Word formation – general rules There are many word beginnings (prefixes) and word endings (suffixes) that can be added to a word to change its meaning or its word class. The most common ones are shown here Verb Formation The endings ize and ify can be added to nouns and adjectives to form verbs. Noun + ize = Verb American + ize = Americanize Legal + ize = legalize This will make the factory more modern. This will modernize the factory. Adjective + ize = Verb False + ify = Falsify Humid + ify = humidify These tablets make the water pure. They purify the water. Adverb Formation The ending ly can be added to most adjectives to form adverbs. Adjective + ly = Adverb Easy + ly = easily His behaviour was stupid. He behaved stupidly . Noun Formation The endings er, ment, and ation can be added to many verbs to form nouns. Verb + er = Noun Fasten + er = faster Open + er = opener John drives a bus. He is a bus driver. Amaze + ment = amazement Retire + ment = retirement Children develop very quickly. Their development is very quick. Admire + ation = admiration Organize + ation = organization The doctor examined me. The doctor gave me an examination. The endings ity/ty and ness can be added to many adjectives to form nouns. Stupid + ity = stupidity Don’t be so cruel. I hate cruelty Adjective Formation The endings y, ic, ical, ful, and less can be added to many nouns to form adjectives. • The ending able can be added to many verbs to form adjectives. • Noun + y = Adjective Dirt + y = dirty That was an awful smell. It was very smelly. Atom + ic = atomic That was a book of poetry. It was a poetic book. Hope + ful = hopeful • His broken leg caused pain. It was very painful. Care + less = careless • The operation didn’t cause pain. It was painless. Verb + able = Adjective • Love + able = lovable You can wash this coat. It’s washable. Opposites Prefixes added to the front of many words can produce an opposite meaning. • un + fortunate = unfortunate I’m not very happy. In fact I’m very unhappy • In + efficient = inefficient • iIl + literate = illiterate • Im + possible = impossible • De + centralize = decentralize Instead of inflating the tire, he deflated it. • dis + honest = dishonest I don’t agree with everything you said. I disagree with the last part. • non + payment = non-payment You are not making any sense. What you are saying is nonsense. Exercises • 1 Give three examples of nouns beginning with the negative prefix dis-. • 2 What two different verb forms can be made from the word light? • 3 Make four different words from the root word communicate. • 4 Give three examples of adjectives ending in -ous. • 5 Make four different words from the root word success. • 6 What negative prefix is used before all of these words: kind, do, employment? • 7 Give three examples of adjectives beginning with the negative prefix im-. • 8 Give three examples of nouns ending in dom. • 1.Give three examples of nouns beginning with the negative prefix mis-. • 2. What two different noun forms can be made from the word able? • 3.Make four different words from the root word approve. • 4.Give three examples of adjectives ending in ive • 5.Make four different words from the root word predict. • 6.Give three examples of adverbs spelt with a double l at the end. • 7.What negative prefix is used before all of these words: ability, sensitive, tolerance? • 8.Give three examples of nouns ending in ship. • Try to write similar sentences • Mr Successful succeeded in successfully completing the task that had so far been very unsuccessfully dealt with, which was a great success. • • • • • • • • • KEY: sample answers 1 disappointment, dissatisfaction, disloyalty 2 lighten, enlighten 3 communicative, uncommunicative, communicator, communication 4 famous, marvellous, autonomous 5 successful, unsuccessful, succeed, successor 6 un 7 impolite, improbable, impossible 8 freedom, stardom, boredom • • • • • • • • 1 misbehaviour, misinterpretation, mistrust 2 ability, disability 3 approval, disapproval, disapprove, disapprovingly 4 talkative, formative, creative 5 predictable, unpredictable, prediction, predictably 6 formally, faithfully, fully 7 in 8 friendship, relationship, sponsorship Useful links • http://home.agh.edu.pl/~potrec/Exam%20B2/ Wordformation/WORD%20FORMATION.pdf • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRNEUPXl ObY&t=38s • http://corsi.unica.it/pas/files/2014/03/PASFODDE-WORD-FORMATIONS-B1-B2.pdf
