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cŠ jeZe \[dec[debŽ ]_Ye& gk[ f[hc_j[
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Objetivo general
Determinar el
sentido de
orientación de los
comportamientos
afectivos de actitud
de los hablantes
bilingües del
distrito de Nuñoa
(Melgar-Puno),
frente al uso de su
lengua materna
quechua en la
comunicación
cotidiana.
Núcleo
temático
Comportamientos
afectivos
de actitud
ante la
lengua
materna
quechua.
Dimensiones
Lealtad
(aprecio) a la
lengua materna
quechua.
Aversión
(desprecio) a la
lengua materna
quechua.
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feh fheY[Z_c_[dje c[jeZebŽ ]_Ye& f[hc_j_Ž
][d[hWh Zei j_fei Z[ h[ifk[ijWi4 kdW Y[hhWZW o
ejhW WX_[hjW( =d [b fh_c[h YWie& bWi h[ifk[ijWi
Y[hhWZWi& i[ [nfh[iWd c[Z_Wdj[ bWi Wbj[hdWj_lWi
xKA~ o xFG~& Z[ b_Xh[ [b[YY_Ž d feh [b
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[djh[l_ijWZei& [ij‡ WYecfWŒ WZW Z[ bW fh[]kdjW
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1.
Pauta para la formulación de la
pregunta
Generalmente en el medio urbano se
escucha decir que los comuneros ya no
quieren hablar la lengua quechua
porque tienen vergüenza y por tanto,
fuertes deseos de abandonarla.
Pregunta: ¿Tienes vergüenza de hablar
la lengua quechua, tu lengua materna y
deseos de abandonarla?
Respuesta: SI/NO
Especificación: precisar el ¿por qué?
en ambos casos.
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Grupos
de edad
21-25
26-30
31-35
36-40
41-45
46-50
51-más
Total
%
Sexo
M
F
1
1
1
1
2
1
7
50
2
2
Primaria
Inc
Com
1
1
2
2
1
1
7
50
1
1
3
21.4
4
28.6
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Escolaridad
Secundaria
Inc
Com
1
2
1
1
4
28.6
1
7.1
Superior
Inc
Com
1
1
Total
2
14.3
3
3
1
3
2
1
1
14
100.0
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Respuestas
SÍ tiene vergüenza de hablar la lengua quechua y deseos de abandonarla
NO tiene vergüenza de hablar la lengua quechua ni deseos de abandonarla
Total
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