Los desastres de origen natural: un enfoque psicosocial

/RVGHVDVWUHVGHRULJHQQDWXUDOXQHQIRTXHSVLFRVRFLDO
/RVGHVDVWUHVGHRULJHQ
QDWXUDOXQHQIRTXH
SVLFRVRFLDO
Mauricio Gaborit*
5HVXPHQ
(VWH DUWtFXOR H[SRQH HO HQIRTXH SVLFRVRFLDO
GHORVGHVDVWUHVGHRULJHQQDWXUDOWDQWRFRPR
PDUFRSDUDHQWHQGHUHOIHQyPHQR\HOLPSDFWR
TXHSURGXFHHQODYLGDGHODVSHUVRQDV\ORV
FROHFWLYRV FRPR SDUD OD LQWHUYHQFLyQ PiV
DGHFXDGD SDUD DWHQGHU ODV GLVWLQWDV IDVHV GHO
GHVDVWUH(VWHHQIRTXH DOPLVPRWLHPSR TXH
VXEUD\DODVYXOQHUDELOLGDGHVVHDQpVWDVGHtQ
GROHItVLFDFRPRVRFLDOUHFDOFDLJXDOPHQWHOD
UHVLOLHQFLDTXHSRVHHQODVSHUVRQDV\ODVFRPX
QLGDGHVFXDQGRVHHQIUHQWDQDVLWXDFLRQHVGH
HPHUJHQFLD'HVGHHVWHPDUFRODVFRQVHFXHQ
FLDV GH ORV GHVDVWUHV GLULJHQ QXHVWUD DWHQFLyQ
DODVFRQGLFLRQHVVRFLDOHVFXOWXUDOHV\SROtWLFDV
TXH KDFHQ TXH XQ GHWHUPLQDGR IHQyPHQR
QDWXUDOWHQJDHIHFWRVGLVWLQWRVHQORVSDtVHVGH
EDMR GHVDUUROOR FXDQGR ORV FRPSDUDPRV FRQ
ORVSDtVHVGHPD\RUGHVDUUROOR
Palabras clave:
desarrollo humano, desastres,
empoderamiento, estrés postraumático,
fenómenos naturales, organización
social, población afectada, psicología
social, resiliencia, riesgo, salud pública,
vulnerabilidad.
*
Jefe del Departamento de Psicología y director de la Maestría en Psicología Comunitaria, UCA. Correo electrónico: [email protected].
HFD
(VWXGLRV&HQWURDPHULFDQRV
Volumen 64 Número 720
/RVGHVDVWUHVGHRULJHQQDWXUDOXQHQIRTXHSVLFRVRFLDO
/RVGHVDVWUHVFRQFHSWR\
GLPHQVLRQHV
$ERUGDU ORV GHVDVWUHV WLHQH XQD ODUJD
WUDGLFLyQ HQ OD KLVWRULD GH OD SVLFRORJtD \ HQ
SDUWLFXODU HQ OD GH OD SVLFRORJtD VRFLDO SRU HO
VXIULPLHQWR KXPDQR TXH KD\ TXH DWHQGHU OD
GLVUXSFLyQ VRFLDO DEUXSWD TXH FDXVDQ \ ODV
WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV VRFLDOHV TXH SURGXFHQ (V
SRURWURODGRXQDGHODViUHDVTXHSUHFLVDXQ
HQWHQGLPLHQWRHLQWHUYHQFLyQPXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU
/DV ~OWLPDV GpFDGDV KDQ YLVWR XQ FDPELR
LPSRUWDQWH HQ HO VLJQLILFDGR \ OD FRQFHSFLyQ
PLVPD GH ORV GHVDVWUHV +D\ GLVWLQWDV SHUV
SHFWLYDVSHURWRGDVFRLQFLGHQHQODH[LVWHQFLD
GH XQ DJHQWH H[WHUQR H[FHSFLRQDO TXH FDXVD
JUDQGHVGDxRVPDWHULDOHV\TXHFRQIUHFXHQFLD
YDQDFRPSDxDGRVGHPXHUWHVOHVLRQHVItVLFDV
\ VXIULPLHQWR KXPDQR (Q OR TXH DOJXQRV
GLILHUHQ HV HQ HO VLJQLILFDGR TXH DGVFULEHQ DO
HYHQWRH[WUHPRGHODQDWXUDOH]D\HOSDSHOTXH
OHDWULEX\HQHQHOGHVDVWUH
([LVWHQ GHVDVWUHV GH GLVWLQWD tQGROH X RUL
JHQ TXH VXHOHQ GLYLGLUVH HQ GRV FDWHJRUtDV
SULQFLSDOHV (0'$7 DTXHOORV TXH
WLHQHQXQRULJHQQDWXUDOKLGURPHWHRUROyJLFRV
LQXQGDFLRQHVKXUDFDQHVWRUPHQWDVVHTXtDV
TXH FDXVDQ VHYHURV GDxRV HQ OD YLYLHQGD
OD LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD FLYLO \ ]RQDV DJUtFRODV \
JHRItVLFRV WHUUHPRWRV WVXQDPLV \ HUXSFLR
QHV YROFiQLFDV \ ORV GHVDVWUHV WHFQROyJLFRV
&RQYLHQH GHVGH HO LQLFLR VHxDODU TXH FRQ
IUHFXHQFLD HO HYHQWR H[WUHPR FRPR WDO QR HV
XQ HYHQWR ~QLFR \ DLVODGR VLQR TXH SXHGH
FUHDU XQ ´HIHFWR GRPLQyµ (Q RWUDV SDODEUDV
H[LVWH XQD VLQHUJLD WDO TXH XQ HYHQWR SXHGH
GHVHQFDGHQDU RWUR FUHDQGR DPHQD]DV FRP
SOHMDV /DYHOO 8QD LQXQGDFLyQ SRU
HMHPSORSXHGHFDXVDUGHVOL]DPLHQWRV\pVWRV
GHVWUXFFLyQPDVLYDGHYLYLHQGDV8QWHUUHPRWR
SXHGH GHVWUXLU UHSUHVDV \ OD GHVWUXFFLyQ GH
pVWDV FDXVDU LQXQGDFLRQHV GHUUXPEHV HWF
$TXt QRV UHIHULUHPRV SULQFLSDOPHQWH D ORV
GHVDVWUHV TXH WLHQHQ XQ RULJHQ QDWXUDO \ TXH
DIHFWDQ D FRPXQLGDGHV DXQTXH DOJXQDV GH
ODV REVHUYDFLRQHV VH DSOLTXHQ SHUIHFWDPHQWH
D ORV GHVDVWUHV WHFQROyJLFRV SURGXFWR GH OD
DFWLYLGDG KXPDQD H[SORVLRQHV GHUUDPHV GH
PDWHULDOWy[LFRFRQWDPLQDFLyQGHODLUHWLHUUD
\DJXDSRUDFWLYLGDGLQGXVWULDOHWF
(O LPSDFWR GH ORV GHVDVWUHV GH RULJHQ QD
WXUDO VXHOH VHU GLVWLQWR HQ ORV SDtVHV GH EDMR
GHVDUUROORKXPDQRFRPSDUDGRFRQORVGHDOWR
GHVDUUROOR KXPDQR OR TXH \D HV XQ LQGLFLR
GHTXHORVGHVDVWUHVQRGHEHQVHUFRQFHELGRV
FRPRQDWXUDOHV\VHDQPiVELHQXQSUREOHPD
GHGHVDUUROORFRQFRQVHFXHQFLDVYLVLEOHVHQHO
WHMLGRVRFLDOGHOOXJDUGRQGHRFXUUHQ\FRQXQ
LPSDFWR HFRQyPLFR GLIHUHQFLDGR $QGHUVRQ
0iVD~QDOJXQRV2OLYHU6PLWK
ORKDQDERUGDGRGHQWURGHOFRQWH[WRGHPLJUD
FLRQHVIRU]DGDV\SRUHQGHORFRQFLEHQHVHQ
FLDOPHQWHFRPRXQSUREOHPDGHGHVDUUROOR/D
YHOOREVHUYDTXHODPDJQLWXGGHO
GHVDVWUHQRHVWiGHWHUPLQDGDSRUODVSpUGLGDV
HFRQyPLFDV HQ WpUPLQRV DEVROXWRV VLQR PiV
ELHQSRUHOQLYHOGHGHVDUUROORGHODVRFLHGDG
TXHH[SHULPHQWDHOHYHQWR$VtSRUHMHPSORHO
KXUDFiQ0LWFKKDVLGRSHUFLELGRFRPRXQGH
VDVWUHPD\RUTXHHOWHUUHPRWRHQ.REHDSHVDU
GH TXH ODV SpUGLGDV PDWHULDOHV GHO VHJXQGR
IXHURQGHPLOPLOORQHVHVGHFLUYHFHV
PiVTXHODVDVRFLDGDVDOSULPHUR3DUD-DSyQ
HVR UHSUHVHQWy DOUHGHGRU GHO GH VX 31%
SHUR SDUD 1LFDUDJXD UHSUHVHQWy XQ GHO
31% /DV SpUGLGDV VRQ JUDQGHV QR SRUTXH HO
GHVDVWUHRHOHYHQWRORVHDVLQRSRUTXHHOSDtV
GRQGHVHGDWLHQHXQEDMRGHVDUUROORKXPDQR
H LPSDFWD D pVWH GH PDQHUD PiV SURIXQGD
(O WHUUHPRWR GH /RPD 3ULHWD HQ HQ HO
QRUWHGH&DOLIRUQLDFRQXQDPDJQLWXGGH
JUDGRVFDXVyPXHUWRV\OHVLRQDGRV
PLHQWUDV TXH HO WHUUHPRWR HQ $UPHQLD HQ
GLFLHPEUHGHFRQXQDPDJQLWXGGH
FDXVy PXHUWRV \ GHVSOD]DGRV
&REXUQ \ 6SHQFH &HQWHU IRU 'LVHDVH
&RQWURO /D FRQWULEXFLyQ HFRQyPLFD
1. Por ejemplo, lluvias monsónicas durante los meses de julio y agosto de 2007 en el norte de la India, Bangladés y Nepal causaron más de 1,400 muertes y el desplazamiento de más de 28 millones de personas,
destruyeron unas 130,000 viviendas y dañaron seriamente más de 12,500 kilómetros cuadrados de zonas
agrícolas.
Volumen 64 Número 720
(VWXGLRV&HQWURDPHULFDQRV
HFD
/RVGHVDVWUHVGHRULJHQQDWXUDOXQHQIRTXHSVLFRVRFLDO
GHODFRPXQLGDGLQWHUQDFLRQDOGHVSXpVGHXQ
GHVDVWUH KD YDULDGR PXFKR D OR ODUJR GH ODV
~OWLPDVGpFDGDV/D7DEODLGHQWLILFDORVGLH]
SDtVHVTXHKDQUHFLELGRPiVD\XGDHFRQyPLFD
GHVSXpV GH XQ GHVDVWUH FRORFDQGR HQ FDVL
86PLOORQHVODUHFLELGDSRU&HQWURDPpULFD
GHVSXpVGHOKXUDFiQ0LWFKHQ
7DEOD
/RVGLH]PD\RUHVUHFHSWRUHVGHD\XGD
KXPDQLWDULDSRVWGHVDVWUHV
3DtV
&HQWURDPpULFD
,QGLD
%DQJODGpV
&KLQD
(JLSWR
0R]DPELTXH
7XUTXtD
$IJDQLVWiQ
0RQWVHUUDW
(O6DOYDGRU
$\XGDKXPDQLWDULD
86
)XHQWH&HQWURGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQVREUH(SLGHPLRORJtDGH
ORV'HVDVWUHV&5('SRUVXVVLJODVHQLQJOpV8QLYHUVL
GDGGH/RYDLQD
8QD VHJXQGD REVHUYDFLyQ HV LPSRUWDQWH
KDFHU DO LQLFLR ORV GHVDVWUHV QR VRQ HYHQWRV
VLQR SURFHVRV TXH LQLFLDQ PXFKR DQWHV GHO
HYHQWR(VGHFLUSDUDHQWHQGHUHOLPSDFWRGHO
GHVDVWUHHQODYLGDGHODVSHUVRQDVORVGDxRV
\ ODV PXHUWHV TXH SURGXFHQ KD\ TXH WRPDU
HQ FXHQWD OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ VRFLDO GH OD FRPX
QLGDG ODV SROtWLFDV GH SUHYHQFLyQ PLWLJDFLyQ
\HPHUJHQFLDVORFDOHV\QDFLRQDOHVTXHVHKDQ
LPSOHPHQWDGR R GHMDGR GH LPSOHPHQWDU ORV
QLYHOHVGHSREUH]DORVQLYHOHVGHGHVHPSOHR
OD YLROHQFLD \ RWUDV YDULDEOHV TXH WLHQHQ TXH
YHUFRQODYXOQHUDELOLGDGVRFLDOGHODFRPXQL
GDG /DYHOO (Q UHVXPHQ HV SDUWH GH
XQSURFHVRHQHOTXHHOIHQyPHQRQDWXUDOLQ
WHUDFW~DFRQXQDVFRQGLFLRQHVVRFLDOHVDQWHULR
UHV/DYXOQHUDELOLGDGVRFLDOGHODFRPXQLGDG
RGHOSDtVGRQGHRFXUUHHOULHVJRHVODTXHQRV
GDUiODFODYHSDUDHQWHQGHUQRVyORHOLPSDFWR
HQODYLGDGHODVSHUVRQDV\ODVFRPXQLGDGHV
VLQR WDPELpQ TXp WLSR GH LQWHUYHQFLyQ HV OD
HFD
(VWXGLRV&HQWURDPHULFDQRV
PiVFXOWXUDOPHQWHDSURSLDGD\RSRUWXQD+D
TXH \ (WNLQ /RV GHVDVWUHV SXHV VRQ
SURFHVRVTXHVHGHVDUUROODQHQHOLQWHUFDPELR
GHODDFWLYLGDGKXPDQDFRQHOPHGLRDPELHQWH
'H DOOt TXH VH YHDQ FRPR HO UHVXOWDGR GH OD
VLJXLHQWHIRUPXODFLyQ:LOFKHV&KDX[
GHVDVWUH ULHVJRðYXOQHUDELOLGDG
+DVWD KDFH PX\ UHFLHQWHPHQWH HO SDUD
GLJPD GRPLQDQWH HUD DTXHO TXH FRQVLGHUD DO
GHVDVWUHFRPRXQHYHQWR\DQWHHOFXDOFRPR
YHUHPRV PiV DGHODQWH VH SRVLFLRQD RWUR SD
UDGLJPD GRQGH OD VRFLHGDG PLVPD MXHJD XQ
SDSHO PXFKR PiV FHQWUDO H LPSRUWDQWH %ODL
NLH&DQQRQ'DYLV\:LVQHU.RXVN\\
=HFNKDXVHU0DVNUH\(OHQWHQGHU
ORV GHVDVWUHV FRPR SURFHVRV \ HO VLWXDUORV HQ
FRQWH[WRV VRFLDOHV GHWHUPLQDGRV QRV DOHUWD
DOKHFKRGHTXHVXVFRQVHFXHQFLDVQRVRQQL
LQHYLWDEOHVQLLPSUHGHFLEOHVQLLQFRQWURODEOHV
1RVREOLJDDWHQHUXQDYLVLyQPXFKRPiVLQWH
JUDO\HQSDODEUDVGH/DYHOOVRQ´SUR
EOHPDV QR UHVXHOWRV GH GHVDUUROORµ YHU WDP
ELpQg]HUGHP/RVULHVJRVUHSUHVHQWDQ
DPHQD]DVWDOFRPRXQIHQyPHQRQDWXUDOTXH
HV FRQVHFXHQFLD \ SURGXFH FDPELRV VLJQLIL
FDWLYRVHQODUHODFLyQVRFLHGDGDPELHQWH/DV
FDXVDVItVLFDVVRQGHWRQDQWHVQRODYHUGDGHUD
FDXVDGHOGHVDVWUH/DYHOO\)UDQFR/D
YXOQHUDELOLGDG KDFH UHIHUHQFLD D OD LQFDSDFL
GDG GH OD FRPXQLGDG R JUXSR GH SHUVRQDV
SDUD KDFHUOH IUHQWH PHGLDQWH XQ DXWRDMXVWH
DORVFDPELRVSURGXFLGRV(VWDYXOQHUDELOLGDG
SXHGHHVWDUFRQVWLWXLGDSRUODPDUJLQDOLGDG\
OD SREUH]D SRU OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ XUEDQD SRU
ODIDOWDGHSODQHV\REUDVGHPLWLJDFLyQ\SRU
SURFHVRV VRFLRHFRQyPLFRV \ SROtWLFRV TXH OD
GHILQHQ FRPR VRFLDO 9HUD &RUWpV VH
J~QVHKDDSXQWDGR
7DQWR :LVQHU %ODLNLH &DQQRQ \ 'DYLV
FRPR/DYHOOLGHQWLILFDQFLQFRWL
SRVGHYXOQHUDELOLGDGHVTXHLQWHUDFWXDQGRHQ
XQ JUXSR R SREODFLyQ GHWHUPLQDGD GDQ XQD
PHMRULGHDGHOGHVDVWUH(QSULPHUOXJDUHVWiQ
ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GH ELHQHVWDU H[LVWHQWHV HV
GHFLUWRGRDTXHOORTXHSURYHHDODVSHUVRQDV
\ FRPXQLGDGHV DGHFXDGRV QLYHOHV GH VDOXG
ItVLFD\PHQWDO\XQVHQWLGRGHLGHQWLGDG(Q
VHJXQGROXJDUHVWiHOQLYHOGHUHVLOLHQFLDWDQWR
Volumen 64 Número 720
/RVGHVDVWUHVGHRULJHQQDWXUDOXQHQIRTXHSVLFRVRFLDO
GHODEDVHHFRQyPLFDFRPRGHODVUHODFLRQHV
TXHWLHQHQODVFROHFWLYLGDGHV(QWHUFHUOXJDU
HVWiQ ORV QLYHOHV GH DXWRSURWHFFLyQ TXH OD
SREODFLyQSRVHH\DVHDDQLYHOORFDOUHJLRQDO
R QDFLRQDO (Q FXDUWR OXJDU HQFRQWUDPRV ORV
QLYHOHVGHSURWHFFLyQVRFLDOH[LVWHQWHVHVGHFLU
ORV SURJUDPDV H LQVWLWXFLRQHV TXH WLHQHQ ORV
*RELHUQRV\RWUDVLQVWDQFLDVSDUDDVHJXUDUHO
ELHQHVWDUItVLFR\PDWHULDOGHODSREODFLyQLQ
FOX\HQGRWRGRVDTXHOORVSURJUDPDVGHJHVWLyQ
GHOULHVJR\UHFRQVWUXFFLyQ3RU~OWLPRHVWiOD
FDUDFWHUtVWLFD GH OD VRFLHGDG FLYLO TXH UHYHOD
JUXSRVQRSURWHJLGRVSURFHVRVSROtWLFRVLQFOX
\HQGR OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ FLXGDGDQD HQ OD WRPD
GH GHFLVLRQHV \ WRGDV DTXHOODV OLEHUWDGHV GH
TXHJR]DQODVSHUVRQDVHQGHWHUPLQDGDVRFLH
GDG(QVXFRQMXQWRHVWRVFLQFRFRPSRQHQWHV
GHYXOQHUDELOLGDGVHFHQWUDQHQODVSHUVRQDV
HQVXFDSDFLGDGGHVXEVLVWHQFLD\UHVLVWHQFLD
HQVXVPHGLRVGHYLGDHQORVRFLDO
(VWD FRQFHSFLyQ WLHQH GRV LPSOLFDFLRQHV
LPSRUWDQWHV TXH QR VLHPSUH VH VHxDODQ DO
DERUGDU OD SUREOHPiWLFD GH ORV GHVDVWUHV /D
SULPHUD HV TXH ORV FROHFWLYRV WDPELpQ WLHQHQ
FLHUWD FDSDFLGDG GH VHU UHVLOLHQWHV FDSDFLGDG
PHGLDQWHODFXDOSXHGHQDIURQWDUULHVJRVFRQ
FLHUWRJUDGRGHIOH[LELOLGDGTXHKDQGHPRVWUD
GRDSUHQGHUGHH[SHULHQFLDVSDVDGDVFRQULHV
JRV VLPLODUHV R GLVWLQWRV \ GHULYDGR IRUWDOH]DV
TXHOHVSXHGHQD\XGDUDDIURQWDUODVLWXDFLyQ
HQ OD TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ 3pUH]6DOHV HW iO
/DUHVLOLHQFLDLPSOLFDHQWUHRWUDVFRVDV
ODFDSDFLGDGGHUHFRQRFHUORVULHVJRVHQIUHQ
WDUORV\WUDQVIRUPDUODVLWXDFLyQVRFLDOFDXVDGD
SRUORVPLVPRV\SRUHOGHVDVWUH/RVPLVPRV
*RELHUQRVDXQTXHWDUGtDPHQWHSXHGHQJHQH
UDUQXHYDVSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVFUHDURFDPELDU
LQVWLWXFLRQHVGHGLFDGDVDODJHVWLyQGHOULHVJR
HWF5HLFKQRWDTXHODUHVLOLHQFLDHQORV
GHVDVWUHV HYLGHQFLD WUHV FRPSRQHQWHV LPSRU
WDQWHV FRQWURO FRKHUHQFLD \ FRQHFWLYLGDG (O
FRQWUROVHUHILHUHDODVFUHHQFLDVTXHWLHQHQODV
SHUVRQDV\ORVFROHFWLYRVVREUHORTXHSXHGHQ
Volumen 64 Número 720
KDFHUFXDQGRRFXUUHXQGHVDVWUHFRQORVUHFXU
VRVTXHWLHQHQGLVSRQLEOHV$TXHOODVSHUVRQDV
\FRPXQLGDGHVTXHPXHVWUDQXQDOWRVHQWLGR
GH FRQWURO H[KLEHQ XQ UHQGLPLHQWR FRJQLWLYR
\ HPRFLRQDO PHMRU \ PXHVWUDQ PHQRV UHDFWL
YLGDG SVLFROyJLFD DO HVWUpV 5REELQV /DFRKHUHQFLDWLHQHUHODFLyQFRQODFDSDFLGDG
GHODVSHUVRQDVGHLQWHJUDUORTXHKDFHQROR
TXHOHVVXFHGHGHWDOPDQHUDTXHDXQHQODV
SHRUHVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVODVFRVDVWLHQHQVHQWLGR
\VHSXHGHHQFRQWUDUGLUHFFLyQ3RU~OWLPROD
FRQHFWLYLGDG WLHQH UHODFLyQ FRQ HO VHQWLGR GH
VROLGDULGDGGHPDQWHQHUUHODFLRQHVHPSiWLFDV
FRQORVRWURVDXQTXHHVWRVVHDQH[WUDxRVFRQ
PDQWHQHUOD]RVHVWDEOHV\FRQSURSLFLDUFDSLWDO
VRFLDO$OOHQE\\)LQN
/D RWUD LPSOLFDFLyQ TXH HV GH FDSLWDO LP
SRUWDQFLD HV TXH ORV GHVDVWUHV VRQ DFRQWHFL
PLHQWRV SROtWLFRV /ySH],ERU \ FRPR
FRQVHFXHQFLD SXHGHQ VHU RFDVLRQHV SDUD OD
LPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHQXHYDV\PHMRUHVIRUPDVGH
JHVWLyQGHOULHVJRGHVHQPDVFDUDULQFDSDFLGDGHV
\FRUUXSFLRQHVTXHGHPDQGDUiQFDPELRVSR
WHQFLDUODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHVHFWRUHVXVXDOPHQWH
PDUJLQDGRVHQODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHV\EULQGDU
RSRUWXQLGDGHV SDUD XQD UHLQWHJUDFLyQ VRFLDO
VREUH WRGR FXDQGR VH LQLFLD OD HWDSD GH UH
FRQVWUXFFLyQ&DPELRVSROtWLFRVGUDPiWLFRVHQ
OD~OWLPDGpFDGDVHKDQDWULEXLGRHQSDUWHDO
PDOPDQHMRGHODVHTXtDHQ(WLRStD0DXULWDQLD
\HO&KDG7LHUQH\DWULEX\HODSpUGLGD
GH SRGHU SROtWLFR GHO 35, SDUWLGR GRPLQDQWH
SRUGpFDGDVHQ0p[LFRHQSDUWHDODLQHSWLWXG
GH OD UHVSXHVWD GHO *RELHUQR DO WHUUHPRWR GH
2OVRQ SRU VX ODGR YLQFXOD OD
HYHQWXDO FDtGD GH 6RPR]D HQ 1LFDUDJXD D OD
FRUUXSFLyQ GH VX *RELHUQR HQ HO PDQHMR GH
OD D\XGD LQWHUQDFLRQDO TXH OOHJy GHVSXpV GHO
WHUUHPRWR GH (Q OD SURYLQFLD GH $FHK
,QGRQHVLDGHPDQGDVVHSDUDWLVWDVGHVDSDUHFHQ
RFKRPHVHVGHVSXpVGHOWVXQDPLGH/H
%LOORQ\:DL]HQHJJHU/D)LJXUDWUDWD
GHUHSUHVHQWDUORDQWHULRUPHQWHH[SXHVWR
(VWXGLRV&HQWURDPHULFDQRV
HFD
/RVGHVDVWUHVGHRULJHQQDWXUDOXQHQIRTXHSVLFRVRFLDO
)LJXUD
9XOQHUDELOLGDG\UHVLOLHQFLDHQORVGHVDVWUHV%DVDGRHQ7XUQHUHWiO
9XOQHUDELOLGDG\UHVLOLHQFLD
5LHVJR
&RPSRQHQWHV
‡,QGLYLGXRV
‡&RPXQLGDGHV
‡)DXQDIORUD
‡5HJLRQHV
‡&XOWLYRV
‡,QIUDHVWUXFWXUD
‡9LYLHQGDV
&DUDFWHUtVWLFDV
‡)UHFXHQFLD
‡0DJQLWXG
‡'XUDFLyQ
‡&RPSOHMRV
&RQGLFLRQHVKXPDQDV
‡&DSLWDOVRFLDO
‡,QVWLWXFLRQHV
‡(VWUXFWXUDV
HFRQyPLFDV
‡3REODFLyQ
‡,QVWLWXFLRQHV
&RQGLFLRQHV
DPELHQWDOHV
‡7HUUHQR
‡$JXD
‡&OLPD
‡*HRJUDItD
‡(FRVLVWHPDV
&RPRVHSXHGHDSUHFLDUHQOD)LJXUDHO
ULHVJR WLHQH FRPSRQHQWHV TXH DIHFWDQ WDQWR
OD YLGD GH ODV SHUVRQDV FRPR OD GH OD IORUD
\ OD IDXQD TXH DVHJXUDQ OD ELRGLYHUVLGDG GHO
SODQHWD /RV ULHVJRV DIHFWDQ ORV FXOWLYRV VLQ
ORV FXDOHV OD SREODFLyQ DIHFWDGD SXHGH H[SH
ULPHQWDU KDPEUXQDV ODUJDV \ UHFXUUHQWHV FRQ
HOFRQVDELGRLPSDFWRQHJDWLYRVREUHODQLxH]
7DQWR HQ LQXQGDFLRQHV WHUUHPRWRV WVXQDPLV
FRPRKXUDFDQHV\WHPSHVWDGHVODVYLYLHQGDV
HVWiQ HQ HVSHFLDO ULHVJR VREUH WRGR SDUD ODV
SREODFLRQHV PDUJLQDOHV R HPSREUHFLGDV TXH
FXHQWDQFRQYLYLHQGDVSUHFDULDV/DVFDUUHWHUDV
\ODUHGYLDOFRUUHULHVJR\VXHIHFWRLQPHGLDWR
VXHOH VHQWLUVH HQ OD LPSRVLELOLGDG GH SRGHU
KDFHU OOHJDU OD D\XGD KXPDQLWDULD LQPHGLD
WDPHQWH GHVSXpV GHO GHVDVWUH D QR VHU TXH
ODV FRPXQLGDGHV PLVPDV WHQJDQ XQ VLVWHPD
DXWyQRPR GH SURYLVLyQ GH OR PiV HVHQFLDO
/DV VXVFHSWLELOLGDGHV LQFOX\HQ WDQWR DTXHOODV
HFD
(VWXGLRV&HQWURDPHULFDQRV
,PSDFWR
‡0XHUWHV
‡'DPQLILFDGRV
‡'DxRVItVLFRV
‡(FRQRPtD
‡3VLFROyJLFR
5HVSXHVWD
‡3URJUDPDV
‡H[LVWHQWHV
‡3ROtWLFDVS~EOLFDV
‡5HVSXHVWDV
‡DXWyQRPDV
‡5HVSXHVWD
‡GHHPHUJHQFLD
$GDSWDFLyQ
‡1XHYRVSURJUDPDV
‡1XHYDVSROtWLFDV
‡&DPELRVRFLDO
‡&DPELRSROtWLFR
UHODWLYDVDODVFRQGLFLRQHVKXPDQDVHVGHFLU
HOFDSLWDOVRFLDOFRQTXHFXHQWDXQGHWHUPLQD
GRJUXSRKXPDQRFRPRODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVTXH
H[LVWHQSDUDODJHVWLyQGHOULHVJR\ODDWHQFLyQ
HQ OD HPHUJHQFLD FRPR ODV VXVFHSWLELOLGDGHV
DPELHQWDOHV HO WLSR GH WHUUHQR OD HURVLyQ
HO FOLPD \ HQ JHQHUDO OD JHRJUDItD TXH KDUi
TXH XQ HYHQWR QDWXUDO H[WHUQR WRPH XQD
IRUPD X RWUD 7DPELpQ LGHQWLILFD HO FRQFHSWR
GH UHVLOLHQFLD HV GHFLU OD FDSDFLGDG GH ORV
JUXSRVKXPDQRVGHDSUHQGHUGHFDODPLGDGHV
SDVDGDV %RQDQQR \ GH FRQWDU FRQ
HVWUXFWXUDV RUJDQL]DFLRQDOHV H LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV
SDUDKDFHUOHIUHQWHDORVUHWRVRUGLQDULRV\H[
WUDRUGLQDULRVGHODYLGD,JXDOPHQWHVHxDODHO
FRPSRQHQWHSROtWLFRHQWRGRVORVDVSHFWRVGH
ORVGHVDVWUHVJHVWLyQGHULHVJRTXHVHKDFHR
GHMDGHKDFHUVHSRUUD]RQHVGHtQGROHSROtWLFD
DWHQFLyQ R GHVDWHQFLyQ SRU OD SHUWHQHQFLD D
JUXSRVpWQLFRVFRQSRGHUSROtWLFRGLIHUHQFLDGR
Volumen 64 Número 720