Guia Para La Remineralizacion De Aguas Desaladas

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AGRADECIMIENTO
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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PREFACIO
PREFACE
LA REMINERALIZACIÓN, GARANTÍA DE
CALIDAD DEL AGUA DESALADA
Remineralisation, quality assurance for
desalinated water
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ÍNDICE
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/"#0121+3%24&3.+1&#5%#-1&#16'1&#5%&1-151&#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7
8"#02.3%2.,&#9121#-1#%:1-'1+.;)#5%#-1&#16'1&#5%&1-151&#*#2%(.)%21-.<151&#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8/
="#>.:%-%&#;93.(,&#5%#-1#2%(.)%21-.<1+.;)#
Niveles adecuados de remineralización """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""==
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# 1#9123.2#5%#-,&#513,&#5%#0E#*#9F#1)3%&#*#5%&9'G&#5%#-1#2%(.)%21-.<1+.;)#"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""?H
H"#IG+).+1&#9121#-1#2%(.)%21-.<1+.;)#5%#-1&#16'1&#5%&1-151&#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""H=
J"#K2,+%5.(.%)3,#5%#3,(1#5%#('%&321&L#+,)&%2:1+.;)#*#1)@-.&.&#5%#16'1&#5%&1-151&#*#2%(.)%21-.<151&#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""J7
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INDEX
!"#$%&&'()#'*+#,-*,.%/0-*/#"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1
2"#34'(',56(0/50,/#-7#+6/'.0*'56+#8'56(/#"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""2!
1"#3(056(0'#7-(#546#'//6//&6*5#-7#+6/'.0*'56+#'*+#(6&0*6('.0/6+#8'56(/#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""11
9"#:;50&%&#.6<6./#-7#(6&0*6('.0/'50-*#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""9=
="#>*+0(6,5#,'.,%.'50-*#-7#546#?$>#'*+#$@A#-7#(6&0*6('.0/6+#8'56(
# 7(-&#+'5'#-*#B3#'*+#CD#;(0-(#5-#'*+#7-..-80*E#(6&0*6('.0/'50-*#"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""=F
G"#H6,4*0I%6/#7-(#546#(6&0*6('.0/'50-*#-7#+6/'.0*'56+#8'56(/#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""G=
F"#C(-,6+%(6#7-(#546#/'&;.0*EJ#,-*/6(<'50-*#'*+#'*'.)/0/#-7#+6/'.0*'56+#'*+#(6&0*6('.0/6+#8'56(/#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""K!
K"#L0M6/#-7#(6&0*6('.0/6+#'*+#+6/.0*'56+#8'56(/#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""K=
$CH$@"X>["\$]$PZ\PW>XYZ\"X
RESUMEN Y CONCLUSIONES
OBJETIVOS DE LA GUÍA
"#$%&'()*+%$,(-(./#$0($(1)/$234/$(1$*#31)./.5$6/.)*(-0%$6.*-7*8
6/#9(-)($0($0/)%1$0($7/96%5$#%1$7.*)(.*%1$:3($0(&(-$3)*#*;/.1($
6/./$(+/#3/.$7%..(7)/9(-)($#/$7/#*0/0$0($#/1$/,3/1$0(1/#/0/1$<$
.(9*-(./#*;/0/15$<$=/7*#*)/.$/14$(#$7396#*9*(-)%$0($#/$-%.9/)*8
+/$6/./$/,3/1$0($/&/1)(7*9*(-)%$0($#/$>"$?@A$!BCDECCFGH$
"-$7%-7.()%5$#%1$%&'()*+%1$(16(74!$7%1$0($#/$234/$1%-I$
J$"1)/&#(7(.$#%1$7.*)(.*%1$0($)%9/$0($93(1)./1$<$7K#73#%$0($
#%1$.(13#)/0%1$/-/#4)*7%1$:3($6(.9*)/-$0(!$-*.$7%..(7)/8
9(-)($#/$7/#*0/0$#/1$/,3/1$0(1/#/0/1$<$.(9*-(./#*;/0/1L$
J$"1)/&#(7(.$73K#(1$0(&(-$1(.$#%1$-*+(#(1$M6)*9%1$0($
.(9*-(./#*;/7*M-$0(-).%$0($3-$7%1)($./;%-/&#(L
J$"1)/&#(7(.$3-$9N)%0%$*-0*.(7)%$6/./$#/$+/#%./7*M-$0(#$
de los incrementos
,./0%$0($.(9*-(./#*;/7*M-$/$)./+N1$#%1$*-7.(9(-)%1$(-$
(#$6O$<$#/$P"H$
en el pH y la CE.
RESUMEN DE LOS TRABAJOS
REALIZADOS
"-$(1)/$234/$1($(-)*(-0($6%.$Q/,3/$0(1/#/0/R$/:3(##/$:3($
6.%+*(-($0*.(7)/9(-)($0($#/$M19%1*1$*-+(.1/H$"#$/,3/$0(1/8
#/0/$1($(-)*(-0($:3($(1$3-$/,3/$1*-$.(9*-(./#*;/.H$"#$/,3/$
0(1/#/0/$ .(7*&($ )/9&*N-$ (#$ -%9&.($ 0($ 6(.9(/0%H$ $ "1$ *98
6%.)/-)($)(-(.$(-$73(-)/$:3($#%1$0/)%1$:3($1($9/-('/-$6/./$
#/$ (#/&%./7*M-$ 0($ (1)/$ 234/$ 6.%7(0(-$ )%0%1$ 0($ 6#/-)/1$ 0($
0(1/#/7*M-$0($/,3/$0($9/.H$
"#$ )./&/'%$ *-7#3<(5$ (-$ 6.*9(.$ #3,/.5$ 3-/$ (S)(-1/$ 7%-13#)/$
&*&#*%,.K!$7/$1%&.($(1)%1$)(9/1$<$(-$(16(7*/#$1%&.($#%1$(18
)K-0/.(1$0($7/#*0/0$<$9N)%0%1$/-/#4)*7%1H
T/./#(#/9(-)(5$ 1($ U/-$ .(/#*;/0%$ 3-/$ 1(.*($ 0($ /-K#*1*1$ 0($
/,3/1$ 0(1/#/0/1$ 6.%7(0(-)(1$ 0($ 0*1)*-)/1$ 0(1/#/0%./1$ 7%-$
(#$!$-$0($(1)30*/.$(#$7%96%.)/9*(-)%$0($(1)/1$/,3/1$(-$7%-8
)/7)%$7%-$#/$/)9M1=(./H
V$ 7%-)*-3/7*M-5$ 1($ /-/#*;/.%-$ #%1$ 7.*)(.*%1$ 0($ (+/#3/7*M-$
9K1$=.(73(-)(1$<$(-$(16(7*/#$(#$4-0*7($0($1/)3./7*M-$0($W/-8
,(#*(.$?WXYG$<$(#$6.%7(0*9*(-)%$6/./$(#$7K#73#%$0(#$6O$0($
1/)3./7*M-$?6O1/)GH$
"-$ &/1($ )/9&*N-$ /$ 0/)%1$ 7%-7.()%1$ 1($ U/-$ (S/9*-/0%$ #/1$
7/./7)(.41)*7/1$0($#/1$/,3/1$.(9*-(./#*;/0/1$<$13$7%96%.)/8
9*(-)%$(-$7%-)/7)%$7%-$#/$/)9M1=(./H$"#$%&'()*+%$(./$0(9%18
)./.$73K#(1$1%-$#%1$-*+(#(1$M6)*9%1$0($.(9*-(./#*;/7*M-$:3($
,/./-)*;/-$3-$WXY$(1)/&#($<$3-$7%-139%$94-*9%$0($PZEH$
T/./$(+/#3/.$9('%.$#%1$.(13#)/0%15$1($.(/#*;/.%-$1*93#/7*%8
-(1$9/)(9K)*7/1$(16(74!$7/1$1%&.($#/$.(9*-(./#*;/7*M-5$3)*8
#*;/-0%$6.%,./9/1$0($7K#73#%$7%-$&/1($)(M.*7/$/'31)/0%1$/$
6/.)*.$0($0/)%1$(964.*7%1H
>-/$6/.)($*96%.)/-)($0($#%1$)./&/'%1$U/$1*0%$(-=%7/0/$U/7*/$
(#$(1)30*%$0($#%1$7/9&*%1$0($#/$7%96%1*7*M-$0($#/1$/,3/1$
0(1/#/0/1$6.%+%7/0%1$6%.$#/$.(9*-(./#*;/7*M-H$$"#$%&'()*+%$
(./$(1)/&#(7(.$3-$9N)%0%$:3($6(.9*)*(./$(#$7K#73#%$*-0*.(7)%$
0(#$WXY5$/14$7%9%$%).%1$4-0*7(15$/$6/.)*.$0(#$*-7.(9(-)%$0(#$
6O$<$0($#/$P"H
W/$ 234/$ *-7#3<($ )/9&*N-$ 3-$ .(139(-$ 0($ #/1$ )N7-*7/1$ 0($
.(9*-(./#*;/7*M-$ 7%-$ (16(7*/#$ U*-7/6*N$ (-$ #/1$ )N7-*7/1$ 0($
#%1$#(7U%1$0($7/#7*)/$0($0%1*!
$7/7*M-$7%-$#(7U/0/$0($7/#H$X($
y
*-7#3<($)/9&*N-$3-/$1(.*($0($.(7%9(-0/7*%-(1$/$)(-(.$(-$
73(-)/$(-$#/$0%1*!$7/7*M-$0($PZEH
W/$234/$*-7#3<($3-$7/64)3#%$7%-$*-0*7/7*%-(1$6/./$(#$93(18
).%$<$/-K#*1*1$0($#/1$/,3/1$0(1/#/0/1$<$.(9*-(./#*;/0/1$/)(-8
0*(-0%$/$13$&/'/$/#7/#*-*0/0$<$/$#/$=/7*#*0/0$7%-$:3($+/.4/$
13$7%-)(-*0%$(-$PZEH
T%.$ ^#)*9%5$ #/$ 234/$ *-7#3<($ 3-$ (1)30*%$ 0($ 6.%,./9/1$ 0($
1*93#/7*M-$ 0($ 9(;7#/1$ <$ 13$ 3)*#*0/0$ 6/./$ /-/#*;/.$ (#$ 6%.$
7*(-)%$0($/,3/1$0(1/#/0/1$:3($63(0(-$9(;7#/.1($7%-$/,3/1$
.(9*-(./#*;/0/1$%$/,3/1$7%-)*-(-)/#(1$03./1Hcon LSI >- 0,5.
CONCLUSIONES
W/$234/$7%-1)/$0($1*()($7/64)3#%1H$V$7%-)*-3/7*M-$1($.(139(-$
#/1$7%-7#31*%-(1$9K1$*96%.)/-)(1$0($7/0/$3-%$0($(##%1H$
1. Características de las aguas desaladas
W/1$/,3/1$0(1/#/0/1$.(16%-0(-$/$3-/$1%#37*M-$7%-$3-$7%-8
)(-*0%$9(0*%$(-$1M#*0%1$)%)/#(1$0*13(#)%1$0($E_C$9,$X`ADW5$
0%-0($ /6.%S*9/0/9(-)($ (#$ aEb$ (1$ P#\/H$ $ W/1$ /,3/1$ 0(8
1/#/0/1$ )*(-(-$ 3-$ 7%-)(-*0%$ 93<$ &/'%$ 0($ OPZF8$ ?c$ B$ 9,$
OPZF8DWG5$ /14$ 7%9%$ P/Ed$ ?c$ E5e$ 9,$ P/EdDWG$ <$ [,Ed$ ?c$ B$
9,$[,EdDWGH$
"#$ 7%-)(-*0%$ (-$ 9/,-(1*%$ (1$ /6.%S*9/0/9(-)($ (#$ 0%&#($
:3($(#$0($7/#7*%5$(S6.(1/0%1$/9&%1$(-$9,DWH$
"#$6O$/$#/$1/#*0/$0($#%1$&/1)*0%.(1$0($M19%1*1$*-+(.1/$%17*#/$
0(10($e5F$/$f5a5$0(6(-0*(-0%$0($#/1$7%-0*7*%-(1$0($%6(./8
7*M-$ 0($ #/$ 6#/-)/H$ P%..(16%-0*(-)(9(-)(5$ (#$ 7%-)(-*0%$ (-$
PZE$+/.4/$(-).($C5_$<$!f$9,$PZEDWH$
V#,3-/1$/,3/1$63(0(-$1/#*.1($0($(1)($./-,%$0(&*0%$/$)./)/8
9*(-)%1$(16(74!$7%1H$W%1$7/1%1$0($6O1$/#)%1$(1)K-$.(#/7*%8
-/0%1$7%-$#/$-(7(1*0/0$0($/39(-)/.$(#$.(7U/;%$0($&%.%$0($
#/1$9(9&./-/1H$
W/$ .(#/7*M-$ #%,/.4)9*7/$ 0(17.*)/$ (-$ #/$ #*)(./)3./$ (-).($ (#$
6O$<$(#$7%-)(-*0%$(-$PZE$0(#$/,3/$1($+($7%..%&%./0/$7%-$
#%1$ 0/)%1$ %&)(-*0%1$ 6/./$ #/1$ /,3/1$ 0(1/#/0/1$ /$ #/$ 1/#*0/$
0(#$&/1)*0%.H
!
"#$%&'()&*$+$,-*,.('/-*&'
&0$1231$45610141$78595$39$.'/$89:5;8<;$1$=>$?<;$0<$@35$785945$
1$486<0A5;$50$B1;C<917<$BD0B8B<#$E1FC8G9$?;565971$50$;8562<$
45$?;<C05F16$45$B<;;<68H9$?<;$63$F1I<;$B<975984<$59$B0<=
;3;<6$JK"=L""$F2$,0=M.N$I$630:17<6$JL=OPQ$F2$'->RN$;56?5B7<$
10$45$C8B1;C<917<6$JL=>$F2$S,-!=M.N#$
&0$
?S$ 450$ 1231$ 45610141$ 65$ 5@3808C;1$ ;D?841F5975$ B<9$ 50$
&0$1231$45610141$78595$39$.'/$89:5;8<;$1$=>$?<;$0<$@35$785945$
B<975984<$59$,$45$01$17FH6:5;1P$?<;$0<$@35$45C5$65;$191=
1$486<0A5;$50$B1;C<917<$BD0B8B<#$E1FC8G9$?;565971$50$;8562<$
L
08T14<$B<9$B38414<$I$?;5:5;5975F5975$!"#$!%&#$
45$?;<C05F16$45$B<;;<68H9$?<;$63$F1I<;$B<975984<$59$B0<=
;3;<6$JK"=L""$F2$,0=M.N$I$630:17<6$JL=OPQ$F2$'->RN$;56?5B7<$
&9$5@3808C;8<$B<9$01$17FH6:5;1P$50$?S$450$1231$<6F<78T141$
10$45$C8B1;C<917<6$JL=>$F2$S,-!=M.N#$
567D$597;5$KPU$I$QP"$I$50$B<975984<$59$,-L$10;5454<;$45$"P!$
F2$,&0$ ?S$LM.#$&0$.'/$65$F1978595$10;5454<;$45$=>#$
450$ 1231$ 45610141$ 65$ 5@3808C;1$ ;D?841F5975$ B<9$ 50$
B<975984<$59$,-L$45$01$17FH6:5;1P$?<;$0<$@35$45C5$65;$191=
.1$73;C845T$450$1231$<6F<78T141$567D$10;5454<;$45$"PL$*E(P$
08T14<$B<9$B38414<$I$?;5:5;5975F5975$!"#$!%&#$
?348594<$B<96845;1;65$A10<;56$63?5;8<;56$B<F<$8948B178A<$
45$?;<C05F16$59$016$8967101B8<956#$
&9$5@3808C;8<$B<9$01$17FH6:5;1P$50$?S$450$1231$<6F<78T141$
&0$1231$45610141$78595$39$.'/$89:5;8<;$1$=>$?<;$0<$@35$785945$
567D$597;5$KPU$I$QP"$I$50$B<975984<$59$,$10;5454<;$45$"P!$
L
&0$'V%$450$1231$45610141$I$689$;5F895;108T1;$56$F1I<;$<$
1$486<0A5;$50$B1;C<917<$BD0B8B<#$E1FC8G9$?;565971$50$;8562<$
F2$,M.#$&0$.'/$65$F1978595$10;5454<;$45$=>#$
L
82310$
@35$ UP$ 0<$ @35$ 8948B1$ @35P$ 50$ 1231$ 45610141$ 1?08B141$
45$?;<C05F16$45$B<;;<68H9$?<;$63$F1I<;$B<975984<$59$B0<=
48;5B71F5975P$?3545$65;$?5;W348B810$?1;1$01$567;3B73;1$45$0<6$
;3;<6$JK"=L""$F2$,0=M.N$I$630:17<6$JL=OPQ$F2$'->RN$;56?5B7<$
.1$73;C845T$450$1231$<6F<78T141$567D$10;5454<;$45$"PL$*E(P$
6350<6$12;XB<016#$E1FC8G9$?3545$B1361;$?;<C05F16$45$7<Y8=
10$45$C8B1;C<917<6$JL=>$F2$S,-!=M.N#$
?348594<$B<96845;1;65$A10<;56$63?5;8<;56$B<F<$8948B178A<$
Z
B8414$?1;1$10239<6$B3078A<6$?<;$50$5YB56<$59$*1
$;56?5B7<$
45$?;<C05F16$59$016$8967101B8<956#$
LZ
LZ
10$,1
$I$)2
#$
&0$ ?S$ 450$ 1231$ 45610141$ 65$ 5@3808C;1$ ;D?841F5975$ B<9$ 50$
B<975984<$59$,-L$45$01$17FH6:5;1P$?<;$0<$@35$45C5$65;$191=
&0$'V%$450$1231$45610141$I$689$;5F895;108T1;$56$F1I<;$<$
[<;$\078F<P$0<6$;5630714<6$1?39719$1$@35$50$1231$45610141$
08T14<$B<9$B38414<$I$?;5:5;5975F5975$!"#$!%&#$
82310$
@35$ UP$ 0<$ @35$ 8948B1$ @35P$ 50$ 1231$ 45610141$ 1?08B141$
9<$
78595$ 2595;10F5975$ 63!$B85975$ ,-L$ B<F<$ ?1;1$ ?5;F878;$
48;5B71F5975P$?3545$65;$?5;W348B810$?1;1$01$567;3B73;1$45$0<6$
391$;5F895;108T1B8H9$?<;$0<$@35$65$;5@385;5$39$1?<;75$148=
&9$5@3808C;8<$B<9$01$17FH6:5;1P$50$?S$450$1231$<6F<78T141$
6350<6$12;XB<016#$E1FC8G9$?3545$B1361;$?;<C05F16$45$7<Y8=
Z
B8<910$45$,#$$
567D$597;5$KPU$I$QP"$I$50$B<975984<$59$,$10;5454<;$45$"P!$
B8414$?1;1$10239<6$B3078A<6$?<;$50$5YB56<$59$*1
$;56?5B7<$
L
L
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2. Criterios de evaluación de las aguas
desaladas y remineralizadas
.1$73;C845T$450$1231$<6F<78T141$567D$10;5454<;$45$"PL$*E(P$
[<;$\078F<P$0<6$;5630714<6$1?39719$1$@35$50$1231$45610141$
?348594<$B<96845;1;65$A10<;56$63?5;8<;56$B<F<$8948B178A<$
9<$
78595$ 2595;10F5975$ 63!$B85975$ ,-L$ B<F<$ ?1;1$ ?5;F878;$
V39@35$5Y8675$39$FG7<4<$68F?08!
$B14<P$71FC8G9$B<9<B84<$
45$?;<C05F16$59$016$8967101B8<956#$
391$;5F895;108T1B8H9$?<;$0<$@35$65$;5@385;5$39$1?<;75$148=
B<F<$FG7<4<$V],^P$?1;1$50$BD0B30<$450$?S617P$65$_1B5$9<=
B8<910$45$,-L#$$
71;$
@35$ 5675$ FG7<4<$ 68F?08!$B14<$ 56$ 39$ FG7<4<$ B<9$ C165$
&0$'V%$450$1231$45610141$I$689$;5F895;108T1;$56$F1I<;$<$
5F?X;8B1$
@35$
391$
65;85$
45$de
16?5B7<6$
01$
82310$
@35$
UP$9<$
0<$ B<96845;1$
@35$
@35P$
50$ 1231$
45610141$
1?08B141$
2.
Criterios
de8948B1$
evaluación
las 6<C;5$
aguas
@3XF8B1$450$1231$@35$45C59$65;$75984<6$59$B35971$1$01$_<;1$
48;5B71F5975P$?3545$65;$?5;W348B810$?1;1$01$567;3B73;1$45$0<6$
desaladas y remineralizadas
45$A10<;1;$145B3141F5975$0<6$:1B7<;56$@35$8975;A85959$59$01$
6350<6$12;XB<016#$E1FC8G9$?3545$B1361;$?;<C05F16$45$7<Y8=
Z
;51BB8H9$CD68B1$45$6173;1B8H9#$
B8414$?1;1$10239<6$B3078A<6$?<;$50$5YB56<$59$*1
$;56?5B7<$
V39@35$5Y8675$39$FG7<4<$68F?08!
$B14<P$71FC8G9$B<9<B84<$
10$,1LZ$I$)2LZ#$
B<F<$FG7<4<$V],^P$?1;1$50$BD0B30<$450$?S617P$65$_1B5$9<=
[<;$
5671$FG7<4<$
`3X1$ ;5B<F85941$
50$56$
36<$
450$
'71941;4$
71;$7197<P$
@35$ 5675$
68F?08!$B14<$
39$
FG7<4<$
B<9$)5=
C165$
7_<4$L!!"$J')L!!"NP$C1614<$59$39$BD0B30<$FD6$;823;<6<$45$
[<;$\078F<P$0<6$;5630714<6$1?39719$1$@35$50$1231$45610141$
5F?X;8B1$
@35$ 9<$ B<96845;1$ 391$ 65;85$ 45$ 16?5B7<6$ 6<C;5$ 01$
016$;51BB8<956$@35$8975;A85959#$
9<$ 78595$ 2595;10F5975$ 63!$B85975$ ,-L$ B<F<$ ?1;1$ ?5;F878;$
@3XF8B1$450$1231$@35$45C59$65;$75984<6$59$B35971$1$01$_<;1$
391$;5F895;108T1B8H9$?<;$0<$@35$65$;5@385;5$39$1?<;75$148=
45$A10<;1;$145B3141F5975$0<6$:1B7<;56$@35$8975;A85959$59$01$
VFC<6$FG7<4<6$?;<43B59$39$A10<;$48:5;5975$450$?S617#$&0$
B8<910$45$,-L#$$
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4. Cálculo indirecto del LSI y del SAR a partir
de los datos de CE25 y pH antes y después
de la remineralización
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5. Técnicas de remineralización
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1. CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LAS AGUAS DESALADAS
1.1 Introducción
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(7#924<V2?=1#94;68#<4#94<?:4:#:=<#4D24#6;B63?]4:4#:=F=7:=#
:=#>41?6;#@49361=;#96B6#;67#=<#F1=31434B?=736#@A;?96ZV2AB?P
968#<4#3=BF=143214#:=<#4D24#E#96BF6;?9?C7#V2AB?94#:=<#4D24#
permitió determinar con
Z-"
F=1B?3=#:=3=1B?741#967#F1=9?;?C7#>4<61=;#X#Y#BD#O$K
H
[T#(<#$KG#;=#U4#94<92<4:6#4#F413?1#:=#<6;#>4<61=;#:=#*',8#O$KHP8#FO#E#3=BP
F=143214"##
!!
!#$%&'&%()'*+(,%&+$-)$.&+$&/0&+$-)+&.&-&+
1.3.1 Sobre la relación CO2-pH en las aguas
desaladas
)4$ 71$ (1671$ !#!$ 23$ ?623>A1$ 71$ A1>51;5I4$ 837$ JK$ 34$ 712$
J714=12$ @:3$oscila
;?<?$entre
J:383$
6,6A3>23$
y 5,27.?2;571$ 34=>3$ EDE$ F$ CDLG#$
%?>>32J?48534=3<34=3D$ 37$el;?4=3458?$
$ @:3$
A1>N1$
contenido34$en%MLCO
2 varía
34=>3$ODGC$<9$%MLP.$F$!E$<9$%MLP.#$.?2$81=?2$>3!$3Q14$
71$>371;5I4$34=>3$37$%ML$F$37$JK#$$.1$B59:>1$!#!$J>3234=1$
7?2$>32:7=18?2$?6=3458?2$F$8?483$23$<:32=>1$71$>371;5I4$
la
relacion entre el pH el contenido en CO2 para las plantas
;71>1$34=>3$1<6?2$J1>R<3=>?2#$
estudiadas.
$
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a
!"#$%&'()*+',-.&/"01'-12%-'.&'34*5'6'.78'/712-1"978'-1'3.:;'
<&='6'>=)'?&278'9-'.&'@&A.&'()()
!"#$%&'()(+',-.&/"01'-12%-'-.'/712-1"97'-1'3I*'6'-.'JK'
J&%&' .&8' &#$&8' 9-8&.&9&8)' L-#G1' .78' 9&278' &1&."M&978'
-1' .&A7%&27%"7' 6' /&./$.&978' &' J&%2"%' 9-' %-.&/"01' 9-'
@"..C&18)N
)2=1$>371;5I4$;?>>32J?483$J>R;=5;1<34=3$1$71$SI><:71$J>3T
234=181$J?>$(577<142G$F$J:675;181$34$!U!L$F$8?483$712$;?4T
están expresadas en mg/L.
;34=>1;5?432$83$%ML$F$&7V$32=R$3WJ>321812$34$<9P.#$
!"#$%&' ()B+' ,-.&/"01' -12%-' CD7.' 3.:EF' 6' CD7.' <&=EF''
8-#G1'.78'9&278'9-'.&'@&A.&'()()
1.3.2 Sobre la relación entre la CE25 y la
presencia de Cl- y Na+
)7$19:1$83217181$>32J?483$1$:41$2?7:;5I4$;?4$17>3838?>$837$
GLX$83$%7Y1#$&2ND$71$;?48:;=5A5818$837$19:1$83217181$32$
85>3;=1<34=3$J>?J?>;5?417$17$54;>3<34=?$83$%7T$F$Y1Z#$.1$
B59:>1$!#L$<:32=>1$32=1$>371;5I4#
.1$>371;5I4$34=>3$37$%7T$F$37$Y1ZD$32$83$!DLC$<[?7$%7T$J?>$
<[?7$Y1Z#$.1$B59:>1$!#"$57:2=>1$32=1$>371;5I4#
1.3.3 Sobre los contenidos en Ca2+ y Mg2+
.?2$;?4=3458?2$34$%1LZ$F$37$[9LZ$<14=53434$:41$;53>=1$J>?T
J?>;5?4175818$239H4$23$>3!$3Q1$34$71$B59:>1$!#\#$-3$1;:3>8?$
;?4$ 32=?2$ 81=?2D$ F$ 83$ S?><1$ 1J>?W5<181D$ J:383$ 12:<5>23$
@:3$[9LZ$]<9P.^$Ⱦ$!DG$W$%1LZ$]<9P.^#
+54$3<61>9?D$4?$23$_1$34;?4=>18?D$;?4$7?2$81=?2$852J?45T
6732D$ :41$ >371;5I4$ ;71>1$ 34=>3$ 71$ %)LC$ F$ 7?2$ ;?4=3458?2$ 34$
%1LZ$F$[9LZ#
!"#$%&'()H+',-.&/"01'-12%-'.&'3&*='6'D#*='8-#G1'.78'9&278'
9-'.&'@&A.&'()()'
1.3.4 Comportamiento del agua desalada en
contacto con la atmósfera
.1$234256575818$837$19:1$83217181$1$71$;175818$837$<:32=>3?$
@:381$3A5834;5181$;?4$7?2$>32:7=18?2$83$712$B59:>12$!#CD$!#E$
F$!#G#$+39H4$32=?2$>32:7=18?2D$712$19:12$832171812$=534834$
!"
!#$%&'&%()'*+(,%&+$-)$.&+$&/0&+$-)+&.&-&+
1$234565781892$:;<$26$%=>$?2$61$1@AB9C281$2<$D;:19$E;819#$
)9@;$;765F1$1$2G@82A18$D82:14:5;<29$1$61$E;81$?2$5<@28D82@18$
619$A429@819$?2$D28A21?;$H1$342$2<$4<19$>$E;819$H1$D42?2$
I2892$1C2:@1?;$26$DJ$?2$C;8A1$95F<5!$:1@5I1#$
.1$ K5F481$ !#L$ A429@81$ 342$ 26$ 1F41$ ?29161?1$ 2<$ 234565785;$
:;<$61$1@AB9C281$:;<@52<2$1682?2?;8$?2$MNO$AF$%=>P.#$)9@2$
I16;8$:;<@819@1$:;<$26$I16;8$?2$MNLQMNR$AF$%=>P.$D181$619$
1F419$82A5<28165S1?19#$TU28$%1DV@46;$W$9;782$619$:181:@28V9Q
@5:19$?2$619$1F419$82A5<28165S1?19X#
%;A;$D42?2$?2?4:5892$?2$619$K5F4819$!#"N$!#L$H$!#RN$26$?29Q
:2<9;$?26$:;<@2<5?;$2<$%=>$29$A4H$8YD5?;$H$29@Y$8261:5;Q
<1?;$ :;<$ 61$ 71Z1$ 16:165<5?1?$ ?2$ 619$ 1F419$ ?29161?19N$ TI28$
%1DV@46;$>$D181$AY9$5<C;8A1:5B<$9;782$61$I16;81:5B<$?2$61$
16:165<5?1?$?26$1F41$;9A;@5S1?1X#
.1$K5F481$!#[$5649@81$61$2I;64:5B<$?26$.+,Q>OOM[$2<$26$@52AQ
D;$D181$6;9$A59A;9$?1@;9$342$61$K5F481$!#"#$%;A;$D42?2$
;7928I1892$ 26$ .+,Q>OOM$ 92$ A1<@52<2$ 1682?2?;8$ ?2$ QWN$ 1\<$
?29D4]9$ ?2$ I185;9$ ?V19$ ?2$ 29@18$ 26$ 1F41$ 2GD429@1$ 1$ 61$ 1@Q
AB9C281#$ )6$ I16;8$ <2F1@5I;$ ?26$ .+,Q>OOM$ 1D4<@1$ 16$ E2:E;$
?2$342$26$1F41$?29161?1$A1<@52<2$61$@2<?2<:51$1$?59;6I28$26$
:187;<1@;$:Y6:5:;$2<$4<$959@2A1$17528@;#
.1$K5F481$!#^N$D;8$94$D18@2N$5649@81$61$8261:5B<$2<@82$26$DJ$H$
26$.+,Q>OOM$4@565S1<?;$6;9$?1@;9$?2$619$K5F4819$!#R$H$!#[#$+2$
;7928I1$4<1$8261:5B<$:6181$2<@82$1A7;9$D18YA2@8;9#$
_Y9$?2@16629$9;782$26$:Y6:46;$?26$V<?5:2$?2$.1<F26528$T.+,Q
>OOMX$H$94$95F<5!$:1?;$D42?2$;7@2<2892$2<$26$%1DV@46;$>$?2$
29@1$/4V1#
$$
!"#$%&'()*+',-./$0"12'34/'0.2546
2"3.'42'789'34:;$<:'34'/&'5.=&'
34' =$4:5%&:' ;&%&' /&:' &#$&:' 34'
;4%=4&3.)'
.19$ A429@819$ 92$ A1<@4I528;<$ 2GQ
D429@19$ 1$ 61$ 1@AB9C281$ H$ 1F5@1?19$
941I2A2<@2$2<$26$617;81@;85;$?29Q
D4]9$?2$82:;F5?19#$
!"#$%&'()>+',-./$0"12'34/'0.2546
2"3.'42'789'34:;$<:'34'/&'5.=&'
34' =$4:5%&:' ;&%&' /&:' &#$&:' 34'
;4%=4&3.)$ _59A;9$ ?1@;9$ 342$ 61$
K5F481$ !#"$ D28;$ :;<$ 61$ 29:161$ ?2$
%=>$ 82?4:5?1#$ .19$ A429@819$ 92$
A1<@4I528;<$2GD429@19$1$61$1@AB9Q
C281$ H$ 1F5@1?19$ 941I2A2<@2$ 2<$ 26$
617;81@;85;$?29D4]9$?2$82:;F5?19#
!"#$%&' ()?+' ,-./$0"12' 34/' ;@'
34:;$<:'34'/&'5.=&'34'=$4:5%&:'
;&%&'/&:'&#$&:'34';4%=4&3.)'.19$
A429@819$ 92$ A1<@4I528;<$ 2GD429Q
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?2$82:;F5?19#
$
!"
!*%=P^P=(#^e3(K=P3%4#%DP3%P]XP3%4#3PDP4P3
!"#$%&'()*+',-./$0"12'34/'56789::;'
34<=$><' 34' /&' ?.@&' 34' @$4<?%&<'
=&%&'/&<'&#$&<'34'=4%@4&3.)'%D'+%
6>,+/.'+%+,%6'$/>15,.0$%,[->,+/'+%'%
&'%'/69+A,.'%?%'B5/'2'+%+>'1,6,$/,%
,$% ,&% &')0.'/0.50% 2,+->7+% 2,%
.,80B52'+*
%
!"#$%&'()A+'B4/&0"12'42?%4'4/'=C'
D'4/'56789::;'=&%&'/&<'&#$&<'34'
=4%@4&3.)' =06)5$'859$% 2,% &0+%
2'/0+%2,%&'%d5B*%!*"%?%d5B*%!*:*%
1.3.5 Sobre los sólidos totales disueltos (STD)
#$%&'%(')&'%!*!%+,%-.,+,$/'$%&0+%1'&0.,+%2,%3(4%0)/,$520+%
-0.% ,&% 67/020% /.'25850$'&% 2,% 2,+,8'859$% '% !:;<=% 0% -0.% &'%
+>6'%2,%'$50$,+%?%8'/50$,+*%=060%->,2,%0)+,.1'.+,%&'%25@
A,.,$85'%,$/.,%&0+%1'&0.,+%6,250+%0)/,$520+%-0.%'6)0+%67@
/020+%,+%2,%/'$%+0&0%!%6BCD%?E%-0.%/'$/0E%6,$0+%2,&%!F*%3,%
'->$/'E%+5$%,6)'.B0%G>,%,&%67/020%2,%&'%+>6'%2,%'$50$,+%
?%8'/50$,+%+,%80$+52,.'%6H+%-.,85+0%?'%G>,%,&%67/020%-0.%
2,+,8'859$%'%!:;<=%->,2,%-.02>85.%-,G>,I0+%,..0.,+*J
#$%8>'&G>5,.%8'+0E%,&%1'&0.%2,%&0+%3(4%'A,8/'%6>?%-080%'&%
8H&8>&0%2,&%D3K@LMM;%N17'+,%='-O/>&0%LE%P-'./'20%L*Q*RS%?%
+,&,8850$'.%>$%1'&0.%,$/.,%;EQ"%?%;EQT%$0%-.02>8,%>$'%25A,@
.,$85'%+5B$5!%8'/51'*
1.3.6 Sobre la turbiedad del agua desalada
D'%/>.)5,2'2%0%/>.)52,U%2,%&'+%'B>'+%2,+'&'2'+%-0.%9+60+5+%
5$1,.+'%,+%)'V'%?%'&.,2,20.%2,%;EL%W(X*%Y'&0.,+%6'?0.,+%2,%
/>.)5,2'2%+>,&,$%+,.%5$258'/510%2,%-.0)&,6'+%2,%80..0+59$%
,$%&'+%5$+/'&'850$,+%0%2,%6,6).'$'+%2,A,8/>0+'+*
1.3.7 Índice de Larson-Skold
13 2,&% 'B>'% 2,+'&'2'% '..0V'% >$%
#&% O$258,% 2,% D'.+0$@3Z0&2!M%
1'&0.%6,250%2,%!R!*%#+/0%,+%5$258'/510%2,%>$%'B>'%80$%>$'%
/,$2,$85'%,[/.,6'%'%-.02>85.%80..0+59$%-0.%-58'2>.'%2,%&'+%
80$2>8850$,+%2,%\5,..0%0%'8,.0%2,+-.0/,B520*%#$%,&%='-O/>@
&0%L%2,%,+/'%]>O'%+,%5$8&>?,%6H+%5$A0.6'859$%+0).,%,&%O$258,%
2,%D'.+0$@3Z0&2%?%+>%5$/,.-.,/'859$*%
1.3.8 SAR
#&% 1'&0.% 6,250% 2,&% 3P^!Q% 0% O$258,% 2,% ')+0.859$% 2,% +0250%
2,&%'B>'%0+60/5U'2'%,+/H%'&.,2,20.%2,%J*%#+/0%'->$/'%'%>$%
'B>'%G>,%->,2,%8'>+'.%2'I0+%$0%+9&0%'&%+>,&0%+5$0%/'6)57$%
'% '&B>$0+% 8>&/510+% -0.% ,[8,+0% 2,% +0250% .,+-,8/0% '&% 8'&850%
?% '&% 6'B$,+50*% % _0.% /'$/0E% 80$15,$,% 80..,B5.% ,+/,% '+-,8/0E%
)5,$% 80$% >$'% .,65$,.'&5U'859$% 0% 80$% &'% '25859$% 2,% 8'&850%
?% 6'B$,+50% 25.,8/'6,$/,% 80$% &0+% A,./5&5U'$/,+*% `H+% 5$A0.@
6'859$%+0).,%,&%3P^%->,2,%0)/,$,.+,%,$%,&%='-O/>&0%L%2,%
,+/'%]>O'*%
1.3.9 pH en equilibrio con la calcita
_0.%a&/560E%,$%&'%(')&'%!*!%+,%-.,+,$/'%,&%-b%2,%,G>5&5).50%
80$%&'%8'&85/'*%%3,Ba$%,+/0+%2'/0+%?%/'&%8060%+,%1,.H%6H+%
'2,&'$/,%'%&0%&'.B0%2,%,+/'%]>O'E%$5$B>$'%2,%&'+%'B>'+%2,+'@
&'2'+%2,%&'%(')&'%!*!%80$/5,$,$%+>!%85,$/,%=cL%'%&'%+'&52'%2,&%
)'+/520.%-'.'%806-&,/'.%>$%-.08,+0%2,%.,65$,.'&5U'859$%2,%
A0.6'%'2,8>'2'*%#$%8>'&G>5,.%8'+0E%,&%80$/,$520%,$%=cL%2,&%
'B>'%0+60/5U'2'%2,-,$2,%2,&%-.,/.'/'65,$/0%2,%&'%9+60+5+%
1,2
5$1,.+'*!EL
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!#$%&'&%()'*+(,%&+$-)$.&+$&/0&+$-)+&.&-&+
1.4 Conclusiones
1.5 Referencias
)D$ BKQB$ F:=BDBFB$ <:=L?CF:A$ K:C:<BD>:CE:A$ B$ QCB$ =?DQJ@aC$
J?C$QC$J?CE:C@F?$:C$+(-$BD<:F:F?<$F:$UbV$>K\.$G$J?C$QC$
J?CE:C@F?$:C$%D6B$F:D$?<F:C$WUn#$+?C$BKQB=$J?C$QC$J?CE:7
C@F?$>QG$HBo?$:C$1%3[7$YȾ$U$>K\.Z$B=p$J?>?$5KUf$YȾ$UA]$
>K\.Z$G$%BUf$YȾ!A]$>K\.Z$)D$J?CE:C@F?$:C$5KUf$G$%BUf$=?C$
L<?L?<J@?CBD:=A$:c@=E@:CF?$QCB$J@:<EB$<:DBJ@aC$:CE<:$B>H?=9$
>K$5KUf\.$Ⱦ$!AW$c$>K$%BUf\.#$
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BCF$)J?C?>@J=$HG$5#$M@DNO$.#$&P:<HQJRO$%#$2B<E:D=O$
5#$5@JSD:GO$/#$I:B<J:O$6#$T?QEJRS?;A$)Q<?L:BC$-:=7
BD@CBE@?C$+?J@:EGA$UVVW
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5BCQBD$?N$PBE:<$=QLLDG$L<BJE@J:=A$&MM&#$YUVVWZ#
[#$ PPP#D:CCE:JR#:=\F:=BDBJ@?C\F:=BDBJ@?C#RE>$ J?C=QDEB7
FB$:D$!U\!!\UVV"#
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2. CRITERIOS PARA LA EVALUACIÓN DE LAS AGUAS DESALADAS Y
REMINERALIZADAS
2.1 Introducción
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2.2 Materiales y métodos
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TABLA
2.4: EXPRESIONES EQUIVALENTES A 10 mg/L
)g,&)+'*2)+$3)$.-$30&)7-$
DE
CaCO3 DE DUREZA
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F@:A=AFA:$V$B@JED@BA=EaAFA:$@:;h$B@=ACE9DAFA$C9D$=A$8B@:@DI
CEA$F@$KECABK9DA;9:$V$CABK9DA;9:#
-$8T$JAV9B@:$F@$iY"$=9:$CABK9DA;9:$@$`EFB>[EF9:$;AJKEcD$
C9D;BEK<V@D$A$=A$A=CA=EDEFAF#$):;9$8<@F@$9C<BBEB$89B$EDdBAI
F9:E!$CACE>D$F@$%*!$F<BAD;@$=A$B@JED@BA=EaACE>DY$:9KB@$;9F9$
C9D$=9:$;BA;AJE@D;9:$@D$KA:@$A$%AG*TH!$V$%*!#
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FA$=E;@BA;<BA$@:8@CL!$CA#\Y!Y_YiY\_
En
la Tabla 2.5 se resumen los criterios
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2.5 Índice de saturación o de Langelier
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:>=EF9:$FE:<@=;9:#$
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2.5.2 El SM2330 para el cálculo del pHsat
J4& 15'$3$& +,'6)3(%& 89!::;<*& %+,.1+& 4$,& (B()0+,*& P(,'(&
P$Q*&+)&4(&A./120(&3+4&(=.(&Q&+,'6&(0+>'(3$&0$1$&+4&15'$3$&
(0+>'(3$&2)'+%)(02$)(41+)'+&>(%(&+4&0640.4$&3+4&>E,('C&
J4&15'$3$&89!::;<&+,&.)&1$3+4$&16,&>%+02,$&Q(&A.+&2)7
04.Q+&4$,&0$)0+>'$,&'+%1$32)6120$,&3+&4(&%+(002R)&S<TC&
J4&89!::;&21>420(&0$%%+=2%&0$)&.)&0$+!&02+)'+&3+&(0'2B23(3&
4(&?R%1.4(&$%2=2)(4&3+&F()=+42+%U
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q.,K+44"*&Q&(&'%(@(I$,&3+4&>%$>2$&F()=+42+%^&,+&?.+&3+,(%%$7
44()3$& .)& 1$3+4$& ).15%20$& ,21>42!&0(3$& @(,(3$& +)& 3('$,&
>%60'20$,&A.+&?(0242'(%$)&0$),23+%(@4+1+)'+&+4&0640.4$C&
2.5.1 Método simplificado para el cálculo del
pHsat
D)'+& 4(& 3+1()3(& 3+& .)& >%$0+3212+)'$& ).15%20$& >(%(& +4&
0640.4$&3+4&>E,('&Q&3+&(0.+%3$&0$)&4$,&'%(@(I$,&3+&F(%,$)&
Q& q.,K+44a& ,+& P(& 3+,(%%$44(3$& .)(& ?R%1.4(& +1>/%20(& ,217
>42!&0(3(&>(%(&+4&0640.4$&3+4&>E,('&A.+&>$%&,.&,+)0244+f&P(&
(40()f(3$&.)(&(1>42(&32?.,2R)C&
J,'(&?R%1.4(&+,&4(&,2=.2+)'+U
>E,('L&N_*:&W&D&W&qO&7&N&X&W&Z&O
Z$)3+U
D&L&<[<;&N4$=N`Z8O7<O
q&L&7<:*<!&H&4$=N`NbXOW!\:*!OW:^*""
X&L&4$=NX(!WN1=X(Xi:[FOO7;*^
Z&L&4$=&D4YN1=&X(Xi:[FO
J,'+&15'$3$&,21>42!&0(3$&3+4&0640.4$&3+4&>E,('&,2=.+&,2+)7
3$&.'242f(3$&3+&?$%1(&?%+0.+)'+&0$1$&2)320('2B$&3+&4(&'+)7
3+)02(&3+4&(=.(&(&32,$4B+%&$&(&>%+02>2'(%&+4&0(%@$)('$&0647
020$C&82)&+1@(%=$*&+,&.)&15'$3$&+1>/%20$&A.+&)$&2)04.Q+&
.)(&,+%2+&3+&0640.4$,&,$@%+&4(&'+%1$32)6120(&3+4&>%$0+,$&
A.+&3+@+)&,+%&0$),23+%(3$,&+)&.)&()642,2,&0$1>4+'$&3+&4$,&
?(0'$%+,&A.+&2)'+%B2+)+)&+)&4(&%+(002R)&S<TC&
Z$)3+U
V!&L&8+=.)3(&0$),'()'+&3+&32,$02(02R)&>(%(&+4&6023$&0(%@R7
)20$&(&4(&'+1>+%('.%(&3+4&(=.(C
V,0&L&#%$3.0'$&3+&,$4.@2423(3&>(%(&4(&0(402'(&(&4(&'+1>+%(7
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>?1&L&X$+!&02+)'+&3+&(0'2B23(3&(&4(&'+1>+%('.%(&+,>+02!&0(3(C
#(%(&+4&0640.4$&3+&0(3(&.)$&3+&4$,&+4+1+)'$,&3+&4(&+0.(02R)&
,+&>%$>$)+)&4(,&,2=.2+)'+,&+0.(02$)+,U
>V ! L<;\*]]\<W;*;:!"!]^_`7"<"<*\_[`7:]*_!"a<&
4$=<;`W"a:\<:*_[`!*& >(%(& .)& %()=$& 3+& '+1>+%('.%(& 3+&
!\:7:\:&bV
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>(%(&.)&%()=$&3+&'+1>+%('.%(,&3+&!\:7:a:&bV
>?1&L&DNGc;C"[N<WGc;C"OO7;C:G*&B6423$&>(%(&Gd&;*"
&
82+)3$U
&&&&&G&L&<*a&H&<;7"&H&XJ!"
&&&&&D&L&<*]!&H&<;a&NJe`O7<*"
&&&&&J&L&Sa;_"^[N`W<<aOT7a]*_:\
Z$)3+U
&&&&&G&L&?.+%f(&2R)20(
&&&&&XJ!"&L&0$)3.0'2B23(3&+450'%20(*&—1P$,[01&$&—8[01
&&&&&`&L&'+1>+%('.%(&3+4&(=.(*&&bV&NbX&W&!\:*!O
&&&&&J&L&0$),'()'+&32+450'%20(*&N(321+),2$)(4O
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+)&KKKC?00(C+,&LM&8$?'K(%+&N=%('.2'$OC
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2.5.3 El factor para el cálculo de la fuerza
iónica (I)
A2%.-=26/0%-0:%2$%'3!445<%2$%-M$-=$0%/2%$.%N=26?.%*F:*-.%
`(a%)2%,=2/2%L.-26%2:%8.)2%.%$.%-0:/=-7*I*/./%)2B]:%/.70)%
2+,T6*-0)%0872:*/0)%/2%.B=.)%-0:7*:2:7.$2)G
V72:/*2:/0%.%$.)%,.67*-=$.6*/./2)%/2%$.)%.B=.)%/2).$./.)%K%
62+*:26.$*?./.)% )2% L.% 62I*)./0% 2)72% -02!%-*2:72% =7*$*?.:/0%
,.6.%2$$0%2$%+970/0%/2%-M$-=$0%/2%$.%.-7*I*/./%`Va%.%,.67*6%/2%
$.%-0:/=-7.:-*.%*F:*-.%/2%-./.%=:0%/2%$0)%-.7*0:2)%K%.:*0>
:2)<%)*)72+.%,60,=2)70%-0+0%.$726:.7*I0%2:%2$%'3!445GO
A2%.-=26/0%-0:%2)70)%-M$-=$0)%2$%I.$06%-0662-70%)26T.%/2%(%
)26T.%O<5"%_%O5>D%_%C#!D%K%:0%O<S%_%O5>D%_%C#!DG
#)7.%/*N262:-*.%*+,$*-.%E=2%2$%'3!445%-.$-=$./0%-0:%2$%I.>
$06%/2%(%b%O<S%_%O5>D%_%C#!D%%2)%5<5O>5<5!%+M)%:2B.7*I0%E=2%2$%
0872:*/0%-0:%2$%I.$06%(%b%O<5"%_%O5>D%_%C#!DG%%'*:%2+8.6B0<%
.72:/*2:/0%E=2%2)7.%/*N262:-*.%2)%,2E=2c.%K%-0:%2$%!%:%/2%:0%
/*!%-=$7.6% 2$% =)0% /2% $0)% ,60B6.+.)% /2% -M$-=$0% 2_*)72:72)% )2%
62),27.%2:%I.$06%/2$%'3!445%.%$0%$.6B0%/2%2)7.%d=T.G
2.5.4 Comparación entre el cálculo del LSI
por el método simplificado y el SM2330
V72:/*2:/0% .% E=2% .+80)% +970/0)% )2% =).:% 2:% $.% ,6M-7*-.<%
-0:I*2:2% I26% $.% /*N262:-*.% 2:762% 2$% &'(% )*+,$*!%-./0% K% 2$%
&'(% /2$% '3!445G% #$% .:M$*)*)% /2% 2)7.)% /*N262:-*.)% ,.6.% $.)%
.B=.)%/2).$./.)%K%62+*:26.$*?./.)%.,.62-2%2:%$.)%@.8$.)%!GS%
K% !G"% 62),2-7*I.+2:72G% A2% .-=26/0% -0:% 2)70)% /.70)% 2_*)72%
=:.% /*N262:-*.% 5<!% ,=:70)% 2:762% .+80)% +970/0)% /2% -M$-=>
$0<%*:/2,2:/*2:72+2:72%)*%)2%76.7.%/2%.B=.)%/2).$./.)%0%/2%
.B=.)%62+*:26.$*?./.)G%
!"#$"% &'*)% VYe&('('% CW3QVXV@(UW% #Y@X#% #&%
Ce&Cf&W%A#&%&'(%QWX%#&%3g@WAW%'(3Q&(^(CVAW%
h%QWX%#&%'3!445%QVXV%VdfV'%A#'V&VAV'G
Q$.:7.%
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2.5.5 Sobre el valor de los STD
#$%&'(%)*+,$*!%-./0%12$%'3!445%$0%,26+*72%7.+8*9:;<%=7*>
$*?.%$0)%'@A%2:%$=B.6%/2%C#!D%,06%$0%E=2%,=2/2%$$2B.6)2%.%
,2:).6%E=2%2)7.%62$.-*F:%2)%*+,067.:72G%para el LSI.
&.%@.8$.%!GH%*$=)76.%$0)%I.$062)%+2/*0)%/2$%-0-*2:72%'@AJC#!D%
,.6.% $.)% .B=.)% /2).$./.)% K% 62+*:26.$*?./.)% /2% -=.760% /2% $.)%
,$.:7.)%2)7=/*./.)G
'*%8*2:%)2%L.%/2+0)76./0%E=2%:0%L.K%,6M-7*-.+2:72%/*N262:>
-*.<%,.6.%$.%0872:-*F:%/2%$0)%I.$06)%/2%'@A%)2%L.%=7*$*?./0%
$.%)=+.%/2%.:*0:2)%K%-.7*0:2)%2:%$=B.6%/2$%,60-2/*+*2:70%
/2%/2)2-.-*F:%.%OH5P<%.72:/*2:/0%.%E=2%,=2/2%-0:)*/26.6)2%
+M)%!%.8$2%2)72%+970/0GOO%
Q06%0760%$./0<%=:%.:M$*)*)%/2$%&'(%-0:%+970/0%)*+,$*!%-./0%
-0:%I.$062)%'@A%/2%5<R"%0%/2%5<DS%/2+=2)76.%E=2%2$%&'(%:0%
en 0,01 unidades.
I.6T.<%0%2:%70/0%-.)0%)F$0%5<5O%=:*/./2)G%
!"#$"% &'()% UV&WX#'% A#&% CWC(#Y@#% '@AJC#!D%
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2.6 Sobre el pHsat y el pHeq
#$% ,Z2E% -0662),0:/2% .$% ,Z% /2% 2E=*$*86*0% E=T+*-0% M-*/0>
8.)2%/2%$.%62.--*F:[%%
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M-*/0>8.)2%K%)2B]:%$.%NF6+=$.%/2%Z2:/26)0:>Z.))2$8.$-LGO!%
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:0%).7=6./.%/2%-.$-*7.G%
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2.7 Efecto de la temperatura en el LSI
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-0+0%)2%*$=)76.%2:%$.%^*B=6.%4GO!%/2$%C.,T7=$0%4%,.6.%.B=.)%
62+*:26.$*?./.)%-0:%/*N262:72)%:*I2$2)%/2%.$-.$*:*/./G%
2.8 El LSI en la legislación española
#:%2$%XA%OR5J!554<%V:2_0%O<%@.8$.%C[%Q.6M+2760)%*:/*-.>
/062)%2:%$.%62/%/2%/*)76*8=-*F:<%)2%2)7.8$2-2%E=2%`2$%.B=.%
2:%:*:B]:%+0+2:70%,0/6M%)26%:*%.B62)*I.%:*%*:-6=)7.:72%K%
!"
!#$%&'()&'*+$,-&-$.-$)/-.0-%'12$3)$.-+$-40-+$3)+-.-3-+$5$&)6'2)&-.'7-3-+
?K$A?89KC@<F$<?$>@K>9K@A$?K$=:<=>?$<?$.@:J?K=?A$<?I?A;@$?8C@A$
>FDEA?:<=<F$?:CA?$]aT$bWHq#
+=$I=?:$?K$&3$GXba!bbe$:F$?8E?>=!$>@$8=$8?$<?I?$9C=K=M@A$?K$
DrCF<F$8=DEK=!$>@<F$F$?K$+6!eebW$8?$8FIA??:C=?:<?$c9?$?K$
DrCF<F$F!$>=@K$<?I?AB$8?A$?K$+6!eeb#
2.9 Índice de Larson-Skold
2.12 Índice de Puckorius
)8$ 9:$ ;:<=>?$ <?$ >@AB>C?A$ ?DE;A=>FGH$ FIC?:=<F$ @$ E@AC=A$ <?$
@J9@8$ >F:C=:?:C@K?8$ L$ 8=D=K@A$ @K$ <?$ &LM:@A$ E?AF$ <F:<?$ ?K$
EN$8?$898C=C9L?$EFA$9:$EN$A?K@>=F:@<F$>F:$K@$@K>@K=:=<@<#$
2F$ @EFAC@$ =:OFAD@>=P:$ @<=>=F:@K$ ?:$ ?K$ >@8F$ <?$ K@8$ @J9@8$
<?8@K@<@8$L$A?D=:?A@K=M@<@8#
,+'$Q$!REN8@CS$T$EN?RE9>UFA=98S
)8$8=D=K@A$@$K@$:FAD@$3'2$Hb"eb$R^?A$DB8$@I@gFS$L$C@DI=r:$
=:<=>@C=^F$<?K$EFC?:>=@K$<?$>FAAF8=P:$EFA$E=>@<9A@#$)K$;:<=T
>?$<?$.@A8F:T+UFK<Ge$8?$>@K>9K@$>FDF$8=J9?V
3F:<?V
EN?RE9>UFA=98S$Q$GWXYH$Z$.FJ$[-KU\$]$XWHX
.@'$Q$R[%KT\$]$[+*X!T\SaR[N%*eT\$]$[%*e!T\S
.F8$>A=C?A=F8$<?$?^@K9@>=P:$8F:V
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2.10 Normas DIN
)Z=8C?:$ 9:@$ 8?A=?$ <?$ :FAD@8$ =:<98CA=@K?8$ @K?D@:@8$ R3'2S$
c9?$ <?8@AAFKK@:$ >A=C?A=F8$ E@A?>=<F8$ @K$ +6!eeb$ L$ @K$ ;:<=T
>?$ <?$ .@A8F:T+UFK<#$Estas
)8CF$ 8F:$ K@$ 3'2$ XbXY$ L$ K@$ 3'2$ )2$
G!Hb!W$8?$@8?D?g@$@K$+6!eeb$L$8?$A?!$?A?$@$K@$>@E@>=<@<$<?K$
@J9@$E@A@$<=8FK^?A$K@$>@K>=C@$L$KF8$A=?8JF8$<?$>FAAF8=P:$E@A@$
<=8C=:CF8$D@C?A=@K?8#$,FA$89$E@AC?W$K@$3'2$Hb"eb$A?O?A?:C?$
@K$ A=?8JF$ <?$ >FAAF8=P:$ EFA$ E=>@<9A@$ L$es?8$ 8=D=K@A$ @K$ ;:<=>?$
<?$.@A8F:T+UFK<#$-$:=^?K$=:C?A:@>=F:@K$8FKF$K@$3'2$Hb"eb$
8?$ @EK=>@$ ?:$ @KJ9:F8$ >@8F8#$ )8C@$ :FAD@$ ?8C@IK?>?$ ?K$ ^@KFA$
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EFA$E=>@<9A@#$
2.11 Índice de Ryznar
14
)8$ 9:$ ;:<=>?$ <?$ >@AB>C?A$ ?DE;A=>FGX$
E?:8@<F$ E@A@$ @J9@8$
>F:C=:?:C@K?8$ E?AF$ c9?$ :F$ @EFAC@$ A?@KD?:C?$ =:OFAD@>=P:$
@<=>=F:@K$E@A@$K@8$<?8@K@<@8$:=$A?D=:?A@K=M@<@8#$
las aguas desaladas y remineralizadas.
&+'$Q$!REN8@CS$T$EN
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&+'$_$"Wb$$
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YWb$`$&+'$`$mWb$$
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XWb$`$&+'$`$HWb$$
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h9?AC?D?:C?$>FAAF8=^@
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.=J?A@D?:C?$=:>A98C@:C?$F$>FAAF8=^@
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2.13. SAR
o índice de absorción de sodio del agua16
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K@$@$E@AC=A$<?$K@$OPAD9K@V
+-&$Q$2@]aRR%@!]]6J!]Sa!SbWH
3F:<?$2@]W$%@!]$L$6J!]$?8CB:$?ZEA?8@<F8$?:$D?ca.#
5$<F:<?$KF8$>A=C?A=F8$<?$?^@K9@>=P:$8F:V
+-&$_$G!$$
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K=C?A@C9A@$?8E?>=@K=M@<@#GY
2.14 Referencias
G#$ +(-23-&3$ 6)(N*3+$ h*&$ (N)$ )i-6'2-T
('*2$ *h$ j-()&$ -23$ j-+()j-()&#$ 6?CkF<$
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'+f2$bTlmHHeTbXmTl#$
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3. NIVELES ADECUADOS
ÓPTIMOS DEDE
LAREMINERALIZACIÓN
REMINERALIZACIÓN
3.1 Introducción
"#$ #%&'#%(#$ )*+$ +#,'%#+-.'/-0'1%$ #.$ 0*%23%&*$ (#$ &40%'0-5$
63#$.*7+-%$-3,#%&-+$.-$(3+#/-$8$.-$-.0-.'%'(-($(#.$-73-$9-5:
&-$ ;-.*+#5$ 63#$ )+*03+-%$ 3%$ <%('0#$ (#$ 5-&3+-0'1%=$ &-,>'4%$
..-,-(*$ (#$ ?-%7#.'#+$ @?"AB=$ '73-.$ *$ )+1C',*$ -$ 0#+*$ 8$ #%$
#63'.'>+'*$0*%$.-$-&,15D#+-E$
?-$0*%0#%&+-0'1%$(#$FGH$(#$3%$-73-$#%$#63'.'>+'*$0*%$#.$
FGH$(#$.-$-&,15D#+-$(#!$%#$(#$D*+,-$%-&3+-.$#.$)I$8$.-$0*,:
>'%-0'1%$(#$0-+>*%-&*5$8$>'0-+>*%-&*5$63#$0*++#5)*%(#$0*%$
('09*$)IEJ
K%$.*5$5'5&#,-5$->'#+&*5=$03-%(*$#.$0*%&#%'(*$#%$FGH$(#.$
-73-$ #5$ 53)#+'*+$ -.$ 63#$ (#>'#+-$ #5&-+$ #%$ #63'.'>+'*$ 0*%$ #.$
-'+#=$#.$FGH$5#$#50-)-$-$.-$-&,15D#+-$8$#.$)I$-3,#%&-E$L*+$#.$
0*%&+-+'*=$5'$#.$0*%&#%'(*$#%$FGH$#5$'%D#+'*+$-.$63#$(#>'#+-$
#5&-+$#%$#63'.'>+'*$0*%$.-$-&,15D#+-$#.$-73-$->5*+>#+M$FGH$
(#$.-$-&,15D#+-$8$#.$)I$('5,'%3'+ME
K.$*>2#&';*$(#$.-$+#,'%#+-.'/-0'1%$#5=$)*+$3%$.-(*=$-.0-%/-+$
#.$)3%&*$(#$#63'.'>+'*$0-.0*0-+>1%'0*E$K5&*$#5=$(*%(#$#.$)I=$
#.$0-.0'*$('53#.&*$8$-.0-.'%'(-($%*$;-+<-%$*$;-+<-%$,38$)*0*$
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D*+,-$,M5$)+#0'5-$)*5'>.#$0*%$#.$!$%$(#$,'%','/-+$#.$0*%53:
,*$(#$#%#+7<-$8$)+*(30&*5$63<,'0*5=$#%$#5)#0'-.$(#.$FGHE$
@O#+$F-)<&3.*$P$(#$#5&-$Q3<-$)-+-$3%-$+#0*)'.-0'1%$(#$.-5$
&40%'0-5$(#$+#,'%#+-.'/-0'1%$,M5$',)*+&-%&#5BE
K.$)+*0#5*$(#$#63'.'>+'*$(#.$FGH$0*%$.-$-&,15D#+-$(#)#%(#$
(#$.-$&#,)#+-&3+-$8$.-$)+#5'1%$)-+0'-.$(#$FGHEJ$"'%$#,>-+:
7*=$ #%$ .-5$ 0*%('0'*%#5$ (#$ &+->-2*$ (#$ .-5$ (#5-.-(*+-5$ 5*.*$
.-$ &#,)#+-&3+-$ (#.$ -73-$ )3#(#$ ..#7-+$ -$ ;-+'-+$ (#$ D*+,-$
5'7%'!$0-&';-E$ K5&-5$ ('D#+#%0'-5$ 5*%$ 51.*$ #5&-0'*%-.#5$ 8$ %*$
*03++#%$#%$)#+<*(*5$0*+&*5$8$(3+-%&#$#.$D3%0'*%-,'#%&*$(#$
+#,'%#+-.'/-0'1%E
L*+$S.&',*=$5#$)+#5#%&-%$(-&*5$5*>+#$.-$#;*.30'1%$(#.$)I=$
.*5$ >'0-+>*%-&*5$ 8$ #.$ ?"A$ (#$ .-5$ -73-5$ +#,'%#+-.'/-(-5$ 8$
#%$ 0*%&-0&*$ 0*%$ .-$ -&,15D#+-=$ 0*%$ #.$ !$%$ (#$ 0*++*>*+-+$ #.$
-%M.'5'5$&#1+'0*$(#$.-$)+',#+-$)-+&#$(#.$0-)<&3.*$8$-83(-+$-$
(#!$%'+$.*5$%';#.#5$1)&',*5$(#$+#,'%#+-.'/-0'1%E$
3.2 Materiales y métodos
L-+-$-%-.'/-+$#.$0*,)*+&-,'#%&*$(#$.-5$-73-5$+#,'%#+-.'/-:
(-5$#%$#63'.'>+'*$0*%$.-$-&,15D#+-$5#$&*,-+*%$,3#5&+-5$#%$
('5&'%&-5$(#5-.-(*+-5$(#5)345$(#.$&+-&-,'#%&*$(#$+#,'%#+-:
.'/-0'1%$8$5#$+#-.'/-+*%$-%M.'5'5$!"#$!%&$(#$)I=$FK=$T#,)#:
+-&3+-=$IFG!:$8$FG!UE
R$0*%&'%3-0'1%$5#$..#;-+*%$.-5$,3#5&+-5$-.$.->*+-&*+'*$(*%:
(#$5#$+#)'&'#+*%$.*5$-%M.'5'5$8$5#$0*,).#&-+*%$0*%$#.$+#5&*$
(#$ .*5$ )-+M,#&+*5E$ L*5&#+'*+,#%&#=$ 5#$ )+*0#('1$ -$ (#2-+$ .-$
,3#5&+-$#C)3#5&-$-$.-$-&,15D#+-$8$-7'&-(-$53-;#,#%&#$(#$
D*+,-$ ,#0M%'0-=$ &*,M%(*5#$ ,3#5&+-5$ )-+-$ -%M.'5'5$ 0-(-$
0'#+&*$&'#,)*$9-5&-$3%*5$JP$(<-5E
3.3 Resultados y discusión
3.3.1 Equilibrio con el CO2 de la atmósfera
?*5$(-&*5$(#$.-5$V'73+-5$!EJ$8$!EH$(#,3#5&+-%$63#$#.$-73-$
+#,'%#+-.'/-(-$ &'#%(#$ -$ #63'.'>+-+5#$ 0*%$ 3%$ 0*%&#%'(*$ #%$
FGH$-.+#(#(*+$(#$W=XYW=J$,7$FGHZ?E$"#$9-0#$%*&-+$63#$.-$
0*%0#%&+-0'1%$(#$FGH$#%$.-$-&,15D#+-$#63';-.#$-)+*C',-:
(-,#%&#$-$W=[\$,7$FGHZ?
K%$ #5&#$ 0-)<&3.*$ 5#$ &+-&-=$ #%$ )+',#+$ .37-+=$ (#$ -%-.'/-+$ #.$
0*,)*+&-,'#%&*$ (#$ ('5&'%&-5$ -73-5$ +#,'%#+-.'/-(-5$ )-+-$
0*,)+*>-+$ 03-.$ #5$ .-$ 0*%0#%&+-0'1%$ (#$ FGH$ #%$ #63'.'>+'*$
0*%$.-$-&,15D#+-$8$#%$.-5$0*%('0'*%#5$(#$.-$0*5&-$,#('&#:
++M%#-E
R$ 0*%&'%3-0'1%$ 5#$ -%-.'/-=$ )*+$ ,#('*$ (#$ 3%$ ,*(#.*$ ,-:
&#,M&'0*=$ .-$ #;*.30'1%$ (#.$ )I5-&=$ )I#6$ 8$ #.$ )I$ (#.$ -73-$
@;#+$F-)<&3.*$H$(#$#5&-$Q3<-$)-+-$.-5$(#!$%'0'*%#5$(#$)I5-&=$
)I#6B$-$('D#+#%&#5$%';#.#5$(#$+#,'%#+-.'/-0'1%E$K.$*>2#&';*$
#5$ '(#%&'!$0-+$ 03-.$ #5$ #.$ %';#.$ 1)&',*$ (#$ +#,'%#+-.'/-0'1%$
63#$)+*(30#$3%$?"A$,38$)+1C',*$-$0#+*$8$0*%$3%$0*%&#%':
(*$#%$FGH$#%$#63'.'>+'*$0*%$#.$(#$.-$-&,15D#+-E$"#$#;-.S-$
&-,>'4%=$-$)-+&'+$(#$.*5$(-&*5$*>&#%'(*5=$.-$+#.-0'1%$#%&+#$#.$
0*%&#%'(*$#%$FGH$8$#.$)I$(#.$-73-E$
!"#$%&'()*+',-./$0"12'34/'567'34/'&#$&'%48"24%&/"9&3&'
34'-&%"&:'34:&/&3.%&:'0.2'"2;%&3.:"!'0&0"12'34'567)
$
!!
NIVELES ADECUADOS DE REMINERALIZACIÓN $
!#$%&'()(*$+,-&./*$0($)1$2(.&%(21)&314&+%$
!"#$%&'()A*'+,-.$/"01'23.'E>A'23.'&#$&'%3C"13%&."K&2&'23'
,&%"&4'234&.&2-%&4'/-1'."#3%&'4-L%32-4"!'/&/"01'23'E>A)'
!"#$%&'()(*'+,-.$/"01'23'2"45"15-4'67'8'23.'9:;'23.'&#$&'
234&.&2&'/-1'.&'&2"/"01'23'<&=>7?)''
(5$ <=$ V@89>=$ !#`$ 67$ C976?>=5$ 95=$ 67>@7$ :7$ N<=5?=6$ :;5:7$
7<$ 4/H$ :7$ 6=<@:=$ 76$ @5Q7>@;>$ =$ EGP$ C8$ 4/HF)G$ <;$ U97$ :=$ =$
75?75:7>$U97$5;$67$^=$:;6@!$D=:;$69!$D@75?7$4/H$M$67$^=$D;5K
69C@:;$ ?;:;$ :9>=5?7$ 7<$ N>;D76;$ :7$ >7C@57>=<@A=D@B5#$ ,;>$
?=5?;G$7<$=89=$?@75:7$=$=X6;>X7>$4/H$:7$<=$=?CB6Q7>=$^=6?=$
7U9@<@X>=>67$D;5$7<<=#$
(5$ 67895:;$ <98=>$ 67$ 9?@<@AB$ 95$ =89=$ >7C@57>=<@A=:=$ D;5$
!EE$C8$-0*F)G$HH$C8$4=HIF)G$JE$C8$4=4/!F)$:7$=<D=K
<@5@:=:G$ HEL4$ M$ =$ NO$ P$ M$ 67$ Q97$ =9C75?=5:;$ 7<$ NO$ D;5$
%=R/OS$ D;5$ 7<$ !$5$ :7$ T7>$ @89=<C75?7$ <=$ 7T;<9D@B5$ :7<$
NO6=?G$NO7U$M$7<$)*&#$
(5$<=$V@89>=$!#H$7<$Q75BC75;$76$=<$>7T\6#$1U9]G$7<$D;5?75@:;$
75$4/H$=$<=$6=<@:=$:7$<=$>7C@57>=<@A=D@B5$76$69N7>@;>$=<$:7$
<=$=?CB6Q7>=#$,;>$?=5?;G$67$N>;:9D7$95=$N\>:@:=$:7$4/H$:7<$
=89=$^=6?=$U97$<<78=$=$7U9@<@X>=>67#$
4;CN=>=5:;$<;6$:=?;6$:7$<=6$V@89>=6$!#`$M$!#H$D;5$<;6$:7$
<=6$V@89>=6$`#"$M$`#J$:7<$4=N]?9<;$`$67$;X67>T=$U97$7<$NO$
:7$ 7U9@<@X>@;$ :7<$ =89=$ :76=<=:=$ 76?[$ =<>7:7:;>$ :7$ EG!$ C8$
4/HF)$75$<98=>$:7$EGP$C8$4/HF)$D;C;$;D9>>7$D;5$7<$=89=$
>7C@57>=<@A=:=#$
(5$ <=$ V@89>=$ !#W$ 67$ ;X67>T=G$ 75$ 76?7$ D=6;G$ U97$ 7<$ NO6=?G$
NO7U$M$NO$:7<$=89=$67$D>9A=5$75$95$T=<;>$N>BY@C;$=$ZGH$
:;5:7$7<$)*&$76$D7>;$M$U97$=$76?7$NO$7<$D;5?75@:;$75$4/H$
76?[$ =<>7:7:;>$ :7$ EGP$ C8$ 4/HF)#$ )978;G$ \6?=$ 67>]=5$ <=6$
condiciones
donde, en teoría, esta agua permanecerá estable
D;5:@D@;576$:;5:7$75$?7;>]=$76?=$=89=$N7>C=57D7>[$76?=X<7$
D;5$<=$=?CB6Q7>=G$D;567>T=5:;$=:7C[6$7<$)*&$@89=<$;$C9M$
N>BY@C;$=$D7>;#$
$
3.3.2 Simulación matemática de la
remineralización
,=>=$=5=<@A=>$C7_;>$76?7$Q75BC75;$:7$@5?7>=DD@B5$:7<$=89=$
:76=<=:=$ M$ >7C@57>=<@A=:=$ 75$ 7U9@<@X>@;$ D;5$ <=$ =?CB6Q7>=$
67$^=5$^7D^;$:;6$6@C9<=D@;576$C=?7C[?@D=6$:7<$N>;D76;$:7$
>7C@57>=<@A=D@B5#W$
(5$N>@C7>$<98=>$67$9?@<@AB$95$=89=$:76=<=:=$RHEE$C8$-0*F)a$
NO$b$JGHa$EG"$C8$4=HIF)a$$WG"$C8$4=4/
a$HEL4S$M$67$=9C75K
4,5 mg CaCO3/L;20ºC)
y se aumen!
?B$7<$NO$D;5$%=R/OS$D;5$7<$!$5$:7$:7C;6?>=>$U97$<=$Q=<?=$:7$
D=<D@;$76$95$Q=D?;>$@56=<T=X<7$U97$5;$N7>C@?7$<<78=>$=$D;567K
89@>$95$)*&$:7$D7>;$N;>$C9D^;$U97$67$=9C75?7$7<$NO#
);6$ >769<?=:;6$ =N=>7D75$ 75$ <=$ V@89>=$ !#!#$ 4;C;$ N97:7$
D;CN>;X=>67G$ =$ 95=$ D;5D75?>=D@B5$ :7$ 4/H$ :7$ EGP$ C8F)G$
:;5:7$7<$=89=$76?=>]=$75$7U9@<@X>@;$D;5$<=$=?CB6Q7>=G$7<$NO$
:7<$=89=$=<D=5A=$7<$T=<;>$=<>7:7:;>$:7$P$M$7<$)*&$N7>C=57D7$
578=?@T;$=<>7:7:;>$:7$KW$=$K!#$$*7$;X67>T=$?=CX@\5$U97$7<$
NO6=?$M$7<$NO7U$5;$<<78=5$=$D>9A=>67$=95U97$7<$NO$=<D=5D7$
7<$T=<;>$:7$c#$(<$D>9D7$67$N>;:9D7$=$NO$d`H#
!"#$%&' ()@*' +,-.$/"01' 23' .-4' 2"45"15-4' 67' 8' 23.' 9:;'
/-1'.&'&2"/"01'23'<&=>7?'&'$1'&#$&'/-1'AB'C#D9'E&AFG'
HB'C#D9'E&E>(G'ABIEG'"1"/"&.C3153'&'67'J)'
(5$<=$6@89@75?7$6@C9<=D@B5$67$^=5$:;6@!$D=:;$:@6?@5?=6$D=5?@K
:=:76$:7$4/H$=$95$=89=$:76=<=:=$M$:7_[5:;<=$75$7U9@<@X>@;$
D;5$D=<D@?=$^=6?=$U97$=<D=5A=67$7<$NO6=?$M$N;>$?=5?;$)*&$:7$
D7>;#$$(5$<=$V@89>=$!#"$67$C976?>=$U97$<=$7T;<9D@B5$:7<$NOG$
4=HI$M$4/H$75$=89=6$D;5$:@6?@5?;$8>=:;$:7$>7C@57>=<@A=D@B5$
M$75$7U9@<@X>@;$D;5$<=$D=<D@?=#, esto es, el LSI = 0.
!"
NIVELES ADECUADOS DE REMINERALIZACIÓN $
!#$%&'()(*$+,-&./*$0($)1$2(.&%(21)&314&+%$
*@$DN8@=C7$L<@$@5$8:B<7E:F5$G@$@L<:6:N=:D$S)*&$:;<76$7$E@=DTQ$
@6$C76D=$G@$VQ"$J;$4/?\)$S"$J;\)$@5$67$@8E767$G@$67$9:;<=7$
!#^T$8@$ED==@8AD5G@$ED5$<57$76E76:5:G7G$G@$][$J;$474/!\)Q$
<5$AH$G@$WQ?[$I$?[Q"$J;$47?_\)#$'76D=@8$L<@$ED5E<@=G75Q$
EDJD$@=7$G@$@8A@=7=Q$ED5$6D8$G@$67$9:;<=7$!#[#$
3.3.4 Evolución del pH y del LSI de las aguas
remineralizadas según datos de campo
(5$678$9:;<=78$!#"$7$!#>?$8@$A=@8@5B7$67$@CD6<E:F5$G@6$AH$
I$ G@6$ )*&$ A7=7$ 678$ 7;<78$ =@J:5@=76:K7G78$ A=DE@G@5B@8$ G@$
G:8B:5B78$G@8767GD=78$7;=<A7G78$ED5$@6$J:8JD$E=:B@=:D$L<@$
678$9:;<=78$!#>$I$!#?#$
)D8$G7BD8$G@$67$9:;<=7$!#"$J<@8B=75$L<@$@6$AH$G@8E:@5G@$
M78B7$@L<:6:N=7=8@$7$J@G:G7$L<@$@6$7;<7$8@$@L<:6:N=7$ED5$@6$
4/?$G@$67$7BJF8O@=7#$(6$G@8E@58D$G@$AH$@8$JP8$7E@5B<7GD$
E<75BD$ J@5D=$ @8$ 67$ =@J:5@=76:K7E:F5Q$ :#@#$ J@5D=$ GD8:!$E7R
E:F5$G@$4/?#$S,675B7$!1T#
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3.3.3 Obtención del pH en equilibrio con el
CO2
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8:J<67E:F5#
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3.3.5 Relación entre de la alcalinidad y la
dosificación de CO2
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3.3.6 Efecto de la temperatura en la
remineralización
30ºC
20ºC
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3.4 Conclusiones
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3.5 Referencias
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4. CÁLCULO INDIRECTO DEL LSI Y DEL SAR DEL AGUA
REMINERALIZADA A PARTIR DE LOS DATOS DE CE25 Y PH ANTES Y
DESPUÉS DE LA REMINERALIZACIÓN
4.1 Introducción
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5. TÉCNICAS PARA LA REMINERALIZACIÓN DE LAS AGUAS DESALADAS
5.1 Introducción
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Figura
5.1: Aspectos del equilibrio CO2 <=>
HCO
9
< 3 en el proceso de remineralización del agua osmotizada.
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se recomienda la siguiente secuencia:
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5.2.1 Velocidad ascensional
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calidad de la calcita
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5.2.2 Tiempo de contacto ó EBCT
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Los datos muestran que para un EBCT de 12,3
<E:A;@$9:C$C:7I@$A@$=:><E;EG$6C76AU6>$:C$>:<EA:>6CEU67EGA$
minutos,
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zada,
desciende linearmente con la temperatura.
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5.2.3 Efecto de la temperatura
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5.2.4.Pérdida de carga del lecho y fluidización
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>:C67EGA$:A;>:$C6$=^>9E96$9:$76>K6$9:C$C:7I@$H$C6$D:C@7E969$
la velocidad ascensional y la perdida decarga
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para
un lecho de calcita de 1 - 3 mm de diámetro de par<:;>@#$3:$67?:>9@$7@A$:B;@B$96;@B$C6$:\=6ABEGA$9:C$C:7I@$
tículas.
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(10-16 m/h)
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5.2.6 Dosificación final de Na(OH) para
conseguir un LSI positivo
necesario
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2 ± 0,5
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5.2.7 Configuración de los lechos de calcita
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5.2.8 Dosificación de CO2
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5.3 Remineralización con Ca(OH)2 + CO2
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>@!%?:?@J8%<_>%C97?@>:$%&`8G:>7%78%?B78=:%VB7%;:%C97?@>@J8%
VB7% >7% ?A8>@GB7% ?A8% 7>=7% >@>=7<:% 7>% D7;% A9D78% D7% \F% <G%
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da
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zar
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5.3.1 Calidad del Ca(OH)2
Figura
5.17: Esquema de una instalación de preparación
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5.4 Conclusiones
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BC%(8e%N%>J%SCIAG%?ASg>CrEBJB%BC>%gGA?CHA%Jg@IZJI%J%D@C%
>AH% >C?bAH% BC% ?J>?EZJ% HAI% @IJ% Zq?IE?J% S=H% CHZJF>C% gJGJ% >J%
GCSEICGJ>EpJ?EOI%BC%>JH%JP@JH%BCHJ>JBJH%D@C%>J%BAHE#%?J?EOI%
?AI%>C?bJBJ%BC%?J>$%
/J%BAHE#%?J?EOI%BC%(8e%[@I?EAIJ%FECI%?AI%EINC??EOI%BEGC?ZJ%
Z@FCGQJ%?AI%!
en tubería con%@rA%BCH?CIBCIZC$%/J%kC>A?EBJB%BC>%JP@J%CI%>J%
flujo descendente.La velocidad del agua en la
Z@FCGQJ%BC%EINC??EOI%BCFC%SJIZCICGHC%CI%W<W"%s%W<We%SjH%
gJGJ%JHQ%CkEZJG%C>%JGGJHZGC%BC%>JH%F@GF@rJH$%/J%gGCHEOI%BE[CK
GCI?EJ>%CIZGC%C>%JP@J%N%>J%BC>%PJH%BCFC%HCG%BC>%AGBCI%W<e#%
FJGCH$%6IJ%SJNAG%gGCHEOI%BE[CGCI?EJ>%EI?GCSCIZJ%C>%ZJSJtA%
BC%>J%F@GF@rJ$%0>%ZECSgA%BC%?AIZJ?ZA%CIZGC%C>%g@IZA%BC%EIK
a la salida del difusor. El tiempo de contacto
NC??EOI%N%>J%CIZGJBJ%J%>AH%>C?bAH%BC%?J>?EZJ%HC%g@CBC%GCB@?EG%
entre
el punto de inyección de la solución sobresaturada de
bJHZJ%@IAH%#%HCP@IBAH%HECSgGC%D@C%HC%GCHgCZCI%>JH%?AIBEK
CO
2 y la entrada a los lechos de calcita se puede reducir has?EAICH%JIZCGEAGCH$%
ta
unos 5 segundos, siempre que se respeten las condiciones
de diseño apuntadas. En cualquier caso, no se recomienda
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nunca
la dosificación del CO2 directamente %?J?EOI%BC%(8
en tubería hori-e%
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zontal.
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6. PROCEDIMIENTO PARA LA TOMA DE MUESTRAS, CONSERVACIÓN Y
ANÁLISIS DE LAS AGUAS DESALADAS Y REMINERALIZADAS
6.1 Introducción
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6.2 Material
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7. SOBRE LAS MEZCLAS DE AGUAS REMINERALIZADAS CON AGUAS
DESALADAS
7.1 Introducción
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7.2 Materiales y métodos
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7.3 Resultados de la validación de programas
de simulación de mezclas
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Figura 7.3: Relación entre el pH medido y calculado para
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las mezclas de agua de la MCT utilizando Water-Pro.
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7.5 Estudio de la mezcla de agua desalada y
remineralizada
+-$Y.$1-.97C.23$9.$57809./7:4$;.1.$.[-17A0.1$<0M$;31/-46.B
Q-$2-$.A0.$2-5.9.2.$;0-2-$8-C/9.15-$/34$.A0.$;9-4.8-46-$
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Figura 7.6: Valor del LSI según el porcentaje de agua
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desalada añadida a un agua remineralizada con 60 mg
6&'&9&6"6&'&.'&#$&'%-:"1-%&.";&6&'6-'*<':#'=&=>
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?
CaCO3/L de alcalinidad.
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En caso de querer aumentar el porcentaje de mezcla de
agua no remineralizada es necesario aumentar la dosis de
CO2 y por tanto el grado de remineralización. Esto implica
también un mayor contenido de CO2 después de la mecla
que debe eliminarse aireando o con la adición de Na(OH).
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7.7 Referencias
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25/8/10
"
portadaBil(ConLomo)OK.pdf
12:07:19
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