³El SOCIOLOGO COMO DOCENTE´ MATERIA: DIDACTICA

³(O62&,2/2*2&202'2&(17(´
0$7(5,$','$&7,&$
&$7('5$$92/,2'(&2/6
$8725(6
%LVVR&pVDU '1,
&DSDQHJUD&pVDU± '1,
6HWLHPEUH
75$%$-2152
ELGHQWLFDU\GHVFULELUXQDVLWXDFLyQGHSUiFWLFDGH
HQVHxDQ]DGHOD6RFLRORJtDDQDOL]DUORVPRGHORVFLHQWtILFRV
VRFLDOHV\SHGDJyJLFRGLGiFWLFRVH[SOtFLWRV\IXQGDPHQWDU
HODQiOLVLV
'HVFULSFLyQGHSUiFWLFDVGRFHQWHV
(OUHODWRGH&%LVVR
0L H[SHULHQFLD HQ OD GRFHQFLD FRPHQ]y HQ DEULO GH DO
LQFRUSRUDUPHFRPRD\XGDQWHGHSULPHUDHQODFiWHGUDGH6RFLRORJtD
3ROtWLFD &DUUHUD GH 6RFLRORJtD )DFXOWDG GH &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV GH OD
8%$
'HVGHHQWRQFHVHOWLWXODUGHODFiWHGUDSURIHVRU$OGR,VXDQL
SODQLILFyHOGHVDUUROORGHORVREMHWLYRV\WHPDVGHODPDWHULDHQWUHV
EORTXHV FRQFHSWR GH (VWDGR \ SULQFLSDOHV WHRUtDV HWDSDV GH
LQWHUYHQFLyQ HVWDWDO \ SROtWLFDV S~EOLFDV \ DFWRUHV SROtWLFRV SDUWLGRV
SROtWLFRV EXURFUDFLD FRUSRUDWLYLVPR PRYLPLHQWRV VRFLDOHV \ PHGLRV
GHFRPXQLFDFLyQ6XPRGRGHHQVHxDQ]DIXHVLHPSUHWUDEDMDUVREUH
OD EDVH GH WHyULFRVSUiFWLFRV IUDJPHQWDQGR HO SURJUDPD HQ FDWRUFH
R TXLQFH FODVHV GH FXDWUR KRUDV VHPDQDOHV FRUULGDV VHJ~Q OD
GXUDFLyQGHO FXDWULPHVWUHGyQGH HOWLWXODU VHHQFDUJDEDGHOSULPHU
EORTXH \ JUDQ SDUWH GHO VHJXQGR HO SURIHVRU DGMXQWR GH ODPD\RUtD
GH ORV DFWRUHV SROtWLFRV \ HO D\XGDQWH pVWD HUD PL UHVSRQVDELOLGDG
GHODSULPHUDSDUWHGHOVHJXQGREORTXH\OD~OWLPDGHOWHUFHUEORTXH
&XDQWLWDWLYDPHQWHHOSURJUDPDTXHGDEDGLYLGLGRHQVHLVFODVHVTXH
H[SRQtD HO WLWXODU FXDWUR FODVHV HO DGMXQWR \ GRV HO D\XGDQWH
TXHGDQGRGRVFODVHVSDUDORVSDUFLDOHV\XQDVREUDQWHVLODKXELHUD
SDUD UHSDVR JHQHUDO (V GHFLU TXH GHVGH HO SULPHU DxR WRPp OD
UHVSRQVDELOLGDGGHHQIUHQWDUGRVFODVHVGHFXDWURKRUDVHQXQDDXOD
FRQ XQ SURPHGLR GH VHWHQWD DOXPQRV SUHVHQWHV SRU FXDWULPHVWUH
'HVGHOXHJRTXHORVSULPHURVDxRVFRQFXUUtDWRGDVODVRWUDVFODVHV
SDUD JDQDU H[SHULHQFLD \ FRQILDQ]D LQFOXVR DVLVWt D FODVHV GH ORV
SURIHVRUHV 5LFDUGR 6LGLFDUR $QiOLVLV GH OD 6RFLHGDG \ (PLOLR 7HQWL
)DQIDQL 6RFLRORJtD GH OD (GXFDFLyQ SDUD IRUWDOHFHU FRQRFLPLHQWRV
WHyULFRV\SUiFWLFDVVRFLROyJLFDV
,QVHUWRHQODFiWHGUDGHERDFODUDUTXHHOWLWXODUQXQFDSDUWLFLSy
HQHOGHVDUUROORGHPLVFODVHVGHVGHXQSULQFLSLRFRQILyHQPLVDEHU\
PLFDSDFLGDG GHMiQGRPH VROR IUHQWH DOJUXSR GHHVWXGLDQWHV(VSRU
HVR TXH GHVGH OD SULPHUD H[SHULHQFLD LQWHQWp H[WHULRUL]DU ORV
FRQRFLPLHQWRVDGTXLULGRVDORODUJRGHODFDUUHUDGH6RFLRORJtDDWUDYpV
GH XQD SUiFWLFD XWLOL]DGD \ DVLPLODGD GHVGH PL RILFLR GH SHULRGLVWD
GHVDUUROODUODFODVHHQXQLGD\YXHOWDGHSUHJXQWDV\UHVSXHVWDVFRPR
VL IXHUD XQ DPSOLR UHSRUWDMH FROHFWLYR < FRPR XQR GH PLV WHPDV G
HQVHxDQ]D HUDQ ORV PHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ HQFRQWUp UiSLGDPHQWH
XQD EXHQD UHVSXHVWD JUXSDO 7DPELpQ RFXUUtD HQ OD PD\RUtD GH ODV
YHFHV TXH ORV DOXPQRV OOHJDEDQ DO DXOD VLQ KDEHU OHtGR DQWHV OD
ELEOLRJUDItD REOLJDWRULD (QWRQFHV FRPHQFp D WUDEDMDU FRQ WH[WRV GH
GLDULRV TXH UHIOHMDEDQ ODV QRWLFLDV GH PD\RU LPSDFWR GH ORV ~OWLPRV
GtDV'LYLGtDODFODVHHQJUXSRV\OHVSHGtDTXHDQDOL]DUDQHVDVQRWLFLDV
GHVGHVXVSURSLRVVDEHUHVQRWUDWDQGRGHDOFDQ]DUXQDFHUWH]DVLQR
LQFRUSRUDQGR WRGDV ODV GXGDV TXH VH SUHVHQWDEDQ HQ UHODFLyQ D OD
QRWLFLD SURSLDPHQWH GLFKD \ D OD IRUPD TXH ORV GLIHUHQWHV PHGLRV GH
FRPXQLFDFLyQ ODSUHVHQWDEDQ 'HVGH FDGD LQWHUURJDQWH SODQWHDGRSRU
ORV JUXSRV \R LQFRUSRUDED ODV UHVSXHVWDV HPDQDGDV GHVGH HO PDUFR
WHyULFR H[SOLFDQGR SURJUHVLYDPHQWH FyPR IXQFLRQDQ ORV PHGLRV GH
FRPXQLFDFLyQ FyPR HV OD UHODFLyQ FRQ HO SRGHU FyPR VXUJH HO
IHQyPHQRGHODJOREDOL]DFLyQFyPRHVODLQFLGHQFLDGHORVPHGLRVHQ
OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH OD UHDOLGDG VRFLDO HWF (VWDV SUiFWLFDV PH
SHUPLWLHURQ FRPSURPHWHU DO DOXPQR FRPR VXMHWR VRFLDO GHVGH OD
FRQIRUPDFLyQ GH XQD UHDOLGDG YLUWXDO TXH QRV DWUDYHVDED < \R PH
VHQWtDPX\VDWLVIHFKRGHSDUWLFLSDUGHHVHLQWHUFDPELRGHH[SHULHQFLDV
(O SXQWR FUtWLFR VH SUHVHQWDED HQ OD FODVH TXH UHILHUH D ODV
SULPHUDV HWDSDV GH LQWHUYHQFLyQ HVWDWDO 6REUH WRGR SRUTXH HV XQD
UHYLVLyQGHOSURFHVRGHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQVRFLDOVXUJLGRHQODpSRFDGHO
DEVROXWLVPRGyQGHQDFHHOHVWDGRPRGHUQR\VHSURGXFHODLUUXSFLyQ
GHO FDSLWDOLVPR LQGXVWULDO (Q ORV SULPHURV DxRV QR HQFRQWUp RWUD
SUiFWLFD GH HQVHxDQ]D TXH OD H[SRVLFLyQ DFWLYD HV GHFLU H[SOLFDU
DTXpOIHQyPHQRVRFLDODWUDYpVGHOUHFXUVRGHOD³OtQHDGHWLHPSR´H
LQFHQWLYDU D ORV DOXPQRV D SODQWHDU SUHJXQWDV VREUH HO WHPD VREUH
WRGR HQ OD H[SOLFDFLyQ GH ODV JUDQGHV UHIRUPDV LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV TXH
GLHURQ RULJHQ D ORV QXHYRV HVWDGRV HO GHUHFKR HO PHUFDGR OD
GLSORPDFLDHOHMpUFLWRODPDJLVWUDWXUDODEXURFUDFLD(VDLQVWDQFLDOD
XWLOLFp SDUD DUPDU WUDEDMRV HQ JUXSRV GyQGH ORV DOXPQRV SXGLHUDQ
FRPSUHQGHU OD OyJLFD LQWHUYHQFLRQLVWD GHO (VWDGR FRPR IDFWRU GH
SRGHU \ FRPR SODQLILFDGRU GH OD VRFLHGDG \ DO PLVPR WLHPSR OD
SXGLHUDQFRPSDUDUFRQODUHDOLGDGGHQXHVWURSDtV
0iVDGHODQWH\\DFRQHOFDUJRGH-HIHGH7UDEDMRV3UiFWLFRV
HO SURFHVR GH UHFRQYHUVLyQ HVWDWDO IUHQWH D ORV HIHFWRV GH OD
JOREDOL]DFLyQPHSHUPLWLyIRFDOL]DUORVWUDEDMRVJUXSDOHVDWUDYpVGH
XQIHQyPHQRVRFLDOFRPSDUDEOHFRQDTXpOUHJLVWUDGRHQ,QJODWHUUDD
ILQHV GHO VLJOR ;9,,, OD FUHDFLyQ GH XQ QXHYR PHUFDGR GH WUDEDMR
DQWHXQDSURIXQGDFULVLVVRFLDO\HFRQyPLFD$SDUWLUGHDOOtHQFRQWUp
XQD IRUPD GH WUDVODGDU DTXHOORV KHFKRV D QXHVWURV GtDV GyQGH HO
DOXPQR SRGtD DQDOL]DU DTXHOOD VLWXDFLyQ GH GHVLQWHJUDFLyQ VRFLDO HO
WUDEDMDGRU UXUDO WUDQVIRUPDGR HQ REUHUR LQGXVWULDO \ WRGDV VXV
FRQQRWDFLRQHV FXOWXUDOHV \ QXHVWUR SURFHVR DFWXDO HO SDVR GH XQD
VRFLHGDGGHODSURGXFFLyQDXQDVRFLHGDGGHODLQIRUPDFLyQWDPELpQ
VXMHWR D JUDQGHV FDPELRV FXOWXUDOHV SDUD HQFRQWUDU VLPLOLWXGHV \
GLIHUHQFLDV $OOt HO DOXPQR VH HQFRQWUy LGHQWLILFDGR FRQ VX URO GH
HVWXGLDQWHGHVRFLRORJtD\PiVGLVSXHVWRDODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHVGHVX
FRPSURPLVRFRPRDFWRUVRFLDO
(Q VtQWHVLV GXUDQWH GLH] DxRV DSOLTXp HQ OD SUiFWLFD GRFHQWH
WRGR DTXHOOR TXH GHVHH H[SHULPHQWDU FRPR DOXPQR FODVHV DFWLYDV
GyQGH HO SURIHVRU SURSXVLHUD XQ GHEDWH SHUPDQHQWH GyQGH HO
DOXPQR H[SXVLHUD VXV LQWHUURJDQWHV \ GyQGH FRQYLYLHUDQ DPERV
VDEHUHV HO GHOSURIHVRU\HOGHODOXPQR(QPLHWDSDGHHVWXGLDQWH
XQLYHUVLWDULR QXQFD PH IDVFLQDURQ ODV H[WHQVDV H[SRVLFLRQHV
FDWHGUiWLFDVVDOYRODVPDJLVWUDOHVFODVHVHSLVWHPROyJLFDVGH(QULTXH
0DUt \ VLHPSUH GLVIUXWp GH DTXHOODV PDWHULDV GH LQWHUFDPELR GH
FRQRFLPLHQWRV FRQ OD SUHVHQFLD GH XQ GRFHQWH GLVSXHVWR DO GHVDItR
GH OD UHFLSURFLGDG +RUDFLR *RQ]iOH] \ 6XVDQD 0XULOOR ORV PiV
UHFRUGDGRV(VWDVSUiFWLFDVVRQODVTXHKHWUDWDGRGHHVWDEOHFHUHQ
PL H[SHULHQFLD FRPR GRFHQWH DSR\iQGRPH QR VyOR HQ HO XQLYHUVR
WHyULFR OD ELEOLRJUDItD REOLJDWRULD RWURV WH[WRV GH GLYHUVRV DXWRUHV
TXH LQFRUSRUR DVLGXDPHQWH SDUD IRUWDOHFHU HO FRQRFLPLHQWR \
DFWXDOL]DUODLQIRUPDFLyQ\PXFKRVDUWtFXORVSHULRGtVWLFRVTXHVLUYHQ
GH GLVSDUDGRUHV HQ ORV WUDEDMRV GH JUXSR VLQR HQ XQ SHUPDQHQWH
DFFLRQDUUHIOH[LYRVREUHODUHDOLGDGTXHQRVFLUFXQGD\HQUHIHUHQFLD
DORVGLIHUHQWHVVDEHUHVDGTXLULGRVWDQWRGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVFRPRORV
TXH SXHGR DSRUWDU GHVGH PL FRQGLFLyQ GH SURIHVRU &UHR TXH OD
UHIOH[LYLGDG HV HO PRWRU TXH PH SHUPLWLy KDVWD KR\ WUDVPLWLU OD
HQVHxDQ]D SHUPLWLpQGRPH DFHUFDUPH DO DOXPQR \ UHFLELU GH pORWUD
PLUDGDRWURGLVFXUVR&RQVWUXLUHOVDEHUGHVGHODGXGDQRGHVGHOD
FHUWH]DKDVLGRXQHVWtPXORLQDOWHUDEOHSDUDGHVDUUROODUPLVFODVHV\
FRPSUHQGHUPHMRUHOHVFHQDULRGHQXHVWUDUHDOLGDGGHVGHGLIHUHQWHV
PDUFRV WHyULFRV < VREUH WRGR VDEHU RFXSDU HO OXJDU TXH OD
UHVSRQVDELOLGDG LQVWLWXFLRQDO LPSRQH SHUR VLHPSUH UHVSHWDQGR HO
OXJDUGHORWUR
1R REVWDQWH KD\ DOJXQDV REMHFLRQHV TXH GHVHR KDFHU HQ
IRUPD GH DXWRFUtWLFD HQ HO FXDWULPHVWUH SDVDGRKXERXQFDPELR GH
FXUVDGDV HQWUH ODV GRV 6RFLRORJtDV 3ROtWLFDV,VXDQL\4XHYHGR\VH
WXYR TXH GHVDUUROODU OD PDWHULD HQ KRUDULR QRFWXUQR 1RV
HQFRQWUDPRV FRQ XQD VXSHUSREODFLyQ GH DOXPQRV LQVFULSWRV \
DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHDVLVWHQWHV(OSURIHVRUWLWXODUQRKDEtDSRGLGR
UHDOL]DU VX WHyULFR HQ OD FODVH SDVDGD \ PH VROLFLWy VL SRGtDPRV
FRPSDUWLUODFODVH(UDODSULPHUDYH]TXHH[SRQtDHQXQDXODHVWDED
WDQ UHSOHWD FRQ HVWXGLDQWHV VHQWDGRV HQ HO SLVR SRUTXH QR
DOFDQ]DEDQ ORV SXSLWUHV KDEtD TXH PRYHUVH HQ XQ HVSDFLR GH XQ
PHWURFXDGUDGR\WDPELpQHUDODSULPHUDYH]TXHH[SRQtDIUHQWHDO
WLWXODUGHODFiWHGUD)UHQWHDHVWDVLWXDFLyQFRPHQFpDGHVDUUROODUHO
WHPD GHO (VWDGR \ VXV HWDSDV GH LQWHUYHQFLyQ DSR\iQGRPH HQ
GLDJUDPDV VREUH HO SL]DUUyQ \ DSHODQGR D OD PHPRULD SDUD H[SOLFDU
GHWDOODGDPHQWHFDGDXQRGHORVSXQWRVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHHVDSDUWH
GHOSURJUDPD/RVDOXPQRVD~QQRKDEtDQOHtGRORVWH[WRVHQWRQFHV
PH HQFRQWUDED FRQ OD HVFDVD SRVLELOLGDG GH KDFHUOHV SUHJXQWDV \
PHQRVD~QGHWUDEDMDUHQJUXSRV3RUORWDQWRODFODVHVHSODVPyHQ
XQ ODUJR PRQyORJR VLQFRQWUDWLHPSRV QLGHEDWH/XHJR SURVLJXLy HO
SURIHVRUWLWXODU\DVXILQDOL]DFLyQOHSUHJXQWpD,VXDQLTXHOHKDEtD
SDUHFLGR HO GHVDUUROOR GH PL SDUWH5HVSRQGLy TXH VL ELHQ HVWDED
VDWLVIHFKRKL]RKLQFDSLpHQTXHQRGHEtDGDUOHWDQWRVGHWDOOHVVREUH
KHFKRV\FRQFHSWRVSRUTXHORVDOXPQRVVyORVHGHGLFDQDWUDQVFULELU
OR TXH XQR KDEOD \ GHVSXpV QR OHHQ OD ELEOLRJUDItD REOLJDWRULD 6yOR
DWLQp D FRPHQWDUOH TXH DTXHOOD SUHVHQFLD PDVLYD OLPLWy HO
GHVHPSHxR SHUR LQGXGDEOHPHQWH FUHR TXH PH SUHRFXSp PiV HQ
GHPRVWUDUOHDOSURIHVRUWLWXODUWRGRVPLVFRQRFLPLHQWRVVREUHHOWHPD
TXH SHQVDU HQ FyPR UHVROYHU GH RWUR PRGR OD VLWXDFLyQ SODQWHDGD
4XL]iV FRPR HQ RWUDV RSRUWXQLGDGHV QR PH DQLPp D JHVWDU XQ
GHEDWH GHVGH RWUR OXJDU EXVFDQGR LQFHQWLYDU DO DOXPQR D XQD
UHIOH[LyQFRPSDUWLGDVREUHHOUROGHO(VWDGRHQDTXHOODUHDOLGDGVRFLDO
\ HQ pVWD /OHJXp D OD FRQFOXVLyQ TXH \R WDPSRFR KDEtD TXHGDGR
FRQIRUPH GH PL WDUHDPiV DOOi GH LPDJLQDU TXH HO DOXPQR KDEtD
UHFLELGR OD LQIRUPDFLyQ VXPLQLVWUDGD \ HO FRQRFLPLHQWR WHyULFR
QHFHVDULRSDUDFRPSUHQGHUHOREMHWLYRGHODPDWHULD
(OUHODWRGH&&DSDQHJUD
0L H[SHULHQFLD HQ OD GRFHQFLD VXSHULRU FRPHQ]y HQ DEULO GH
DO LQFRUSRUDUPH FRPR SURIHVRU GH 6RFLRORJtD HQ HO QLYHO
WHUFLDULR(QPHLQFRUSRURFRPR-HIHGH7UDEDMRV3UiFWLFRVHQ
OD FiWHGUD GH 3VLFRORJtD 6RFLDO &DUUHUD GH 6RFLRORJtD )DFXOWDG GH
&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVGHOD8%$\HQREWHQJRHOFDUJRGH3URIHVRU
$GMXQWR GH 6RFLRORJtD GH ODV 2UJDQL]DFLRQHV HQ OD )DFXOWDG GH
&LHQFLDV (FRQyPLFDV 8%$ 3DUDOHODPHQWH HQWUH GHVDUUROOR WDUHDV FRPR -73 HQ OD &iWHGUD GH 3VLFRORJtD 6RFLDO
,QVWLWXFLRQDO , \ ,, GH OD FDUUHUD GH 7UDEDMR 6RFLDO 3RU RWUD SDUWH
GHVGH PH GHVHPSHxR FRPR 3URIHVRU 7LWXODU HQ ODV
8QLYHUVLGDGHVGH0RUyQGHO0XVHR6RFLDO$UJHQWLQR\GHO6DOYDGRU
(Q VtQWHVLV SURIHVLRQDOPHQWH PH GHGLFR D OD GRFHQFLD H
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ
0L WDUHD GRFHQWH VLHPSUH OD KH SHQVDGR D SDUWLU GH DOJXQRV
³SULQFLSLRV´ TXH PH UHVXOWDURQ HVWUXFWXUDQWHV SDUD SODQHDU \ GLFWDU
FODVH 6LHPSUH FUHt TXH HO GRFHQWH GHEH EDVDUVH HQ OR TXH HO
HVWXGLDQWH VDEH R FRQRFH SDUD DOOt DILUPDU ORV QXHYRV FRQWHQLGRV
HVWR OR H[WUDMH GH PL H[SHULHQFLD HQ OD HVFXHOD SULPDULD GRQGH
DOJXQRV PDHVWURV GHVHFKDEDQ \ QR KDFtDQ FDVR GHO VDEHU R PDSD
FRJQLWLYR GHO DOXPQR LQWHUHViQGRVH VyOR HQ TXH pVWH UHFXHUGH \
UHSLWD 'LJR HVWR SRUTXH \R WXYH OD ³VXHUWH´ GH FXUVDU OD SULPDULD
HQWUH HQ OD HVFXHOD 5HS~EOLFD GH &XED VXSXHVWDPHQWH
SLRQHUD HQ OD LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ GH QXQFD VXSH ELHQ TXH UHIRUPD
HGXFDWLYD 7DPELpQ pVWD H[SHULHQFLD HV WUDVODGDEOH D OD VHFXQGDULD
UHDOL]DGD HQWUH HQ HO FROHJLR 1DFLRQDO 1ƒ 1LFROiV
$YHOODQHGD
3RU RWUD SDUWH HQ ODV FODVHV TXH GLFWR WUDWR GH SURPRYHUOD
SDUWLFLSDFLyQ UHIOH[LYD GHO HVWXGLDQWH SRUTXH FUHR TXH HVWR HV PX\
~WLOQRVyORDVXDSUHQGL]DMHVLQRWDPELpQDVXDXWRHVWLPD0XFKRV
DOXPQRV QR SDUWLFLSDQ SRU WHPRU D H[SRQHUVH D ORV RWURV \ GHMDQ
EXHQDV LGHDV R FRPHQWDULRV GH ODGR 2WURV VHTXHGDQFRQGXGDVR
WHPDV PDO FRPSUHQGLGRV SRUTXH QR TXLHUHQ UHYHODU VX
GHVFRQRFLPLHQWR 5HSLWR OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GHO HVWXGLDQWH IRPHQWDGD
SRUHOGRFHQWH\UHFXSHUDQGRORGLFKRRSURSXHVWRSRUHODOXPQRQR
VyOR HV ~WLO SDUD HO GHVDUUROORWiFWLFR GH OD FODVH VLQRWDPELpQ SDUD
SRWHQFLDU OD DXWRHVWLPD GHO DOXPQR FRPR XQ HOHPHQWR FODYH D VX
GHVDUUROOR SURIHVLRQDO (O GRFHQWH SHUIHFWDPHQWH SXHGH SHUFLELU
FXDQGR XQ HVWXGLDQWH WLHQH WHPRU D SUHJXQWDUFRPHQWDU \ SXHGH
HQWRQFHVD\XGDUDVXSHUDUHVDFXHVWLyQ
2WUDLGHD TXHPHSDUHFHLPSRUWDUWHDODKRUDGHGDUFODVHHV
OD FDSDFLGDG GH PDQWHQHU OD DWHQFLyQ GHO JUXSR SRU OD PDQHUD GH
H[SRQHUGHORVFRQWHQLGRV(QHVWHSXQWRTXLHURUHVFDWDUXQDLGHDGH
XQ YLHMR DPLJR SHUVRQDO SURIHVRU GH JHRJUDItD TXH VLHPSUH
DILUPD³KR\ SRU KR\ XQ SURIHVRU GHEH VHU WDQ DWUD\HQWH HQ HO
GLFWDGR GH VX FODVH FRPR OR HV XQ EXHQ GRFXPHQWDO´ (VWD QRFLyQ
DJJLRUQDGD D ORV FiQRQHV GH OD HGXFDFLyQ VXSHULRU PH SDUHFH
HVHQFLDOHQSODQWHRGHDOJ~QFRQWHQLGRSRUTXHHVWLPXODHOGHVHRGH
VDEHUHQHOHVWXGLDQWHSXHGHGHVSOHJDUVXFXULRVLGDG
3RU RWUD SDUWH VLHPSUH FRQVLGHUp TXH XQD FODVH GHEH VHU
SURJUDPDGDWHQLHQGRHQFODURTXHREMHWLYRVVHTXLHUHQDOFDQ]DUHVH
GtD3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHHOSURIHVRUGHEHWHQHUHQFODURVREUHTXHWHPD
KDEODUi SHUR QR SUHHVWDEOHFLGR TXH GLUi HVSHFtILFDPHQWH HVWR HV
SURGXFWR FR\XQWXUDO GH OD VLWXDFLyQ GH OD FODVH HQ HVH GtD 'H pVWD
PDQHUDODHVWUDWHJLDHVWiGHILQLGDSHURVXRSHUDFLRQDOL]DFLyQWiFWLFD
HVWiVXMHWDDODVLWXDFLyQHVSHFtILFDGHOFXUVR
3DUD VLQWHWL]DUHVRV ³SULQFLSLRV´ GH ORV TXH KDEOp PiV DUULED
VRQ FRQVLGHUDU \ XWLOL]DU ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV H LQWHUHVHV SUHYLRV GHO
HVWXGLDQWH SURSLFLDU OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ UHIOH[LYD HQ FODVH PDQWHQHU \
HVWLPXODU OD DWHQFLyQ GHO DOXPQR HQ HO GLFWDGR GH OD FODVH \
SURJUDPDU HVWUDWpJLFDPHQWH OD FODVH UHFXUULHQGR D GLIHUHQWHV
KHUUDPLHQWDVSDUDVXGLFWDGRVHJ~QORLPSRQJDQODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV
(VWRV³SULQFLSLRV´ VRQHOPHURIUXWRGHXQDUHIOH[LyQSHUVRQDO
\ HVSRQWiQHD VREUH PL SURSLD SUiFWLFD GRFHQWH WRPDQGR FRPR
PRGHORODVGLIHUHQWHVPDQHUDVHQTXHXQRDSUHQGLyDOJRHQVXYLGD
FRPR DOXPQR (VWD UHIOH[LyQ PH KD SHUPLWLGR GLVWLQJXLU IRUPDV GH
HQVHxDU\PDGXUDUVREUHODVPLVPDVSRUTXHDTXHOGRFHQWHTXHVyOR
VH LQWHUHVy SRUTXH \R UHSLWD HO PDQXDO R OD OHFFLyQ PH GHMR OD
SRVLELOLGDG GH GLIHUHQFLDU TXH VH SXHGH DSUHQGHU PHFiQLFDPHQWH \
TXHQRVHSXHGHDSUHQGHUSRUHVDYtD\HVWRPHSDUHFHFODYHHQOD
YLGD GH XQ SURIHVRU Pi[LPH HQ HO QLYHO VXSHULRU OD FDSDFLGDG GH
HOXFLGDU VXSURSLDSUiFWLFDHVGHFLULQWHQWDUSHQVDUVREUHORTXHVH
KDFH \ WHQHU HQ FODUR OR TXH VH SLHQVD 'H pVWD PDQHUD HO URO
GRFHQWHQRHVDGTXLULGRSRUHOD]DUODERUDOVLQRTXHIRUPDSDUWHGH
ODVXEMHWLYLGDGGHOSURIHVRU
(VWD PDQHUD GH HQFDUD OD GRFHQFLD OD GHVDUUROOR HQ PLV
GLVWLQWRV FDUJRV FRPR WDO DFODUDQGR TXH H[FHSWR HQ OD FiWHGUD GH
3VLFRORJtD6RFLDOPHQFLRQDGDDOSULQFLSLRHQWRGDVODVRWUDVFiWHGUDV
QR SRVHR D\XGDQWHV SRU WDQWR PH GHVHPSHxR VyOR HQ ODV PLVPDV
3RU HO FRQWUDULR HQ 3VLFRORJtD 6RFLDO FRQIRUPDPRV XQ LQWHUHVDQWH
HTXLSR GH FiWHGUD TXH VL ELHQ WUDEDMDPRV FRQ OD QRFLyQ GH
DSUHQGL]DMH VLJQLILFDWLYR OR KDFHPRV HQ HTXLSR SDUD TXH HO
HVWXGLDQWH WHQJD XQ FUX]DPLHQWR GH GLVFXUVRV \ SHUVSHFWLYDV
SURIHVLRQDOHVFRPRELHQORSODQWHDODQDWXUDOH]DGHODDVLJQDWXUD'H
KHFKR QXHVWUD SVLFRORJtD VRFLDO HVWi SHQVDGD \ GLVHxDGD SDUD HO
SHUILO GHO HVWXGLDQWH GH VRFLRORJtD SRU WDQWR EXVFDPRV TXH HO
HVWXGLDQWH LQFRUSRUH D VX FDXGDO VRFLROyJLFR DOJXQDV QRFLRQHV
FRQFHSWRV \ SHUVSHFWLYDV TXH LQFUHPHQWHQ VX SHUILO GH IXWXUR
VRFLyORJR (Q WDO VHQWLGR OD DVLJQDWXUD VH SODQWHD FRPR XQD
VRFLRORJtDSVLFRDQDOtWLFDSXHVDGRSWDGHODSVLFRORJtDDOSVLFRDQiOLVLV
FRPRWHRUtDVRFLDO
/D SUiFWLFD GRFHQWH TXH UHDOL]DPRV SXHGH GHVFULELUVH GH OD
VLJXLHQWH PDQHUD XQ GRFHQWH VH KDFH FDUJR GHO WHPD GHO GtD \ OR
H[SRQHHQWUHWDQWRORRWURVSURIHVRUHVFRODERUDQFRQHOWHPDGHVGH
VXV SHUVSHFWLYDV SDUWLFXODUHV DERQDQGR HO GLFWDGR GH OD FODVH \
FRODERUDQGR HQ ODV UHVSXHVWDV D ODV GXGDV SODQWHDGDV SRU ORV
HVWXGLDQWHV7RGRHVWRVHKDFHFRQXQDDUPRQtDGHHTXLSRTXHPH
DQLPR D GHFLU HV SRFR YLVWD HQ OD GRFHQFLD XQLYHUVLWDULD SXHVWR TXH
QR KD\ YHGHWWLVPR GH QLQJXQD HVSHFLH VLWXDFLyQ TXH VDEHPRV
SRVLWLYDPHQWH HO DOXPQR SHUFLEH \ SRU WDQWR LQFRUSRUD OR TXH
FUHHPRV HV UHVSHWR SURIHVLRQDO SRU HO RWUR \ VX VDEHU GLIHUHQWH
/XHJR GHVDUUROODPRV GLIHUHQWHV HVWUDWHJLDV SDUD TXH HO HVWXGLDQWH
SDUWLFLSH GH OD FODVH \ SRQJD ORV FRQWHQLGRV HQ GLDORJR FRQ OD
UHDOLGDG D WUDYpV GH XQD DSOLFDFLyQ GH ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV D
VLWXDFLRQHVRHVWXGLRVGHFDVR
'HVHR GHVWDFDU TXH KD VLGR PX\ HQULTXHFHGRU SDUD PL
³VDEHU´ GRFHQWHHOGLFWDUFODVHVHQGLIHUHQWHVIDFXOWDGHVGHQWURGHOD
8%$\8QLYHUVLGDGHVWDQWRS~EOLFDVFRPRSULYDGDVFRPRDVtWDPELpQ
PL LQVHUFLyQ HQ OD HGXFDFLyQ VXSHULRU QR XQLYHUVLWDULD (VWR PH KD
GDGRXQDYDULDGDH[SHULHQFLDFRQKHWHURJpQHRVJUXSRVGHDOXPQRV
\ QHFHVLGDGHV OR TXH PH SHUPLWLy H[SHULPHQWDU \ GHVSOHJDU
HVWUDWHJLDV\KHUUDPLHQWDVGHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH
([SRVLFLyQGHOPDUFRWHyULFR
$QWHFHGHQWHVGH3LDJHW\9LJRWVN\/RVDSRUWHVGH%UXQHU
(O HQIRTXH SVLFRSHGDJyJLFR YLJHQWH HQ OD FRQFHSFLyQ
FXUULFXODU KD HVWDGR FHQWUDGR GHVGH HO 6LJOR ;,; HQ FULWHULRV TXH
HQIDWL]DEDQODGHILQLFLyQGHORVFRQWHQLGRVFRPRHOSXQWRLPSRUWDQWH
\ OD SHGDJRJtD EDVDGR HQ SUiFWLFDV FRQGXFWLVWDV D SDUWLU GH OD
SHGDJRJtD SUDJPiWLFD GH :LOOLDP -DPHV GHQRPLQDGR PHFDQLFLVPR
SHGDJyJLFR/DUHDFFLyQDHVWHHQIRTXHVHGHVDUUROORDSULQFLSLRVGHO
6LJOR ;; FRQ ORV DSRUWHV GH WUHV SHUVRQDOLGDGHV -HURPH %UXQHU
-HDQ3LDJHW\/HY9LJRWVN\6XVYLVLRQHVKDQVLGRSUHVHQWDGDVFRPR
DQWDJyQLFDV SHUR OD VXSHUDFLyQ GH HVWD GLIHUHQFLD HQ OD QDWXUDOH]D
GH OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR HV QHFHVDULD SDUD WHQHU XQD
YLVLyQPiVSUiFWLFDGHORVFULWHULRVFRQVWUXFWLYLVWDV
(O FDPELR UDGLFDO TXH VXSXVR OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ SLDJHWDQD VH
SXHGH LOXVWUDU FRQ HO VtPLO GHO JLUR FRSHUQLFDQR \D TXH OD
FRPSUHQVLyQ GHO SURFHVR GH FRQRFLPLHQWR VH KL]R PDUFDGR SRU HO
HVStULWX FLHQWtILFR GH OR REVHUYDEOH\ORQRREVHUYDEOHDSDUWLUGHOD
HOXFXEUDFLyQ PHQWDO EDVDGD HQ ODV FRQVLGHUDFLRQHV GH XQ DGXOWR
DOHMDGRGHOSHQVDPLHQWRGHORVQLxRV
3RU VX SDUWH 9LJRWVN\ SDUWLy GH OD QDWXUDOH]D VRFLDO GH OD
FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH OD UHDOLGDG D SDUWLU GH VX H[SHULHQFLD FRPR
IXQFLRQDULRS~EOLFRSRUORTXHVXREVHUYDFLyQSDUWLyGHODGHILQLFLyQ
GHVRFLDOGHOSURFHVRGHDSUHQGL]DMH
7DQWR 3LDJHW FRPR 9LJRWVN\ SRVWXODURQHOFRQRFLPLHQWRFRPR
FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH DOOt SURYLHQH HO WpUPLQR FRQVWUXFFLRQLVPR SDUD
GHQRPLQDU VX HVFXHOD GH SHQVDPLHQWR SHUR HQ QLQJ~Q PRPHQWR
GHVDUUROODURQ VROXFLRQHV VLPSOLVWDV D SUREOHPDV FRPSOHMRV (Q HVWH
VHQWLGRHOFRQRFLPLHQWRHVXQSURFHVRGHFRQVWUXFFLyQSRUSDUWHGHO
VXMHWR
(VWHSRVWXODGRFRQWUDGLMRORVVXSXHVWRVHSLVWHPROyJLFRVGHVX
pSRFD HQPDUFDGRV HQ HO SDUDGLJPD PHFDQLFLVWD TXH WHQGtD D
SULYLOHJLDU HO FRQGXFWLVPR \ D FRQFHSWXDU DO DSUHQGL]DMH FRPR HO
UHVXOWDGR GH DVRFLDFLRQHV HQWUH HVWtPXORV \ UHVSXHVWDV (O
DSUHQGL]DMH VH H[SOLFD HQ WpUPLQRV GH ODV DVRFLDFLRQHV LQFRUSRUDGDV
SRUHODSUHQGL]DVXUHSHUWRULRGHUHVSXHVWDV
$O FRQWUDULR WDQWR SDUD 3LDJHW FRPR SDUD 9LJRWVN\ HO
GHVDUUROOR FRJQRVFLWLYR HVPXFKR PiV FRPSOHMR SRUTXH QRVH WUDWD
GHDGTXLVLFLyQGHUHVSXHVWDVVLQRGHXQSURFHVRGHFRQVWUXFFLyQGH
FRQRFLPLHQWR(OFRQVWUXFWLYLVPRFRPRSHUVSHFWLYDHSLVWHPROyJLFD\
SVLFROyJLFD SURSRQH TXH ODV SHUVRQDV FRQVWUX\HQ PXFKR GH OR TXH
DSUHQGHQ\HQWLHQGHQVXEUD\DQGRODLQWHUDFFLyQGHODVSHUVRQDVFRQ
VX HQWRUQR HQ HO SURFHVR GH DGTXLULU \ UHILQDU GHVWUH]DV \
FRQRFLPLHQWRV (VWD DGTXLVLFLyQ VH KDFH SULPRUGLDOPHQWH SRU OD
DFWLYLGDGGHDFXHUGRFRQ3LDJHW
3RU VX SDUWH GHVGH 9LJRWVN\ OD DFFLyQ KXPDQD SRU
GHILQLFLyQXWLOL]DLQVWUXPHQWRVPHGLDGRUHVFRPRHOOHQJXDMHGDQGR
DODDFFLyQVXIRUPDHVHQFLDOHVGHFLUWUDQVIRUPiQGRODHQXQDDFFLyQ
PHGLDGD /DV HVWUXFWXUDV FRJQRVFLWLYDV VH PRGLILFDQ QR SRU OD
DFWLYLGDG HQ Vt PLVPD VLQR SRU OD IRUPD HQ TXH ODV KHUUDPLHQWDV \
VLJQRVGHORVTXHVHGLVSRQHKDFHQSRVLEOHHVDDFWLYLGDG
5HWRPDQGR D 3LDJHW HQ QLQJ~Q PRPHQWR QHJy HO URO
LJXDOLWDULR GHO PXQGR VRFLDO HQ OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR \D
TXH HV SRVLEOH HQFRQWUDU IUDVHV GyQGH HQIDWL]D TXH QR H[LVWHQ
VRFLHGDGHV FRPSXHVWD SRU LQGLYLGXRV DLVODGRV \D TXH KD\ VyOR
UHODFLRQHV \ TXH OD FRPELQDFLyQ GH pVWDV QR SXHGH VHU WRPDGDV
FRPRVXVWDQFLDVSHUPDQHQWHV
$GHPiVVHxDODTXHQRHVSRVLEOHUHVXPLUODSULPDFtDHQWUHOR
VRFLDO \ HO LQWHOHFWR SRUTXH HOLQWHOHFWRFROHFWLYRHVHOUHVXOWDGRGHO
HTXLOLEULR VRFLDO GH OD LQWHUDFFLyQ GH ODV RSHUDFLRQHV TXH LQWHJUDQ
WRGD FRRSHUDFLyQ OR TXH UHODWLYL]D OD SRVLFLyQ UHGXFFLRQLVWD GH VXV
GHIHQVRUHVSRVWHULRUHV
3RUHOODGRGH9LJRWVN\FRQWUDULRDRWUDVLPSOLILFDFLyQLQVLVWLy
HQODDFWLYDFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRDOVHxDODUODDFWLYLGDG\OD
SUiFWLFDFRPRORVQXHYRVFRQFHSWRVTXHKDQSHUPLWLGRFRQVLGHUDUOD
IXQFLyQGHOGLVFXUVRHJRFpQWULFRGHVGHXQDQXHYDSHUVSHFWLYD3RUOR
TXH VH SXHGH LQGXFLU TXH SRU HO FDUiFWHU FRPSOHPHQWDULR GH OD
DFWLYLGDGLQGLYLGXDO\HODPELHQWHODQDWXUDOH]DGHVXSRVLFLyQHVXQ
FRFRQVWUXFWLYLVPR SURGXFWR GH XQ WHUFHU IDFWRU KLVWRULD \ FXOWXUD
FRPR PHGLR TXH SHUPLWH OD LQWHUDFFLyQ SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR
FRJQRVFLWLYR
/D REUD PiV UHSUHVHQWDWLYD GH %UXQHU WUDWD GLUHFWDPHQWH
VREUHHOFRQVWUXFWLYLVPRHQHOVDOyQGHFODVHV3HURDSDUHQWHPHQWH
HO HQIRTXH FRQVWUXFWLYLVWD KD VLGR SRODUL]DGR HQWUH HO
FRQVWUXFWLYLVPR FRJQLWLYLVWD ±D SDUWLU GH OD REUD SLDJHWDQD \ HO
FRQVWUXFWLYLVPR VRFLDO±WRPDQGR FRPR SXQWR GH SDUWLGD D 9LJRWVN\
(VWDSRVLFLyQODDQDOL]DUHPRVPiVDGHODQWH
(OFRQVWUXFWLYLVPRFRJQLWLYLVWDGH3LDJHW
-HDQ 3LDJHW HV XQ SVLFyORJR VXL]R TXH FRPHQ]y D HVWXGLDU HO
GHVDUUROOR KXPDQR HQ ORV DxRV YHLQWH GHO 6LJOR ;; 6X SURSyVLWR IXH
SRVWXODUXQDWHRUtDGHOGHVDUUROORTXHKDVLGRPX\GLVFXWLGDHQWUHORV
SVLFyORJRV \ ORV HGXFDGRUHV EDVDGR HQ XQ HQIRTXH KROtVWLFR TXH
SRVWXOD TXH HO QLxR FRQVWUX\H HO FRQRFLPLHQWR D WUDYpV GH PXFKR
FDQDOHV OD OHFWXUD OD HVFXFKD OD H[SORUDFLyQ \ H[SHULPHQWDQGR VX
PHGLR DPELHQWH 6HJ~Q 3LDJHW HO GHVDUUROOR FRJQLWLYR DWUDYLHVD
GLVWLQWDVHWDSDVGHVGHODVHQVRPRWUL]KDVWDODVRSHUDFLRQHVIRUPDOHV
GHO VXMHWR 'XUDQWH HVDV HWDSDV ORV PHFDQLVPRV SDUD HO DSUHQGL]DMH
VRQ DVLPLODFLyQ DGHFXDU XQD QXHYD H[SHULHQFLD HQ XQD HVWUXFWXUD
PHQWDO H[LVWHQWH DFRPRGDFLyQ UHYLVDU XQ HVTXHPD SUHH[LVWHQWH D
FDXVD GH XQD QXHYD H[SHULHQFLD \ HTXLOLEULR EXVFDU HVWDELOLGDG
FRJQRVFLWLYDDWUDYpVGHODDVLPLODFLyQ\ODDFRPRGDFLyQ
'HVGHHVWDSHUVSHFWLYDORVSULQFLSDOHVSULQFLSLRVSLDJHWDQRVHQ
HO DXOD VHUtDQ XQDPELHQWH HQ HO FXDOHO QLxR SXHGDH[SHULPHQWDUOD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HVSRQWiQHDPHQWH HO DXOD GHEH SRVLELOLWDU HVWtPXORV \
RSRUWXQLGDGHV TXH SURYRTXHQ D ORV HVWXGLDQWHV (Q HVWR FRQWH[WR
WHQGUtDQ OD OLEHUWDG SDUD FRPSUHQGHU \ FRQVWUXLU ORV VLJQLILFDGRV D VX
SURSLR ULWPR D WUDYpV GH ODV H[SHULHQFLDV TXH HOORV PLVPRV
GHVDUUROODURQ PHGLDQWH ORV SURFHVRV GH GHVDUUROOR LQGLYLGXDO XQ
DSUHQGL]DMHDPRGRGHSURFHVRDFWLYRHQHOFXiOVHFRPHWHUiQHUURUHV
\ ODV VROXFLRQHV VHUiQ HQFRQWUDGDV pVWRV VHUiQ LPSRUWDQWHV SDUD OD
DVLPLODFLyQ\ODDFRPRGDFLyQSDUDORJUDUHOHTXLOLEULR\XQDSUHQGL]DMH
D PRGR GH SURFHVR VRFLDO TXH GHEH VXFHGHU HQWUH JUXSRV FRQ
LQWHUDFFLyQ FRODERUDWLYD HQWUH SDUHV \ HQ HVFHQDULRV QDWXUDOHV QR
FRQGLFLRQDGRV
(OFRQVWUXFWLYLVPRVRFLDOGH9LJRWVN\
/HY9LJRWVN\HVXQILOyVRIR\SVLFyORJRUXVRTXHWUDEDMyHQORV
DxRV WUHLQWD GHO VLJOR SDVDGR \ HVWi DVRFLDGR FRQ OD WHRUtD GHO
FRQVWUXFWLYLVPR VRFLDO TXH HQIDWL]D OD LQIOXHQFLD GH ORV FRQWH[WRV
VRFLRFXOWXUDOHV HQ HO FRQRFLPLHQWR \ OD YH] SURPXHYH XQ PRGHOR
GH GHVFXEULPLHQWR GHO DSUHQGL]DMH (VWH WLSR GH PRGHOR SRQH XQ
JUDQ pQIDVLV HQ HO URO DFWLYR GHO GRFHQWH PLHQWUDV TXH ODV
KDELOLGDGHV PHQWDOHV GH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV VH GHVDUUROODQ
QDWXUDOPHQWHDWUDYpVGH YDULDVUXWDVGHGHVFXEULPLHQWRV
/RV WUHV SULQFLSDOHV VXSXHVWRV GH 9LJRWVN\ VRQ FRQVWUXFFLyQ
GH VLJQLILFDGRV URO FHQWUDO GH OD FRPXQLGDG FRPR GLVSRVLWLYR
WLSLILFDGRU GH OD ³YLVLyQ GHO PXQGR´ GHO HVWXGLDQWH LQVWUXPHQWRV
SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR FRJQRVFLWLYR FRQGLFLRQDQWHV GHO SDWUyQ \ OD WDVD
GHGHVDUUROORHGXFDWLYR\]RQDGHGHVDUUROORSUy[LPRGHDFXHUGRD
OD WHRUtD GHO GHVDUUROOR GH 9LJRVWN\ ODV FDSDFLGDGHV GH VROXFLyQ GH
SUREOHPDV SXHGHQ VHU GH WUHV WLSRV DTXHOODV UHDOL]DGDV
LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH SRU HO HVWXGLDQWH DTXHOODV TXH QR SXHGH
UHDOL]DUD~QFRQD\XGDGHRWURV\DTXHOODVTXHFDHQHQWUHHVWRVGRV
H[WUHPRVODVTXHSXHGHUHDOL]DUFRQODD\XGDGHRWURV
(Q UHIHUHQFLD DO DXOD ORV SULQFLSLRV YLJRWVNLDQRV SRGUtDQ
GLVWLQJXLUVHGHODVLJXLHQWHIRUPDDHOGHVDUUROORGHODSUHQGL]DMHHV
XQD DFWLYLGDG VRFLDO \ FRODERUDWLYD TXH QR SXHGH VHU HQVHxDGD D
QDGLH'HSHQGHGHOHVWXGLDQWHFRQVWUXLUVXSURSLDFRPSUHQVLyQHQVX
SURSLD PHQWH E OD ]RQD GH GHVDUUROOR SUy[LPR SXHGH VHU XWLOL]DGD
SDUDGLVHxDUVLWXDFLRQHVDSURSLDGDVGXUDQWHODVFXDOHVHOHVWXGLDQWH
SRGUiVHUSURYLVWRGHODSR\RDSURSLDGRSDUDHODSUHQGL]DMHySWLPR\
F FXDQGR HO HVWXGLDQWH SURYLVWR SRU ODV VLWXDFLRQHV DSURSLDGDV
WRPDHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQDODSUHQGL]DMHHQFRQWH[WRVVLJQLILFDWLYRV
/DSULPDFtDGHODPHGLDFLyQFXOWXUDO
/D SULQFLSDO \ PiV LPSRUWDQWH GLIHUHQFLD HQWUH 3LDJHW \
9LJRWVN\ VH XELFD HQ HO SURWDJRQLVPR GHODPHGLDFLyQFXOWXUDOHQHO
SURFHVRGHDSUHQGL]DMH(ODPELHQWHKXPDQRWLHQHODFDOLGDGHVSHFLDO
GH FRQWHQHU ORV ORJURV GHODV JHQHUDFLRQHV SUHFHGHQWHV HQ IRUPDV
UHLILFDGDV\SRUH[WHQVLyQPDWHULDOL]DGDV
(O OHQJXDMH IXH OD SULQFLSDO SUHRFXSDFLyQ GH 9LJRWVN\ FRPR
LQVWUXPHQWR GH PHGLDFLyQ FXOWXUDO SRU HQFLPD GH WRGDV ODV GHPiV
\D TXH pO WHQtD HQ FXHQWD D ORV VLJQRV FRPR LQVWUXPHQWRV
SVLFROyJLFRV FRPR SRU HMHPSOR VLVWHPDV GH VtPERORV DOJHEUDLFRV
REUDV GH DUWH HVFULWXUD GLDJUDPDV PDSDV \ RWURV WLSRV GH VLJQRV
FRQYHQFLRQDOHV'HVGHHVWHSXQWRGHYLVWDHOGHVDUUROORGHODPHQWH
HV HO HQWUHWHMLGR GHO GHVDUUROOR ELROyJLFR \ OD DSURSLDFLyQ GH OD
KHUHQFLD FXOWXUDO LGHDO \ PDWHULDO H[LVWHQWH 3RU OD WDQWR OD WHRUtD
YLJRVWNLDQD HVWDEOHFLy FRPR FXHVWLyQ FDSLWDO SDUD HO DSUHQGL]DMH OD
UHODFLyQLQGLYLGXRVRFLHGDGKDFLHQGRKLQFDSLpHQODSUHHPLQHQFLDGH
OD PHGLDFLyQ FXOWXUDO TXH QR HV HO FDVR SLDJHWDQR FRPR IXH
HVSHFLILFDGRDQWHULRUPHQWH
(ODSRUWHGH%UXQHU
8Q WHPD FODYH HQ HO SODQWHRGH %UXQHU HVTXHHODSUHQGL]DMH
HV XQ SURFHVR DFWLYR HQ HO TXH ORV HGXFDQGRV FRQVWUX\HQ QXHYDV
LGHDVRFRQFHSWRVEDVDGRVHQHOFRQRFLPLHQWRSDVDGR\SUHVHQWHD
WUDYpVGHODVHOHFFLyQ\WUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHLQIRUPDFLyQFRQVWUXFFLyQ
GH KLSyWHVLV \ WRPD GH GHFLVLRQHV EDViQGRVH HQ XQD HVWUXFWXUD
FRJQRVFLWLYD\PRGHORVPHQWDOHV
&RPRODH[SHULHQFLDGH%UXQHUVHIRFDOL]DHQHODSUHQGL]DMHGH
DXOD HO GRFHQWH GHEH HVWLPXODU D ORV HVWXGLDQWHV HQ GHVFXEULU
SULQFLSLRV SRU Vt PLVPRV (O GRFHQWH \ ORV HGXFDQGRV GHEHQ
FRPSURPHWHUVH HQ XQ GLiORJR DFWLYR ±FRPR OD HQVHxDQ]D
VRFUiWLFD± \ OD WDUHD GRFHQWH HV WUDGXFLU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ SDUD TXH
VHD DSUHQGLGD HQ XQ IRUPDWR DSURSLDGR VHJ~Q ORV VDEHUHV SUHYLLRV
GHO HGXFDQGR (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD HO FXUUtFXOXP GHEH RUJDQL]DUVH GH
XQD PDQHUD HVSLUDO TXH SHUPLWD FRQWLQXDPHQWH DO HVWXGLDQWH
FRQVWUXLUDSUHQGL]DMH
/DWHRUtDGHODSUHQGL]DMHGH%UXQHUGDWDGHODxRLPSOLFD
FXDWURDVSHFWRVSULQFLSDOHVDODSUHGLVSRVLFLyQDODSUHQGL]DMHEOD
HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ GHO FXHUSR GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV SDUD VHU UiSLGDPHQWH
DSUHKHQGLGDSRUHOHGXFDQGRFODVVHFXHQFLDVPiVHIHFWLYDVSDUD
SUHVHQWDUHOPDWHULDO\GODQDWXUDOH]D\ULWPRGHODVHYDOXDFLRQHV
5HVSHFWR D ORV SULQFLSLRV DSOLFDEOHV HQ HO DXOD %UXQHU
SURSRQH D HO DSUHQGL]DMH GHEH DEDUFDU H[SHULHQFLDV \ FRQWH[WRV
TXHKDFHQGHVHDUDORVHVWXGLDQWHVDSUHQGHUEHODSUHQGL]DMHGHEH
VHUHVWUXFWXUDGDGHIRUPDWDOTXHSXHGHVHU IiFLOPHQWHDSUHKHQGLGD
SRU HO HGXFDQGR RUJDQL]DFLyQ HQ HVSLUDO \ F GLVHxR GHO
DSUHQGL]DMH SDUD IDFLOLWDU OD H[WUDSRODFLyQ \ SRGHU DFFHGHU D RWUR
FRQRFLPLHQWR
(QHVWDGLUHFFLyQ%UXQHUHVXQH[FHOHQWHPDUFRSDUDHYDOXDU
HO QLYHO GH PLFURSODQLILFDFLyQ HGXFDWLYD D QLYHO GHO DXOD \ GH ODV
FODVHV3RUHOORVHFRQVLGHUDTXHHOFRQVWUXFWLYLVPRGHEHWRPDUORHQ
FXHQWD D %UXQHU SDUD QR FDHU HQ OD WUDPSD GH ORV H[WUHPRV
LQGLYLGXDOLVPR GHO SURFHVR PHQWDO \ FROHFWLYL]DFLyQ GHO DPELHQWH
HGXFDWLYR (O DXOD FUHD VX SURSLD DXWRQRPtD TXH UHVXPH WRGD OD
GLQiPLFD HGXFDFLRQDO 8QD DXWRQRPtD TXH VH UHQXHYD FDGD YH] FRQ
ORV LQVXPRV GHO KRJDU OD FDOOH \ ORV RWURV DPELHQWHV GH OD YLGD GH
FDGDHGXFDQGR\GHOSURIHVRU
(OFRQVWUXFWLYLVPRGH$XVXEHO
'HVDUUROODGR SRU $XVXEHO HO FRQVWUXFWLYLVPR WLHQH FRPR
REMHWR ODV UHODFLRQHV VXVWDQFLDOHV TXH VH HVWDEOHFHQ HQWUH ODV LGHDV
TXHH[SUHVDQORVQXHYRVPDWHULDOHVFRQORTXHHODOXPQR\DVDEHGH
PRGR TXH HO DSUHQGL]DMH UHVXOWH VLJQLILFDWLYR SDUD pVWH (O REMHWLYR
GHO SURFHVR FRQVLVWH HQ TXH HODOXPQR FRQVWUX\DVXVFRQRFLPLHQWRV
VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH HV GHFLU D SDUWLU GHO EDJDMH FRJQLWLYR TXH \D
SRVHH'HHVWHPRGRHODOXPQRSURWDJRQL]DHOSURFHVRHGXFDWLYR\HO
SURIHVRUUHVXOWDXQSURPRWRUGHVXGHVDUUROOR
5HVXOWD GH JUDQ LPSRUWDQFLD OD FRPSUHQVLyQ GH ORV SURFHVRV
GH DSUHQGL]DMH FRPR LQVWDQFLDV PHGLDWL]DGRUDV HQ IXQFLyQ GH XQD
UHRUJDQL]DFLyQ GH OD H[SHULHQFLD LQGLYLGXDO GH IRUPD VLVWHPiWLFD \
VLJQLILFDWLYD LQYHVWLJiQGRVH FXDOLWDWLYDPHQWH HO GHVDUUROOR GH ODV
HVWUXFWXUDV FRJQLWLYDV &REUDQ WDPELpQ UHOHYDQFLD ORV UROHV TXH
GHVHPSHxDQ DOXPQRV \ SURIHVRUHV HQ HO SURFHVR HQVHxDQ]D
DSUHQGL]DMH
$ OD YH] $XVXEHO SODQWHD TXH HO DSUHQGL]DMH GHSHQGH GH OD
HVWUXFWXUD FRJQLWLYD SUHYLD TXH VH UHODFLRQD FRQ OD QXHYD
LQIRUPDFLyQ'HEHHQWHQGHUVHSRUHVWUXFWXUDFRJQLWLYDDOFRQMXQWR
GH FRQFHSWRV LGHDV TXH XQ LQGLYLGXR SRVHH HQ XQ GHWHUPLQDGR
FDPSRGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRDVtFRPRVXRUJDQL]DFLyQ
(Q HO SURFHVR GH RULHQWDFLyQ GHO DSUHQGL]DMH HV GH YLWDO
LPSRUWDQFLD FRQRFHU OD HVWUXFWXUD FRJQLWLYD GHO DOXPQR 1R VyOR VH
WUDWDGHVDEHUODFDQWLGDGGHLQIRUPDFLyQTXHSRVHHVLQRFXDOHVVRQ
ORV FRQFHSWRV \ SURSRVLFLRQHV TXH PDQHMD DVt FRPR VX JUDGR GH
HVWDELOLGDG(QHOHStJUDIHGHVXREUD$XVXEHOUHVXPHHVWHKHFKRGH
OD VLJXLHQWH PDQHUD VL WXYLHVH TXH UHGXFLU WRGD OD SVLFRORJtD
HGXFDWLYD D XQ VROR SULQFLSLR HQXQFLDUtD HVWH HO IDFWRU PiV
LPSRUWDQWH TXH LQIOX\H HQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH HV OR TXH HO DOXPQR \D
VDEH$YHUtJHVHHVWR\HQVpxHVHFRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH
$SUHQGL]DMHVLJQLILFDWLYR\DSUHQGL]DMHPHF iQLFR
8Q DSUHQGL]DMH HV VLJQLILFDWLYR FXDQGR ORV FRQWHQLGRV VRQ
UHODFLRQDGRVGHPRGRQRDUELWUDULR\VXVWDQFLDOQRDOSLHGHODOHWUD
FRQORTXHHODOXPQR\DVDEH3RUUHODFLyQVXVWDQFLDO\QRDUELWUDULD
VHHQWLHQGHTXHODVLGHDVVHUHODFLRQDQFRQDOJ~Q DVSHFWRH[LVWHQWH
HVSHFtILFDPHQWH UHOHYDQWH GH OD HVWUXFWXUD FRJQRVFLWLYD GHO DOXPQR
FRPR XQD LPDJHQ XQ VtPEROR \D VLJQLILFDWLYR XQ FRQFHSWR R XQD
SURSRVLFLyQ
(VWR TXLHUH GHFLU TXH HQ HO SURFHVR HGXFDWLYR HV LPSRUWDQWH
FRQVLGHUDUORTXHHOLQGLYLGXR\DVDEHGHWDOPDQHUDTXHHVWDEOH]FD
XQDUHODFLyQFRQDTXHOORTXHGHEHDSUHQGHU(VWHSURFHVRWLHQHOXJDU
VL HO HGXFDQGR WLHQH HQ VX HVWUXFWXUD FRJQLWLYD FRQFHSWRV LGHDV
SURSRVLFLRQHV HVWDEOHV \ GHILQLGDV FRQ ODV TXH ODQXHYD LQIRUPDFLyQ
SXHGHLQWHUDFWXDU
(O DSUHQGL]DMH VLJQLILFDWLYR RFXUUH FXDQGR XQD QXHYD
LQIRUPDFLyQVHFRQHFWDFRQXQFRQFHSWRUHOHYDQWHSUHH[LVWHQWHHQ
ODHVWUXFWXUDFRJQLWLYD(VWRLPSOLFDTXHODVQXHYDVLGHDVFRQFHSWRV
\ SURSRVLFLRQHV SXHGHQ VHU DSUHQGLGDV VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH HQ OD
PHGLGD HQ TXH RWUDV LGHDV FRQFHSWRV R SURSRVLFLRQHV UHOHYDQWHV
HVWpQDGHFXDGDPHQWHFODUDV\GLVSRQLEOHVHQODHVWUXFWXUDFRJQLWLYD
GHO LQGLYLGXR \ TXH IXQFLRQHQ FRPR XQ SXQWR GH DQFODMH D ODV
SULPHUDV
/D FDUDFWHUtVWLFD PiV LPSRUWDQWH GHO DSUHQGL]DMH VLJQLILFDWLYR
HV TXH SURGXFH XQD LQWHUDFFLyQ HQWUH ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV PiV
UHOHYDQWHV GH ODHVWUXFWXUDFRJQLWLYD\ODVQXHYDVLQIRUPDFLRQHVGH
WDO PRGR TXH pVWDV DGTXLHUHQ VLJQLILFDGR \ VH LQWHJUHQ D OD
HVWUXFWXUD FRJQLWLYD GH PDQHUD QR DUELWUDULD \ VXEVWDQFLDO
IDYRUHFLHQGR OD GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ HYROXFLyQ \ HVWDELOLGDG GH ORV
FRQFHSWRVUHOHYDQWHVSUHH[LVWHQWHV\FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWHGHWRGDOD
HVWUXFWXUDFRJQLWLYD
&RQWUDULDPHQWH HO DSUHQGL]DMH PHFiQLFR VH SURGXFH FXDQGR
QR H[LVWHQ FRQFHSWRV UHOHYDQWHV GH WDO IRUPD TXH OD QXHYD
LQIRUPDFLyQ HV DOPDFHQDGD DUELWUDULDPHQWH \ VLQLQWHUDFWXDU FRQORV
FRQRFLPLHQWRV SUHH[LVWHQWHV 8Q HMHPSOR GH HOOR VHUtD HO VLPSOH
DSUHQGL]DMH GH IyUPXODV HQ ItVLFD (VWD QXHYD LQIRUPDFLyQ HV
LQFRUSRUDGDDODHVWUXFWXUDFRJQLWLYDGHPDQHUDOLWHUDO\DUELWUDULD
(O DSUHQGL]DMH PHFiQLFR QR VH GD HQ XQ YDFtR FRJQLWLYR
SXHVWR TXH GHEH H[LVWLU DOJ~Q WLSR GH DVRFLDFLyQ SHUR QR HQ HO
VHQWLGR GH XQD LQWHUDFFLyQ FRPR HQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH VLJQLILFDWLYR (O
DSUHQGL]DMH PHFiQLFR SXHGH VHU QHFHVDULR HQ DOJXQRV FDVRV SRU
HMHPSORHQODIDVHLQLFLDOGHXQQXHYRFXHUSRGHFRQRFLPLHQWRV(Q
WRGR FDVR HO DSUHQGL]DMH VLJQLILFDWLYR GHEH VHU SULYLOHJLDGR SXHV
IDFLOLWDODDGTXLVLFLyQGHVLJQLILFDGRV\ODUHWHQFLyQ\WUDQVIHUHQFLDGH
ORDSUHQGLGR
)LQDOPHQWH $XVXEHO QR HVWDEOHFH XQD GLVWLQFLyQ HQWUH
DSUHQGL]DMHVLJQLILFDWLYR\PHFiQLFRFRPRXQDGLFRWRPtDVLQRFRPR
XQ FRQWLQXR (V PiV DPERV WLSRV GH DSUHQGL]DMH SXHGHQ RFXUULU
FRQFRPLWDQWHPHQWH 3RU HMHPSOR OD VLPSOH PHPRUL]DFLyQ GH
FRQFHSWRV VRFLROyJLFRVVH XELFDUtD HQ XQR GH ORV H[WUHPRV GH HVH
FRQWLQXRDSUHQGL]DMHPHFiQLFR\HODSUHQGL]DMHGHUHODFLRQHVHQWUH
FRQFHSWRV SRGUtD XELFDUVH HQ HO RWUR H[WUHPR DSUHQGL]DMH
VLJQLILFDWLYR
&ULWHULRVGHDQiOLVLV
3RUTXpHQVHxDPRV
,QGXGDEOHPHQWHQXHVWURDSUHQGL]DMHFRPRDOXPQRVGHVGHHO
FLFOR SULPDULR DO XQLYHUVLWDULR HVWi DWUDYHVDGR SRU HO SDUDGLJPD
SRVLWLYLVWD 'HVGH DTXHOOD LPDJHQ WXWHODU GHO PDHVWUR HMHUFLHQGR OD
DXWRULGDG PRUDO SDVDPRV OXHJR D OD SRVWXUD PHPRULVWD GH ORV
SURIHVRUHV GH QLYHO VHFXQGDULR \ OOHJDPRV DO HVFHQDULR GH OD
XQLYHUVLGDG GRQGH DEVRUELPRV HO HQFLFORSHGLVPR GH OD PD\RUtD GH
ORV H[SRVLWRUHV FRQ DOJXQDV H[SHULHQFLDV LQWHUSUHWDWLYDV \ HQ
FRQWDGDV RFDVLRQHV OD DSDULFLyQ GH XQ VHQWLGR FUtWLFR GH OD
HQVHxDQ]D
(QHVHPDUFRREWXYLPRVHOWtWXORGHVRFLyORJRV\FRPHQ]DPRV
ODSUiFWLFDGRFHQWHFRQODYROXQWDGGHFRWHMDUQXHVWURFRQRFLPLHQWR
FRQORVVDEHUHVSUHYLRVGHORVDOXPQRV\JHVWDUGHVGHHVHSXQWRGH
FRQIOXHQFLD RWUD DOWHUQDWLYD FRJQLWLYD 'HVGH XQD FRQFHSFLyQ
IRXFDXOWLDQD SRGUtDPRV GHFLU TXH SUR\HFWDPRV OD QHFHVLGDG GH
FRQVWUXLUHQFDGDSUiFWLFDSHTXHxDV³HSLVWHPHV´GHOVDEHUGyQGHORV
FRQRFLPLHQWRVSUHYLRVVHDPDOJDPHQFRQORVQXHYRVFRQRFLPLHQWRV\
GHHVDPHWDPRUIRVLVVXUMDXQSOLHJXHGHVFRQRFLGRTXHQRVIDFLOLWHOD
SRVLELOLGDG R OD SUREDELOLGDG GH GHVFXEULU XQ QXHYR HVSDFLR GyQGH
WRGRVQRVD\XGDPRVDHMHUFLWDUHOXVRGHODPHPRULDHOUHFXUVRGH
OD KLVWRULD HO OD]R VRFLDO OD SURGXFFLyQ FXOWXUDO \ ORV SRGHUHV
VLPEyOLFRV
6RPRV VRFLyORJRV SRUTXH FUHHPRV HQ OD UHODFLyQ GLDOpFWLFD
HQWUH VXMHWR \ FRQWH[WR < GHVGH HVWH OXJDU HMHUFHPRV OD SUiFWLFD
GRFHQWH WUDWDQGR GH D\XGDU DO HVWXGLDQWH D FRQVWUXLU VX HVWUXFWXUD
LQWHOHFWXDOTXHQRGHSHQGHGHODOHFWXUDGHXQWH[WRRODUHFHSFLyQ
GHXQFRQFHSWRVLQRGHODVXPD GHDFWLWXGHVTXHHOGRFHQWHH[SRQH
HQ OD FODVH FRQRFLPLHQWR LQIRUPDFLyQ SHUVRQDOLGDG VHGXFFLyQ
VROLGDULGDGFRRSHUDFLyQFRPSUHQVLyQ\VHQWLGRFRP~Q
'HVGHQXHVWUDSHUVSHFWLYDVRFLROyJLFDFUHHPRVTXHGHVGHORV
SDUDGLJPDV LQWHUSUHWDWLYR \ FUtWLFR VH DVLHQWDQ ORV SLODUHV TXH
VRVWLHQHQ OD YROXQWDG GH HQVHxDUDSUHQGLHQGR \ GH DSUHQGHU
HQVHxDQGR,QWHSUHWDWLYRSRUTXHEXVFDPRVHVWDEOHFHU\IRPHQWDUOD
UHODFLyQ VRFLDO TXH VH GD HQWUH HQVHxDU \ DSUHQGHU &UtWLFR SRUTXH
SUHWHQGHPRV SODQWHDU XQ DQiOLVLV UHIOH[LYR VREUH OD FRPSOHMLGDG GHO
PXQGR\QRWUDQVIRUPDUDOPXQGRHQDOJRFRPSOHMR
,QVLVWLPRV HQ OD UHIOH[LYLGDG SRUTXH HO VRFLyORJR GHEHUtD VHU
FRPR GRFHQWH XQ DFWRU VRFLDO UHIOH[LYR 6X VDELGXUtD HV OLPLWDGD \
HV SXHVWD HQ SUiFWLFD D WUDYpV GH ODV DFFLRQHV VRFLDOHV 3HUR HVWD
SUiFWLFDVRFLDOTXHHVFRQVWDQWHVyORVHGHVDUUROODSRUPHGLRGHOD
UHIOH[LYLGDGDWUDYpVGHOHVSDFLR\GHOWLHPSR$OGHFLUGH*LGGHQVQR
HV OD DXWRFRQFLHQFLD GHO VXMHWR VLQR HO PRQLWRUHR FRQVWDQWH GH OD
YLGD VRFLDO OD TXH SRQH HQ SUiFWLFD GLFKD UHIOH[LYLGDG 'HVGH OD
VRFLRORJtD HO GRFHQWH GHEH DFWXDU FRPR XQ DJHQWH FRQ SURSyVLWRV
TXH SRVHH UD]RQHV SDUD HQVHxDU \ WDPELpQ SDUD HODERUDU
GLVFXUVLYDPHQWH GLFKDV UD]RQHV 6X DFFLyQ RFXUUH FRPR XQ IOXMR
FRQWLQXR GH DFWLWXG \ GHFRQRFLPLHQWR (VWD UHIOH[LYLGDG OOHYDGD D
FDER SRU HO GRFHQWH HVSHUD TXH DO PLVPR WLHPSR OD OOHYH RWUR HQ
HVWH FDVR ORV HVWXGLDQWHV (OOD GHSHQGH GH XQ SURFHVR GH
UDFLRQDOL]DFLyQ \ GHO VHQWLGR GH WLHPSRHVSDFLR FRQVWLWXWLYR GH ODV
SUiFWLFDVVRFLDOHV<ODUDFLRQDOL]DFLyQGHODDFFLyQHQWUHODVGLYHUVDV
FLUFXQVWDQFLDV GH QXHVWUD LQWHUDFFLyQ FRQ ORV DOXPQRV VHUi OD EDVH
SULQFLSDOVREUHODFXDOHYDOXDUHPRVHODSUHQGL]DMH
(VWDPRV FRQYHQFLGRV TXH HO HVWLOR GH XQ GRFHQWH VH JHQHUD
VHFRQVROLGD\VHUHIRUPXODHQODSUiFWLFDGHVGHODSUiFWLFD\FRQOD
UHIOH[LyQ < PRWLYDGRV SRU OD DFFLyQ SRGUHPRV DOFDQ]DU OD
UHVROXFLyQ FUtWLFD GH ORV SUREOHPDV TXH QRV VXFHGHQ \ DO PLVPR
WLHPSRFDSDFLWDU\FDSDFLWDUQRV
&yPRHQVHxDPRV
1R GHEHPRV REYLDU OD UHDOLGDG LQVWLWXFLRQDO GH QXHVWUD
HGXFDFLyQSDUDFRPSUHQGHUGyQGHHVWDPRVXELFDGRVFRPRGRFHQWHV
XQLYHUVLWDULRV([SHULPHQWDUODHQVHxDQ]DHQOD)DFXOWDGGH&LHQFLDV
6RFLDOHV GH OD 8%$ %LVVR FRPR -73 GH OD FiWHGUD GH 6RFLRORJtD
3ROtWLFD\&DSDQHJUDFRPR-73GHODFiWHGUDGH3VLFRORJtD6RFLDOKD
VLGRXQSURFHVRDUGXR\FRPSOHMR0iVDOOiGHORVGHVHRVGHHQVHxDU
\GHDSUHQGHUDWUDYpVGHODHQVHxDQ]DVDEHPRVTXHHQIUHQWDPRV
XQHVFHQDULRVRFLRFXOWXUDOLQWULQFDGRODUHDOLGDGTXHQRVFLUFXQGD\
XQXQLYHUVRKXPDQRDQyQLPRORVHVWXGLDQWHV/DLQVWLWXFLyQRIUHFH
LQLFLDU \ WHUPLQDU XQD FDUUHUD XQLYHUVLWDULD HV GHFLU SODQWHD XQD
FRQWUDGLFFLyQ VXVWDQFLDO GRQGH OD FXHVWLyQ EXURFUiWLFDXQLYHUVLWDULD
DSUREDU XQD GHWHUPLQDGD FDQWLGDG GH PDWHULDV SDUD REWHQHU XQ
WtWXOR GHEH FRWHMDU FRQ OD FXHVWLyQ SHGDJyJLFDGLGiFWLFD DGTXLULU
FRQRFLPLHQWRV SDUD IRUWDOHFHU OD HVWUXFWXUD LQWHOHFWXDO \ DVXPLU XQD
PLUDGD FUtWLFD VREUH ODV VRFLHGDG GHVGH ODV FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV
(QWRQFHV HO GRFHQWH HQ XQ DXOD FRQ HVFDVD YHQWLODFLyQ FRQ
SHUPDQHQWHV \ PROHVWRV UXLGRV H[WHUQRV \ FRQ ODV FRQRFLGDV
LQFRPRGLGDGHV GHO HVSDFLR HVWi FRQGLFLRQDGR D HQIUHQWDU HVWD
FRQWUDGLFFLyQ LPSXHVWD DFRPSDxDGR GH XQ SL]DUUyQ XQ ERUUDGRU \
XQD WL]D 'H pOQRVRWURV GHSHQGHUi TXH HODOXPQRVyORGHVWLQHVX
WLHPSR D DGTXLULU ORV PtQLPRV FRQFHSWRV SDUD DSUREDU XQD PDWHULD
PiVRVHLQYROXFUHHQXQDFUX]DGDGHVDEHUHVSDUDUHIOH[LRQDUGHVGH
HVD PDWHULD VREUH VX OXJDU HQ HO PXQGR \ VREUH HO DSRUWH TXH HO
DSUHQGL]DMHOHSXHGDEULQGDUFRPRIDFWRUGHFUHFLPLHQWRLQWHOHFWXDO
3HUR QR HQVHxDPRV HQ HO &ROOHJH GH )UDQFH GyQGH ORV
DOXPQRVQRQHFHVLWDQ³FRUUHU´XQPDUDWyQGHPDWHULDVDSUREDGDV\
VRQ RULHQWDGRV GHVGH OD HQVHxDQ]D D IRUPDUVH JUDGXDOPHQWH FRPR
SURIHVLRQDOHV3RUHVRQRQRVTXHGDRWUDDOWHUQDWLYDTXHDGHFXDUQRV
D ODV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV \ UHVLVWLU QR SDUD GHMDUQRV GREOHJDU SRU OD
SHVDGH] GH OR LQVWLWXLGR VLQR SDUD FRPEDWLU QXHVWUR SURSLR
DQRQLPDWR GHVGH OD OHYHGDG GH OD SDODEUD 3RUTXH VDEHPRV GHO
DSODVWDPLHQWR GH OD VXEMHWLYLGDG TXH VXIUHQ ORV DOXPQRV GHQWUR GHO
FODXVWUR XQLYHUVLWDULR \ SRUTXH VyOR GH QRVRWURV GHSHQGH TXH HOORV
DFHSWHQ HO GHVDItR GH UHIOH[LRQDU \ DGPLWLU TXH HO GLFWDGR GH XQD
PDWHULDSXHGDSURGXFLUXQJR]QHHQWUHHOVDEHUDGTXLULGRKDVWDHVH
PRPHQWR\DTXpOTXHVHLQFRUSRUDUiGHVGHQXHVWUDDFWXDFLyQFRPR
GRFHQWHV
0RGHOR\HVWUDWHJLDVGHHQVHxDQ]D
$QWH OD VLWXDFLyQ SODQWHDGD DQDOL]DUHPRV QXHVWUR PRGHOR GH
HQVHxDQ]D GH DFXHUGR D OD H[SHULHQFLD UHFRJLGD KDVWD KR\ HQ OD
SUiFWLFD GRFHQWH (V QHFHVDULR GHVWDFDU TXH PiV DOOi GHO UHODWR
VLQWHWL]DGRGHFDGDXQRGHQRVRWURVSDUDGHVFULELU\DVRFLDUHOVDEHU
GRFHQWH FRQ ODV WHRUtDV GH OD HQVHxDQ]D QXHVWUD IRUPDFLyQ VH KD
EDVDGR HQ SULPHU OXJDU GH DTXHOORV ³VXSXHVWRV EiVLFRV
VXE\DFHQWHV´ TXH PHQFLRQD 6DQMXUMR FRQ ORV FXDOHV KHPRV
FRPHQ]DGRDH[SHULPHQWDUHQODGRFHQFLD\HQVHJXQGROXJDUGHOD
FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH GLIHUHQWHV SUiFWLFDV LQFRUSRUDGDV JUDGXDOPHQWH \
TXHDKRUDQRVVLUYHQSDUDD\XGDUQRVDIXQGDPHQWDUHOGHVDUUROORGH
DOJXQRVFULWHULRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQQXHVWUDVIRUPDVGHHQVHxDQ]D
<D H[SOLFDPRVTXHODHQVHxDQ]DPiVHILFLHQWHHVDTXHOODTXH
LQYROXFUD DFWLYDPHQWH D ORV HVWXGLDQWHV HQ IRUPD LQGLYLGXDO R HQ
JUXSR OD TXH WUDWD GH PRVWUDU PiV ODV LQWHUFRQH[LRQHV HQWUH ODV
iUHDV GH FRQRFLPLHQWR TXH VXV OLPLWHV GHPDUFDWRULRV \ DO PLVPR
WLHPSR OD TXH WUDWD GH HVWDEOHFHU FRQH[LRQHV HQWUH OR TXH VH
DSUHQGH OR TXH \D VH VDEH \ HO PXQGR UHDO 3RGHPRV VHxDODU XQD
VHULH GH SULQFLSLRV TXH IDFLOLWDQ IRUPDV GH HQVHxDQ]D RULHQWDGDV
KDFLDDSUHQGL]DMHVDFWLYRVHLQWHJUDOHV\DXQDHYDOXDFLyQGHGLFKRV
DSUHQGL]DMHV (Q HVWH VHQWLGR HO DSUHQGL]DMH GH ORV DOXPQRV
GHSHQGHDQXHVWURHQWHQGHUGHORVVLJXLHQWHVIDFWRUHV
GH XQD HQVHxDQ]D FRKHUHQWH FRKHUHQFLD LPSOLFD
LQWHUFRQH[LyQ (V HO QH[R HQWUH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ \ ODV LGHDV
SHUPLWLHQGR UHFRUGDU \ FRPSUHQGHU OR TXH VH DSUHQGH 3DUD TXH
KD\DFRKHUHQFLDHVQHFHVDULRFHQWUDUODHQVHxDQ]DHQLGHDV\WHPDV
FODYHV TXH SHUPLWDQ D ORV DOXPQRV FRQHFWDU FRQRFLPLHQWR
FRQFHSWRV LGHDV \ KDELOLGDGHV QHFHVDULDV SDUD DOFDQ]DU HO
DSUHQGL]DMHUHIOH[LYR
GH FRQHFWDU HO FRQRFLPLHQWR FRQ HO VDEHU SUHYLR GH ORV
DOXPQRV FXiQWDV PiV FRQH[LRQHV VH SXHGDQ KDFHU UHVSHFWR D XQ
WHPD GHWHUPLQDGR PD\RUHV VRQ ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH UHFRUGDU \
XWLOL]DUHVHFRQRFLPLHQWR3DUDIDYRUHFHUODLQWHUFRQH[LyQGHLGHDVHV
QHFHVDULR TXH FRQWHQLGRV WH[WRV FODVHV \ HYDOXDFLRQHV HVWpQ
GLVHxDGDV SDUD D\XGDU D ORV DOXPQRV D FRQHFWDU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ
QXHYD FRQ ODDSUHQGLGDHQRWUDVDVLJQDWXUDVFRPRDVtWDPELpQFRQ
VXH[SHULHQFLDSHUVRQDO
GH WUDWDU ORV WHPDV FXUULFXODUHV HQ IRUPD SURIXQGD HVWR
UHILHUH D TXH OD VLPSOH RIHUWD GH LQIRUPDFLyQ QR SHUPLWLUi
FRPSUHQGHUOD R XWLOL]DUOD /R TXH VH QHFHVLWD VRQ H[SHULHQFLDV TXH
QRV SHUPLWD FRQRFHU XQ PD\RU QLYHO GH SURIXQGLGDG TXH HO TXH
SXHGH DSDUHFHU HQ DOJXQRV WH[WRV 3DUD HOOR VH UHTXLHUH GHVWLQDU
PiV WLHPSR D ORV WHPDV LPSRUWDQWHV \ WUDQVPLWLUORV FRQ YDULDGDV
IRUPDVGHH[SOLFDFLyQ
GH RIUHFHU RSRUWXQLGDGHV SDUD XQ DSUHQGL]DMH DFWLYR HVWR
VLJQLILFD TXH PLHQWUDV PiV YDULDGDV VHDQ ODV RSRUWXQLGDGHV GH
DSUHQGHU GHEDWLU DFWXDU FRQVWUXLU PRGHORV \ VLPXODFLRQHV \
UHIOH[LRQDU VREUH ORV PLVPRV GLVFXUULU VREUH ODV FRQH[LRQHV HQWUH
WHPDVHWFPD\RUHVVHUiQODVSRVLELOLGDGHVSDUDTXHORVDOXPQRV
HVWDEOH]FDQ FRQH[LRQHV HQWUH ORV WHPDV \ FRQFHSWRV TXH SRGDPRV
HQVHxDUOHV
GH SODQLILFDU WDUHDV TXH VH UHODFLRQHQ FRQ OD UHDOLGDG HVWH
FULWHULRHVIXQGDPHQWDOGHELGRDODFULVLVLQVWLWXFLRQDOTXHSDGHFHPRV
\ SDUWH GH OD LGHD TXH DOJXLHQ HV ³FDSD]´ FXDQGR SXHGH XVDU VXV
FRQRFLPLHQWRV HQ VLWXDFLRQHV SDUD ODV FXDOHV HVD FDSDFLGDG HV
QHFHVDULD 3RU HVR HV LPSRUWDQWHTXH WDQWR QRVRWURV±HQ HO URO GH
GRFHQWHFRPRORVWH[WRV\ODVHYDOXDFLRQHVDFHQW~HQODDSOLFDFLyQ\
WUDQVIHUHQFLDGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRDXQDYDULHGDGGHVLWXDFLRQHV
GH D\XGDU DO HVWXGLDQWH D UHIOH[LRQDU VREUH VX DSUHQGL]DMH
SDUD TXH HO HVWXGLDQWH FRPSUHQGD \ XVH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH VH OH
SURSRUFLRQD HV LPSRUWDQWH TXH SXHGD H[DPLQDU OR TXH VLHQWHFUHH
TXH VDEH R QR VDEH \ DGHPiV FXiO HV VX HVWLOR \ GLILFXOWDG SDUD
DSUHQGHU(QHVWHVHQWLGRHVFULELURKDEODUD\XGDDKDFHUFRQVFLHQWH
ORTXHVHSLHQVDUHVSHFWRGHORDSUHQGLGR
(VWUDWHJLDVGHHQVHxDQ]D
'HDFXHUGRDOFULWHULRXWLOL]DGRHQQXHVWUDVIRUPDVGHHQVHxDU
GHGXFLPRVTXHKHPRVHOHJLGRFRPRHVWUDWHJLDHGXFDWLYDODSUiFWLFD
GH XQ DSUHQGL]DMH DFWLYR \ XQ DSUHQGL]DMH FRQVWUXFWLYR (O SULPHUR
OOHYD D ORV DOXPQRV D DVXPLU XQD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG SHUVRQDO SRU OD
IRUPD \ HO FRQWHQLGR GH OR TXH DSUHQGHQ 'H HVWD PDQHUD ORV
HVWXGLDQWHVVHLQYROXFUDQDFWLYDPHQWHHQHOGHVDUUROORGHORVWHPDV
FRPSURPHWLpQGRVH FRQ VX WUDEDMR D WUDYpV GH XQ SURFHVR GH
FRQVWUXFFLyQGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHVFDUWDQGRODREOLJDFLyQGHUHFRUGDU
GH PHPRULD WH[WRV ELEOLRJUiILFRV R DSXQWHV HODERUDGRV D SDUWLU GH
H[SRVLFLRQHV RUDOHV GHO GRFHQWH 3RU RWUD SDUWH GHVGH QXHVWUR URO
SRGHPRV FUHDU VLWXDFLRQHV GH GLFKR DSUHQGL]DMH VROLFLWDQGR OD
UHDOL]DFLyQ GH XQ WUDEDMR JUXSDO GH FRPSOHMD FRPSUHQVLyQ \
HODERUDFLyQ \ DO PLVPR WLHPSR D\XGDQGR D ORV DOXPQRV D OD
LGHQWLILFDFLyQGHORVUHFXUVRVLPSUHVFLQGLEOHVSDUDLQYHVWLJDUOR6REUH
HVWD EDVH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV H[SORUDQ \ RUJDQL]DQ OD LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH
WLHQHQ TXH DSUHQGHU \ QXHVWUD WDUHD GRFHQWH VH DVHPHMD PiV D XQ
FRPSDxHURGHUXWDTXHDXQVDELRHQXQHVWUDGR$OJXQRVHMHPSORV
GH HVWH WLSR GH HQVHxDQ]D VRQ SURSXHVWDV GH DQiOLVLV GH WH[WRV
H[SRVLFLRQHVGHJUXSR\UHIOH[LyQ\GHEDWHVREUHFDVRVUHDOHV
(OVHJXQGRDVSHFWRDWHQHUHQFXHQWDVHJ~QQXHVWURFULWHULR
HVODSUiFWLFDGHODSUHQGL]DMHFRQVWUXFWLYRDOFXDOFRQVLGHUDPRVRWUD
HVWUDWHJLD GH HQVHxDQ]D TXH SHUPLWH D ORV DOXPQRV WUDEDMDU HQ
JUXSRV SDUD ORJUDU ILQHV FRPXQHV (Q WDO VHQWLGR ORV HVWXGLDQWHV
WUDEDMDQMXQWRVSDUDDSUHKHQGHUODLQIRUPDFLyQ\SRGHUDVtIRUPXODU
FRQFHSWRV GHOLQHDU SURSXHVWDV R DGTXLULU QXHYDV SUiFWLFDV GH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ $O DSUHQGHU FRRSHUDWLYDPHQWH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV VH
³HQVHxDQ´ \ UHIXHU]DQPXWXDPHQWH GHQWURGH HTXLSRV FRQIRUPDGRV
SRUDOXPQRVFRQFDSDFLGDGHVGLVtPLOHV(QHVWHWLSRGHDSUHQGL]DMH
SRGHPRVUHFUHDUDPELHQWHVGHUHFLSURFLGDGD\XGDQGRDORVDOXPQRV
D GHWHUPLQDU WDUHDV \ UHFLELU GH HOORV QXHYDV SURSXHVWDV 'H HVWD
IRUPD FDGD JUXSR DGHPiV GHO DSUHQGL]DMH DFDGpPLFR LQFRUSRUD
SDXWDV GH WUDEDMR HQ HTXLSR GHVDUUROODQGR VXV SURSLRV SURFHVRV GH
DXWRQRPtD\OLGHUD]JR
$PERV PRGHORV GH DSUHQGL]DMH QRVKDQSHUPLWLGRDFHUFDUQRV
DO DOXPQR GHVGH XQ OXJDU PiV SURSLFLR SDUD VHQWLUQRV SDUWH GH XQ
SUR\HFWR GH HQVHxDQ]D KRUL]RQWDO \ QR SDUHFHU XQ VXMHWR DLVODGR \
DQyQLPR TXH H[SUHVD VXV FRQRFLPLHQWRV GH XQD PDQHUD YHUWLFDO
DWUDYHVDGR SRU OD REMHWLYLGDG GHO VDEHU LQVWLWX\HQWH 6RPRV
FRQVFLHQWHV TXH HO WHOyQ GH IRQGR TXH VRVWLHQH HVWRV PRGHORV TXH
LPSOHPHQWDPRVHVHODSUHQGL]DMHVLJQLILFDWLYR3RUTXHFRQVLGHUDPRV
TXHHVOD~QLFDKHUUDPLHQWDTXHQRVKDFHVHQWLUDUWtILFHV\SDUWtFLSHV
GHODKLVWRULD<XQDUD]yQLUUHGXFWLEOHSDUDDVXPLUODUHVSRQVDELOLGDG
GHHQVHxDUDSUHQGHUGHVGHODHQVHxDQ]D\GLOXFLGDUQXHVWUDSUiFWLFD
GRFHQWH
$PRGRGHFRQFOXVLyQ
/RVGRVIDFWRUHVTXHPiVKDQFRQWULEXLGRDFRQIRUPDUHOQXHYR
HVFHQDULRPXQGLDOORFRQVWLWX\HQODWUDVQDFLRQDOL]DFLyQGHODHFRQRPtD
HQHOVLVWHPDFDSLWDOLVWD\ODJOREDOL]DFLyQGHODVFRPXQLFDFLRQHV
(VWHQXHYRHVWDGRGHRUJDQL]DFLyQ¢RGHVLQWHJUDFLyQ"VRFLDO
LPSHUD GHVGH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ FLUFXOD TXH HQ HO PXQGR YLDMD D XQD
YHORFLGDGTXHUHSUHVHQWDWRGRVORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVFRPRVLIXHUDQHO
SUHVHQWH $ SDUWLU GH DOOt VH WRPDQ GHFLVLRQHV D PHGLGD TXH ORV
KHFKRVVHYDQVXFHGLHQGR\GHVGHHVRVKHFKRVVHLQWHQWDPHMRUDUODV
SUHGLFFLRQHV R PLQLPL]DU ODV FULVLV (VWDU LQWHUFRQHFWDGR SRU UHGHV
GRQGHFLUFXODQGDWRVLQIRUPDFLyQ\FRQRFLPLHQWRHVHOQXHYRiPELWR
SURSXHVWRSDUDODUHIOH[LyQ\ODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHORVVXMHWRV
3DUDGyMLFDPHQWH PLHQWUDV ORV VDWpOLWHV GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV ORV
RUGHQDGRUHV\ORVVLVWHPDVGHFRQH[LyQPDVLYDKDQKHFKRSRVLEOHXQD
LQWHUUHODFLyQ JOREDO D SDUWLU GH OD FXDO WRGR HO SODQHWD SXHGH VHU
YLVXDOL]DGR \ FDVL GLULJLGR FRPR XQ VLVWHPD ~QLFR HO GRFHQWH D~Q
FRQWLQ~DVLHQGRHOHVODEyQPiVVyOLGRSDUDDVHJXUDUODSHUGXUDELOLGDG
GHOOD]RVRFLDO\HOGLiORJRFRQODUHDOLGDG
(VLQGXGDEOHTXHHOPXQGRHVWiVXPHUJLGRHQXQJUDQFDPELR
FXOWXUDO GHO TXH WRGDYtD PXFKDV LQVWLWXFLRQHV QR KDQ WRPDGR
GHPDVLDGD FRQFLHQFLD 1R OR GHFLPRV SRU HO DYDVDOODGRU WUDVSDVR GH
XQD VRFLHGDG GH OD SURGXFFLyQ D XQD VRFLHGDG GH OD FRPXQLFDFLyQ
VXVWHQWDGD HQ HO GHVDUUROOR FLHQWtILFRWHFQROyJLFR VLQR HQ OD
FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH XQ QXHYR SUR\HFWR GH HQVHxDQ]D (V FLHUWR TXH HO
SRGHU PHGLiWLFR SURGXFH FDVL VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH WRGRV ORV
DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV GH OD UHDOLGDG DQWH OD PLUDGD GH XQVXMHWR SDVLYR<
WDPELpQ HV IiFLO DGYHUWLU FRPR OD UHFRSLODFLyQ DOPDFHQDPLHQWR
SURFHVDPLHQWR \ GLIXVLyQ GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ LQFLGH GLUHFWD \
GHFLGLGDPHQWH HQ ODV UHODFLRQHV SROtWLFDV HFRQyPLFDV VRFLDOHV \
FXOWXUDOHVGHODVVRFLHGDGHVFRQWHPSRUiQHDV3RUHVRHVIXQGDPHQWDO
TXHHOGRFHQWHDGTXLHUDXQUROGLIHUHQWHTXHQRSXHGHHVWDUDLVODGR
GH ODV SUiFWLFDV VRFLDOHV TXH LQFLGHQ HQ OD UHFRQVWUXFFLyQ GH OD
VRFLHGDG )UHQWH D XQD FULVLV HVWUXFWXUDO OD HGXFDFLyQ HV
LUUHYRFDEOHPHQWHODEDVHIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDUHLILFDUODKLVWRULD<SDUD
HO VRFLyORJR VH SUHVHQWD OD RFDVLyQ GH UHLYLQGLFDU OD GLDOpFWLFD HQWUH
VXMHWR \ FRQWH[WR GHVGH XQ DFWLYLVPR FUtWLFR \ FRPSURPHWLGR FRQ OD
UHDOLGDGVRFLDO
(QOD$UJHQWLQDFDVLHOGHORVMyYHQHVPHQRUHVGHDxRV
QR KDQ FRPSOHWDGR HO QLYHO VHFXQGDULR GH HQVHxDQ]D < OD GHVHUFLyQ
PiV QRWRULD GH ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV VH HVWi SURGXFLHQGR HQ HO SULPHU
JUDGR GHO FLFOR SULPDULR 'HHVWRV GDWRV UHFLHQWHV SRGUtDPRV LQGXFLU
TXH QXHVWUD LGHQWLGDG HVWi HQ JUDYH SHOLJUR VL QR UHIRUPXODPRV OD
HGXFDFLyQ \ HO URO GHO GRFHQWH HQ HO iPELWR GHXQDVRFLHGDGFDyWLFD
HPSREUHFLGD FRUUXSWD \ VREUH WRGR VRFDYDGD HQ VXV SLODUHV GH
VXVWHQWDFLyQFXOWXUDO\IRUWDOHFLPLHQWRGHOOD]RVRFLDOIDPLOLDHVFXHOD\
FLXGDGDQtD
4XHUHPRV ILQDOL]DU FRQ HO UHODWR GH XQD H[SHULHQFLD YLYLGD SRU
%LVVRKDFHDOJXQRVDxRVFXDQGRHQUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHOD871YLDMyD
OD FLXGDG GH /D 5LRMD D IRUPDU XQ WDOOHU GH HVFULWXUD SDUD HVD
FRPXQLGDG/D5HJLRQDOLQYLWyDWRGDVODVLQVWLWXFLRQHV\HQHOOXJDUGHO
HQFXHQWUR QR VyOR KDEtD GRFHQWHV \ DOXPQRV XQLYHUVLWDULRV \
VHFXQGDULRVVLQRWDPELpQXQDJUDQGHOHJDFLyQGHIXWXURVRILFLDOHVGH
OD SROLFtD SURYLQFLDO (Q HVH FRQWH[WR \ GHVSXpV GH XQD LQWURGXFFLyQ
UHIOH[LYD VREUH HO OXJDU GH OD SDODEUD HQ ODKLVWRULD GH ODKXPDQLGDG
%LVVR SURSXVR XQD FRQVLJQD SDUD TXH WRGRV HQIUHQWHQ HO SiQLFR
HVFpQLFRTXHSURGXFHHOSDSHOHQEODQFR&DGDXQRGHORVDVLVWHQWHV
UHGDFWyXQDKLVWRULD\FDVLWRGRVODUHODFLRQDURQFRQVXFHVRVIDPLOLDUHV
VHQWLPLHQWRV R YDORUHV WUDGLFLRQDOHV GHO OXJDU 6yOR XQR XQ MRYHQ
DVSLUDQWHDODRILFLDOLGDGSROLFLDOVHDQLPyDGHFLUDQyQLPDPHQWHDOJR
GLVWLQWR < HVFULELy VREUH HVH SDSHO HQ EODQFR ³KR\ GHVFXEUt TXH
GXUDQWHWRGDPLYLGDKDEOpFRQSDODEUDVGHRWURV´
(O³FUDFN´TXHVHSURGXMRHQHVHPXFKDFKRULRMDQRHVHOPLVPR
TXH GHVHDPRV SURYRFDU FRQ QXHVWUD WDUHD GRFHQWH 3DUD QRVRWURV
DTXHOOD H[SHULHQFLD VLJQLILFD KR\ HO WULXQIR GH OD DFFLyQ UHIOH[LYD GHO
VXMHWR VREUH OD FRVLILFDFLyQ GH OR LQVWLWXLGR < FRPR VRFLyORJRV OD
XWRStD GH LPDJLQDU TXH QR WRGD OD HQVHxDQ]D DSOLFDGD HQ HO RWUR \
GHVGHHORWURKDVLGRHQYDQR
%LEOLRJUDItDFRQVXOWDGD
$92/,2 GH &2/6 6 7HRUtDV GH OD HQVHxDQ]D \ GHO DSUHQGL]DMH
VDEHUGRFHQWH\SUiFWLFDGHODXOD&HQWURGH(VWXGLDQWHV8%$%XHQRV
$LUHV
$868%(/ ' 3VLFRORJtDHGXFDWLYD8QSXQWRGHYLVWDFRJQRVFLWLYR
(G7ULOODV0p[LFR
%285',(8 3 /RV XVRV VRFLDOHV GH OD FLHQFLD 1XHYD 9LVLyQ
%XHQRV$LUHV
%581(5 - +DFLD XQD WHRUtD GH OD LQVWUXFFLyQ 87(+$ 0p[LFR
%581(5-/DLPSRUWDQFLDGHODHGXFDFLyQ3DLGyV%XHQRV$LUHV
'85.+(,0 ( (GXFDFLyQ \ VRFLRORJtD 6FKDSLUH %XHQRV $LUHV
(**(1 3 \.$8&+$. ' (VWUDWHJLDV GRFHQWHV ³(QVHxDQ]D GH
FRQWHQLGRV
FXUULFXODUHV \ GHVDUUROOR GH KDELOLGDGHV GH SHQVDPLHQWR´ )RQGR GH
&XOWXUD(FRQyPLFD%XHQRV$LUHV
)28&$8/70/DVSDODEUDV\ODVFRVDV6LJOR;;,0DGULG
)5(,5(33HGDJRJtDGHODHVSHUDQ]D6LJOR;;,0p[LFR
*,''(16 $ /D 7HRUtD VRFLDO KR\ ³(O HVWUXFWXUDOLVPR HO SRVW
HVWUXFWXUDOLVPR\ODSURGXFFLyQGHODFXOWXUD´$OLDQ]D(GLWRULDO0DGULG
3,$**(7-3VLFRORJtD\SHGDJRJtD(GLWRULDO3ODQHWD%XHQRV$LUHV
5$021(7 , /D WLUDQtD GH OD FRPXQLFDFLyQ 7HPDV GH GHEDWH
0DGULG
6$1-85-2 / 2 $SUHQGL]DMH VLJQLILFDWLYR \ HQVHxDQ]D HQ ORV
QLYHOHVPHGLR\VXSHULRU(GLFLRQHV+RPR6DSLHQV%XHQRV$LUHV
9<*276.,/(OGHVDUUROORGHORVSURFHVRVSVLFROyJLFRVVXSHULRUHV
&UtWLFD*ULMDOER0p[LFR
:$,16=72.&(OVRFLyORJRFRPRGRFHQWH0DWHULDOGHODFiWHGUD
GLGiFWLFD&HQWURGH(VWXGLDQWHV8%$%XHQRV$LUHV
:(%(50(QVD\RVVREUHPHWRGRORJtDVRFLROyJLFD³(VWXGLRVFUtWLFRV
VREUHODOyJLFDGHODVFLHQFLDVGHODFXOWXUD´$PRUURUWX%XHQRV$LUHV