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RiMe, n. 7, dicembre 2011, pp. 27-44. ISSN 2035-794X
La comunità irlandese a Roma, 1377-1870.
Lo status quaestionis
Matteo Binasco
Introduzione
Proporre una rassegna bibliografica sulla comunità irlandese a Roma nel periodo che va dal 1377 al 1870 è un esercizio estremamente
difficile in quanto il numero delle opere disponibili varia considerevolmente durante l’arco cronologico preso in considerazione1. Un’ulteriore difficoltà è rappresentata dal fatto che la storiografia sulle migrazioni e sulle comunità straniere a Roma è un campo di ricerca vastissimo che è aumentato a dismisura nell’ultimo trentennio. Ad oggi
l’unico ad aver proposto un excursus di lungo periodo sulle migrazioni a Roma è stato Matteo Sanfilippo2. Questa breve rassegna storiografica è divisa in tre parti. La prima che analizza il periodo medievale, la seconda che analizza la prima età moderna, e la terza che
prende in esame il periodo settecentesco e ottocentesco.
Il periodo medievale
L’arrivo e la presenza a Roma di irlandesi, laici e religiosi, comincia
ad essere tracciabile già dalla fine del IX secolo. Infatti è da quel
momento in avanti che gli Annals of Ulster, il più importante corpus
documentario sul periodo alto medievale irlandese, cominciano a registrare la partenza in pellegrinaggio verso Roma di re gaelici e di
1
Questa ricerca viene condotta presso l’Istituto di Storia dell’Europa Mediterranea,
sede di Genova, nell’ambito del Progetto Migrazioni, commessa nr. IC.P10.003 del
Dipartimento Identità Culturale del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche.
2
Matteo SANFILIPPO, “Roma città aperta: luogo di accoglienza, di incontro culturale,
di religiosità”, <www.baobaroma.org/pdf/2006/romacittaaperta.pdf>, (30 settembre 2011); Matteo SANFILIPPO, “Roma nel Rinascimento: una città di immigrati”, in
Benedetta BINI - Valerio VIVIANI (a cura di), Le forme del testo e l’immaginario della
metropoli, Viterbo, Edizioni Sette Città, 2007, pp. 73-85; Matteo SANFILIPPO, “Migrazioni a Roma tra età moderna e contemporanea”, in Studi Emigrazione, n. 165, vol.
44, 2007, pp. 19-32.
27
Matteo Binasco
influenti membri del clero3. È ipotizzabile che nel flusso dei pellegrini
provenienti dall’Irlanda alcuni di essi possano essersi stabilitisi in modo permanente in città. Secondo gli Annals of Inisfallen, nel 1095 era
attestata la presenza a Roma di monaci gaelici4. Maggiori informazioni su questa comunità monastica, identificata come S. Trinitas Scotorum, si trovano in un manoscritto, probabilmente del XI secolo, proveniente dalla chiesa di Santa Maria in Palladio. Questo documento,
che è stato edito dallo storico benedettino Dom André Wilmart nel
1929, riporta la presenza di nove monaci irlandesi5.
Nella sua analisi sulla comunità inglese di Roma, la storica Margaret Harvey ha sottolineato come l’ospizio di San Tommaso, fondato
nel 1362, ospitasse anche gallesi ed irlandesi, ad esclusione però di
quelli provenienti dalle aree gaeliche6. Le liste dei pellegrini, ecclesiastici e laici, ammessi nell’ospizio non fanno però alcuna menzione di
irlandesi7. Tuttavia a partire dalla prima metà del 1400 vi sono tracce, seppur frammentarie e discontinue, della presenza di membri del
clero irlandese in servizio permanente presso la Curia papale. Secondo lo storico Kenneth Nicholls, nel 1444 un largo numero di ecclesiastici provenienti dalle province del Connacht e dell’Ulster si recò a
Roma al seguito di William O’Hedian, vescovo di Elphin, una presenza
che rimane tuttora da investigare sia nelle fonti irlandesi che nei registri papali8.
3
Annals of Ulster. A Chronicle of Irish Affairs from A.D. 431 to A.D. 1540, Dublin,
Stationery Office, 1887, vol. 1; Aubrey GWYNN, SJ, “Ireland and Rome in the Eleventh Century”, in Irish Ecclesiastical Record, vol. 57, January-June 1941, pp. 213232; Aubrey GWYNN, “Ireland and the Continent in the Eleventh Century”, in Irish
Historical Studies, nr.31, vol. 8, March 1953, pp. 193-216; per un’analisi del pellegrinaggio a Roma durante il medioevo vedi Debra J. BIRCH, Pilgrimage to Rome in
the Middle Ages, Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 1998; Massimo MIGLIO (a cura di),
Pellegrinaggi a Roma: il codice di Einsiedein, l’itinerario di Sigerico, l’itinerario Malmesburiense, le meraviglie di Roma, racconto delle meraviglie della città di Roma,
Roma, Città Nuova, 1999.
Aubrey GWYNN, The Twelfth Century Reform, vol. 2 in Patrick CORISH (a cura di), A
History of Irish Catholicism, Dublin, Gill and Son, 1968, pp. 8-9.
5
Dom André WILMART, OSB, “La Trinité des Scots à Rome et les notes du Vat. Lat.
378”, in Revue bénédectine, vol. 41, 1929, pp. 218-230; Marco VATTASSO - Pio
Franchi DE’ CAVALIERI, Codices Vaticani Latini, vol. 1: Codices 1-678, Romae, Typis
Vaticanis, 1902, pp. 294-295.
6
Margaret HARVEY, The English in Rome, 1362-1420. Portrait of an Expatriate
Community, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 10, 30.
7
“The English Hospice in Rome”, in The Venerable Sexcentenary Issue, vol. 21,
1962. Ripubblicato in The English Hospice in Rome, Leominster, Gracewing edition,
2005.
8
Kenneth NICHOLLS, Gaelic and Gaelicised Ireland in the Middle Ages, Dublin, Gill
and MacMillan, 1972, pp. 99-100.
4
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L’unica analisi di rilievo sulla presenza clericale irlandese nella Curia è quella fatta dalla storica Katherine Walsh che ha ricostruito la
carriera di John Swayne, abbreviator dal 1404 al 1411 e arcivescovo
di Armagh dal 1418 al 1439. L’analisi di Walsh su Swayne ha dimostrato come questo ecclesiastico fosse probabilmente in contatto con
Dietrich von Niem, ufficiale della cancelleria vaticana e uno dei due
fondatori dell’ospizio tedesco di Santa Maria dell’Anima. Questo favorì
probabilmente la fondazione, nel 1413, da parte di von Niem di un
ospizio e di una chiesa per i preti irlandesi che si recavano a Roma in
pellegrinaggio o per altri motivi. La ricerca di Walsh, condotta in
buona parte negli archivi di Santa Maria dell’Anima, non ha però trovato ulteriore documentazione per verificare cosa avvenne di questo
ospizio9. Una ricerca più approfondita negli archivi Vaticani o nei fondi notarili dell’Archivio Capitolino potrebbe fornire nuovo materiale
per chiarire la genesi e la fine di questa misteriosa struttura.
Un’ulteriore campo di ricerca che andrebbe approfondito è quello riguardante l’adesione degli irlandesi alla confraternita di Santo Spirito
in Sassia eretta da Sisto IV (1471-1484) nel 1478. Chi scrive ha compiuto un primo rilevamento che ha permesso d’identificare venti nominativi irlandesi che fra il 1478 ed il 1500 aderirono alla confraternita10. Tuttavia è necessario ampliare lo spettro della ricerca alle altre
strutture assistenziali esistenti a Roma in quel periodo.
Il cinquecento ed il seicento
Nel passaggio dal basso medioevo al cinquecento la presenza irlandese a Roma sembra contrarsi ulteriormente. La riprova di ciò è
data dal fatto che la descriptio Urbis, il principale censimento
dell’epoca, del 1527 non fa alcuna menzione di irlandesi, né ecclesia-
9
Katherine WALSH, “The Roman Career of John Swayne, Archbishop of Armagh,
1418-1439. Plans for an Irish Hospice in Rome”, in Seanchas Ardmhacha. Journal
of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society, nr.1, vol. 11, 1983-1984, pp. 1-21. Altri
due irlandesi, Robert Holhan e Thomas Rossall, operano in qualità di abbreviator
durante il pontificato di Martino V, dal 1417 al 1431. Tuttavia la mancanza di fonti
non permette di ricostruire la loro carriera in Curia. Vedi Margaret HARVEY, England,
Rome, and the Papacy, 1417-1464. The Study of a Relationship, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1993, p. 30.
10
Vedi “Liber fraternitatis S. Spiritus et S. Mariae in Saxia de Urbe”, in Pietro EGIDI
(a cura di), Necrologi e libri affini della provincia romana, Roma, Istituto Storico
Italiano, 1914, vol. 2, pp. 107- 446.
29
Matteo Binasco
stici né laici, residenti in città11. Tuttavia è bene ricordare come la
descriptio indichi la provenienza esatta solo per meno del 7% dei
53.987 abitanti riportati nel documento12, e di conseguenza è opportuno estendere l’indagine ad altre fonti del periodo. Nella seconda
metà del cinquecento la situazione non subisce profondi cambiamenti
tanto che lo storico dominicano Hugh Fenning, nei sui studi prosopografici sul clero irlandese ordinato a Roma, ha contato solo tredici
secolari e due Gesuiti irlandesi ordinati in città fra il 1572 ed il
159913. Nello stesso periodo, egli ha anche rilevato la presenza di tre
dominicani irlandesi che però erano solo di passaggio in città. Tuttavia, secondo Fenning, questa sparuta presenza potrebbe essere più
consistente di quanto sembri. Infatti uno studio più approfondito dei
registri delle ordinazioni conservati presso l’Archivio Storico del Vicariato di Roma potrebbe rivelare ulteriori nominativi irlandesi.
Un’ulteriore pista di ricerca potrebbe essere quella d’identificare in
quali strutture questi ecclesiastici risiedevano e studiavano, con una
specifica enfasi sui loro mezzi di sostentamento, durante la loro permanenza a Roma.
Agli inizi del seicento la presenza irlandese a Roma comincia a divenire più consistente sia in termini numerici che dal punto di vista
della visibilità all’interno della Curia pontificia e della società romana.
Questo è in parte dovuto all’arrivo a Roma nel 1608 di Hugh O’Neill
(c.1550-1616) e di Rory O’Donnell, rispettivamente conte di Tyrone e
di Tyrconnell dopo la loro fuga dall’Irlanda nel 1607 a seguito del
progressivo indebolimento della nobiltà gaelica nei confronti della corona inglese. La maggior parte degli studi si è concentrata sulla fuga
dei due conti dall’Irlanda14, mentre scarse sono le analisi sulla loro
permanenza in città e soprattutto sulla cerchia di persone che li se11
Egmont LEE, Descriptio Urbis. The Roman Census of 1527, Roma, Bulzoni, 1985,
ripubblicato in Egmont LEE, Habitatores in Urbe: the Population of Renaissance
Rome, Roma, Casa Editrice La Sapienza, 2006.
12
Anna ESPOSITO, Un’altra Roma. Minoranze nazionali e comunità ebraiche tra Medioevo e Rinascimento, Roma, Editrice “il Calamo”, 1995, pp. 77-78.
13
Hugh FENNING, OP, “Irishmen ordained at Rome, 1572-1697”, in Archivium Hibernicum [abbreviato in Arch. Hib.], vol. 49, 2005, pp. 1-8; Hugh FENNING, “Irish
Dominicans at Rome, 1570-1699: a Biographical Register”, in Collectanea Hibernica
[abbreviato in Coll. Hib.], vol. 44/45, 2003, pp. 13-18.
14
Joseph BERGIN, “The Europe that the Earls encountered”, in Thomas O’ CONNOR Mary Ann LYONS (a cura di), The Ulster Earls and Baroque Europe. Refashioning
Irish Identities, 1600-1800, Dublin, Four Courts Press, 2010, pp. 5-17; Hiram MORGAN, “Policy and Propaganda in Hugh O’Neill’s Connection with Europe”, in Ibidem,
pp. 18-52; David EDWARDS, “The Plight of the Earls: Tyrone and Tyrconnell’s ‘Grievances’ and Crown Coercion in Ulster, 1603-7”, in Ibidem, pp. 53-76; Colm LENNON,
“The Flight of the Earls in British-Spanish Diplomacy”, in Ibidem, pp. 77-87.
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guirono a Roma15. Oltre alla presenza dei conti gaelici, fra la fine del
cinquecento ed i primi decenni del seicento la Curia ospitò importanti
membri del clero irlandese come Peter Lombard (1554-1625), arcivescovo di Armagh dal 1601 al 1625, che rimase a Roma dal 1598 al
1625. La sua presenza in Curia dove operò in qualità di rappresentante dell’Università di Lovanio e come teologo nella Congregazione
de De Auxiliis divinae gratiae è stata recentemente tracciata ed analizzata da Bruno Boute16. Tuttavia, ad eccezione dell’articolo di Ignatius Fennessy17, ancora poco o nulla si sa del tentativo fatto da Lombard di ospitare degli studenti irlandesi nel sua residenza romana dal
1612.
Il punto di svolta per la comunità irlandese di Roma avvenne fra il
1625 ed il 1628. In quel lasso di tempo furono fondati il collegio di
San Isidoro, nel 1625, per i Francescani irlandesi e il Collegio Irlandese, nel 1628, per la formazione del clero secolare. Un personaggio
chiave dietro la fondazione di entrambi i collegi fu il francescano irlandese Luke Wadding (1588-1657), una figura poliedrica che rivestì
numerosi ruoli in Curia e di cui manca tuttora una biografia completa
sulla sua carriera a Roma18. La bibliografia specifica sui due collegi è
15
La migliore fonte primaria sul loro viaggio dall’Irlanda a Roma è la cronaca di
Tadgh Ó CIANÁIN, Turas na dtoiseach nUltach as Éirinn: from Rath Maoláin to
Rome, Nollaig Ó MURAÍLE (a cura di), Rome, Pontifical Irish College, 2007; Francis
Joseph BIGGER, “The Irish in Rome in the Seventeenth Century”, in Ulster Journal
of Archeology, n.3, vol. 5, 1899, pp. 115-138; Mícheál MAC CRAITH, OFM, “Early
modern Catholic self-fashioning. Tadgh Ó Cianáin, the Ulster Earls and Santa Francesca Romana (1608)”, in The Ulster Earls and Baroque Europe, pp. 242-261;
Clare CARROLL, “Three Waves of Irish Exiles in Rome. From Hugh O’Neill to
Giuseppe Clugston”, in Thomas BARR (a cura di), Italian Influences and Irish Out-
casts. Essays on Torquato and Aspects of the Renaissance in Ireland, Europe, and
beyond, Coleraine, University of Ulster, 2009, pp.1-26.
16
Bruno BOUTE, “Our man in Rome: Peter Lombard, agent of the University of Louvain, at the grand theatre of European politics, 1598-1612”, in, The Ulster Earls
and Baroque Europe, pp. 110-141; Bruno BOUTE, Academic Interests and Catholic
Confessionalisation: the Louvain Privileges of Nomination to ecclesiastical Benefices, Leiden, Brill, 2010, 313-422.
17
Ignatius FENNESSY, OFM, “Patrick Roche of Kinsale and St. Patrick’s College,
Rome”, in Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, vol. 100,
(1995), pp. 91-104.
18
Ad oggi l’unica opera che propone una sintesi sui vari ruoli svolti da Wadding
nonché una guida archivistica e bibliografica sulla sua figura è quella scritta dai
Francescani irlandesi nel 1957. La storiografia più recente si è concentrata sul ruolo
di Wadding come teologo. Vedi FRANCISCAN FATHERS, Dún MHUIRE (a cura di), Father
Luke Wadding Commemorative Volume, Dublin, Clonmore and Reynolds Ltd, 1957.
Pietro STELLA, Il Giansenismo in Italia. I preludi tra seicento e primo settecento,
Roma, Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 2006, pp. 7, 9, 13, 18, 21-23, 47; Thomas
O’CONNOR, Irish Jansenists, 1600-70. Religion and Politics in Flanders, France, Ire-
31
Matteo Binasco
limitata ad opere ormai datate e agiografiche come quelle degli storici Francescani Gregory Cleary e Patrick Conlan su Sant’Isidoro19 o
alle sintesi sulla nascita del Collegio Irlandese fatte da Patrick Corish
e Thomas O’Connor20. Le poche analisi disponibili non danno inoltre
un quadro esauriente del ruolo svolto dai due collegi né dei loro rapporti con le istituzioni pontificie. Mancano anche degli studi prosopografici specifici che permettano d’identificare quanti e quali studenti
furono ammessi nei due collegi21. Ciò contrasta con le analisi fatte da
Fenning che nei suoi studi ha identificato ben 929 irlandesi che furono ordinati a Roma nel periodo compreso dal 1600 al 1800, espandendo e migliorando così la pioneristica indagine svolta dagli storici
Francescani Bartholomew Egan, Cathaldus Giblin e Cuthbert McGrath
negli anni quaranta22. Un altro aspetto che è stato marginalmente
trattato23 e che necessita di essere approfondito è quello del ruolo
land and Rome, Dublin, Four Courts Press, 2008; Thomas O’CONNOR, “Luke Wadding’s Networks at Home and Abroad”, in Keogh DÁIRE and Albert MCDONNELL (a
cura di), The Irish College, Rome and its World, Dublin, Four Courts Press, 2008,
pp. 14-23. Paolo BROGGIO, La teologia e la politica. Controversie dottrinali, curia
romana e monarchia spagnola tra cinque e seicento, Firenze, Olschki, 2009; BROGGIO, “Un teologo irlandese nella Roma del Seicento: il francescano Luke Wadding”,
in Roma moderna e contemporanea, n. 1-2, vol. 18, gennaio-dicembre 2010, pp.
151-178.
19
Gregory CLEARY, OFM, Father Luke Wadding and St. Isidore’s College Rome. Biographical and Historical Notes and Documents, Roma, Tipografia del Senato G.
Bardi, 1925; Patrick CONLAN, OFM, St. Isidore’s College, Rome, Roma, Tipografia
Salesiana, 1982.
20
Patrick CORISH, “The Beginnings of the Irish College, Rome”, in Father Luke
Wadding commemorative volume, pp. 284-294. Questo saggio è stato ripubblicato
nel 2008. Vedi Patrick CORISH, “The Beginnings of the Irish College, Rome”, in The
Irish College, Rome and its World, pp. 1-13. Thomas O’CONNOR, “The Irish College,
Rome in the Age of Religious Renewal, 1625-1690”, in Albert MCDONNELL (a cura
di), Collegium Hibernorum de Urbe. An early Manuscript Account of the Foundation
and Development of the Ludovisian College of the Irish in Rome, 1628-1678,
Rome, Pontifical Irish College, 2003, pp. 13-32.
21
Chi scrive, in collaborazione con Vera Orschel, archivista degli Archives
dell’University College Dublin, sta completando una lista sugli studenti ammessi nel
Collegio Irlandese nel periodo che va dal 1628 al 1798, anno della chiusura del
collegio a seguito dell’invasione napoleonica di Roma.
22
Bartholomew EGAN, OFM, - Cathaldus GIBLIN, OFM, - Cuthbert MCGRATH, OFM,
“Irishmen ordained in Rome, 1625-1710”, in Irish Ecclesiastical Record, n. 8, vol.
41, 1943, pp. 116-124; Hugh FENNING, “Irishmen ordained at Rome, 1572-1697”,
pp. 8-36; Hugh FENNING, “Irishmen ordained at Rome, 1698-1759”, in Arch. Hib.,
vol. 50, 1996, pp. 29-49; Hugh FENNING, “Irishmen ordained at Rome, 1760-1800”,
in Arch. Hib., vol. 51, 1997, pp. 13-63.
23
Brendan JENNINGS, OFM, “Theses defended in St.Isidore’s College, Rome, 16311649”, in Coll. Hib., vol. 2, 1959, pp. 95-105; Bartholomew EGAN, “Notes on Propaganda Printing-Press and Correspondence concerning Francis Molloy, OFM”, in Coll.
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svolto dai due collegi nel preservare e nel promuovere la cultura irlandese, e nello specifico quella gaelica, a Roma.
Nel 1677 la rete dei collegi irlandesi si espanse ulteriormente grazie al passaggio dei conventi di San Sisto Vecchio e di San Clemente
dalla provincia Domenicana italiana a quella irlandese, portando così
alla fondazione del primo collegio per Domenicani irlandesi a Roma.
Rispetto a San Isidoro e al Collegio Irlandese la storiografia sulla comunità dei domenicani irlandesi a Roma è più sviluppata grazie agli
studi fatti da Leonard E. Boyle24, Thomas S. Flynn25, ma soprattutto
da Fenning26. Il quarto collegio irlandese ad essere fondato a Roma è
quello degli Agostiniani che, dopo una prima infruttuosa fondazione
che sopravvisse solo dal 1656 al 1661, venne ufficialmente fondato
nel 1739 per poi essere chiuso nel 1798. Questo collegio è stato
scarsamente studiato e la riprova di ciò è data dal fatto che vi sono
pochissimi riferimenti archivistici27 e bibliografici28 su di esso.
Il quadro delineato fino ad ora ha tracciato un profilo dei collegi irlandesi che furono fondati a Roma fra il 1600 ed il 1700. Tuttavia la
ricerca deve essere estesa anche al di fuori della cerchia dei collegi
nazionali. In particolare è necessario verificare la presenza degli studenti irlandesi anche in altri collegi così come nel Collegio Urbano
della Sacra Congregazione “de Propaganda Fide”, fondato nel 1627.
Anche in questo caso la bibliografia è limitata alla analisi di Giovanni
Hib., vol. 2, 1959, pp. 115-124; Benignus MILLETT, OFM, The Irish Franciscans,
1651-1665, Rome, Gregorian University Press, 1964; Clare CARROLL, “ ‘Tutte le antiche usanze’: preserving Irish Culture in Rome”, in Thomas HERRON - Michael POT(a cura di), Ireland in the Renaissance, c.1540 - 1660, Dublin, Four Courts
Press, 2007, pp. 138-149.
24
Leonard E. BOYLE, OP, San Clemente Miscellany, vol. 1, The Community of SS.
Sisto e Clemente in Rome, 1677-1977, Romae, Apud S. Clementem,1977.
25
Thomas S. FLYNN, OP, The Irish Dominicans, 1536-1641, Dublin, Four Courts
Press, 1993.
26
Hugh FENNING, The Irish Dominican Province, 1698-1797, Dublin, 1990; Hugh
FENNING, “Irish Dominicans at Rome, 1570-1699”, pp. 18-55.
27
Francis Xavier MARTIN, OSA, “Archives of the Irish Augustinians, Rome: a Summary Report”, in Arch. Hib., vol. 18, 1955, pp. 157-163.
28
Annals of the Irish National Church in Honour of St. Patrick, Rome, Dublin,
Browne and Nolan Printers, 889; William Joseph BATTERSBY, History of all the Abbeys, Convents, Churches of the Hermits of St. Augustin in Ireland, Dublin, G.P.
Warren, 1856, pp. 98-110, 118-119; Clemens HENZE, CSSR, “San Matteo in Merulana”, in Miscellanea Francesco Ehrle, vol. 2, Roma, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana,
1924, pp. 404-414; Mariano ARMELLINI, Le Chiese di Roma nel Medioevo, Roma,
Tipografia Vaticana, 1891, pp. 327-328, 824.
TERTON
33
Matteo Binasco
Pizzorusso29, o ad opere ormai datate come l’articolo di Michael Curran che, basandosi sul materiale documentario raccolto da Alphons
Bellesheim30, ha identificato gli studenti irlandesi ammessi nel Collegio Germanico nel periodo dal 1562 al 158031.
Oltre alla presenza cattolica, questa ricerca deve includere anche
la componente protestante irlandese che si stabilì a Roma. Il rilevamento compiuto da Sergio Pagano nell’archivio dell’Ospizio dei Convertendi ha identificato ventisei irlandesi protestanti che furono convertiti fra il 1673 ed il 170032. La sua ricerca non è stata però espansa e di conseguenza la presenza protestante irlandese a Roma rimane un’area ancora da investigare. Un altro campo d’indagine completamente inesplorato è quello relativo alla presenza laica irlandese a
Roma.
Il settecento e l’ottocento
Rispetto al seicento, la bibliografia sulla presenza irlandese a Roma
durante il settecento e l’ottocento è meno estesa e si è focalizzata
principalmente sul Collegio Irlandese. Questo aspetto è confermato
dalla recente collezione di saggi curata da Dáire Keogh e Albert
McDonnell sulla storia del seminario. Ad eccezione del saggio di Clare
Carroll sul controllo del seminario alla fine del settecento33, i cinque
saggi sull’ottocento trattano del ruolo politico e diplomatico assunto
dal Collegio Irlandese quando fu sotto il controllo di Paul Cullen e di
Tobias Kirby, rettori rispettivamente dal 1832 al 1849 e dal 1849 al
189134. Le opere antecedenti a questa collezione di saggi conferma29
Giovanni PIZZORUSSO, “Una presenza ecclesiastica cosmopolita a Roma: gli allievi
del Collegio Urbano di Propaganda Fide”, in Bollettino di Demografia Storica, vol.
22, 1995, pp. 129-138.
30
Alphons BELLESHEIM, Geschichte der Katolischen Kirche in Irland von der einfuhrung des christenthums bis auf die gegenwart, Mainz, Franz Kircheim, 1890-1891,
vol. 2, pp. 714-716.
31
Michael J. CURRAN, “Our Predecessors. 1. Irishmen in the Germanicum”, in Manuscript Journal of Irish College, new series, n. 3, vol. 4, 1928, pp. 26-36.
32
Sergio PAGANO, “Ospizio dei Convertendi di Roma fra carisma missionario e regolamentazione ecclesiastica (1671-1700)”, in Ricerche per la storia religiosa di Roma, vol. 10, 1998, pp. 326-328.
33
Clare CARROLL, “ ‘The Spiritual Government of the Entire World’: a Memorial for
the Irish College, Rome, January 1783”, in The Irish College, Rome and its World,
pp. 64-82.
34
Fearghus Ó FEARGHAIL, “Daniel O’ Connell’s Roman Bequest”, in The Irish College, Rome and its World, pp. 83-101; Colin BARR, “The Irish College, Rome and
the Appointment of Irish Bishops to the United States, 1830-1851”, in Ibidem, pp.
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no quanto si è sopra accennato. Infatti basti pensare che, nell’ultimo
trentennio, solo l’articolo di Karen J. Harvey ha proposto un’analisi
sullo stato dei collegi irlandesi di Roma alla fine del settecento35,
mentre più recentemente Pierluigi Lotti ha fatto una sintesi della storia del Collegio Irlandese36.
Oltre alla presenza ecclesiastica, è necessario includere nel periodo
ottocentesco anche i soldati irlandesi che durante il Risorgimento
combatterono a fianco dell’esercito papale. Fino alla fine degli anni
settanta questa tematica si limitava a brevi sintesi e note biografiche37. Nell’ultimo decennio la bibliografia è stata recentemente ripresa ed aggiornata nelle analisi fatte da Ciarán O’ Carroll38, Charles
Coulombe39 e da Mary Jane Cryan40 che hanno compiuto dettagliate
ricerche negli archivi vaticani ed inglesi.
102-115; Michael OLDEN, “Tobias Kirby (1804-1895): the Man who kept the Papers”, in Ibidem, pp. 131-149; Amy MCKINNEY, “An efficacious Irish Triumvirate:
Paul Cullen, Tobias Kirby and Joseph Dixon”, in Ibidem, pp. 149-166.
35
Karen J. HARVEY, “Religion and Money: Irish regular Colleges in the Roman Republic of 1798-99”, in Eighteenth-Century/Iris an dá chultúr, vol. 8, 1993, pp. 7382.
36
PierLuigi LOTTI, “Il Pontificio Collegio Irlandese di Roma e la cappella di tutti i
santi d’Irlanda”, in Alma Roma, vol. 2-3, maggio-dicembre 1999, pp. 75-126.
37
George Fitz-Hardinge BERKELEY, “Gli Irlandesi al servizio del Papa nel 1860”, in Il
Risorgimento Italiano. Rivista Storica, n. 5, vol. 6, settembre-ottobre 1913, pp.
863-895; BERKELEY, The Irish battalion in the Papal army of 1860, Dublin, Talbot
Press, 1929; Basil O’CONNELL, “The Irish Battalion in the papal Service”, in Irish
Sword, vol. 2, 1956, pp. 300-301; Cathaldus GIBLIN, “Roger O’Connor. An Irishman
in the French and papal Service”, in Irish Sword, vol. 2, 1956, pp. 309-314; Teeling, “An Irish papal Zouave in 1870”, in Irish Sword, vol. 3, 1957, pp. 226-233;
CREAN, “The Irish Battalion of St. Patrick at the Defense of Spoleto, 1860”, in Irish
Sword, vol. 4, 1958, pp. 52-60, 99-104; Norman William ENGLISH, “Spoleto Veteran
Charles Edgeworth Lynch”, in Irish Sword, vol. 11, 1972-1974, p. 54; John de
COURCY IRELAND, “Mark Parker and the Papal Navy”, in Irish Sword, vol. 12, 19751977, p. 256; Mary Jane CRYAN, “New Light on the Background to the Irish Participation in the Papal Army of 1860”, in Irish Sword, vol. 26, Summer 1986, pp. 155164; Canice O’ MAHONY, “Irish Papal Troops, 1860 to 1870, with particular Reference to the Contribution from County Louth”, in Irish Sword, vol. 21, 1998-1999,
pp. 285-297.
38
Ciarán O’CARROLL, “The Papal Brigade of St. Patrick”, in The Irish College, Rome
and its World, pp. 167-187.
39
Charles A. COULOUMBE, The Pope’s Legion : the multinational fighting Force that
defended the Vatican, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
40
Mary Jane CRYAN, The Irish and the English in Italy’s Risorgimento, Viterbo,
Edizioni Archeoares, 2011.
35
Matteo Binasco
Conclusioni
Dato l’arco cronologico preso in considerazione, questa rassegna
ha cercato di mettere in risalto le principali pubblicazioni inerenti alla
comunità irlandese a Roma fra il 1377 ed il 1870. Tuttavia la bibliografia riportata non può essere considerata completa in quanto necessita di un ulteriore approfondimento. Oltre alla letteratura secondaria sopraindicata, qualunque ricerca dovrà necessariamente basarsi
su una molteplicità di fonti primarie che sono conservate nell’Archivio
Segreto Vaticano, nell’Archivio Storico del Vicariato di Roma,
nell’Archivio di Stato, nell’Archivio Storico “de Propaganda Fide”,
nell’Archivio Capitolino, e nei collegi, nazionali e non, di Roma. Ad
oggi, la maggioranza delle guide archivistiche si è focalizzata sui fondi del Collegio Irlandese41, ed in tono minore su quelli di San Isidoro42 e San Clemente43. Altre fonti primarie su Sant’Isidoro e sul Collegio Irlandese sono state raccolte nelle opere curate dalla Historical
Manuscript Commission44, da Brendan Jennings45, e da John Hanly46.
Per quanto riguarda gli archivi vaticani una consistente parte della
loro documentazione è stata pubblicata da Archivium Hibernicum47 e
Collectanea Hibernica48.
41
Cfr. Appendice I.
Cfr. Appendice II.
43
Cfr. Appendice III.
44
Historical Manuscript Commission (a cura di), Report on Franciscan Manuscripts
preserved at the Convent, Merchants’ Quay, Dublin, Dublin, Stationery Office,
1906.
45
Brendan JENNINGS (a cura di), Wadding Papers, 1616-1638, Dublin, Stationery
Office, 1953.
46
John HANLY (a cura di), The Letters of Saint Oliver Plunkett, 1625-1681.
Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of all Ireland, Dublin, The Dolmen Press, 1979.
47
Cfr. Appendice IV.
48
Cfr. Appendice V.
42
36
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Appendice I: Collegio Irlandese
CORISH Patrick, “Irish College, Rome: Kirby papers”, in Arch. Hib., vol.
30, 1972), pp. 29-116; vol. 31, 1973, pp. 1-94; vol. 32, 1974, pp.
1-62;
HANLY John, “Records of the Irish College, Rome, under Jesuit Administration”, in Arch. Hib., vol. 27, 1964, pp. 13-75;
—, “Sources of the History of the Irish College, Rome”, in Irish Ecclesiastical Record, vol. 102, 1964, pp. 28-34;
—, The Irish College, Rome, Dublin, Eason, 1989.
MACSUIBHNE Peadar, Paul Cardinal Cullen and his Contemporaries:
with their Letters from 1820-1902, Naas, Leinster Reader, 19611977, 5 vols;
MORAN Patrick, The Pastoral Letters and other Writings of Cardinal
Cullen, Archbishop of Dublin, Dublin, Browne & Nolan, 1882, 3
vols;
ORSCHEL Vera - John HANLY, “Calendar of 17th-and 18th-c. Documents
at the Archives of the Irish College, Rome (with Index)”, in Arch.
Hib., vol. 63, 2010, pp. 7-263;
ORSCHEL Vera, “The archives of the Pontifical Irish College, Rome:
History and Holdings” in The Irish College, Rome and its World,
pp. 267-278;
37
Matteo Binasco
Appendice II: San Isidoro
FENNESSY Ignatius, “Alphabetical Index for some Manuscripts in St.
Isidore’s College, Rome”, in Coll. Hib., vol. 43, 2001, pp. 50-85;
JENNINGS Brendan, “Miscellaneous Documents-II”, in Arch. Hib., vol.
14, 1949, pp. 1-12;
MILLETT Benignus, “Copies of some Decisions from the missing Discretorial Registers of St. Isidore’s College, Rome, 1652-1739”, in
Coll. Hib., vol. 43, 2001, pp. 86-111.
—, “Documents from the Archives of St.Isidore’s College, Rome”, in
Analecta Hibernica, vol. 6, 1934, pp. 203-247;
—, “The Archives of St. Isidore’s College, Rome”, in Arch. Hib., vol.
40, 1985, pp. 1-13;
38
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Appendice III: San Clemente
FENNING Hugh, “Irish Material in the Registers of the Dominican Masters General (1390-1649)”, in Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum,
vol. 39, 1969, pp. 34-58;
—, “The Book of Receptions and Professions of SS Sixtus and Clement in Rome, 1676-1792”, in Coll. Hib., 1971, pp. 13-35.
KEARNS Conleth, “Archives of the Irish Dominican College, San
Clemente, Rome: A Summary Report”, in Arch. Hib., vol. 18, 1955,
pp. 145-149;
39
Matteo Binasco
Appendice IV: Archivium Hibernicum
CONWAY Dominic, “Guide of Irish and British interest in Fondo
Borghese, Series I”, in Arch. Hib., vol. 23, 1960, pp. 1-147;
—, “Guide to Documents of Irish and British Interest in Fondo
Borghese, series II-IV”, in Arch. Hib., vol. 24, 1961, pp. 31-102;
DODD Romuald, OP, “Vatican Archives: Instrumenta Miscellanea”, in
Arch. Hib., vol. 19, 1956, pp. 135-224;
DONNELLY N., “The “Per Obitum” volumes in the Vatican Archivio”, in
Arch. Hib., vol. 1, 1912, pp.28-38;
FENNING Hugh, “Documents of Irish interest in the Fondo Missioni of
the Vatican Archives”, in Arch. Hib., vol. 49, 1995, pp. 3-47.
—, “The 'Udienze' Series in the Roman Archives of Propaganda Fide,
1750-1820”, in Arch. Hib., vol. 48, 1994, pp. 100-106;
GIBLIN Cathaldus, “Miscellaneous Papers”, in Arch. Hib., vol. 16,
(1951), pp.62-98;
—, “Vatican Archives: Lettere di Particolari”, in Arch. Hib., vol. 31,
1971, pp. 112-123;
—, “Vatican Library: MSS Barberini Latini”, in Arch. Hib., vol. 18,
1955, pp. 67-144;
HAGAN John, “Miscellanea Vaticano-Hibernica, 1420-1631”, in Arch.
Hib., vol. 4, 1915, pp. 215-318;
—, “Miscellanea Vaticano-Hibernica, 1580-1631”, in Arch. Hib., vol. 3,
1914, pp. 227-365;
—, “Miscellanea Vaticano-Hibernica”, in Arch. Hib., vol. 5, 1916, pp.
74-185;
—, “Miscellanea Vaticano-Hibernica”, in Arch. Hib., vol. 6, 1917, pp.
94-155;
—, “Miscellanea Vaticano-Hibernica”, in Arch. Hib., vol. 7, 1918-21,
pp. 71-356;
HAREN Michael J., “Vatican Archives as a Historical Source to c. 1530”,
in Arch. Hib., vol. 39, 1984, pp. 3-12;
JENNINGS Brendan, “A Propaganda Fide Letter-Book concerning Ireland, 1672-4”, in Arch. Hib., vol. 18, 1955, pp. 16-66;
—, “Acta Sacrae Congregationis de Propaganda Fide, 1622-1650”, in
Arch. Hib., vol. 22, 1959, pp. 28-139;
—, “Ireland and Propaganda Fide, 1672-6”, in Arch. Hib., vol. 19,
(1956), pp. 1-60;
—, “Miscellaneous Documents - I. 1588-1634”, in Arch. Hib. vol. 12,
1946, pp. 70-200;
—, “Miscellaneous Documents - II. 1625-1640”, in Arch. Hib., vol. 14,
1949, pp. 1-49;
40
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“Miscellaneous Documents - III. 1602-1715”, in Arch. Hib., vol.
15, 1950, pp. 1-73;
JONES F.M., “Correspondence of Father Ludovico Mansoni, S.J., Papal
Nuncio to Ireland”, in Arch. Hib., vol. 17, 1953, pp. 1-50;
—, “Papal Briefs to Father Mansoni, Papal Nuncio to Ireland”, in Arch.
Hib., vol. 16, (1953), pp. 51-112;
MARTIN F.X., OSA, A de Meijer, OSA, “Irish Material in the Augustinian
General Archives, Rome. 1534-1624”, in Arch. Hib., vol. 19,
(1956), pp.61-134;
Ó HANNRACHÁIN Tadhg, “Vatican Diplomacy and the Mission of Rinuccini to Ireland”, in Arch. Hib., vol. 47, 1993, pp. 78-88;
WALSH Katherine Micheline, “The Opening of the Vatican Archives
(1880-1881) and Irish historical Research”, in Arch. Hib., vol. 36,
1981, pp. 34-43;
—,
41
Matteo Binasco
Appendice V: Collectanea Hibernica
FENNING Hugh, “A Guide to Eighteenth-Century Reports on Irish Dioceses in the Archives of Propaganda Fide” in Coll. Hib., vol. 11,
1968, pp. 19-35;
GIBLIN Cathaldus, “A Congregatio particularis on Ireland at Propaganda Fide, May 1671”, in Coll. Hib., vols. 18-19, 1976-1977, pp.
19-39;
—, “Catalogue of Irish interest in the Collection Nunziatura di Fiandra,
Vatican Archives: Part 1, vols. 1-50”, in Coll. Hib., vol. 1, 1958, pp.
7-125;
—, “Catalogue of Irish interest in the Collection Nunziatura di Fiandra,
Vatican Archives: Part 2, vols. 51-80”, in Coll. Hib., vol. 3, 1960,
pp. 7-136;
—, “Catalogue of Irish Interest in the Collection Nunziatura di Fiandra, Vatican Archives: Part 3, vols. 81-101”, in Coll. Hib., vol. 4,
1961, pp. 7-130;
—, “Catalogue of Irish Interest in the Collection Nunziatura di Fiandra, Vatican Archives: Part 4, vols. 102-122”, in Coll. Hib., vol. 5,
1962, pp. 7-125;
—, “Catalogue of Irish Interest in the Collection Nunziatura di Fiandra, Vatican Archives: Part 8, vols. 137A-147C”, in Coll. Hib., vol.
12, 1969, pp. 62-101;
—, “Catalogue of Irish Interest in the Collection Nunziatura di Fiandra, Vatican Archives: Part 9, vol. 148-152”, in Coll. Hib., vol. 13,
1970, pp. 61-99;
—, “Catalogue of Material of Irish Interest in the Collection Nunziatura di Fiandra, Vatican Archives: Part 5, vols. 123-132”, in Coll.
Hib., vol. 9, 1966, pp. 7-69;
—, “Catalogue of Material of Irish Interest in the Collection Nunziatura di Fiandra, Vatican Archives: Part 10, vols. 153-153D”, in Coll.
Hib., vol. 14, 1971, pp. 36-81;
—, “Catalogue of Material of Irish Interest in the Collection Nunziatura di Fiandra, Vatican Archives: vols. 154-207”, in Coll. Hib., vol.
15, 1972, pp. 7-55;
MILLETT Benignus, “Calendar of Irish Material in vols.12 and 13 (ff.1200) of the Fondo di Vienna in Propaganda Archives”, in Coll. Hib.,
vol. 24, 1982, pp .45-80;
—, “Calendar of Vol. 13 of the Fondo di Vienna in Propaganda Archives: Part 2, ff. 201-401”, in Coll. Hib., vol. 25, 1983, pp. 30-62;
—, “Calendar of Volume 13 of the Fondo Vienna in Propaganda Archives: Part 3, ff. 402-522”, in Coll. Hib., vol. 26, 1984, pp. 20-45;
42
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“Calendar of Volume 14 Fondo Vienna in Propaganda Archives:
Part 3, ff. 284-395”, in Coll. Hib., vols. 31-32, 1989-90, pp. 148161;
—, “Calendar of Volume 14 of the Fondo di Vienna in Propaganda Archives: Part 2, ff. 132-283”, in Coll. Hib., vol. 30, 1988, pp. 26-54;
—, “Calendar of Volume 15 of the Fondo di Vienna in Propaganda Archives”, in Coll. Hib., vol. 33, 1991, pp. 54-92;
—, “Calendar of Volume 16 of the Fondo di Vienna in Propaganda Archives: Part 1. ff. 1-102”, in Coll. Hib., vol. 38, 1996, pp. 59-81;
—, “Calendar of Volume 16 of the Fondo di Vienna in Propaganda Archives: Part 2, ff. 103-216”, in Coll. Hib., vols. 39-40, 1997-98, pp.
96-106;
—, “Calendar of Volume 16 of the Fondo di Vienna in Propaganda Archives: Part 3, ff. 217-80”, in Coll. Hib., vol. 41, 1999, pp. 10-35;
—, “Calendar of Volume 16 of the Fondo Vienna in Propaganda Archives: Part 4, ff. 281-371”, in Coll. Hib., vol. 43, 2001, pp. 13-33.
—, “Calendar of Volume 2 (1669-1671) of the Scritture riferite nei
Congressi, Irlanda, in Propaganda Archives: Part 1, ff. 1-401”, in
Coll. Hib., vol. 16, 1973, pp. 7-47;
—, “Calendar of Volume 2 (1669-71) of the Scritture riferite nei Congressi, Irlanda, in Propaganda Archives: Part 2, ff-402-803”, in
Coll. Hib., vol. 17, 1974-75, pp. 17-68;
—, “Calendar of Volume 3 (1672-1675) of the Scritture riferite nei
congressi, Irlanda, in Propaganda Archives: Part 1, ff. 1-200”, in
Coll. Hib., vols. 18-19, 1976-1977, pp. 40-71;
—, “Calendar of Volume 3 (1672-1675) of the Scritture Originali riferite nei congressi, Irlanda, in Propaganda Archives: Part 2, ff.201518”, in Coll. Hib., vols. 22-23, 1979-80, pp. 7-81;
—, “Calendar of Volume I (1625-1668) of the Collection Scritture riferite nelle congregazioni generali in Propaganda Archives”, in Coll.
Hib., vols. 6-7, 1963-1964, pp. 18-211;
—, “Catalogue of Irish material in Fourteen Volumes of the Scritture
originali riferite nelle congregazioni generali in Propaganda Archives”, in Coll. Hib., vol. 10, 1967, pp. 7-59;
—, “Catalogue of Irish Material in vols. 129-131 of the Scritture
originali riferite nelle congregazioni generali in Propaganda Archives”, in Coll. Hib., vol. 11, 1968, pp. 7-18;
—, “Catalogue of Irish material in vols. 132-139 of Scritture originali
riferite nelle congregazioni generali in Propaganda Archives”, in
Coll. Hib., vol. 12, 1969, pp. 7-44;
—,
43
Matteo Binasco
“Catalogue of Irish Material in vols. 140-143 of the Scritture originali riferite nelle congregazioni generali in Propaganda Archives”,
in Coll. Hib., vol. 13, 1970, pp. 21-60;
—, “Catalogue of Irish Material in Vols. 370 and 371 of the Scritture
riferite originali nelle Congregazioni generali in Propaganda Archives”, in Coll. Hib., vols. 27-28, (1985-86), pp. 44-85;
—, “Catalogue of Volume 294 of the Scritture originali riferite nelle
congregazioni generali in Propaganda Archives”, in Coll. Hib., vol.
8, (1965), pp. 7-37;
—, “Correspondence of Irish Interest in the Lettere in Propaganda
Archives: vols. 27-34 (1649-64)”, in Coll. Hib., vol. 30, 1988, pp.
7-25;
—, “Correspondence of Irish Interest in the Lettere in Propaganda
Archives: vol. 38 (1657-64)”, in Coll. Hib., vols. 31-32 (1989-90),
pp. 118-147;
—,
44
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