!"#$%&'()'"#%*+,*-)."# /0"#$*%1$*'()."#$"%"#,"#+2%3"')40#52'*0(*#*0#,"#26%"# 5*#720",5#8'9:0# 0"123#/'( 29 !"#$%&%'()*$+,(-.$%/( ;20()+)')"#/0).*%1)5"5#<".*%)"0"# ="'>,("5#5*#?5>'"')40# @A#BCDEF7/GGBHC# ?1(*#(*-(2#$%*1*0("#,"1#)5*"1#5*#+>05"3*0("')40#*$)1(*32,4I)'"#5*#>0"#5*#,"1#$*%1$*'J ()."1# 126%*# +2%3"')40# 52'*0(*# *# )0.*1()I"')40# K>*# '201)5*%"321# "'2%5*1# '20# >0"# $21)')40#02#)01(%>3*0(",L#02#(*'0)')1("L#126%*#,"#5)5&'()'"A#?0#*1("#$*%1$*'()."#1*#%*J (23"# ,"# $%&'()'"L# ,"# $%2$)"# $%&'()'"L# '232# 26M*(2# 5*# %*+,*-)40# N# "0&,)1)1# N# '232# .O"# $%).),*I)"5"#$"%"#,"#+2%3"')40L#("0(2#5*#+>(>%21#52'*0(*1L#'232#5*#52'*0(*1#*0#*M*%')J ')2A# BI>",3*0(*L# '201)5*%"321# K>*# *1("# $*%1$*'()."# *162P"# >0# '"3)02# $"%"# $*01"%# ",(*%0"()."1#'2,*'()."1#5*#(%"01+2%3"')40#5*#,"#*01*Q"0P"L#5*15*#*1$"')21#02#+2%3",*1L# 02#'20.*0')20",*1A#BI>",3*0(*#*1(*#3"%'2#6%)05"#*,*3*0(21#$"%"#$*01"%#,"1#(*01)20*1# *0(%*#)0.*1()I"')40#N#*01*Q"0P"A# RA#!S#;?E8;?GDBTS# U!21#'*0(%21#1>$*%)2%*1#5*#+2%3"')40#5*#$%2+*1)20",*1L#*0#*,#3"%J '2#5*#,"#325*%0"#)0.*1()I"')40#>0).*%1)("%)"L#1)*0("0#'232#$%*3)1"# ,"#%"')20",)5"5#(V'0)'"A#8>#'>%%O'>,>3#02%3"().2L#*1("6,*')52#*0#,"1# $%)3*%"1#5V'"5"1#5*,#1)I,2#WWL#*0#>0#323*0(2#*0#*,#K>*#,"1#$%2J +*1)20*1#6>1'"6"0#I"0"%#$%*1()I)2#)0(*I%"052#1>1#'*0(%2#5*#+2%3"J ')40# *0# *,# 3"%'2# >0).*%1)("%)2L# (25".O"# "'"%)')"# ,"# )5*"# 5*# K>*# ,"# $%"'()'"#'23$*(*0(*#1*#'20.)*%(*#*0#$%"'()'"#$%2+*1)20",#'>"052#,"# 12,>')40#5*#$%26,*3"1#)01(%>3*0(",*1#1*#6"1"#*0#*,#'202')3)*0(2# 1)1(*3&()'2L#$%*+*%*0(*3*0(*#5*#'"%&'(*%#')*0(O+)'2A#7*#*1(*#3252L# *,#'>%%O'>,>3#02%3"().2#5*#,21#'*0(%21#5*#+2%3"')40#5*#$%2+*1)2J 0",*1# $%*1*0("# *0# $%)3*%# ,>I"%# ,"1# ')*0')"1# 6&1)'"1# $*%()0*0(*1L# "# '20()0>"')40# ,"1# ')*0')"1# "$,)'"5"1L# N# +)0",3*0(*# >0# $%&'()'>3# *0# *,# K>*# 1*# 1>$20*# K>*# ,21# ",>3021# "$%*05"0# "# "$,)'"%# *,# '202')J !"#$%&'()*' Perspectivas sobre la enseñanza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erspectivas sobre la enseñanza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erspectivas sobre la enseñanza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email protected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erspectivas sobre la enseñanza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erspectivas sobre la enseñanza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`%)#&)7%#$1M,9*%.,"(+&",5)7%'*%'/%8+'%'*%.,4: /)2)%()*%'/%'=0'&#)S#+#)&Z%'/%'"#+.,$*#'%5$%5,*(+/4*.)"'%$%/$%()1+*,.$.%.'%0&4(#,($7%$% /)"%1).)"%()1)%/)"%'=0'&#)"%'*6&'*#$*%'"'%#,0)%.'%0&)M/'14#,($">%a%'"#)%.'M'%$2&': 2$&"'7%0)&%"+0+'"#)7%/)"%'"0$(,)"%.'%&'()*)(,1,'*#)%.'%/)"%"$M'&'"%0&)5'*,'*#'"%.'%/$"% !"#$%&'()*' Perspectivas sobre la enseñanza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erspectivas sobre la enseñanza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erspectivas sobre la enseñanza +,'-&'-,%#.&'/&0,1%&2'-&3'-,%#.&3'4'-&'-$0,1&0.1&'