Contents - International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the

Contents
Index
§
Sumario
PREFACE
History.
Languages.
Contents.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE
BONES
JOINTS
MUSCLES
TENDONS.
FASCIA and APONEUROSIS.
NERVES.
VESSELS
SKIN and ACCESSORIES.
GENERAL
JOINTS.
MUSCLE and TENDON.
NERVES.
EXAMINATION: Symptoms, signs and tests.
GENERAL.
BONES
JOINTS
MUSCLES.
TENDONS.
FASCIA and APONEUROSIS.
NERVES.
SKIN and ACCESSORIES.
VESSELS.
PATHOLOGY
CONGENITAL
BONES.
JOINTS.
MUSCLES.
TENDONS.
FASCIA and APONEUROSIS.
NERVES.
SKIN and ACCESORIES.
VESSELS.
GENERAL.
BONES.
JOINTS.
MUSCLES.
TENDONS.
FASCIA.
NERVES.
SKIN and ACCESORIES.
VESSELS.
SKIN CREASES
THE HAND
JOINT MOTION
General rules
THE ELBOW
THE FOREARM
THE WRIST
THE FINGERS
THE THUMB
Top
Sumario
TERMINOLOGY FOR HAND SURGERY
PREFACE
ANATOMY
GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE
BONES
JOINTS
MUSCLES.
TENDONS.
FASCIA and APONEUROSIS.
NERVES.
VESSELS.
SKIN and ACCESSORIES.
FUNCTION
GENERAL
JOINTS.
MUSCLE and TENDON.
NERVES.
CLINICAL
EXAMINATION: Symptoms, signs and tests.
PATHOLOGY
TREATMENT.
GENERAL.
BONES.
JOINTS.
MUSCLES.
TENDONS.
FASCIA.
NERVES.
SKIN and ACCESORIES.
VESSELS.
SUPPLEMENT
SKIN CREASES
THE HAND
JOINT MOTION
Top
PREFACE
INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SOCIETIES FOR SURGERY OF THE
HAND
Committee on Standardization of Nomenclature
1970
•
•
Chairman:Mr. H.G. Stack, England
Members:Dr. D. Buck-Gramcko, W. Germany
Dr. I. Isaksson, Sweden
Dr. E. B. Kaplan, U.S.A.
Dr. F. Paredes, Portugal
Dr. P. Rabischong, France
Prof. T. Tajima, Japan
Dr. E. Zancolli, Argentina
1985
•
•
Chairman: Mr. N.J. Barton, England
Members: Dr.D. Buck-Gramcko, W. Germany
Dr. R. I. Burton, U.S.A.
Dr. F. Iselin, France
Dr. A. de Negri, Italy
Dr. A. Pernet, Brazil
Dr. F. Enriquez de Salamanca,Spain
Mr. H. G. Stack, England
Prof. T. Tajima, Japan
1998
•
•
Chairman: Alberto Lluch, MD PhD. (Spain)
Members: Geoffrey Hooper, FRCS (United Kingdom)
Dr. Adalbert Kapandji (France)
Prof. Dr. Ulrich Lanz (Germany)
Prof. Dr. Hans - Martin Schmidt (Germany)
The present booklet on Terminology for Hand Surgery is an updating of the previous
publications by the Committee on Standardisation of Nomenclature of the International
Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand.
The aim of the Nomenclature Committee is to select the most appropiate vocabulary to define the
different anatomical structures and conditions used by those interested in the study, prevention
and treatment of alterations affecting the hand. Not only will this help communication between
workers who use different languages, but also we hope to achieve a uniform vocabulary, with the
added benefit of precision, for professionals using the same language
Related Topics:
History.
Languages.
Contents.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Top
History.
The first booklet on Terminology for Hand Surgery was published in June 1970, and it was
restricted to anatomical terms and a short description of motor and sensory functions. There were
422 terms, with their equivalent translation in five languages, in adtion to an atlas of joint motion,
in English, following the guidelines of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.
In 1983 a Clinical Section on Hand Terminology was published in the International Supplement of
the Journal of Hand Surgery (Guide to terminologY* for hand surgery.~ Report of the
Nomenclature Committee: Barton N. J Hand Surg 19 8 3; vol 8, No 5, Part 2:814-828).
Both publications were later compiled and updated in a third publications printed by The Pilgrims
Press for the IFSSH on November of 1985.
Twelve years later, in 1997, Dr. Giorgio Brunelly (Italy) President of the IFSSH had asked to
produce a new booklet on Terminology for Hand Surgery. We reviewed all the data compiled in
the previous publications, as otherwise thig would have been a monumental task if we had to
start from the beginning.
Top
Languages.
The first problem that we were faced with was the selection of languages. The first booklet was
published in 1970, with Mr. Guy Pulvertaft (England) being the President of the IFSSH,
representing only 10 National and Regional Societies around the world. At present there are 48
National and Regional Societies represented by the IFSSH, communicating with a wide spectrum
of languages. Although only 11 official languages have been recognised by the UNESCO, in
Europe alone, 54 languages are currently in used. Although the number of languages is
considerably larger around the world, it was decided to continue using the languages employed in
the previous Terminology for Hand Surgery. Latin is used for the description of all anatomical
terms, as this is recommended language by the Anatomists (Nomina Anatomica). The four living
languages are English, German, French and Spanish. Dr. Schmidt was responsible for the Latin
terms, Dr. Hooper for the English, Dr. Lanz for the German, Dr. Kapandji for the French and Dr.
Lluch for the Spanish.
We would like to apologize for not including other languages, as Japanese, Russian,
Italian, etc, used by a large number of highly qualified Hand Surgeons around the world.
This is something that we should take into consideration in the very near future. The
costs and time needed to print the Terminology in as many languages as possible is a
non viable project, and perkaps the solution would be to place the Terminology on
Internet. By doing so, National Societies using other languages can incorporate their
terms next to the ones in the present publication. Another advantage would be to keep
the Nomenclature updated in almost on a dayto-day basis.
All the Members of the present Committee were selected from Europe, solely for logistic
reasons and to get the project finished on time.
Top
Contents.
The booklet has been divided into four parts: I.Anatomy, 2.Function, 3. Clinical and 4. Treatment.
Chapter 3 (Clinical) has been subdivided in two: 3. 1. Examination, that includes all terms related
to symptoms, signs and tests, and 3.2. Pathology.
The terms listed in each of the four chapters have been classified into the eight major anatomic
structures composing the hand: 1.8ones, 2.Joints, 3.Muscles, 4.Tendons, 5.Fascia and
aponeurosis, 6.Nerves, 7.Vessels and 8.Skin and accessories.
The reader can easily find the appropiate term for any structure in relation to its anatomy,
function, pathology or treatment. The search is further facilitated by the inclusion of an index of
contents on the first page. The exception being congenital deformities, which are described in
separate heading within the chapter on pathology, as they relate to many anatomical structures
simultaneously. Following the guidelines of previous publications, the chapter on congenital
anomalies avoids the use of eponims as well as of animal comparisons used -for the description
of certain hand anomalies. Latin and Greek terms used for most of the anomalies have also been
obviated as they are the same for all languages. However, the chapter on congenital anomalies is
more of a classification than a list of words. We transcribed the classification recommended by
the American Society for Surgery of the Hand (Classification for congenital limb malformations.
Swanson AB. J Hand Surg 1976; 1:8-22). We are of the opinion that this chapter will need an
updating in the near future, accepting the fact that it will never be a perfect classification, as many
congenital hand deformities are combined.
We have to regret that Chapter 3.2.3. Pathology of Joints does not include a section on carpal
instabilities. The reason is that this subject is still under discussion in two different Forums: the
International Wrist Investigators Workshop and the Anatomy and Biomechanics Committee of the
IFSSH. There seems to be slightly different opinions about the proper definition and use of the
term "instability", and even more when referring to "static instability", two apparently condradictory
words. To compensate for this, the Chapter 1.3. Anatomy of Joints includes a very
comprehensive and updated listing of wrist ligaments.
At the end of the booklet there is an Atlas of Surface Anatomy and Joint Motion. New schematic
drawings were made to show the guidelines for measuring joint mobility. The neutral position or
zero starting position (00) for each joint is defined, and the range of flexion is described as
positive degrees, while extension is described as negative degrees. This is a divergence from the
previous Nomenclatures that followed the guidelines proposed by the AAOS for the measurement
of joint motion.
Top
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank the Chairman and Members of the preceeding Nomenclature Committees,
who deserve our recognition for the tremendous task that represents the publication of the
previous Nomenclatures for Hand Surgery. We have just deleted or added some terms in line
with the natural evolution and better understanding of hand anatomy, physiology and pathology.
•
•
Chairman: Alberto Lluch, MD PhD. (Spain)
Members: Geoffrey Hooper, FRCS (United Kingdom)
Dr. Adalbert Kapandji (France)
Prof. Dr. Ulrich Lanz (Germany)
Prof. Dr. Hans-Martin Schmidt (Germany)
May 1998.
Top
GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE
•
•
•
•
•
Brachium
Arm
Arm
Bras
Brazo
•
•
•
•
•
Cubitus
Elbow
Ellenbogen
Coude
Codo
•
•
•
•
•
Antebrachium
Forearm
Unterarm
Avant-bras
Antebrazo
• Manus
• Hand
• Hand
• Main
• Mano
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Carpus
Wrist
Handwurzel
Poignet
Muñeca
•
•
•
•
•
Metacarpus
Metacarpal region
Mittelhand
Métacarpe
Región metacarpiana
Digiti manus
Fingers (Digits)
Finger
Doigts de la main
Dedos
•
•
•
•
•
Pollex
Thumb
Daumen
Pouce
Pulgar
•
•
•
•
•
Index
Index finger
Zeigefinger
Index
Indice
•
•
•
•
•
Digitus medius
Middle finger
Mittelfinger
Medius
Dedo medio
•
•
•
•
•
Digitus anularis
Ring finger
Ringfinger
Anulaire
Dedo anular
•
•
•
•
•
Digitus minimus
Little finger
Kleinfinger
Auriculaire
Dedo meñique
• Ray (Metacarpal and finger)
• Strahlen (Finger und Mittelhandknochen)
• Rayons (metacarpien et doigt)
• Rayos (metacarpiano y dedo)
•
•
•
•
•
Plica interdigitalis
Interdigital web
Zwischenfingerfalten
Commissure des doigts
Pliegue interdigital
•
•
•
•
•
Facies dorsales
Dorsal surface
Streckseite (Dorsalseite)
Face dorsal
Cara dorsal
•
•
•
•
•
Facies palmares
Palmar surface (anterior surface)
Beugeseite (Palmarseite)
Face Palmaire
Cara palmar (cara anterior)
•
•
•
•
•
Facies laterales (facies radiales)
Lateral surgace (radial surface)
Speichenseite (Radialseite)
Face radiale
Cara lateral (cara radial)
•
•
•
•
•
Facies mediales (facies ulnares)
Medial surface (ulnar surface)
Ellenseite (ulnarseite)
Face cubitale
Cara medial (cara cubital)
•
•
•
•
•
Dorsum manus
Back of the hand
Handrücken
Dors de la main
Dorso de la mano
•
•
•
•
•
Palma manus
Palm of the hand
Hohlhand (Handfläche)
Paume de la main
Palma de la mano
•
•
•
•
•
Thenar
Thenar region (Thenar eminence)
Daumenballen
Eminence thénar
Región tenar (Eminencia tenar)
• Hypothenar
•
•
•
•
Hypothenar region (Hypotenar eminence)
Kleinfingerballen
Eminence hypothénar
Región hipotenar (Eminencia hipotenar)
•
•
•
•
•
Fovea radialis
Anatomical snuff box
Tabatière
Tabatière
Tabaquera anatómica
•
•
•
•
Knuckle
Knöchel
Jointure IPP
Nudillo
•
•
•
•
•
..................
Fingertip
Fingerspitze (Fingerkuppe)
Extremité du doigt
Punta del dedo
•
•
•
•
•
...................
Finger pulp
Fingerbeere
Pulpe du doigt
Pulpejo digital
•
•
•
•
•
Canalis carpi (sulcus carpi)
Carpal canal (carpal tunnel)
Karpalkanal (karpaltunnel)
Canal carpien
Canal carpiano
•
•
•
•
•
..................
Carpal tunnel (CT)
Karpaltunnel
Tunnel carpien
Túnel carpiano
•
•
•
•
•
......................
Guyon's compartment
Guyon'scher Kanal (Loge)
Loge de Guyon
Compartimiento de Guyon
Top
BONES
•
•
•
•
•
Ossa
Bones
Knochen
Os
Huesos
•
•
•
•
•
Radius
Radius
Speiche
Radius
Radio
Caput
Head
Köpfchen
Tête
Cabeza
Collum
Neck
Hals
Col
Cuello
Tuberositas radii
Bicipital tuberosity
Tuberositas radii
Tuberosité bicipitale
Tuberosidad bicipital
Processus styloideus
Styloid process
Griffelfortsatz (der Speiche)
Apophyse styloide du radis
Apófisis estiloides
Tuberculum dorsale
Tubercle of the radius (Lister's tubercle)
Listers Tuberculum
Tubercule de Lister
Tubérculo de Lister
Incisura ulnaris
Sigmoid notch
Incisura ulnaris
Cavité sigmoïde du radius
Cavidad sigmoidea del radio
Facies articularis carpea o carpalis (Fovea scaphoidea et fovea lunata)
Carpal joint surface (of the radius)
Speichengelenkfläche (distale)
Facette articulaire carpienne
Carilla articular carpiana (carilla escafoidea y carilla semilunar)
•
•
•
•
•
Ulna
Ulna
Elle
Cubitus
Cúbito
Olecranon
Olecranon
Ellenhaken (Olekranon)
Olécrane
Olécranon
Processus coronoideus
Coronoid process
Krokenfortsatz
Apophyse coronoide
Apófisis coronoides
Caput ulnae
Head of the ulna
Ellenkopf
Tête du cubitus
Cabeza del cúbito
Processus styloideus
Styloid process
Griffelfortsatz (der Elle)
Apophyse styloide cubitale
Apófisis estiloides
•
•
•
•
•
Ossa carpi (Carpalis)
Carpal bones
Handwurzelknochen
Os du carpe
Huesos del carpo
Os scaphoideum
Scaphoid bone
Kahnbein (Skaphoid)
Scaphoïde
Escafoides
•
•
•
•
•
Tuberculum ossis scaphoidea
Tubercle of the scaphoid
Tuberculum ossis scaphoidei
Tubercule du scaphoïde
Tubérculo del escafoides
Os lunatum
Lunate bone
Mondbein (Lunatum)
Semi-lunaire
Semilunar
Os triquetrum
Triquetrum
Dreieckbein (Triquetrum)
Pyramidal
Piramidal
Os pisiforme
Pisiform bone
Erbsenbein (Pisiforme)
Pisiforme
Pisiforme
Os trapezium (os multangulum majus)
Trapezium
Grosses Vieleckbein (Trapezium)
Trapèze
Trapecio
•
•
•
•
•
Tuberculum ossis trapezii
Tubercle of the trapezium
Tuberculum des Trapezium
Tubercule du Trapèze
Tubérculo del trapecio
Os trapezoideum
Trapezoid
kleines Vieleckbein (Trapezoid)
Trapézoïde
Trapezoide
Os capitatum
Capitate
Kopfbein (Kapitatum)
Grand os
Hueso grande
Os hamatum
Hamate
Hakenbein (Hamatum)
Os crochu
Hueso ganchoso
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hamulus ossis hamati
Hook of the Hamate
Haken des Hakenbeines
Apophyse unciforme de l'os crochu
Gancho del ganchoso
Ossa metacarpi (Metacarpalia)
Metacarpal bones
Mittelhandknochen
•
•
Métacarpiens
Huesos metacarpianos
Os metacarpale pollicis, indicis, medius, anularis et digitus minimus)
Thumb, index, middle, ring and small finger metacarpal bone
Erster, zweiter,dritte, vierter, fünfter Mittelhandknochen
Metacarpien du puce, de l'index, du medius, de l'anulaire et du auriculare
Metacarpiano del pulgar, del índice, del medio, del anular y del meñique
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Basis
Base
Basis
Base
Base
•
•
•
•
•
Corpus
Body
Schaft
Diaphyse
Diáfisis
•
•
•
•
•
Collum
Neck
Hals
Col
Cuello
•
•
•
•
•
Caput
Head
Köpfchen
Tête
Cabeza
Ossa digitorum manus (Phalanges)
Bones of the fingers
Fingerknochen
Os de doigts de la main
Huesos de los dedos
Phalanx proximalis
Proximal phalanx
Grundgliedknochen (Grundphalanx)
Phalange proximale (Phalange, P1)
Falange proximal
Phalanx media
Middle phalanx
Mittelgliedknochen (Mittelphalanx)
Phalange moyenne (Phalange, P2)
Falange media
Phalanx distalis
Distal phalanx
Endgliedknochen (Endphalanx)
Phalange distale (Phalange, P3)
Falange distal
•
•
•
•
•
Basis phalangis
Base of the phalanx
Basis des...gliedknochens
Base de la phalange
Base de la falange
•
•
•
•
•
Corpus phalangis
Shaft of the phalanx
Schaft des...gliedknochens
Corps de la phalange
Diáfisis de la falange
•
•
•
•
•
Caput phalangis
Head of the phalanx
Köpfchen des...gliednochens
Tête de la phalange
Cabeza de la falange
•
•
•
•
•
Condylus
Condyles
Gelenkknorren
Condyles
Cóndilos
•
•
•
•
•
Tuberositas phalangis distalis
Tuberosity of the distal phalanx
Nagelkranz des Endgliedknochens
Tubercule de la phalange distale
Tuberosidad de la falange distal
Ossa sesamoidea
Sesamoid bones
Sesambeine
Os sésamoïde
Huesos sesamoideos
Top
JOINTS
•
•
•
•
•
Articulationes
Joints
Gelenke
Articulations
Articulaciones
•
•
•
•
•
Capsula articularis
Articular capsule
Gelenkkapsel
Capsule articulaire
Cápsula articular
•
•
•
•
•
Ligamenta
Ligaments
Bänder
Ligaments
Ligamentos
•
•
•
•
•
Membrana synovialis
Synovial membrane
Synovialmembran (Gelenkinnenhaut)
Membrane synoviale
Membrana sinovial
•
•
•
•
•
Artticulatio humero-ulnaris
Humero-ulnar joint
Humeroulnar-Gelenk
Articulation Humero-ulnaire ou Humero-cubitale
Articulación húmero-cubital
•
•
•
•
•
Articulatio humero-radialis
Humero-radial joint
Humeroradial-Gelenk
Articulation Humero-radiale
Articulación húmero-radial
•
•
•
•
•
Articulatio radio-ulnaris proximalis
Proximal radio-ulnar joint
Proximales Radioulnar-Gelenk
Articulation radio-cubitale proximale
Articulación radio-cubital proximal
•
•
•
•
•
Articulatio radio-ulnaris distalis
Distal radio-ulnar joint
Distales Radioulnar-Gelenk
Articulation radio-ulnaire distale
Articulación radio-cubital distal
Ligamentum radio-ulnare (dorsale et palmare)
Dorsal and palmar radio-ulnar ligaments
Lig. radioulnare (dorsale und palmare)
Ligaments radiolunaires (dorsal et palmaire)
Ligamentos radio-cubitales (dorsal y palmar)
Discus articularis
Triangular fibrocartilage complex
Discus articularis (Zwischengelenkscheibe)
Ligament triangulaire
Fibrocartílago triangular
Ligamentum ulno-carpale
Meniscus homologue
Lig. ulnocarpale
Ligaments ulno-carpiens
Ligamentos cúbito-carpianos
•
•
•
•
•
Articulatio radiocarpalis
Radiocarpal joint
Proximales Handwurzelgelenk
Articulation radio-carpienne
Articulación radio-carpiana
Ligamenta radio-carpalia dorsalia
Dorsal radiocarpal ligaments
Dorsale radiokarpale Bänder
Ligaments radio-carpiens dorsales
Ligamentos radio-carpianos dorsales
•
•
•
•
•
Ligamentum radio-lunatum
Dorsal radiolunate ligament
Lig. radiolunatum
Ligament radio-lunaire
Ligamento radio-semilunar dorsal
•
•
•
•
•
Ligamentum radio-triquetrum
Radiotriquetral ligament
Lig. radiotriquetrum
Ligament radio-pyramidal
Ligamento radio-piramidal
Ligamenta. radiocarpalia palmaria
Palmar radiocarpal ligaments
Palmare Radiokarpal-Bänder
Ligaments radio-carpiens palmaires
Ligamentos radio-carpianos palmares
•
•
•
•
•
Ligamentum radio-scapho-capitatum
Radio-capitate ligament
Lig. radio-scapho-capitatum
Ligament radio-capital
Ligamento radio-capitate (-hueso grande)
• Ligamentum radio-lunatum longum
• Long radio-lunate ligament
• Lig. radiolunatum longum
• Ligament radiolunaire long
• Ligamento radio-semilunar largo
•
•
•
•
•
Ligamentum radio-lunatum breve
Short radio-lunate ligament
Lig. radiolunatum breve
Ligament radiolunaire court
Ligamento radio-semilunar corto
Ligamentum ulno-carpale palmare
Palmar ulno-carpal ligaments
Lig. ulnocarpale palmare
Ligaments cubito-carpiens antérieurs (palmaires)
Ligamentos cúbito-carpianos anteriores (palmares)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ligamentum ulno-triquetrum
Ulnotriquetral ligament
Lig. ulnotriquetrum
Ligament cubito-triquetral ou cubito-pyramidal
Ligamento cúbito-piramidal
•
•
•
•
•
Ligamentum ulno-lunatum
Ulnolunate ligament
Lig. ulnolunatum
Ligament ulno-lunaire
Ligamento cúbito-semilunar
•
•
•
•
•
Ligamentum ulno-capitate
Ulnocapitate ligament
Lig. ulnocapitatum
Ligament cubito-capital
Ligamento cúbito-capitate (-hueso grande)
Articulatio mediocarpalis
Midcarpal joint
Distales Handwurzergelenk
Articulation médiocarpienne
Articulación mediocarpiana
Ligamenta intercarpalia dorsalia
Posterior midcarpal joint ligament
Ligamenta intercarpalia dorsalia
Ligament intercarpien dorsal
Ligamento mediocarpiano dorsal
•
•
•
•
Ligamentum intercarpale dorsale
Triquetrum-scaphoid-trapezium-trapezoid ligament (dorsal intercarpal)
Lig. intercarpale dorsale
Ligament trapezo-trapezoide-triquetral (intercarpien dorsal)
• Ligamento piramido-escafo-trapecio-trapezoide (transversal dorsal del
carpo)
Ligamenta intercarpalia palmaria
Anterior midcarpal joint ligaments
Ligamenta intercarpalia palmaria
Ligaments mediocarpiens anterieurs (palmaires)
Ligamentos mediocarpianos anteriores (palmares)
Ligamentum triquetro-hamatum
Triquetrohamate ligament
Lig. triquetrohamatum
Ligament pyramido-unciformien
Ligamento piramidal-hueso ganchoso
Ligamentum triquetro-capitatum
Triquetrum-capitate ligament
Lig. triquetrocapitatum
Ligament pyramido-caìtal
Ligamento piramidal-capitate (-hueso grande)
Ligamentum scapho-capitatum
Scaphocapitate ligament
Lig. scaphocapitatum
Ligament scapho-capital
Ligamento escafo-capitate (-hueso grande)
Ligamentum scapho-trapezio-trapezoideum
Scapho-trapezio-trapezoid ligament
Lig. scaphotrapeziotrapezoideum
Ligament scapho-trapezo-trapezien
Ligamento escafo-trapecio-trapezoide
•
•
•
•
•
Articulationes intercarpales
Intercarpal joint
Interkarpal-Gelenke
Articulationes intercarpiennes
Articulaciones intercarpianas
Ligamenta intercarpalia interossea (dorsale et palmare)
Interosseous intercarpal ligaments (dorsal and palmar)
Dorsale interkarpale Bänder (dorsale und palmare)
Ligaments interosseux intercarpiens (dorsales et palmares)
Ligamentos interóseos intercarpianos (dorsales y palmares)
•
•
•
•
•
Ligamentum scapho-lunatum (dorsale et palmare)
Scapho-lunate ligaments (dorsal and palmar)
Lig. Scapholunatum (dorsale und palmare)
Ligament escapholunaire
Ligamentos escafo-semilunares (dorsal y palmar)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ligamentum luno-triquetrum (dorsale et palmare)
Luno-triquetral ligaments (dorsal and palmar)
Lig. Lunotriquetrum (dorsale und palmare)
Ligament lunotriquetral
Ligamentos luno-piramidales (dorsal y palmar)
•
•
•
•
•
Ligamentum trapeziotrapezoideum
Trapeziotrapezoid ligament
Lig. Trapezio-trapezoideum
Ligament trapezo-trapezoidal
Ligamento trapecio-trapezoide
•
•
•
•
•
Ligamentum trapezoido-capitatum
Capitotrapezoideum ligament
Lig trapezoidocapitatum
Ligament capitato-trapezoide
Ligamento trapezoide-capitate (-hueso grande)
•
•
•
•
•
Ligamentum hamato-capitatum
Capitohamate ligament
Lig. hamatocapitatum
Ligament capitohamatal
Ligamento ganchoso-capitate (-hueso grande)
Articulatio ossis pisiformis
Pisotriquetral joint
Articulatio ossis piriformis
Articulation piso-`yramidale
Articulación piso-piramidal
Ligamentum pisohamatum
Pisohamate ligament
Lig. pisohamatum
Ligament pisounciforien
Ligamento pisiforme-ganchoso
Ligamentum pisometacarpale
Pisometacarpal ligament
Lig. pisometacarpale
Ligament pisi-métacarpien
Ligamento pisiforme-metacarpiano
•
•
•
•
•
Articulationes carpometacarpales
Carpometacarpal joints (CMCJ)
Karpometakarpal-Gelenke
Articulation carpometacarpie
Articulaciones carpometacarpianas
Ligamenta carpometacarpalia dorsalia
Dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments
Ligg. carpometacarpalia dorsalia
Ligament carpométacarpien dorsal
Ligamentos carpometacarpianos dorsales
Ligamenta carpometacarpalia palmaria
Palmar carpometacarpal ligaments
Ligg. Carpometacarpalia palmaria
Ligaments carpométacarpiens palmaires
Ligamentos carpometacarpianos palmares
•
•
•
•
•
Articulatio carpometacarpale pollicis
Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb (trapezio-metacarpal)
Karpometakarpal-Gelenk des Daumens (Daumen-Sattelgelenk)
Articulation carpométacarpienne du pouce (trapezo-metacarpienne)
Articulación carpometacarpiana del pulgar (trapecio-metacarpiana)
Ligamentum trapeziometacarpale (volar ligament)
Anterior ligament
Lig. trapeziometacarpale
Ligament trapezo-métacarpien palmaire
Ligamento trapecio-metacarpiano palmar
Ligamentum carpometacarpale obliquum anterius
Anterior oblique liga,ent
Lig carpometacarpale obliquum anterius
Ligament trapezo-métacarpien oblique palmaire
Ligamento trapezio-metacarpiano oblicuo anterior
Ligamentum carpometacarpale obliquum posterius
Posterior oblique ligament
Lig. carpometacarpale obliquum posterius
Ligament trapezo-métacarpien oblique dorsal
Ligamento trapezio-metacarpiano oblicuo posterior
Ligamentum carpometacarpale dorsoradiale
Dorsoradial ligament
Lig. carpometacarpale dorsoradiale
Ligament trapezo-métacarpien oblique dorsoradial
Ligamento trapezio-metacarpiano dorso-radial
•
•
•
•
•
Articulationes intermetacarpales
Intermetacarpal joints
Intermetakarpal-Gelenke
Articulations intermétacarpennes
Articulaciones intermetacarpianas
Ligamenta metacarpalia dorsalia
Dorsal metacarpal ligaments
Ligg. metacarpalia dorsalia
Ligaments métacarpiens dorsaux
Ligamentos metacarpianos dorsales
Ligg. metacarpalia palmaria
Palmar metacarpal ligaments
Lig. metacarpalia palmaria
Ligament métacarpien palmaire
Ligamentos metacarpianos palmares
Ligamenta metacarpalia interossea
Interosseous metacarpal ligaments
Ligg. metacarpalia interossea
Ligament métacarpien inter-osseux
Ligamentos metacarpianos interóseos
•
•
•
•
•
Articulationes metacarpophalangeales
Metacarpophalangeal joints (MCPJ or MPJ)
Metakarpophalangeal-Gelenke (Grundgelenke)
Articulations métacarpophalangiennes
Articulaciones metacarpofalángicas
Ligg. collateralia
Collateral ligaments
Seitenbänder (Kollateral-Bänder)
Ligaments latéraux
Ligamentos colaterales
Lig. palmare
Palmar ligament (palmar plate)
Palmares Band (Palmare Platte)
Ligament palmaire
Ligamento palmar (placa palmar)
Lig. metacarpale transversum profundum
Deep transverse ligament of the palm (Interpalmar plate ligament)
Tiefes queres Mittelhandband
Ligament intermétacarpien transverse profond
Ligamento transverso profundo de la palma (Ligamento interplaca palmar)
•
•
•
•
•
Articulatio interphalangealis (proximalis et distalis)
Proximal interphalangeal joint (proximal and distal)
Interphalangeal-Gelenk (proximales und distales)
Articulation interphalangienne (proximale et distale)
Articulación interfalángica (proximal y distal)
Ligg. collateralia
Collateral ligaments
Seitenbänder
Ligaments latéraux
Ligamentos colaterales
Ligamentum collaterale accesorium
Accessory collateral ligament
Lig. collaterale accesorium
Ligament lateral accesoire
Ligamento colateral accesorio
Ligg. palmaria
Palmar ligament
Palmare Bänder (Palmare Platten)
Ligament palmaire
Ligamento palmar
•
•
•
•
•
Fibrocartilago palmaris
Fibrocartilaginous portion (palmar plate)
Palmare platte (Knorpeliger Anteil)
Fibrocartilage glénoïdien
Porción cartilaginosa (placa palmar)
•
•
•
•
•
.............................
Membranous portion (check-rein ligaments)
Membranöser Anteil (Zügelbänder)
Freins d'extension
Porción membranosa
Top
MUSCLES.
•
•
•
•
•
Musculi
Muscles
Muskeln
Muscles
Músculos
•
•
•
•
•
Musculus brachioradialis
Brachioradialis (BR)
Brachioradialis
Long supinateur (Muscle húmero-stylo-radial)
Supinador largo
•
•
•
•
•
Musculus extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL)
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Premier radial
Primer radial
•
•
•
•
•
Musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB)
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Deuxième radial
Segundo radial
•
•
•
•
•
Musculus extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU)
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Cubital postérieur
Cubital posterior
•
•
•
•
•
Musculus extensor digitorum
Extensor digitorum (ED)
Extensor digitorum
Extenseur commun des doigts
Extensor común de los dedos
•
•
•
•
•
Musculus extensor indicis propius
Extensor indicis (EI)
Extensor indicis
Muscle extenseur prope de l'index
Extensor propio del índice
•
•
•
•
•
Musculus extensor digiti minimi
Extensor digiti minimi (EDM)
Extensor digiti minimi (quinti)
Muscle extenseur prope du petit doigt
Extensor propio del meñique
•
•
•
•
•
Musculus extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis longus (EPL)
Extensor pollicis longus
Long extenseur du pouce
Extensor largo del pulgar
•
•
•
•
•
Musculus extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis brevis (EPB)
Extensor pollicis brevis
Court extenseur du pouce
Extensor corto del pulgar
•
•
•
•
•
Musculus abductor pollicis longus
Abductor pollicis longus (EPL)
Abductor pollicis longus
Long abducteur du pouce
Abductor largo del pulgar
•
•
•
•
•
Musculus pronator teres
Pronator teres (PT)
Pronator teres
Rond pronateur
Pronador redondo
•
•
•
•
•
Musculus flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi radialis (FCR)
Flexor carpi radialis
Grand palmaire
Palmar mayor
•
•
•
•
•
Musculus palmaris longus
Palmaris longus (PL)
Palmaris longus
Petit palmaire
Palmar menor
•
•
•
•
•
Musculus flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU)
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Cubital antérieur
Cubital anterior
•
•
•
•
•
Musculus flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)
Flexor digitorum superficialis (Oberflächlicher Fingerbeuger)
Fléchisseur supeficiel des doigts
Flexor superficial de los dedos
•
•
•
•
•
Musculus flexor digitorum profunds
Flexor digitorum profunds (FDP)
Flexor digitorum profundus (Tiefer Fingerbeuger)
Fléchisseur commun profond des doigts
Flexor profundo de los dedos
•
•
•
•
•
Musculus flexor pollicis longus
Flexor pollicis longus (FPL)
Flexor pollicis longus (Langer Daumenbeuger)
Long fléchisseur propre du pouce
Flexor largo del pulgar
•
•
•
•
•
Musculus pronator quadratus
Pronator quadratus (PQ)
Pronator quadratus
Carré pronateur
Pronador cuadrado
•
•
•
•
•
...........
Intrinsic muscles
Handbinnenmuskeln
Muscules intrinseques
Músculos intrínsecos
•
•
•
•
•
Musculi lumbricales
Lumbrical Muscles
Lumbricales
Muscles lombricaux
Músculos lumbricales
•
•
•
•
•
Musculi interossei dorsales
Dorsal interossei muscles
Interossei dorsales
Muscles interosseux dorsaux
Músculos interóseos dorsales
•
•
•
•
Musculi interossei palmares
Palmar interossei muscles
Interossei palmares
Muscles interosseux palmaires
•
Músculos interóseos palmares
•
•
•
•
•
Musculi thenares
Thenar muscles
Thenarmuskeln (Daumenballenmuskeln)
Muscles thénariens
Músculos tenares
Musculus abductor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis brevis (APB)
Abductor pollicis brevis
Court abducteur du pouce
Abductor corto del pulgar
Musculus flexor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis (FPB)
Flexor pollicis brevis
Court fléchisseur du pouce
Flexor corto del pulgar
Musculus opponens pollicis
Opponens pollicis (OP)
Opponens pollicis
Opposant du pouce
Oponente del pulgar
Adductor pollicis
Adductor pollicis (AP)
Adductor pollicis
Adducteur du pouce
Aductor del pulgar
•
•
•
•
•
Musculi hypothenaris
Hypothenar muscles
Hypothenarmuskeln (Kleinfingerballenmuskeln)
Muscles hypothenariens
Músculos hipotenares
Musculus abductor digiti minimi
Abductor digiti minimi (ADM)
Abductor digiti minimi
Abducteur du petit doigt
Abductor del meñique
Musculus flexor digiti minimi brevis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis (FDM)
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Court fléchisseur du petit doigt
Flexor corto del meñique
Musculus opponens digiti minimi
Opponens digiti minimi (ODM)
Opponens digiti minimi
Opposant du petit doigt
Oponente del meñique
Musculus palmaris brevis
Palmaris brevis (PB)
Palmaris brevis
Palmaire cutané
Palmar cutáneo
Top
TENDONS.
•
•
•
•
•
Tendines
Tendons
Sehnen
Tendons
Tendones
•
•
•
•
•
Connexus intertendineus
Intertendinous connection
Connexus intertendineum
Bandelettes intertendineuses
Conexiones intertendinosas
•
•
•
•
•
Aponeurosis dorsalis
Extensor apparatus of the finger
Streckapparat
Aponevrose dorsale du doigt ou digitale dorsale
Aparato extensor del dedo
Lamina intertendinea superficialis
Extensor hood
Strecksehnenhaube
Dossière des extenseurs
Cofia (capuchón) de los extensores
Pars transversa laminae intertendinae et ligamentum sagittale
Sagittal bands
Pars transversa der Lamina intertendinea (und Lig. sagittale)
Cloisons sagitales
Bandeletas sagitales
Tractus intermedius
Central slip
Mittelzügel
Bandelette mediane
Bandeleta central
Tractus laterales
Lateral bands
Seitenzügel
Bandelettes laterales
Bandeletas laterales
Lamina triangularis
Triangular ligament
Lamina triangularis
Ligament triangulaire
Ligamento triangular
Pars terminalis tractus lateralis
Distal extensor tendon
Pars terminalis tractus lateralis
Tendon extenseur dustal
Tendón extensor distal
Ligamentum retinaculare transversum
Transverse retinacular ligament
Queres retinakulum (Landsmeer)
Ligament retinaculaire transverse (Lig. de Landsmeer)
Ligamento retinacular transverso
Ligamentum retinaculare obliquum
Oblique retinacular ligament
Schräges Retinakulum (Landsmeer)
Ligament.. retinaculaire oblique (Ligament de Landsmeer)
Ligamento retinacular oblicuo
•
•
•
•
•
Vaginae fibrosa digitorum manus
Flexor tendon sheath
Fibröse Sehnenscheiden der Finger
Gaines fibreuses des tendons fléchisseurs
Vaina de los tendones flexores
Pars anularis vaginae fibrosae (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5)
Annular pulleys
Ringband der Sehnenscheide
Poulies annulaires
Poleas anulares
Pars cruciforme vaginae fibrosae (C1, C2, C3)
Cruciform pulleys
Kreuzförmiges Band der Sehnenscheide
Poulies cruciformes
Poleas cruciforme
Vaginae synoviales digitorum manus
Synovial sheaths of the fingers (Synovial sheaths of the finger flexors)
Synoviale Sehnenscheiden der Finger
Gaines séreuses des tendons des doigts
Vainas sinoviales de los tendones flexores de los dedos
•
•
•
•
Vincula tendinea
Vincula of the tendons
Vincula tendinum
Mesotendons (vincula tendinum)
•
Vínculas tendinosas
Vinculum longum
Long vinculum
Langes Vinculum
Mesotendon long
Víncula larga
Vinculum brevis
Short vinculum
Kurzes Vinculum
Mesotendon court
Víncula breve
•
•
•
•
•
Chiasma tendinum
Chiasma of the tendom
Chiasma tendinum
Chiasma tendineux
Quiasma tendinoso
Top
FASCIA and APONEUROSIS.
•
•
•
•
•
Fascia
Fascia
Faszie
Aponévrose
Fascia
•
•
•
•
•
Fascia antebrachili
Antebrachial fascia (forearm fascia)
Fascia anterbrachii (Unterarmfaszie)
Aponévrose de l'avant bras
Fascia del antebrazo (fascia antebraquial)
•
•
•
•
•
Fascia dorsalis manus
Dorsal fascia of the hand
Fascia dorsalis manus (Handrückenfaszie)
Aponévrose dorsale de la main
Fascia dorsal de la mano
•
•
•
•
•
Retinaculum extensorum
Extensor retinaculum
Retinaculum extensorum (Dorsales Handgelenksband)
Ligament annulaire dorsal du carpe
Retináculo extensor
•
Retinaculum flexorum
•
•
•
•
Flexor retinaculum
Retinaculum flexorum (Queres Handgelenksband)
Ligament annulaire antérieur du carpe
Retináculo flexor
•
•
•
•
•
Aponeurosis palmaris
Palmar aponeurosis (fascia)
Palmaraponeurose
Aprnévrose palmaire
Aponeurosis (fascia) palmar
Fasciculi transversi
Transverse fibres
Querzüge der Palmaraponeurose
Ligament transverse superficiel
Fibras transversas
Fasciculi longitudinalis
Longitudinal fibers (pretendinous bands)
Längszüge der Palmaraponeurose
Bandelettes prétendineuses
Fibras longitudinales
Lig. metacarpale transversum superficiale
Natatory ligament
Schwimmband
Ligament métacarpien transverse superficiel
Ligamento natatorio
•
•
•
•
•
Fascia digitorum
Digital aponeurosis
Fingerfaszie
Aponevrose des doigts
Fascia digital
......................
Skin retaining ligament
Hautbänder
Ligament suspenseurs de la peau
Ligamentos de retención cutánea
................................
Clelenad's ligament
Clelandsche Bänder
Ligament de Cleland
Ligamento de Cleland
.............................
Grayson's ligament
Graysonsche Bänder
Ligament de Grayson
Ligamento de Grayson
.....................
Lateral digital bans of small finger
Abduktorstrang
Bandelette laterale de l'auriculaire
Bandeleta lateral del dedo meñique
Top
NERVES.
•
•
•
•
•
Nervi
Nerves
Nerven
Nerfs
Nervios
•
•
•
•
•
Epineurium
Epineurium
Epineurium
Epinèvre
Epineuro
•
•
•
•
•
Perineurium
Perineurium
Perineurium
Périnèvre
Perineuro
•
•
•
•
•
Endoneurium
Endoneurium
Endoneurium
Endonèvre
Endoneuro
•
•
•
•
•
Neuron (Axon, Dendritum, Glyocitus perophericus)
Nerve fiber (axon, dendrite, Schwann cells and connective tissue)
Nervenfaser (Axon, Dendrit, Schwannzellen und Bindegewebe)
Fibre nerveuse (axone, dendrite, celules de Schwann et tissue connective)
Fibra nerviosa (axón, dendrita, células de Schwann y tejido conectivo))
•
•
•
•
•
Funiculus (fasciculus)
Bundle
Faszikel (Nervenfaserbündel)
Fascicule
Funiculo (fascículo)
•
•
•
•
•
Plexus brachialis
Brachial plexus
Plexus brachialis (Armnervengeflecht)
Plexus brachial
Plexo braquial
Radices
Roots
Wuerzeln
Racines
Raices
Truncus superior
Upper trunk
Oberer Stamm (Primärstrang)
Tronc primaire supérieur
Tronco superior
Truncus medius
Middle trunk
Mittlerer Stamm (Primärstrang)
Trone primaire moyen
Tronco medio
Truncus inferior
Lower trunk
Unterer Stamm (Primärstrang)
Tronc primaire inférieur
Tronco inferior
Divisio anterioris
Anterior divisions
Vordere Aufteilung
Branche antérieure
Ramas anteriores
Divisio posterioris
Posterior division
Hintere Aufteilung
Branche postérieure
Ramas posteriores
Fasciculus lateralis
Lateral cord
Lateraler Strang
Tronc secondaire antero-externe
Cordón lateral
Fasciculus medialis
Medial cord
Medialer Strang
Tronc secondaire antero-interne
Cordón medial
Fasciculus posterior
Posterior cord
Posteriorer (Hinterer) Strang
Tronc secondaire postérieur
Cordón posterior
•
Nervus radialis
•
•
•
•
Radial nerve
Speichennerv
Nerf radial
Nervio radial
N. interosseus antebrachii posterior
Posterior interosseous nerve of the forearm
N. interosseus antebrachii posterior
Nerf interosseux postérieur
Nervio interóseo posterior
Ramus superficialis nervus radialis
Superficial sensory branch of the radial nerve
Ramus superficialis (Oberflächlicher Ast)
Branche sensitive du nerf radial
Rama sensitiva del nervio radial
•
•
•
•
•
Nervus medianus
Median nerve
Medianus (Mittelnerv)
Nerf médian
Nervio mediano
N. interosseus antebrachii anterior
Anterior intereosseous nerve
N. interosseus antebrachii anterior
Nerf interosseux anterieur
Nervio interóseo anterior
Ramus palmaris n. mediani
Palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve
Ramus palmaris n. mediani
Rameau thénarien (Branche thénarienne)
Rama palmar cutanea del nervio mediano
Ramus muscularis tenaris
Motor branch of median nerve
Thenarast
Branche musculaire thénarienne
Rama tenar del nervio mediano
Ramus communicans cum n. ulnaris (Riche-Cannieu)
Beanch Communicating with the ulnar nerve
Ramus communicans cum n. ulnaris
Rameau anastomotique avec le nerf cubital
Ramo comunicante con el nervio cubital
Nervio digitales communes
Common palmar digital nerves
Nn. digitales palmares communes (gemeinsame Fingernerven)
Nerf digital commun du 1er, 2ème, 3ème espace
Nervios digitales comunes
Nervio digitales (palmares) propii
Proper digital nerves
Nn. digitales (palmares) proprii (Fingernerven)
Nerf collateraux palmaires (interne et externe)
Nervios digitales propios (radial y cubital)
Nervi digitales dorsales
Dorsal branche of the digital nerve
Dorsale Fingernerven
Rameau nerveux dorsal
Rama dorsal del nervio digital
•
•
•
•
•
Nervus ulnaris
Ulnar nerve
Ulnaris
Nerf cubital
Nervio cubital
Ramus communicans cum nervo mediano (Martin-Gruber)
Communicating branch with the median nerve
Ramus communicans cum n. mediano
Rameau anastomotique avex le nerf médian
Ramo comunicante con el nervio cubital
Ramus dorsalis nervi ulnaris
Dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve
Ramus dorsalis n. ulnaris
Branche cutanée dorsale du rerf cubital
Rama dorsal de nervio cubital
Ramus palmaris nervi ulnaris
Palmar branch of the ulnar nerve
Ramus palmaris n. ulnaris
Branches palmaires du cubital
Rama palmar del nervio cubital
Ramus profundus
Deep motor branch
Ramus profundus
Branche profonde du nerf cubital
Rama motora profunda del nervio cubital
Top
VESSELS.
•
•
•
•
•
Arteria
Arteries
Arterien
Arteres
Arterias
•
Arteria radialis
•
•
•
•
Radial artery
Arteria radialis (Speichenschlagader)
Artère radiale
Arteria radial
•
•
•
•
•
Arteria ulnaris
Ulnaris Artery
A. ulnaris (Ellenschlagader)
Artère cubitale
Arteria cubital
•
•
•
•
•
Arteria interossea posterior
Posterior interosseous artery
A. interossea posterior
Artère interosseuse postérieure
Arteria interósea posterior
•
•
•
•
•
Arteria interossea anterior
Anterior interosseous artery
A. interossea communis
Artère interosseuse antérieure
Arteria interósea anterior
•
•
•
•
•
Arteria mediana
Median artery
A. mediana
Artère du nerf médian
Arteria del nervio mediano
•
•
•
•
•
Arcus palmaris superficialis
Superficial palmar arch
Oberflächlicher Hohlhandbogen
Artère radiopalmaire
Arco palmar superficial
•
•
•
•
•
Arcus palmaris profundu
Deep palmar arch
Tiefer Hohlhandbogen
Arcade palmaire profonde
Arco palmar profundo
•
•
•
•
•
Arteria metacarpales dorsales
Dorsal metacarpal arteries
Aa. metacarpales dorsales
Artères interosseuses dorsales de la main
Arterias intermetacarpianas dorsales
•
•
•
•
•
Arteriae metacarpales palmares
Palmar metacarpal arteries
Aa. metacarpales palmares
Artères interosseuses palmares
Arterias intermetacarpianas palmares
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rami perforantes
Perforating branches
Rami perforantes
Artères perforantes de la main
Ramas perforantes
•
•
•
•
•
Arteriae digitales palmares communes
Common palmar digital arteries
Aa. digitales palmares communes
Artères interosseuses palmaires
Arterias digitales palmares comunes
•
•
•
•
•
Arteriae digitales propriae
Proper digital arteries (radial and ulnar)
Aa. digitales propriae
Artères collatérales des doigts (interne et externe)
Arterias digitales propias (radial y cubital)
•
•
•
•
•
Arteria princeps pollicis
Princeps pollicis artery
A. princeps pollicis
Artère dorsale du pouce
Arteria principal del pulgar
Venae
Veins
Venen
Veines
Venas
•
•
•
•
•
Rete venosum dorsale manus
Dorsal venous network of the hand
Rete venosum dorsale manus (Venöses Handrückengeflecht)
Arcade veineuse dorsale de la main
Red venosa dorsal de la mano
Top
SKIN and ACCESSORIES.
•
•
•
•
•
Cutis
Skin
Haut
Peau
Piel
•
•
•
Epidermis
Epidermis
Epidermis
•
•
Epiderme
Epidermis
•
•
•
•
•
Corium (Dermis)
Dermis
Korium (Dermis) Lederhaut
Derme
Dermis
•
•
•
•
•
Cristae cutis
Rugae
Cristae cutis (Papillarlinien)
Crêtes papilaires
Crestas papilares
•
•
•
•
•
.............................
Finger prints
Fingerabdruck
Empreintes digitales. Emoreintes digito-palmaires. (Dermatoglyphes)
Huellas dactilares (Dermatoglifos)
•
•
•
•
•
Tela subcutanea
Subcutaneous tissue
Unterhautfettgewebe (Subkutangewebe)
Tissu cellulaire sous cutanee
Tejido graso subcutáneo
•
•
•
•
•
Sulci cutis
Skin creases
Furchen
Plis de flexion
Pliegues de flexión cutáneos
Linea carpi palmaris (proximalis et distalis)
Wrist creases (proximal and distal)
Handgelenksbeugefurche (proximale:Restricta; distale:Raszetta)
Sillons du poignet
Pliegues de flexión de la muñeca (proximal y distal)
Sulcus longitudinalis thenaris (lateralis)
Longitudinal thenar crease
Daumenballenfurche
Pli palmaire superieur ou thenarien
Pliegue longitudinal tenar
Sulcus longitudinalis medianus (intermedius)
Longitudinal median crease
Mittlere Furche
Pli longitudinal interne
Pliegue longitudinal medio
Sulcus longitudinalis hypothenaris
Longitudinal hypothenar crease
Ulnare Furche
Pli longitudinal hypothenarien
Pliegue longitudinal hipotenar
Sulcus tranversalis radialis
Proximal palmar crease
Proximale Hohlhandbeugefurche
Pli palmaire moyen
Pliegue palmar proximal
Sulcus transversalis ulnaris
Distal palmar crease
Distale Hohlhandbeugefurche
Pli palmaire inferieur
Pliegue palmar distal
.........................
Palmar-digital crease
Grundgliedbeugefurche
Pli digito-palmaire
Pliegue digito-palmar
........................
Proximal interphalangeal joint crease
Mittelgelenksbeugefurche
Pli de l'interphalangienne proximale
Pliegue de flexión de la articulación interfalángica proximal
.............................
Distal interphalangeal joint crease
Endgelenksbeugefurche
Pli de l'interphalangienne distale
Pliegue de la articulación interfalángica distal
•
•
•
•
•
Unguis
Nail
Nagel
Ongle
Uña
Matrix unguis
Nail matrix
Nagelmatrix
Matrice
Matriz ungueal
Lectulus (Solum unguis)
Nail bed
Nagelbett
Lit de l'ongle (Sole unguéale)
Lecho ungueal
Lunula
Lunula
Lunula
Région lunulaire
Lúnula
Margo liber
Free margin
Freier Rand
Extremité libre
Extremo libre (borde libre)
Perionychium
Naid bed plus nail wall
Nagelhaut (Perionychium)
Perionychium
Perioniquio
Eponychium
Cuticle
Eponychium
Eponychium
Eponiquio
Hyponychium
Hyponychium
Hyponychium
Hyponuchium
Hiponiquio
Paronychium
Paronychium
Paronychium
Paronychium
Paroniquio
Top
GENERAL
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Non prehensile functions
Nichtgreiffunktionen
Functions non prehensives
Funciones no prensiles
Prehensile functions
Greiffunktion
Fonctions de préhension
Funciones de prensión
•
•
•
•
Power handling
Krattentwicklung
Prise de force
Prensión de fuerza
Power grip and hook grip
Kraftgriff (Grobgriff) und Hakengriff
Poigne
Prensión de puño y prensión de gancho
Lateral pinch (Key pinch)
Fingerseitgriff, Schlüsselgriff
Prise lateral
Prensión lateral (Prensión de llave)
•
•
•
•
Precision handling
Präzisionsgriff
Prise de precision
Funciones de precisión
Pulp to pulp pinch
Feingriff
Pince pulpaire
Presión de pulpejo con pulpejo
Nail to pulp pinch
Nagel-Kuppengriff
Pince unguéo-pulpaire
Prensión de uña a pulpejo
Nail to nail pinch
Nagel-Nagel griff
Pince unguéo-ungueal
Prensión de uña a uña
Top
JOINTS.
•
•
•
•
Positions
Positionen (Stellungen)
Positions
Posiciones
•
•
•
•
Rest position (Neutral position)
Ruhestellung (Neutralstellung)
Position de repos
Posición de reposo
•
•
•
•
Functional position (position of arthrodesis)
Funktionsstellung
Position de fonction
Posición funcional (posición de artrodesis)
•
•
Protective position or safe position (intrinsic plus)
Schutzstellung (Plateaustellung)
•
•
Position de protection
Posición protectiva (intrínsico plus)
•
•
•
•
Motion
Beweglichkeit
Mouvement
Movimiento
•
•
•
•
Range of motion
Bewegungsumfang
Amplitude de movement
Grado de movilidad
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Active motion
Aktive Beweglichkeit
Mobilisation active
Movilidad activa
•
•
•
•
Passive motion
Passive Beweglichkeit
Mobilisation passive
Movilidad pasiva
Elbow
Ellleubogen
Coude
Codo
•
•
•
•
Flexion
Beugung
Flexion
Flexión
•
•
•
•
Extension
Streckung
Extension
Extensión
•
•
•
•
Hyperextension
Überstreckung
Hyperextension
Hiperextensión
Forearm
Unterarm
Avant Bras
Antebrazo
•
•
•
•
Pronation (Internal rotation)
Pronation (Innendrehung)
Pronation
Pronación
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Supination (External rotation)
Supination (Aussendrehung)
Supination
Supinación
Wrist
Handgelenk
Poignet
Muñeca
•
•
•
•
Flexion
Beugung
Flexion
Flexión
•
•
•
•
Extension
Streckung
Extension
Extensión
•
•
•
•
Radial inclination
Radialduktion
Inclinaison radiale
Inclinación radial
•
•
•
•
Ulnar inclination
Ulnarduktion
Inclinaison cubitale
Inclinación cubital
Metacarpophalangeal
Grundgelenk
Métacarpophalangiennes
Metacarpofalángicas
•
•
•
•
Flexion
Beugung
Flexion
Flexión
•
•
•
•
Extension
Streckung
Extension
Extensión
•
•
•
•
Hyperextension
Überstreckung
Hyperextension
Hiperextensión
•
•
•
Radial inclination (Spreading abduction or divergence)
Abduktion (Abspreizung)
Inclinaison radiale
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Inclinación radial
•
•
•
•
Adduction (Closing)
Adduktion (Anspreizung)
Inclinaison cubitale
Inclinación cubital
•
•
•
•
Pronation (Internal rotation)
Pronation (Innendrehung)
Pronation
Pronación
•
•
•
•
Supination (External rotation)
Supination (Aussendrehung)
Supination
Supinación
Interphalangeal
Mittlse-und Endgelenk
Interphalangiennes
Interfalángicas
•
•
•
•
Flexion
Beugung
Flexion
Flexión
•
•
•
•
Extension
Streckung
Extension
Extensión
•
•
•
•
Hyperextension
Uberstreckung
Hyperextension
Hiperextensión
Trapezio-metacarpal
Sattelgelenk
Trapezo-metacarpienne
Trapecio-metacarpiana
•
•
•
•
Radial abduction
Radiale Abduktion
Inclinaison radiale
Abducción radial
•
•
•
•
Palmar abduction
Palmare Abduktion
Abduction palmaire (antepulsion)
Antepulsión (Abducción palmar)
•
Adduction
•
•
•
Adducktion (Flexion-Adduktion)
Adduction
Aduccion
•
•
•
•
Dorsal adduction to zero position
Retroposition, Retropulsion
Adduction dorsal (Retropulsion)
Retropulsión
•
•
•
•
Opposition
Opposition (Gegenüberstellung)
Opposition
Oposición
Top
MUSCLE and TENDON.
•
•
•
•
Motor function
Motorische Funktion
Fonction motrice
Función motora
•
•
•
•
Muscle strength
Muskelkraft
Force musculaire
Fuerza de contracción muscular
•
•
•
•
Agonistic muscles
Synergist
Muscles synergiques
Músculos agonistas
•
•
•
•
Synergistic contraction
Synergistische Kontraktion
Contraction synergique
Contracción sinergística
•
•
•
•
Antagonistic muscles
Gegenspieler (Antagonist)
Muscles antagonistes
Músculos antagonistas
•
•
•
•
Trick movement
Trick-Bewegung
Mouvement simulé
Movimientos trucados
• Functional adaptation
• Funktionelle Anpassung (Funktionelle Adaptation)
• Adaptation fonctionnelle
• Adaptación funcional
•
•
•
•
Tendon gliding
Sehnengleiten
Glissement (Jeu) tendineux
Deslizamiento tendinoso
Top
NERVES.
•
•
•
•
Sensory function
Sensible Funktion
Fonction sensorielle
Función sensorial
•
•
•
•
Tactile sensibility
Taktile Sensibilität (Berührungsgefühl)
Sensibilité tactile
Sensibilidad tactil
•
•
•
•
Epicritic sensation
Epikritische Sensibilität
Sensibilité épicritique
Sensibilidad epicrítica
•
•
•
•
Stereognosis (Position sense)
Stereognosis (Lagesinn)
Stéréognosie (Sens de position)
Estereognosia (Sentido de posición)
•
•
•
•
Proprioception
Propriozeptive Sensibilität (Muskelsinn)
Sensibilité proprioceptive
Sensibilidad proprioceptiva
•
•
•
•
Protophatic sensation
Protopathische Sensibilität
Sensibilité protopathique
Sensibilidad protopática
•
•
•
•
Protective sensibility
Schutzsensibilität
Sensibilité de protection
Sensibilidad protectiva
•
•
•
•
Deep sensibility
Tiefensensibilität
Sensibiité profonde
Sensibilidad profunda
•
•
•
•
Pain
Schmerz
Douleur
Dolor
Top
EXAMINATION: Symptoms, signs and tests.
GENERAL.
BONES
JOINTS.
MUSCLES.
TENDONS.
FASCIA and APONEUROSIS.
NERVES.
SKIN and ACCESSORIES.
VESSELS.
Top
GENERAL.
•
•
•
•
Injury
Verletzung
Blessure
Lesión
•
•
•
•
Bruising
Prellung
Eraflure
Magullamiento
•
•
•
•
Crushing
Quetschung
Ecrasement
Aplastamiento
•
•
•
•
Wound
Wunde
Plaie
Herida
•
•
•
•
Contamination
Contamination (Verschmutzung)
Contamination
Contaminación
•
•
•
•
Swelling
Schwellung
Enflure, gonflement
Hinchazón
•
•
•
•
Oedema or oedema
Ödem
Oedème
Edema
•
•
•
•
Inflammation
Entzündung
Inflammation
Inflamación
•
•
•
•
Pain (tenderness)
Schmerz
Douleur
Dolor
•
•
•
•
Loss of function
Funktionsverlust
Perte de fonction
Impotencia funcional
•
•
•
•
Impairement
Beeinträchtigung
Deficience
Deficiencia
•
•
•
•
Handicap
Behinderung
Gêne (Limitation, Infirmité)
Minusvalía
•
•
•
•
Dissability
Funktionverlust, Beeinträchtigung der Gebrauchsfähigkeit
Inaptitude
Discapacidad
• Lump
• Beule, Schwellung, Knoten, Verdickung, Tumor
• Tumeur, masse, excroissance
• Tumor, bulto
•
•
•
•
Size
Grösse
Taille
Tamaño
•
•
•
•
Shape
Form
Forme
Forma
•
•
•
•
Consistency
Konsistenz
Consistance
Consistencia
•
•
•
•
Fluctuation
Fluktuation
Fluctuation
Fluctuación
•
•
•
•
Colo(u)r
Farbe
Coloeur
Color
Top
BONES
•
•
•
•
Crepitus
Krepitieren
Craquement, crépitation
Crepitación
•
•
•
•
Exostosis
Exostose
Exostose
Exostosis
•
•
•
•
Deformity
Deformität, Fehlstellung
Déformation
Deformidad
•
•
Shortening
Verkurzung
•
•
Raccourcissement
Acortamiento
•
•
•
•
Rotational deformity (pronation and supination)
Drehfehlstellung (Torsionsfehlstellung)
Deformation en rotation axiale
Deformidad rotacional (pronación y supinación)
•
•
•
•
Angular deformity (sagittal and coronal planes)
Knickelfstellung
Deformation angulaire, angulation
Deformidad angular (planos sagital y coronal)
•
•
•
•
Plain Radiograph
Standard- Röntgenaufnahme
Radiographie simple
Radiografía simple
•
•
•
•
Tomography
Schichtaufnahme
Tomographie
Tomografía
•
•
•
•
Computed Axial Tomography (CAT Scan)
Computertomographie (CT)
Scanner
Tomografía Axial Computarizada (TAC)
•
•
•
•
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (RMI)
Kernspintomographie (MRT)
Image en resonance magnetique (IRM, RMN)
Resonancia Magnética (RM)
•
•
•
•
Bone scan
Knochen-Szintigraphie
Scanner
Gammagrafía ósea
Top
JOINTS.
•
•
•
•
Crepitus
Krepitieren (Reiben)
Craquement, crépitation
Crepitación
• Swelling
• Schwellung
• Tuméfaction
• Hinchazón
•
•
•
•
Effusion
Erguss
Epanchement
Efusión
•
•
•
•
Synovitis
Synovialitis
Synovite
Sinovitis
•
•
•
•
Locking
Blockierung
Blocage
Bloqueo
•
•
•
•
Extension lag
Streckdefizit
Déficit d'extension
Déficit de extensión activa
•
•
•
•
Stiffness
Steife, Versteifung
Raideur
Rigidez
•
•
•
•
Flexion contracture
Beugekontraktur
Blocage en flexion
Contractura en flexión
•
•
•
•
Ankylosis
Versteifung (Ankylose)
Ankylose
Anquilosis
•
•
•
•
Deformity
Deformität
Déformité
Deformidad
•
•
•
•
Recurvatum
Úberstreckung
Courbure
Recurvatum
•
•
•
•
Ulnar drift
Ulnare Deviation
Coup de vent cubital
Ráfaga cubital
•
•
•
•
Zig-zag deformities
Zickzack
Zig-zag
Deformidades en zig-zag
•
•
•
•
Claw deformity
Krallenstellung, Krauenstellung
Griffe
Deformidad en garra
•
•
•
•
Mallet finger
Strecksehnenausriss am Fingerendglied, Hammerfinger
Doigt en maillet
Dedo en martillo
•
•
•
•
Buttonhole deformity
Knopflochdeformität
Deformation en boutonnière
Deformidad en ojal
•
•
•
•
Swan-neck deformity
Schwanenhalsdeformität
Deformation en col de cygne
Deformidad en cuello de cisne
•
•
•
•
Opera-glass deformity
Opernglas-Deformität
Deformation "en lorgnette"
Deformidad en gemelos de teatro
•
•
•
•
Ligamentous hyperlaxity
Bänderschlaffheit
Laxité ligamentaire
Hiperlaxitud ligamentosa
•
•
•
•
Instability
Instabilität
Instabilité
Inestabilidad
•
•
•
•
Bouchard's nodes
Bouchard-Knoten
Nodules de Bouchard
Nódulos de Bouchard
•
•
•
•
Heberden's nodes
Heberden-Knoten
Nodules de Heberden
Nódulos de Heberden
• Plain radiograph
• Standard-Aufnahme
• Radiographie simple
• Radiografía simple
•
•
•
•
Stress radiograph
Gehaltene Aufnahme
Radiographie sous contrainte
Radiografía forzada (en estrés)
•
•
•
•
Arthrography
Arthrographie
Arthrographie
Artrografía
•
•
•
•
Bone scan
Knochen-Szintigraphie
Scanner
Gammagrafía ósea
•
•
•
•
Arthroscopy
Arthroskopie
Arthroscopie
Artroscopía
Top
MUSCLES.
•
•
•
•
Muscle force (Power)
Kraft
Puissance, force musculaire
Fuerza muscular
•
•
•
•
Weakness
Schwäche
Faiblesse
Debilidad
•
•
•
•
Paresia
Lähmung, Schwäche (Parese)
Parésie
Paresia
•
•
•
•
Paralysis
Schlaffe Lähmung (Paralyse)
Paralysie
Parálisis
• Wrist-drop
• Fallhand
• Chute du poignet
• Caida de la muñeca
•
•
•
•
Atrophy (wasting)
Atrophie (Muskelminderung)
Atrophie
Atrofia
•
•
•
•
Spastidity
Spastizität, Spasmus
Spasticité, contracture
Espasticidad
•
•
•
•
Thumb-in-palm
Beugekontraktur des Daumens
Pouce "adductus"
Pulgar en palma
•
•
•
•
Contracture
Kontraktur
Retraction
Contractura
•
•
•
•
Twitch
Zucken
Clonus
Fibrilación
•
•
•
•
Trick movements
Trickbewegungen
Mobilité trichée
Movimientos compensatorios
•
•
•
•
Intrinsic-plus
Intrinsic-plus
Intrinsèque plus
Intrínseco plus
•
•
•
•
Lumbrical-plus
Lumbrikalis-plus
Lombrical plus
Lumbrical plus
•
•
•
•
Intrinsic minus
Intrinsic-minus
Intrinsèque moins
Intrínseco minus
•
•
•
•
Claw hand
Krallenhand
Griffe
Mano en garra
• Strength-duration curves (endurance)
• Muskelkraftkurve
• Courbe d'endurance
• Pruebas de resistencia muscular
•
•
•
•
Electromyography
Elektromyographie
Electromyographie
Electromiografía
•
•
•
•
Fibrilation potentials
Fibrillationspotentialle
Fibrilation
Potenciales de fibrilación
Top
TENDONS.
•
•
•
•
Tenosynovitis
Tenosynovialitis
Tenosynovite
Tenosinovitis
•
•
•
•
Crepitus
Krepitation, Knistern, Knarren, Reiben
Crépitation
Crepitación
•
•
•
•
Triggering
Shnellen, Schnappen, Schnellender Finger
Ressaut
Resorte (Engatillamiento)
•
•
•
•
Locking
Blockierung
Blocage
Bloqueo
•
•
•
•
Adhesions
Adhäsionen, Verklebungen, Verwachsungen
Adhérences
Adheréncias
•
•
•
•
Tenodesis
Tenodese
Tenodèse (Adhérence tendineuse)
Tenodesis
• Bow-stringing
• Bogensehneneffekt
• Trajet en corde de l'arc
• Deformidad en cuerda de arco
•
•
•
•
Tenography
Tenographie
Ténographie
Tenografía
Top
FASCIA and APONEUROSIS.
•
•
•
•
Nodule
Knoten
Nodule
Nódulo
•
•
•
•
Cord
Strang
Bride
Cordón (Brida)
Top
NERVES.
•
•
•
•
Numbness
Taubheit
Engourdissement
Acorchamiento
•
•
•
•
Par(a)esthesia
Parästhesie (Fehlemfindung)
Paresthésie
Parestesia
•
•
•
•
Hyp(a)esthesia
Hypästhesie (Gefühlsverminderung)
Hypoesthésie
Hipoestesia
• Anaesthesia (Anesthesia)
• Anästhesie (Gefühlosigkeit)
• Anesthésie
• Anestesia
•
•
•
•
Thermoan(a)esthesia
Warm-Kaltempfindungslosigkeit
Anesthesie thermique
Termoanastesia
•
•
•
•
Analgesia
Analgesie
Analgesie
Analgesia
•
•
•
•
Hyperalgesia
Hyperalgesie
Hyperalgesie
Hiperalgesia
•
•
•
•
Dys(a)esthesia
Dysästhesie (Missempfundung)
Dysesthésie
Disestesia
•
•
•
•
Phantom limb
Phantom
Membre fantome
Miembro fantasma
•
•
•
•
Causalgia
Kausalgie
Causalgie
Causalgia
•
•
•
•
Astereognosis
Astereognose
Astéréognosie
Anestereognosis
•
•
•
•
Light touch
Leichte Berührung
Effleurement
Tacto superficial
•
•
•
•
Two-point discrimination (Weber test) (moving and static) (2 PD)
Zweipunke-Unterscheidungsvermögen, Zweipunkte - Diskrimination, ( 2- PD)
Reconnaissance de deux points
Discriminación de dos puntos (en movimiento y estáticos)
•
•
•
•
Pressure filaments (von Frey and Semmes- Weinstein test)
Semmes-Weinstein-Haartest
Presion de filaments
Test de los filamentos de Semmes-Weinstein
• Vibrometers (tunning fork) (30 and 256 cps)
• Simmgabel-Test
• Diapason
• Vibrómetro (diapasón)
•
•
•
•
Pain sensation
Schmerzempfindung
Sensibilité douloureuse
Sensación dolorosa
•
•
•
•
Temperature sensation
Temperaturempfindung
Sensibilité thermique
Sensación térmica
•
•
•
•
Stereognosis
Stereognose
Stéréognosie
Estereognosis
•
•
•
•
Tinel's sign
Hoffmann-Tinel-Zeichen
Signe de Tinel
Test de Tinel
•
•
•
•
Neurography
Neurographie
Neurographie
Neurografía
•
•
•
•
Conduction studies (NCS)
Nervenleitungsuntersuchungen
Etude des conductions
Estudio de la conducción nerviosa
•
•
•
•
Nerve conduction velocity (sensory and motor) (NCV)
Nervenleitgeschwindigkeit
Vitesse de conduction nerveuse
Velocidad de conducción nerviosa (sensitiva y motora)
•
•
•
•
Latency
Latenz
Latence
Latencia
Top
SKIN and ACCESSORIES.
•
Itching
•
•
•
Jucken
Démangeaison, Prurit
Prurito
•
•
•
•
Sweating
Schwitzen
Sudation
Sudoración
•
•
•
•
Anhidrosis
Anhidrose, Hautttrockenheit
Anhidrose
Anhidrosis
•
•
•
•
Hyperhidrosis
Hyperhidrose, starkes Schwitzen
Hyperhidrose
Hiperhidrosis
•
•
•
•
Fragility
Brüchigkeit
Fragilité
Fragilidad
•
•
•
•
Puncture
Stich
Piqure
Pinchazo
•
•
•
•
Blister
Blase
Ampoule, phlyctène
Flictena
•
•
•
•
Laceration or cut
Zerreissung oder Schnitt
Plaie franche, coupure
Herida (corte)
•
•
•
•
Sinus
Sinus, Fistel
Fistule
Fístula
•
•
•
•
Ulcer
Geschwür, Ulkus
Ulcère
Ulcera
•
•
•
•
Eschar
Schorf, Borke
Escarre
Escara
•
•
•
•
Scar
Narbe
Cicatrice
Cicatriz
Contracture
Kontraktur
Cicatrice rétractile
Contractura
Hypertrophic
Überschiessend, hypertroph
Hipertrophique, Chéloïde
Hipertrófica
Hyperpigmentation
Hyperpigmentation
Hyperpigmentation
Hiperigmentación
Depigmentation
Pigmentlosigkeit
Dépigmentation
Despigmentación
Adherence
Verwachsung, Verklebung
Adhérence
Adherencia
•
•
•
•
Nail and nail bed
Nagel und Nagelbett
Ongle et lit unguéal
Uña y lecho ungueal
•
•
•
•
Pitting
Krypte, Einziehung, Delle
Tomentueux
Picoteado
•
•
•
•
Splitting
Gespalten
Friable
Partida
•
•
•
•
Groving or guttering
Rille, Furche, Rinne
En tuile (cannelure)
Estrías ungueales
•
•
•
Non-adherent
Nicht verwachsen
Décollé
•
Despegada
•
•
•
•
Remmant
Rest
Résidu
Residual
Top
VESSELS.
•
•
•
•
Pallor
Blässe
Paleur
Palidez
•
•
•
•
Cyanosis
Zyanose
Cyanose
Cianosis
•
•
•
•
Raynaud's phenomenon
Raynaud-Phänomen
Phénomène de Raynaud
Fenómeno de Raynaud
•
•
•
•
Hyper(a)emia
Hyperämie
Hyperémie
Hiperemia
•
•
•
•
Pulse
Puls
Pouls (Pulsation)
Pulso
•
•
•
•
Pulselessness
Pulslosigkeit
Sans pouls, ansphygmie
Ausencia de pulso
•
•
•
•
Capillary refilling
Kapillar-Reflux, -Füllung
Retour capillaire
Relleno capilar
• Petechiase
• Petechien, Blutfleck
• Pétéchies
• Petequia
•
•
•
•
Ecchimosis
Ekchimose
Echymose
Equimosis
•
•
•
•
H(a)emorrhage
Blutung
Hemorragie
Hemorragia
•
•
•
•
H(a)ematoma
Bluterguss
Hématome
Hematoma
•
•
•
•
Splinter h(a)emorrhages
Blutung unter dem Fingernagel
Suffusion hémorragique sous-unguéale, Hematome sous unguéal
Hematoma subungueal
•
•
•
•
Arteriography
Arteriographie
Artériographie
Arteriografía
•
•
•
•
Doppler ultrasonic scanner
Doppler
Examen Doppler (Velocimetrie par Doppler)
Doppler
•
•
•
•
Venography
Venographie (Phlebographie)
Phlébographie
Venografía (Flebografía)
•
•
•
•
Lymphangiography
Lymphographie
Lymphangiographie
Linfografía
Top
PATHOLOGY
CONGENITAL
BONES.
JOINTS.
MUSCLES.
TENDONS.
FASCIA and APONEUROSIS.
NERVES.
SKIN and ACCESORIES.
VESSELS.
Top
CONGENITAL
Congenital abnormalities:
Note: The Greek names formely used to describe congenital abnormalities of the hand anf arm
are not included here because they are the same in any modern language and because their use
is discouraged by the International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand. Syndromes
known by the name of a person are also omitted here, as they are the same in any language. A
full list with definitions of greek terms and eponymic syndromes is given at the end of A.E. Flatt's
book The Care of Congenital Hand Abnormalities (St. Louis,1977, The C.V. Mosby Co), and in
Dieter Buck-Gramcko's chapter on "Congenital Malformation" in Handchirurgie, vol. I, edited by H.
Nigst, D. Buck-Gramko, and H. Millesi (Stuttgart, 1981, Thieme).
The recommended system is that evolved by American Society for Surgeryu of the hand and
described in Swanson AB: Classification for congenital limb malformations. J Hand Surg 1:8-22,
1976. This is not so much a vocabulary as a method of description, but we list below the words
that are most commonly used in descriptions and some examples of vernacular names of the
parts affected to describe the abnormality in each individual.
Angeborene Fehlbildungen:
Anmerkung: Die früher gebräuchlichen griechischen Bezeichnungen für angeboreme
Fehlbildungen der Hand und des Armes sind hier nicht eingeschlosen, da sie in jeder modernen
Sprache in fast gleicher Weise gebraucht werden un ihre weitere Verwendung dunch die
Vrschläge der International Federation of Societes for Surgery of the Hand nicht mehr empfohlen
wurden. Ebenso sind syndrome, die durch den Namen einer Person gekennzeichnet sind,
ausgelassen worden, da sieebenfalls in jeder Sprache gleichartig lauten Eine vollständige Liste
und Definition der griechischen und lateinischen Bezeinchnungen und mit Namen vervundenden
Sydromen findet sich am Ende des Buhes von A.E. Flatt, The Care of Congenital Hand
Abnormalities (St. Louis, 1977, The C.V. Mosby Co.) Und in Dieter Buck-Gramcko's Kapitel über
angeborene Fehlbikdungen der Hand im I. Band des Buches Hand-chirurgie, herausgegeben von
H. Nigst, D. Buck-Gramcko und H. Millesi, (Stuttgart, 1981, Thieme).
Das zur Benutzung empfohlene System ist von der Amerikanischen Gesellschaft für
Habdcgirurgie ebtwickelt und beschrieben in Swanson AB: Classification for congenital limb
malformations. J. HAND SURG 1:8-22, 1976. Es handelt sich dabei nicht so sehr um eir
Wörterverzeichnis, als mehr eine Beschreibung. Nachfolgend haben wir eine Reihe von Wörten
und Begriffen aufgelistet, die am häufigsten benutzt werden, und einige Beispiele von fachlichen
Bezeichnungen hinzugefügt. Diese Bezeichnungen werden meist gemeinsam mit den
gewöhnlichen anatomischen Bamen der beteiligten Körperteile benutzt, um die Fehlbildungen der
einzelnen Person zu beschreiben
Anomalies congénitales:
Note: Les termes grecs autrefois utilisés pour décrire les malformations congénitales du membre
supérieur n'ont pas été retenus ici car ils sont les mêmes dans toutes les langues et surtout leur
emploi n'est pas approuvé par la Fédération Internationale des Sociétés de Chirurgie de la Main.
De même les syndrômes portant un nom prope n'ont pas été retenus car ils sont également les
mêmes dans chaque langue. Une liste complète avec la définition des termes grecs et des
syndrômes à noms propes existe à la fin du livre d' A. E. Flatt, The Care of Congenital Hand
Abnormalities (St. Louis, 1977, The C. V. Mosby Co.) et dans le chapitre écrit par Dieter BuckGramvko sur les maldormations congénitales dans Hand Chirurgie, vol. I, de H. Nigst, D.Buck
Gramcko, and H. Millesi (Stuttgart, 1981, Thieme).
Le système proposé est celui qui a été retenu par la Société Américaine de Chirurgie de la Main
et publié dans Swanson AB: Classifications. J Hand Surg 1:8-22, 1976. Il ne s'agit pas tant d'un
vocabulaire que d'une méthode de description, mais nous avons donné ci-dessous les mots qui
sont le plus souvent utilisés dans les descriptions et quelques exemples de termes propes à
chaque langage pour désigner les éléments atteints afin de pouvoir décrire des anormalies
propes à chaque cas particulier.
Anomalías Congénitas:
Nota: No se incluyen los nombres griegos comunmente utilizados para describir las anomalías
congénitas de la mano y el brazo porque son los mismo utilizados en todos los idiomas
modernos, y porque la Federación Internacional de Sociedades de Cirugía de la Mano
desaconseja su uso. También se omiten los síndromes conocidos con el nombre de un autor, ya
que son los mismos en cualquier idioma. En el final del libro de Flatt "The Care of Congenital
Hand abnormalities," C:V: Mosby, St. Louis, 1977, y en el capítulo 1, editado por H. Nigst, escrito
por D. Buck-Gramcko, y H. Millesi (Stuttgart, 1981, Thieme) se dá una lista completa de los
términos griegos con su definición y de los síndromes eponímicos.
El sistema recomendado es el desarrollo por la Sociedad Americana de Cirugía de la Mano y fue
descrita Swanson AB: Clasification for Congenital limb malformations. J Hand Surg 1:8-22, 1976.
No es tanto un vocabulario como un método de descripción. Más abajo se dan las palabras que
son más usadas en las descripciones, y algunos ejemplos de nombres vernáculos de las partes
afectas para describir la anomalía en cada individuo.
• Failure of formation of parts, arrest of development:
• Ausbleiben der Bildung einzelner Anteile, Hemmung der Entwicklung:
• Arrèts de developpement:
• Fallo de formación de partes, paro del desarrollo:
•
•
•
•
Transverse terminal
Querverlaufend
Transverse
Terminal transversa
Absence (congenital amputation)
Fehlen, Mangel
Absence
Ausencia (amputación congénita)
Finger nubbins
Fingerstummel
Résidus digitaux
Muñones digitales
•
•
•
•
Transverse intercalated
Quere interkalierte
Phocomelie
Transversa intercalada
•
•
•
•
Longitudinal
Längsverlaufend
Longitudinal
Longitudinal
Radial
Radial, speichenseitig
Radial
Radial
•
•
•
•
Radial club-hand
Klumphand
Main bote radiale
Mano zamba radial
•
•
•
•
Absence of thumb
Dammenaplasie
Agenesie/absence de pouce
Agenesia del pulgar
•
•
•
•
Floating thumb
Flottierender Daumen, Wackeldaumen
Pouce flottant
Pulgar flotante
•
•
•
•
Hypoplastic thumb
Daumenhypoplasie
Hypotrophie du pouce
Pulgar hipoplásico
Central (cleft hand, ectrodactily)
Zentral (Spalthand)
Central
Central (mano hendida, ectrodactilia)
Ulnar
Ulnar, ellenseitig
Cubital
Cubital
•
•
•
•
Fauliure of separation or différentiation of parts:
Ausbleiben der Differenzierung oder Trennung von einzelnen Anteilen:
Absense de séparation, de différentiation:
Fallo de separación o diferenciación de partes:
•
•
•
•
Undescended shoulder
Schulterblatthochstand
Scapula alta
Hombro no descendido
•
•
•
•
Congenital fusions
Angeborene Synostosen
Fusion Congénitale
Fusiones congénitas
•
•
•
•
Radio-ulnar synostosis
Radioulnare synostosis
Synostose radio-cubitale
Sinostosis radio-cubital
•
•
•
•
Poland's syndrome
Polands Syndrom
Syndrome de Poland
Síndrome de Poland
•
•
•
•
Congenital contractures
Angeborene Kontrakturen
Brides congénitales
Contracturas congénitas
•
•
•
•
Congenital trigger digits
Angeborene schnellende Finger
Doigts à ressort
Dedos en resorte congénitos
•
•
•
•
Clasped thumb
Daumen-Beugekontraktur
Pouce adductus
Pulgar flexo-adducto
•
•
•
•
Camptodactyly
Kamptodaktilie
Camptodactylie
Camptodactilia
•
•
•
•
Clinodactyly
Klinodactylie
Clinodactilie
Clinodactilia
• Delta phalanx
• Deltaphalanx
• Phalange "delta"
• Falanfe delta
•
•
•
•
Duplication:
Verdoppelung:
Duplication:
Duplicación:
•
•
•
•
Radial polydactily
Radiale Polydaktylie
Polydactylie radiale
Polidactilia radial
Bifid thumb
Pollex bifidus
Pouce bifide
Pulgar bífido
•
•
•
•
Central polydactily
Zentrale Polydaktylie
Polydactylie centrale
Polidactilia central
•
•
•
•
Ulnar polydactily
Ulnare Polydaktylie
Polydactylie ulnaire (cubitale)
Polidactilia cubital
Mirror hand
Spiegelhand
Main en miroir
Mano en espejo
•
•
•
•
Overgrowth, gigantism
Überenentwicklung, Hypertrophie oder Makrodaktylie
Gigantisme, hyperplaste
Hipertrofia o giganstismo
•
•
•
•
Undergrowth
Unterentwicklung oder Hypoplasie
Hypoplasie, sous-développement
Hipotrofia
•
•
•
•
Hypoplastic hand
Handhypoplasie
Main hypoplasique
Mano hipoplásica
•
•
•
•
Brachymetacarpia
Brachymetakarpie
Brachymetacarpie
Braquimetacarpiano
•
•
Braquidactily
Kurzfingrigkeit
•
•
Brachydactylie
Braquidactilia
•
•
•
•
Constriction band syndrome
Schnürfurchen- oder Schnürring- Syndrom
Brides congénitales
Síndrome de las bridas de constricción
•
•
•
•
Generalized skeletal abnormalities
Generalisierte Skelettfehbildungen
Malformations généralisées du squelette
Anomalías esqueléticas generalizadas
Top
BONES.
•
•
•
•
Fracture
Fraktur, Bruch
Fracture
Fractura
•
•
•
•
Delayed union
Verzögerte Knochenheilung
Retard de consolidation
Retardo de consolidación
•
•
•
•
Nonunion
Pseudarthose
Pseudarthrose
Pseudoartrosis
•
•
•
•
Malunion
Fehlstellung
Cal vicieux
Consolidación en mala posición
•
•
•
•
Epihyseal separation (epiphysiolysis)
Epiphysiolyse, (Epiphysenlósung)
Epiphysiolyse (séparation épiphysaire)
Lesión epifisaria (epifisiólisis)
•
•
•
•
Osteopenia
Osteopenie
Ostéopénie
Osteopenia
• Osteoporosis
• Osteoporose
• Ostéoporose
• Osteoporosis
•
•
•
•
Osteomalacia
Osteomalazie
Ostémalacie
Osteomalacia
•
•
•
•
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyreoidismus
Hyperparathyroidisme
Hiperparatiroidismo
•
•
•
•
Osteitis
Osteitis
Ostéite
Osteitis
•
•
•
•
Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis
Ostéomyélite
Osteomielitis
•
•
•
•
pyogenic
pyogene, eitrige
à pyogènes
piogena
•
•
•
•
nonpyogenic
nicht-pyogene, nicht-eitrige
à germes banals
no piogena
•
•
•
•
tuberculous
tuberkulöse
tuberculeuse
tuberculosa
•
•
•
•
Periostitis
Periostitis
Périostite
Periostitis
•
•
•
•
Aseptic (avascular) necrosis
Aseptische, avaskuläre Nekrose
Nécrose aseptique
Necrosis aséptica
•
•
•
•
Kienböck's disease
Lunatum-Malazie, Mondbeinnekrose,Kienböck'sche Krankheit
Maladie de Kienböck
Enfermedad de Kienböck
•
•
•
•
Preiser's disease
Preiser'sche Krankheit
Maladie de Preiser
Enfermedad de Preiser
•
•
•
•
Cyst
Zyste
Géode, Kyste
Quiste
•
•
•
•
Unicameral bone cyst
Einkammerige Knochenzyste
Kyste essentiel des os
Quiste óseo esencial
•
•
•
•
Enchondroma
Enchondrom
Enchondrome
Encondroma
•
•
•
•
Osteochondroma
Osteochondrom
Ostéochondrome
Osteocondroma
•
•
•
•
Subungeal exostosis
Exostose -subunguale
Exostose sous-unguéale
Exóstosis subungueal
•
•
•
•
Condromyxoid fibroma
Chondromyxoides Fibrom
Fibrome chondromyxoïde
Fibroma condromixoide
•
•
•
•
Osteoid osteoma
Osteoid-osteom
Ostéome oséoïde
Osteoma osteoide
•
•
•
•
Aneurysmal bone cyst
Aneurysmatische Knocehnzyste
Kyste anévrismal
Quiste oseo aneurismático
•
•
•
•
Chondrosarcoma
Chondrosarkom
Chondrosarcome
Condrosarcoma
• Osteoclastoma (giant cell tumo(u)r of bone)
• Osteoklastom oder Riesenzellgeschwulst
• Tumeur à cellules géantes
• Osteoclasroma (tumor de células gigantes óseo)
•
•
•
•
Osteogenic sarcoma
Osteosarkom
Ostéosarcome
Sarcoma osteogénico
•
•
•
•
Ewing's sarcoma
Ewing-Sarkom
Sarcome d'Ewing
Sarcoma de Ewing
•
•
•
•
Metastasis
Metastase
Métastase
Metástasis
Top
JOINTS.
•
•
•
•
Sprain
Verstauchung, Distorsion
Entorse
Esguince
•
•
•
•
Torn or ruptured ligament
Ligament -oder Bänderzerrung, -ruptur
Ligament étiré ou rompu
Ruptura ligamentosa
•
•
•
•
Dissociation
Dissoziation
Dissociatia
Dissociation
•
•
•
•
Subluxation
Subluxation, Teilverrenkung
Subluxation
Subluxación
•
•
•
•
Dislocation
Luxation, Verrenkung
Luxation
Luxación
•
•
•
acute
akute
aiguë
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
aguda
•
•
•
•
chronic
chronische
chronique
crónica
•
•
•
•
recurrent
wiederholte
récidivante
recidivante
•
•
•
•
voluntary
willkürliche
volontaire
voluntaria
Infective arthritis
Infektiöse Arthritis
Arthrite
Artritis infecciosa
•
•
•
•
pyogenic (septic)
pyogene, eitrige
à pyogènes, septique
piógena (séptica)
•
•
•
•
non-pyogenic
nicht-pyogene, nicht-eitrige
à germes-banals
no piógena
Cristal arthropathy
Kristallarthropathie
Arthropatie cristalline
Artropatía por microcristales
•
•
•
•
Gout (uric acid)
Gicht
Goutte
Gota (ácido úrico)
•
•
•
•
Pseudogout (calcium pyrophospate)
Pseudogicht
Pseudo-goute
Pseudogota (pirofosfato cálcico)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Rheumatische Arthritis
Arthrite rhumatoïde
Artritis reumatoide
• Psoriatic arthritis
• Psoriatische, Psoriasis-Arthritis
• Arthrite psoriasique
• Artritis reumatoide
•
•
•
•
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Lupus erythematodes
Lupus érithémateux
Lupus eritematoso sistémico
•
•
•
•
Polyarteritis nodosa
Periarteriitis nodosa
Périartérite nouese
Poliarteritis nodosa
•
•
•
•
Ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosierende Spondylitis, Bechterew'sche Krankheit
Spondylite ankylosante
Espondilitis anquilosante
•
•
•
•
Osteoarthrosis (degenerative osteoarthritis ) (OA)
Arthrose, Osteoarthrose
Arthrose déformante, ostéarthrite
Artrosis
•
•
•
•
Acute calcification
Akute Verkalkung, Kalkablagerung
Calcification aiguë
Calcificación aguda
•
•
•
•
Ganglion
Ganglion
Kyste synovial
Ganglión
•
•
•
•
Carpo-metacarpal boss
Handrückenexostose
Exostose carpo –métacarpienne
Giba carpo-metacarpiana (carpo giboso)
•
•
•
•
Pigmented villonodular synovitis (giant cell tumo(u)r of tendon sheath) (PVNS)
Villonoduläre Synovitis, gitartiger Riesenzelltumor, gutartiges
Synovite villonodulaire (tumeur bénigne à cellules géantes)
Sinovitis villonodular pigmentada (tumor de células gigantes de vainas tendinosas)
•
•
•
•
Synovial sarcoma
Synovialsarkom
Synoviosarcome, synoviome malin
Sarcoma sinovial
Top
MUSCLES.
•
•
•
•
Absent
Fehlend
Absent
Ausente
•
•
•
•
Accesory
Hinzutretend, zusätzlich
Accessoire
Accesorio
•
•
•
•
Supernumerary
Anomal, abnormal oder abweiichend, abirrend
Surnuméraire
Supernumerario
•
•
•
•
Compartment syndrome
Kompartment-Syndrom
Syndrome compartimental
Síndrome compartimental
•
•
•
•
Volkmann's isch(a)emic contracture
Kontraktur -Volkmannsche ischämische Kontraktur
Rétraction -ischémique de Volkmann
Contractura isquémica de Volkmann
•
•
•
•
Myositis
Myositis
Myosite
Miositis
•
•
•
•
Myositis ossificans
Myositis ossificans
Myosite ossifiante
Miositis osificante
Top
TENDONS.
•
•
•
•
Absent
Fehlend
Absente
Ausente
• Accesory
• Hinzutretend, zusätzlich, akzessorisch
• Accesoire
• Accesorio
•
•
•
•
Supernumerary
Überzählig
Surnumaraire
Supernumerario
•
•
•
•
Laceration (division, cut)
Durchtrennung
Section
Sección
•
•
•
•
complete
Komprett, vollständig
complète
completa
•
•
•
•
partial or incomplete
teilweise oder inKomplett, unvollständig
partielle ou incomplète
parcial o imcompleta
•
•
•
•
Avulsion
Ausriss
Avulsion
Avulsión
•
•
•
•
Attrition
Abnutzung, Abreibung
Attrition
Atrición
•
•
•
•
Rupture
Ruptur
Rupture
Rotura, ruptura
•
•
•
•
Retraction
Retraktion
Rétraction
Retracción
•
•
•
•
Adhesions
Verwachsung, Adhäsion
Adhérence
Adherencias
•
•
•
•
Dislocation
Dislokation, Verrenkung, Verlagerung,
Luxation
Luxación (dislocación)
•
•
•
•
Tendonitis (enthesopathy)
Tendinitis
Tendinite
Tendinitis (entesopatía)
•
•
•
•
Tenosynovitis
Tenosynovialitis
Ténosynovite
Tenosinovitis
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
septic
septische
infectieuse
séptica
•
•
•
•
tuberculous
tuberkulöse
tuberculeuse
tuberculosa
•
•
•
•
rheumatoid
rheumatoide
rhumatoïde
reumatoide
Stenosing tenovaginitis
Stenosierende Tendovaginose, Sehnenscheidenentzündung
Ténosynovite sténosante
Tenovaginitis estenosante
•
•
•
•
trigger finger
schnellender Finger
doigt à ressaut
dedo en resorte (gatillo)
•
•
•
•
trigger thumb
schnellender Daumen
pouce à ressaut
pulgar en resorte (gatillo)
•
•
•
•
De Quervain's disease
Stenosierende Tendovaginose des ersten Streckesehnenfaches (De Quervain)
maladie de De Quervain
enfermedad de De Quervain
Acute calcification
Akute Verkalkung
Calcification aiguë
Calcificación aguda
• Ganglion
• Überbein, Ganglion
• Kyste synovial
• Ganglión
•
•
•
•
Pigmented villonodular synovitis (giant cell tumo(u)r of tendon sheath) (PVNS)
Villonoduläre Synovialitis, gutartiger Riesenzelltumor
Synovite villonodulaire (tumeur bénigne à cellules géantes)
Sinovitis villonodular pigmentada (tumor de células gigantes de vainas tendinosas)
•
•
•
•
Synovial sarcoma
Synovialsarkom
Synovio-sarcome, synoviome malin
Sarcoma sinovial
Top
FASCIA and APONEUROSIS.
•
•
•
•
Dupuytren's disease
Palmare fibromatose, Dupuytren'sche Erkrankung
Maladie de Dupuytren
Enfermendad de Dupuytren
•
•
•
•
Knuckle pads
Knöchelpolster
Coussinets dorsaux (Nodules de Garrod)
Almohadillas en los nudillos (Nódulos de Garrod)
•
•
•
•
Dupuytren's contracture
Rétraction de l'aponévrose palmaire
Dupuytren'sche Kontraktur
Contractura de Dupuytren
•
•
•
•
Nodule
Knoten, Knötchen
Nodule
Nódulo
•
•
•
•
Palmar cord or band (Pretendinous)
Palmar Strang, Fasciculi longitudinalis
Bride palmaire (Pretendineuse)
Brida o banda palmar (Pretendinosa)
•
•
•
•
Digital cords
Digitale Stränge
Brides digitales
Bridas o bandas digitales
central
Zentral
centrale
central
oblique
Schräg
oblique
oblícua
lateral
Seitlich
latérale
lateral
"spiral" (central + oblique + lateral + Grayson's ligament
spiral band, spiralig
"spirale" (ídem)
"espiral" ídem
retrovascular
retrovaskulär
rétro-vasculaire
retrovascular
•
•
•
•
Fibroma
Fibrom
Fibrome
Fibroma
Top
NERVES.
•
•
•
•
Neurapraxia
Neurapraxie
Neurapraxie
Neuroapraxia
•
•
•
•
Axonotmesis
Axonotmesis
Axonotmésis
Axonotmesis
•
•
•
•
Neurotmesis
Neurotmese
Neurotmésis
Neurotmesis
• Wallerian degeneration
• Degeneration -Waller'sche
• Dégénérescence wallérienne
• Degeneración walleriana
•
•
•
•
Regeneration
Regeneration
Regenescense
Regeneración
•
•
•
•
Neuropathy
Neuropathie
Neuropathie
Neuropatía
•
•
•
•
Neuritis
Neuritis
Névrite
Neuritis
•
•
•
•
Leprosy
Lepra
Lèpre
Lepra
•
•
•
•
Laceration (cut, division)
Zerreissung oder Schnittverletzung
Section franche
Sección (corte)
•
•
•
•
Traction
Dehnungs -(Traktions) schaden
Traction
Tracción
•
•
•
•
Avulsion
Ausrissverletzung, Avulsion
Avulsion
Avulsión
•
•
•
•
Compression (entrapment)
Kompression, Druckschädigung
Compression dans un défilé
Compresión
•
•
•
•
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
Karpaltunnelsyndrom
Syndrôme du canal carpien
Síndrome del tunel carpiano (STC)
•
•
•
•
Ulnar tunnel syndrome (arcade of Osborne)
Ulnariskompressionssyndrom in der ellenbogen (Osborne arkade)
Syndrome du cubital au coude
Síndrome del túnel cubital en en colo (arcada de Osborne)
•
Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome
•
•
•
Interosseus anterior-Syndrom (Kiloh-Nevin-Syndrom)
Syndrome du nerve interosseux anterior
Síndrome del nervio interóseo anterior (Kiloh-Nevin)
•
•
•
•
Posterior interosseous nerve syndrome (arcade of Frohse)
Interosseus posterior-Syndrom
Syndrome du nerf interosseux posterieur
Síndrome del nervio interóseo posterior
•
•
•
•
Hemiplegia
Hemiplegie, Halbseitenlähmung
Hémiplégie
Hemiplegía
•
•
•
•
Tetraplegia
Tetraplegie
Tétraplégie
Tetraplegía
•
•
•
•
Poliomyelitis
Poliomyelitis, Kinderlähmung
Poliomyélite
Poliomielitis
•
•
•
•
Cerebral palsy
Spastische Lähmung
Paralysie cérébrale
Parálisis cerebral
•
•
•
•
Neuroma
Neurom
Névrome
Neuroma
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Amputation neuroma
Amputationsneurom
Nevrome d'amputation
Neuroma de amputación
•
•
•
•
Pseudoneuroma in continuity
Pseudoneurom
Nevrome en continuité
Pseudoneuroma en continuidad
•
•
•
•
Bowler's thumb
Kegler-Daumen
Pouce des joueurs de boules
Pulgar del jugador de bolos
Neurilemmoma (benibn schwannoma)
Neurilemmom, Neurinom oder Schwannom
Schwannome, neurilemmome
Neurilemoma (schwannoma benigno)
•
•
•
•
Neurofibroma
Neurofibrom
Neurofibrome
Neurofibroma
•
•
•
•
Lipofibromatous hamartoma (median nerve)
Lipofibromätoses Hamartom
Lipofibrome
Lipofibroma (nervio mediano)
•
•
•
•
Neurofibromatosis
Neurofibromatose
Neurofibromatose
Neurofibromatosis
•
•
•
•
Malignant nerve sheath tumor (malignant schwannoma, neurofibrosarcoma)
Neurofibrosarkom
Neurofibrosarcome
Neurofibrosarcoma (schwannoma maligno, tumor maligno de la la vaina nerviosa)
Top
SKIN and ACCESORIES.
•
•
•
•
Crush
Quetschung, Quetschwunde
Plaie contuse
Aplastamiento
•
•
•
•
Abrasion
Abschürfung
Abrasion
Abrasión
•
•
•
•
Wound
Wunde
Blessure
Herida
•
•
•
•
Laceration or cut
Zerreissung oder Schittverlctzung
Coupure
Laceración o corte
•
•
•
•
Bite
Biss
Morsure
Mordedura (mordisco)
•
•
•
•
Degloving
Ablederung
Dégantement
Desguantamiento
•
•
•
•
Burn
Verbrennung, Brandverletzung
Brûlure
Quemadura
Thermal
Thermische
Thermique
Térmica
Scald
Verbrühung
Brûlure par échaudage
Escaldadura
Chemical
Chemische
Chimique
Química
Electrical
Elektrische
Électrique
Eléctrica
from friction
Reibung
par friction
por fricción
from radiation
Strahlenschädigung, Strahlenfolge, Strahlenverbrennung
par radiation
por irradiación
•
•
•
•
Pyogenic granuloma
Pyogenes Granulom
Granulome -à pyogènes
Granuloma piógeno
•
•
•
•
Boil
Furunkel
Furoncle
Forunculo
•
•
•
•
Intertrigo
Intertrigo
Intertrigo
Intertrigo
•
•
•
•
Scar
Narbe
Cicatrice
Cicatriz
Hypertrophic
Hypertrophisch
Hypertrophique
Hipertrófica
Keloid
Keloid
Chéloïde
Queloide
•
•
•
•
Scleroderma
Skleroderma
Sclérodermic
Escleriodemia
•
•
•
•
Dermatomyositis
Dermatomyositis
Dermatomyosite
Dermatomiositis
•
•
•
•
Epidermal inclusion cyst
Epidermoid-Zyste
Kyste epidermoïde
Quiste de inclusión epidérmico
•
•
•
•
N(a)evus -junctional
Naevus - junktions
Naevus plan
Nevus
•
•
•
•
Basal-cell carcinoma
Basalzellkarzinom, Basaliom
Carcinome basocellulaire
Carcinoma de células basales
•
•
•
•
Squamous cell carcioma
Plattenepithelkarzinom, Spinaleom
Carcinome spinocellulaire
Carcinoma espinocelular
•
•
•
•
Carcinoma, epithelioma
Karzinom, Ca, Epitheliom
Carciome, apithélioma
Carcinoma, epitelioma
• Nail and nail-bed:
• Nagel und Nagelbett:
• Ongle et Lit unguéal:
• Uña y lecho ungueal:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Onychogryposis
Onychogryphose
Onychogrypose, hypertrphie unguéale
Onicogriposis
•
•
•
•
Paronychial fungal infection
Paronychie durch Pilzinfektion, Mykose
Mycose périunguéale
Paroniquia por micosis
•
•
•
•
Infectious paronychia (whitlow)
Infektionen -Paronychie oder Umlauf
Panaris peri-unguéal, tourniole
Paroniquia (uñero)
•
•
•
•
Subungual h(a)ematoma
Subunguales Hämatom
Hématome sous-unguéal
Hematoma subungueal
•
•
•
•
Glomus tumo(u)r
Glomustumor
Tumeur glomique
Tumor glómico
•
•
•
•
Subungual melanoma
Subunguales Melanom
Mélanome sous-unguéal
Melanoma subungueal
•
•
•
•
Subungual carcinoma
Subunguales Karzinom
Epithélioma sous-unguéal
Carcinoma subungueal
Subcutaneous tissue:
Subkutangewebe, Unterhautfettgewebe:
Tissu sous- cutané:
Tejido graso subcutáneo:
•
•
•
•
Cellulitis
Phlegmone
Cellulite
Celulitis
•
•
•
•
Erysipeloid
Erysipeloid
Erysipéloïde
Erisipeloide
•
Carbuncle
•
•
•
Karbunkel
Anthrax
Forunculo
•
•
•
•
Abscess
Abszess
Phlegmon
Abceso
•
•
•
•
Pulp infection
Fingerkuppenabszess
Panaris pulpaire
Infección pulpar, panadizo
•
•
•
•
Pilonidal sinus
Pilonidal-Sinus, -Zyste
Sinus pilonidal
Fístula pilonidal
•
•
•
•
Rheumatoid nodule
Rheuma-Knoten
Nodule rhumatoïde
Nódulo reumatoideo
•
•
•
•
Tophus
Tophus, Gichtknoten
Tophus
Tofo gotoso
•
•
•
•
Calcinosis circumscripta
Calcinosis circumscripta
Calcinosis circumscripta
Calcinosis circunscrita
•
•
•
•
Dermoid cyst
Dermoid-Zyste
Kyste dermoïde
Quiste dermoide
•
•
•
•
Mucoid cyst
Mucoidzyste
Kyste mucoïde
Quiste mucoide
•
•
•
•
Ganglion
Ganglion, überbein
Kyste synovial
Ganglión
•
•
•
•
Dermatofibroma
Molluscum, dermato-fibrome
Dermatofibrom
Dermatofibroma
•
•
•
•
Xanthoma
Xanthom
Xanthome
Xantoma
•
•
•
•
Lipoma
Lipom
Lipome
Lipoma
•
•
•
•
Liposarcoma
Lipsarkom
Liposarcome
Liposarcoma
Top
VESSELS.
•
•
•
•
Spasm
Spasmus
Spasme
Espasmo
•
•
•
•
Isch(a)emia
Ischämie
Ischémie
Isquemia
•
•
•
•
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD)
Algodystrophie, SympatischeReflexdystrophie, Morbus Sudeck
Neuro-algodystrophie, Dystrophie sympathique
Distrofia Neurovascular Refleja (DNVR), Distrofia simpática refleja
•
•
•
•
Raynaud's phenomenon
Raynaud'sches Phänomen
Phénomène de Raynaud
Fenómeno de Raynaud
•
•
•
•
Raynaud's disease
Raynaud'sche Erkrankung
Maladie de Raynaud
Enfermedad de Raynaud
•
•
•
•
Arteritis
Arteriitis
Artérite
Arteritis
•
•
•
•
Thrombosis
Thrombose
Thombose
Trombosis
•
•
•
•
Gangrene
Gangrän
Gangrène
Gangrena
•
•
•
•
Arteriovenous fistula (AVF)
Arteriovenöse Fistel
Fistule artérioveineuse
Fístula arteriovenosa
•
•
•
•
Aneurysm
Aneurysma
Anévrisme
Aneurisma
•
•
•
•
H(a)emangioma
Hämangiom
Hémangiome
Hemangioma
Top
GENERAL.
•
•
•
•
Traction
Traktion oder Dehnung
Traction
Tracción
•
•
•
•
Manipulation
Manipulation
Manipulation
Manipulación
•
•
•
•
Reduction (realignment)
Reposition
Réduction
Reducción
•
•
•
•
Immobilization
Immobilisation, Ruhigstellung
Immobilisation
Inmovilización
•
•
•
•
Plaster cast
Gipsverband
Plàtre
Escayola
•
•
•
•
Fiberglass polyuretane resin casting tape
.....................
Appareill de contention en resine
Vendaje de resina y fibra de vidrio
•
•
•
•
Orthosis
Orthosen
Orthèse
Ortesis
•
•
•
•
Splint, brace
Schienen
Attelle
Férula
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
static
statische
statique
estática
•
•
•
•
dynamic
dynamische
dynamique
dinámica
Prothesis
Prothesen
Prothèse
Prótesis
•
•
•
•
cosmetic
kosmetische
esthéstique
estética
•
•
•
•
active
aktive
fonctionnelle
activa
Mobilization
Mobilisation
Mobilisation
Movilización
• Rehabilitation
• Rehabilitation
• Rééducation fonctionnelle
• Rehabilitación
•
•
•
•
Physiotherapy, physical, therapy (PT)
Physiotherapie, physikalische Therapie, Krankengymnastik
Physiothérapie
Fisioterapia (FT)
•
•
•
•
Hand therapy
Handtherapy
Rééduction de la main
Fisioterapia de la mano
•
•
•
•
Occupational therapy (OT)
Beschäftigungstherapie, Ergotherapie
Ergothérapie
Terapia ocupacional (TO)
•
•
•
•
Exercices
Übungen
Exercices de mobilisation
Ejercicios
•
•
•
•
active
aktive
active
activos
•
•
•
•
passive
passive
passive
pasivos
•
•
•
•
Stretching
Streckung oder Dehnung
Traction, elongation
Estiramiento
•
•
•
•
Aspiration
Aspiration
Aspiration
Aspiración
•
•
•
•
Injection
Injektion
Injection
Inyección
•
•
•
•
Esmarch bandage
Esmarchsche Binde
Bande d'Esmarch
Venda de Esmarch
•
•
•
•
Exsanguination
Auswickeln des Armes
Exsanguination
Exanguinación, expresión sanguínea
•
•
•
•
Pneumatic tourniquet
Blutleere -pneumatische
Garrot –pneumatique
Torniquete neumático
•
•
•
•
Optical magnification
Vergrösserung
Grossissement
Magnificación óptica
•
•
•
•
Microsurgical technique
Mikrochirurgische Technik
Techniques micro-chirurgicales
Técnica microquirúrgica
•
•
•
•
Exposure (approach)
Freilegung oder Zugang
Voie d'abord
Via de abordaje
•
•
•
•
Incision
Inzision, Schnittführung
Incision
Incisión
•
•
•
•
transverse
querverlaufend
transversale
transversa
•
•
•
•
longitudinal
längsgerichtet
longitudinale
longitudinal
•
•
•
•
midaxial (in the finger)
in der Mittellinie
médiane ou axiale
axial-media (en el dedo)
•
•
•
•
midlateral (on the finger)
mediolateral -oder MittSeiten-Schnitt, Kantenschnitt
médio-latérale
mediolateral (en el dedo)
•
•
•
s-shaped
bogenförmig
sinueuse
•
sinuosa (en S)
•
•
•
•
zig-zag
zickzack-förmig
en zig-zag
en zig-zag
•
•
•
•
Surgical exploration
Revision, Exploration Chirurgische
Exploration chirurgicale
Exploración quirúrgica
•
•
•
•
Drainage
Drainage
Drainage
Drenaje
•
•
•
•
Excision
Exzision
Excision
Excisión
•
•
•
•
Reconstruction
Reconstruktion
Rekonstruction
Reconstrucción
•
•
•
•
Revascularization
Revaskularisation
Revascularisation
Revascularización
•
•
•
•
Replantation
Replantation
Replantation
Reimplante
•
•
•
•
Autografting
Autogreffe
Autotransplantation
Autoinjerto
•
•
•
•
Allografting
Allotransplantation
Allogreffe, hétérogreffe
Aloinjerto
•
•
•
•
Tension
Spannung
Tension
Tensión
• Rod
• Stab
• Cordon, tige
• Varilla
•
•
•
•
Sheet
Schicht, Blatt, Folie
Feuille
Lámina
•
•
•
•
Pull-out wire
Ausziehdraht
Fil d'extraction
Alambre extraible
•
•
•
•
Primary repair
Primärversorgung
Suture primaire
Reparación primaria
•
•
•
•
Delayed primary repair
Verzögert-primäre Versorgung
Suture secondaire précore
Reparación primaria diferida
•
•
•
•
Secondary repair
Sekundärversorgung
Suture secondaire
Reparación secundaria
•
•
•
•
Amputation
Amputation
Amputation
Amputación
•
•
•
•
Ray excision (resection)
Fingerstrahleresektion
Résection d'un rayon
Resección de un radio digital
•
•
•
•
Digital transfer
Fingertransposition
Translocation digitale
Transposición digital
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pollicization
Pollizisation, Daumenbildung
Pollicisation
Pulgarización
Toe transfer
Zehenübertragung, Zehentransplantation
Transfert d'orteil
Transferencia de un dedo del pie
Top
BONES.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Reduction of fracture
Reposition einer Fraktur oder eines Bruches
Réduction de fracture
Reducción de fractura
•
•
•
•
closed
geschlossene
fermée
cerrada
•
•
•
•
open
offene
ouverte ou sanglante
abierta
Internal fixation (osteosynthesis)
Innere Fixation (osteosynthese)
Fixation interne (osteosynthèse)
Fijación interna (osteosíntesis)
•
•
•
•
Plate and screws
Platte und chrauben
Plaque et vis
Placa y tornillos
•
•
•
•
Intramedullary nail
Intramedulläre Negelung
Clou centro-medullaire
Clavo endomedular
•
•
•
•
Staples
Klammer
Agrafe
Grapa
•
•
•
•
Kirschner wire (K-wire)
Kirschnerdraht
Broche de Kirschner
Aguja de Kirschner
Percutaneous fixation
Osteosynthese perkutane
Fixation percutanée
Fijación percutánea
•
•
•
•
External fixation
Äussere Fixation (Fixateur externe)
Fixateur externe
Fijación externa
•
•
•
•
Bone graft
Knochentransplantation, Knochenspanübertragung
Greffe osseuse
Injerto óseo
•
•
•
•
Osteotomy
Osteotomie
Ostéotomie
Osteotomía
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
wedge
Keil
coin
en cuña
•
•
•
•
shortening
verkürzung
accourcissement
de acortamiento
•
•
•
•
lengthening
Verlängerung
allongement
de alargamiento
Excision
Exzision
Excision
Excisión
Top
JOINTS.
•
•
•
•
Arthrotomy
Arthrotomie
Arthrotomie
Artrotomía
•
•
•
•
Capsulotomy
Kapsulotomie
Capsulotomie
Capsulotomía
•
•
•
•
Capsulectomy
Kapsulektomie
Capsulectomie
Capsulectomía
•
•
•
•
Arthrolysis
Arthrolyse
Arthrolyse
Artrolisis
•
•
•
•
Capsulodesis
Kapsulodese
Capsulodèse
Capsulodesis
•
•
•
•
Capsulorrhaphy
Kapselnaht
Capsulorraphie
Capsulorrafía
•
•
•
•
Arthroplasty
Arthroplastik
Arthroplastie
Artroplastia
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
resection (excision)
rexzisionsarthroplastik
résection
de resección
•
•
•
•
interpositio
Interpositionsarthroplastik
Interposition
de interposición
•
•
•
•
implant (replacement)
Implantationsarthroplastik, Alloarthroplastik
par substitution (implant, prothèse)
de implante
Arthrodesis
Arthrodese
Arthrodèse
Artrodesis
Top
MUSCLES.
•
•
•
•
Exercises
Übungen
Exercices
Ejercicios
•
•
•
•
Decompression
Dekompression
Décompression
Decompresión
•
•
•
•
Muscle Slide
Desinsertion oder Muskelursprungsverschiebung
Désinsertion pour allongement
Desinserción
•
•
•
•
Epimysiotomy
Spaltung der Muskelfaszie
Myotomie
Epimisiotomía
•
•
•
•
Excision, myectomy
Exzision, Myektomie
Excision, myectomy
Excisión, miectomía
•
•
•
•
Transposition
Transposition, Tranfer
Tranfert, transposition
Transposición
Top
TENDONS.
•
•
•
•
Tenotomy
Tenotomie
Ténotomie
Tenotomía
•
•
•
•
Tendon lengthening
Sehnenverlängerung
Plastie tendineuse d'allongement
Alargamiento tendinoso
•
•
•
•
Tendon shortening
Sehnenverkürzung
Raccourcissement tendineux
Acortamiento tendinoso
•
•
•
•
Tendon suture (tenorrhaphy)
Sehnennaht
Suture tendineuse (ténorraphie)
Sutura tendinosa (tenorrafia)
•
•
•
•
Tendon advancement
Sehnenverschiebung, Reinsertion
Réinsertion
Avance tendinoso
•
•
•
•
Two stage tendon repair
Zweizeitige Sehnenverschiebung
Reparation tendineuse en deux temps
Reparación tendinosa en dos tiempos
•
•
•
•
Silicone rubber rod
Silikon-Stab
Tige de silicone
Varilla de silicona
•
•
•
•
Tendon graft
Sehnentransplantation
Greffe tendineuse
Injerto tendinoso
•
•
•
•
Tenolysis
Tenolyse
Ténolyse
Tenolisis
•
•
•
•
Tenodesis
Tenodese
Ténodèse
Tenodesis
•
•
•
•
Tenosynovectomy
Tenosynovialektomie
Ténosynovectomie
Tenosinovectomía
•
•
•
•
Tendon transfer
Sehnentransposition, Sehnenverlagerung
Transposition tendineuse
Transferencia tendinosa
•
•
•
•
Opponensplasty
Opponens-Plastik
Transfert d'opposition
Plastia de oponente
• Incision (excision) of fibrous tendon sheath
• Inzision (Exzixion) der fibrösen Sehnenscheide
• Incision (excision) de la gaine fibreuse
• Incisión (excisión) de la vaina tendinosa
•
•
•
•
Pulley advancement
"Pulley advancement"
Avancement de poulie
Avanzamiento de polea
•
•
•
•
Pulley reconstruction
Ringband-Rekonstruktion, Wiederherstellung
Reconstruction de poulie
Reconstrucción de polea
•
•
•
•
Enlarging pulley-plasty
Ringbanderweiterungs-plastik
Plastie d'agrandissement de la poulie
Plastia de elongación de la polea
Top
FASCIA.
•
•
•
•
Fasciotomy
Fasziotomie
Aponévrotomie
Fasciotomía
•
•
•
•
Fasciectomy
Aponeurektomie
Aponévrectomy
Fasciectomía
•
•
•
•
partial
partielle, teilweise
partielle
parcial
•
•
•
•
radical
radikale, vollständige
radicale
radical
Top
NERVES.
•
•
•
•
Suture (repair)
Naht oder Wiederherstellung
Suture
Sutura (raparación, neurorrafia)
•
•
•
•
epineural
epineural
épineurale
epineural
•
•
•
•
perineural
perineural
périneurale
perineural
•
•
•
•
fascicular
faszikulär
fasciculaire
fascicular
•
•
•
•
Nerve grafting
Nerventransplantation
Greffe nerveuse
Injerto nervioso
•
•
•
•
Pedicle graft
Gestielte Nerventransplantation
Greffe pédiculée
Injerto pediculado
•
•
•
•
Decompression
Dekompression
Décompression
Descompresión
•
•
•
•
Neurolysis
Neurolyse
Neurolyse
Neurolisis
•
•
•
•
Epineurotomy
Spaltung des äusseren Epineuriums
Epineurotomie
Epineurotomía
•
•
•
•
Internal neurolysis
Innere Neurolyse
Endoneurolyse
Endoneurolisis
• Transposition
• Transposition
• Transposition
• Transposición
•
•
•
•
Excision of neuroma
Neuromexzision
Excision de névrome
Exéresis de neuroma
•
•
•
•
Denervation
Denervation
Dénervation
Denervación
•
•
•
•
Neurotomy
Neurotomie
Neurotomie
Neurotomía
•
•
•
•
Neurectomy
Nervenresektion
Résecton nerveuse
Neurectomía
Top
SKIN and ACCESORIES.
•
•
•
•
Suture
Naht
Suture
Sutura
•
•
•
•
Z-plastie
Z-Plastik
Plastie en Z
Plastia en "Z" (zetaplastia)
•
•
•
•
Open-palm
"Open palm"- Technik
Paume ouverte
Palma abierta
•
•
•
•
Excision
Exzision
Excision
Excisión
• Escharotomy
• Nekrosenabtragung
• Mise à plat, escharotomie, excision d'eschare
• Escarectomía, seciestrectomía
•
•
•
•
Cover
Hautdeckung
Couverture
Cobertura
•
•
•
•
Graft
Transplantat
Greffe
Injerto
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
partial thickness (split thickness)
Spalthaut
grefe mince
grosor parcial
•
•
•
•
full thickness
Vollhaut
de peau totale
grosor total
Local flap
Lokale Verschiebelappen
Lambeau local
Colgjao local
•
•
•
•
advancement
Dehnungslappen
d'avancement
de avanzamiento
•
•
•
•
V-Y plasty
V-Y- Plastik
Plastie en VY
plastia en V-Y
•
•
•
•
rotation
Rotationslappen
de rotation
de rotación
•
•
•
•
transposition, transposed
Transpositionslappen
de glissement
de translación
•
•
•
•
cross-finger
gekreuzter Fingerlappen
hétérodactyle
heterodigital
•
flag
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fähnchenlappen
en drapeau
en bandera
•
•
•
•
thenar
Thenarlappen
thénarien
tenar
•
•
•
•
neurovascular island
Neurovaskulärer Insellappen
Lambeau pédiculé
Neurovascular en isla
Distant flap
Fernlappen
Lambeau à distance
Colgajo a distancia
•
•
•
•
pedicled
Gestielt
pédiculé
pediculado
•
•
•
•
tubed
Rundstiellappen
tubulé
tubulado
•
•
•
•
cross-arm
Gekreuzter Armlappen
hétéro-brachial
brazo cruzado
•
•
•
•
pectoral
Brusthautlappen
pectoral
pectoral
•
•
•
•
abdominal
abdominal
Bauchhautlappen
abdominal
•
•
•
•
groin
Leistenlappen
inguinal
inguinal
•
•
•
•
cutaneous
Hautlappen
cutanée
cutáneo
•
•
•
•
Composite:
Cusammengesetztier Lappen:
Composité:
Compuestos:
skin and fascia (dermofascial)
Fasziokutan
fascio-cutané
fascio-cutáneo
skin and bone
osteokutan
osteo-cutané
osteo-cutáneo
myocutaneous
myokutaner Lappen
myocutané
miocutáneo
•
•
•
•
Avulsion of nail
Nagelausriss
Avulsion unguéale
Avulsión ungueal
•
•
•
•
Excision of nail-bed or matrix
Exzision des Nagelbettes
Excision du lit unguéal ou de la matrice
Excisión del lecho ungueal o de la matriz
•
•
•
•
Nail bed graft
Nagelbett - Transplantat
Greffe du lit unguéal
Injerto de lecho ungueal
Top
VESSELS.
•
•
•
•
Arteriotomy
Arteriotomie
Artériotomie
Arteriotomía
•
•
•
•
Revascularization
Revaskularisation
Revascularisation
Revascularización
•
•
•
•
Microvascular anastomosis
Mikrovaskuläre Anastomose
Anastomose microvasculaire
Anastomosis microvascular
•
•
•
•
Arterial suture or anastomosis
Arteriennaht oder -anastomose
Suture ou anastomose artérielle
Sutura o anastomosis arterial
•
•
•
•
Venous suture or anastomosis
Venennaht oder -anastomose
Suture ou anastomose veineuse
Sutura o anastomosis venosa
•
•
•
•
Vein graft
Venentransplantat oder -interponat
Greffe veineuse
Injerto venoso
Top
SKIN CREASES
The skin creases ("joints" of the digital and palmar skin) are listed in the different languages on
FASCIA and APONEUROSIS.
Palmar creases. In the palm there are three longitudinal and two transverse creases.
The longitudinal creases are the thenar, the central and the hypothenar. The most constant and
easily differenciated is the thenar crease, due to the wide mobility of the carpo-metacarpal joint
ofthe thumb. The central and hypothenar creases are the reflection of the mobility at the carpometacarpal joints of the ring and small fingers.
The two transverse creases are the proximal and the distal. The distal crease starts at the u1nar
side of the hand and finishes in between the middle and index fingers, as most of the hand
functionsare done with the uInar fingers in flexion for power grasp, while the index and the thumb
remain inextension for precision manipulation. The middle finger can either help the thumb and
index formanipulation, or the ring and small fingers if more power grasp is needed. The proximal
creasestarts at the radial side of the hand along with the longitudinal thenar crease. Flexion of
themetacarpo-phalangeal joints takes place in a transverse line between the origin of the distal
palwarcrease on the uInar side and the proximal palmar crease on the radial side. Individuals with
Down'ssyndrome just have one transverse palmar crease.
Digital creases. Usually there are two creases at the level of each joint, being most prory,,inent
theproximal one. The palmar digital crease of the triphalangeal fingers is usually located at
theproximal third of the proximal phalanx. The palmar digital crease of the thumb is
longitudinallyoriented and slightly proximal to the metacarpo-phalangeal joint.
Top
THE HAND
In order to avoid mistaken identity, the fingers are referred to by name, rather than the number.
Following the same rule, the bones of each finger are named by the name given to that finger.
For example: the metacarpal of the index finger or the middle phalanx of the ring finger
The joints are named after the name of the bones that they unite. The triphalangeal or long
fingers have two interphalangeal joints, wich will be named proximal and distal interphalangeal
joints. The carpo-metacarpal joints of the thumb is also commonly referred as trapeziometacarpal joint.
Top
JOINT MOTION
General rules
THE ELBOW
THE FOREARM
THE WRIST
THE FINGERS
THE THUMB
Top
General rules
The anatomical or zero starting position is considered with the,upper extremity aligned next to
the trunk with the palm of the hand facing anteriorly. Any joint movement in the anterior direction
is considered as flexion and should be recorded as positive degrees. On the contrary, any
movement in a posterior direction is called extension, and should be recorded as negative
degrees. The extension motion in joints that usually do not extend is called hyperextension.
The terms dorsal flexion or dorsiflexion should be avoided. Dorsal extension is redundant and
should not be used.
Active and passive range of motion should always be recorded when examining a joint.
Passive joint motion can be of greater magnitude in the presence of nerve, muscle or tendon
pathology.
In the following pages the most frequenty observed arcs of joint movility will be given as an
orientation, although they may very up to 20" in many individuals. It is for this reason that all joint
movements should be compared with the normal joint on the opposite extremity.
Top
THE ELBOW
The main joint at the elbow is the humero-ulnar, which is a hinge joint, meaning that only moves
in one plane.
The neutral position is in full extension, whith the humerus axially aligned with the ulna, and this is
considered as the zero starting position.
The elbow flexes to an average of 145". The only restrains are the soft tissues in the anterior
surface of the upper extremity and the bone contact between the coronoid fossa of the humerus
and the coronoid process of the ulna. The motion in the direction of flexion is measured as
positive degrees from the zero starting position.
Some individuals can slightly hyperextend the elbow. This joint motion is measured as negative
degrees.
Top
THE FOREARM
The movements of pronation and supination take place in the forearm. The radius rotates around
the ulna along an slightly oblique axis crossing the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints. The
hand is attached to the radius, and follows it during the movements of rotation. The amount of
hand supination and pronation at the wrist level is negligible, although a slight degree of passive
rotation can be noted.
The scapulo-humeral joint can also internally and externally rotate, transmitting this movement to
the hand. This movement of rotation at the shoulder will be blocked if the arm is kept next to the
torax and the elbow is flexed 90".
External rotation is known as supination (the palm of the hand faces the anterior aspect of the
arm), and internal rotation is known as pronation (the palm of the hand faces the posterior aspect
of the arm), and
Although the zero starting position, or anatomical position of the forearm, is ir,. full supination, it
has been agreed that the neutral position should be considered at the mid point of the full arch of
rotation.
The neutral position or zero starting position is with the "thumb up", with the palm of the hand in
the sagital plane. The rotation of the forearm with the palm facing up is known as supination and
usually measures 85". The rotation of the forearm with the palm of the hand facing down is known
as pronation, and usually measures 75", a little less than supination.
Top
THE WRIST
The wrist can move in the sagital plane (flexion and extension) and in the coronal plane (radial
and u1nar deviation). As mentioned before, the wrist allows for some degree of rotation, which
can be observed by passive manipulation of the joint. However, this type of movement is almost
negligible and cannot be clinically measured.
The neutral or zero starting position is with the longitudinal axis of the middle finger metacarpal
aligned with that of the radius.
The wrist usually extends 70º and flexes 80º. The arc of extension is generally smaller than the
one of flexion. Flexion and extension varie among different individuals. Some individuals cannot
flex further than 65º, while others with joint hyperlaxity can flex the wrist more than 90º.
Radial deviation usually measures 20º, while u1nar deviation is 40º.
Wrist movements are usually measured with the forearm in pronation as this is the position with
which the patient presents the hand to the examiner, however, it would be more accurate to
perform all wrist measurements with the forearm in neutral positio, as there can be minor
differences in total range of movement when the forearm is fully pronated.
Top
THE FINGERS
The METACARPO-PHALANGEAL JOINTS can move in the sagittal plane (flexion and
extension) and in the coronal plane (radial and u1nar deviation). Some degree of rotation is also
possible, from selective contraction of the intrinsic muscles. This freedom of movement in
pronation and supination is very usefull when performing tasks of precision handling. From the
practical point of view it is very difficult to measure, and for this reason it is not usually recorded in
clinical practice.
The zero starting position is when the proximal phalanx is axially aligned with the metacarpal. The
metacarpo-phalangeal joints flex an average of 90º. The index finger usually flexes less than 90º,
but flexion progressively increases in the most u1nar fingers, being more than 90º in the small
finger.
The MID joints can hyperextend up to 30º, and even more in individuals with joint hyperlaxity. Full
MP joint hyperextension is generally accomplished with moderate interphalangeal joint flexion in
order to relax the palmar skin.
The motion of the MP joints in the coronal plane is defined as radial and u1nar deviation. The
terms abduction and adduction could also be used, but confusion may arise when defining the
longitudinal axis of reference. When using this terminology, the axis of the middle finger ray
should be used, rather than the longitudinal axis of the body used for the rest of the joints. This
method has the disadvantage of not differentiating the abduction of the middle finger in two
opposite directions.
The INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS are hinge joints and can only move in the sagittal plane.
The zero starting position is with the finger in extension, with the three phalanges aligned with
each other. Full flexion is accomplished when both proximal and distal phalanx are parallel to
each other, which means a combined flexion of 180". The PIP joint however flexes a little more
than the DIP joint, averaging 105" and 75" respectively.
Some hyperextension of the DIP joint is not unusual; however, hyperextension of the PIP joint is
only seen in people with joint laxity.
Motion at the DIP joint should not be measured by holding the PIP joint in extension, as in this
position DIP joint flexion will be restricted from preventing the lateral bands to glide to the sides of
the PIP joint. Active DIP joint motion should be recorded with all the fingers flexed
simultaneously, as the flexor digitorum profundus is a single muscletendon unit, with the
occasional exceptions to the index finger.
A quick method of mesuring the composite finger motion is by measuring the distance from the
fingertip to the palmar-digital crease (this measures flexion of both interphalangeal joints) or to
the proximal palmar crease (this also measures the flexion of the MP joint). This method is not
fully accurate as different examiners can use different parts of the finger tip as a reference: the
free edge of the nail, the end o'l the fingertip or that part of the finger pulp closer to the skin
crease.
Top
THE THUMB
The mtions of the thumb, mainly at the carpometacarpal joint, are complex, and all definitions
aresomewhat arbitrary. Motion of the interphalangealand metacarpo-phalangeal joints take place
in aplane perpendicular to the one of the rest of thefingers.
Motion at the INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT is limitedto flexion and extension, in a plane
perpendicular tothe nail of the thumb. The zero starting position iswith the proximal and distal
phalanges aligned toeach other. Flexion averages 80", and manyindividuals can hyperextend the
joint up to 45* ormore.
Motion at the METACARPO-PHALANGEAL JOINTis mainly in the plane of flexion and
extension. Somelateral motion (radial and u1nar deviation) and rotation(supination and pronation)
are also present. Whenthe pulp of the thumb is opposed to the pulp ofanother finger, with the
fingernails parallel to each other, some radial deviation and pronation takesplace at the MP joint
of the thumb. The triphalangealfinger also rotates slightly into supination. There is awide variation
in the range of motion of the MP jointin the different individuals. More than in any otherjoint of the
hand, motion of the MP joint shouldalways be compared to the one in the oppositethumb. Some
individuals can only flex the joint about200, while others can flex it up to 90", and
evenhyperextend it.
.
The CARPO-METACARPAL JOINT (TRAPEZIO-METACARPAL) is a universal joint, in the
sense that it can move in two planes and can also rotate along its longitudinal axis.
The zero starting position is with the thumb metacarpal as parallel as possible to the index finger
metacarpal. The thumb lies next to the antero-radial border of the palm.
Anteposition or Palmar abduction is the movement in wich the thumb metacarpal moves away
from the index metacarpal at right angle to the plane of the palm. It is measured by the angle
formed between the thumb and the index metacarpals, averaging about 40º.
Retroposition is the opposite to palmar abduction (anteposition). The thumb moves towards the
back of the hand. Retropulsion is measured by the angle formed by the thumb metacarpal
passing to the palm, averaging about 15º.
Abduction or Radial abduction (to differentiate it from palmar abduction) is the movement in
which the thumb metacarpal moves away from the index finger metacarpal in the plane of the
palm. It is measured by the angle formed between the thumb and index metacarpals, averaging
about 40º.
Adduction is the opposite of radial abduction. The thumb metacarpal moves towards the center
of the palm. The thumb al the T-MC joint is limited to about 15º
Opposition is a composite motion of the entire thumb ray by placing its pulp paralle to that of the
rest of the fingers.
Measuring the thumb's opposition is very difficult, because it combines movement a the
trapeziometacarpal, metacarpophalalgeal and interphalangeal joints. It is the resul of different
degrees of palmar abduction, pronation (internal rotation), adduction an flexion at the three joint
levels.
One way to evaluate this composite motion is by the Total Opposition Test (TOT). It i divided into
10 stages, according to the place where the pulp of the thumb reaches th differents parts of the
fingers. Stages 7 to 10 do not measure true opposition, but rathe adduction of the T-MC joint, and
flexion of MID and IP joints.
The examiner should be aware that an apparent loss of thumb opposition to the smal finger can
also be secondary to a loss of opposition of the latter, from hypothena muscle weakness or C-MC
joint stiffness.
Top