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&O MB TFHVOEB NJUBE EFM TJHMP *** TF FNQJF[BO B GPSNBS MBT HSBOEFT ÈSFBT GVOFSB
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BSRVFPMØHJDP GVOEBNFOUBM QBSB MB IJTUPSJB EF MB DJVEBE Z QBSB MB BSRVFPMPHÓB DSJTUJBOB
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VOB TVQFSGJDJF EF VOPT N &M NPNFOUP ÈMHJEP EF FTUF DFNFOUFSJP TF TJUÞB FO MPT
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GVOFSËSJB EF 5ËSSBDP 5BSSBHPOB Atti Toledo - 2a sessione
343
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B MB UVNCB TBOUB VOB EFOTJGJDBDJØO RVF FT QSPQJB EF FTUF DFNFOUFSJP Z DPOTUJUVZF VOB
QSVFCB NÈT EF MB QSFTFODJB EF MPT NÈSUJSFT 6O TFHVOEP FMFNFOUP TJOHVMBS FT MB SJRVF
[B Z WBSJFEBE EF MPT FMFNFOUPT TFQVMDSBMFT .F SFGJFSP B EFUFSNJOBEPT FMFNFOUPT TVO
UVBSJPT DPNP MPT OVNFSPTPT TBSDØGBHPT MBVEBT EF NPTBJDP Z FM SFQFSUPSJP FQJHSÈGJDP
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VOB DSPOPMPHÓB RVF DPJODJEF DPO FM NPNFOUP NÈT JNQPSUBOUF EF MB OFDSØQPMJT EF NF
EJBEPT EFM *7 B NFEJBEPT EFM 7
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DFOUSBM EF ÏTUF TF NBOJGJFTUB FO TV TJUVBDJØO SFTQFDUP BM DFNFOUFSJP Z FO MB SJRVF[B Z
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TVFMP SFQMFUP EF UVNCBT 4J MB CBTÓMJDB FQJTDPQBM FTUBCB TJUVBEB JOUSB NVSPT DPNP DSFP
MPT FOUFSSBNJFOUPT EF MPT PCJTQPT Z PUSPT NJFNCSPT EFTUBDBEPT EFM DMFSP BM NFOPT EV
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RVFQSFTFOUBCBFMFEJGJDJP1PSFKFNQMPMBTEPTMBVEBTNVTJWBTEFMBDSJQUBEFMPT"SDPT
RVF QPS TV QPTJDJØO UPQPHSÈGJDB TPO QSFFNJOFOUFT TF IBMMBSPO EFTUSVJEBT 5SBT MB QB[
DPOTUBOUJOJBOB FM TFQFMJP EF MPT PCJTQPT EF 3PNB FO MBT EJWFSTBT ÈSFBT NBSUJSJBMFT FY
USBVSCBOBT FTUÈ CJFO EPDVNFOUBEP FO MB DBQJUBM EFM *NQFSJP 4PO TFQVMDSPT RVF UJFOFO
MB JOUFODJØO EF BTPDJBSTF o BM NFOPT JEFBMNFOUF o DPO MPT NÈSUJSFT
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QPS N DPO VO USBOTFQUP 7BSJPT NBVTPMFPT TF BOFYBCBO B MB OBWF TFQUFOUSJP
OBM Z B MB DBCFDFSB &O FM NPNFOUP EF TV FYDBWBDJØO QVEJFSPO JEFOUJGJDBSTF EPT QBWJ
NFOUPT TVQFSQVFTUPT VOP JOGFSJPS EF PQVT TJHOJOVN Z PUSP TVQFSJPS EF HSBOEFT UFTF
MBT EF NÈSNPM &M SJUNP EF MB DPMVNOBUB FSB EF OVFWF DPMVNOBT DPO VO JOUFSDPMVN
OJP EF VOPT USFT NFUSPT
"MHVOPT NBVTPMFPT TF SFMBDJPOBO GÓTJDBNFOUF DPO MB CBTÓMJDB QSJODJQBMNFOUF FO MB
GBDIBEB TFQUFOUSJPOBM -B NBZPSÓB EF NBVTPMFPT FT QPTUFSJPS B MB QSPQJB CBTÓMJDB Z BM
HVOPT EF MPT RVF QBSFDFO BOUFSJPSFT QPESÓBO IBCFS TJEP EFTQVÏT DPOFDUBEPT DPO MB GÈ
CSJDB EFM UFNQMP 5PEPT MPT NBVTPMFPT UJFOFO VOB DPUB EF QBWJNFOUBDJØO TJNJMBS QF
SP MB EFOPNJOBEB DSJQUB EF MPT "SDPT VCJDBEB BM OPSUF EFM ÈCTJEF UJFOF BMHP FTQFDÓGJ
DP RVF MB EJGFSFODJB EF MPT EFNÈT FT FM ÞOJDP RVF UJFOF VOB FTUSVDUVSB TVCUFSSÈOFB DPO
DPOFYJØO EJSFDUB DPO MB CBTÓMJDB -B DSJQUB BMPKBCB VOB TFSJF EF TFQVMDSPT &O FM QFRVF
×P ÈNCJUP BM DVBM TF JOHSFTB B USBWÏT EF MPT EPT BSDPT IBCÓB EPT RVF IBCÓBO TJEP TFMMB
Atti Toledo - 2a sessione
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Ėĝ ĤĒğĥĦĒģĚĠ ġĒĝĖĠĔģĚĤĥĚĒğĠ ĕĖ ĝĠĤ ĞśģĥĚģĖĤ
EPT DPO MBVEBT EF NPTBJDP RVF MBNFOUBCMFNFOUF TF FODPOUSBSPO EFTUSVJEBT &O FM ÈN
CJUP WFDJOP UBNCJÏO CBKP FM QBWJNFOUP IBCÓB EPT TFQVMDSPT NÈT Z B VO NPNFOUP QPT
UFSJPS DPSSFTQPOEF MB JOTUBMBDJØO EF VO TBSDØGBHP NPOPMÓUJDP
0USP EF MPT FMFNFOUPT EFTUBDBCMFT FT VO SFDJOUP VCJDBEP BM PFTUF EF MB CBTÓMJDB EF
QMBOUB DBTJ DVBESBEB QMFOBNFOUF DPFUÈOFP B MB CBTÓMJDB 5SFT EF TVT DVBUSP MBEPT FTUÈO
CJFO EFMJNJUBEPT QFSP QPS PSJFOUF RVFEB BCJFSUP B MBT OBWFT &O DMBSB SFMBDJØO DPO FM
SFDJOUP TF FODPOUSØ VO TFQVMDSP NPOVNFOUBM BEPTBEP BM NVSP PDDJEFOUBM RVF FT FM EF
NBZPSFT EJNFOTJPOFT EF MB OFDSØQPMJT &O FM JOUFSJPS TF FODPOUSBSPO EPT FTRVFMFUPT -B
JNQPSUBODJB EF FTUB TFQVMUVSB OP SBEJDB TØMP FO TV UBNB×P TPCSF FM TFQVMDSP IBCÓB FO
FM ÈOHVMP TVSPSJFOUBM VO CBTBNFOUP EF DPMVNOB JO TJUV &TUP JNQMJDB RVF FM TFQVMDSP
BEFNÈT EF TPCSFTBMJS EFM QBWJNFOUP FTUBCB DPSPOBEP QPS VOB FTQFDJF EF CBMEBRVJOP
RVF MP TF×BMJ[BCB EF VOB NBOFSB PTUFOTJCMF -MFHBEPT B FTUF QVOUP OP QPEFNPT EFKBS
EFDPNQBSBSFTUFSFDJOUPDPOFMDPOUSBÈCTJEFUBOCJFOEPDVNFOUBEPFOMBOVFWBCBTÓMJDB
EFTDVCJFSUBFOFMB×P&OFGFDUPDPNPWFSFNPTEFTQVÏTFMTFHVOEPUFNQMPEJTQP
OÓBEFVODPOUSBÈCTJEFEFFWJEFOUFGVODJPOBMJEBEGVOFSBSJBDPOVOBUVNCBQSJODJQBMFO
FM FYUSFNP PDDJEFOUBM DPMPDBEB USBOTWFSTBMNFOUF SFTQFUP BM FKF EFM FEJGJDJP GJH $PO SFTQFDUP B MB DSPOPMPHÓB VOB SFWJTJØO EFM NBUFSJBM EF MBT WJFKBT FYDBWBDJPOFT
NFIBMMFWBEPBQSPQPOFSVOBEBUBDJØOFOUPSOPBMB×PDPOVOVTPGVOFSBSJPDPOT
UBUBEP B MP MBSHP EF UPEP FM TJHMP 7 &T EJGÓDJM BWFSJHVBS FM NPNFOUP GJOBM EF MB CBTÓMJDB
&M QBWJNFOUP UFTFMBEP TF EBUB B JOJDJPT EFM TJHMP 7* %FTDPOPDFNPT DVBOEP TF BCBOEP
OB MB CBTÓMJDB QFSP FM IFDIP RVF QSPDFEFOUFT EFM ÈSFB TF FODPOUSBSBO VOB TFSJF EF FMF
NFOUPT EFDPSBUJWPT EF UJQP WJTJHØUJDP EBUBCMFT FOUSF MB TFHVOEB NJUBE EFM TJHMP 7* Z FM
TJHMP 7** Z MB JEFOUJGJDBDJØO EF BMHVOPT PCKFUPT EF CSPODF EF VTP MJUÞSHJDP EFM TJHMP 7*
JOEJDBO MB QFSWJWFODJB EF MB CBTÓMJDB EVSBOUF UPEP FM TJHMP 7* Z RVJ[ÈT NÈT BMMÈ
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SFMBDJPOBEBT GJH %FTUBDB VO QFRVF×P ÈNCJUP DVBESBOHVMBS TJUP B QPDB EJTUBODJB
EF MB DBCFDFSB FO TV JOUFSJPS TF EFTDVCSJØ VO QFRVF×P CBQUJTUFSJP EF GPSNB SFDUBOHV
MBS &M CBQUJTUFSJP FTUÈ DPMPDBEP B QPDB EJTUBODJB EF MB DBCFDFSB QFSP FT DMBSBNFOUF JO
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DJØO NVZ EFGJDJFOUF &TUF TFDUPS GVF JOUFSWFOJEP BOUFT EF RVF .O 4FSSB 7JMBSØ FOUSBSB
FO BDDJØO Z EF MB EPDVNFOUBDJØO QVCMJDBEB TF EFTQSFOEF RVF MPT USBCBKPT BSRVFPMØHJ
DPT TF MJNJUBSPO B SFDVQFSBS PCKFUPT Z B MFWBOUBS FM QMBOP EF MPT NVSPT RVF RVFEBCBO
BM EFTDVCJFSUP -BT DPOTUSVDDJPOFT PDVQBCBO VOB HSBO ÈSFB Z FTUBCBO MJNJUBEBT QPS MB
CBTÓMJDB BM OPSUF Z QPS WJBM BM TVS &T VO DPOKVOUP EF NVSPT EJTQVFTUPT PSUPHPOBMNFOUF
PDVQBOEP VOB TVQFSGJDJF EF VOPT N "M TVS EF MB CBTÓMJDB TF FODVFOUSB VO FTQB
DJP MJCSF CBTUBOUF HSBOEF SPEFBEP EF DPOTUSVDDJPOFT DPNP TJ GVFSB VO QBUJP FO PUSPT
MVHBSFT TF PCTFSWBO TJMMBSFT CJFO DFOUSBEPT RVF EFCJFSPO TPTUFOFS DPMVNOBT P QJMBSFT
UBNCJÏO EFTUBDB VO QØSUJDP UFUSÈTUJMP DPO DPMVNOBT TPCSFFMFWBEBT QPS VO QPEJVN FO
DBSBEP B MB DJVEBE FWJEFOUFNFOUF TF USBUB EF VO BDDFTP NPOVNFOUBM %B MB JNQSFTJØO
EF RVF MB CBTÓMJDB IVCJFSB TFSWJEP EF NØEVMP QBSB MB DPOTUSVDDJØO EF FTUF HSBO FEJGJ
DJP &T MØHJDP BUSJCVJS B FTUB DPOTUSVDDJØO VOB DSPOPMPHÓB UBSEÓB DPFUÈOFB BM NPNFOUP
GVOEBDJPOBM EF MB CBTÓMJDB P FO UPEP DBTP QPTUFSJPS
4V GVODJPOBMJEBE FT EJGÓDJM EF EFUFSNJOBS "MHVOPT RVFSSÈO WFS FM FQJTDPQJP RVF
NFODJPOB $POTFODJP FO MB FQÓTUPMB EJSJHJEB B 4BO "HVTUÓO Z PUSPT FM DFOPCJVN TBODUJT
Atti Toledo - 2a sessione
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DJUBEP FO FM FQJUBGJP EFM PCJTQP 4FSHJP DB 1BSB VO DPOKVOUP EF FTUBT DBSBDUF
SÓTUJDBT QPESÓB QMBOUFBSTF UBNCJÏO MB QPTJCJMJEBE EF RVF GVFSB VOB IPTQFEFSÓB BTPDJBEB
BM TBOUVBSJP 4BCFNPT RVF FM DVMUP B 'SVDUVPTP Z TVT DPNQB×FSPT FTUBCB NVZ EJGVOEJ
EP Z FWJEFOUFNFOUF BUSBFSÓB VO OÞNFSP DPOTJEFSBCMF EF QFSFHSJOPT
-B BUSBDDJØO EF MBT UVNCBT EF MPT NÈSUJSFT DPOTJEFSBEPT IÏSPFT EF MB GF GVF DBEB
WF[ NÈT JNQPSUBOUF FTQFDJBMNFOUF VOB WF[ BDBCBEBT MBT QFSTFDVDJPOFT 2VF MBT UVNCBT
FSBOWFOFSBEBTZWJTJUBEBTQPSOVNFSPTPTGJFMFTFTVOIFDIPBDFQUBEPQPSUPEPFMNVO
EP Z FO )JTQBOJB UFOFNPT VO FKFNQMP QBSBEJHNÈUJDP &HFSJB Z TV JUJOFSBSJP &M NJTNP
1BVMJOP EF /PMB OPT SFGJFSF FO TV SJDB QSPEVDDJØO MJUFSBSJB DPNP FM EF FOFSP EJFT
OBUBMJT EF 4BO 'ÏMJY VOB NVMUJUVE EF QFSFHSJOPT QSPDFEFOUFT EF MB *UBMJB DFOUSPNFSJ
EJPOBM TF SFVOÓB QPS WJTJUBS MB UVNCB EFM NÈSUJS RVF FSB PCKFUP EF VOB WJWB EFWPDJØO
QPQVMBS &O FM DPNQMFKP EF $JNJUJMF 4BO 1BVMJOP EF /PMB FO TV FUBQB EF HPCFSOBEPS
EF MB $BNQBOJB FOUSF MPT B×PT Z IJ[P FOMPTBS MB WÓB RVF MMFWBCB BM TBOUVBSJP
FYUSBVSCBOP EF 4BO 'ÏMJY EPOEF DPOTUSVZØ VO YFOPEPDIJVN &M TBOUVBSJP EF 5FCFTTB
MFWBOUBEP FOUSF GJOBMFT EFM TJHMP *7 Z QSJODJQJPT EFM 7 EJTQPOÓB EF VO FEJGJDJP EF USFT
OBWFT BOFYBEP BM BUSJP RVF TF IB JEFOUJGJDBEP DPNP VOB IPTQFEFSÓB
5BNCJÏO FO 3PNB MBT UVNCBT TBOUBT FSBO WJTJUBEBT Z FO MB DJVEBE FUFSOB FM QBQB
%ÈNBTP TF DVJEØ EF NPOVNFOUBMJU[BS MBT UVNCBT EF MPT NÈSUJSFT &M PCKFUJWP
FSB PCWJBNFOUF MB QSPNPDJØO EFM DVMUP -B DPOTUSVDDJØO EF FEJGJDJPT EF TFSWJDJPT QB
SB MPT QFSFHSJOPT SFMBDJPOBEPT DPO MBT CBTÓMJDBT NBSUJSJBMFT TF DPOTUBUB FO 3PNB TPCSF
UPEP FO MB TFHVOEB NJUBE EFM TJHMP 7 1PS FKFNQMP FM QBQB )JMBSJP SFBDUJWØ
4BO-PSFO[PFOMBWÓB5JCVSUJOBDPOMBDPOTUSVDDJØOEFVONPOBTUFSJPEPTCBMOFBVOB
SFTJEFODJB TF×PSJBM o QSBFUPSJVN o Z QSPCBCMFNFOUF EPT CJCMJPUFDBT Z VO CBQUJTUFSJP :
UBNCJÏO PUSPT TBOUVBSJPT DPNP 4 1FESP EFM 7BUJDBOP Z 4BO 1BCMP &YUSBNVSPT FTUBCBO
EPUBEPTEFWBSJBTFEJGJDBDJPOFTBOFKBTEFTFSWJDJPBMPTQFSFHSJOPTNPOBTUFSJPTFUDGF
DIBEPTTFHÞOMBTGVFOUFTBQBSUJSEFMBTFHVOEBNJUBEEFMTJHMP71BSB)JTQBOJBDPOUB
NPT DPO FM YFOPEPDIJVN EF .ÏSJEB FTUSVDUVSBEP UBNCJÏO B CBTF EF OBWFT DPO CBTÓMJDB
DFOUSBM Z EPT QMBOUBT BÞO DVBOEP TV EBUBDJØO FT ZB NVZ UBSEÓB EF GJOBMFT EFM TJHMP 7*
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6OPT N BM OPSUF EF MB CBTÓMJDB FYDBWBEB QPS 4FSSB 7JMBSØ TF EFTDVCSJØ FO FM
B×PVODPOKVOUPEFFEJGJDJPTFOUSFMPTRVFEFTUBDBVOBTFHVOEBCBTÓMJDBQBMFPDSJT
UJBOB RVF EFTDSJCJSFNPT TFHVJEBNFOUF GJH &O FM FYUSFNP PSJFOUBM Z QSFTJEJFOEP FM
FEJGJDJP TF TJUÞB VO ÈCTJEF DVBESBOHVMBS DPO VOB EPCMF DJNFOUBDJØO Z KVOUP B ÏTUF EPT
QFRVF×PT ÈNCJUPT B MPT RVF BUSJCVÓNPT GVODJPOFT EF TBDSJTUÓB " DPOUJOVBDJØO TF IBMMB
VO USBOTFQUP RVF OP TPCSFTBMF EF MB QMBOUB &M DVFSQP EF MB CBTÓMJDB TF FODVFOUSB EJWJ
EJEP FO USFT OBWFT " MPT QJFT EF MB DFOUSBM TF FODVFOUSB VOB FTUSVDUVSB DVBESBOHVMBS
RVF DPOTUJUVZF VO DPOUSBÈCTJEF RVF UVWP VOB FWJEFOUF GVODJPOBMJEBE GVOFSBSJB &OUSF MB
CBTÓMJDB Z MB WÓB TF TJUÞB VO BUSJP RVF PGSFDF VOBT QBSUJDVMBSJEBEFT FTQFDJBMNFOUF JOUF
SFTBOUFT $POTUB EF VO QBUJP DFOUSBM SPEFBEP QPS VO BNCVMBDSP BM RVF TF BCSFO FO MPT
MBUFSBMFT OPSUF Z TVS VOB TFSJF EF ÈNCJUPT -BT NFEJEBT QPS N QBSB MB CBTÓMJ
DB Z QPS N QBSB FM BUSJP
&M FTUBEP EF DPOTFSWBDJØO FSB NVZ QSFDBSJP IBCÓBO TPCSFWJWJEP MB NBZPS QBSUF EF
MPTDJNJFOUPTQFSPOJOHÞONVSPFOBM[BEP-PTQBWJNFOUPTRVFFSBOEFPQVTTJHOJOVN
TF FODPOUSBSPO EFTNFOV[BEPT FO MPT FTUSBUPT EF BSSBTBNJFOUP 5PEP TF×BM FWJEFOUF EFM
FYQPMJP TJTUFNÈUJDP B RVF TF WJP TPNFUJEB MB CBTÓMJDB USBT TV BCBOEPOP 4F DPOTUBUB FO
FGFDUP VO TBRVFP TJTUFNÈUJDP EF FMFNFOUPT DPOTUSVDUJWPT OP TF IB IBMMBEP OJ SBTUSP EF
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Ėĝ ĤĒğĥĦĒģĚĠ ġĒĝĖĠĔģĚĤĥĚĒğĠ ĕĖ ĝĠĤ ĞśģĥĚģĖĤ
MBT DPMVNOBT P DBQJUFMFT -B FYDBWBDJØO FWJEFODJØ UBNCJÏO MB WJPMBDJØO TJTUFNÈUJDB EF
MBT TFQVMUVSBT ZB FO ÏQPDB BOUJHVB
-B QMBOUB CBTJMJDBM MMFWB JNQMÓDJUB MB EJWJTJØO EF MBT OBWFT NFEJBOUF EPT NVSPT TPT
UFOJEPT QPS DPMVNOBT P QJMBSFT DPO VO JOUFSDPMVNOJP EF NFUSPT RVF EB VOB TVDFTJØO
EF DJODP BSDBEBT B DBEB MBEP EF MB OBWF DFOUSBM &M ÈCTJEF Z FM USBOTFQUP TF IBMMBCBO B
VO NJTNP OJWFM TPCSFFMFWBEPT SFTQFDUP B MBT OBWFT EF MB CBTÓMJDB VOPT DN %PT GP
TBT EF FYQPMJP TJUVBEBT FO FM QVOUP EF DPOUBDUP DPO MB OBWF DFOUSBM Z MB FTQFDJBM EJTQP
TJDJØOEFBMHVOBTUVNCBTJOEJDBORVFFMÈSFBDFOUSBMEFMUSBOTFQUPFTUBCBEFMJNJUBEBQPS
DBODFMFT GJH $POTJEFSBNPT RVF FM BMUBS EFCFSÓB TJUVBSTF EFOUSP EFM ÈCTJEF " QPDPT
NFUSPT EFM ÈCTJEF GVF IBMMBEB VOB DPMVNOJUB DPO GVTUF Z DBQJUFM EF NÈSNPM CMBODP EF
VOB TPMB QJF[B RVF JOUFSQSFUBNPT DPNP VOP EF MPT QJFT EFM BMUBS EF MB CBTÓMJDB VO BMUBS
RVF EFCFSÓB TFS VOB NFOTB SFDUBOHVMBS TPTUFOJEB QPS DVBUSP P DJODP TUJQJUFT &M BOÈMJ
TJT NFUSPMØHJDP Z EF QSPQPSDJPOFT EFM FEJGJDJP TF IBDF FO PUSB DPNVOJDBDJØO QSFTFOUB
EB FO FTUF DPOHSFTP Z QPS MP UBOUP OP JOTJTUJSFNPT BRVÓ
&M FTUVEJP EF MB DFSÈNJDB DPOUFOJEB FO FM QBWJNFOUP EF TJHOJOVN OPT QSPQPSDJPOB
TV DSPOPMPHÓB QSJNFSB NJUBE TJHMP 7 -B OBUVSBMF[B EFM NJTNP QBWJNFOUP Z MB BVTFO
DJB EF UFTFMBT Z PUSPT FMFNFOUPT OPCMFT EFKBO FOUSFWFS VOB PSOBNFOUBDJØO TFODJMMB 6O
TJMFODJP FQJHSÈGJDP DBTJ UPUBM EJGJDVMUB TV JOUFSQSFUBDJØO QFSP MPT BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF TFQVMDSPT FYJTUFOUFT CBKP FM UFNQMP Z FM BNCVMBDSP EFM BUSJP FWJEFODJBO RVF OPT FODPO
USBNPT BOUF VOB CBTÓMJDB GVOFSBSJB
&ĕĚėĚĔĚĠĤ ģĖĝĒĔĚĠğĒĕĠĤ ĔĠğ ĝĒ ēĒĤŧĝĚĔĒ ĤĖġĥĖğĥģĚĠğĒĝ
7BSJPTFEJGJDJPTFTUBCBOSFMBDJPOBEPTDPOMBOVFWBCBTÓMJDBGJH
$MBSBNFOUFDPO
GPSNBO VO DPOKVOUP BSRVJUFDUØOJDP JOEFQFOEJFOUF EF MB OFDSØQPMJT QBMFPDSJTUJBOB QF
SP FTUÈ ÓOUJNBNFOUF SFMBDJPOBEP OP TØMP QPS MB WÓB SPNBOB TJOP UBNCJÏO QPS MB BUSBD
DJØO RVF EFCÓB EF TVQPOFS MB WFDJOB QSFTFODJB EF MPT NÈSUJSFT DPO TV CBTÓMJDB MBT EF
QFOEFODJBT BOFKBT MPT NBVTPMFPT Z MPT NJMFT EF JOIVNBDJPOFT
4ØMPVOPFTBOUFSJPSBMBCBTÓMJDBZQVFEFOPUFOFSOJOHVOBSFMBDJØO&TVOBEPNVT
TVCVSCBOB TJUVBEB B QPOJFOUF EF MB WÓB SPNBOB RVF QSFTFOUB VOB FTUSVDUVSB DPNQBDUB
DPO QMBOUB DVBESBOHVMBS Z QBUJP DFOUSBM FO MPT QBSÈNFUSPT EF VO NPEFMP BNQMJBNFOUF
EJGVOEJEPFOMBBSRVJUFDUVSBQSPQJBEFMPTÞMUJNPTTJHMPTEFM*NQFSJP.VFTUSBVOBCVF
OB PSHBOJ[BDJØO EF MPT FTQBDJPT FOUSF MPT RVF EFTUBDBO VOB BVMB EF SFDFQDJØO BCTJEBEB
FO FM FKF EF TJNFUSÓB Z VOPT QFRVF×PT CB×PT 1FSP B QFTBS EF UPEP OP IBZ VO EFTQMJF
HVFEFDPSBUJWPEFNBTJBEPMVKPTP-PTQBWJNFOUPTTPOEFTJHOJOVNZMPTNVSPTTFPSOBO
DPOQJOUVSBTNVSBMFT4ØMPEPTQFRVF×PTNPTBJDPTFOFMBNCJFOUFDBMJFOUFEFMPTCB×PT
TPO MB FYDFQDJØO &T QVFT VOB EPNVT EF VOB DJFSUB JNQPSUBODJB QFSP OP FTQMÏOEJEB
$POTUSVJEB FOUSF FM Z FM UJFOF VOB DPSUB WJEB IBTUB VO NPNFOUP JOEFUFSNJOB
EP RVF QPTJCMFNFOUF TF EFCB TJUVBS FO UPSOP B MB TFHVOEB NJUBE EFM TJHMP 7
-PT SFTUBOUFT FEJGJDJPT FTUPT TÓ QMFOBNFOUF DPOUFNQPSÈOFPT B MB CBTÓMJDB TF EJT
QPOFO FO UPSOP B VO QBUJP EF VOPT N 4JO EVEB MB CBTÓMJDB FT MB DPOTUSVDDJØO
QSJODJQBM %FTHSBDJBEBNFOUF FM FTUBEP EF DPOTFSWBDJØO FSB NVZ QSFDBSJP EF GPSNB RVF
TØMP TF DPOTFSWBCBO MBT MÓOFBT EF DJNFOUBDJØO FO MB NBZPS QBSUF EF MPT DBTPT
"M TVS EF MB CBTÓMJDB TF MFWBOUBCB VO FEJGJDJP EF QMBOUB BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF DVBESBO
HVMBS EF QPDP NÈT EF N DPO TFJT IBCJUBDJPOFT FO UPSOP B VO FTQBDJP DFOUSBM 1SF
DFEJFOEP FTUB DPOTUSVDDJØO IBZ VO QBUJP DFSSBEP EF QMBOUB JSSFHVMBS Z EF VOPT N
EF TVQFSGJDJF 1VFEF QMBOUFBSTF RVF TFB VO FEJGJDJP EF DBSÈDUFS EPNÏTUJDP DPO VO FTQB
DJP DFOUSBM BMSFEFEPS EFM DVBM TF BCSFO MPT ÈNCJUPT P RVJ[ÈT VO BMNBDÏO
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0USBT DPOTUSVDDJPOFT WFDJOBT UJFOFO VO DBSÈDUFS BHSBSJP NÈT DMBSP DPNP MBT FT
USVDUVSBT RVF IBZ BM FTUF EF MB CBTÓMJDB 1BSB ÏTUBT TF IB QPEJEP EFUFSNJOBS DPO DMBSJ
EBE RVF GVFSPO DPOTUSVJEBT FO EPT GBTFT " MB QSJNFSB QFSUFOFDF VO HSBO EFQØTJUP EF
BHVB EF N SFGPS[BEP DPO DPOUSBGVFSUFT RVF OPT JOGPSNB EF MB FYJTUFODJB EF DVMUJWPT
EF SFHBEÓP FO FM MVHBS IVFSUPT
&O VO TFHVOEP NPNFOUP TF BEPTB VO FEJGJDJP DPO VO
NÓOJNP EF TJFUF FTUBODJBT RVF BMCFSHBCB VOB QSFOTB QBSB MB FMBCPSBDJØO EFM WJOP TF
HÞO BQVOUBO MPT JOEJDJPT
1PS MP UBOUP BM NJTNP UJFNQP RVF TF FEJGJDBCB MB CBTÓMJDB UBNCJÏO TF DPOTUSVÓBO
VOPTFEJGJDJPTDPNQMFNFOUBSJPTRVFFWJEFODJBOVOBFYQMPUBDJØOBHSÓDPMB"WFSJHVBSRVÏ
SFQSFTFOUB FTUF DPNQMFKP BSRVJUFDUØOJDP EF VOB CBTÓMJDB BTPDJBEB B VOPT FEJGJDJPT OP FT
UBSFB GÈDJM 4F QVFEFO QMBOUFBS EPT IJQØUFTJT QBSB FYQMJDBS FM DPNQMFKP MB QSJNFSB DPO
UFNQMBSÓBMBFSFDDJØOEFMBCBTÓMJDBNFEJBOUFMBEPOBDJØOEFVOQFSTPOBKFoZBGVFSBMBJ
DP P FDMFTJÈTUJDP o FO QSPYJNJEBE DPO FM DFOUSP FTQJSJUVBM EFM NPNFOUP 1BSB TV NBO
UFOJNJFOUP TF BEKVEJDBSÓB VO GVOEVT EFM DVBM GPSNBSÓBO QBSUF MPT FEJGJDJPT WFDJOPT -B
TFHVOEB TFSÓB RVF FTUVWJÏSBNPT BOUF VO DFOPCJP
-B PQDJØO EF RVF TF USBUBSB EF VO DFOPCJP TF QPESÓB GVOEBNFOUBS FO FO USFT QVO
UPT MB DPOTUBUBDJØO EF VO NPOBTUFSJVN FO 5ÈSSBDP TFHÞO MB FQÓTUPMB EF $POTFODJP
FM IBMMB[HP FO MB OVFWB CBTÓMJDB EF MB JOTDSJQDJØO GVOFSBSJB EF 5IFDMB WJSHP $ISJTUJ Z MB
PSHBOJ[BDJØO EF MBT DPOTUSVDDJPOFT QBSFDJEB B MB EF DJFSUPT NPOBTUFSJPT TJSJPT DPOUFN
QPSÈOFPT 1FSP MB SFMFDUVSB RVF IJDJNPT FO TV EÓB EF MB FQÓTUPMB EF $POTFODJP Z FM QSF
UÏSJUP TJHOJGJDBEP EF MB QBMBCSB NPOBTUFSJVN OPT EFDBOUØ QPS DPOTJEFSBS RVF 'SPOUØO
FSB VO NPOKF TPMJUBSJP Z RVF DPOTFDVFOUFNFOUF EFM UFYUP OP QVFEF EFEVDJSTF MB FYJT
UFODJB EF VO DFOPCJP FO FM B×P -B QSFTFODJB EF 5IFDMB NFODJPOBEB FYQSFTBNFO
UF FO TV FQJUBGJP DPNP WJSHFO EF $SJTUP OP JNQMJDB UBNQPDP MB QSFTFODJB EF VOB DP
NVOJEBE NPOÈTUJDB 3FTQFUP B MB FTUSVDUVSB EF MPT DPOKVOUPT BSRVJUFDUØOJDPT NPOBDB
MFT FT OFDFTBSJP BEWFSUJS RVF IBZ VOB HSBO WBSJFEBE EF NPEFMPT Z RVF DJFSUBNFOUF BM
HVOPTNPOBTUFSJPTTJSJPTHVBSEBOBMHVOBTTJNJMJUVEFT1FSPDPOUSBSJBNFOUFBMPRVFTV
DFEF FO 0SJFOUF Z FTQFDJBMNFOUF FO 4JSJB EPOEF TF IBO QPEJEP EPDVNFOUBS OVNFSP
TBT FTUSVDUVSBT NPOBDBMFT FO 0DDJEFOUF FTUBNPT IVÏSGBOPT EF SFTUPT BSRVFPMØHJDPT UBO
BOUJHVPT -PT UFYUPT OPT DPOGJSNBO MB QSFTFODJB EF MPT QSJNFSPT DFOPCJPT FO 0DDJEFO
UF B GJOBMFT EFM TJHMP *7 Z QSJODJQJPT EFM 7 QFSP EFTDPOPDFNPT DPNQMFUBNFOUF TV FT
USVDUVSB BSRVJUFDUØOJDB 1PS FTUF NPUJWP JHOPSBNPT DØNP FSBO GÓTJDBNFOUF MPT QSJNF
SPT DFOPCJPT PDDJEFOUBMFT Z TJ TFHVÓBO BMHVOPT EF MPT NPEFMPT PSJFOUBMFT RVF DPOPDF
NPT $POTFDVFOUFNFOUF EFCFSFNPT DPODMVJS RVF OP UFOFNPT BSHVNFOUPT B GBWPS OJ FO
DPOUSB TPCSF MB QPTJCMF JEFOUJGJDBDJØO EFM DPOKVOUP EFTDVCJFSUP FO FM B×P DPNP VO
NPOBTUFSJP &O DBTP EF RVF MPT SFTUPT QFSUFOFDJFSBO B VO DFOPCJP EFTDPOPDFNPT UBN
CJÏO IBTUB RVF QVOUP TFSJB iOPSNBMw RVF FO FM JOUFSJPS EFM UFNQMP TF IVCJFSBO FOUFSSB
EP IPNCSFT NVKFSFT Z OJ×PT .ÈT UPEBWÓB DVBOEP FO MBT UVNCBT EPCMFT TF JEFOUJGJDB
IBCJUVBMNFOUF VO BEVMUP EF DBEB TFYP
&TUF DPNQPSUBNJFOUP QBSFDF NÈT QSPQJP EF VOB TJNQMF CBTÓMJDB GVOFSBSJB 1FSP TJ
FT BTÓ {DØNP FYQMJDBS FM DPOKVOUP EF FEJGJDJPT BOFKP 7PMWFSÓBNPT BTÓ B MB QSJNFSB EF
MBT IJQØUFTJT QMBOUFBEBT MB FSFDDJØO EF VOB CBTÓMJDB GVOFSBSJB NFEJBOUF MB EPOBDJØO EF
VO QFSTPOBKF QBSB FM NBOUFOJNJFOUP EF MB DVBM TF BEKVEJDBSÓB VO GVOEVT EFM RVF GPS
NBSÓBO QBSUF MPT FEJGJDJPT WFDJOPT &M DBNCJP EFM TJHMP *7 BM 7 FT VO NPNFOUP EF DPO
WFSTJPOFT FO NBTB EFCJEP B MB QPMÓUJDB GJMPDSJTUJBOB EF MPT UFPEPTJPT Z B NFOVEP BSJTUØ
DSBUBT QPUFOUBEPT TF JNQMJDBSPO FO HFOFSPTBT EPOBDJPOFT 1PS PUSB QBSUF MB EFOPNJOB
DJØO EF BMHVOPT EF MPT UJUVMJ SPNBOPT EFOPUBO VO PSJHFO MJHBEP BM FWFSHFUJTNP QSJWB
EP EF BMHVOPT SJDPT QFSTPOBKFT RVF FGFDUVBCBO VO MFHBEP QBSB QPEFS FEJGJDBS VOB JHMF
TJB EPUBSMB EF MPT PCKFUPT OFDFTBSJPT Z EF MPT CJFOFT RVF HBSBOUJ[BSBO TV NBOUFOJNJFO
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Ėĝ ĤĒğĥĦĒģĚĠ ġĒĝĖĠĔģĚĤĥĚĒğĠ ĕĖ ĝĠĤ ĞśģĥĚģĖĤ
UP Z EFM EFM DMFSP RVF MB TFSWÓB 1BSB FM DBTP RVF OPT PDVQB MPT FEJGJDJPT EF UJQP SVSBM
RVF GPSNBO DPOKVOUP DPO MB CBTÓMJDB QVFEFO UFOFS FTUB FYQMJDBDJØO RVF GPSNFO QBSUF
EF VOB FYQMPUBDJØO BHSÓDPMB EFTUJOBEB B PCUFOFS VOPT CFOFGJDJPT QBSB TV NBOUFOJNJFO
UP &O FTUF TFOUJEP UBOUP MB CBTÓMJDB DPNP MPT UFSSFOPT DJSDVOEBOUFT QPESÓBO IBCFS TJ
EP EPOBDJØO EF BMHÞO QFSTPOUHF RVF IB RVFEBEP FO FM BOPOJNBUP
$ĠĞĖğĥĒģĚĠĤ ĤĠēģĖ ĝĒĤ ĕĠĤ ēĒĤŧĝĚĔĒĤ
&OUSF MB CBTÓMJDB FYDBWBEB QPS .O 4JFSSB 7JMBSØ Z MB EFTDVCJFSUB FO FM B×P IBZ VOB EJGFSFODJB NVZ JNQPSUBOUF -B QSJNFSB TF TVQFSQVTP B VOB OFDSØQPMJT QSFFYJT
UFOUF Z TF JOTUBMØ FO VO FYUFOTP DFNFOUFSJP B DJFMP BCJFSUP RVF DPOUJOVØ FO GVODJPOB
NJFOUP &M TFHVOEP UFNQMP OP TF TVQFSQPOF B OJOHÞO FMFNFOUP QSFWJP B FYDFQDJØO EF
VO SFEVDJEP HSVQP EF UVNCBT EFM TJHMP ***
Z MBT JOIVNBDJPOFT TF FGFDUVBSPO FTUSJDUB
NFOUF EFOUSP EF MPT MÓNJUFT EFM FEJGJDJP 5PEP JOEJDB VO DBSÈDUFS NBSDBEBNFOUF GVOF
SBSJP QBSB MB DPOTUSVDDJØO VO WFSEBEFSP DFNFOUFSJP DVCJFSUP
-B CBTÓMJDB TFQUFOUSJPOBM UJFOF VO ÈCTJEF EF QMBOUB DVBESBOHVMBS 4V QSFTFODJB FO
5BSSBHPOB OP EFCF TPSQSFOEFS QPSRVF TF JOTDSJCF EFOUSP EF VOB USBEJDJØO CJFO EPDV
NFOUBEB QBSB FTUF NPNFOUP -P DVSJPTP FT RVF DBEB VOB EF MBT CBTÓMJDBT UFOHB MB DBCF
DFSB EJGFSFOUF TFNJDJSDVMBS VOB Z DVBESBOHVMBS MB PUSB NÈT UPEBWÓB DVBOEP EFCFO TFS
NÈT P NFOPT DPFUÈOFBT
0USP QVOUP TJOHVMBS FT FM USBOTFQUP FOUFOEJEP DPNP VOB OBWF USBOTWFSTBM TJUVBEB
FOUSF MBT OBWFT Z FM ÈCTJEF QSFTFOUF FO OVFTUSB CBTÓMJDB Z UBNCJÏO FO MB FYDBWBEB QPS
4FSSB 7JMBSØ "SRVJUFDUØOJDBNFOUF BNCPT QVFEFO TFS EFGJOJEPT DPNP USBOTFQUPT JOEF
QFOEJFOUFT DPOUJOVPT -PT USBOTFQUPT JOEFQFOEJFOUFT DPOUJOVPT TPO NVZ FYUSB×PT Z FO
MBQSÈDUJDBTØMPDPOPDFNPTMBCBTÓMJDBDPOTUBOUJOJBOBEF4BO1FESPEFM7BUJDBOPZMBEF
4BO1BCMP&YUSBNVSPTRVFDPNPTFTBCFJNJUBMBBOUFSJPSNJFOUSBTMPTUSBOTFQUPTUSJQBS
UJUPTTPONÈTIBCJUVBMFT4BOUB5FDMBEF.JMÈO4BO1FESPJO7JODPMJFO3PNBZFMHSV
QP EF 0SJFOUF FTUF ÞMUJNP DPO EBUBDJPOFT B QBSUJS EF NFEJBEPT EF TJHMP 7
&O MBT DSP
OPMPHÓBT FO RVF OPT FTUBNPT NPWJFOEP FTUPT TPO MPT ÞOJDPT FYJTUFOUFT FO )JTQBOJB
4Ó FO DBNCJP EFCFNPT SFTBMUBS RVF FM BMUBS EF MB OVFWB CBTÓMJDB TF TJUVBCB EFOUSP
EFM ÈCTJEF Z OP FO FM USBOTFQUP TJHVJFOEP FO FTUP VOB USBEJDJØO IJTQÈOJDB 3FDPSEBSF
NPT UBNCJÏO RVF FM USBOTFQUP Z FM ÈCTJEF FTUBCBO B VOB NJTNB DPUB TPCSFFMFWBEPT SFT
QFDUPBMBTOBWFTMPDVBMFODJFSUPNPEPFTUÈJOEJDBOEPEPTÈNCJUPTCJFOEJGFSFODJBEPT
VO FTQBDJP SFTFSWBEP BM DMFSP Z PUSP BM QVFCMP "VO BTÓ MPT JOEJDJPT OPT MMFWBO B TVQP
OFS RVF FM FTQBDJP DFOUSBM EFM USBOTFQUP FTUBCB EFMJNJUBEP QPS DBODFMFT
0USP BNCJFOUF DPNÞO B MPT EPT UFNQMPT FT FM DPOUSBÈCTJEF WÏBTF GJH 4V QSF
TFODJB FO MBT EPT CBTÓMJDBT TFHVSP RVF BQPSUBSÈ FMFNFOUPT JNQPSUBOUFT EF DBSB B MB FY
QMJDBDJØO EF FTUPT FTQBDJPT BSRVJUFDUØOJDPT QSPQJPT ÞOJDBNFOUF EF «GSJDB F )JTQBOJB Z
RVF TPO UPEBWÓB PCKFUP EF VO WJWP EFCBUF FOUSF FTQFDJBMJTUBT -B GVODJPOBMJEBE EF MPT
DPOUSBÈCTJEFT FO MBT EPT CBTÓMJDBT UBSSBDPOFOTFT TPO DMBSBT FM DBSÈDUFS EF UVNCB QSJWJ
MFHJBEB OP NBSUJSJBM FT FWJEFOUF "EFNÈT TF IB QPEJEP DPOTUBUBS DPO DMBSJEBE RVF UBO
UP MPT DPOUSBÈCTJEFT DPNP FM TFQVMDSP QSJWJMFHJBEP TPO DPOUFNQPSÈOFPT B MBT NJTNBT
CBTÓMJDBT
&M IBMMB[HP EF VO BUSJP B MPT QJFT EF MB CBTÓMJDB TFQUFOUSJPOBM GVF VOB HSBUB TPSQSF
TB TV SBSF[B o FT FM ÞOJDP RVF DPOPDFNPT FO )JTQBOJB o IBDF RVF TFB WFSEBEFSBNFOUF
TJOHVMBS &O MPT MBEPT TFQUFOUSJPOBM Z NFSJEJPOBM TF BCSFO VOB TFSJF EF FTUBDJBT EF QF
RVF×BT EJNFOTJPOFT Z GVODJØO JOEFUFSNJOBEB &M PSJHFO EFM BUSJP QSFMVEJBOEP FM UFN
QMP IBZ RVF CVTDBSMP FO MB WBSJBEB BSRVJUFDUVSB DPOTUBOUJOJBOB Z NÈT DPODSFUBNFOUF
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FO MB CBTÓMJDB EF 4BO 1FESP EFM 7BUJDBOP -PT BUSJPT FOUFOEJEPT DPNP QBUJPT EFMBO
UFSPT OPSNBMNFOUF QPSUJDBEPT QPS USFT P DVBUSP EF TVT MBEPT TPO DBSBDUFSÓTUJDPT EF
DJVEBEFT JNQPSUBOUFT QFSP TF FODVFOUSBO FO MBT NÈT WBSJBEBT SFHJPOFT EFM *NQFSJP SF
QBSUJEPT EF VOB NBOFSB EFTJHVBM Z TPO QPDP GSFDVFOUFT &O 0DDJEFOUF IBZ VOP TPMP FO
)JTQBOJB VOB EPDFOB FO "GSJDB VOB WFJOUFOB FO *UBMJB Z VOPT QPDPT FO MB (BMJB Z FO
(FSNBOJB 6OB HSBO QBSUF TF DPOTUSVZFSPO FOUSF ÏQPDB DPOTUBOUJOJBOB Z QSJODJQJPT EFM
TJHMP 7 Z TV GVODJØO FSB DSFBS VO NBSDP NPOVNFOUBM QPS BDDFEFS BM UFNQMP &M JOUF
SJPSTFQSFTFOUBCBBKBSEJOBEPBNFOVEPDPOVOBGVFOUFDFOUSBM5BNCJÏOIBZVOBGVO
DJØO TFDVOEBSJB EF UJQP GVOFSBSJP RVF DPJODJEF CBTUBOUF CJFO DPO MP RVF TF IB EPDV
NFOUBEP FO 5BSSBHPOB &M HSVQP PSJFOUBM EF BUSJPT FT NÈT BCVOEBOUF Z FTUBODJBT MBUF
SBMFT DPNP MBT EPDVNFOUBEBT FO OVFTUSB CBTÓMJDB TF IBMMBO TPCSF UPEP FOUSF MPT BUSJPT
PSJFOUBMFT &O &HJQUP FYJTUF MB CBTÓMJDB TFQUFOUSJPOBM EF 4BO .FOBT DPO ÈNCJUPT BTPDJB
EPT BM BUSJP TPO DJODP QFRVF×PT BNCJFOUFT JHVBMFT EF SFEVDJEBT EJNFOTJPOFT VOB DP
DJOB Z VO USJDMJOJVN 1BSB FM DBTP EF 5BSSBHPOB EFTDPOPDFNPT TV GVODJØO QFSP QPS MB
QSFTFODJB EF VO NÈYJNP EF PDIP SFEVDJEPT BQPTFOUPT Z EF VOB TBMB EF NBZPSFT EJ
NFOTJPOFT FM NFODJPOBEP BUSJP DPQUP DPOTUJUVZF VO QBSBMFMP B UFOFS FO DVFOUB BM NF
OPT B OJWFM BSRVJUFDUØOJDP
-BT EJWFSTBT TJOHVMBSJEBEFT EF MB CBTÓMJDB TFQUFOUSJPOBM MB DPOWJFSUFO FO VO VOJDVN
FO )JTQBOJB 4F FYQMJDBO FO GVODJØO EF MB JNQPSUBODJB EF 5ÈSSBDP DPNP DBQJUBM EF MB
5BSSBDPOFOTF QPS MB FTUSFDIB SFMBDJØO RVF NBOUVWP TJFNQSF FO 3PNB Z MBT QSPWJODJBT
BGSJDBOBT Z UBNCJÏO QPS TV DSPOPMPHÓB BOUJHVB 4J BOBMJ[BNPT MPT EJGFSFOUFT BNCJFOUFT
OPTEBSFNPTDVFOUBFOTFHVJEBRVFFMUFNQMPDPOUJFOFVOBBNBMHBNBEFFMFNFOUPTRVF
QFSNJUFOEFGJOJSMPDPNPVOFEJGJDJPFDMÏDUJDP"TÓEPTEFMPTBNCJFOUFTBSRVJUFDUØOJDPT
NÈTTJHOJGJDBUJWPTFMUSBOTFQUPZFMBUSJPFTUÈOQSFTFOUFTFOMBCBTÓMJDBEF4BO1FESPEFM
7BUJDBOP Z FO OJOHVOB PUSB CBTÓMJDB IJTQÈOJDB -B QSFTFODJB EF DPOUSBÈCTJEF FO MBT EPT
CBTÓMJDBT OPT MMFWB B SFMBDJPOBSMBT DPO CBTÓMJDBT BGSJDBOBT Z PUSBT EF IJTQÈOJDBT
$POTJEFSBNPT RVF MB CBTÓMJDB FYDBWBEB QPS 4FSSB 7JMBSØ DPOUFOESÓB MBT SFMJRVJBT EF
4BO 'SVDUVPTP "VHVSJP Z &VMPHJP %F EJNFOTJPOFT OPUBCMFNFOUF TVQFSJPSFT B MB SF
DJFOUFNFOUF FYDBWBEB EFCJØ EF TFS MB QSJNFSB FO DPOTUSVJSTF TJ CJFO OP IBZ BSHVNFO
UPT BSRVFPMØHJDPT TVGJDJFOUFT QPS BGJSNBSMP DPO TFHVSJEBE &T VO UFNQMP NBSUJSJBM Z DF
NFOUFSJBM -B CBTÓMJDB TFQUFOUSJPOBM UJFOF UBNCJÏO VO NBSDBEP DBSÈDUFS DFNFOUFSJBM DP
NP EFNVFTUSB FM TVCTVFMP SFQMFUP EF TFQVMDSPT
&M NPEFMP EFCFNPT CVTDBSMP B MB DBQJUBM EFM JNQFSJP $POTUBOUJOP BEFNÈT EF FEJ
GJDBS MB DBUFESBM EF 3PNB FO -FUSÈO IJ[P DPOTUSVJS VOB TFSJF EF HSBOEFT CBTÓMJDBT GVF
SB EF MB DJVEBE FO IPOPS B MPT NÈSUJSFT RVF TF FODPOUSBCBO FOUFSSBEPT -B NÈT JNQSF
TJPOBOUF GVF TJO EVEB MB EFEJDBEB B 4BO 1FESP 5PEBWÓB IBZ RVF TVNBS DVBUSP CBTÓMJ
DBT NÈT EFCJEBT B MB JOJDJBUJWB EFM FNQFSBEPS Z TVT GBNJMJBSFT MBT CBTÓMJDBT EF MPT TBO
UPT 1FESP Z .BSDFMJOP 4BO -PSFO[P 4BOUB *OÏT Z 4BO 4FCBTUJÈO %PT CBTÓMJDBT TJNJMB
SFT EBUBO UBNCJÏO EFM TJHMP *7 MBT BOØOJNBT EF MB WÓB 1SFOFTUJOB Z WÓB "SEFBUJOB 5P
EBT FTUBT CBTÓMJDBT GVOFSBSJBT FTUBCBO DPOTUSVÓEBT KVOUP B DBUBDVNCBT RVF DPOUFOÓBO FM
TFQVMDSP EF BMHÞO NÈSUJS Z DPOTUJUVÓBO HSBOEFT DFNFOUFSJPT DPNVOJUBSJPT DVCJFSUPT RVF
BMPKBCBO NJMFT EF UVNCBT QSPUFHJEBT QPS MB QSPYJNJEBE BM TFQVMDSP TBOUP &O 3PNB TF
TBCF RVF FTUBCBO EPUBEBT EF BMUBSFT FVDBSÓTUJDPT RVF TF EFCÓBO EF FNQMFBS DPO PDBTJØO
EF MBT GJFTUBT EF MPT NÈSUJSFT B MBT RVF FTUBCBO EFEJDBEBT "EFNÈT FTUBCBO BCJFSUBT B MB
DFMFCSBDJØO EF CBORVFUFT GVOFSBSJPT &O 5BSSBDP MB CBTÓMJDB EF 'SVDUVPTP UJFOF VO TFO
UJEPTJNJMBSHVBSEBFMDVFSQPEFMPTNÈSUJSFTZDPOTUJUVZFVODFNFOUFSJPDVCJFSUPEPO
EF MPT EÓBT TF×BMBEPT EFCÓB EF DFMFCSBSTF MB FVDBSJTUÓB Z RVJ[ÈT UBNCJÏO CBORVFUFT GV
OFSBSJPT 1BSB MB CBTÓMJDB TFQUFOUSJPOBM OP TF QVFEF BGJSNBS RVF BMPKBSB OJOHVOB UVNCB
NBSUJSJBM QFSP TV GVODJØO GVOFSBSJB FT NÈT RVF FWJEFOUF
Atti Toledo - 2a sessione
350
30-07-2013, 13:55
Ėĝ ĤĒğĥĦĒģĚĠ ġĒĝĖĠĔģĚĤĥĚĒğĠ ĕĖ ĝĠĤ ĞśģĥĚģĖĤ
%ĖĔĒĕĖğĔĚĒ ĕĖĝ ĔĠğěĦğĥĠ
&M HSBO NPNFOUP EFM DPOKVOUP QBMFPDSJTUJBOP FT FM QFSJPEP DPNQSFOEJEP FOUSF MB
TFHVOEB NJUBE EFM TJHMP *7 Z MB QSJNFSB EFM 7 " NFEJBEPT EFM NJTNP TJHMP 7 MB GVO
DJØO DFNFOUFSJBM EF MB OFDSØQPMJT EF 4BO 'SVDUVPTP TF SBMFOUJ[B OPUBCMFNFOUF -B CBTÓ
MJDBTFQUFOUSJPOBMFYDBWBEBFMOPDPOUJFOFNBUFSJBMFTBSRVFPMØHJDPTRVFTVQFSFO
MBNJUBEEFMTJHMP7ZFMFTUBEPEFMPTSFTUPTFWJEFODJBRVFBMDJFSSFEFMUFNQMPTVDFEJØ
TV EFTNPOUF DPOTDJFOUF Z PSEFOBEP QBSB SFDVQFSBS UPEPT MPT FMFNFOUPT BQSPWFDIBCMFT
4F QSFTFOUB QVFT QBSB MB TFHVOEB NJUBE EF MB RVJOUB DFOUVSJB VO QBOPSBNB NÈT CJFO
EFDBEFOUF MB HSBO ÈSFB EF MB OFDSØQPMJT RVFEB SFEVDJEB B MB CBTÓMJDB EF 4BO 'SVDUVPTP
Z BNCJFOUFT NFSJEJPOBMFT Z FM DPOKVOUP TFQUFOUSJPOBM RVFEB BCBOEPOBEP
/P FT GÈDJM FYQMJDBS FM NPUJWP QPS FM DVBM FM DPOKVOUP QBMFPDSJTUJBOP QBSFDF FOUSBS
FO VOB GVFSUF EFDBEFODJB B QBSUJS EF GJOBMFT EFM TJHMP 7 -PT EBUPT JOEJDBO RVF EF UPEP
FMDPNQMFKPRVFEØTØMPMPNÈTFTFODJBMMBCBTÓMJDBNBSUJSJBM6OBTQPDBTTFQVMUVSBTNÈT
UBSEÓBT RVF TF DPODFOUSBO FO MB CBTÓMJDB Z BMSFEFEPSFT QBSFDFO EBUBS EF QSJODJQJPT EFM
TJHMP 7* Z FMFNFOUPT EFDPSBUJWPT EF FTUJMP WJTJHPEP EBUBCMFT FOUSF MB TFHVOEB NJUBE EFM
TJHMP 7* Z FM 7** OPT JOGPSNBO TPCSF MB DPOUJOVJEBE EFM UFNQMP FO FTUB ÏQPDB
" QSJODJQJPT EF TJHMP 7* MB OFDSØQPMJT EF 4BO 'SVDUVPTP EFCÓB EF TFS VO WJFKP DF
NFOUFSJP DPO VOB CBTÓMJDB RVF OFDFTJUBCB DJFSUBT SFGPSNBT ²TUBT UVWJFSPO MVHBS FO MB
QSJNFSB NJUBE EFM TJHMP 7* F JNQMJDBSPO QBSB FM UFNQMP MB BOVMBDJØO EF TV GVODJØO GV
OFSBSJB Z CBVUJTNBM &TUF JNQPSUBOUF DBNCJP WB MJHBEP DPO MB EFTBQBSJDJØO EF MB OFDSØ
QPMJT EF 4BO 'SVDUVPTP DPNP UBM RVF B QBSUJS EF FTUF NPNFOUP o TJHMP 7* o TF WFSÈ SF
EVDJEB B MB CBTÓMJDB RVF TFSÈ NBOUFOJEB TVQPOFNPT QPS FM QSFTUJHJP RVF UPEBWÓB DPO
TFSWBCB FO GVODJØO EF MBT SFMJRVJBT RVF DVTUPEJBCB P IBCÓB DVTUPEJBEP o TJ FTUBT IBCÓBO
TJEP PCKFUP EF VOB USBTMBDJØO o
/PQPEFNPTQBTBSQPSBMUPFMFQJUBGJPEFMPCJTQP4FSHJPDB
TFHÞOFMDVBM
IBCSÓB SFTUBVSBEP MPT UFDIPT IVOEJEPT EFM UFNQMP TBHSBEP Z IBCSÓB DPOTUSVJEP VO DF
OPCJP OP MFKPT EF MB DJVEBE &M UFNQMP TBHSBEP EJGÓDJMNFOUF QPEÓB TFS MB OVFWB DBUFESBM
RVF BDBCBCB EF TFS DPOTUSVJEB FO FM QVOUP DVMNJOBOUF EF MB BDSØQPMJT EF MB DJVEBE 1P
ESÓBTFSFODBNCJPMBCBTÓMJDBEF4BO'SVDUVPTPRVFFTPCKFUPEFSFGPSNBTFOFTUBÏQP
DB 1PS MP UBOUP DSFFNPT QSPCBCMF RVF GVFSB ÏTUF FM UFNQMP SFTUBVSBEP
1SFDJTBNFOUFFOFTUBQSJNFSBNJUBEEFMTJHMP7*TFPQFSBOHSBOEFTDBNCJPTFOMPT
FEJGJDJPT FDMFTJÈTUJDPT )BZ MPT QSJNFSPT JOEJDJPT EF EFTNPOUF EF FTUSVDUVSBT GMBWJBT B
HSBO FTDBMB FO FM GPSP QSPWJODJBM FO MB BDSØQPMJT EF MB DJVEBE DPO MB DPOTUSVDDJØO EF
VO FEJGJDJP FTUSVDUVSBEP B CBTF EF OBWFT RVF IB TJEP QSPQVFTUP DPNP VO QPTJCMF FQJT
DPQJP &M IBMMB[HP EF SFTUPT WJTJHPEPT Z EF BMHÞO TFQVMDSP EFM TJHMP 7** FO MBT QSPYJNJ
EBEFT IB TFSWJEP EF CBTF QBSB TJUVBS FO FTUB [POB MB $BUFESBM WJTJHPEB )BZ RVF SFDPS
EBS RVF FT FO FTUF NPNFOUP DVBOEP TF QSPEVDF MB NPOVNFOUBMJ[BDJØO EF MPT DFOUSPT
FQJTDPQBMFT DPNP TF DPOTUBUB FO #BSDFMPOB Z 5FSSBTTB 5BNCJÏO FT EVSBOUF FM TJHMP 7*
DVBOEP TF DPOTUSVZF VOB CBTÓMJDB TPCSF MB BSFOB EFM BOGJUFBUSP EPOEF IBCÓBO TVGSJEP
NBSUJSJP 'SVDUVPTP Z TVT EJÈDPOPT $PO FTUB OVFWB FUBQB FEJMJDJB TF DPOGJHVSBSÈ VOB
OVFWB UPQPHSBGÓB RVF TF JSÈ EFTBSSPMMBOEP IBTUB MPHSBS FM QBOPSBNB SFGMFKBEP FO FM
0SBDJPOBM EF 7FSPOB %F VOB NBOFSB V PUSB MB JNQMBOUBDJØO EF MPT OVFWPT FTQBDJPT EF
DVMUP EFCJØ JODJEJS OFHBUJWBNFOUF FO FM DPOKVOUP QBMFPDSJTUJBOP TJUVBEP B PSJMMBT EFM SÓP
'SBODPMÓ 0USP GBDUPS RVF QPESÓB IBCFS SFQFSDVUJEP FO MB EFDBEFODJB EFM ÈSFB TVCVSCJBM
TPO MBT JOVOEBDJPOFT GMVWJBMFT EF MBT RVF IFNPT FODPOUSBEP UFTUJNPOJPT BSRVFPMØ
HJDPT
&O FM TJHMP 7* MB TJUVBDJØO EF MBT OFDSØQPMJT UBNCJÏO WBSÓB &M TVCVSCJP PDDJEFOUBM
EFKB EF TFS MB [POB QSFGFSFOUF EF FOUFSSBNJFOUP &O DBNCJP DPOUJOÞB BDUJWB MB OFDSØ
Atti Toledo - 2a sessione
351
30-07-2013, 13:55
ěĠģĕĚ ĝŭġĖī ħĚĝĒģ
QPMJT EF .BT 3JNCBV IBTUB GJOBM EF MB ÏQPDB BOUJHVB Z TF DSFBO OVFWBT ÈSFBT DPNP MB
BEKVOUB B MB CBTÓMJDB EFM BOGJUFBUSP Z RVJ[ÈT PUSB SFMBDJPOBEB DPO MB $BUFESBM
$ĠğĔĝĦĤĚŭğ
/P IBZ EVEB EF RVF FM TBOUVBSJP QBMFPDSJTUJBOP EF MPT NÈSUJSFT 'SVDUVPTP "VHV
SJP Z &VMPHJP FO FM TVCVSCJP EF 5BSSBDP TF DPOGJHVSB DPNP FM DPNQMFKP EF UJQP NBS
UJSJBM NÈT JNQPOFOUF EF )JTQBOJB GJH &T MØHJDP TJ UFOFNPT FO DVFOUB RVF FO FT
UB ÏQPDB 5BSSBDP FSB DBQJUBM Z DPOUBCB DPO MPT QSJNFSPT NÈSUJSFT DPOPDJEPT EF MBT UJF
SSBT IJTQÈOJDBT 0USBT DJVEBEFT RVF UVWJFSPO NBSUZSJB OP TPO CJFO DPOPDJEPT "MDBMÈ
EF )FOBSFT (JSPOB 7BMFODJB
P CJFO TV NPOVNFOUBMJ[BDJØO FT EF VOB DSPOPMPHÓB NÈT
BWBO[BEB .ÏSJEB
&M DPOKVOUP EF FEJGJDJPT PDVQB VOB FYUFOTB TVQFSGJDJF Z FT OPUBCMF QPS TV BOUJHàF
EBE -B HSBO OFDSØQPMJT DPOUBCB DPO VOPT TFQVMDSPT Z MB QSFTFODJB EF EPT CBTÓMJ
DBT RVF QVFEFO EBUBSTF TPCSF FM B×P BQPSUB EPT EF MPT UFNQMPT IJTQÈOJDPT NÈT BO
UJHVPT BTÓ DPNP PUSBT DPOTUSVDDJPOFT BMHVOBT EF UJQP EPNÏTUJDP PUSBT EF UJQP BHSBSJP
Z GJOBMNFOUF PUSBT EF EJGÓDJM BETDSJQDJØO
-B EFGJOJDJØO EF FTUF NBHOÓGJDP DPNQMFKP NBSUJSJBM FT VO FMFNFOUP EF QSJNFS PS
EFO Z VO QFSGFDUP FKFNQMP EF MB OVFWB UPQPHSBGÓB DSJTUJBOB RVF FNQJF[B B DPOGJHVSBSTF
FOFMTJHMP*74FJEFOUJGJDBOVOBTFSJFEFDPNQPSUBNJFOUPTSFDVSSFOUFTFOPUSPTTBOUVB
SJPTTJNJMBSFTFTQFDJBMNFOUFBRVFMEFMBJOIVNBDJØOBETBODUPTUBODBSBDUFSÓTUJDPEFFT
UBÏQPDB&OFGFDUPMBFNFSHFODJBEFMDVMUPNBSUJSJBMQSJWJMFHJBFMTVCVSCJPRVFBQBSUJS
EFFTFNPNFOUPTFSÈDFOUSPEFBUSBDDJØOZMVHBSEFSFVOJØO-BBGMVFODJBEFQFSFHSJOPT
BDBCBSÈ GBWPSFDJFOEP MB BQBSJDJØO EF FTUSVDUVSBT BVYJMJBSFT DPNP IPTQFEFSÓBT P NPOBT
UFSJPT RVF EFTHSBDJBEBNFOUF BRVÓ OP TF IBO QPEJEP BDBCBS EF EFUFSNJOBS QPS VOB EF
GJDJFOUF DPOTFSWBDJØO EF MPT SFTUPT 4F FOUSFWÏ QVFT FM DBSÈDUFS NPOVNFOUBM Z QPEFSP
TPEFFTUBQSJNFSBBSRVJUFDUVSBDSJTUJBOBUBSSBDPOFOTF&MTVCVSCJPEF3PNBFNQF[ØTV
NPOVNFOUBMJU[BDJØO DPO MPT NBSUZSJB DPOTUBOUJOJBOPT FO PUSB EF MBT DBQJUBMFT .JMÈO
FM GFOØNFOP TF QSPEVDF FO MB TFHVOEB NJUBE EFM TJHMP *7 TPCSF UPEP CBKP FM JNQVMTP
EF 4BO "NCSPTJP Z FO 5ÈSSBDP TF EFUFDUB FO FM DBNCJP EFM TJHMP *7 BM 7 NPNFOUP EF
MB QSFMBUVSB EF )JNFSJP )JMBSJP Z 5JDJBOP FO RVF MPT UFYUPT NVFTUSBO MB HSBO JNQPS
UBODJB EF MPT PCJTQPT EF 5ÈSSBDP DPNP NFUSPQPMJUBOPT EF )JTQBOJB
Atti Toledo - 2a sessione
352
30-07-2013, 13:55
'JH o 1MBOP FTRVFNÈUJDP EF MB DJVEBE EF 5ÈSSBDP DPO JOEJDBDJØO EF MB PSPHSBGÓB Z FM QFSÓNFUSP BNVSBMMBEP 4F EJTUJOHVF CJFO MB BDSØQPMJT BM
OPSEFTUF FM QVFSUP BM TVSPFTUF Z FM TVCVSCJP PDDJEFOUBM EPOEF TF IBO TF×BMBEP MBT ÈSFBT GVOFSBSJBT EF MPT TJHMPT *77 Z MBT EPT CBTÓMJDBT QBMF
PDSJTUJBOBT EFM TJHMP7 -ŭġĖī Atti Toledo - 2a sessione
Ėĝ ĤĒğĥĦĒģĚĠ ġĒĝĖĠĔģĚĤĥĚĒğĠ ĕĖ ĝĠĤ ĞśģĥĚģĖĤ
353
30-07-2013, 13:55
'JH o 1MBOUB EF MB CBTÓMJDB NFSJEJPOBM P EF 4BO 'SVDUVPTP TFHÞO 4FSSB
7JMBSØ *ODMVZF UBNCJÏO BMHVOBT FTUSVDUVSBT UBOUP BOUFSJPSFT DPNP QPTUF
SJPSFT B MB CBTÓMJDB PSJHJOBSJB 4F WF CJFO FM ÈCTJEF TFNJDJSDVMBS BM FTUF BM
MBEP MB DSJQUB EF MPT BSDPT DPO MBT FTDBMFSBT QBSB CBKBS MPT EJWFSTPT NBV
TPMFPT BOFYBEPT B MB OBWF TFQUFOUSJPOBM Z FM DPOUSBÈCTJEF EF QMBOUB DVB
ESBOHVMBS BM PFTUF 4ĖģģĒ "CBKP SFTUJUVDJØO EF MB NJTNB
Atti Toledo - 2a sessione
ěĠģĕĚ ĝŭġĖī ħĚĝĒģ
354
30-07-2013, 13:56
Ėĝ ĤĒğĥĦĒģĚĠ ġĒĝĖĠĔģĚĤĥĚĒğĠ ĕĖ ĝĠĤ ĞśģĥĚģĖĤ
'JHo'PUPHSBGÓBTEFMPTDPOUSBÈCTJEFTEFMBTEPTCBTÓMJDBT*[RVJFSEBFMEFMBCBTÓMJDBNFSJEJPOBM
DPO FM TFQVMDSP NPOVNFOUBM DVCJFSUP DPO VO QMBDBEP EF MPTBT NBSNØSFBT "SDIJWP ./"54FSSB
7JMBSØ
%FSFDIB FM EF MB CBTÓMJDB TFQUFOUSJPOBM DPO FM TFQVMDSP QSJODJQBM WBDÓP Z VOB JOIVNBDJØO
TFDVOEBSJB RVF DPOTFSWBCB UPEBWÓB MPT SFTUPT IVNBOPT FO CVFO FTUBEP -ŭġĖī 'JHo1MBOUBHFOFSBMEFMDPOKVOUP
QBMFPDSJTUJBOP EFM 'SBODPMÓ DPO MPT
FEJGJDJPTUBSEPSSPNBOPTSFQSFTFOUB
EPT"MTVSBQBSFDFOMBCBTÓMJDBNBS
UJSJBM EF 'SVDUVPTP DPO FM FEJGJDJP
BOFYBEPRVFDPOUJFOFVOCBQUJTUFSJP
Z VO QØSUJDP FODBSBEP B MB DJVEBE
.ÈTBMPFTUFEPTDSJQUBTZMPTSFTUPT
EFVOBEPNVTUBSEPSSPNBOB4JHVJ
FOEP MB WÓB IBDJB FM OPSUF TF FODV
FOUSBOBMBEFSFDIBMPTSFTUPTEFVO
HSBONBVTPMFPEFQMBOUBDFOUSBMTJ
HMP*7
.ÈTBEFMBOUFBQBSFDFSFQSF
TFOUBEP FM DPOKVOUP EFTDVCJFSUP FO
FMB×PBMBJ[RVJFSEBMBEPNVT
EFM TJHMP *7 B MB EFSFDIB VO HSVQP
EFFEJGJDJPTEFMTJHMP7FOUSFMPTRVF
SFTBMUB MB CBTÓMJDB TFQUFOUSJPOBM DPO
TV BUSJP -ŭġĖī Atti Toledo - 2a sessione
355
30-07-2013, 13:56
ěĠģĕĚ ĝŭġĖī ħĚĝĒģ
'JHo1MBOUBEFMBCBTÓMJDBTFQUFOUSJ
POBM&MÈSFBEFMUSBOTFQUPZFMÈCTJEF
DVBESBOHVMBS FTUÈO DMBSBNFOUF EFMJ
NJUBEPT BTÓ DPNP FM DPOUSBÈCTJEF Z
FMBUSJP%FTUBDB VO TVCTVFMP SFQMFUP
EF TFQVMDSPT -ŭġĖī 'JHo1SPQVFTUBEFTJUVBDJØOEFMPT
DBODFMFT FO CBTF B MPT GPTPT EF DJ
NFOUBDJØO Z B MB EJTQPTJDJØO EF MBT
UVNCBT -BT MÓOFBT RVF EFMJNJUBO FM
ÞMUJNP USBNP EF MBT OBWFT MBUFSBMFT
NBSDBOVODBNCJPEFOJWFMRVFRVJ
[ÈTTØMPWFOESÓBTF×BMBEPQPSVOPP
EPTQFMEB×PT&MBMUBSFTUÈEFOUSPEFM
ÈCTJEF -ŭġĖī 'JHo3FTUJUVDJØOJEFBMEFMDPOKVO
UPQBMFPDSJTUJBOPEFM'SBODPMÓ&OQSJ
NFSUÏSNJOPMBCBTÓMJDBNFSJEJPOBMP
EF4BO'SVDUVPTPDPOVOHSBOFEJGJ
DJP BOFKP 4F TF×BMB UBNCJÏO FM ÈSFB
PDVQBEBQPSMBOFDSØQPMJTQBMFPDSJT
UJBOB"MGPOEPFMDPOKVOUPGPSNBEP
QPS MB CBTÓMJDB TFQUFOUSJPOBM Z PUSPT
FEJGJDJPT BTPDJBEPT FOUSF MPT DVBMFT
VOHSBOEFQØTJUPEFBHVBZVOBQSFO
TB -ŭġĖī Atti Toledo - 2a sessione
356
30-07-2013, 13:56
