RESUMEN UNIDAD 7

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Unidad 7. Resumen
RESUMEN UNIDAD 7
1. Conditional tenses
1.1. Present conditional
a) Forma:
Afirmativa
S
WOULD
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
V
would
I would like  I’d like
like
Negativa
S
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
WOULD
NOT
would
not
V
like
I would not like  I wouldn’t like
Interrogativa
WOULD
Would
S
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
SHORT ANSWER
V
like?
Yes, she would.
No, she wouldn’t.
b) Usos:
USOS
EJEMPLOS
Preferencias, deseos, opiniones, peticiones
educadas, etc.
I'd like to study Biology
"Would you do me a favour?"
Ofrecimientos
"Would you like some coffee?"
Hábitos o rutinas en el pasado.
When I was a child, I would go running every
morning.
Oraciones condicionales de 2º tipo
If I were you, I wouldn't do it
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Unidad 7. Resumen
1.2. Past conditional
a) Forma:
Afirmativa
S
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
WOULD
HAVE
would
have
PAST
PARTICIPLE
I would have liked  I’d have liked
liked
Negativa
S
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
WOULD
NOT
HAVE
would
not
have
PAST
PARTICIPLE
liked
I would not have liked 
I wouldn’t have liked
Interrogativa
WOULD
Would
S
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
HAVE
have
PAST
PARTICIPLE
liked
SHORT ANSWER
Yes, she would.
No, she wouldn’t.
b) Usos:
USOS
Oraciones condicionales de 2º tipo
EJEMPLOS
I would have done it if I had known it.
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Unidad 7. Resumen
2.
Oraciones condicionales
2.1. Zero conditional
a) Estructura:
IF + PRESENT SIMPLE
If he spends much time reading,
PRESENT SIMPLE
he has a headache.
b) Uso:
USOS
EJEMPLOS
Ideas generales, a hechos o
acciones que se aceptan como
ciertos o que son habituales.
If you have a dishwasher, you have
more time to do other things.
2.2. First conditional (primer tipo de oraciones condicionales)
a) Estructura:
IF + PRESENT SIMPLE
If you go to bed late,
IF + PRESENT SIMPLE NEGATIVE =
UNLESS PRESENT SIMPLE AFFIRMATIVE
WILL + V
you will feel tired tomorrow.
WILL + V
If he doesn't arrive soon,
we'll call the police.
Unless he arrives soon,
b) Uso:
USOS
Hechos o situaciones posibles o probables
en el futuro.
Promesas y advertencias.
EJEMPLOS
If you go to the party, you'll see Alan
If I win the championship, we will go to
Bombay.
You won't pass the test if you don't study.
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Unidad 7. Resumen
2.2. Second conditional (segundo tipo de oraciones condicionales)
a) Estructura:
IF + PAST SIMPLE
If I won the lottery,
IF + S + WERE
If he were here,
WOULD + V
I would buy a new car.
WOULD + V
he would play the guitar for you.
I'd study English.
If I were you,
I wouldn't swim in that pool.
If I were you,
b) Uso:
USOS
Situaciones o acciones posibles pero poco
probables.
EJEMPLOS
If I had a new car, we'd go to the beach.
Situaciones hipotéticas e imaginarias.
If we were rich, we would buy a very big
house.
Consejos.
If I were you, I wouldn't go to bed so late.
Futuras ambiciones o esperanzas.
If I found a new job, we would move to
Manchester.
2.3. Third conditional (tercer tipo de oraciones condicionales)
a) Estructura:
IF + PAST PERFECT
If I had won the lottery,
WOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
I would have bought a new car.
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Unidad 7. Resumen
b) Uso:
USOS
EJEMPLOS
If he hadn't woken up at ten, he wouldn't have
missed the bus.
Hipótesis sobre acciones o situaciones
pasadas que nunca podrán cumplirse.
2.4. Otras estructuras para expresar oraciones condicionales: as long as; providing
(that); provided (that); even if; in case of.
2.4.1. As long as; providing (that); provided (that)
a) Estructuras:
AS LONG AS + SIMPLE PRESENT
WILL + V
As long as you do your homework,
we’ll go bicycle riding.
PROVIDING THAT + SIMPLE PRESENT
Providing that there isn't much traffic,
WILL + V
we'll go by car.
PROVIDED + SIMPLE PRESENT
WILL + V
we'll go to the mountains.
Provided the weather is good,
c)
Uso:
USOS
EJEMPLOS
Para exponer una condición indispensable
para que se cumpla la acción de la oración
principal: "pero solo si", "siempre que".
d)
You’ll pass your exam as long as you study
hard.
Transformaciones
ORACIÓN ORIGINAL
He'll win the match but only if he plays well
TRANSFORMACIONES
He'll win the match
as long as
providing that
provided that
2.4.2. Even if
a) Estructuras
EVEN IF + PAST SIMPLE
Even if he was very rich,
WOULD + V
he wouldn't give money to charity
he plays well.
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Unidad 7. Resumen
EVEN IF + PAST PERFECT
WOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Even if he had studied more,
b)
Usos:
USOS
EJEMPLOS
Refuerza la condición
en el pasado, presente
o futuro: “ni aunque”.
a)
he wouldn't have passed the test
Even if he was very rich, he
wouldn't give money to charity
Even if he had studied more, he
wouldn't have passed the test.
SIGNIFICADO
Referencia al presente y/o
futuro.
Referencia al pasado.
Transformaciones
ORACIÓN ORIGINAL
He wouldn't take any exercise if he had time.
TRANSFORMACIONES
Even if he had time, he wouldn't take any exercise.
2.4.3. In case of
a) Estructuras
IN CASE OF + NOUN PHRASE
In case of a fire,
c)
leave the factory immediately.
Usos:
USOS
Para hacer advertencias:” if there is…”
b)
IMPERATIVE
EJEMPLOS
Please phone me in case of an accident.
Transformaciones
ORACIÓN ORIGINAL
If there is an emergency, phone emergency services.
TRANSFORMACIONES
In case of an emergency, phone emergency services.
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Unidad 7. Resumen
3.
I wish / If only
3.1. Referido al presente
a) Estructuras
I WISH / IF ONLY* + S + SIMPLE PAST
I wish / If only I played tennis well.
*If only se usa en lenguaje formal.
I WISH / IF ONLY + S + WERE*
I wish/ If only I were rich.
*Were se emplea en lenguaje formal.
I WISH + S + PAST CONTINUOUS
I wish / If only Tom was studying English.
I WISH / IN ONLY + S + COULD
What a good car! I wish/ If only I could drive it
b)
Usos:
USOS
3.2.
EJEMPLOS
Lamentarnos de algo que sucede
en el presente y expresar
nuestro deseo de que fuera
diferente.
I wish / If only I had a car.
Expresar deseos.
I wish / If only you were here.
Referido al pasado:
a) Estructuras
I WISH / IF ONLY + S + PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
I wish / If only he had told me the truth.
I WISH / IN ONLY + S + COULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
It's a pity I didn't go to London. If only I could have gone to London.
b) Usos:
USOS
Lamentarnos de algo que sucedió
en el pasado y expresar nuestro
deseo de que hubiese sido
diferente.
EJEMPLOS
I wish / If only I had a car.
I wish / If only you were here.
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Unidad 7. Resumen
3.3.
Referido a una persona distinta del sujeto:
a) Estructura:
I WISH / IN ONLY + S * + WOULD + V
I wish you would stop making noises.
* El sujeto debe ser distinto de I.
b) Usos:
USOS
EJEMPLOS
Expresar una queja sobre una
situación en el presente que nos
molesta.
I wish / If only you would drive slowly.
4. Otras formas de expresar preferencias y deseos
4.1. Would like
a) Estructuras
WOULD LIKE + NOUN
I would like some water.
WOULD LIKE + TO + V
I would to go shopping
.
WOULD LIKE + PERSONAL OBJECT + (NOT) TO + V
We would like you to study English.
b) Usos:
USOS
Expresar que algo se desea o
no se desea.
Expresar que desearíamos que
otra persona hiciera algo.
EJEMPLOS
I would like some water.
I wouldn’t like any black coffee.
I'd like Mark not to be here.
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Unidad 7. Resumen
4.2. Would prefer:
a) Estructuras
WOULD PREFER + NOUN
"Would you like a magazine?" "No, I'd prefer a newspaper."
WOULD PREFER + TO + V
They would prefer to go back home.
.
WOULD PREFER + PERSONAL OBJECT + (NOT) TO + V
I'd prefer her to help me.
b) Usos:
USOS
EJEMPLOS
I would like some water.
I wouldn’t like any black coffee.
Expresar preferencia.
Expresar que desearíamos que
otra persona hiciera algo.
I'd like Mark not to be here.
4.3. Prefer:
a) Estructuras
PREFER + NOUN + + TO + NOUN
I prefer football to tennis.
PREFER + GERUND + TO + GERUND
Ralph prefers writing to reading.
.
PREFER + (NOT) TO + V
I prefer to have a rest in this park.
b) Usos:
USOS
Expresar preferimos una cosa
sobre otra o una acción sobre
otra.
Expresar preferencia.
EJEMPLOS
I prefer London to Paris.
I prefer riding my bike to driving.
I prefer to have lunch in a pub.
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4.4. Would rather / would sooner:
a) Estructuras
WOULD RATHER / WOULD SOONER + (NOT) + V
He'd rather / He’d sooner stay at home.
WOULD RATHER / WOULD SOONER + PERSONAL OBJECT + PAST SIMPLE
I'd rather / I’d sooner she didn't go out today.
.
WOULD RATHER / WOULD SOONER + PERSONAL OBJECT + PAST PERFECT
I'd rather/ I’d sooner you hadn't gone to London.
b) Usos:
USOS
EJEMPLOS
He'd rather / He’s sooner play basket.
Expresar preferencia por hacer
algo en el presente o el futuro.
Expresar preferencia por haber
hecho algo en el pasado.
5.
I’d rather / I’d sooner you went to the
football match today.
I'd rather/ I’d sooner he had gone out.
Clauses of result
ESTRUCTURA
EJEMPLO
so + adj. + that + S + V+ ...
He's so funny that he makes me laugh.
so + adv. + tha t+ S + V+ ......
Sam lives so fast that he never listens to me.
so much + nombre incont. + that + S + V+ ...
I drink so much coffee that I can't sleep well.
so many + nombre plural + that + S + V+ ...
We knew so many people that we had fun.
such a(n)+ adj. + nombre singular + that + S + V+
...
It's such a long book that nobody likes it.
such + adj. + nombre plural + that + S + V+ ...
They're such good players that they never lose.
such + adj.. + nombre incont.+ that + S + V+ ...
It's such bad weather that we prefer to stay in.
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Unidad 7. Resumen
6.
Formación de palabras: Adjective suffixes
NOMBRE O VERBO
comfort,
enjoy,
fashion
environment,
music,
politics
colour,
help,
success
divide,
horror,
sense
amuse,
disgust,
excite
compete,
destruct,
effect,
care,
colour,
need
day,
live
adventure,
danger,
fame
anger,
fun,
hunger
7.
SUFIJO
-able
-al
-ful
-ible
-ing
-ive
-less
-ly
-ous
-y
ADJETIVOS
comfortable,
enjoyable,
fashionable
environmental,
musical,
political
colourful,
helpful,
successful
divisible,
horrible,
sensible
amusing,
disgusting,
exciting
competitive,
destructive,
effective
careless,
colourless,
needless
daily,
lively
adventurous,
dangerous,
famous
angry,
funny,
hungry
Leer y escribir: Composición de textos escritos
7.1. Clauses of result (oraciones subordinadas consecutivas)
LINKERS OF RESULT
SIGNIFICADO
EJEMPLO
As a consequence,
Como
consecuencia
He has trained a lot. As a consequence, he has won the
race.
As a result,
Como resultado
She has spent the summer in London. As a result, she
has improved her English.
Consequently
En consecuencia
They haven't sold anything. Consequently, they'll have to
close.
For this/that reason,
Por este /ese
motivo
It was raining. For that reason, they didn't go out.
, so
así que
I was tired, so I went to bed.
Therefore
Por lo tanto
I've read a lot about Egypt. Therefore, I've become an
expert in it.
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Unidad 7. Resumen
7.2. A biography
7.2.1. Paragraphs
Paragraph 1:
Reasons why that person is famous and/or important. Details about his/her date
and place of birth and his/her childhood.
Paragraph 2:
Information about his/her life and main achievements.
Paragraph 3:
What he/she did in his/her last years or what he/she is doing now and personal opinion.
7.2.2. Useful expressions
Para describir etapas de la vida
Para secuenciar los hechos
Para expresar resultado
Para añadir información
Para describir el carácter de la persona
Para describir su importancia e influencia
… was born in + place
… was born on + date
At an early age, …
As a teenager, ...
... grew up in ...
… lived in …
... spent ... years ...
... retired ...
… died …
At first, ...
After that, ...
Afterwards, ...
Later, ...
Then, ...
Finally, ...
From 1987 to 1997, ...
In the 1970s, …
As a consequence, …
As a result, …
Consequently, …
For this/that reason, …
, so …
Therefore, …
What's more, …
In addition, …
Furthermore …,
Moreover, …
…, too.
… as well.
also
generous
over-ambitious
brilliant
cowardly
influential
jealous
hard-working
creative
inspiring
talented
He /She influenced ...
He /She revolutionized ...
He /She managed to ...
He /She became a respected leader
He /She broke a record
He /She won an award/a prize ...
He /She became ...
He /She is considered ...
He /She is known for ...