos, obtención de
extractos, concentración, purificación en cromatografía de
columna, análisis por GC y HPLC. Así mismo, se contemplará el
control de calidad de los datos, sus cálculos y presentación del
informe
5
12/13/2007
Programa de monitoreo
costero de plaguicidas
Programa de monitoreo
costero de plaguicidas
Monitoreo de plaguicidas en
zonas de desembocaduras,
lagunas costeras y cuencas
hidrográficas
Establecer la línea base
de concentración de
plaguicidas en la zona
marina (1-10 millas):
• Agua
• Sedimento
• Biota
Programa de monitoreo
costero de plaguicidas
País
Nicaragua
Sitio 1. Lago Cocibolca, Río San Juan y la salida al Mar en San Juan del Norte
2. Río Grande de Matagalpa (Cuenca 55)
3. Laguna de Bluefields, Río Escondido (Cuenca 61) y Río Kubra
Costa Rica
1. del Colorado
2. Rio Matina
3. Rio Moin
4. Rio Estrella
Colombia
Programa de monitoreo
costero de plaguicidas
Por definir
•
•
•
•
•
Numero de estaciones
Frecuencia
Plaguicidas a monitorear
Co-variables
Presentación de resultados en GIS-IMS
5. Cahuita
1. Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM)
2. Desembocadura del río Magdalena
3. Bahía de Cartagena
4. Golfo de Morrosquillo
5. Desembocadura río Sinú
6. Golfo de Urabá (zona fronteriza con Panamá)
Programa de monitoreo
costero de plaguicidas
Unos antecedentes de investigación por las
instituciones participantes
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua
Centro para la Investigación en Recursos Acuáticos de Nicaragua
CIRA/UNAN
PLAGUICIDAS ORGANOCLORADOS E
HIDROCARBUROS AROMÁTICOS POLICÍCLICOS
(PAHs) EN AGUA Y SEDIMENTOS DEL LAGO
COCIBOLCA Y EN SUS PRINCIPALES TRIBUTARIOS
Preparado: Jorge Cuadra Leal
6
12/13/2007
Plaguicidas
Organoclorados
Sedimentos de Fondo (Centro del Lago Cocibolca)
Punto 1
Máximo
pg/g
Aldrín
Punto 2
Mínimo
pg/g
Máximo
pg/g
Mínimo
pg/g
nd
nd
nd
nd
Dieldrin
266,68
(15-20 cm)
49,76
594,15
(4-6 cm)
144,74
Endrin
2 878,16
(4-6 cm)
44,14
nd
nd
Heptacloro
nd
nd
nd
nd
Heptacloro Epóxido
nd
nd
nd
nd
pp-DDT
2 008,24
(6-8 cm)
939,64
nd
nd
pp-DDE
4 040,08
(30-35 cm)
62,40
1 816,47
(4-6 cm)
68,42
a-Endosulfano
nd
nd
nd
nd
74,55
411,25
(4-6 cm)
76,86
nd
nd
nd
nd
1 333,80
(30-35 cm)
82,57
7 928,36
(2-4 cm)
41,66
b-Endosulfano
Lindano
Área de la Cuenca 23 844 km2
Cuenca Binacional
Área del Lago 8000 km2
2.- Plaguicidas organoclorados en
sedimentos
Caribe Costarricense
Estaciones de muestreo
Boya Externa
Boya Media
Mar Caribe
Preparación de la embarcación para tomar
las muestras en el puerto de Moín
Islote Pájaros
ƒ Algunos plaguicidas
persistentes:
ƒ DDT→ DDE y DDD
ƒ Dieldrín, aldrín, endrín
ƒ Clordano
ƒ Endosulfán
ƒ Lindano
Muelle interno
Ciudad de
Limón
Río Moín
Cromatógrafo de gases con
detector de captura de electrones
Suecia: SAREC → SIDA
Isla
Uvita
INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES MARINAS Y COSTERAS
“José Benito Vives de Andreis”
Vinculado al Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial
Santa Marta
Cuadro 6. Plaguicidas en sedimentos y ríos.
Total
muestras
Año 2004
Resultados
Positivos
Matriz:
Sedimentos,
Núcleos.
Aguas
13
2
Compuestos encontrados
Detectados
Valor o Ámbito
Número
hallazgos
Clorpirifos
9.7 a 10.5
μg/kg
2
Fuentes, 1
1
Bromacil
0.46 a 12.2 μg/L
4
Pozos, 6
2
Clorotalonil
0.10 a 0.20 mg/L
2
Canales, 90
21
Clorpirifos
0.85 a 3.14 μg/L
5
Riachuelos,
17
3
Etoprofos
10 a 1.5 μg/L
2
Ríos, 41
0
Imazalil
0.60 a 15.1 μg/L
5
Potable, 4
0
Tiabendazol
0.11 a 0.52 mg/L
7
Desc., 1
1
Triadimefon
0.4 μg/L
1
Presa, 1
0
161
28
83 % Nic.
17 % CR.
824,79
(30-35 cm)
pp-DDD
Puntos de Muestreo realizados en campañas de monitoreo
del CIRA/UNAN en los últimos 12 años
LA REDCAM
SISTEMA DE COOPERACIÓN
INTERINSTITUCIONAL PARA LA
VIGILANCIA DE LA CALIDAD
AMBIENTAL MARINA EN COLOMBIA
42
7
12/13/2007
Programa nacional de Investigación, Evaluación, Prevención, Reducción y Control de Fuentes Terrestres y
Marinas de Contaminación al Mar - PNICM
RED DE MONITOREO EN EL CARIBE - ESTACIONES - 235
Estado de la Calidad Química y Sanitaria de las Aguas Marinas y Costeras de
Colombia
RESULTADOS CARIBE
San Andrés
Alcantarillado
Mar Caribe
Riohacha
El Cove
Bocas de
Ceniza
Santa Marta
R. Jerez
Barranquilla
Puerto Colombia
Ciénaga Grande
de Santa Marta
Bahía de
Cartagena
Cartagena
Canal del
Dique
Golfo de
Morrosquillo
San Onofre
Tolú
Tinajones
Bahía de Cispata
Golfo de
Urabá
Triganá
Mulatos
Turbo
3
3
3
3
3
Eutroficación y Fertilización
Hidrocarburos del Petróleo
Plaguicidas y Agroquímicos
Metales Pesados
Contaminación Microbiológica
V.
fisicoquímicas
Hidrocarburos
Plaguicidas
organoclorado
sMetales
pesados
C. fecales
Río León
43
Programa de monitoreo
costero de plaguicidas
GRACIAS
Intereses:
• Desarrollo de capacidades en la región
• Uniformidad metodológica
• Acceso a resultados
MAVDT
www.cep.unep.org.repcar
GEF
8
12/13/2007
GEF-IWCAM Background
The GEF- IWCAM Project
6 Funding: Global Environment Facility
(GEF)
6 Project Cost: US$112M (includes cofinancing)
6 GEF Funding US$14M
6 Implementing Agencies: UNEP & UNDP
6 Executing Agencies: CEHI,
UNEP-CAR/RCU, and UNOPS
6 Project Coordination Unit: based at CEHI
www.iwcam.org
GEF-IWCAM Background
PROJECT OBJECTIVE
To assist Caribbean Small Island Developing
States to adopt an integrated approach to
watershed and coastal area management.
www.iwcam.org
GEF-IWCAM Background
IWCAM CHALLENGES
6 Coordination: national, regional
6 Linkages and coordination with other initiatives/
partnerships
6 Sustainability of IWCAM after project life (requires
programmatic approach)
6 Need for re-orientation among relevant decisionmakers and technocrats
6 Political willingness
6 Public awareness and participation
www.iwcam.org
GEF-IWCAM Background
6 13 countries involved in the Project: Antigua &
Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba,
Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti,
Jamaica, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St.
Vincent & the Grenadines, Trinidad & Tobago
6 All have agreed to adopt the IWCAM approach
6 Required to address policy and legislative
issues to fully mainstream IWCAM at the
national level.
www.iwcam.org
GEF-IWCAM Project Components
COMPONENT 1: DEMONSTRATION,
CAPTURE AND TRANSFER OF BEST
PRACTICES
6 Implementation and management of 9
demonstration projects in 8 countries
6 Capture of lessons, best practices,
alternative technologies from Demonstration
Projects
6 Development of national, regional and
global replication strategies and
mechanisms
www.iwcam.org
1
12/13/2007
GEF-IWCAM Component #1 - Demo Projects
6
6
6
6
6
Antigua and Barbuda: Mitigation of Groundwater and Coastal
Impacts from Sewage Discharges from St. John’s
Bahamas: Land and Sea Use Planning for Water Recharge
Protection and Management in Andros
Bahamas: Marina Waste Management at Elizabeth Harbour in
Exuma
Cuba: Application of IWCAM Concepts at Cienfuegos Bay and
Watershed
Dominican Republic: Mitigation of Impacts of Industrial
Wastes on the Lower Haina River Basin and its Coast
www.iwcam.org
GEF-IWCAM Project Components
COMPONENT 2: DEVELOPMENT OF IWCAM
PROCESS, STRESS REDUCTION AND
ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS INDICATORS
FRAMEWORK
6 Review existing national and regional level indicator
frameworks
6 Development of template for national level Indicators
6 Conduct hotspot diagnostic analyses (HSDA) at
(non-demo) hotspots in each country
6 Establish Regional centre for storage of Indicator
information and for Indicator training
6 Pilot IWCAM process, stress reduction and
environmental status indicators (1 country)
www.iwcam.org
GEF-IWCAM Project Components
COMPONENT 4: REGIONAL & NATIONAL
CAPACITY BUILDING & SUSTAINABILITY
FOR IWCAM
6 National workshops on awareness and
multi-sectoral sensitisation to IWCAM issues
6 Stakeholder involvement in regional
IWCAM
6 Training and education activities
6 A regional strategy for the sustainable
promotion and implementation of IWCAM
6 Project Networking
6 A regional IWCAM Information Clearing
House
www.iwcam.org
GEF-IWCAM Component #1 - Demo Projects
6
6
6
6
Jamaica: An Integrated Approach to Managing the Marine,
Coastal and Watershed Resources of East-Central Portland
Saint Kitts and Nevis: Rehabilitation and Management of the
Basseterre Valley as a Protection Measure for the Underlying
Aquifer
Saint Lucia: Protecting and Valuing Watershed Services and
Developing Management Incentives in the Fond D'or Watershed
Area
Trinidad and Tobago: Land-Use Planning and Watershed
Restoration as part of a Focused IWCAM Demonstration in the
Courland Watershed and Buccoo Reef Area
www.iwcam.org
GEF-IWCAM Project Components
COMPONENT 3: POLICY, LEGISLATIVE
AND INSTITUTIONAL REFORM FOR IWCAM
6 Review of national policy, legislation and
institutional structures identifying barriers to
IWCAM
6 A set of regional guidelines for national
policy, legislative and institutional reform
6 Regional programme for amendment of
national legislation and policy
6 IWRM Plan development
www.iwcam.org
GEF-IWCAM Project Components
COMPONENT 5: PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION
6 Project Management (by Project Coordination Unit)
6 Project Steering Committee (to provide policy level
guidance)
6 National Inter-sectoral Committees (to capture IWCAM
concepts)
6 Implementing Agency/Executing Agency Management
Group
6 Regional Technical Advisory Group
6 Project Reporting on activities and outputs, and reviews of
project work-plan and budget
6 Project Evaluation ensures that indicators are measuring
sustainable project success
6 Develop an Information Management System for the project
www.iwcam.org
2
12/13/2007
Laboratory Capacity Building
6Environmental monitoring and surveillance
6 Need for building capacity, both nationally
and regionally, to monitor and evaluate
environmental water quality in all
participating SIDS.
6 Supports indicator development and
application (Component #2)
6 Enhancement of laboratory capacity and
capability are needed – provision of
equipment, technical training including
QA/QC
Plans for Increasing Laboratory Capacity
6
6
6
6
Conduct of monitoring needs capability assessments
planned for first half of 2008
Conduct training in environmental water quality
monitoring
Strengthen laboratory capabilities through
acquisition of equipment
Upgrade monitoring
laboratories
www.iwcam.org
Similarities and Synergies between GEF
IWCAM and INWEH
6Both
are dealing with LBS issues and the interconnection between terrestrial and marine systems
6Both projects include Ja, DR, TT, SLU
6DR demo project is looking at industrial waste,
with monitoring in the coastal area and
upstream and might be relevant as a site to
trace POPs and PTS from source to coastal
zone
6A laboratory network is to be established and could be
expanded to include non-IWCAM countries
www.iwcam.org
Plans for Increasing Laboratory Capacity
capabilities
of
regional
www.iwcam.org
Similarities and Synergies between GEF
IWCAM and INWEH
6An
environmental information database (capturing
results of monitoring) is being developed under IWCAM
and can be linked to the INWEH database.
6
Physical location could be CEHI, housed as part
of the IWCAM PIMS
6Both will be assessing laboratory
capacity with a view
to upgrading participating laboratories
6
6
6
6
Acquisition of equipment
Training in use
Training to improve QA/QC
Proficiency testing participation
www.iwcam.org
Field and lab activities, St. Lucia
6Provide
regional and national training in
environmental water quality monitoring including
QA/QC
6Create
and manage a regional network of
laboratories for sharing of technical information
and online training
www.iwcam.org
www.iwcam.org
3
12/13/2007
Similarities between GEF IWCAM & INWEH
6Conclusion: Many areas of overlap and many
potential synergies.
6Both projects will require close coordination to
maximise outputs.
www.iwcam.org
4
Overview
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
Current Situation and Capacity regarding
POPs and PTSs in Coastal Waters
RICHARD BRATHWAITE AND WENDY NORVILLE
™
Introduction
™
Current Situation
™
Studies Conducted
™
Testing Capabilities
™
The Way Forward
(University of the West Indies, St. Augustine; Institute of Marine Affairs)
UNU-INWEH PLANNING WORKSHOP
Assessment, Monitoring and Management of Persistent Organic
Pollutants (POPs) and Persistent Toxic Substances (PTSs) in Coastal
Ecosystems of the Wider Caribbean Region, 26-28 November 2007
Country Presentation- Trinidad & Tobago
2
Trinidad & Tobago
™
Area: 5128 km2
™
Population: 1.3 million (1998)
™
Economy: largely oil & gas based
™ Oil refining,
™ Other-iron
methanol, ammonia, urea, LNG
& steel, cement, food processing, rum
distilling
™ Diversification-
Country Presentation- Trinidad & Tobago
3
tourism, manufacturing, agriculture
Country Presentation- Trinidad & Tobago
4
Major Sources of PTSs
™
Energy- exploration, production, service stations
™
Industry
™ Ammonia,
urea, paints, batteries, wood, paper, cloth,
iron & steel , cement, metal fabricators, power
generation
Current Situation
™
Waste- incinerators, crematoria, landfills, vehicles
™
Agriculture & vector control- pesticide use
™
Marine- ship building, repair, antifouling paints
Country Presentation- Trinidad & Tobago
6
1
New Industrial Developments
Actions to Date
™
Polyethylene production plant
™
Acceded to Stockholm convention (Dec 2002)
™
At least one aluminium smelter
™
Participated in UNEP/ GEF project
™
Pitch-based products
™
Steering committee formed to guide implementation
process
™
Proposal submitted for UNDP/GEF funding for initial
assistance to fulfil obligations
™ Regionally
based assessment of PTSs
™ Approved by
™ Awaiting
Country Presentation- Trinidad & Tobago
7
Country Presentation- Trinidad & Tobago
Legal Instruments Available
™
™ Trade
& Toxic Chemical Act (1979, 1986)
™
No POPs under the Stockholm Convention are currently
imported or registered for use
™
Never manufactured here; some used previously:
Ordinance No. 19 (1958)
™ Environmental
™ Customs
™ Chlordane
™ Mirex-
Management Authority Act (2000)
™ DDT-
Convention
9
Monitoring done by Pesticides & Toxic Chemicals
Control Board
Country Presentation- Trinidad & Tobago
Pesticide Inventory
™
™
disposal (1999)
™ Government
™ Research
™ POP
agencies
™ DDT
™ Other
shops
Country Presentation- Trinidad & Tobago
(26 kg),
(24,000 kg)
pesticides:
™ Atrazine
cane estates
herbicides, fungicides, growth regulators
pesticides:
™ Mirex
stations
™ Ports
™ Sugar
Over 15,000 litres & 26 tonnes of pesticides identified
™ Insecticides,
private laboratories
™ Agrochemical
10
Pesticide Inventory
Inventory of obsolete pesticides & toxic chemicals for
™ Government,
termicide
control of mosquitoes (malaria)
™ Toxaphene-agriculture
™
Country Presentation- Trinidad & Tobago
-termicide
control of “bachac”
™ Aldrin/dieldrin- agriculture,
Act (1980)
™ Rotterdam
8
Pesticide Use
Management of POPs & PTSs
™ Pesticide
GEF, Cabinet
final signatures following review by AG
(108 kg),
™ Endosulfan
11
(0.75L)
Country Presentation- Trinidad & Tobago
12
2
Importation of Pesticides into
Trinidad & Tobago (2003-2006)
Imported Products
2003
2004
2005
2006
Imports (kg)
1,406,453
2,395,051
1,750,901
1,748,438
% Insecticides
67.53
46.54
60.94
59.58
% Herbicides
21.12
47.59
24.62
30.63
% Fungicides
7.79
4.13
9.63
7.24
% Growth Regulators
0.09
0.04
0.01
0.01
% Rodenticides
1.17
1.11
1.73
1.86
%Other Pesticides
2.16
0.60
3.08
0.68
Country Presentation- Trinidad & Tobago
13
PAHs in Sediments from the Gulf of Paria (GOP), ‘98
Studies Conducted in Trinidad
™
Studies Conducted
™ Concs
Sampath (1982) - organochlorine pesticides & PCBs
Threshold)
of the Blue River (not detected in water)
™
Gulf of
Paria
IMA (1980) - chlorinated hydrocarbons below 1ppb
™ Elevated concs
™ Port-of
in water, sediment & biota from central Gulf coast
™
< 22,000 ng/g
(Apparent Effects
in biota & sediment from the Caroni Swamp, mouth
™ San
IMA(1998) - detectable levels of DDE found in
™ Point
sediments of the Nariva Swamp (not detected in
Spain
Fernando
Fortin
water)
Country Presentation- Trinidad & Tobago
15
Country Presentation- Trinidad & Tobago
16
Lead in Sediments from Point Lisas (1979-1998)
Hg in Sediments from the GOP (1998 - 1999)
Non-Residual Lead in Sediments from Point Lisas
SQG for total lead (CCME, 2001)
Conc- ug/g (ppm)
40
Gulf of
Paria
Gulf of
Paria
30
20
10
Country Presentation- Trinidad & Tobago
<10
10-20
20-40
>40
98
19
97
19
95
19
94
19
-1
9
84
19
Hg ug/kg Dry
19
Hg ug/kg Wet
<10
10-20
20-40
>40
79
-1
9
86
80
-
Year
17
Country Presentation- Trinidad & Tobago
18
3
PAHs & Metals in Bivalves from the GOP (2002)
TBT in Sediments from Chaguaramas (2001)
™6
•TBT conc range: 100- 3000 μg kg-1 (ppb)
•TBT concs> 2 ng
l-1
harvesting sites
™ Oysters,
(ppt) can affect marine life
mussels, “mok”
™ PAHs:
•All metals tested > SQGs (CCME, 1998)
™ Benzo(a)pyrene
>
British Columbia
standard at 4 stations
™ Metals:
Caridoc
™ Pb
& Hg acceptable
(Australian limits for
seafood consumption)
Almooring
Cove
Country Presentation- Trinidad & Tobago
19
Country Presentation- Trinidad & Tobago
Testing Capabilities
™
recently upgraded
™ Multi-residue
™
The Way Forward
CARIRI
™ Facilities
screen for up to 750 pesticides
Ministry of Health (Chemistry Food & Drugs Division)
™ Some
testing capabilities
™
Strengthening of coordinating mechanism
™
Public information & awareness
™
Training
™
Elaboration of inventories
™
The University of the West Indies, St Augustine
™ Unintentional
™
Institute of Marine Affairs
™ Existing
™ Equipment
21
Country Presentation- Trinidad & Tobago
The Way Forward
framework
™ Monitoring
™ Risk
™ Best
™
& analysis
assessment
™ Hazardous
™
Government of the Republic of Trinidad & Tobago
™
Institute of Marine Affairs
™
The University of the West Indies
™
Ministry of Health (Chemistry Food & Drugs Division)
™
Ministry of Public Utilities & the Environment
™
Environmental Management Authority
™
waste management
environmental practices
H. Ali
™ D.
FUNDING
™ W.
Country Presentation- Trinidad & Tobago
22
Acknowledgements
Strengthening/ improvement of capacity:
™ Legal
POPs
POP pesticides, PCBs
available for testing
Country Presentation- Trinidad & Tobago
™
20
23
Persaud
Rajkumar
Country Presentation- Trinidad & Tobago
24
4
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
Current Situation and Capacity regarding
POPs and PTSs in Coastal Waters
RICHARD BRATHWAITE AND WENDY NORVILLE
(University of the West Indies, St. Augustine; Institute of Marine Affairs)
UNU-INWEH PLANNING WORKSHOP
Assessment, Monitoring and Management of Persistent Organic
Pollutants (POPs) and Persistent Toxic Substances (PTSs) in Coastal
Ecosystems of the Wider Caribbean Region, 26-28 November 2007
5
12/13/2007
Planning workshop: Assessment, Monitoring
and Management of POPs and other PTS in
Coastal Ecosytems of the Wider Caribbean
Region
November 26-28, 2007
Hamilton, Canada
CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH INSTITUTE (CEHI)
POPs and PTS in coastal water in
the Eastern Caribbean
Alexandra Entwistle
Laboratory Analyst
INTRODUCTION
CEHI Member States
CEHI was established as a legal
entity in 1988 by the Governments
of the Caribbean Community
(CARICOM) to respond to the
environmental health concerns of
CARICOM Member States
CEHI MANDATE
“provide technical advisory services to Member States
in all areas of environmental management, including
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
water supplies,
liquid waste and excreta disposal,
solid waste management,
water resources management,
coastal zone management including beach
pollution,
air pollution, occupational health,
vector control,
disaster prevention and preparedness,
natural resources conservation,
environmental institution development and
the socio-economic aspects of environmental
management.”
CEHI’s Activities/ Programmes
and Services
† Solid/Liquid Waste Management
† Water Resources Management
† Coastal Resources Management
† Environmental Impact Assessments
† Environmental Monitoring and
Surveillance
† Training Courses/Internships
† Laboratory, Information & Engineering
Services
1
12/13/2007
POPS WORK IN THE
REGION
† There has been little work carried out in the
Eastern Caribbean;
† POPs work done in:
‡ St. Lucia
‡ Antigua
‡ Barbados
† The focus of this monitoring was on POPs in
soils, not coastal water.
ST. LUCIA
† Work done in St. Lucia in the 1980s focused
on pesticide levels in the fresh water and
marine environment.
‰ Pesticide Levels in all samples analysed
were below detection limits.
† Results suggested that pesticide
contamination of the environment was not a
serious concern at the time. However
„ Study was a one time survey
„ Did not test for metabolites
ANTIGUA
† Very low levels of POPs pesticides
found in soils tested.
BARBADOS
‰ work carried out on soils for National
POPs inventory
Summary of issues on POPs
Management at National Level
BARBADOS
STATUS
NEEDs
† Signed on to
Stockholm
Convention
† Pesticide
inventory in 20032004 for POPs,
PTSs and
obsolete
pesticides
†Guidance in
training of
operators
†Strengthen
regulations,
monitoring and
enforcement
2
12/13/2007
GRENADA
ST. LUCIA
STATUS
NEEDs
† No Basel,
Stockholm and
Rotterdam
Conventions
†Inventories
†Legislation
†Training and
capacity Building
STATUS
NEEDs
† Party to Conventions
†Capacity building for
chemicals
management
†Data gathering and
analysis related to
health risks.
†No specific Act or
regulations to deal with
POPs, but
management through
various Acts/
regualtions
†Inventory of POPs
conducted
ST. KITTS/
NEVIS
STATUS
NEEDs
† Party to Conventions †Inventory
†Regional Database
to promote
harmonization
ST. VINCENT &
STATUS
NEEDs
THE
GRENADINES
† Have legislation but †Awareness,
no enforcement
education and training
†No stockpiles of
obsolete pesticides
†Have attempted ID
of possible sites
where PTSs are used
†Landfill storage of
PCBs
Laboratory Services:
† Gas Chromatograph (GC), HP 5890 II
† High Pressure Liquid Chromatograph
(HPLC), HP 1100.
† Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer, Varian 220 FS
with flame and graphite furnace.
3
12/13/2007
PESTICIDE ANALYSIS DONE BY CEHI
Pesticide
class
WHAT CEHI CAN OFFER
SAMPLE MATRIX
Water
Wastewater
Soil
Fatty
Non fatty
Vegetables
/Sediments
food
food
& Fruits
Aroclors
X
X
X
X
X
X
OCPs
X
X
X
X
X
X
OPPs
X
X
X
X
X
X
Carbamates
X
X
X
X
X
X
Paraquat/
X
X
X
X
X
Diquat
† Training in POPs and PTS identification
† POPs and PTS identification
† Technical assistance & advice (e.g.to do
inventories)
† Provide platform for supporting network
of laboratories
THANK YOU!
4
12/13/2007
COUNTRY PROFILE – SAINT LUCIA
Saint Lucia is a small island developing state
(SID) located in the chain of islands making up
the Eastern Caribbean.
| It is situated between the French Island of
Martinique to the North and St. Vincent and the
Grenadines to the South, lying at 14 degrees
North and 61 degrees West,
| It has a total land mass of 238 sq. miles, being 27
miles long and 14 miles wide,
|
PLANNING WORKSHOP ON: ASSESSMENT,
MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF
POPS AND PTS IN THE COASTAL
ECOSYSTEMS OF THE WIDER CARIBBEAN
REGION
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
26 – 27 November 2007
St Lucia’s terrain is characterised by an interior
mountainous topography and flatter terrain along the
coastline.
| The island’s highest peak, Mt. Gimie, rises to 3,145 ft.
| St. Lucia is rich in biodiversity, with the mountainous
interior being home to a wide variety of tropical plants
and birds, including the indigenous St. Lucia Parrot
Amazona versicolor.
|
St Lucia is also home to one of the more recent sites to
be designated as a World Heritage Site, the Pitons
Management Area.
| It is one of a few heritage sites to have both a land and
marine component.
| St. Lucia experiences tropical climatic conditions with
a marked rainy season from June to November and
dry season from December to May.
| Drinking water on the island is supplied from rivers.
|
1
12/13/2007
SELECTED METEOROLOGICAL DATA FOR
SAINT LUCIA
Average
Rainfall
158.6mm
Max Temperature
28.3 C
Min Temperature
23.2 C
Daily Temperature 25.8 C
Relative Humidity
74%
Daily Sunshine
hours
8.1
MAIN ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES
Degradation of the marine and coastal systems
Poor land management and clear land use zones
| Loss of biodiversity
| Degradation of fresh water systems
| Improvement of waste management systems
| Poor management of chemicals
|
|
The population is approximately 164,700.
The main industries are tourism and agriculture, with
tourism taking the top spot recently due to a decline in
banana production.
| The use of agrochemicals and fertilizers in agriculture
and chemicals used in the small industrial and hotel
sectors are of increasing concern.
| Hence a number of initiatives related to chemicals
management have been undertaken.
|
|
CHEMICAL STUDIES DONE IN SAINT LUCIA
A project “Impact and Amelioration of
Sediment and Agro-Chemical Pollution in
Caribbean Coastal Waters” was funded by the
United Kingdom Department for International
Development (DFID)
| In the component on the “Fate of agro-chemicals
in the land water interface”, the findings were as
follows:
|
Limited studies on the effects on human health
(occupational exposure to pesticides).
| Pesticides pollution was mainly associated with the
banana industry.
| In another component of the same project, a snap shot
environmental survey was done on 3 watersheds in
2001.
| To assess the fate of agrochemicals (selected pesticides
and fertilisers) in water, sediment and biota along the
length of the watershed.
| This was done from plantations in the upper
catchment to the point of entry into coastal waters.
The results were as follows:
|
Very few studies had been done on the impact of
agrochemicals in the St. Lucian environment.
| Information on fertilisers was particularly lacking.
| Studies conducted focused on levels of pesticides in
potable water, watercourses, the marine environment
and aquatic organisms.
| No studies have been done on bioaccumulation of
pesticides and on the fate and transportation of
pesticides
|
2
12/13/2007
POPS PROJECT
Pesticides levels in samples were below minimum
detectable limits for the selected pesticides.
| For fertilisers, high levels of potassium were found in
two of the watersheds.
| It was recognised that the project could not do any “in
depth” study and that an environmental plan was
needed. A document outlining the recommended
components of such a plan was produced.
|
The inventory showed that small quantities of POPs
were present at institutions in the island.
| An earlier inventory conducted for obsolete pesticides
and toxic chemicals revealed that there were
approximately 7 metric tonnes to be disposed of.
| A POPs National Implementation Plan has been
developed for Saint Lucia and funding is being sought
to implement the various activities.
|
St Lucia became a party to the Stockholm
Convention in 2002.
| Although no POPs pesticides are used in St.
Lucia, it was recognised that unintentional
POPs, PCBs etc were being produced as a result
of industrial, commercial and residential
activities.
| An inventory of POPs was conducted and a
National Implementation Plan was developed,
showing St. Lucia’s commitment to the sound
management of chemicals.
|
NATIONAL PRIORITIES AND KEY ISSUES
Institutional strengthening in chemicals
management.
| Overall public awareness on chemicals
management.
| Assessment of hazardous risk associated with
stockpiles.
| Development of related legislation.
| Environmental monitoring.
|
3
12/13/2007
Áreas Marinas Protegidas en
el Caribe Mexicano
Capacidades Analíticas y de Campo
para COPs y PBSs en México
Comisón Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas
(CONANP)
Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR-Chetumal)
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados
(Cinvestav-Mérida)
La CONANP-RPYCMexicano en la Institución responsable de parte
de México en el Proyecto para la Conservación y Uso Sustentable
del Sistema Arrecifal Mesoamericano (SAM/MBRS)
BELIZE
GUATEMALA
HONDURAS
MEXICO
Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales
Protegidas, Región Peninsula de Yucatán
y Caribe Mexicano
Región Peninsula de Yucatán y Caribe Mexicano
Región Peninsula de Yucatán y Caribe Mexicano
•10 áreas marinas protegidas
federales que pertenecen al
área del SAM y cubren 580.5 k,
de litoral.
•3 Prioritarias para la primera
fase del SAM trasfronterizas
•2 Federales y 1 Estatal
•
México
Estaciones de Campo
•Embarcaciones en todas las
Áreas.
•Combustible
•Capitán y personal para toma de
muestras (postcapacitación).
LABORATORIOS INSTITUCIONALES
ECOSUR
Ing. Adriana Zavala Mendoza
1
12/13/2007
ECOSUR-UNIDAD CHETUMAL
• El Colegio de la Frontera Sur es un centro
multidisciplinario de investigación y educación a nivel
postgrado, enfocado en el desarrollo y la vinculación
de México en la Frontera Sur.
• ECOSUR-Unidad Chetumal esta ubicada en la ciudad
de Chetumal Quintana Roo, México.
AREA DE INFLUENCIA
ECOSUR-Unidad Chetumal
• El Colegio de la Frontera Sur tiene gran influencia en
toda la región de la costa del caribe mexicano, con 8
líneas de investigación y 21 investigadores y de
Sistemas de Producción Alternativos con tres líneas y
5 investigadores, tres de estos últimos enfocados a
pesquerías artesanales y dos a recursos forestales y
silvícola.
LABORATORIOS INSTITUCIONALES DE
ECOSUR
Apoyar con análisis físico-químicos a todos los
proyectos de investigación de ECOSUR.
Apoyar análisis físico-químicos de instituciones con
convenio con ECOSUR.
Ofrecer a la comunidad servicios externos.
Proceso de Acreditación de Métodos de Ensayo
• Utiliza la NMX-EC-17025-IMNC-2006 para acreditar
métodos de ensayo ante el organismo de
acreditación en México.
• Se encuentran en proceso de acreditación 21
métodos de ensayo en una primera fase. Dentro de
esta fase metales pesados en agua marina y
continental, aguas residuales, sedimento marino y
continental.
• En la segunda fase (2008) se acreditarán los
métodos para hidrocarburos y plaguicidas.
LABORATORIOS INSTITUCIONALES
Laboratorio de Análisis Instrumental: 4 métodos.
Laboratorio de Bromatología: 6 métodos.
Laboratorio de Diagnóstico Fitosanitario: 1 método.
Laboratorio de Química: 4 métodos. CHETUMAL
Laboratorio de Análisis de Suelos y Plantas: 4 métodos.
Laboratorio de Genética: 2 métodos.
2
12/13/2007
APOYO AL PROYECTO SAM
• Participación de la Secretaría de la Marina para el
muestreo de muestras de agua en México.
• Análisis de calidad del agua en muestras de México
durante dos años.
• Análisis de calidad del agua en muestras de Belice durante
8 meses.
• Participación en reuniones de trabajo.
• Asesorías para análisis de calidad del agua a Honduras y
Guatemala.
Análisis de Calidad del Agua
Proyecto CAPA-USAID
Análisis de Calidad del Agua
Proyecto SAM
• Se determinó la concentración de nutrientes (amonio,
nitratos, nitritos y o-fosfatos) en 6 sitios prioritarios
del Manual de Monitoreo Sinóptico del Proyecto del
SAM.
• Tres sitios en la Bahía de Chetumal y tres sitios en la
costa sur del estado de Quintana Roo.
• Se tomaron
representativo.
cinco
réplicas
en
cada
sitio
• Análisis de 14 parámetros para la evaluación de 10
plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTARs)
de Quintana Roo.
• Entre los parámetros que se midieron están 8
metales pesados, grasas y aceites, coliformes totales,
sólidos en todas sus formas, nitrógeno y fósforo total.
• En 2008 se realizará la evaluación de otras 10 PTARs
en Quintana Roo. Se incluirán los análisis de
hidrocarburos y plaguicidas.
CAPACIDADES DEL LABORATORIO DE QUIMICA
Chetumal, Quintana Roo., México.
EQUIPO
• Dos cromatógrafos de gases equipados con
detectores FID, PID, ECD, ELCD y concentrador de
purga y trampa, para análisis de plaguicidas,
hidrocarburos y compuestos orgánicos volátiles.
• Un cromatógrafos de líquidos con detector
ultravioleta.
• Dos espectrofotómetros de absorción atómica
equipados con quemador de flama, generador de
hidruros, horno de grafito y 19 lámparas de
elementos.
3
12/13/2007
SISTEMA DE CALIDAD
• Los laboratorios Institucionales han implementado un
sistema de calidad basado en la norma NMX-EC17025-IMNC-2006
• Los métodos de ensayo se realizan bajo las normas
oficiales utilizando métodos normalizados, métodos
estándarizados y otros desarrollados por los mismos
laboratorios.
• Todos los métodos de ensayo en proceso de
acreditación están validados.
Cinvestav
Centro de Investigación y de
Estudios Avanzados
Unidad Mérida
• El centro cuenta con 650 investigadores de tiempo
completo
• En siete campus en todo el país
• Cerca de 40 programas de postgrado
– En promedio
• Se gradúa un maestro en ciencias al día
• Se gradúan tres doctores en ciencias por semana
• Se cubren áreas de la ciencia desde las ciencias básicas
(matemáticas, química, física, biología molecular) hasta
control automático, nuevos materiales y ciencias
sociales (investigaciones educativas, ecología humana)
Laboratorios
• El Departamento de Recursos del Mar cuenta con 20
laboratorios. Para este proyecto son importantes:
– Geoquímica Marina
– Patología de Organismos Acuáticos
– Ecotoxicología Molecular
• Además, tenemos en otros departamentos:
– Difracción de rayos X
– Espectrofotometría infrarroja con transformada de
Fourier
– Microscopía electrónica
– Etc.
Equipo Analítico
• Para análisis relevantes a los COPs se cuenta con:
– Tres cromatógrafos de gases
• Dos con ECD y FID
• Un GC/MS
– Un HPLC con detectores UV/VIS y fluorescencia
– Dos equipos de absorción atómica
• Uno con atomizador de llama
• Uno con vaporización electrotérmica
– Espectrofluorómetro sincrónico
– Espectrofotómetro UV/VIS con módulo de cinética
4
12/13/2007
Otras facilidades
• Para estudios sobre efectos de los COPs se cuenta con:
– Criadero de peces, moluscos y crustáceos
• Área de cuarentena
– Facilidades de acuacultura
• 250 peces individuales para bioensayos
– Equipo para análisis histológico
– Equipo para PCR y PCR-RT
– Ultracongelador
– Suscripción en línea a mas de 1200 revistas
internacionales
Líneas de Investigación
• Estados y tendencias de contaminantes tóxicos (COPs,
PAHs, metales) en ecosistemas acuáticos tropicales.
• Efectos biológicos de la presencia de contaminantes tóxicos
en ecosistemas acuáticos tropicales:
– Biomarcadores
• EROD, CYP-1A, Inhibición de Colinesterasas,
peroxidación de lípidos, metabolitos de PAHs,
Catalasa, Superóxido dismutasa, GST, expresión
diferencial de genes, etc.
– Relación con estructura comunitaria:
• Bentos
• Parásitos
– Relación con lesiones histológicas
Gracias por su atención
Quejas, reclamaciones e interjecciones
a:
[email protected]
[email protected]
5
12/13/2007
Planning Workshop
Assessment, Monitoring and
Management of Persistent Organic
Pollutants (POPs) and Persistent
Toxic Substances (PTS) in the
Coastal Ecosystem of the Wider
Caribbean
26 – 28 November 2007
UNU-INWER
Hamilton, Canada
Actions Taken
• 1998 - Known stocks of the POPs pesticides
were collected and shipped for destruction.
• 1999 - Jamaica banned the importation of all
eight pesticides and hexachlorobenzene
included in the Convention as provided in
Regulations passed under the Pesticides Act
• Some stcks of PCBs have been collected and
either destroyed locally or shipped overseas for
destruction.
Actions Taken
• Draft Wastewater and Sludge Regulations
developed which includes limits for PCBs
• Development of a draft hazardous waste
policy
Background
• Jamaica signed the Convention on
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) at
the Conference of Plenipotentiaries in
Stockholm in May 22-23, 2001
• Implemented obligations under the
Convention to ratify it with the support of
funding by the Global Environmental
Facility
Actions Taken
• 2006 - Air Quality Regulations passed
which include air emission limits for
incidentally produced POPs (dioxins and
furans)
• The Regulatory Agenda includes the
conduct of a Regulatory Impact
Assessment of intra-island movement of
hazardous wastes..
Project Concept
• To reduce the current level of pollution in
streams and rivers and the marine
environment by pollution prevention
methodologies and control of agricultural
run-offs into these areas
1
12/13/2007
Thank You for Your Kind
Attention
Paulette Kolbusch
Acting Director
National Environment and Planning Agency
10 & 11 Caledonia Avenue
Kingston 5
Tel.: 876-754-7540’ -878-1271 (Mobile)
Telefax: 876-754-7599
E-mail: [email protected]
2
Proyecto Asistencia Al Gobierno de Honduras Para el
Cumplimiento del Convenio de Estocolmo sobre
Contaminantes Orgánicos Persistentes (COPs)
Proyecto PNI COPs Honduras”
Noviembre, 2007
Se elabora para:
Cumplir con las compromisos y metas del Convenio
de Estocolmo
Objetivo del Convenio:
Proteger la salud humana y el ambiente
de los contaminantes orgánicos
persistentes (COPs).
Sara Ávila
Fase III
Propósitos del Proyecto PNI….
• Elaborar un PNI basado en un diagnostico nacional, que logre
identificar y priorizar las necesidades del país en relación a la
gestión de las SQ y RP.
• Lograr un PNI desarrollado a través de un proceso participativo y
con representación de los diferentes actores Interesados e
involucrados.
Fase II
Proceso participativo
Unidad Coordinadora del
Proyecto, UCP
Mecanismos Coordinación y
De organización, CNG
(SERNA, PNUD, SETCO)
Unidad Coordinadora
Proyecto (UCP)
Coordinador Nacional
Oficial administrativo
Proceso participativo
Proceso de Elaboración
del PNI
Fase V
Socialización y Aprobación de
PNI
PNI aceptado Nacionalmente
PNI presentado en la
Conferencia de las Partes.
¿Porque un Comité Nacional de la Gestión de las
Sustancias Químicas y Residuos Peligrosos
(CNG)?
Problema
• Uso inadecuado de las SQ y RP afecta la salud humana y el ambiente lo
que requiere de la participación activa de todos los hondureños.
Dirección Nacional Proyecto
(DNP)
Ministra de SERNA
Directora CESCCO, Punto Focal
Expertos técnicos
Temas específicos
Planes de Acción Específicos
Formulación del PNI
Alternativas a los COPs
Manejo Ambientalmente
Racional.
Evaluación de las capacidades
nacionales.
Fase I
Comité de Dirección del
Proyecto
Fase IV
Establecimiento de Inventarios.
• Transferencia de conocimiento y fortalecimiento de capacidades.
Unidad Coordinadora del Proyecto
(Fase I)
Establecimiento de
Prioridades Para el PNI
Proceso participativo
Comité Nacional de
Coordinación
(CNG)
Organización
• La necesidad de contar con un espacio de diálogo y coordinación que
aglutine a todos los sectores relacionados con el ciclo de vida de estas
sustancias; gobierno, sociedad civil, empresa privada, ONGs, Cooperación
internacional y el sector académico e investigación.
1
Sectores que Actualmente
Conforman el CNG:
Gubernamental: SERNA, SAG, SENASA , DICTA, INFOAGRO, SIC, DEI, UGSA , SETCO,
SOPTRAVI, COHCIT, SANAA, Cuerpo de Bomberos de Honduras, COPECO, SGJ, Marina
Mercante, ENEE, AMDC, SEFIN, Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, Secretaria de Trabajo
Privado: ANDI, COHEP, FEDECAMARA, CROPLIFE Honduras, HONDUCORP
Visión del CNG
• La visión del CNG es convertirse en una plataforma de
incidencia política multidisciplinaria y multisectorial, que
aborde la problemática nacional y defina las estrategias para
una gestión adecuada de las SQ y RP, para el cumplimiento de
los Convenios Internacionales y normativas nacionales en
torno a la reducción de riesgos a la salud humana y el
ambiente.
Sociedad Civil: FUNDEMUN, FUNDACIÓN VIDA, CARITAS
Organismos Cooperantes: PNUD, OPS, PMA, OIRSA, FAO
Académico: UNAH, UNICAH, EAP, UPNFM, UCENM.
Estructura Organizativa del CNG
Formular políticas y estrategias en torno a
la reducción de riesgos por sustancias
químicas y residuos peligrosos.
COORDINACION
O DIRECCIÓN
Facilitar y coordinar la implementación de
los convenios internacionales
relacionados con la gestión de sustancias
químicas y residuos peligrosos.
SUB-COMITES, JUNTA DIRECTIVA
CICLO VIDA
Propiciar el Intercambio de experiencias
y de información con respecto a las
iniciativas internacionales, regionales y
nacionales en torno a las SQ y RP.
Reducción Riesgos
Salud y Ambiente
FORIN
Fortalecimiento
Institucional
GRUPOS DE TRABAJO TEMPORALES
Fase II
Inventarios: Plaguicidas, PCBs y
Dioxinas y Furanos.
RRSA
Importación,
Almacenamiento,
Transporte y
Comercialización, Uso,
Tratamiento y
Disposición Final
Gestionar proyectos específicos para el
MAR de las SQ y RP y para el
fortalecimiento de las capacidades
nacionales.
Qué estamos haciendo:
SECRETARIA
EJECUTIVA
Que esta pendiente por hacer:
•
Política Nacional y Marco Legal.
•
Estimación de los Impactos en
Salud y Ambiente.
Estrategia de Comunicación.
•
Sistema de Info. Geográfica
Plan de Capacitación del CNG.
•
Continuar con la implementación de
la estrategia de comunicación y el
plan de capacitación del CNG.
Perfil Nacional de la Gestión SQRP.
Gracias por su Atención
Proyecto PNI COPs Honduras
Teléfonos: 213 0843, 3370 3604
Correo: [email protected]
www.cescco.hn
2
12/13/2007
Persistent Organic Pollutants
(POPs) in Guatemala
Guatemala
„
„
„
„
„
Caribbean Sea
Izabal Lake
Polochic River
Río Dulce and
Izabal Lake
Motagua River
Bessie Evelyn Oliva Hernández
Escuela de Química
Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala
„
60-2007 Act (14 Nov. 2007), the
guatemalan Congress, approved the
“Convenio
de
Estocolmo
sobre
Contaminantes
Orgánicos
Persistentes”, agreed in Stockholm,
Sweden, in may 22, 2001.
„
Pesticides importation in Guatemala
1978-1997 (En miles de kilogramos)
Type
1978
Kg
Insecticides
1997
%
Intoxications according to chemical class
and type of pesticides.
1978
%
1985
Kg
1985
%
1994
Kg
1994
%
15,655
69
1,498
30
659
16
648
16
Herbicides
1,856
8
703
14
1,722
42
1,536
38
1997
%
Fungicides
586
3
2,607
51
1,501
37
1,764
44
4,594
20
267
5
224
5
95
2
„
„
„
„
„
Others
„
„
TOTAL
22,694
100
5,075
100
4,106
100
4,042
There is no available information
regarding pesticides in use and
stored in Guatemala. This is due to
lack
of
financial
and
human
resources to establish and inventory.
100
1994, 51% of intoxications were caused by cholinesterase
inhibiting pesticides:
Organophosphorous pesticides (OP) 41 %
Carbamates 10 %
In 1997, cholinesterase inhibitors caused 62% of the total
intoxications reported:
OP 47 %
Carbamates 15 %
In 1997 el endosulfan caused 15% of the intoxications
reported to IGSS, paraquat 9%, other herbicides 7% and
fosfina 3%.
1
12/13/2007
DDT residues in human milk
„
in 1971 a maximum level of 12.2 mg/L of
DDT, was found in Escuintla
Malaria in Guatemala
„
„
„
„
In 1982 the maximum level of DDT was
3.37 mg/L, Escuintla.
Other pesticides were also found in high
percentages, as residues of organochlorine
pesticides
HCH,
dieldrin,
heptachlor
epoxide and endrin.
„
„
Problem of Public Health
Registered among the 10 diseases of
higher morbility.
80% of the country (endemic)
MSPAS, 2007
Guatemalan general legislation regarding
pesticides
„
„
„
Until 2006 more than 14000 cases of
malaria were registered.
Almost 14,500 Tons of insecticide are
stored
in
risky
conditions
in
Guatemala.
Source: Programa de Malaria del Ministerio de
Salud guatemalteco.
-
-
-
-
Pesticides in water
Forbidden pesticides in Guatemala
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Aldrin
Arsenicales
Campheclor
Clordano
Clordecon (Kepone)
Clordimeform
Creosota
Daminozide
DDT
Diromo-cloropropano
Dieldrín
Dinoseb acetato
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Endrin
Etil parathion
Heptachlor
Hexaclhorbencene (BHC)
Leptofos
Lindano
Mercuriales
Sodium cyanide
Sodiium fluoroacetate
2,4,5-T
2,4,5-TP
Chlorofluorocarbons as
aerosols
Constitución Política de la República, Artos. 93-95
(1985)
Cotton Cultivation. Decreto Ley 375 (1965)
Law for Protection and improvement of the
Environment. (Decreto 68-86) (1986)
Integral Program for Agricultural and
environmental Protection PIPAA (Acuerdo
Ministerial 23-91 del MAGA) (1991)
Código de Salud (Decreto 90-97) (1997)
Ley de Sanidad Vegetal y Animal (Decreto 36-98)
(1998)
„
„
„
„
Significant levels of organochlorine
insecticides have been found in
Amatitlán Lake.
High levels of cipermetrine and
organophosphorous pesticides have
been found in Motagua River, which
discharges its water to Caribbean Sea.
Fuente: Willy Knedel, Proyecto CONCYT 08-97.
Estudio de los Niveles de plaguicidas en las cuencas del
lago de Amatitlán y río Motagua
2
12/13/2007
Concentrations of metabolites of PAHs
in bile of Ronco Blanco fish (Haemulon
plumieri) collected in Punta de
Manabique
Muestra
Pirenos
(ug/mL)
Naftalenos
(ug/mL)
Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in
liver of Ronco Blanco fish (Haemulon plumieri)
collected in Punta de Manabique.
Muestra
PAHs
(ug/g)
Clordano
s (ng/g)
DDTs
(ng/g)
Plaguicid
as
(ng/g)
PCBs
(ng/g)
Fenantren
os
(ug/mL)
Benzo(a)Pi
renos
(ug/mL)
1
17.547
ND
17.996
25.408
49.078
2
11.053
ND
13.106
65.414
104.752
1
0.066
52.593
28.943
0.236
3
6.171
ND
24.244
26.762
40.828
2
0.192
120.695
36.315
1.231
4
44.458
ND
75.101
80.397
50.518
3
0.039
49.875
60.482
0.169
5
12.640
2.282
11.291
15.571
39.867
4
0.138
49.016
78.505
0.336
Fuente: Monitoreo del Sistema Arrecifal Mesoamericano, 2006
Fuente: Monitoreo del Sistema Arrecifal Mesoamericano, 2006
DDTs in Blanco fish (Petenia
splendida) (ng/g dry weight)
Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides,
sorted by chemical family, Proyecto SAM, 2006
Muestra
Clorobe
ncenos
(ng/g)
HCHs
(ng/g)
Drines
(ng/g)
DDTs
(ng/g)
Clordano
s (ng/g)
Isec.
Totales
(ng/g)
PCBs
(ng/g)
Bahía Santo
Tomás
3.613
2.663
1.612
ND
ND
8.16
ND
2.118
0.543
0.552
3.534
0.24
7.318
0.598
1.635
0.178
0.056
0.639
1.04
4.156
0.536
2.948
0.872
1.613
0.516
0.128
6.114
ND
0.771
0.536
1.899
0.171
0.024
3.422
0.031
1.554
0.095
1.810
0.347
ND
3.807
1.555
3.182
0.559
0.286
0.529
0.4
5.284
0.463
3.202
0.624
0.932
0.696
0.169
5.623
0.391
3.584
6.392
0.207
0.538
0.383
11.283
0.052
3.553
0.905
1.584
0.459
0.307
6.953
ND
2.968
0.588
0.535
0.387
0.147
4.725
0.274
2.699
0.464
1.015
0.994
0.201
5.49
0.064
Punta de
Manabique
Río Sarstún
Río Dulce
Lugar
colecta
Peso
(Kg)
Longit
ud
(cm)
p,p´DDT
p,p´DDD
p,p´DDE
1
Santa
Elena
0.386
31.0
0.837
1.930
5.412
2
Santa
Elena
0.075
19.5
0.661
1.541
3
Santa
Elena
0.107
18.5
4
Mean
Cahuí
DDT
8.179
20.165 22.367
0.930
0.804
1.207
1.414
10.775 13.396
5.651
7.385
0.909
1.422
10.501 12.832
Fuente: Bessie Oliva, et al, Proyecto 49-2005, CONCYT
El Pez Blanco (Petenia splendida) y la contaminación en el
lago Petén Itzá
National Capacities
„
„
„
Laboratories with analytical capacity:
Laboratorio Nacional de Salud
(Control de Calidad)
Universidad del Valle de Guatemala y
Universidad Mariano Gálvez
(Capacity for limited number of
samples)
3
12/13/2007
„
„
Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala,
Escuela de Química (posgraduated and
trained researchers for environmental
analyses). Trying to get chromatographic
equipment for studies of POPs in aquatic
ecosystems.
International cooperation: Federal
University of Rio de Janeiro (PAHs and
organochlorine pesticides in fish and
sediment samples).
„
Thank you for your
attention.
4
12/13/2007
UNU - International
Network on Water,
Environment & Health
Assessment, Monitoring and Management of Persistent
Organic Pollutants (POP) and Persistent Toxic
Substances (PTS) in the Coastal Ecosystems of the
Wider Caribbean Region
26-28 November 2007
Hamilton, Canada
Ramón Delanoy
Instituto de Física
Facultad de Ciencias
Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo
República Dominicana
Esfuerzos de la Rep. Dominicana para
reducir los Contaminantes Orgánicos
Persistentes
9 Se adhirió al Convenio de Marpol 73/78 de 1998
por medio de la resolución No. 258 de ese año.
9 Firmó y Ratificó la Convención de Basilea el día
10 de junio del 2000.
9 Firmó la Convención de Estocolmo en mayo del
2001. Ratificada por el país en el 2007.
9 Bajo la resolución 506-2005 de noviembre del
2005 ratificó la Convención de Rótterdam.
9 Regulación del uso de Productos Químicos
(POPs)
[email protected]
Esfuerzos de la Rep. Dominicna para
reducir los Contaminantes Orgánicos
Persistentes
9 Inicio en el 2006 un Plan Nacional de
Implementación de la Convención de
Estocolmo:
•Inventarios de los Contaminantes Orgánicos Persistentes
COPS. Plaguicidas, PCBs y Dioxinas y Furanos.
Sustancias Orgánicas
Persistentes
Convenio de
Estocolmo
¾ALDRÍN:
¾CLORDANO:
¾MIREX:
¾DIELDRÍN:
¾TOXAFENO:
¾ENDRÍN:
•Se ha establecido una coordinación con EDE-SUR y EDENORTE como institución responsable de las líneas de
transmisión, por tanto de los transformadores, para el
manejo y eliminación de PCBs.
•Muchas Generadoras han eliminado los transformadores
contaminados, utilizando los servicios de empresas
extranjeras.
Productos Químicos Regulados
Dieldrina
•Dinoseb
•Aldrina
•HCH (mezcla de
isómeros)
•Binapacril
•Heptacloro
•Captafol
•Hexaclorobenceno
•Clordano
•Lindane
•Clordimeform
•Monocrotofós
•Clorobencilato
•Oxido de etileno
•Compuestos de
mercurio
•Paratión
•DDT
•Pentaclorofenol
•Dicloruro de etileno •Toxapeno
•2,4,5-T
Metil-paratión
•Formulaciones de
polvo seco con
combinación de
concentraciones iguales
o mayores al 7% de
benomilo, 10% de
carbofurano y 15% de
tiram
•EDB(dibromuro de
etileno)
•Fluoroacetamida
•Metamidophos
•Fosfamidón
¾HEPTACLORO:
¾DDT (Diclorobifenilotricloetano):
¾PCB (Bifenilos policlorados):
¾HCB (Hexaclorobenceno):
Convenio de Rótterdam.
¾Bifenilos polibromados
(PBB)
¾Bifenilos policlorados (PCB)
¾Trifenilos policlorados (PCT)
¾Crocidolita
¾Fosfato de tris
¾Actinolita,Antofilita
¾Amosita,Tremolita
¾Tetraetilo de plomo
¾Tetrametilo de plomo
¾DIOXINAS
¾FURANOS
Proyectos para Sostenibilidad de las
zonas Costeras de la República
Dominicana
•Actividades habilitantes sobre
Orgánicos Persistentes (COPs)
Dominicana ( 2006 – 2008)
Contaminantes
en República
Objetivo:
Identificar los medios para apoyar las capacidades de República
Dominicana para cumplir con sus obligaciones en el contexto de la
Convención de Estocolmo sobre Contaminantes Orgánicos
Persistentes (COPs), incluyendo la preparación de un Plan Nacional
de Implementación focalizado en los contaminantes orgánicos
persistentes que cubrirán ampliamente aspectos de la gestión segura
y ambientalmente sana de químicos y desechos.
Secretaría de Estado de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARN)
1
12/13/2007
• Use de Técnicas Nucleares en el Manejo
Integrado de los Problemas de las Zonas Costeras
en la
Región del -Caribe. (Proyecto Regional
RLA/7/012 OIEA) 2007-2010. Este se implementará a
nivel Nacional (2008-2012).
Objetivos:
Desarrollar y mejorar las capacidades para reducir la
degradación, debido a impactos antropogénicos y
naturales, del ecosistema costero de la Región del
Gran Caribe, usando técnicas nucleares como apoyo
en el manejo integrado de la zona costera.
Actividades RLA/7/012:
Muestreos de los sedimentos (núcleo) de todas las
zonas de bahía y desembocadura de los principales ríos
de la República Dominicanas para determinar,
cuantificar y datar los diferentes contaminantes de
origen natural y antropogénicos que han sido
arrastrados durantes los últimos años a las zonas
costeras. Los análisis a realizar son: metales pesados,
materias orgánicas,
plaguicidas, hidrocarburos,
biodiversidad y datación por Plomo 210.
[email protected]
Capacidades
La República Dominicana cuenta con varias instituciones que
poseen:
Cromatografía de Gases.
™Secretaría de Estado de Agricultura y Ganadería
Gracias
™Instituto de Química –UASD™Instituto de Investigación y Biotecnología
™Otras
Técnicas Analíticas Nucleares (Fluorescencia de Rayos X,
Espectrocopía Alfa, Beta y Gamma)
™Instituto de Física
Expectrofotometria por Absorción Atómica
™Varias Instituciones
UNU - International
Network on Water,
Environment & Health
Assessment, Monitoring and Management of Persistent
Organic Pollutants (POP) and Persistent Toxic
Substances (PTS) in the Coastal Ecosystems of the
Wider Caribbean Region
26-28 November 2007
Hamilton, Canada
Ramón Delanoy
Instituto de Física
Facultad de Ciencias
Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo
República Dominicana
Efforts to reduce Persistent the Organic
Polluting agents in the Dominican
Republic
9One adhered to the Agreement of Marpol 73/78 of 1998
by means of resolution no. 258 of that year.
9It signed and It ratified the Convention of Basel day 10
of June of the 2000.
9It signed the Convention of Stockholm in May of the
2001. Ratified by the country in the 2007.
9Under resolution 506-2005 of November of the 2005 it
ratified the Convention of Rotterdam.
9Regulation of the Chemical agent use (POPs)
[email protected]
2
12/13/2007
Efforts to reduce Persistent the Organic
Polluting agents in the Dominican
Republic
9Beginning in the 2006 of a National Plan
Implementation of the Convention of Stockholm:
of
•Inventories of Organic Polluting agents Persistent COPS.
Killing of Plagues, PCBs and Dioxinas and Furanos.
Persistent Organic
Substances
Convention of Stockholm
¾ALDRÍN:
¾CLORDANO:
¾MIREX:
¾DIELDRÍN:
¾TOXAFENO:
•A coordination with EDE-SUR and EDE-NORTE like
institution responsible for the lines of communication has
settled down, therefore of the transforming, for the handling
and elimination of PCBs.
¾ENDRÍN:
•Many Generating ones have eliminated the contaminated
transforming, using the services of foreign companies.
¾HCB (Hexaclorobenceno):
¾HEPTACLORO:
¾DDT (Diclorobifenilotricloetano):
¾PCB (Bifenilos policlorados):
Convention of Rotterdam
¾Bifenilos polibromados
(PBB)
¾Bifenilos policlorados (PCB)
¾Trifenilos policlorados (PCT)
¾Crocidolita
¾Fosfato de tris
¾Actinolita,Antofilita
¾Amosita,Tremolita
¾Tetraetilo de plomo
¾Tetrametilo de plomo
¾DIOXINAS
¾FURANOS
Regulated chemical agents
•2,4,5-T
•Aldrina
•Binapacril
•Captafol
•Clordano
•Clordimeform
•Clorobencilato
•Compuestos de
mercurio
•DDT
•Dicloruro de etileno
Dieldrina
•Dinoseb
•HCH (mezcla de
isómeros)
•Heptacloro
•Hexaclorobenceno
•Lindane
•Monocrotofós
•Oxido de etileno
•Paratión
•Pentaclorofenol
•Toxapeno
Projects for the Sustainability of the Coastal
zones of the Dominican Republic
Metil-paratión
•Formulaciones de
polvo seco con
combinación de
concentraciones iguales
o mayores al 7% de
benomilo, 10% de
carbofurano y 15% de
tiram
•EDB(dibromuro de
etileno)
•Fluoroacetamida
•Metamidophos
•Fosfamidón
•Qualifying activities on Persistent Organic Polluting
agents (POPs) in Dominican Republic ( 2006 – 2008)
Objective:
To identify the average ones to support the capacities of
Dominican Republic perform one's duty in the context of the
Convention of Stockholm on Persistent Organic Polluting agents
(POPs), including the preparation of a National Plan of
Implementation focused in persistent the organic polluting agents
that will widely cover aspects with the safe and environmentally
healthy management of chemistries and remainders.
Secretaría de Estado de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARN)
•Use of Nuclear Techniques to Address the
Management Problems of Coastal Zones in the
Caribbean Region . (Regional Proyect RLA/7/012
OIEA) 2007-2010. This it will be implemented in the
National scope (2008-2012).
Objetive:
Develop and improve capabilities to reduce the
degradation, due to anthropogenic and natural impacts,
of the coastal ecosystems of the wider Caribbean
region by using nuclear techniques to support
integrated coastal zone management.
Activities RLA7012:
Samplings of sediments (Cores) of all the bays and
mouth of the main Dominican rivers of the Republic
to determine, to quantify and to date the different
polluting due to anthropogenic and natural impacts
agents that have been dragged at the last years to
the coastal zones. The analyses to make are: heavy
metals, organics matters, killing of plagues POPs,
hydrocarbons, biodiversity and dating by Lead 210.
[email protected]
3
12/13/2007
Capacities
The Dominican Republic account with several institutions that they
have:
Gas chromatography
™Secretariat of State of Agriculture and Cattle ranch
™Institute of Chemistry - UASD™Instituto de Investigacio'n and Biotecnologi'a
™Other
Thanks
Nuclear Analytical Techniques (X-rays Fluorescence, Spectrocope
Alpha, Beta and Gamma)
™Institute of Physics
Spectrophotometer by Atomic Absorption
™Several Institutions
4
12/13/2007
Belize Scenario
y National Framework
y Various Line Ministries have mandate over POPS and PTS By Isaias Majil
Dwight Neal
Plans
Ministry of Natural Resources, Geology and Environment (DOE)
Ministry of Health (PHD)
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (FisD, Pest.Ctrl Brd, BAHA)
Plans cont.
y Belize’s obligations under the Stockholm Convention are y a) to restrict and eventually prohibit the production, use, emissions and import and export of POPs and y b) obligated to develop and implement a National Implementation Plan (NIP). y GEF Funding
y The project seeks to strengthen and support Belize’s own sustained capacity in addressing the management and accounting of persistent organic pollutants in Belize. The Project proposes the development of various mechanisms and strategies aimed at mainstreaming POPs management into national development planning for sustainable development. As Belize’s experts in this area are diffused, the project aims to coordinate management efforts across sectors, involving the relevant stakeholders in the participation of POPs activities. The Project will help in the determination of a national profile resulting in the preparation of a National Implementation Plan (NIP), based on the establishment of national inventories, situational assessments and national priority setting. The NIP is expected to comprehensively cover important aspects of the safety and management of chemicals, as provided for in Chapter 19 of Agenda 21. Achievements
Major Groupings
y Phase 1: Establishment of a coordinating mechanism and a process organization.
y DDT
y Phase 2: Establishment of POPs inventories and assessment of national infrastructure and capacity.
y Dioxins and Furans
y Phase 3:
y Phase 4:
y Phase 5:
y PCB’s
Priority assessment and objective setting;
Formulation of the NIP;
Endorsement & submission of the NIP. 1
12/13/2007
Persistent Organic Pollutants: List of Chemical
y DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Chlordane, Heptachlor, Hexachlorobenzene, Mirex, Toxaphene, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Dioxins, and Furans y Currently stored – DDT
y Belize Electricity Ltd used transformers with PCBs –
have stopped using since 1970 and started to get rid of them. 4.560 transformers.
y Several tonnes of DDT stockpiled since the ’80s that need to be destroyed.
Marine Environment
y Little has been done
y Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System Project Synoptic Monitoring Project, Pollution Component y WWF did a Sapodilla Cayes Baseline Research on white grunt, mutton snapper. Will be replicated in 2008 throughout Belize. y Independent Researcher is doing a mercury, lead presence in marine fish y Work done in Placencia Lagoon to determine anthropogenic sources of nitrogen using stable isotope
Capacity
y Lack of analysis centres (Cinvestav)
y Bowen and Bowen, BAHA but have limited capabilities
y Costly to monitor and no funding presently available outside of the GEF funded project
y Low number of trained individuals
y Overburden government agencies and lack of capable staff
2
12/13/2007
Ways Forward
y Fisheries Department is willing to continue assisting in the monitoring implementation
y Seek training y Individual NGOs doing some work
y Resources
Thank you
y Encourage the University of Belize to meet the demands in the analysis (Lab planned to come on line in 2008)
y There is the need to streamline and harmonize legislation
y Closer inter‐agency cooperation
3
Stockholm Convention
Stockholm Convention on
POPs
Country Obligations
Objective:
To protect human health and the environment from
persistent organic pollutants
Signed in 2001 and entry into force: 2004
In implementing the Convention, Governments will take measures to:
Hanneke Van Lavieren
UNU-INWEH
¾ eliminate or restrict the production & use of all
intentionally produced POPs (i.e. industrial
chemicals and pesticides)
¾ minimize & where feasible, ultimate elimination
of releases of unintentionally produced POPs such
as dioxins & furans
¾ manage stockpiles and dispose of in a safe,
efficient and environmentally sound manner
© UNU-INWEH November 2007
Stockholm Convention
Stockholm Convention
Signatories in green and Parties in red
As of August 1, 2007
Project links to Stockholm
Convention (SC) Articles
This project can assist countries in fulfilling some
of the obligations under the SC:
Articles:
¾ 7- implementation plans
¾ 9 - information exchange
¾ 10 - public information
¾ 11 - research, development & monitoring
¾ 12 - technical assistance
Signature
Ratification
Accession (a)
Belize
14-May-02
Dominican
Republic
23-May-01
04-May-07
Guatemala
29-Jan-02
ratified Nov 2007
Honduras
17-May-02
23-May-05
Nat.
Implementation
Plans
Deadline
Nat.
Implementation
Plans
Status
NA
04 Aug. 2009
Pending
NA
21-Aug-07
Past due
Jamaica
23-May-01
01-Jun-07
Mexico
23-May-01
10-Feb-03
17-May-06
Submitted
Past due
St Lucia
14/10/2002 (a)
17-May-06
10-Jul-07
Trinidad and
Tobago
13 Dec. 2002
17-May-06
Past due
Article 7 - National Implementation Plans (NIPs)
Parties shall:
¾ develop & implement a plan for fulfilling obligations
under Convention
¾ cooperate with global & regional organizations to
facilitate implementation & updating
Article 9 - Information Exchange
Parties shall:
¾ facilitate/undertake exchange of POPs information on:
(a) Reduction/elimination of production, use & release
(b) Alternatives to POPs
1
Article 10 – Public information, awareness & education
Parties shall promote:
¾ provision of POPs information to public
& decision makers
¾ education & training programs
¾ public participation
Article 11 - Research, Development & Monitoring
Parties shall:
¾ Encourage and/or carry out adequate research,
development, surveillance & cooperation activities
This Project
Will further obligations of participating countries under
the Stockholm Convention (SC) by:
¾ attaining new data on occurrence of POPs in
coastal & possible upstream waters
¾ improved monitoring of POPs
¾ better understanding transport & interconnection
¾ greater lab capacity to analyse POPs
¾ better public support for implementation of SC
¾ greater capacity to develop and implement NIPS
Article 11 - Research, Development & Monitoring
¾
¾
support programs, networks & international organizations –
on research, data and surveillance
support national & international efforts to build on national
scientific and technical research capacity to foster access &
exchange of data
Article 12 - Technical Assistance
¾ provide timely & appropriate technical assistance
& promoting the transfer of technology to developing
country Parties & Parties with economies in transition
Through networking the countries
with greater existing capacity will be
able to assist their neighbours to
achieve their particular SC
obligations
Working together on a common
pollution problem with often transboundary nature
Project also links with other
relevant agreements
Rotterdam Convention on prior consent
Basel Convention on Hazardous Wastes
Cartagena Convention (1983) - Promoting regional
cooperation for the protection and development of the
marine environment of the Wider Caribbean Region
Protocol on Land Based Sources of Pollution
(Dominican rep. Signed in 2000 and Trinidad and Tobagoratified in 2003)
Global Programme of Action: protection of the marine
environment from land-based activities (Washington
Declaration 1995): action plan for curbing & controlling
pollution & other land-based activities affecting coastal &
marine ecosystems
2
12/13/2007
Tracing Persistent Toxic
Substances and their
Impacts in Aquatic
Ecosystems
Case Study
Detroit River Area of Concern
„
Detroit River Designated a Great Lakes
Area of Concern in 1987 by IJC
„
Assessment Report Identified Use Impairments:
• Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
• Tainting of fish and wildlife flavor
• Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste and
odor
• Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
• Beach closings
• Fish tumors or other deformities
• Degradation of aesthetics
• Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
• Degradation of benthos
• Restriction on dredging activities
• Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
• Exceedance of Water Quality Criteria
Ken Drouillard,
Great Lakes Institute for Environmental
Research (GLIER),
University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
Great Lakes Population
Distribution & AOC’s
Coordination and
Communication Challenges
„
„
International River
U.S. Federal, State (Michigan) and Municipal
Programs
• U.S. EPA, U.S. GS, U.S. Fish & Wildlife, U.S. Army Corps,
Michigan DEQ, Michigan DNR, Detroit Sewerage Dept.
„
„
„
„
• Industry users (automotive & steel), Environmental Groups
(CEA), public at large
Degraded Benthos
• Altered Community Structure
• Mouthpart deformities – chironomids
• Failed toxicity bioassays
Academic Institutions & Researchers
Public Stakeholders
Degraded Fish and Wildlife
• Loss of sensitive species (Eagles, whitefish)
• Deformities and Reproductive Impairments
• Fish Tumors & Skeletal Anomalies
• University of Windsor (GLIER), Wayne State, U. Michigan
„
Human Health Concerns
• Presence of Fish Advisories
• Air & Water Quality
CDN Federal, Provincial (Ontario) and Municipal
Programs
• Environment Canada, Health Canada, OMOE, OMNR, City of
Windsor, ERCA
„
Toxicity Issues
„
Degraded Plankton
• Failed toxicity tests (Trenton Channel)
1
12/13/2007
Detroit River Modelling and
Management Project 1999 - 2002
Chemicals of Concern
„
„
„
Heavy metals
Mercury
POPs
• GLIER-Led Initiative Sponsored by
Canadian Implementation Committee &
Environment Canada
• PCBs, DDTs, chlorinated benzenes, OCS,
Dioxins
„
„
„
„
„
„
PAHs
Chlorinated Naphthalenes
Pharmaceuticals
Current Use Pesticides
Bacteriological
Nutrients
• Update status of Detroit River
• Develop bioaccumulation models to
perform hazard assessments
• Link bioaccumulation models to hydraulic
models to assist management of remedial
activities
Need for Models in Management
„
Integrated Modelling and
Monitoring Programs
Calibrated models provide scientifically
defensible interpretation of integrated
datasets
„
• Can indicate knowledge/data gaps and provide guidance on
the types of monitoring programs necessary to fill gaps
• Hydraulic and Sediment Transport
• Food web bioaccumulation
Multi-stakeholder investment into single
model framework ensures agreement on
approaches taken
„
• Can lead to biased conclusions if available studies are not
representative of the entire system
• Not very good at cause-effect linkages or establishing
effective remediation strategies
Project Design
Water Quality Assessment POPS
Water
Flow Characteristics
(Hydraulic Model)
Boundary
Conditions
Stochastic
Events
Shear Stress
(Water Flow)
Particle
Size Distribution
Contaminants
in Water
www.uwindsor.ca\dreams
Deposition
Sediment
Transport
(Hydraulic Model)
DREAMS
database
Chemistry
(Monitoring Program)
Organic matter
Clay/Silt Fraction
Contaminants
Organics/Trace Metals
„
Biological
Contaminant Exposure
(Bioavailability)
Fish and Wildlife
Tissue Residue
Objectives/Guidelines
Restrictions on Fish &
Wildlife Consumption
Degraded Benthos
(Sediment Triad)
Toxicity
Objectives/
Guidelines
Sediment
Bioassay
Benthic Community
Structure
Large Volume Water Extractions (LVWE)
• Standard method
• Distinguishes between particulate and dissolved
fractions
• Time consuming and Expensive limits spatial and
temporal resolution of measurements
• provides an instantaneous snapshot of concentrations
at time of measurement – is this useful for rivers?
Sources/
Loadings
Contaminants
In Suspended Solids
)
Bathymetry
„
Chemistry
(Monitoring Program)
Enhanced Monitoring Programs
• Water and Sediment Chemistry
• Benthic Community Structure
• Sediment Toxicity Bioassays
• Food web sampling
Weight-of-evidence assessments used in
absence of management model framework
Resuspension
„
Management Models Implemented
Passive Samplers & Biomonitors
• Less expensive allowing high resolution sampling &
replication of measurements
• Time integrated measures over deployment
• Bioavailable fraction identified, but not inter-phase
partitioning within water
• Contaminant/sampler kinetics need to be accounted
for
2
12/13/2007
Steady State Correction of Biomonitors
Contaminant Bioaccumulation Kinetics In Deployed Mussels
Environment Canada Large Volume Water Extractions
Mean Total PCBs Concentrations (pg.L-1 )
Whole-water samples
dC m
= C w k1 + C a k a − C m ⋅ k 2
dt
119 Lake Huron Outlet
St Clair and Detroit Rivers
Cm(ss)
April - November, 2001.
Roberts Landing 160
Steady State Correction
207 Port Lambton
Cm(t)
C m(t)
C m(ss) =
CW =
(1 − exp )
− k 2 ⋅t
Cm(ss)
Log KOW 6
BAF
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Lake St Clair
350
Time (days)
Fleming Ch. 238
Cm(ss)
* Elliptio size selective feeder, < 20 um; we
assume it is less influenced by suspended solids
Cm(t)
* Cm(ss) provides a time integrated CW estimate
over period of mussel deployment
Trenton Ch. 6670
Log KOW 7
*Steady state correction assumes k2 is constant
in different deployment environments
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
635 Amherstburg Ch.
Corridor factor: 54
MDEQ Total PCB value: 26 pg.L-1
Analyses: AXYS ANALYTICAL
350
SLivC
SamC
TI
BBD
SGI
SCryB
Ab
Goy
GLIER
15
10
5
FYC
SCelI
0
WP
#
AI
2
Kilometers
E▲SGI E♣BB
▲CI ♣ ♣AC
▲YC LC
20
PHI
0
4
25
MM
♣ CB
▲PH
US Sites
30
NGI
▲CaI
♣TI
0
Mudd
-Mussels deployed for
30, 60 and 90 d
♣GI
▲TT1
5
RRDS
▲GI
10
Grassy
♣GM
▲MD
U.S. Seasonal Geomean
Cm(ss) PCBs 5.5 Fold
higher than CDN
RM
▲RR
15
NPI
♣GL
♣WW
♣DW
20
NBI
▲AB
Liquid-Liquid vs. Mussel Estimated Cw
for PCBs in western Lake Erie
Detroit River Sediment Assessment
Zone 1-US (10%)
%Area=9.3%
60
Goulder Extracted Cw (pg/L)
LL Extraction at MSI
1994 -1995 (Morrison 1996;
Couillard et al. unpublished)
10
c
rfe
Pe
No Sig. Difference in Lake
Erie PCB Cw 1994 - 1998
(Morrison et al 2000)
10
Stratified Random Design
Zone 1-CDN (10%)
%Area=6.4%
Zone 2-CDN (10%)
%Area=3.2%
at MSI 1998 (Gewurtz 2000)
Mean Technique Bias:
3.6+- 0.3
1
Zone 2-US (10%)
%Area=3.1%
Mussel Estimated Water
hip
ns
tio
ela
R
t
Fit
ion
ss
gre
Re
1
McCrea, 2002. Env. Canada
Cross Technique Comparisons
Mussel Biomonitor and LVWE’s
25
Amb
♣LS
♣RM
♣AB ♣LW
Canadian Sites
30
LSC
▲WP
▲BI
Seasonal Average SS-Concentration (ug/g lipid)
2002 Biomonitoring Survey
Seasonal Average SS-Concentraiton (ug/g lipid)
Time (days)
Zone 3US (30%)
%Area
=45.3%
Zone 3-CDN
30%)
%Area=
32.7%
-150 stations
- a priori selection of sample sites
- 3 longitudinal zones
- Canada/US 50:50 (= 6 zones)
- interspersion (>300 m)
100
Mussel Extrapolated Cw (pg/L)
3
10
6
10
5
Upstream -> Downstream
Gradients in Csed
3
US. SItes: Slope = 0.022; R2=0.16
CDN Sites: Slope = 0.018; R2=0.085
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
135
49
86 114 119 144
116
99
50
150145
117
143
118
29
7679
95
148
139
147
146
137
138
103 113
140
52 75
134
141126
120115
142
101
48
73 100
88102
127
55 77
111
136
45
33
133
44 78 68
85
132
93
149122
60 80
107
128
42 47
72 65 90
9284109 110 130 121
7081 96
51 746967
35
83
104 108 105
129
131
124
123
6358
57 71 98 94 89
59
125
43
66
39
37 53
64
106
38
9
11 14
6
17
12
5 2513
19
3 1610
28
24
7 23
27
4
8
21
26
1
41
36
32
91
18
5
6
7
9
82
8
97
87
0
10
20
30
40
11 10
Octachlorostyrene as a Tracer
of PCB Point Sources
US Sites
OCS Concentration (ng/g OC wt.)
86
88
118 135
119
100
9
2622
32
14
37
39
35
30
95% Confidence
Interval
73
48
16 11
17
23 13
24
10
29
Geometric Mean
All Sites
49
10
91
97
15
20
25
•No differences in sediment
OCS concentrations between
CND and US Sites
0
40
45
3
•Depletion of OCS represents
dilution (shoreline erosion or
tributary inputs)
„
6
„
8
2
Kilometers
4
#
4
#
031
030
015
029034
1000
100
009
011
025
010
013
017
028
003
023
006
024 019
016
027
007
005
10
026
008
004
021
001
022
1
054
099
150
147
144
146
114
103
139 140
101
117 142
145138
149
095
141
102
116
115
077
134 126
135
119
148
100
051080
136121
044
113
078
143
045
048
033
086111120 128127
073
035
043
069068
109 110118
085
072 081093
083
084
133 137
096
047060 074 098
090
067
107
057
070 094
105129
092 104
063
065
064
125
038
130
123
088 091089
131124
066
039
059
108
037
132
058
053
071
097
106 122
041 055
082
036
087
042
014
052079
050
076
075
95% Confidence
Interval of CDN
PCB/OCS Ratio
Geometric Mean
CDN PCB/OCS
Ratio
032
018
„
0
2
Kilometers
4
#
0
10
20
30
40
50
Distance Downstream of River (km)
Monitoring Conclusions
1
2
0
2
049
10000
0.1
11 10
5
9
Contaminated Particles
50
Contaminated Particle and Biomonitoring PCB Hotspots
7
8
Kilometers
35
Distance Downstream
4
6
7
87
30
PCB mass % PCB % Area
(kg)
mass
1.1
0.25
4.80
0.4
0.09
3.02
2.4
0.52
3.29
5.9
1.31
6.23
7.2
1.60
6.32
20.5
4.55
7.56
27.4
6.09
12.72
10.8
2.40
6.76
39.8
8.84
4.27
55.8
12.41
28.38
278.7
61.95
16.64
449.9
100000
•Enrichment of OCS likely
reflects sediment focusing
149
51
42
5
1
Depth
(m)
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
2
5
•Hydrophobic chemical with
similar env. fate as PCBs
9
43
0
3
4
143
113 120 133
130
108 107
92 85
131
124
68 95
105
111
59
70 93
123
134 127
47
67
126
84104
139 140
45 72
89
74 100
115
136
125
94
81102
66
4457
142
10383109
128
50
110
101 99
76
79
64
121
52
1219
7
71
58
6
Zone
Area
(m2)
1
5.4x106
2
3.4x106
3
3.7x106
4
7.0x106
5
7.1x106
6
8.5x106
7
14.3x106
8
7.6x106
4.8x106
# 9
10 31.9x106
11 18.7x106
Total: 112.4x106
•Main OCS source from
upstream St. Clair River
55
CDN Sites
8
4
50
U.S. near shore areas 10 fold higher Csed than Canadian sites
High outliers may represent sediment focusing or point sources
1
2
Kilometers
Distance Downstream (km)
10
2
54
34
22
0
1000
PCB Mass Balance in
Detroit River Sediments
1
15
30
31
10
4
Sum PCB/OCS Concentration Ratio
Sum PCB Concentrations (ng/g OC weight)
12/13/2007
Coordinated water and sediment
assessments demonstrate elevated
contamination along U.S. side of
river
Use of tracer chemicals such as OCS
useful for removing hot spots related
to sediment focussing
Water + sediment contamination
provides evidence for current loads
not legacy contamination
11 10
Sediment PCB Sources (Tracers)
Biomonitoring PCB Hotspots
4
12/13/2007
2002 Application: Impact of Storm Events
Hydraulic Model (CH3-D)
•Storms generate wind build-ups that can cause water levels in the lower Detroit
River to drop by 0.75-1 m.
U.S Army Corps of Engineer’s Code
Grid: 7,696 horizontal cells (~100x100 m)
5 vertical layers
Bathymetry: 2000 NOAA Data Set
Flow Calibration: ADCP Current Profiles
Normal Flow
Wind Build-Up
Normal Flow
Grosse Ile
(a)
Sediment
Deposition Zones (b)
(a)
Current Velocity at (b)
Sediment/Water Interface
fine silt
MSI, Western Lake Erie
2
Peche Island, Detroit River
100
Piscivore Benthic Fish
Sum PCB Concentration (ug/g lipid wt)
Benthos
10
Pelagic
Fish
Forage
Fish
Piscivore Benthic
Fish
Sample Date
1991
1993
2000
10
1
Carp
Bullhead
Rock Bass
Salmon
Longnose Gar
Walleye
Northern Pike
Smallmouth Bass
Yellow Perch
Gizzard Shad
White Perch
Bluntnose Minnow
Round Goby
Spottail Shiner
Emerald Shiner
Brook Silversides
Crayfish
Amphipod
Mayfly
Oligochaetes
Chironmids
Carp
Redhorse Sucker
Rock Bass
White Sucker
Freshwater Drum
Gar Pike
Largemouth Bass
Walleye
Smallmouth Bass
Gizzard Shad
Yellow Perch
White Bass
White Perch
Black Crappie
Trout Perch
Rainbow Smelt
Alewife
Emerald Shiner
Crayfish
Amphipods
Mayfly
Caddisfly
Zebra Mussels
0.1
1
Plankton
4
Kilometers
Pelagic
Fish
Forage
Fish
Sample Date
1991
1993
1994
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Zebra Mussels
•Sample Collections:
Benthos, Forage Fish, Pelagic Fish,
Piscivores, Benthic Fish
Benthos
Plankton
•Objective: Provide Validation Data
Set for Bioaccumulation Model
Turkey
Island
0
•5 Food Web Sites Sampled 2000-2002
Sum PCB Concentration (ug/g lipid wt.)
50
Peche
Island
sand, gravel
consolidated soil
coarse silt
Temporal Trends of PCBs in Biota
Food web Sampling – PCBs and Hg
Turkey
Creek
Outlet
Wind Build-up
Grosse Ile
Grosse Ile
Bottom velocity (m/s)
Grosse Ile
White Bass
NOAA-Upper River ADCP
24 transects 1996-2000
MODEL APPLICATION
-Predict flow velocities in each cell of grid
-Determine sheer stress at sediments
-Track water and particle dispersion when
loaded at multiple source locations
-Dispersion of Concentrations
-Time Integrated Lake Erie Loads
-Potential Applications:
Toxic Contaminants, Suspended Solids,
Nutrients, Bacteria ect.
•Hydraulic model demonstrated increased flow and loss of sediment deposits in
the river during these events. The sediments most susceptible to resuspension
are also the most contaminated with respect to total Hg and PCBs.
Bluegill
Upper River Surface Grid
•PCB Concentrations in Biota Have Not Changed Over
the Last Ten Years
Celeron
Island
Middle Sister Island
Turkey Cr./Isl., D.R.
10
10
PCBs in Biota vs. Sediment
Both trophic status and
elimination rate are
size dependent.
100
1
1
0.1
0.1
10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4
100
Slope = particle size
conversion efficiency
(Borgman and Whittle)
100
10
Trophic relationship
with PCBs falls for
animals > 100 g
10
1
1
W. Lake Erie
Celeron Isl., D.R.
0.1
0.1
10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4
Body Mass (g)
Slope is highly
variable among sites
(movement vs size?)
Pelagic/Benthic/Sport fish
Benthos & Forage Fish
100
100
Organism PCB Concentration (ug/g Lipid wt)
Benthos
Planktivores
Mixed Feeders
Piscivores
Benthic Feeders
Animal PCB Concentration (ug/g Lipid wt)
Sum PCBs in Tissue (µg·g-1 Lipid wt.)
Sum PCBs in Tissue (µg·g-1 Lipid wt.)
Peche Island, D.R.
100
10
1
e Fish
Forag
os
nth
Be
0.1
0.1
1
Sediment PCB Concentration (ug/g OC wt)
10
Fish
Pelagic
10
Piscivore
Benthic Fish
1
0.1
0.1
1
10
Sediment PCB Concentration (ug/g OC wt)
•Large Organisms Integrate Large Spatial Areas
•Smaller Organisms More Representative of Local Environments
•Ecological Information on Species specific Time Budgets in
Contaminated Regions Often Lacking!
Body Mass (g)
5
12/13/2007
Steady-State Bioaccumulation Model
Model Validation at Food Web Sample Sites
10
•Morrison et al. Model Describes Trophodynamics of PCBs
Corg =
Observed sum PCB Biota Concentration (ug/g wet wt.)
(GV ⋅ EV ⋅ Cw ) + (∑ P ⋅GFEED ⋅ EFeed ⋅ C food )
⎡ GV ⋅ EV ⋅ ZW ⎛
⎤
G ⋅E ⋅Z ⎞
+ ⎜⎜ ∑ P ⋅ EG EG EG ⎟⎟ + GGRO ⎥
⎢
ZORG
⎠
⎝
⎣ Z ORG
⎦
•Model Uses:
•Perform hazard assessment to determine concentrations that
would be achieved in sport fish given 100% residence at
defined areas of the system
•Characterize Importance of Water & Sediment Sources
•Define areas of poor water/sediment quality that could
contribute to fish consumption advisories
•Model Constraints
•Cannot predict time course of recovery after cleanup
•Cannot establish risk of local environmental quality
1
Fit
al
Ide
=
ias
lB
de
Mo
x
10
0.01
0.1
1
10
Predicted sum PCB Biota Concentration (ug/g wet wt.)
Bioaccumulation Model Inputs
1
PCBs in Water
•11 Food Web Zones Defined for
Bioaccumulation Model Simulations
5
x
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.001
2
4
=
ias
lB
de
Mo
0.1
Hazard Assessment: Fish Advisories
3
PI
TC
TI
CI
MSI
PCBs in Sediment
1
10
0.1
1
•Species used in Hazard Assessment:
7
1) Yellow Perch
2) Walleye
3) White Bass
4) Rock Bass
5) Smallmouth Bass
6) White Perch
7) Stonecat
8) Bluegill Sunfish
6
9
8
0
#
4
2
Kilometers
9) Largemouth Bass
10) Black Crappie
11) Northern Pike
12) Brown Bullhead
13) Freshwater Drum
14) Muskellunge
15) Carp
16) White Sucker
0.01
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.1
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Food web Site
Food web Site
•Sediment Data based on 150 sample sites (1999 Survey)
•Water Data derived from mussel biomonitoring program
11 10
Hazard Assessment: Fish Consumption Advisories
Hazard Assessment Model Output
10
3
Zone 1
MI – 2.0 ug/g
ON – 1.22 ug/g
1
3
>10 spp above
min. trigger
1E-3
7
5
# Spp above trigger
No spp.
2-4 spp
7
Zone 11
4
5
5
1
2
4
0.01
7
6
6
6
MI – 2.0 ug/g
ON – 1.22 ug/g
1
ON – 0.153 ug/g
MI – 0.05 ug/g
0.1
5-10 spp
> spp
9
9
8
9
8
11 Sportfish Spp.
8
0.01
Carp
Muskellunge
White Sucker
Brown bullhead
Freshwater Drum
Bluegill
Northern Pike
Stonecat
Black Crappie
White Perch
Largemouth Bass
Walleye
Rock Bass
White Bass
Smallmout Bass
11 Sportfish Spp.
Yellow Perch
1E-3
3
1
2
2
ON – 0.153 ug/g
MI – 0.05 ug/g
0.1
10
1
11 10
11 10
MI: 0.050 µg/g total PCBs
women/children
11 10
ON: 0.153 µg/g total PCBs
W&C, General Public
6
12/13/2007
Hazard Assessment: Fish Consumption Advisories
3
>musky & carp
above trigger
3
1
2
Hazard Assessment Conclusions
1
•PCB Bioaccumulation model indicates Upstream Cw will
generate fish advisories for most stringent advisory trigger
of 0.05 ug/g. Advisories associated with this trigger are
due to regional contamination affects.
2
4
4
5
5
# Spp above trigger
No spp.
2-4 spp
7
7
6
6
•Only two areas shown to have sufficiently high Csed to
cause more stringent fish advisories
5-10 spp
> spp
9
8
9
•PCB Bioaccumulation model can be used to establish
target sediment concentrations for reduction of fish
consumption advisories (Protective of OMOE):
8
5 Sportfish Spp.
5 Sportfish Spp.
11 10
MI: 2 µg/g total PCBs
No Consumption
•2 ug/g OC wt. (protect 10 most consumed spp)
•0.58 ug/g OC wt. (protect top predators)
11 10
ON: 1.22 µg/g total PCBs
Noc Consumption
Conclusions
Project Conclusions
„
„
Identified continued point source inputs of POPs
within system as opposed to legacy issues
• Equivalence of biomonitor & Sediment PCB Contamination
• Hydraulic models documenting instability of sediment deposits
„
Established cause-effect linkages between water &
sediment contamination with fish consumption
advisories
• Hazard model discriminated against regional level contamination
and local contributors to chemical bioaccumulation
• Model used to establish sediment contamination that is
protective of stringent fish advisories
• New delisting criteria being established to consider philopatric
indicator bioaccumulation as monitoring tool
„
Sediment mass balance identified priority regions for
sediment clean-up actions
„
„
DRMMF provides a case study for model-based
management framework for pollutant mass
balance and fish exposure assessment
Created through multi-stakeholder investment
Implementing DRMMF required
• Coordination of monitoring programs to meet
minimum data requirements & ensure data
compatibility
• Database development and accessibility
• Develop appropriate validation data sets
„
Frequent feedback between model developers and
monitoring program implementers
• Modeler support to develop simulations
7
12/13/2007
Mesoamerican Barrier Reef Project
Assessment of Pollution in Coastal Marine and
Estuarine Habitats of the Mesoamerican
Barrier Reef Region.
Using South-South Partnerships to Monitor
PTSs.
Dr. Gerardo Gold-Bouchot
Cinvestav Merida
POPs Planning Workshop
Hamilton, Canada
26-28 November, 2007
Mesoamerican Barrier Reef Project
• Background
• It is the second longest barrier reef in the world
• It started with the Tulum Declaration in 1997
– Signed by the governments of Mexico, Belize,
Guatemala and Honduras
• Project development 1998-2000
• Submitted to GEF in 2000
• Project started in 2001
• First phase finished in 2007
• Second phase is being planned
Mesoamerican Barrier Reef Project
• It is a project to build on existing institutions and cooperation
• To promote new ways for collaboration
• Main areas:
– Sustainable tourism
– Sustainable fisheries
– Public education and awareness
– Distributed database
– Monitoring program
• Coral
• Fish
• Mangroves
• Sea grass beds
• Water quality
• Toxic pollutants
Monitoring manual
Pollution Monitoring
• Chemical analysis of:
Available from:
www.mbrs.org.bz
– Chlorinated pesticides (including PCBs)
– Petroleum hydrocarbons
• PAHs
– In sediments and fish
• Biomarkers (in fish):
– Cholinesterase inhibition
– PAH metabolites in bile
– We are doing more
• Sampling design:
– Stratified random
• 3 sediment replicates/site
• 5 individual fish/site
1
12/13/2007
Pollution Monitoring
Pollution Monitoring
• Characteristics of selected fish species:
– Present in the whole MBRS region
– Abundant
– Easy to capture
– Big enough to divide
– Easy to identify in the field (even for nonbiologists!)
– Bottom feeder
– Not protected (endangered, threatened, etc.)
White Grunt
(Haemulon
plumieri)
Pollution Monitoring
• Two sampling seasons:
– 2005 (pilot sampling)
• 14 sites for sediments and 4 sites for fish
• Finished (report available online; a few printed
copies are available here)
– 2006
• 27 sites for sediments and 14 for fish
Training
• Three training courses on analytical
techniques:
– Biomarkers, in Belize
– POPs analyses in Merida
• Field methods:
– Itinerant course in the four countries
• Analyses were done in one laboratory
• Sampling was done by a crew from the
analytical lab and MBRS
– With strong participation and guidance from
local institutions
Training
Results
2
12/13/2007
Contaminants in fish liver
Hydrocarbons in sediments
PAHs in sediments
Hydrocarbons in sediments by country
Organochlorine Compounds
Organochlorine Compounds
200
180
Organoclorados en Hígado (ng/g)
160
1234-TCB
HCHs
Clordanos
DDTs
PCBs
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
C Cochinos
P Barrios
Caulker
Xcalak
Sitio
3
12/13/2007
Organochlorine Compounds
Cholinesterase Inhibition
PAH Metabolites in bile
Lessons Learnt
• Time and money was saved by using a single
analytical laboratory
– There is no need for an intercalibration program
– Data are comparable
– . . .but it has not been possible to set up other laboratories
• Most sampling sites are marine protected areas
– As you move (conceptually) away from corals, there is less
effort by local people
• A very fast turn over of trained personnel
• Very little is known of the basic biology of the White
Grunt (Haemulon plumieri)
– We are characterizing its toxicological responses
Relation to this project
• There are many possible linkages
– 50% of the participant countries are in the
MBRS project
– Both projects include POPs
– Information and experience exchange
• Etc.
Way forward
• The MBRS Project is being redesigned for
its second phase
• A strong component on watershed
management will be included
• Species for monitoring pollutants in sea
grass beds, mangroves and estuaries
(rivers?) need to be selected
• Include metals?
4
12/13/2007
Thanks!
Comments, complaints, etc. to:
[email protected]
[email protected]
5
12/13/2007
OUTLINE
Potential for PTS Contamination from Tourism
and Agriculture in the Western Caribbean Basin
Chris Metcalfe
Trent University
Peterborough, Ontario
• Introduction to Trent University
– Institutional strengths
– Capacity for training and research
• Case histories with relevance to PTS in the
western Caribbean
– Tourism and recreation in the Yucatan, Mexico
– Pesticide transport in the citrus growing region
PLAN GENERAL
of Belize
Contaminación Potencial de STP por el
Turismo y la Agricultura en el Caribe
Occidental
Trent University
• A small liberal arts
& sciences
university in central
Ontario
• 7,500 full time
undergraduates
• 400 graduate
students
• Strong research
record
Universidad de Trent
• Una pequeña universidad de humanidades y ciencias en
Ontario central
• 7,500 estudiantes de pregrado a tiempo completo
• 400 estudiantes de postgrado
• Sólido historial de investigación
Institutional Strengths
RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS
• Worsfold Water Quality
Centre
• Canadian Environmental
Modeling Centre
• Institute for Watershed
Science; Partnership with:
Introducción a la Universidad Trent
- Puntos fuertes de la institución
- Capacidad para entrenamiento e investigación
Ejemplos con relevancia a STP en el Caribe Occidental
- Turismo y recreación en Yucatán, México
- Transporte de pesticidas en la región de
cultivo de cítricos de Belice
Institutional Strengths
ACADEMIC PROGRAMS
• Watershed Ecosystems Graduate
Program
– 90 MSc students
– 30 PhD students
• Environmental and
Resource Studies Program
– BSc
– BA
• Indigenous Environmental Studies
Program
• Ecological Restoration Program
(joint with Fleming College)
• GIS Program (joint with Fleming
College)
Puntos fuertes de la institución
PROGRAMAS ACADEMICOS
Ecosistemas de Cuencas Programa de Postgrado
90 estudiantes de maestría y 30 de doctorado
Programa de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos
Bachiller en Ciencias; Bachiller en Artes
Programa de Estudios Ambientales Indígenas
Programa de Restauración Ecológica
Programa de SIG
The Geological History of the Caribbean
North American Plate
– Ontario Ministry of Natural
Resources
– Ontario Ministry of Environment
– Fleming College
Puntos fuertes de la institución
ORGANIZACIONES DE INVESTIGACION
• Centro Worsfold de Calidad del Agua
• Centro Canadiense de Modelación Ambiental
• Instituto para Ciencia de Cuencas; asociado con:
- Ministerio de Recursos Naturales de Ontario
- Ministerio del Ambiente de Ontario
- Fleming College
Caribbean Plate
Cocos Plate
Historia Geológica del Caribe
Placa Norteamericana
Placa de Cocos
Placa del Caribe
1
12/13/2007
The western Caribbean
Gulf of Mexico
Arrecifes del Caribe
El Caribe Occidental
Límite entre las regiones meridional y septentrional
Geological Zones
• Complex geology
• Northern region (Mexico and northern
Belize): Karst geology
• Southern region (Southern Belize, Guatemala
and Honduras): Mesozoic limestone (fault
block mountains) with alluvial soils in
valleys, and with volcanic formations to the
west and south
Tipos de geología
superficial en America
Central
Zonas Geológicas
• Geología compleja
• Región septentrional: Geología kárstica
• Región meridional: calizas mesozoicas (montañas de fallas de bloque)
con suelos aluviales en los valles, y con formaciones volcánicas hacia el oeste y sur
Potential for Environmental Impacts in
Southern Region
•
•
•
•
Suelos tipicos en la región de agricultura
de cítricos en Belice
Urban pollution
• Domestic wastewater
• Hydrocarbons
• Metals
Forestry
Industry
• Food processing
Agriculture
• Citrus; Banana
• Palm oil; Pineapple
Potencial para Impactos Ambientales
• Contaminación urbana
• Aguas servidas domésticas;
• Hidrocarburos; Metales
• Explotación forestal
• Industria
• Procesamiento de alimentos
• Agricultura
• Cítricos; Bananas; Palma; Piña
2
12/13/2007
Rociada de insecticida
en la región de agricultura
de cítricos en Belice
Aldicarb:
• Carbamate insecticide
• High toxicity
• Granular formulation applied
to soil as a nematocide (Temik®)
• Oxidation relatively rapidly
to aldicarb sulfoxide – toxic and
persistent
• High potential for transport of
degradation product through acidic, silty
soils
• Evidence of groundwater contamination
Aldicarb
Aldicarb
• Insecticida de carbamato; Alta toxicidad
• Formulación granular aplicada al suelo como
nematicida (Temik®)
• Oxidación relativamente rápida a sulfóxido de
aldicarb - tóxico y persistente
• Alto potencial para transporte del producto de
degradación a través de suelos
• Evidencia de contaminación de aguas subterráneas
Karst Geology of the Northern Region
Pozo de agua potable contaminado
Forest
Mangrove
Dunes
Beach
Water table
Sea level
Freshwater aquifer
Reef
Salt water aquifer
Brackish water aquifer
Regional direction
of water flow
Geología kárstica de la región septentrional
Manglares; Dunas; Playa; Selva; Arrecife
Nivel del mar; Capa freática
Dirección regional del flujo de las aguas
Acuífero de agua dulce; de agua salobre, y de agua salada
Flow of water and potential
for contamination in the karst geology
of the Yucatan peninsula
Flow of freshwater
Conceptos basicos de las capas de agua dulce
y agua salada de una región kárstica
Flow of salt water
Contamination
Flujo del agua y potencial de contaminación en
la geología kárstica
Flujo de agua dulce
Flujo de agua salada
Contaminación
3
12/13/2007
Subterranean Flows in the Yucatán Peninsula
Desemboca de agua dulce cerca la costa
en la Península de Yucatán
Flujos Subterráneos en
la Península de Yucatán
Potential for Environmental Impacts in
Northern Region
Impacts of Recreational Activities
Cancun
• Urban pollution
• Domestic wastewater
• Hydrocarbons
• Metals
• Tourism and recreation
Playa del Carmen
X´caret
Punta Venado
Cobá
Akumal
Chemuyil
Puerto Aventuras
Potencial para Impactos Ambientales
en la Región Septentrional
• Contaminación urbana
•
Agua desecho doméstico
•
Hidrocarburos
•
Metales
• Turismo y recreación
El Corredor Recreacional del Yucatán Mexicano
“LA RIVIERA MAYA”
Xel Há
Tulum
The
Recreational
Corridor
of the Mexican
Yucatan
“RIVIERA
MAYA”
Punta Allen
• Wastewater discharges or septic leakage
• Hotels and resorts
• Recreational homes
• Hydrocarbons from boats, vehicles
• Maintenance of lawn and turf
• Homes
• Hotels and resorts
• Golf courses
Exacerbated by reduced
“ecological integrity”
(e.g. removal of mangrove,
wetlands)
Impactos de las Actividades de Recreación
• Descargas de agua desecho o fugas de pozos sépticos
Hoteles y centros turísticos; Casas de vacaciones
• Hidrocarburos de lanchas, vehículos
• Mantenación de prados y céspedes
Casas; Hoteles y centros turísticos; Campos de golf
Exacerbados por una “integridad ecológica” reducida
Precambrian Shield Region
Campo de golf proponada cerca de Cancún
Recreational area
of Ontario
• Recreational homes
• Hotels and resorts
• Golf courses
Fastest growing sport in NA
Toronto
Area de recreación de Ontario
Región del Escudo Precámbrico
• Casas de vacaciones
• Hoteles y centros turísticos
• Campos de golf
4
12/13/2007
Métodos "modernos” de construcción:
• Eliminar la sobrecarga
• Rellenar los humedales
• Depositar un substrato poroso (arena)
• Sembrar o tender césped
TURF-CARE CHEMICALS
Insecticides – Control insect
pests and soil grubs.
Herbicides – Control weeds.
Fungicides – Control fungal
diseases of turf.
Surfactants – Aid in
penetration of water into turf
during drought periods.
“Modern” methods of golf course
construction:
• Remove overburden
• Fill in wetlands
• Lay down porous (sand) substrate
• Seed or lay turf
PRODUCTOS QUIMICOS
Insecticidas; Herbicidas
Fungicidas; Surfactantes
Potential for toxic
impacts of
chemicals applied
to golf courses
Porous substrate
Susceptible to overland
flow (runoff) or
vertical transport (leaching)
Potencial para impactos tóxicos de
productos químicos aplicados a
campos de golf
Substrato poroso
Susceptible a flujo de superficie
o transporte vertical
Quintozene (Pentachloronitrobenzene)
Quintoceno (Pentacloronitrobenceno)
• Fungicida
• Relativamente persistente
• Productos de degradación son persistente
• Muy usado en campos de golf
• Potencial para transporte a cursos de agua y
lagos que drenan campos de golf
• Altamente tóxico para los peces en sus etapas
tempranas de vida
Monitoring Organic Contaminants
Using Passive Sampling Technologies
• Problems with techniques currently used to
monitor contaminants in water:
• High spatial and temporal variability for “grab” samples
• Monitoring with biota or sediments is problematic
• Many classes of “legacy” and “emerging” contaminants
• Fungicide
• Relatively persistent (wk to mo)
• Degradation products are persistent
• Used heavily on golf course greens and fairways
• Potential for transport to streams and lakes draining
golf courses
• Highly toxic to early life stages of fish
• Passive sampling methods may be a solution:
• Non-polar (hydrophobic) compounds using semi-permeable
membrane devices (SPMDs)
• Polar (hydrophilic) compounds using new technologies
(POCIS)
Monitoreo de Contaminantes Orgánicos por Medio de Tecnologías de Muestreo Pasivo
• Problemas de las técnicas en uso actual para monitorear contaminantes en el agua:
• Alta variabilidad espacial y temporal para muestras “de agarre”
• Monitoreo por medio de biota o sedimentos es problemático
• Muchas clases de contaminantes “heredados” y “emergentes”
Los métodos de “muestreo pasivo” pueden ser una solución
Passive Samplers
Muestreadores Pasivos
POCIS
SPMD
Alta hidrofóbicidad
POCIS
SPMD
Compuestos no-polares (hidrofóbicos): Dispositivos de membrana semi-permeable (SPMDs)
Compuestos polares (hidrofílicos): POCIS
Alvarez et al. 2007, Passive Sampling Techniques
Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry Vol.48, Elsevier.
5
12/13/2007
Field deployment of SPMD and POCIS samplers in
Great Lakes
Total PAHs
2.43
5 ug per
SPMD
1.42
Years:
2006 (L. Ontario)
0.68
2007 (L. Erie)
2008 (L. Ontario)
0.51
0.97
0.66
PAHs total en las muestreadores
utilizan en la región deToronto,
L. Ontario
Utilización de
muestreadores en
los Grandes Lagos
Años:
2006 (L. Ontario)
2007 (L. Erie)
2008 (L. Ontario)
Analytical Methods
SPMD Extracts
• PAHs: GC-MS
Monitoring of persistent
contaminants released from
the carcasses of Chinook
salmon that spawn in the Credit
River watershed of L. Ontario
• Polycyclic musks: GC-MS
O’Toole and Metcalfe, 2005
• PCBs: GC-MS or GC-ECD
• OC pesticides: GC-MS or GC-ECD
• Alkylphenols (NP, OP): Acetylation & GC-MS or LC-MS/MS
SPMDs deployed every month
from Sept, 2001 to Nov, 2002
• PBDEs – GC-MS (R. Letcher)
• Anti-microbials (triclosan, triclocarban)- LC-MS/MS
• Perfluorinated organic substances – LC-MS/MS (D. Ellis)
Métodos Analíticos para Extractos de SPMD
BPCs; Plaguacidas OC;
PAHs; Almizcles policíclicos;
Alquilfenoles; EPBDs;
Anti-microbianos (triclosán, triclocarbán)
Substancias orgánicas perfluoradas
Site 1
Site 2
Worsfold Water Quality Centre
30.0
20.0
10.0
M
ire
x
ul
fa
n
ie
n
lo
d
yc
Analysis of Organic Contaminants
Analytical Instruments
• Micromass Quattro LCMS/MS
• Sciex API 4000 LC-MS/MS
• Sciex Q-Trap LC-MS/MS
• Micromass LC-QToF
• Varian Saturn GC-MS (ion
trap)
• Varian Inova LC-NMR (500
mHz)
Preparative Instruments
• Varian preparative HPLC
• Dionex ASE 300 accelerated
solvent extraction system
To
ta
l
C
En
do
s
es
-b
DT
D
To
ta
l
PC
Bs
0.0
To
ta
l
Concentration (ug per SPMD)
Reference
40.0
Concentrations of contaminants in SPMDs
deployed from November 1-30, 2001 after the
spawning run for Chinook salmon.
Centro Worsfold de Calidad del Agua
Análisis de contaminantes orgánicos
Instrumentos analíticos y de preparación
6
12/13/2007
Monitoring for POPs and PTS:
How do we interpret the data?
- Spatial analysis
- Temporal analysis
What are the risks to human health?
What are the risks to the ecosystem?
Are we managing the risks?
Analytical chemist
Analytical standards?
Certified Reference materials?
Available Instrumentation?
Extraction/isolation?
7
Planning Workshop –
objectives and approach
Taller de Planeación Objetivos y enfoque
Peter F. Sale
Peter F. Sale
International Network on Water, Environment & Health
United Nations University
International Network on Water, Environment & Health
United Nations University
POP Planning Workshop, Hamilton, 26-27 Nov 2007
Assessment, Monitoring and
Management of Persistent Organic
Pollutants (POP) and Persistent Toxic
Substances (PTS) in the Coastal
Ecosystems of the Wider Caribbean
Region
• What pollutants are where in our coastal waters?
• How can we trace back to find their sources?
• How can we restore polluted coastal ecosystems
to health?
POP Planning Workshop, Hamilton, 26-27 Nov 2007
POP Planning Workshop, Hamilton, 26-27 Nov 2007
Evaluación, Monitoreo y Manejo de
Contaminantes Orgánicos Persistentes
(COP) y Substancias Toxicas
Persistentes (STP) en Ecosistemas
Costeros de la Región Caribeña
• Que contaminantes existen en nuestra aguas?
• Como podemos rastrear las fuentes de
contaminación?
• Como podemos restaurar la salud de
ecosistemas costeros contaminados?
POP Planning Workshop, Hamilton, 26-27 Nov 2007
Goals of the Project
Metas del Proyecto
• Pollution by PTS is widespread and poorly
monitored in many countries
• PTS include chemicals with serious health effects,
and with serious ecological impacts
• Coastal waters are economically and culturally
important in Caribbean countries, and are
important sources of protein food
• PTS get into coastal ecosystems from upland
sources, and can be traced back to their sources
for remediation
• Monitoring is only the first step
• Contaminación por STP’s es común y pobremente
monitoreada en varios países Caribeños
• STP’s incluyen substancias químicas con severos
efectos nocivos a la salud e impactos ambientales
• Las aguas costeras son económica y
culturalmente importantes en varios países
Caribeños, y son importantes fuentes de proteínas
• STP’s llegan a aguas costeras provenientes de la
tierra, y pueden ser rastreados de vuelta a sus
fuentes de origen para remedio
• Monitoreo es solo el primer paso
POP Planning Workshop, Hamilton, 26-27 Nov 2007
POP Planning Workshop, Hamilton, 26-27 Nov 2007
1
Goals of the Project
Metas del Proyecto
• Build partnerships among coastal managers and
analytical labs to monitor pollution by PTS
• Extend data on PTS in coastal ecosystems
• Improve capacity for laboratory analysis of PTS
pollution
• Trace selected cases of pollution back to their
sources
• Educate about, and reduce incidence of PTS
pollution
• Construir sociedades entre administradores
costeros laboratorios analíticos para monitorear
contaminación de STP’s
• Aumentar información en STP’s en ecosistemas
costeros
• Aumentar la capacidad de análisis de laboratorios
para análisis de STP’s
• Rastrear casos de contaminación a sus fuentes
• Educar y reducir la incidencia de contaminación
por STP’s
POP Planning Workshop, Hamilton, 26-27 Nov 2007
POP Planning Workshop, Hamilton, 26-27 Nov 2007
Goals of this Workshop
Metas del Taller
• Learn about existing POP/PTS remediation
activities in the Caribbean
• Explore prevalence of POP/ PTS in coastal waters
• Learn about POP/PTS impacts on ecosystem
function and on health
• Assess capacity to monitor and remediate
• Decide extent, nature of participation in the project
• Decide on the activities during the first two years,
and possible extension to a larger project
• Aprender acerca de actividades de remedio de
COP/STP en la región Caribe
• Explorar la prevalecía de COP/STP en aguas
costeras
• Aprender acerca de impactos de contaminación
por COP/STP en función y salud de ecosistemas
• Evaluar la capacidad de monitorear y remediar
• Decidir la clase y nivel de participación en el
proyecto
• Decidir las actividades durante los dos primeros
años del proyecto, y posible extensión a un
proyecto mayor
POP Planning Workshop, Hamilton, 26-27 Nov 2007
POP Planning Workshop, Hamilton, 26-27 Nov 2007
Agenda
Agenda
1. Other POP/PTS projects in the region and elsewhere
1. Otros proyectos COP/STP en la región y otros lugares
Monday morning
2. Current status/capacity in each country
Mañana del lunes
2. Estado/capacidad actual en cada país
Early afternoon
Media tarde
3. Stockholm Convention Obligations
3. Obligaciones de la convención de Estocolmo
Late afternoon
Tarde
4. POP/PTS in the coastal marine environment
4. COP/STP en ecosistemas marinos costeros
Late afternoon and Tuesday morning
Lunes en la tarde y Mañana del Martes
5. Committing to and planning details of this project
5. Compromisos y detalles de planeación del proyecto
Mid-morning Tuesday to close
POP Planning Workshop, Hamilton, 26-27 Nov 2007
Resto de la mañana del martes hasta final
POP Planning Workshop, Hamilton, 26-27 Nov 2007
2