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6OFKFNQMPDMBSPFTFMQSPHSBNBEFBTJTUFODJBUnDOJDBBFTDVFMBTBMUBNFOUFWVMOF
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OPHVBSEBOJOHVOBSFMBDJwODPOTVTDBQBDJEBEFTUnDOJDBT#JFOMPTB
CFOMPTEPDFOUFTEFFTUBCMFDJNJFOUPTQBSUJDVMBSFTTVCWFODJPOBEPT
MB NBZPSrB EF MPT TPTUFOFEPSFT QSJWBEPT OP DVFOUBO DPO FRVJQPT
UnDOJDPTQFEBHwHJDPTRVFBQPZFOMBUPNBEFEFDJTJPOFTFTDPMBSFT
2VFEBMBJNQSFTJwOEFRVFQPSFMDPOUSBSJPMBNBZPSQBSUFEFMBTEF
DJTJPOFTEFTVHFTUJwOUJFOFORVFWFSDPOFMDSJUFSJPEFNBYJNJ[BDJwO
EFMBTHBOBODJBT
&MDBTPEFMPTTPTUFOFEPSFTNVOJDJQBMFTSFTVMUBJHVBMEFESBNgUJ
DP&YJTUFOFO$IJMFDPNVOBTQPSMPUBOUPTPTUFOFEPSFTNV
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NVOJDJQJPTTwMPDVFOUBODPOFRVJQPTUnDOJDPTEFBQPZPEFNBZPS
EFTBSSPMMP Z DPNQMFKJEBE PCWJBNFOUF FTUPT NVOJDJQJPT TVFMFO TFS
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Z RVF QPS DJFSUP QSFTFOUBO VOB BETDSJQDJwO QPMrUJDB QBSUJEJTUB BGrO
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1PSPUSBQBSUFFTUFNPEFMPEF²HFTUJwOEFMTJTUFNBFEVDBUJWP³IB
HFOFSBEPVOBTVFSUFEFDPOGVTJwOZEJDPUPNJ[BDJwOFOUSFMBTMBCPSFT
BENJOJTUSBUJWBTZMBTMBCPSFTEFrOEPMFUnDOJDPQFEBHwHJDBT-PTTPT
UFOFEPSFTQPSVOBTVOUPEFDBQBDJEBEPQPSPQDJwOTFIBODPODFO
USBEPFOBTQFDUPTBENJOJTUSBUJWPTZFDPOwNJDPTJOUFOUBOEPDBQUBSMB
NBZPSDBOUJEBEEFTVCWFODJPOFTFTUBUBMFTZIBDJFOEPFTGVFS[PTQPS
SBDJPOBMJ[BSBMNgYJNPTVTSFDVSTPT&M.JOJTUFSJPEF&EVDBDJwOFTFM
RVFQBSFDFWFMBSQPSMBDBMJEBEEFMPTQSPDFTPTQFEBHwHJDPTQFSPMP
IBDF TJO DPOUBS DPO MBT DBQBDJEBEFT OJ MBT SFHVMBDJPOFT OFDFTBSJBT
QBSBHVJBSBMBFTDVFMBTFOFTUFQSPDFTPBQBSFDJFOEPDPNPVOFOUF
MFKBOPEFTEFFMQVOUPEFWJTUBUnDOJDPQFEBHwHJDPQBSBMPTEPDFOUFT
1PSMPEFNgTOJOH|OFNQSFTBSJPJOWJFSUFFOVOOFHPDJPTJOPFTQBSBPCUFOFSMB
NBZPSDBOUJEBEQPTJCMFEFVUJMJEBEFT
1BSUJDJQBDJwOFJODJEFODJBEFMBTPDJFEBEDJWJMFMDBTPDIJMFOP
"Tr MBT DPTBT RVFEB DMBSP RVF FTUB BWFOUVSB EFTDFOUSBMJ[BEPSB
JNQVFTUBQPSFM&TUBEPTFSFBMJ[BTJOIBCFSBTFHVSBEPMPTSFDVSTPT
OJ MBT DPOEJDJPOFT NrOJNBT OFDFTBSJBT QBSB TV nYJUP B OJWFM MPDBM
"QBSFDF NgT CJFO DPNP VO QSPDFTP EF ²EFTFOUFOEJNJFOUP³ EF MB
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DPEFMBNFKPSBFTDPMBSZMPTEPDFOUFTFKFTEFMQSPDFTPEFFOTFvBO[B
ZBQSFOEJ[BKF'VMMBO3FZOPMET
TFIBMMBOEFTQSPWJTUPT
EFBQPZPZTVQFSWJTJwOUnDOJDBEFDBMJEBEZTFFODVFOUSBOTPCSFQB
TBEPT QPS MB BQMJDBDJwO EF QSPZFDUPT Z QSPHSBNBT RVF MFT TPO JN
QVFTUPTEFTEFFMOJWFMDFOUSBMPEFTEFMPTTPTUFOFEPSFT
-PTQSJNFSPTSFTVMUBEPT
)BDJB¾OBMFTEFMPTBvPTFOWrTQFSBTEFMBMMBNBEBUSBOTJDJwO
QPMrUJDBBMBEFNPDSBDJBMPTSFTVMUBEPTEFFTUFFYQFSJNFOUPFTUBCBOB
MBWJTUBQBVQFSJ[BDJwOEFMUSBCBKPEPDFOUFEJTNJOVDJwOEFMHBTUPQ|
CMJDPFOFEVDBDJwOJOJRVJEBEFOMPTSFTVMUBEPTFEVDBUJWPTDSJTJTEFMB
FEVDBDJwOQ|CMJDBZFOUnSNJOPTNgTBNQMJPTVOQSPDFTPHFOFSBMJ[B
EPEFQnSEJEBEFGFZTFOUJEPQPSQBSUFEFMPTBDUPSFTFEVDBUJWPTBMVN
OPTEPDFOUFTQBESFTZBQPEFSBEPT
FOFMTJTUFNBFTDPMBS#SJPOFT
ZPUSPT$FSEBZPUSPT&EXBSETZDPM&UDIFHBSBZ
(PO[gMF[#SJUP.FOBZ3JUUFSIBVTTFO
&MTFHVOEPFYQFSJNFOUP
MBSFGPSNBFEVDBDJPOBMEFQPTEJDUBEVSB
"DPNJFO[PTEFMBEnDBEBEFMPTFOFMNBSDPEFMPTHPCJFSOPT
DJWJMFTZEFMBUSBOTJDJwOEFNPDSgUJDB$IJMFGVFFTDFOBSJPEFVOTF
HVOEPFYQFSJNFOUPFEVDBUJWP4FUSBUwEFDPSSFHJSMPTFGFDUPTOPDJ
WPTEFMBT²SFDFUBT³OFPMJCFSBMFTEFUJQP.FSDBEPZ$PNQFUFODJBB
USBWnTEFMBBDDJwOEFVO&TUBEPKJCBSJ[BEPRVFTFBVUPEF¾OJwOPZB
DPNPEPDFOUFPTVCTJEJBSJPTJOPDPNP²QSPNPUPS³EFQPMrUJDBTEF
DBMJEBEZFRVJEBE&TUPTJOUPDBSMPTQJMBSFTFTFODJBMFTEFMTJTUFNB
FEVDBUJWPBOUFTNFODJPOBEPTZBTFBQPSPQDJwOPQPSMBTMJNJUBDJP
3PESJHP$PSOFKP+VBO(PO[gMF[Z+VBO1$BMEJDIPVSZ
OFTRVFJNQPOrBVOBMFHJTMBDJwOFEVDBUJWBJNQVFTUBDPOSBOHPDPOT
UJUVDJPOBMFOVOTJTUFNBQBSMBNFOUBSJPBNBSSBEPQPSMPTTFOBEPSFT
EFTJHOBEPTFMTJTUFNBQPMrUJDPCJOPNJOBMZMPTBMUPTRVPSVNSFRVF
SJEPTQBSBSFBMJ[BSNPEJ¾DBDJPOFT
6OFOPSNFFTGVFS[PTFIBSFBMJ[BEPFOFTFTFOUJEPBMPMBSHPEF
MPT|MUJNPTBvPT-PTHSBOEFTQSPQwTJUPTEFMBSFGPSNBFEVDBUJWB
EF MPT BvPT GVFSPO MB NFKPSB EF MB DBMJEBE Z MB FRVJEBE EF MPT
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7BMFMBQFOBDPOTJHOBSRVFVOBMUP
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TVCWFODJPOFTFJOWFSTJPOFTFOJOGSBFTUSVDUVSB
C
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MBTZRVFTJHOJ¾DBSgFOMPTQSwYJNPTBvPTRVFMBUPUBMJEBEEFMPT
FTUVEJBOUFTDIJMFOPTUFOESgONgTIPSBTEFFTDPMBSJEBEBMBvP
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1BSUJDJQBDJwOFJODJEFODJBEFMBTPDJFEBEDJWJMFMDBTPDIJMFOP
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OBSFMFOPSNFBVNFOUPFOMBDPCFSUVSBZFMBDDFTPBMBFOTFvBO[B
CgTJDBZNFEJB"MHPTJNJMBSIBPDVSSJEPFOMPTOJWFMFTEFFOTFvBO[B
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TPDJBMFTFOFMJOHSFTPWnBTFUBCMB
Tabla 1
Cobertura educativa según nivel de ingreso familiar. Encuesta CASEN 2000.
Quintil de ingreso Familiar
Quintil V
Quintil IV
Quintil III
Quintil II
Quintil I
Educación
Parvularia
Educación
Básica
50%
38%
32%
28%
26%
98%
98%
97%
96%
95%
Educación Educación
Media
Superior
97%
95%
92%
87%
81%
65%
43%
28%
15%
8%
1PSPUSBQBSUFTPONVZTJHOJ¾DBUJWPTMPTBWBODFTFOMBDBMJEBEEF
MBJOGSBFTUSVDUVSBZMPTFRVJQBNJFOUPTEFOVFTUSBTFTDVFMBTZMJDFPT
BTrDPNPFMBVNFOUPFYQPOFODJBMFOFMO|NFSPEFUFYUPTFTDPMBSFT
EJTUSJCVJEPTHSBUVJUBNFOUFZEFMBTSBDJPOBMFTBMJNFOUJDJBTFOUSFHB
EBTFOMBTFTDVFMBTBMPTBMVNOPTNgTQPCSFTMBTDVBMFTTFIBONgT
RVFEVQMJDBEPFOMPT|MUJNPTBvPTQBTBOEPEFBNgTEF
EFSBDJPOFTEJBSJBT
&OMBPUSBDBSBEFMBNPOFEBFTQPTJCMFBQSFDJBSRVFMBNJTNBDSJTJT
FEVDBDJPOBMDPOTUBUBEBB¾OFTEFMPTBvPTWVFMWFBSFBQBSFDFSJO
DMVTPBHVEJ[gOEPTFFOBMHVOPTBTQFDUPTJOFRVJEBEZTFHNFOUBDJwO
1BSBFOGSFOUBSFTUBDSJTJTZNPEJ¾DBSMPTQJMBSFTEFMTJTUFNBFEVDBUJWP
FT RVF MPT FTUVEJBOUFT TFDVOEBSJPT DIJMFOPT QSPUBHPOJ[BO FM NBZPS
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MJ[BSFNPTDPOBMH|OEFUBMMF-PTFMFNFOUPTDFOUSBMFTEFFTUBDSJTJTMPT
QPESrBNPTSFTVNJSFODVBUSPFMFNFOUPTFTUBODBNJFOUPEFMBDBMJEBE
JOFRVJEBETFHNFOUBDJwOFEVDBUJWBZEFTDPOFYJwOFOUSFMPTQPTUVMB
3PESJHP$PSOFKP+VBO(PO[gMF[Z+VBO1$BMEJDIPVSZ
EPTQFEBHwHJDP¾MPTw¾DPTEFMBSFGPSNBFEVDBUJWBZMBTQSgDUJDBTFT
DPMBSFT/PTSFGFSJSFNPTBDBEBVOPEFFMMPTCSFWFNFOUF
B
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NFEJEPTBUSBWnTEFM4*.$&ZPUSBTQSVFCBTFTUBOEBSJ[BEBTTFIBO
NBOUFOJEPFTUBODBEPTBMPMBSHPEFUPEPTFTUPTBvPTBMNFOPTEFT
EFRVFFTQPTJCMFEFDPNQBSBSMPTSFTVMUBEPTEFMBTEJTUJOUBTNFEJ
DJPOFT5BMDPNPTFBQSFDJBFOFMHSg¾DPFTUFFTUBODBNJFOUPFO
MPTSFTVMUBEPTFTDPN|OQBSBMPTDPMFHJPTNVOJDJQBMFTMPTQBSUJDVMB
SFTTVCWFODJPOBEPTZMPTQBSUJDVMBSFTQBHBEPT
Gráfico 1
Resultados SIMCE para 4° año básico por sistema de administración
350
100
86
85
90
86
80
80
74
70
63
60
50
40
54
73
71
70
64
65
292
298
298
255
256
254
238
238
235
300
puntaje IRT
% resp. correct.
Puntaje en series comparables y no comparables
250
68
200
56
49
150
30
100
20
50
10
Municipal
0
0
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1996
1999
2002
Privado subv.
Privado no subv.
Fuente: García Huidobro, 2004.
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HrBFTUBErTUJDBRVFIBDrBJNQPTJCMFTVDPNQBSBDJwO&OPUSBTQBMBCSBTIBCFSPCUFOJEPNgT
QVOUPTFOFM4*.$&EFMBvPSFTQFDUPEFMBvPOPFSBVOJOEJDBEPSEFOBEB%JTUJOUPFTFM
DBTPEFMBNFUPEPMPHrBVUJMJ[BEBQPSFM4*.$&EFTEFFMBvPDPOPDJEBDPNPEF²SFTQVFTUB
BMrUFN³MBDVBMTrQFSNJUFDPNQBSBDJPOFTFOUSFTVTEJTUJOUBTWFSTJPOFT
1BSUJDJQBDJwOFJODJEFODJBEFMBTPDJFEBEDJWJMFMDBTPDIJMFOP
C
$SFDJFOUFJOFRVJEBE&TUPTNJTNPTSFTVMUBEPTTJHVFOQSFTFO
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EFMBTGBNJMJBTZMBTFTDVFMBTBMBTRVFBTJTUFOMPTFTUVEJBOUFT6OB
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SFTBMQSPNFEJPOPBMDBO[BOBTFS
Gráfico 2
Resultados SIMCE y Vulnerabilidad Educativa de las Escuelas Chilenas
Fuente: Belleï, Muñoz, Pérez y Raczynski, 2004.
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Tabla 2
Segmentación educativa por quintiles de ingreso y dependencia administrativa
Q u in t ile s d e I n g r e s o
I
+ II
III
IV + V
1990
2000
1990
2000
1990
2000
Pagado
21%
10%
13%
13%
66%
77%
Pa rt. Su b
47%
41%
23%
24%
30%
35%
M u n ic ip a l
63%
68%
19%
18%
18%
14%
Fuente: García Huidobro, 2004.
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