3: Análisis de la comunicación digital De los sistemas digitales

$QiOLVLVGHODFRPXQLFDFLyQGLJLWDO
$QiOLVLVGHODFRPXQLFDFLyQGLJLWDO
'HORVVLVWHPDVGLJLWDOHV0RGHODGRGHOUXLGRSDVDEDQGD(OILOWURySWLPR$QiOLVLVGH
ODGHFLVLyQGHXPEUDOHQHOILOWURySWLPR3UREDELOLGDGGHHUURU3UREDELOLGDGGHHUURU
HQ3&03UREDELOLGDGGHHUURUHQ$6.3UREDELOLGDGGHHUURUHQ)6.3UREDELOLGDG
GHHUURUHQ36.
'HORVVLVWHPDVGLJLWDOHV
8QR GH ODV SDUWLFXODULGDGHV GH ORV VLVWHPDV GLJLWDOHV HV TXH HQ OD GHWHFFLyQ
SDUWLFLSDQ XQ Q~PHUR ILQLWR GH IRUPDV FRQRFLGDV \ TXH SXHGHQ VHU UHFXSHUDGDV
PLHQWUDV TXH HQ ORV VLVWHPDV DQDOyJLFRV DFW~DQ XQ Q~PHUR LQILQLWR GH PHQVDMHV FRQ
IRUPDVGHRQGDVGHVFRQRFLGDV
/D SRVLELOLGDG GH DOPDFHQDU ODV IRUPDV GH RQGD FRPR UHIHUHQFLD \ HO
FRQRFLPLHQWRGHODSUREDELOLGDGGHHUURUSHUPLWHOOHJDUDGLYHUVDVWpFQLFDVGH GHWHFFLyQ
KDVWDFRQSUHGLFFLyQ
'HEHWHQHUVHHQFXHQWDTXHODGHWHFFLyQGHVHxDOHVGLJLWDOHVVHODSXHGHGHILQLU
FRPRODWpFQLFDGHGHWHUPLQDUFXiOGHODVIRUPDVGHRQGDDOPDFHQDGDVHVODVHxDOTXH
HVWDUHFLELHQGR(VWRVLJQLILFDTXHXQDYHVWRPDGDODGHFLVLyQVHUHFXSHUDH[DFWDPHQWH
ODIRUPDGHRQGDPiVDOOiGHOUXLGRTXHHVWDWHQJD3DUDORFXDOVHSXHGHGHFLUTXHHO
UXLGRGHOFDQDOQRLQIOX\HSHURORTXHRFXUUHHVTXHJHQHUDHUURUHVHQODGHFLVLyQ
(O UXLGR HQ HO FDQDO GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ HV DGLWLYR OR TXH LPSOLFD TXH OD VHxDO
WHQGUi XQD YDULDFLyQ HQ VX DPSOLWXG OR TXH JHQHUDUi HUURU HQ OD GHFLVLyQ (VWR SRGUtD
HOLPLQDUVH VLPSOHPHQWH OLPLWDQGRODDPSOLWXGGHODVHxDO3HURHQUHDOLGDGHOUXLGRHV
XQDVHxDODOHDWRULDFRQFXDOTXLHUIDVHHQFXDOTXLHUPRPHQWRORTXHLPSOLFDTXHWDQWROD
DPSOLWXGFRPRODIDVHGHODVHxDOTXHVHWUDQVPLWHHVWiQYDULDQGR
(QJHQHUDOHOUXLGRVHORUHSUHVHQWDFRPRXQYHFWRUTXHVHVXPDDODVHxDOFRQ
FXDOTXLHUIDVHORTXHJHQHUDTXHODSRUWDGRUDUHVXOWDQWHWLHQHDPSOLWXG \IDVHYDULDEOH
(VWR GLILFXOWD ODV GHFLVLRQHV SXHVWR TXH ORV VLVWHPDV GLJLWDOHV OD LQIRUPDFLyQ VH
WUDQVPLWHHQODDPSOLWXGODIUHFXHQFLDRHQODIDVHGHODSRUWDGRUD\HQORVPXOWLQLYHOVH
WUDQVPLWHFRQYDULDVDPSOLWXGHVYDULDVIDVHVRFRQXQDFRPELQDFLyQGHDPEDV
&RPR HO UXLGR DIHFWD WDQWR D OD DPSOLWXG FRPR D OD IDVH GH OD SRUWDGRUD
PRGXODGDGLJLWDOPHQWHVHFRPHWHQHUURUHVHQODWRPDGHGHFLVLyQSDUDODUHFXSHUDFLyQ
GHODVHxDORULJLQDO
(Q HVWH FDStWXOR VH SUHVHQWDUi XQ PRGHOR GHO UXLGR HQ XQ FDQDO TXH DIHFWD OD
DPSOLWXG\ODIDVHGHODVHxDO3DUDOXHJRGHVDUUROODUXQILOWURTXHVHDFDSD]GHUHFXSHUD
OD VHxDO HQ SUHVHQFLD GH UXLGR FRQ HO PHQRU HUURU SRVLEOH \ SRU ~OWLPR VH GLVFXWLUi OD
SUREDELOLGDGGHHUURUSDUDORVVLVWHPDVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQGLJLWDO
3HGUR('DQL]LR 3iJLQD1ž
$QiOLVLVGHODFRPXQLFDFLyQGLJLWDO
0RGHODGRGHOUXLGRSDVDEDQGD
(O UXLGR TXHGD DFRWDGR HQ EDQGD VHJ~Q HO DQFKR GH EDQGD GHO FDQDO \ VX
FRPSRUWDPLHQWR HV WDO TXH VH FRPSRUWD FRPR XQ YHFWRU TXH DO VXPDUVH D OD VHxDO OH
FDPELDVXDPSOLWXG\VXIDVH
'H WDO PDQHUD TXH GHPRVWUDUHPRV TXH VH OR SXHGH UHSUHVHQWDU FRPR XQD VHxDO
TXHWLHQHGRVFRPSRQHQWHVXQDIDVH\RWUDHQFXDGUDWXUD
QW QF W &RVZ F W Q V W 6HQZ F W (OUXLGRDOSDVDUSRUHOFDQDOTXHGDDFRWDGRHQHODQFKRGHEDQGDGHHVWHSRUOR
FXDO VH GLFH TXH HO FDQDO VH FRPSRUWD FRPR XQ ILOWUR SDVD EDQGD &RPHQ]DUHPRV SRU
GHPRVWUDU TXH HO VLJXLHQWH DUUHJOR GH OD ILJ TXH OR GHVLJQDUHPRV FRPR + F Z VH
FRPSRUWD FRPR XQ ILOWUR SDVD EDQGD LGHDO \ OXHJR DQDOL]DUHPRV HO PLVPR FRQ UXLGR \
TXHGDUiGHPRVWUDGD
&RVZ F W
&RVZ FW
+ Z + Z 6HQZ FW
6HQZ F W
ILJ
+ Z UHSUHVHQWD OD IXQFLyQ GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD GH XQ ILOWUR SDVD EDMR LGHDO FRQ
FRUWH HQ Z P WDO FRPR VH YH HQ OD ILJ VLHQGR K W VX UHVSXHVWD DO LPSXOVR HQ HO
WLHPSR
+ Z ZP
ZP
ILJ
6LELHQHVFLHUWRHOFDQDOVHFR PSRUWDFRPRXQILOWURSDVDEDQGDQRLGHDOVHFRORFDQILOWURVHQODOtQHDFRQXQ
UROORIIDGHFXDGRTXHORPRGHOHWDQFHUFDFRPRVHDSRVLEOHGHXQRLGHDO
3HGUR('DQL]LR 3iJLQD1ž
$QiOLVLVGHODFRPXQLFDFLyQGLJLWDO
6HDSOLFDUiDODHQWUDGDXQLPSXOVRUHWUDVDGR G W W DODHQWUDGD2SHUDQGROD
SULPHUDUDPDODVDOLGDGHOPRGXODGRUVHUi
G W W &RVZ FW
/DVDOLGDGHOILOWURSDVDEDMR
K W W &RVZ FW
/DVDOLGDGHORWURPRGXODGRU
KR W W &RVZ FW &RVZ F W
KR W W >&RVZ F W W &RVZ F W W @ KR W W 6HQZ FW 6HQZ F W
KR W W >&RVZ F W W &RVZ F W W @ 2SHUDQGRODRWUDUDPDHVODPLVPDH[SUHVLyQSHURPXOWLSOLFDQGRVHQRV
6XPDQGR\
KR W W &RVZ F W W 8QILOWURSDVDEDQGDLGHDOVHORPRGHODFRPRXQSDVDEDMRLGHDOFRQYROXFLRQDGR
HQIUHFXHQFLDFRQXQDSRUWDGRUDILJ
+ R Z ZP
ZF
ZP
+ F Z Z F Z P
ZF
Z F Z P
ILJ
3HGUR('DQL]LR 3iJLQD1ž
$QiOLVLVGHODFRPXQLFDFLyQGLJLWDO
3DUD OD ILJ SRGHPRV H[SUHVDU HO ILOWUR FRPR VX UHVSXHVWD DO LPSXOVR
PXOWLSOLFDGDSRUODSRUWDGRUD
K W &RVZ F W
/DUHVSXHVWDSDUDXQLPSXOVRGHVSOD]DGRVHUi
K W W &RVZ F W W /DTXHUHSUHVHQWDHOPRGHODGRGHXQILOWURSDVDEDQGDHVLJXDODOD
ORTXHLPSOLFDTXHHODUUHJORGHODILJUHSUHVHQWDXQILOWURSDVDEDQGD$QDOLFHPRVOD
UHVSXHVWDGHHVHSDVDEDQGDVLLQJUHVDPRVXQUXLGRQW
3DUDODSULPHUDUDPDGHVLJQDPRVFRPR QF W DODVDOLGDGHOILOWURSDVDEDMR
QF W QW &RVZ F W
/DVDOLGDOXHJRGHOVHJXQGRPRGXODGRUVHUi
QF W &RVZ F W
'HVLJQDQGR FRQ Q V W OD VDOLGD GHO ILOWUR SDVD EDMR GH OD RWUD UDPD OXHJR GHO
VHJXQGRPRGXODGRUGHHVDUDPDVHREWLHQHFRPRVDOLGD
Q V W 6HQZ F W
/D VDOLGD ILQDO UHVXOWD GH OD VXPD GH DPEDV UDPDV \ \ HO UXLGR
TXHGDHQWRQFHVUHSUHVHQWDGRSRU
QW QF W &RVZ F W Q V W 6HQZ F W 4XHGD HQWRQFHV GHPRVWUDGD OD \ HV LPSRUWDQWH DQDOL]DU TXH HVWDV GRV
VHxDOHV DOHDWRULDV PDQWLHQHQ VX UHODFLyQ GH FXDGUDWXUD SHUR VH VXPDQ GH PDQHUD
DOHDWRULDVREUHODDPSOLWXGGHODVHxDOORTXHYDULDUiWDQWRODDPSOLWXGFRPRODIDVHGH
ODSRUWDGRUDPRGXODGD
(OILOWURySWLPR
<D VH KHPRV GLFKR TXH HQ ORV VLVWHPDV GLJLWDOHV HO SURFHVRGHODGHWHFFLyQHV
DOJR PHQRV FRPSOLFDGR TXH ORV VLVWHPDV FRQWLQXRV SXHVWR TXH OD UHFXSHUDFLyQ GH OD
VHxDO GHEH WRPDU FRPR GHFLVLyQ GH HQWUH ODV GLYHUVDV IRUPDV DOPDFHQDGDV FXDO HV OD
VHxDO
6LELHQHVFLHUWRTXHXQDYHVWRPDGDODGHFLVLyQODVHxDOUHFXSHUDGDTXHGDVLQ
UXLGRODSUHVHQFLDGHOUXLGRDIHFWDUiHQODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVGHODUHFXSHUDFLyQGHOD
VHxDO
3HGUR('DQL]LR 3iJLQD1ž
$QiOLVLVGHODFRPXQLFDFLyQGLJLWDO
3RUHMHPSORVLHQXQGHWHUPLQDGRPRPHQWRHOUXLGRHVPX\JUDQGHODGHFLVLyQ
SRGUi DFHSWDU XQ XQR FRPR YDORU \ HQ UHDOLGDG HUD XQ FHUR 3RGHPRV GHFLU TXH HVWH
SUREOHPDVLJQLILFDXQHVWXGLRGHODSUREDELOLGDGGHHUURUTXHRFXUUHFXDQGRVHGHWHFWD
XQDVHxDO
$QDOL]DUHPRVHVWDSUREOHPiWLFDSDUDVHxDOHV ELQDULDVHVGHFLUODTXHHPSOHDGRV
VtPERORVSRUVHUODPiVWtSLFD
(Q XQ VLVWHPD ELQDULR VH GHEH GHFLGLU FXDO GH ORV GRV VtPERORV HVWDPRV
UHFLELHQGR HQ UHDOLGDG QR LQWHUHVD OD IRUPD GH OR TXH YLHQH SXHVWR TXH SRGHPRV
UHJHQHUDUORV 3HUR OR LPSRUWDQWH HV GHFLU FXDO HV HO VtPEROR 'H WDO PDQHUD TXH XQ
VLVWHPD GH GHWHFFLyQ ySWLPR VHUi DTXHO TXH GHWHUPLQH FRQ OD PHQRU SUREDELOLGDG GH
HUURUVLODVHxDOHVWDRQRSUHVHQWH
6XSRQJDPRVTXHODVVHxDOHVELQDULDVGXUDQ7VHJXQGRVWDQWRORVXQRVFRPRORV
FHURV1HFHVLWDPRVXQGLVSRVLWLYRTXHVHDFDSD]GHDQDOL]DUODVHxDOFDGD7VHJXQGRV\
GHWHUPLQDU VL HVWi R QR SUHVHQWH (O GHWHFWRU ySWLPR VHUi HO TXH WHQJD OD PHQRU
SUREDELOLGDGGHHUURUDOUHDOL]DUVXGHFLVLyQ
3DUDIDFLOLWDUHVWHFRQFHSWRORTXHVHKDFH HVSDVDUODVHxDOSRUXQILOWURTXHVHD
FDSD]GHDFHQWXDUODVHxDOVW\HOLPLQDUDOPLVPRWLHPSRHOUXLGRQW'HWDOPDQHUD
TXH OD GHFLVLyQ GHO ILOWUR VHUi WRPDGD HQ HO PRPHQWR HQ TXH ODVHxDOVHDODPi[LPD\
HOLPLQHHOUXLGRSURGXFLHQGRXQDQRWDEOHGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHODVHxDO\HOUXLGR(QWRQFHV
HO PRPHQWR GH OD GHFLVLyQ VHUi PX\ LPSRUWDQWH SXHVWR TXH FXDQGR OD VHxDO HVWH
SUHVHQWHODDPSOLWXGVHUiPX\JUDQGH\PX\SHTXHxDVLQRHVWiSUHVHQWH
8QILOWURFDSD]GHHVWRGHEHUiDFWXDUHQHOPRPHQWRDGHFXDGR\FRQXQDIXQFLyQ
GHWUDQVIHUHQFLDTXHRSWLPLFHHVWDUHODFLyQVHxDOUXLGR$HIHFWRVGHWUDEDMDUFRQULJRU
WpFQLFRORTXHVHRSWLPL]DVHUiHOFXDGUDGRGHODDPSOLWXGGHODVHxDO\HOFXDGUDGRGH
ODDPSOLWXGGHOUXLGR
(VWRQRVOOHYDDSUHJXQWDUQRV FXiOGHEHUiVHUODIXQFLyQGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHHVWH
ILOWUR\HQTXHPRPHQWRGHEHUiVHUHOLQVWDQWHGHGHFLVLyQVLWXDFLyQTXHDQDOL]DUHPRVD
FRQWLQXDFLyQ
3DUD VHU UHSUHVHQWDWLYR HO SUREOHPD VH SXHGH YLVXDOL]DU HQ DO ILJ GRQGH
LQJUHVDXQDVHxDOFRQUXLGR\DODVDOLGDWHQHPRVODUHODFLyQVHxDOUXLGRRSWLPL]DGD
VWQW
V W Q W + Z ILJ
(O REMHWLYR VHUi HQFRQWUDU OD IXQFLyQ GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD TXH RSWLPH OD UHODFLyQ
VHxDOUXLGRGHVDOLGDH[SUHVDGDSRUVXVFXDGUDGRV
'HEHWHQHUVHHFXHQWDTXHVHWUDWDGHOYDORUFXDGUiWLFRPHGLRGHOUXLGR
3HGUR('DQL]LR 3iJLQD1ž
$QiOLVLVGHODFRPXQLFDFLyQGLJLWDO
V W Q W 7RPDQGR 6 Z FRPRODWUDQVIRUPDGDGHODVHxDOGHHQWUDGD\ + Z FRPROD
IXQFLyQGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHOILOWURySWLPRODVHxDOGHVDOLGDHQHOWLHPSRVHUi
U
V W ‚ >6 Z ˜ + Z @
S
³
S
³
f
f
6 Z + Z H MZW GZ $O VHU OD H[SUHVLyQ LQGHSHQGLHQWH GH W VH OD SXHGH DQDOL]DU HQ HO LQVWDQWH GH
GHFLVLyQ W P VLPSOHPHQWHUHHPSOD]DQGRHOYDORUHQOD
V W P ‚ >6 Z ˜ + Z @
f
f
6 Z + Z H MZW GZ 3RUORH[SUHVDGRHQODHOYDORUFXDGUiWLFRPHGLRGHOUXLGRGHVDOLGDVHOR
H[SUHVD HQ IXQFLyQ GHO HVSHFWUR GH SRWHQFLD GH UXLGR GH HQWUDGD \ GH OD IXQFLyQ GH
WUDQVIHUHQFLDGHOILOWURFRPR
S
Q W ³
f
f
6 Q Z + Z GZ
6XSRQLHQGR UXLGR EODQFR FRQ GHQVLGDG HVSHFWUDO FRQVWDQWH VHJ~Q \
UHHPSOD]DQGRHQHOWLHPSRGHGHFLVLyQ W P VHSXHGHH[SUHVDUODFRPR
Q W P S
³
f
f
K
S
6 Q Z + Z GZ
5HHPSOD]DQGR\HQ
³
V W P f
Q W P f
+ Z 6 Z H MZW GZ
SK ³ + Z GZ
f
f
+ Z GZ (V FRQYHQLHQWH DFODUDUD TXH V W HV XQ Q~PHUR UHDO OR TXH LPSOLFD TXH
V W P f
³
f
V W P $KRUDELHQSDUDFRPSOHWDUHODQiOLVLVGHODXWLOL]DUHPRVODGHVLJXDOGDGGH
6FKZDUW] TXH HVWDEOHFH TXH VL ) Z \ ) Z VRQ IXQFLRQHV FRPSOHMDV VH FXPSOH
TXH
³
f
f
) Z ) Z GZ d ³ ) Z GZ ³
f
f
f
f
) Z GZ
3RUODGHPRVWUDFLyQFRQ VXOWDU7UDQVPLVLyQGHLQIRUPDFLyQPRGXODFLyQ\ UXLGR GH0LVKD6FKZDUW]
3HGUR('DQL]LR 3iJLQD1ž
$QiOLVLVGHODFRPXQLFDFLyQGLJLWDO
(VWDGHVLJXDOGDGVHFXPSOHVRORVL
) Z N ) Z 6LHQGR N XQD FRQVWDQWH DUELWUDULD \ FRQVLGHUDQGR ODV WUDQVIRUPDGDV GH OD
VLJXLHQWHPDQHUD
) Z + Z \ ) Z 6 Z H MZWP
'HWDOPDQHUDTXHUHHPSOD]DQGRHQODODVHSXHGHH[SUHVDU
³
f
f
+ Z 6 Z H MZWP GZ d ³ + Z GZ ³
f
f
f
f
6 Z GZ 5HHPSOD]DQGRHQ
V W P Q W P d
f
6 Z GZ ³
SK f
6LHQGRODLJXDOGDGHOYDORUPi[LPR
V W P Q W P PD[
f
6 Z GZ ³
SK f
3DUDTXHHVWDLJXDOGDGVHDYiOLGDVHGHEHFXPSOLUORTXHLPSOLFDTXH
+ Z N 6 Z H MZWP (VWRLPSOLFDTXHGHEHPRVLQWHUSUHWDUFRPRGHEHVHUODIXQFLyQGHWUDQVIHUHQFLD
GHO ILOWUR ySWLPR SDUD FXPSOD FRQ WRGR OR H[SUHVDGR DO SULQFLSLR VHJ~Q OD
UHVSXHVWDKWDOLPSXOVRGHXQVLVWHPDySWLPRVHUi
KW >
‚ >+ Z @ ‚ N 6 Z H MZWP
@
N V W P W &ODUDPHQWHVHYHTXHODIXQFLyQGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHEHVHUODLQYHUVDGHODVHxDO
TXH HQWUD GHWDOPDQHUDTXHFXDQGRHVWDVHFRQYROXFLRQHHQHOWLHPSRFRQODVHxDOGH
HQWUDGD OD VDOLGD VHUi OD Pi[LPD VH SXHGH GHFLU TXH HV XQ FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH
SUHGLFFLyQ
9DPRVDDQDOL]DUJUiILFDPHQWHORH[SXHVWRVXSRQJDPRVTXHHQWUDXQDVHxDOVW
HQILOWURILJDDUPDPRVODIXQFLyQGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHOILOWURWRPDQGRFRPR W P 7 ORYHPRVHQODILJE\F\OXHJRFRQYROXFLRQDPRVODHQWUDGDFRQKWHQODILJG
3HGUR('DQL]LR 3iJLQD1ž
$QiOLVLVGHODFRPXQLFDFLyQGLJLWDO
VW
7
VW
ILJD
ILJE
KW VWPW
V W WP
V W KW ILJF
ILJG
6HYHFODUDPHQWHTXHHQHOLQVWDQWHGHGHFLVLyQODVDOLGDHVODPi[LPDGHGRQGH
HOILOWURHVWDRSWLPL]DGRSXHVWRTXHVLVHWRPDUD W P 7HOVLVWHPDVHUtDQRFDXVDOGH
GRQGH W P GHEHUi SRU OR YLVWR VHU t 7 3HUR HQ OD WRPD GH GHFLVLyQ SDUD QR JHQHUDU
GHPRUDV W P GHEHUiVHUWDQSHTXHxRFRPRVHDSRVLEOHVLHQGRHOySWLPRLJXDOD7
'HGRQGHVLHOILOWURWLHQHFRPRIXQFLyQGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDODLQYHUVDGHODVHxDOGH
HQWUDGDODVDOLGDHVODPi[LPDHQHOSXQWR W P /RVLQWHWL]DPRVHQODILJ
KW
VW
V RW
7 77
6HJ~QODHQHUJtDGHXQDVHxDOSXHGHH[SUHVDUVHFRPR
(
³
f
f
V W GW
ILJ
f
6 Z GZ
³
f
S
3HGUR('DQL]LR 3iJLQD1ž
$QiOLVLVGHODFRPXQLFDFLyQGLJLWDO
'HGRQGHUHHPSOD]DQGRHQTXHGD
V W P (
K
Q W P PD[
(
K
(VWR HTXLYDOH D GHFLU TXH OD PHMRU UHODFLyQ VHxDO D UXLGR HV HO FRFLHQWH GH OD
HQHUJtDGHODVHxDO\ODGHQVLGDGHVSHFWUDOGHUXLGRDODHQWUDGD/DDPSOLWXGGHODVHxDO
GHVDOLGD V W VHODREWLHQHQUHHPSOD]DQGRHQOD
V W P S
³
6 Z f
f
GZ
( 'HGRQGHODDPSOLWXGPi[LPDGHOVHxDOHQODVDOLGDTXHRFXUUHHQ W W P WLHQH
FRPRPDJQLWXGODHQHUJtDGHODVHxDO5HVXOWDGRTXHDSRUWDFRPRFRQFHSWRIXQGDPHQWDO
TXHODVDOLGDQRLPSRUWDHQVXIRUPDVLQRHQODH[LVWHQFLDRQRGHODVXHQHUJtD
&RPR DPSOLDWRULD GH OR H[SXHVWR VL DQDOL]DPRV HO YDORU FXDGUiWLFR PHGLR GHO
UXLGRDODVDOLGDVHORSXHGHREWHQHUUHHPSOD]DQGRHQ
K (
Q W P (O ILOWUR ySWLPR SXHGH VHU LPSOHPHQWDGR FRQ HO DUUHJOR GH XQ FRUUHODGRU GH
WLHPSRFRPRVHYHHQODILJ/DVDOLGDUWGHXQILOWURHVWDGDGDSRUODFRQYROXFLyQ
GHODHQWUDGD\ODUHVSXHVWDDOLPSXOVRGHOILOWURKW
³
U W f
f
I [ KW [ G[
3HURGHEHWHQHUVHHQFXHQWDTXHODKWSDUDHOILOWURySWLPRHV KW TXH KW [ V [ W P W \ WRPDQGRODGHFLVLyQHQW WPTXHGD
U W 7RPDQGRODGHFLVLyQHQW WP
U W P WLHPSR
³
f
f
³
f
V W P W \
I [ K [ W P W f
I [ V [ G[
3RUORH[SXHVWRODILJXUDHVUHSUHVHQWDWLYDGHXQPRGHODGRSRUFRUUHODGRUGH
3HGUR('DQL]LR 3iJLQD1ž
$QiOLVLVGHODFRPXQLFDFLyQGLJLWDO
IW VWQWW W P UWP
³
VW
ILJ
9LVWR GHVGH XQ SXQWR GH YLVWD PX\ FRQFHSWXDO HVWR QR GHMD GH VHU GHWHFFLyQ
VLQFUyQLFD
$QiOLVLVGHODGHFLVLyQGHXPEUDOHQHOILOWURySWLPR
(OGLVHxRGHOILOWURRSWLPL]DODUHODFLyQVHxDOUXLGRDODVDOLGDHQHOLQVWDQWHGH
GHFLVLyQW WP 7(VWRVLJQLILFDTXHHQHVHPRPHQWRVHREVHUYDODVDOLGDSDUDORFXDO
ODUW UWP U7ORTXHVHSXHGHH[SUHVDU
U 7 V R 7 Q 7 6LUHHPSOD]DPRVHQ
U 7 ( Q 7 (VWDVHUtDODVHxDOGHVDOLGDFXDQGRH[LVWHODVWSHURFXDQGRQRH[LVWHODVDOLGD
VHUiVLPSOHPHQWHUXLGR
U 7 Q 7 (VPX\VHQFLOORHQWRQFHVGHWHUPLQDUVLKD\RQRVHxDOSHURHOUXLGRGHVDOLGDHV
DOHDWRULR OR TXH LPSOLFD TXH VX YDORU HV YDULDEOH VHD JUDQGH R FKLFR SRVLWLYR R
QHJDWLYR OR TXH FRPSOLFD OD GHFLVLyQ 3XHGH RFXUULU TXH U7 VHD JUDQGH OR TXH KDFH
VXSRQHUTXHH[LVWH V 7 VLQHPEDUJRHVWRSRGUtDVHUVLPSOHPHQWHSRUTXHHOUXLGRHV
PX\ JUDQGH R VLH[LVWLHQGR V 7 \HOUXLGRHVPX\JUDQGH\QHJDWLYRODU7HVPX\
FKLFD\VHSUHVXSRQHTXHQRKD\VHxDO
'H GRQGHQRKD\XQDFHUWH]DGHODGHFLVLyQVLQHPEDUJRVLU7HVJUDQGHKD\
PXFKD SUREDELOLGDG GH TXH V 7 HVWH SUHVHQWH \ SRU HO FRQWUDULR VL U7 HV PX\ EDMD
KD\PXFKDSUREDELOLGDGGH V 7 QRHVWHSUHVHQWH
3HUR FRPR D SDUWLU GH OD GHFLVLyQ DVXPLGD H[LVWH OD SUREDELOLGDG GH HUURU HV
FRQYHQLHQWHHQFRQWUDUXQDUHJODTXHKDJDTXHHVDSUREDELOLGDGVHDODPtQLPDSRVLEOH
7RPDPRV FRPR UHJOD XQ FLHUWR XPEUDO D GRQGH SRU HQFLPD GH HVH YDORU HVWD
SUHVHQWH OD VHxDO \ SRU GHEDMR QR 6H WUDWD HQWRQFHV GH HQFRQWUDU HVWH XPEUDO TXH
PLQLPLFHHOHUURU
3HGUR('DQL]LR 3iJLQD1ž