Interacción entre los espermatozoides y el tracto

Interacción entre los espermatozoides y el tracto reproductor de la hembra
93
INTERACCIÓN FUNCIONAL ENTRE LOS ESPERMATOZOIDES Y EL TRACTO REPRODUCTOR
DE LA HEMBRA
Gustavo A Palma
& Dora Miceli
Introducción
El espermatozoide cumple un rol biológico simple: alcanzar la singamia a través del transporte
del genoma a su gameta complementaria, su contraparte biológica de la fecundación, el ovocito.
Teniendo en cuenta los procesos que capacitan a la hembra para seleccionar y eliminar millones de
espermatozoides, después que fue servida múltiples veces e incluso por diferentes machos (Cuadro
1), el transporte de los espermatozoides es un fenómeno biológico que requiere de mecanismos
complejos.
El transporte espermático es el fenómeno de transporte y migración de los espermatozoides en
el tacto genital femenino. Cientos o miles de millones de espermatozoides son depositados en el
tracto genital de la hembra, durante la monta o la inseminación artificial según la especie. Los
espermatozoides deberán superar barreras anatómicas y fisiológicas en dirección a los ovocitos y
sufrirán cambios bioquímicos que los harán aptos para la fecundación. En su transporte, un par de
miles alcanzará los segmentos anatómicos anteriores (o superiores) y solo cientos el lugar de la
fecundación, en el momento adecuado. El tracto genital establece las condiciones apropiadas para el
transporte y preparación de ambas gametas, pero también para almacenar o eliminar los
espermatozoides. En el camino al lugar de la fecundación tienen lugar fascinantes fenómenos que
involucran señales entre el espermatozoide y el ambiente del tracto reproductivo, el rol de las distintas
regiones del tracto reproductor femenino en la migración de los espermatozoides, la implacable
selección de los mismos y la participación del sistema inmunocompetente en ella, las señales de
atracción (quimiotaxis y termotaxis), la capacitación y la hiperactivación, entre otros.
Cuadro 1. Tipo de transporte espermático y funciones según la especie de los segmentos del tracto
genital durante el transporte espermático
Segmento anatómico
Vagina
Cervix
Útero
Unión útero-tubárica
Istmo
Ampolla
Función
Transporte pasivo. Pasaje retrogrado y en dirección al cervix.
Eliminación. Fagocitosis
Transporte activo. Retención. Reservorio. Eliminación. Fagocitosis
Transporte pasivo. Separación del líquido seminal. Capacitación
Retención. Capacitación
Transporte activo. Eliminación. Reservorio. Disminución de la
motilidad. Capacitación
Transporte activo. Hipermotilidad. Fecundación
En este punto es importante considerar la vida útil de los espermatozoides, la que varía de
acuerdo a las especies. Hace ya bastante tiempo, en el año 1974, Bedford distribuyó los animales en
3 grupos de acuerdo a la relación entre la vida útil del espermatozoide y el ovocito:
1) Especies roedoras, de vida útil similar (12-15h)
2) Rumiante y el cerdo, la vida útil del espermatozoide (24-48h) es un poco más extensa que la
de los ovocitos (8-20h)
3) Conejo, visón y caballo, los espermatozoides tiene una vida útil considerablemente más larga
(30, 36h y 20h respectivamente) que los ovocitos (6-8h)
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Palma & Miceli
El conocimiento de las bases biológicas de la interacción entre el espermatozoide y el tracto
genital femenino permitirá comprender las derivaciones y consecuencias biotecnológicas del
transporte espermático al lugar de la fecundación, cómo inciden los tratamientos hormonales o el
sexado del semen sobre la fecundación. El conocer mejor los mecanismos permitirá, por ejemplo,
orientar el desarrollo biotecnológico para lograr emplear solamente las poblaciones de células
espermáticas más competentes, reducir su concentración entre 500 y 5000 veces, alcanzando tasas
de preñez superior a 60% y, diseñar nuevos métodos para mejorar la eficiencia de la reproducción.
La paradoja del proceso reproductor
Porqué miles de millones de espermatozoides si solo se necesita uno? La selección de los
espermatozoides basa su existencia y su éxito en la heterogeneidad de la población celular. La
eliminación selectiva de las células espermáticas con anomalías de la cabeza, del acrosoma o el
flagelo fueron ampliamente difundidas, pero el actual concepto de selección no se limita a las
anomalías o la inmovilidad, sino que funda su acción en el control del éxito o fracaso de cada uno de
los procesos bioquímicos, biofísicos y metabólicos necesarios para que los espermatozoides
alcancen la fecundación. Además de la motilidad, los patrones de movimiento flagelar, la velocidad
diferencial (activación e hiperactivación), el equilibrio osmótico, la capacitación, la integridad de los
receptores termo- y quimiotácticos, de los péptidos de membrana, como de los canales de Ca2+ y de
la función de la PKA, provocan que se forme una reducida y altamente selecta población de
espermatozoides capaces de fecundar. El resultado de esta gradual e implacable reducción conduce
a la razonable conclusión de que la mayoría de los espermatozoides no están en condiciones de
lograr los cambios necesarios y que la población apta puede tener una importancia colectiva en el
momento de la fecundación, (Holt y Van Lock, 2004).
Ello explica porqué la relación entre los estudios de morfología y motilidad, antes de la
congelación o después de la descongelación, con las tasas de gestación son controvertidas. De la
misma forma, explica porqué, salvo en la especie bovina, la criopreservación y actualmente el sexado
de espermatozoides por medio de citometría de flujo, afectan significativamente la integridad celular
(Palma y col., 2006) y disminuyen consecuentemente las tasas de gestación en la mayoría de la
especies. Por esa razón, se crea la necesidad de eludir barreras anatómicas a través de la
inseminación intrauterina o uterotubárica (Holt y col., 2006), para reducir el tiempo de transporte,
sortear las células inmunitarias, ofrecer condiciones oviductales benignas y mejorar las tasas de
gestación, pero como eso es solo un paso en el complejo derrotero de la selección de los
espermatozoides durante el transporte y migración (Lyons y col., 2005), las tasas de gestación solo
alcanzarán a las óptimas cuando se obtengan pequeñas poblaciones pero más adecuadas para
sobrevivir a los cambios necesarios para una fecundación exitosa.
Interacción entre los espermatozoides y el tracto reproductor de la hembra
95
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