Guia de implementación Porcino
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C O D EFABAR ( Financiado por la EU en el marco del VI programa R+D+T Prioridad 5 “Food Safety and Quality”. FOOD-CT-2003-506506) Guia para la puesta en práctica del Código de Buenas Prácticas en Organizaciones de Selección Animal. 2nd borrador Enero 2005 EJEMPLO EN GANADO PORCINO INTRODUCCIÓN En el ganado porcino, durante el siglo 20 se ha cambiado de la producción en pureza cruzamiento, esta práctica estimula el vigor híbrido y permite presiones de selección diferenciadas entre las líneas macho y hembra. Los ganaderos de selección se han centrado en características con una elevada heredabilidad como en el caso del crecimiento y la cantidad de carne. Mediante el uso de tecnologias informáticas, han dirigido sus intereses hacia caracteres com menor heredabilidad tales como el tamaño de camada y la vitalidad de los lechones. La genómica puede permitir a los ganaderos la selección para carácteres , que parecen fuera del alcance de los métodos tradicionales, tales como la resiténcia a enfermedades y la calidad de la carne. Caracterírsticas de selección y reproducción PARTE I S0STENIBLIDAD A. Calidad de producto Trait Objetivo de selección Calidad de Canal a) Mejora de la uniformidad de la a) Peso y contenido carne para conseguir un sabor y en carne magra apariencia deseables para el consumidor o en el caso de ciertas líneas identificar las características de calidad de carne própias de una linea o raza. b) Porcentaje de b) Mejora del magro de la canal magro de la canal hasta un nivel óptimo de acuerdo con el producto final. Calidad de Carne B. Genetic diversity Trait Genetic diversity Inbreeding Explanation a) La producción para un mercado dirigodo en relación a la uniformidad de la canal(incluyendo los cortes) se investiga y se tiene en cuenta en el programa de seleción. Respecto de ciertas razas para mercados concretos las empresas de selecció especifican unas características própias. b) Hay diferentes productos en los que el porcentaje óptimo de grasa está a diferentes niveles. Para diferentes productos, diferentes cruces y razas se utilizan con el fin de conseguir el nivel óptimo de magro. Mejora de la caliadad de la carne Se investigan los desos del consumidor respecto de su contenido en agua, en relación con la calidad Wishes of color, olor ,etc.. consumers about quality of meat are investigated and implemented in the breeding programme. Less drip loss,(uniform) meat colour and sufficient level of IMF for characteristic pork taste. Breeding goal Maintenance of genetic diversity Explanation A high genetic diversity is necessary to maintain sustainable breeding in future. If breeds or lines loose their commercial value, BC will take care of ‘in situ’ conservation through cryopreservation of semen and/or embryos Rate of inbreeding balanced with BC will activelty minimise the rate of rate of genetic change inbreeding per generation within purebred lines, making use of management factors like mating schemes C. Efficiency Trait Energy/protein Litter size Breeding goal Improvement of the efficiency of the used energy and protein per kg pork Increase of number of slaughter pigs per sow per year Explanation When pigs have an efficient use of energy and protein they will need less feed and produce less manure. BC will select for a balanced increased litter size, mothering ability of the sow, and health and vitality of the piglets D. Environment Trait Breeding goal Explanation Nitrogen / Reduce the nitrogen and The BC wants to reduce the emission per Phosphate emission phosphorus emission per kg of kg pork meat to protect the environment pork meat E. Welfare and health Welfare Trait Stress Congenital defects Leg problem Animal health Trait Disease resistance Longevity of sow Vital piglets Survival of pigs Leg quality Teat number Breeding goal Elimination of stress gene in maternal lines and where possible in sire lines Explanation Selection against sensibility of stress susceptibility as caused by the halothane gene. Stress susceptible animals will be kept in conditions that minimise the expression of their ability. Decrease of incidence of The BC will select against congenital congenital defects defects (like Atresia Ani, Cryptorchism, Splayleg, Hernmaphrodism and Hernia) and avoid the use of the affected animals for breeding purposes. Decrease of the percentage of leg The BC will select against leg weakness problems and lameness. Breeding goal Explanation Improvement of general disease Animals with a high disease resistance are resistance less frequently ill and need less vaccinations and use of antibiotics Improvement of longevity of sows Improved longevity of sows is related to a lifetime production with minimal health problems Improvement of the vitality of Piglets will have a higher chance to stay piglets alive and, with higher vitality, they are less susceptible to diseases. This will reduce the need for veterinary treatment and use of antibiotics Improvement of overall survival of The BC will improve vitality of the pigs pigs from birth to slaughter throughout its life. This will reduce the need for veterinarial treatment Improvement of leg quality Without leg problems, health and welfare will be improved Increase number of teats Piglets stay with their mother during lactation. An increase of the litter size per sow requires an increase in the number of teats. Maternal ability Improvement of mothering ability The best mothers will produce healthy and living piglets at weaning. Improvement robustness of pigs Robust of animals can cope with various towards a more adaptable pig to environmental conditions. Improved production condition changes, robustness will also increase the longevity especially phenotypic plasticity of the pigs Robustness PART II TECHNOLOGY A. Breeding Trait Explanation Transgenics BC currently does not make us of transgenic techniques Marker assisted BC may use genetic markers and genes directly. Genetic improvement selection especially for quality, welfare and health traits may be improved by using these techniques B. Reproduction Trait Artificial insemination Collection of semen and preparation Explanation Artificial insemination is used in general to reduce disease transmission Collection of semen from boars is done by trained personnel and with adequate equipment that ensures health and welfare of the boars. Good semen quality can only be achieved with healthy boars Freezing of semen Freezing of semen is done to enable safe transport over long distances and to ensure the health status of the semen. Frozen semen can be stored for gene banking or for long distance transportation. Oestrus induction Oestrus induction is used to synchronise groups of sow in cases where a balanced production is required. Embryo transfer Embryo transfer will be used to prevent disease transmission Embryo freezing Freezing of embryos is done to enable safe transport over long distances and to ensure the health status (= prevention of diseases to spread). Frozen embryos can be stored for gene banking or for long distance transportation. Embryos can be washed with antibiotic and with trypsine after which they are free from pathogens In vitro embryo BC will not make use of in vitro embryo production for commercial purpose production Semen sexing BC will use sexing of semen only where no harm or compromise of welfare is introduced as a result of the introduction of this technology Embryo sexing BC will use sexing of embryos only where no harm or compromise of welfare is introduced as a result of the introduction of this technology/causing the minimal inconvenience to the animal Cloning BC currently does not make use of cloning for commercial purposes.
