el hobbit - steel

(/+2%%,7
-5572/.,(1
(VWD HV XQD KLVWRULD GH KDFH PXFKR WLHPSR (Q HVD pSRFD ORV OHQJXDMHV HUDQ
EDVWDQWH GLVWLQWRV GH ORV GH KR\ /DV UXQDV HUDQ OHWUDV TXH HQ XQ SULQFLSLR VH
HVFULEtDQPHGLDQWHFRUWHVRLQFLVLRQHVHQPDGHUD SLHGUDRPHWDO(QORVGtDVGH
HVWH UHODWR ORV (QDQRV ODV XWLOL]DEDQ FRQ UHJXODULGDG HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ UHJLVWURV
SULYDGRV R VHFUHWRV 6L ODV UXQDV GHO 0DSD GH 7KURU VRQ FRPSDUDGDV FRQ ODV
WUDQVFULSFLRQHVHQOHWUDVPRGHUQDVQRVHUiGLItFLOUHFRQVWUXLUHO DOIDEHWRDGDSWDGR
DO LQJOpV DFWXDO \ VHUi SRVLEOH OHHU HO WtWXOR U~QLFR GH HVWD SiJLQD 'HVGH XQ
PDUJHQGHOPDSDXQDPDQRDSXQWDDODSXHUWDVHFUHWD\GHEDMRHVWiHVFULWR
/DVGRVXOWLPDVUXQDVVRQODVLQLFLDOHVGH7KURU\7KUDLQ/DVUXQDVOXQDUHVOHtGDV
SRU(OURQGHUDQ
(QHO0DSDORVSXQWRVFDUGLQDOHVHVWiQVHxDODGRVFRQUXQDVFRQHO(VWHDUULED
FRPR HV FRP~Q HQ ORV PDSDV GH HQDQRV \ KDQ GH OHHUVH HQ HO VHQWLGR GH ODV
PDQHFLOODVGHUHORM(VWH6XU2HVWH1RUWH
81$7(578/,$,1(63(5$'$
(Q XQ DJXMHUR HQ HO VXHOR YLYtD XQ KREELW 1R XQ DJXMHUR K~PHGR VXFLR
UHSXJQDQWH FRQ UHVWRV GH JXVDQRV \ RORU D IDQJR QL WDPSRFR XQ DJXMHUR VHFR
GHVQXGR\DUHQRVRVLQQDGDHQTXHVHQWDUVHRTXHFRPHUHUDXQDJXMHURKREELW
\HVRVLJQLILFDFRPRGLGDG
7HQtDXQDSXHUWDUHGRQGDSHUIHFWDFRPRXQRMRGHEXH\SLQWDGDGHYHUGHFRQ
XQDPDQLOODGHEURQFHGRUDGD\EULOODQWHMXVWRHQHOPHGLR/DSXHUWDVHDEUtDDXQ
YHVWtEXORFLOtQGULFRFRPRXQW~QHOXQW~QHO PX\FyPRGRVLQKXPRVFRQSDUHGHV
UHYHVWLGDV GH PDGHUD \ VXHORV HQORVDGRV \ DOIRPEUDGRV SURYLVWR GH VLOODV
EDUQL]DGDV \ PRQWRQHV \ PRQWRQHV GH SHUFKDV SDUD VRPEUHURV \ DEULJRV HO
KREELW HUD DILFLRQDGR D ODV YLVLWDV (O W~QHO VH H[WHQGtD VHUSHDQGR \ SHQHWUDED
EDVWDQWH SHUR QR GLUHFWDPHQWH HQ OD ODGHUD GH OD FROLQD ²/D &ROLQD FRPR OD
OODPDED WRGD OD JHQWH GH PXFKDV PLOODV DOUHGHGRU² \ PXFKDV SXHUWHFLWDV
UHGRQGDV VH DEUtDQ HQ pO SULPHUR D XQ ODGR \ OXHJR DO RWUR 1DGD GH VXELU
HVFDOHUDV SDUD HO KREELW GRUPLWRULRV FXDUWRV GH EDxR ERGHJDV GHVSHQVDV
PXFKDVDUPDULRVKDELWDFLRQHVHQWHUDVGHGLFDGDVDURSDFRFLQDV&RPHGRUHV
VHHQFRQWUDEDQHQODPLVPDSODQWD\HQYHUGDGHQHOPLVPRSDVLOOR/DVPHMRUHV
KDELWDFLRQHV HVWDEDQ WRGDV D OD L]TXLHUGD GH OD SXHUWD SULQFLSDO SXHV HUDQ ODV
~QLFDV TXH WHQtDQ YHQWDQDV YHQWDQDV UHGRQGDV SURIXQGDPHQWH H[FDYDGDV TXH
PLUDEDQDOMDUGtQ\ORVSUDGRVGHPiVDOOiFDPLQRGHOUtR
(VWHKREELWHUDXQKREELWDFRPRGDGR\VHDSHOOLGDED%ROVyQ/RV%ROVyQKDEtDQ
YLYLGRHQODVFHUFDQtDVGH/D&ROLQDGHVGHKDFtDPXFKtVLPRWLHPSR\ODJHQWHORV
FRQVLGHUDEDPX\UHVSHWDEOHVQRVyORSRUTXHFDVLWRGRVHUDQULFRVVLQRWDPELpQ
SRUTXHQXQFDWHQtDQQLQJXQDDYHQWXUDQLKDFtDQDOJRLQHVSHUDGRXQRSRGtDVDEHU
ORTXHGLUtDXQ%ROVyQDFHUFDGHFXDOTXLHUDVXQWRVLQQHFHVLGDGGHSUHJXQWiUVHOR
(VWDHVODKLVWRULDGHFyPRXQ%ROVyQWXYRXQDDYHQWXUD\VHHQFRQWUyDVtPLVPR
KDFLHQGR \ GLFLHQGR FRVDV SRU FRPSOHWR LQHVSHUDGDV 3RGUtD KDEHU SHUGLGR HO
UHVSHWRGHORVYHFLQRVSHURJDQy%XHQR\DYHUpLVVLDOILQDOJDQyDOJR
/DPDGUHGHQXHVWURKREELWSDUWLFXODUSHUR¢TXpHVXQKREELW"6XSRQJRTXHORV
KREELWV QHFHVLWDQ KR\ TXH VH ORV GHVFULED GH DOJ~Q PRGR \D TXH VH YROYLHURQ
EDVWDQWH UDURV \ WtPLGRV FRQ OD *HQWH *UDQGH FRPR QRV OODPDQ 6RQ R IXHURQ
JHQWH PHQXGD GH OD PLWDG GH QXHVWUD WDOOD \ PiV SHTXHxRV TXH ORV HQDQRV
EDUEDGRV /RV KREELWV QR WLHQHQ EDUED +D\ SRFD R QLQJXQD PDJLD HQ HOORV
H[FHSWR HVD FRP~Q \ FRWLGLDQD TXH ORV D\XGD D GHVDSDUHFHU HQ VLOHQFLR \
UiSLGDPHQWH FXDQGR JHQWH JUDQGH \ HVW~SLGD FRPR YRVRWURV R \RVHDFHUFDVLQ
PLUDU SRU GyQGH YD FRQ XQ UXLGR GH HOHIDQWHV TXH SXHGH RtUVH D XQD PLOOD GH
GLVWDQFLD7LHQGHQDVHUJUXHVRVGHYLHQWUHYLVWHQGHFRORUHVEULOODQWHVVREUHWRGR
YHUGH\DPDULOORQRXVDQ]DSDWRVSRUTXHHQORVSLHVWLHQHQVXHODVQDWXUDOHVGH
SLHO \ XQ SHOR HVSHVR \ WLELR GH FRORU FDVWDxR FRPR HO TXH OHV FUHFH HQ ODV
FDEH]DV TXH HV UL]DGR ORV GHGRV VRQ ODUJRV PDxRVRV \ PRUHQRV ORV URVWURV
DIDEOHV\VHUtHQFRQSURIXQGDV\MXJRVDVULVDV HVSHFLDOPHQWHGHVSXpVGHFHQDU
ORTXHKDFHQGRVYHFHVDOGtDFXDQGRSXHGHQ$KRUDVDEpLVORVXILFLHQWHFRPR
SDUDFRQWLQXDUHOUHODWR&RPRLEDGLFLHQGRODPDGUHGHHVWHKREELW²RVHD%LOER
%ROVyQ² HUDODIDPRVD%HOODGRQQD7XNXQDGHODVWUHVH[WUDRUGLQDULDVKLMDVGHO
9LHMR7XNSDWULDUFDGHORVKREELWVTXHYLYtDQDORWURODGRGH'HODJXDHOULDFKXHOR
TXHFRUUtDDOSLHGH/D&ROLQD6HGHFtDDPHQXGRHQRWUDVIDPLOLDVTXHWLHPSR
DWUiVXQDQWHSDVDGRGHORV7XNVHKDEtDFDVDGRVLQGXGDFRQXQKDGD(VRHUD
GHVGH OXHJR DEVXUGR SHUR SRU FLHUWR KDEtD WRGDYtD DOJR QR GHO WRGR KREELW HQ
HOORV\GHFXDQGRHQFXDQGRPLHPEURVGHOFODQ7XNVDOtDQDFRUUHUDYHQWXUDV
'HVDSDUHFtDQFRQGLVFUHFLyQ\ODIDPLOLDHFKDEDWLHUUDVREUHHODVXQWRSHURORV
7XNQRHUDQWDQUHVSHWDEOHVFRPRORV%ROVyQDXQTXHLQGXGDEOHPHQWHPiVULFRV
$O PHQRV %HOODGRQQD 7XN QR KDEtD WHQLGR QLQJXQD DYHQWXUD GHVSXpV GH
FRQYHUWLUVHHQODVHxRUDGH%XQJR%ROVyQ%XQJRHOSDGUHGH%LOEROHFRQVWUX\y
HO DJXMHUy²KREELW PiV OXMRVR HQ SDUWH FRQ HO GLQHUR GH HOOD TXH SXGLHUD
HQFRQWUDUVHEDMR/D&ROLQDRVREUH/D&ROLQDRDORWURODGRGH'HODJXD\DOOtVH
TXHGDURQKDVWDHOILQ1RREVWDQWHHVSUREDEOHTXH%LOERKLMR~QLFRDXQTXHVH
SDUHFtD \ VH FRPSRUWDED H[DFWDPHQWH FRPR XQD VHJXQGD HGLFLyQ GH VX SDGUH
ILUPH\FRPRGyQWXYLHVHDOJXQDUDUH]DGHFDUiFWHUGHOODGRGHORV7XNDOJRTXH
VyOR HVSHUDED XQD RFDVLyQ SDUD VDOLU D ODOX]/DRFDVLyQQROOHJyDSUHVHQWDUVH
QXQFD KDVWD TXH %LOER %ROVyQ IXH XQ DGXOWR TXH URQGDED ORV FLQFXHQWD DxRV \
YLYtDHQHOKHUPRVRDJXMHURKREELWTXHDFDERGHGHVFULELURV\FXDQGRHQYHUGDG
\DSDUHFtDTXHVHKDEtDDVHQWDGRDOOtSDUDVLHPSUH
3RU DOJXQD FXULRVD FRLQFLGHQFLD XQD PDxDQD GH KDFH WLHPSR HQ OD TXLHWXG GHO
PXQGR FXDQGR KDEtD PHQRV UXLGR \ PiV YHUGRU \ ORV KREELWV HUDQ WRGDYtD
QXPHURVRV \ SUyVSHURV \ %LOER %ROVyQ HVWDED GH SLH HQ OD SXHUWD GHO DJXMHUR
GHVSXpVGHOGHVD\XQRIXPDQGRXQDHQRUPH\ODUJDSLSDGHPDGHUDTXHFDVLOH
OOHJDED D ORV GHGRV ODQXGRV GH ORV SLHV ELHQ FHSLOODGRV *DQGDOI DSDUHFLy GH
SURQWR£*DQGDOI6LVyORKXELHVHLVRtGRXQFXDUWRGHORTXH\RKHRtGRGHpO\KH
RtGR VyOR PX\ SRFR GH WRGR OR TXH KD\ TXH RtU HVWDUtDLV SUHSDUDGRV SDUD
FXDOTXLHU HVSHFLH GH FXHQWR QRWDEOH² &XHQWRV \ DYHQWXUDV EURWDEDQ SRU GRQGH
TXLHUD TXH SDVDUD GH OD IRUPD PiV H[WUDRUGLQDULD 1R KDEtD EDMDGR D DTXHO
FDPLQDDOSLHGH/D&ROLQDGHVGHKDFtDDxRV\DxRVGHVGHODPXHUWHGHVXDPLJR
HO9LHMR7XN\ORVKREELWVFDVLKDEtDQROYLGDGRFyPRHUD+DEtDHVWDGROHMRVPiV
DOOi GH /D &ROLQD \ GHO RWUR ODGR GH 'HODJXD SRU DVXQWRV SDUWLFXODUHV GHVGH HO
WLHPSRHQTXHWRGRVHOORVHUDQSHTXHxRVQLxRVKREELWV\QLxDVKREELWV
7RGRORTXHHOFRQILDGR%LOERYLRDTXHOODPDxDQDIXHXQDQFLDQRFRQXQEDVWyQ
7HQtD XQ VRPEUHUR D]XO DOWR \ SXQWLDJXGR XQD ODUJD FDSD JULV XQD EXIDQGD GH
SODWDVREUHODTXHFROJDEDXQDEDUEDODUJD\EODQFDKDVWDPiVDEDMRGHODFLQWXUD
\ERWDVQHJUDV
²£%XHQRV GtDV ² GLMR %LOER \ HVWR HUD H[DFWDPHQWH OR TXH TXHUtD GHFLU (O VRO
EULOODED \ OD KLHUED HVWDED PX\ YHUGH 3HUR *DQGDOI OR PLUy GHVGH GHEDMRGHODV
FHMDV ODUJDV \ HVSHVDV PiV VREUHVDOLHQWHV TXH HO DOD GHO VRPEUHUR TXH OH
HQVRPEUHFtDODFDUD
²¢4Xp TXLHUHV GHFLU" ² SUHJXQWR ² ¢0H GHVHDV XQ EXHQ GtD R TXLHUHV GHFLU
TXHHVXQEXHQGtDORTXLHUD\RRQRRTXHKR\WHVLHQWHVELHQ RTXHHVXQGtD
HQ TXH FRQYLHQH VHU EXHQR" ²7RGR HVR D OD YH] ²GLMR %LOER² < XQ GtD
HVWXSHQGRSDUDXQDSLSDGHWDEDFRDODSXHUWDGHFDVDDGHPiV£6LOOHYiLVXQD
SLSDHQFLPDVHQWDRV\WRPDGXQSRFRGHPLWDEDFR£1RKD\SULVDWHQHPRVWRGR
HOGtDSRUGHODQWH²HQWRQFHV%LOERVHVHQWyHQXQDVLOODMXQWRDODSXHUWDFUX]R
ODV SLHUQDV \ ODQ]y XQ KHUPRVR DQLOOR GH KXPR JULV TXH QDYHJy HQ HO DLUH VLQ
URPSHUVH\VHDOHMyIORWDQGRVREUH/D&ROLQD
²£0X\ERQLWR²GLMR*DQGDOI² 3HURHVWDPDxDQDQRWHQJRWLHPSRSDUDDQLOORVGH
KXPR%XVFRDDOJXLHQFRQTXLHQFRPSDUWLUXQDDYHQWXUDTXHHVWR\SODQHDQGR\
HVGLItFLOGDUFRQpO
²3LHQVR OR PLVPR (Q HVWRV OXJDUHV VRPRV JHQWH VHQFLOOD \ WUDQTXLOD \ QR
HVWDPRV DFRVWXPEUDGRV D ODV DYHQWXUDV £&RVDV GHVDJUDGDEOHV PROHVWDV H
LQFyPRGDV TXH UHWUDVDQODFHQD1RPHH[SOLFRSRUTXpDWUDHQDODJHQWH²GLMR
QXHVWURVHxRU%ROVyQ\PHWLHQGRXQSXOJDUGHWUiVGHOWLUDQWHODQ]yRWURDQLOORGH
KXPRPiVJUDQGHDXQ/XHJRVDFyHOFRUUHRPDWXWLQRYVHSXVRDOHHUILQJLHQGR
LJQRUDU DO YLHMR 3HUR HO YLHMR QR VH PRYLy 3HUPDQHFLy DSR\DGR HQ HO EDVWyQ
REVHUYDQGRDOKREELWVLQGHFLUQDGDKDVWDTXH%LOERVHVLQWLyEDVWDQWHLQFyPRGR\
DXQXQSRFRHQIDGDGR
²£%XHQRV GtDV ²GLMR DO ILQ² £1R TXHUHPRV DYHQWXUDV DTXt JUDFLDV ¢3RU TXp
QR SUREiLV PiV DOOiGH/D&ROLQDRDORWURODGRGH'HODJXD"²&RQHVWRGDEDD
HQWHQGHUTXHODFRQYHUVDFLyQKDEtDWHUPLQDGR
²£3DUDFXiQWDVFRVDVHPSOHDVHO%XHQDVGtDV²GLMR*DQGDOI²$KRUDTXLHUHV
GHFLUTXHLQWHQWDVGHVKDFHUWHGHPt\TXHQRVHUiQEXHQRVKDVWDTXHPHYD\D
²£'H QLQJ~Q PRGR GH QLQJ~Q PRGR PL TXHULGR VHxRU² 9HDPRV QR FUHR
FRQRFHUYXHVWURQRPEUH
²£6tVtPLTXHULGRVHxRU\\RVtTXHFRQR]FRWXQRPEUHVHxRU%LOER%ROVyQ<
W~WDPELpQVDEHVHOPtRDXQTXHQRPHXQDVDpO£<RVR\*DQGDOI\*DQGDOIVR\
\R£4XLpQLEDDSHQVDUTXHXQKLMRGH%HOODGRQQD7XNPHGDUtDORVEXHQRVGtDV
FRPRVL\RIXHVHYHQGLHQGRERWRQHVGHSXHUWDHQSXHUWD
²£*DQGDOI *DQGDOI £9iOJDPH HO FLHOR ¢1R VRLV YRV HO PDJR HUUDQWH TXH GLR DO
9LHMR7XNXQSDUGHERWRQHVPiJLFRVGHGLDPDQWHTXHVHDEURFKDEDQVRORV\QR
VHGHVDEURFKDEDQKDVWDTXHOHVGDEDVXQDRUGHQ"¢1RVRLVYRVTXLHQFRQWDEDHQ
ODV UHXQLRQHV DTXHOODV KLVWRULDV PDUDYLOORVDV GH GUDJRQHV \ WUDVJRV \ JLJDQWHV \
UHVFDWHVGHSULQFHVDVYODLQHVSHUDGDIRUWXQD GHORVKLMRVGHPDGUHYLXGD"¢1RHO
KRPEUHTXHDFRVWXPEUDEDDIDEULFDUDTXHOORVIXHJRVGHDUWLILFLRWDQH[FHOHQWHV"
£/RV UHFXHUGR (O 9LHMR 7XN ORV SUHSDUDED HQ ORV VROVWLFLRV GH YHUDQR
£(VSOpQGLGRV6XEtDQFRPRJUDQGHVOLULRVFDEH]DVGHGUDJyQ\iUEROHVGHIXHJR
TXHTXHGDEDQVXVSHQGLGRVHQHODLUHGXUDQWHWRGRHOFUHS~VFXOR²<DRVKDEUpLV
GDGRFXHQWDGHTXHHOVHxRU%ROVyQQRHUDWDQSURVDLFRFRPRpOPLVPRFUHtD\
WDPELpQGHTXHHUDPX\DILFLRQDGRDODVIORUHV²£'LDQWUH²FRQWLQXy²¢1RVRLV
YRV HO *DQGDOI UHVSRQVDEOH GH TXH WDQWRV \ WDQWRV MyYHQHV DSDFLEOHV SDUWLHVHQ
KDFLDHO$]XOHQEXVFDGHORFDVDYHQWXUDV"&XDOTXLHUFRVDGHVGHWUHSDUiUEROHVD
YLVLWDUHOIRVR]DUSDUHQEDUFRV£\QDYHJDUKDFLDRWUDVFRVWDV£&DUDPEDODYLGD
HUDEDVWDQWHDSDFLEOHHQWRQFHV4XLHURGHFLUHQXQWLHPSRWXYLVWHLVODFRVWXPEUH
GHSHUWXUEDUORWRGRHQHVWRVVLWLRV2VSLGRSHUGyQSHURQRWHQtDQLLGHDGH TXH
WRGDYtDHVWXYLHVHLVHQDFWLYLGDG
²¢'yQGH VL QR LED D HVWDU" ²GLMR HO PDJR² 'H FXDOTXLHU PRGR PH FRPSODFH
GHVFXEULU TXH D~Q UHFXHUGDV DOJR GH Pt $O PHQRV SDUHFH TXH UHFXHUGDV FRQ
FDULxRPLVIXHJRVDUWLILFLDOHV\HVRHVUHFRQIRUWDQWH<HQYHUGDGSRUODPHPRULD
GHWXYLHMRDEXHOR7XN\SRUODPHPRULDGHODSREUH%HOODGRQQDWHFRQFHGHUpOR
TXHKDVSHGLGR
²3HUGyQ£\RQRKHSHGLGRQDGD
²£6tVtORKDVKHFKR'RVYHFHV\D0LSHUGyQ7HORGR\'HKHFKRLUpWDQOHMRV
FRPR SDUD HPEDUFDUWH HQ HVD DYHQWXUD 0X\ GLYHUWLGD SDUD PL PX\ EXHQD SDUD
WL\TXL]iWDPELpQPX\SURYHFKRVDVLVDOHVGHHOODVDQR\VDOYR
²£'LVFXOSDG 1R TXLHUR QLQJXQD DYHQWXUD JUDFLDV +R\ QR £%XHQRV GtDV 3HUR
YHQLGDWRPDUHOWp£FXDQGRJXVWpLV¢3RUTXpQRPDxDQD"£6tYHQLGPDxDQD
£$GLyV ²&RQ HVWR HO KREELW UHWURFHGLy HVFDEXOOpQGRVH SRU OD UHGRQGD SXHUWD
YHUGH \ OD FHUUy OR PiV UiSLGR TXH SXGR VLQ OOHJD D SDUHFHU JURVHUR $O ILQ \ DO
FDERXQPDJRHVXQPDJR
£3DUD TXp GLDEORV OR KDEUp LQYLWDGR DO Wp VH GLMR %LOER FXDQGR LED KDFLD OD
GHVSHQVD$FDEDEDGHGHVD\XQDUKDFtDPX\SRFRSHURSHQVyTXHXQSDVWHOLOORR
GRV\XQWUDJRGHDOJROHVHQWDUtDQELHQGHVSXpVGHOVREUHVDOWR
*DQGDOI PLHQWUDV WDQWR VHJXtD D OD SXHUWD ULpQGRVH ODUJD \ DSDFLEOHPHQWH $O
FDER GH XQ UDWR VXELy \ FRQ OD SXQWD GHO EDVWyQ GLEXMy XQ VLJQR H[WUDxR HQ OD
KHUPRVDSXHUWDYHUGHGHOKREELW/XHJRVHDOHMy DJUDQGHV]DQFDGDVMXVWRHQHO
PRPHQWR HQ TXH %LOER \D HVWDED WHUPLQDQGR HO VHJXQGR SDVWHO \ HPSH]DQGR D
SHQVDUTXHKDEtDFRQVHJXLGROLEUDUVHDOILQGHFXDOTXLHUSRVLEOHDYHQWXUD
$O GtD VLJXLHQWH FDVL VH KDEtD ROYLGDGR GH *DQGDOI 1R UHFRUGDED PX\ ELHQ ODV
FRVDVDPHQRVTXHODVHVFULELHVHHQOD/LEUHWDGH&RPSURPLVRVGHHVWHPRGR
*DQGDOI7p0LpUFROHV(OGtDDQWHULRUKDEtDHVWDGRGHPDVLDGRDWXUGLGRFRPRSDUD
SRQHUVHDDQRWDU
8QPRPHQWRDQWHVGHODKRUDGHOWpVHR\yXQWUHPHQGRFDPSDQLOOD]RHQODSXHUWD
SULQFLSDO£\HQWRQFHVVHDFRUGy6HDSUHVXUy\SXVRODPDUPLWDVDFyRWUDWD]D\
XQSODWLOOR\XQSDVWHORGRVPiV\FRUULyDODSXHUWD
²£6LHQWR GH YHUDV KDEHUOH KHFKR HVSHUDU ²LED D GHFLU FXDQGR YLR TXH HQ
UHDOLGDG QR HUD *DQGDOI (UD XQ HQDQR GH EDUED D]XO UHFRJLGD HQ XQ FLQWXUyQ
GRUDGR\RMRVPX\EULOODQWHVEDMRHOFDSXFKyQYHUGHRVFXUR7DQSURQWRFRPROD
SXHUWDVHDEULyHQWUyGHSULVDFRPRVLOHHVWXYLHVHQHVSHUDQGR
&ROJy OD FDSD HQFDSXFKDGD HQ OD SHUFKD PiV FHUFDQD \ ²£'ZDOLQ D YXHVWUR
VHUYLFLR²GLMRVDOXGDQGRFRQXQDUHYHUHQFLD
²£%LOER %ROVyQ DO YXHVWUR ²GLMR HO KREELW GHPDVLDGR VRUSUHQGLGR FRPR SDUD
KDFHUFXDOTXLHUSUHJXQWDSRUHOPRPHQWR&XDQGRHOVLOHQFLRTXHVLJXLyHPSH]yD
KDFHUVH LQFyPRGR DxDGLy² (VWR\ D SXQWR GH WRPDU HO Wp SRUIDYRUDFHUFDRV\
WRPDGDOJRFRQPLJR²8QWDQWRWLHVRWDOYH]SHURKDEOyFRQDPDELOLGDG¢<TXp
KDUtDLV 9RVRWURV VL XQ HQDQR OOHJDUD GH V~ELWR \ FROJDUD VXV FRVDV HQ YXHVWUR
YHVWtEXORVLQGDUH[SOLFDFLRQHV"
/OHYDEDQ DSHQDV XQ UDWR D OD PHVD HQ YHUGDG HVWDEDQ HPSH]DQGR HO WHUFHU
SDVWHOLOORFXDQGRUHVRQyRWURFDPSDQLOOD]RWRGDYtDPiVHVWULGHQWH
²£'LVFXOSDG²GLMRHOKREELW\IXHKDFLDODSXHUWD
²£$Vt TXH DO ILQ KDEpLV YHQLGR ²(VWR HUD OR TXH LED DGHFLUOHDKRUDD*DQGDOI
3HURQRHUD*DQGDOI(Q FDPELRYLRHQHOXPEUDOXQHQDQR TXHSDUHFtDPX\YLHMR
GHEDUEDEODQFD\FDSXFKyQHVFDUODWD\pVWHWDPELpQHQWUyGHXQVDOWRWDQSURQWR
FRPRODSXHUWDVHDEULyFRPRVLIXHUDXQLQYLWDGR
²9HRTXH\DKDQHPSH]DGRDOOHJDU²GLMRFXDQGRYLRHQODSHUFKDHOFDSXFKyQ
YHUGHGH'ZDOLQ&RORFyHOVX\RURMRMXQWRDORWUR\²£%DOLQDYXHVWURVHUYLFLR²
GLMRFRQODPDQRHQHOSHFKR
²£*UDFLDV²GLMR%LOERFDVLVLQYR]1RHUDODUHVSXHVWDPiVDSURSLDGDSHURHO
KDQHPSH]DGRDOOHJDUORKDEtDGHMDGRSHUSOHMR/HJXVWDEDQODVYLVLWDVDXQTXH
SUHIHUtDFRQRFHUODVDQWHVGHTXHOOHJDVHQHLQYLWDUODVpOPLVPR7HQtDHOWHUULEOH
SUHVHQWLPLHQWR GH TXH ORV SDVWHOHV QR VHUtDQ VXILFLHQWHV \ FRPR FRQRFtD ODV
REOLJDFLRQHV GH XQ DQILWULyQ \ ODV FXPSOtD FRQ SXQWXDOLGDG DXQTXH OH SDUHFLHUDQ
SHQRVDVTXL]ipOVHTXHGDUDVLQQLQJXQR
²£(QWUH\VtUYDVHXQDWD]DGHWp²FRQVLJXLyGHFLUOXHJRGHWRPDUDOLHQWR
²8QSRFRGHFHUYH]DPHLUtDPHMRUVLDYRVQRRVLPSRUWDPLEXHQVHxRU²GLMR
%DOLQHOGHODEDUEDEODQFD² 3HURQRPHLQFRPRGDUtDXQSDVWHOLOORXQSDVWHOLOOR
GHVHPLOODVVLWHQpLVDOJXQR
²£0XFKRV ²VH HQFRQWUy %LOER UHVSRQGLHQGR VRUSUHQGLGR \ VH HQFRQWUy
WDPELpQ FRUULHQGR D OD ERGHJD SDUD HFKDU HQ XQD MDUUD XQD SLQWD GH FHUYH]D \
GHVSXpVDODGHVSHQVDDUHFRJHUGRVVDEURVRVSDVWHOLOORVGHVHPLOODVTXHKDEtD
KHFKRHVDWDUGHSDUDHOUHIULJHULRGHGHVSXpVGHODFHQD
&XDQGRUHJUHVy%DOLQ\'ZDOLQHVWDEDQFKDUODQGRDODPHVDFRPRYLHMRVDPLJRV
HQUHDOLGDGHUDQKHUPDQRV%LOERGHSRVLWyODFHUYH]D\HOSDVWHOGHODQWHGHHOORV
FXDQGRGHQXHYRVHR\yXQIXHUWHFDPSDQLOOD]R\GHVSXpVRWUR
£*DQGDOI GH VHJXUR HVWD YH] SHQVyPLHQWUDVUHVRSODEDSRUHOSDVLOOR3HURQR
HUDQ GRV HQDQRV PiV DPERV FRQ FDSXFKRQHV D]XOHV FLQWXURQHV GH SODWD \
EDUEDV DPDULOODV \ FDGD XQR GH HOORV OOHYDED XQD EROVD GH KHUUDPLHQWDV \ XQD
SDOD6DOWDURQDGHQWURWDQSURQWRODSXHUWDHPSH]yDDEULUVH%LOER\DDSHQDVVH
VRUSUHQGLy
²¢(QTXpSXHGR\RVHUYLURVPLVTXHULGRVHQDQRV"²GLMR
²£.LOL D YXHVWUR VHUYLFLR ²GLMR XQR² £< )tOL ²DxDGLy HO RWUR \ DPERV VH
VDFDURQDWRGDSULVDORVFDSXFKRQHVD]XOHVHKLFLHURQXQDUHYHUHQFLD
²£$O YXHVWUR \ DO GH YXHVWUD IDPLOLD ²UHSOLFy %LOER UHFRUGDQGR HVWD YH] VXV
EXHQRVPRGDOHV
²9HRTXH'ZDOLQ\%DOLQHVWiQ\DDTXt²GLMR.LOL² £8QiPRQRVDOWURSHO
£7URSHOSHQVyHOVHxRU%ROVyQ1RPHJXVWDHOVRQLGRGHHVDSDODEUD1HFHVLWR
VHQWDUPH XQ PLQXWR \ UHFDSDFLWDU \ HFKDU XQ WUDJR 6yOR KDEtD DOFDQ]DGR D
PRMDUVHORVODELRVHQXQULQFyQPLHQWUDVORVFXDWURHQDQRVVHVHQWDEDQHQWRUQR
D OD PHVD \ FKDUODEDQ VREUH PLQDV \ RUR \ SUREOHPDV FRQ ORV WUDVJRV \ ODV
GHSUHGDFLRQHVGHORVGUDJRQHV\XQPRQWyQGHRWUDVFRVDVTXHpOQRHQWHQGtD\
QR TXHUtD HQWHQGHU SXHV SDUHFtDQ GHPDVLDGR DYHQWXUHUDV FXDQGR GLQ²GRQ²
GDQ OD FDPSDQD VRQy GH QXHYR FRPR VL DOJ~Q WUDYLHVR QLxR KREELW LQWHQWDVH
DUUDQFDUHOOODPDGRU
²£$OJXLHQPiVDODSXHUWD²GLMRSDUSDGHDQGR
²3RU HO VRQLGR \R GLUtD TXH XQRV FXDWUR ²GLMR )tOL² $GHPiV ORV YLPRV YHQLU
GHWUiVGHQRVRWURVDOROHMRV
(OSREUHFLWRKREELWVHVHQWyHQHOYHVWtEXOR\DSR\DQGRODFDEH]DHQODVPDQRV
VH SUHJXQWy TXp KDEtD SDVDGR \ TXp SDVDUtD DKRUD \ VL WRGRV VH TXHGDUtDQ D
FHQDU(QHVHPRPHQWRODFDPSDQDVRQyGHQXHYRPiVIXHUWHTXHQXQFD\WXYR
TXHFRUUHUKDFLDODSXHUWD<QRHUDQFXDWURVLQRFLQFR2WURHQDQRVHOHVKDEtD
DFHUFDGR PLHQWUDV pO VHJXtD HQ HO YHVWtEXOR SUHJXQWiQGRVH TXp RFXUUtD $SHQDV
KDEtDJLUDGRODPDQLMD\\DWRGRVHVWDEDQGHQWURKDFLHQGRUHYHUHQFLDV\GLFLHQGR
XQRWUDVRWURDYXHVWURVHUYLFLR'RUL1RUL2ULÏLQ\*OyLQHUDQVXVQRPEUHV\
DOPRPHQWRGRVFDSXFKRQHVGHFRORUS~USXUDXQRJULVXQRFDVWDxR\XQREODQFR
FROJDEDQGHODVSHUFKDV\DOOiIXHURQORVHQDQRVFRQODVPDQRVDQFKDVPHWLGDV
HQ ORV FLQWXURQHV GH RUR \ SODWD D UHXQLUVH FRQ ORV RWURV <DFDVLHUDQXQWURSHO
8QRV SHGtDQ FHUYH]D GHO SDtV RWURV FHUYH]D QHJUD XQR FDIp \ WRGRV HOORV
SDVWHOLOORVDVtTXHWXYLHURQDOKREELWPX\RFXSDGRGXUDQWHXQUDWR
8QDJUDQFDIHWHUDKDEtDVLGRSXHVWDDODOXPEUHORVSDVWHOLOORVGHVHPLOODV\DVH
KDEtDQ DFDEDGR \ ORV HQDQRV HPSH]DEDQ XQD URQGD GH EROORV FRQ PDQWHTXLOOD
FXDQGR GH SURQWR XQ IXHUWH JROSH 1R XQ FDPSDQLOOD]R VLQRXQIXHUWHWRF²WRF
HQODSUHFLRVDSXHUWDYHUGHGHOKREELW£$OJXLHQHVWDEDOODPDQGRDEDVWRQD]RV
%LOERFRUULySRUHOSDVLOORPX\HQIDGDGR\SRUFRPSOHWRDWULEXODGR\ FRPSXQJLGR
pVWHHUDHOPLpUFROHVPiVGHVDJUDGDEOHTXHSXGLHUDUHFRUGDU$EULyODSXHUWDGH
XQEDQGD]R\WRGRVURGDURQGHQWURXQRVREUHRWUR0iVHQDQRV£FXDWURPiV<
GHWUiV*DQGDOIDSR\DGRHQVXYDUD\ULHQGR+DEtDKHFKRXQDPXHVFDEDVWDQWH
JUDQGHHQODKHUPRVDSXHUWDSRUFLHUWRWDPELpQKDEtDERUUDGRODPDUFDVHFUHWD
TXHSXVLHUDDOOtODPDxDQDDQWHULRU
²£7UDQTXLOLGDG WUDQTXLOLGDG ²GLMR² £1R HV SURSLR GH WL %LOER WHQHU D ORV
DPLJRV HVSHUDQGR HQ HO IHOSXGR \ OXHJR DEULU OD SXHUWD GH VRSHWyQ £'pMDPH
SUHVHQWDUWHD%LIXU%RIXU%RPEXU\VREUHWRGRD7KRULQ
²£$YXHVWURVHUYLFLR²GLMHURQ%LIXU%RIXU\%RPEXUORVWUHVHQKLOHUD(QVHJXLGD
FROJDURQGRVFDSXFKRQHVDPDULOORV\XQRYHUGHSiOLGR\WDPELpQXQRFHOHVWHFRQ
XQDJUDQERUODGHSODWD(VWH~OWLPRSHUWHQHFtDD7KRULQXQHQRUPHHLPSRUWDQWH
HQDQRGHKHFKRQDGDPiV\QDGDPHQRVTXHHOSURSLR7KRULQ(VFXGRGH5REOH
DTXLHQQROHJXVWyQDGDFDHUGHEUXFHVVREUHHOIHOSXGRGH%LOERFRQ%LIXU%RIXU
\%RPEXUVREUHpO$QWHWRGR%RPEXUHUDHQRUPHPHQWHJRUGR\SHVDGR7KRULQ
HUD PX\ DUURJDQWH \ QR GLMR QDGD VREUH VHUYLFLR SHUR HO SREUH VHxRU %ROVyQ OH
UHSLWLy WDQWDV YHFHV TXH OR VHQWtD TXH HO HQDQR JUXxy DO ILQ ²/H UXHJR QR OR
PHQFLRQHPiV² \GHMyGHIUXQFLUHOFHxR
²£9D\D \D HVWDPRV WRGRV DTXt ²GLMR *DQGDOI PLUDQGR OD KLOHUD GH WUHFH
FDSXFKRQHV XQD PX\ YLVWRVD FROHFFLyQ GH FDSXFKRQHV \ VX SURSLR VRPEUHUR
FROJDGRV HQ ODV SHUFKDV² £4Xp DOHJUH UHXQLyQ £(VSHUR TXH TXHGH DOJR GH
FRPHU \ EHEHU SDUD ORV UH]DJDGRV ¢4Xp HV HVR" £7p £1R JUDFLDV 3DUD Pt XQ
SRFRGHYLQRWLQWR
²<WDPELpQ\R²GLMR7KRULQ
²<PHUPHODGDGHIUDPEXHVD\WDUWDGHPDQ]DQD²GLMR%LIXU
²<SDVWHOLOORVGHFDUQH\TXHVR²GLMR%RIXU
²<SDVWHOGHFDUQHGHFHUGR\WDPELpQHQVDODGD²GLMR%RPEXU
²<PiVSDVWHOHV\FHUYH]D\FDIpVLQRRVLPSRUWD²JULWDURQORVRWURVHQDQRVDO
RWURODGRGHODSXHUWD
²3UHSDUDXQRVSRFRVKXHYRV£4XpJUDQDPLJR²JULWy*DQGDOIPLHQWUDVHOKREELW
FRUUtDDODVGHVSHQVDV£<VDFDHOSROORIUtR\XQRVHQFXUWLGRV
£3DUHFH FRQRFHU HO LQWHULRU GH PL GHVSHQVD WDQWR FRPR \R SHQVy HO VHxRU
%ROVyQTXHVHVHQWtDGHOWRGRGHVFRQFHUWDGR\HPSH]DEDDSUHJXQWDUVHVLODPiV
ODPHQWDEOHDYHQWXUDQRKDEtDLGRDFDHUMXVWRDVXSURSLDFDVD&XDQGRWHUPLQy
GHDSLODUODVERWHOODV\ORVSODWRV\ORVFXFKLOORV\ORVWHQHGRUHV\ORVYDVRV\ODV
IXHQWHV \ ODV FXFKDUDV \ GHPiV FRVDV HQ JUDQGHV EDQGHMDV HVWDED DFDORUDGR
URMRFRPRODJUDQD\PX\IDVWLGLDGR
²£0DOGLWRV\FRQGHQDGRVHQDQRV²GLMRHQYR]DOWD² ¢3RUTXpQRYLHQHQ\PH
HFKDQXQDPDQR"²²<KHDTXtTXHDOOtHVWDEDQ%DOLQ\'ZDOLQHQODSXHUWDGHOD
FRFLQD\)tOL\.LOLWUDVHOORV\DQWHVGHTXHSXGLHVHGHFLUFXFKLOOR\DVHKDEtDQ
OOHYDGR D WRGD SULVD ODV EDQGHMDV \ XQ SDU GH PHVDV SHTXHxDV DO VDOyQ \ DOOt
FRORFDURQWRGRRWUDYH]
*DQGDOIVHSXVRDODFDEHFHUDFRQORVWUHFHHQDQRVDOUHGHGRU\%LOERVHVHQWy
HQXQWDEXUHWHMXQWRDOIXHJRPRUGLVTXHDQGRXQDJDOOHWDKDEtDSHUGLGRHODSHWLWR
HLQWHQWDQGRDSDUHQWDUTXHWRGRHUDQRUPDO\GHQLQJ~QPRGRXQDDYHQWXUD/RV
HQDQRVFRPLHURQ\FRPLHURQFKDUODURQ\FKDUODURQ\HOWLHPSRSDVy3RU~OWLPR
HFKDURQDWUiVODVVLOODV\%LOERVHSXVRHQPRYLPLHQWRUHFRJLHQGRSODWRV\YDVRV
²6XSRQJRTXHRVTXHGDUpLVWRGRVDFHQDU²GLMRHQXQRGHVXVPiVHGXFDGRV\
UHSRVDGRVWRQRV
²£&ODUR TXH Vt ²GLMR 7KRULQ² \ GHVSXpV WDPELpQ 1R QRV PHWHUHPRV HQ HO
DVXQWR KDVWD PiV WDUGH \ DQWHV SRGHPRV KDFHU XQ SRFR GH P~VLFD £$KRUD D
OHYDQWDUODVPHVDV
(QVHJXLGDORVGRFHHQDQRV²QR7KRULQpOHUDGHPDVLDGRLPSRUWDQWH\VHTXHGy
FKDUODQGRFRQ*DQGDOI² VHLQFRUSRUDURQGHXQVDOWR HKLFLHURQHQRUPHVSLODVFRQ
WRGDVODVFRVDV$OOiVHIXHURQVLQHVSHUDUSRUODVEDQGHMDVOOHYDQGRHQHTXLOLEULR
HQXQDPDQRODVFROXPQDVGHSODWRVFDGDXQDGHHOODVFRQXQD ERWHOODHQFLPD
PLHQWUDV HO KREELW FRUUtD GHWUiV FDVL GDQGR FKLOOLGRV GH PLHGR ²£3RU IDYRU
FXLGDGR²\² £3RUIDYRUQRVHPROHVWHQ<RPHODVDUUHJOR²3HURORVHQDQRV
QROHKLFLHURQFDVR\VHSXVLHURQDFDQWDU
£'HVSRUWLOODGORVYDVRV\GHVWUR]DGORVSODWRV
£(PERWDGORVFXFKLOORVGREODGORVWHQHGRUHV
£(VWRHVORTXH%LOER%ROVyQGHWHVWDWDQWR
£(VWUHOODGODVERWHOODV\TXHPDGORVWDSRQHV
£'HVJDUUDGHOPDQWHOSLVRWHDGODPDQWHFD
\GHUUDPDGODOHFKHHQODGHVSHQVD
£(FKDGORVKXHVRVHQODDOIRPEUDGHOFXDUWR
£6DOSLFDGGHYLQRWRGDVODVSXHUWDV
£9DFLDGORVFDFKDUURVHQXQFDOGHURKLUYLHQWH
KDFHGORVWUL]DVDEDUURWD]RV
\FXDQGRWHUPLQpLVVLD~QDOJRTXHGDHQWHUR
HFKDGORDURGDUSDVLOORDEDMR
£(VWRHVORTXH%LOER%ROVyQGHWHVWDWDQWR
£'HPRGRTXHFXLGDGR£&XLGDGRFRQORVSODWRV
<GHVGHOXHJRQRKLFLHURQQLQJXQDGHHVWDVFRVDVWHUULEOHV\WRGRVHOLPSLy\VH
JXDUGyDODYHORFLGDGGHOUD\RPLHQWUDVHOKREELWGDEDYXHOWDV\PiVYXHOWDVHQ
PHGLRGHODFRFLQDLQWHQWDQGRYHUTXpKDFtDQ$OILQUHJUHVDURQ\HQFRQWUDURQD
7KRULQFRQORVSLHVHQHOJXDUGDIXHJRIXPiQGRVHXQDSLSD(VWDEDKDFLHQGRXQRV
HQRUPHVDQLOORVGHKXPR\GRQGHTXLHUDTXHOHGLMHUDDXQRTXHIXHVHDOOtLED²
FKLPHQHD DUULED R GHWUiV GHO UHORM VREUH OD UHSLVD R EDMR OD PHVD R JLUDQGR \
JLUDQGRHQHOWHFKR²SHURGRQGHTXLHUDTXHIXHVHQQRHUDQ EDVWDQWHUiSLGRVSDUD
HVFDSDU D *DQGDOI £3RS 'H OD SLSD GH EDUUR GH *DQGDOI VXEtD HQ VHJXLGD XQ
DQLOOR PiV SHTXHxR TXH DWUDYHVDED HO ~OWLPR DQLOOR GH 7KRULQ /XHJR HO DQLOOR GH
*DQGDOIWRPDEDXQFRORUYHUGH\EDMDEDDIORWDUVREUHODFDEH]DGHOPDJR7HQtD
\D WRGD XQD QXEH DOUHGHGRU \ D OD OX] LQGLVWLQWD SDUHFtD XQD ILJXUD H[WUDxD \
IDQWDVPDJyULFD%LOERSHUPDQHFtDLQPyYLO\REVHUYDED²OHHQFDQWDEDQORVDQLOORV
GHKXPR² \VHVRQURMyDOUHFRUGDUTXpRUJXOORVRKDEtDHVWDGRGHORVDQLOORVTXH
HQODPDxDQD DQWHULRUODQ]DUDDOYLHQWRVREUH/D&ROLQD
²£$KRUDXQSRFRGHP~VLFD²GLMR7KRULQ²£6DFDGORVLQVWUXPHQWRV
.LOL \ )tOL VH DSUHVXUDURQ D EXVFDU ODV EROVDV \ WUDMHURQ XQRV SHTXHxRV YLROLQHV
'RUL 1RUL \ 2UL VDFDURQ XQDV IODXWDV GH DOJ~Q EROVLOOR GH ORV FDSRWHV %RPEXU
WDPERULOHyGHVGHHOYHVWtEXOR%LIXU\%RIXUVDOLHURQWDPELpQ\YROYLHURQFRQXQRV
FODULQHWHVTXHKDEtDQGHMDGRHQWUHORVEDVWRQHV'ZDOLQ\%DOLQGLMHURQ
²£'LVFXOSDGPHGHMpHOPtRHQHOSRUFKH²<7KRULQGLMR²£7UDHHOPtRWDPELpQ
²5HJUHVDURQ FRQ XQDV YLRODV WDQ JUDQGHV FRPR HOORV PLVPRV \ FRQ HO DUSD GH
7KRULQHQYXHOWDHQXQDWHODYHUGH(UDXQDKHUPRVDDUSDGRUDGD\FXDQGR7KRULQ
OD UDVJXHy ORV RWURV HQDQRV HPSH]DURQ MXQWRV D WRFDU XQD P~VLFD WDQ V~ELWD \
GXOFHPHQWH TXH %LOER ROYLGy WRGR OR GHPiV \ IXH WUDQVSRUWDGR D XQDV WLHUUDV
GLVWDQWHV \ RVFXUDV EDMR OXQDV H[WUDxDV OHMRV GH 'HODJXD \ PX\ OHMRV GHO
DJXMHUR²KREELWEDMR/D&ROLQD
/DRVFXULGDGSHQHWUyHQODKDELWDFLyQSRUHOYHQWDQXFRTXHVHDEUtDHQODODGHUD
GH/D&ROLQDHOIXHJRSDUSDGHDED²HUDDEULO² \D~QVHJXtDQWRFDQGRPLHQWUDV
ODVRPEUDGHODEDUEDGH*DQGDOIGDQ]DEDFRQWUDODSDUHG
/DRVFXULGDGLQYDGLyWRGDODKDELWDFLyQ\HOIXHJRVHH[WLQJXLy\ODVVRPEUDVVH
ERUUDURQ \ WRGDYtD VHJXtDQ WRFDQGR < GH SURQWR XQR SULPHUR \ OXHJR RWUR
PLHQWUDVWRFDEDQHQWRQDURQHOFDQWRJUDYHTXHDQWDxRFDQWDUDQORVHQDQRVHQOR
PiVKRQGRGHODVYLHMDVPRUDGDV\HVWDVOtQHDVVRQFRPRXQIUDJPHQWRGHHVD
FDQFLyQDXQTXHQRKD\FRPSDUDFLyQSRVLEOHVLQODP~VLFD
0iVDOOiGHODV IUtDV\EUXPRVDVPRQWDxDV
DPD]PRUUDVSURIXQGDV\FDYHUQDVDQWLJXDV
HQEXVFDGHOPHWDODPDULOORHQFDQWDGR
KHPRVGHLUDQWHVTXHHOGtDQD]FD
/RVHQDQRVHFKDEDQKHFKL]RVSRGHURVRV
PLHQWUDVODVPD]DVWDxtDQFRPRFDPSDQDV
HQVLPDVGRQGHGXHUPHQFULDWXUDVVRPEUtDV
HQVDODVKXHFDVEDMRODVPRQWDxDV
3DUDHODQWLJXRUH\\HOVHxRUGHORV(OIRV
ORVHQDQRVODEUDEDQPDUWLOOHDQGR
XQWHVRURGRUDGR\ODOX]DWUDSDEDQ
\HQJHPDVODHVFRQGtDQHQODHVSDGD
(QFROODUHVGHSODWDSRQtDQ\HQJDU]DEDQ
HVWUHOODVIORUHFLHQWHVHOIXHJRGHOGUDJyQ
FROJDEDQHQFRURQDVHQPHWDOUHWRUFLGR
HQWUHWHMtDQODOX]GHODOXQD\GHOVRO
0iVDOOiGHODVIUtDV\EUXPRVDVPRQWDxDV
DPD]PRUUDVSURIXQGDV\FDYHUQDVDQWLJXDV
DUHFODPDUHORURKDFHWLHPSRROYLGDGR
KHPRVGHLUDQWHVTXHHOGtDQD]FD
$OOtSDUDHOORVPLVPRVODEUDEDQODVYDVLMDV
\ODVDUSDVGHRURSDVDEDQPXFKRWLHPSR
GRQGHRWURVQRFDYDEDQ\DOOtPXFKDVFDQFLRQHV
FDQWDURQTXHORVKRPEUHVRORV(OIRVQRR\HURQ
/RVYLHQWRVXOXODEDQHQPHGLRGHODQRFKH
\ORVSLQRVUXJtDQHQODFLPD
(OIXHJRHUDURMR\OODPHDEDH[WHQGLpQGRVH
ORViUEROHVFRPRDQWRUFKDVGHOX]UHVSODQGHFtDQ
/DVFDPSDQDVWRFDEDQHQHOYDOOH
\KRPEUHVGHFDUDSiOLGDREVHUYDEDQHOFLHOR
ODLUDGHOGUDJyQPiVYLROHQWDTXHHOIXHJR
GHUULEDEDODVWRUUHV\ODVFDVDV
/DPRQWDxDKXPHDEDDODOX]GHODOXQD
ORVHQDQRVR\HURQORVSDVRVGHOGHVWLQR
KX\HURQ\FD\HURQ\IXHURQDPRULU
DORVSLHVGHOSDODFLRDODOX]GHODOXQD
0iVDOOiGHODVKRVFDV\EUXPRVDVPRQWDxDV
DPD]PRUUDVSURIXQGDV\FDYHUQDVDQWLJXDV
DTXLWDUOHQXHVWURRUR\ODVDUSDV
£KHPRVGHLUDQWHVTXHHOGtDQD]FD
0LHQWUDV FDQWDEDQ HO KREELW VLQWLy GHQWUR GH pO HO DPRU GH ODV FRVDV KHUPRVDV
KHFKDV D PDQR FRQ LQJHQLR \ PDJLD XQ DPRU ILHUR \ FHORVR HO GHVHR GH ORV
FRUD]RQHVGHORVHQDQRV(QWRQFHVDOJRGHORV7XNUHQDFLyHQpOGHVHyVDOLU\YHU
ODVPRQWDxDVHQRUPHV\RtUORVSLQRV\ODVFDVFDGDV\H[SORUDUODVFDYHUQDV\
OOHYDU XQD HVSDGD HQ YH] GH XQ EDVWyQ 0LUy SRU OD YHQWDQD /DV HVWUHOODV
DVRPDEDQ IXHUD HQ HO FLHOR RVFXURVREUHORViUEROHV3HQVyHQODVMR\DVGHORV
HQDQRV TXH EULOODEDQ HQ ODV FDYHUQDV WHQHEURVDV 'H UHSHQWH HQ HO ERVTXH GH
PiVDOOiGH'HODJXDVHDO]yXQIXHJR²TXL]iDOJXLHQHQFHQGtDXQDKRJXHUD² \
SHQVyHQGUDJRQHVGHYDVWDGRUHVTXHLQYDGtDQODSDFtILFD&ROLQDHQYROYLHQGRWRGR
HQ OODPDV 6H HVWUHPHFLy \ HQ VHJXLGD YROYLy D VHU HO VHQFLOOR VHxRU %ROVyQ GH
%ROVyQ&HUUDGR6RWRPRQWHRWUDYH]
6HLQFRUSRUyWHPEODQGR7HQtDPX\SRFDVJDQDVGHWUDHUODOiPSDUD\DSHQDVXQ
SRFRPiVGHSUHWHQGHUTXHLEDDEXVFDUOD\PDUFKDUVH\HVFRQGHUVHOXHJRHQOD
ERGHJDGHWUiVGHORVEDUULOHVGHFHUYH]D\QRVDOLUPiVKDVWDTXHORVHQDQRVVH
IXHUDQ'HSURQWRDGYLUWLyTXHODP~VLFD\HOFDQWRKDEtDQFHVDGR\TXHWRGRVOR
PLUDEDQFRQRMRVEULOODQWHVHQODRVFXULGDG
²¢$GyQGHYDV"²OHSUHJXQWy7KRULQHQXQWRQRTXHSDUHFtDTXHUHUPRVWUDUTXH
DGLYLQDEDORVSHQVDPLHQWRVFRQWUDGLFWRULRVGHOKREELW
²¢4XpRVSDUHFHXQSRFRGHOX]"²GLMR%LOERGLVFXOSiQGRVH
²1RV JXVWD ODRVFXULGDG²GLMHURQWRGRVORVHQDQRV²£2VFXULGDGSDUDDVXQWRV
RVFXURV)DOWDQD~QPXFKDVKRUDVKDVWDHODOED
²£3RU VXSXHVWR ²GLMR %LOER \ YROYLy D VHQWDUVH D WRGD SULVD 1R OH DFHUWy DO
WDEXUHWH \ VH VHQWy HQ FDPELR HQ HO JXDUGDIXHJRV GHUULEDQGR FRQ HVWUpSLWR HO
DWL]DGRU\ODSDOD
²£6LOHQFLR²GLMR*DQGDOI²£4XHKDEOH7KRULQ²<DVtIXHFRPR7KRULQHPSH]y
²£*DQGDOIHQDQRV\VHxRU%ROVyQ1RVKHPRVUHXQLGRHQFDVDGHQXHVWURDPLJR
\FRPSDxHURFRQVSLUDGRUHVWHKREELWGHORPiVH[FHOHQWH\DXGD]£4XHQXQFDVH
OH FDLJD HO SHOR GH ORV SLHV £7RGD QXHVWUD DODEDQ]D DO YLQR \ OD FHUYH]D GH OD
UHJLyQ ²6H GHWXYR D WRPDU XQ UHVSLUR \ D HVSHUDU XQD FRUWpV REVHUYDFLyQ GHO
KREELW SHUR DO SREUH %LOER VH OH KDEtDQ DJRWDGR ODV FRUWHVtDV \ PRYtD OD ERFD
WUDWDQGRGHSURWHVWDUSRUTXHOR KDEtDQOODPDGRDXGD]\SHRUTXHHVRFRPSDxHUR
FRQVSLUDGRUDXQTXHQRHPLWLyQLQJ~QVRQLGRVHVHQWtDGHYHUDVHVWXSHIDFWR'H
PRGRTXH7KRULQFRQWLQXy
²1RV KHPRV UHXQLGR DTXt SDUD GLVFXWLU QXHVWURV SODQHV PHGLRV SROtWLFD \
UHFXUVRV (PSUHQGHUHPRV HVH ODUJR YLDMH SRFR DQWHV TXH URPSD HO GtD XQ YLDMH
TXHSDUDDOJXQRVGHQRVRWURVRTXL]iSDUDWRGRVH[FHSWRSDUDQXHVWURDPLJR\
FRQVHMHURHOLQJHQLRVRPDJR*DQGDOITXL]iVHDXQYLDMHVLQUHWRUQR(VWHHVXQ
PRPHQWR VROHPQH1XHVWURREMHWLYRVXSRQJRWRGRVORFRQRFHPRVELHQ3DUDHO
HVWLPDEOHVHxRU%ROVyQ\TXL]iSDUDXQRRGRVGHORVHQDQRVPiVMyYHQHVFUHR
TXHDFHUWDUtDVLQRPEUDUDD.LOL\D)tOLSRU(MHPSORODVLWXDFLyQH[DFWD\DFWXDO
SRGUtDQHFHVLWDUGHXQDEUHYHH[SOLFDFLyQ
(VWpHUDHOHVWLORGH7KRULQ(UDXQHQDQRLPSRUWDQWH6LVHORKXELHUDQSHUPLWLGR
TXL]iKDEUtDVHJXLGRDVtKDVWDTXHGDUVHVLQDOLHQWRVLQGHMDUGHGHFLUDFDGDXQR
DOJR \D VDELGR 3HUR OR LQWHUUXPSLHURQ GH PDO PRGR (O SREUH %LOER QR SXGR
VRSRUWDUORPiV&XDQGRR\yTXL]iVHDXQYLDMHVLQUHWRPRHPSH]yDVHQWLUTXHXQ
FKLOOLGR OH VXEtD GHVGH GHQWUR \ PX\ SURQWR HVWDOOy FRPR HO VLOELGR GH XQD
ORFRPRWRUD D OD VDOLGD GH XQ W~QHO 7RGRV ORV HQDQRV VH SXVLHURQ HQ SLH GH XQ
VDOWRGHUULEDQGRODPHVD*DQGDOIJROSHyHOH[WUHPRGHODYDUDPiJLFDTXHHPLWLy
XQD OX] D]XO \ HQ HO UHVSODQGRU VH SXGR YHU DO SREUH KREELW GH URGLOODV VREUH OD
DOIRPEUDMXQWRDOKRJDUWHPEODQGRFRPRXQDJHODWLQDTXHVHGHUULWH(QVHJXLGD
FD\yGHEUXFHVDOVXHOR\VHSXVRDJULWDU²£$OFDQ]DGRSRUXQUD\RDOFDQ]DGR
SRUXQUD\R²XQD\RWUDYH]\HVRIXHWRGRORTXHSXGLHURQVDFDUOHGXUDQWHODUJR
WLHPSR$VtTXHOROHYDQWDURQ\ORWXPEDURQHQXQVRIiGHODVDODFRQXQWUDJRD
PDQR\YROYLHURQDVXVRVFXURVDVXQWRV
²([FLWDEOH HO FRPSDxHULWR ²GLMR *DQGDOI PLHQWUDV VH VHQWDEDQ GH QXHYR²
7LHQHH[WUDxRV\JUDFLRVRVDWDTXHVSHURHVXQRGHORVPHMRUHVWDQILHURFRPRXQ
GUDJyQHQDSXURV
6L KDEpLV YLVWR DOJXQD YH] XQ GUDJyQ HQ DSXURV FRPSUHQGHUpLV TXH HVWR VyOR
SRGtD VHU XQD H[DJHUDFLyQ SRpWLFD DSOLFDGD D FXDOTXLHU KREELW DXQ D 7RUR
%UDPDGRU HO WtR ELVDEXHOR GHO 9LHMR 7XN WDQ HQRUPH FRPR KREELW TXH KDVWD
SRGtDPRQWDUDFDEDOOR(QODEDWDOODGHORV&DPSRV9HUGHVKDEtDFDUJDGRFRQWUD
ODVILODVGHWUDVJRVGHO0RQWH*UDP\EODQGLHQGRXQDSRUUDGHPDGHUDOHDUUDQFy
GHFXDMRODFDEH]DDOUH\*ROILPEXO/DFDEH]DVDOLyGLVSDUDGDXQDVFLHQ\DUGDV
SRUHODLUH\IXHDGDUDODPDGULJXHUDGHXQFRQHMR\GHHVWDIRUPD\DODYH]VH
JDQyODEDWDOOD\VHLQYHQWyHOMXHJRGHJROI
0LHQWUDVWDQWRVLQHPEDUJRHOPiVJHQWLOGHVFHQGLHQWHGH7RUR%UDPDGRUYROYtD
D OD YLGD HQ OD VDOD GH HVWDU $O FDER GH XQ UDWR \ OXHJR GH XQ WUDJR VH DUUDVWUy
QHUYLRVR KDFLD OD SXHUWD (VWR IXH OR TXH R\y KDEODED *OyLQ ²£+XP ²R XQ
EXILGR VHPHMDQWH² ¢&UHpLV TXH VHUYLUi" (VWi PX\ ELHQ TXH *DQGDOI GLJD TXH
HVWH KREELW HV ILHUR SHUR XQ FKLOOLGR FRPR pVH HQ XQ PRPHQWR GH H[FLWDFLyQ
EDVWDUtD SDUD GHVSHUWDU DO GUDJyQ \ DO UHVWRGHODSDUHQWHOD\PDWDPRVDWRGRV
£&UHR TXH VRQDED PiV D PLHGR TXH D H[FLWDFLyQ (Q YHUGDG VL QR IXHVH SRU OD
VHxDO HQ OD SXHUWD MXUDUtD TXH KDEtDPRV YHQLGR D XQD FDVD HTXLYRFDGD 7DQ
SURQWRFRPRHFKpXQDRMHDGDDHVHSHTXHxDMRTXHVHVDFXGtD\UHVRSODEDVREUH
HOIHOSXGRWXYHPLVGXGDV£0iVSDUHFHXQWHQGHURTXHXQVDTXHDGRU
(Q HVH PRPHQWR HO VHxRU %ROVyQ DEULy OD SXHUWD \ HQWUy /D YHQD 7XN KDEtD
JDQDGR'HSURQWRVLQWLyTXHVLVHTXHGDEDVLQFDPDQLGHVD\XQRSRGUtDSDUHFHU
UHDOPHQWH ILHUR (Q FXDQWR DO SHTXHxDMR TXH VH VDFXGtD VREUH HO IHOSXGR FDVL OH
KL]RSHUGHUODFDEH]D0iVWDUGH\DPHQXGRODSDUWH%ROVyQVHODPHQWDUtDGHOR
TXH KL]R HQWRQFHV \ VH GLUtD ²%LOER IXLVWH XQ WRQWR WH GHFLGLVWH D HQWUDU \
PHWLVWHODSDWD
²3HUGRQDGPH ²GLMR² VL SRU FDVXDOLGDG KH RtGR OR TXH HVWDEDLV GLFLHQGR 1R
SUHWHQGRHQWHQGHUORTXHKDEOiLVQLHVDUHIHUHQFLD DVDTXHDGRUHVSHURQRFUHR
HTXLYRFDUPHVLGLJRTXHVRVSHFKiLVTXHQRVLUYR²HVWRHVORTXHpOOODPDEDQR
SHUGHUODGLJQLGDG²/RGHPRVWUDUp1RKD\VHxDODOJXQDHQPLSXHUWDVHSLQWyOD
VHPDQD DQWHULRU \ HVWR\ VHJXUR GH TXH KDEpLV YHQLGR D OD FDVD HTXLYRFDGD
'HVGHHOPRPHQWRHQTXHYLYXHVWUDVH[WUDxDVFDUDVHQHOXPEUDOWXYHPLVGXGDV
3HUR FRQVLGHUDG TXH HV OD FDVD FRUUHFWD 'HFLGPH OR TXH TXHUpLV TXH KDJD \ OR
LQWHQWDUpDXQTXHWXYLHUDTXHLUGHVGHDTXtKDVWDHO(VWHGHO(VWH\OXFKDUFRQORV
KRPEUHVJXVDQRVGHO8OWLPR'HVLHUWR7XYHXQDYH]XQWtRDUFKLWDWDUDEXHOR7RUR
%UDPDGRU7XN\
²6t Vt SHUR HVR IXH KDFH PXFKR ²GLMR *OyLQ² (VWDED KDEODQGR GH YRV < RV
DVHJXUR TXH KD\ XQD PDUFD HQ HVWD SXHUWD OD QRUPDO HQ HO QHJRFLR R OD TXH
KDVWD KDFH SRFR HUD QRUPDO 6DTXHDGRU QRFWXUQR EXVFD XQ EXHQ WUDEDMR FRQ
PXFKD ([FLWDFLyQ \ 5HPXQHUDFLyQ UD]RQDEOH DVt HV FRPR WRGR HO PXQGR OD
HQWLHQGH 3RGpLV GHFLU %XVFDGRU ([SHUWR GH 7HVRURV HQ YH] GH VDTXHDGRU VL OR
SUHIHUtV$OJXQRVORKDFHQ3DUDQRVRWURVHVORPLVPR*DQGDOIQRVGLMRTXHKDEtD
XQ KRPEUH GH HVDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SRU HVWRV OXJDUHV TXH EXVFDED XQ WUDEDMR
LQPHGLDWR\TXHKDEtDQFRQFHUWDGRXQDFLWDHVWHPLpUFROHVDTXt\DODKRUDGHO
Wp
²&ODURTXHKD\XQDPDUFD²GLMR*DQGDOI²/DSXVH\RPLVPR3RUPX\EXHQDV
UD]RQHV 0H SHGLVWHLV TXH HQFRQWUDUD DO KRPEUH FDWRUFHDYR SDUD YXHVWUD
H[SHGLFLyQ\HOHJtDOVHxRU%LOER%DVWDTXHDOJXLHQGLJDTXHHOHJtDOKRPEUHROD
FDVD HTXLYRFDGD \ SRGpLV TXHGDURV HQ WUHFH \ WHQHU WRGD OD PDOD VXHUWH TXH
TXHUiLV RYROYHUDSLFDUFDUEyQ
&ODYyODPLUDGDFRQWDOLUDHQ*OyLQTXHHOHQDQRVHDFXUUXFyHQODVLOOD\FXDQGR
%LOERLQWHQWyDEULUODERFDSDUDKDFHUXQDSUHJXQWDVHYROYLyKDFLDpOFRQHOFHxR
IUXQFLGR DGHODQWDQGR ODV FHMDV HVSHVDV KDVWD TXH HO KREELW FHUUy OD ERFD GH
JROSH ²(VWi ELHQ ²GLMR *DQGDOI² 1R GLVFXWDPRV PiV +H HOHJLGR DO VHxRU
%ROVyQ\HVRWHQGUtDTXHEDVWDUDWRGRV6LGLJRTXHHVXQVDTXHDGRUQRFWXUQROR
HV GH YHUDV R OR VHUi OOHJDGR HO PRPHQWR +D\ PXFKR PiV HQ pO GH OR TXH
LPDJLQiLV \ PXFKR PiV GH OR TXH pO PLVPR VH LPDJLQD 7DO YH] SRVLEOHPHQWH
DXQ YLYiLV WRGRV SDUD DJUDGHFpUPHOR $KRUD %LOER PXFKDFKR £YHWH D EXVFDU OD
OiPSDUD\SRQJDPRVXQSRFRGHOX]DWRGRHVWR
6REUHODPHVDDODOX]GHXQDJUDQOiPSDUDGHSDQWDOODURMD*DQGDOIH[WHQGLyXQ
WUR]RGHSHUJDPLQREDVWDQWHSDUHFLGRDXQPDSD
²(VWR OR KL]R 7KURU WX DEXHOR 7KRULQ ²GLMR UHVSRQGLHQGR D ODV H[FLWDGDV
SUHJXQWDVGHORVHQDQRV² (VXQSODQRGHOD0RQWDxD
²1RFUHRTXHQRVVHDGHJUDQD\XGD²GLMR7KRULQGHVLOXVLRQDGRWUDVHFKDUXQ
YLVWD]R²5HFXHUGROD0RQWDxDPX\ELHQDVtFRPRODVWLHUUDVTXHKD\SRUDOOt<
VpGyQGHHVWiHO%RVTXH1HJUR\HO%UH]DO0DUFKLWRGRQGHVHFUtDQORVJUDQGHV
GUDJRQHV
²+D\XQGUDJyQVHxDODGRHQURMRVREUHOD0RQWDQD
²GLMR%DOLQ²SHURVHUiEDVWDQWHIiFLOHQFRQWUDUORVLQHVRVLDOJXQDYH]OOHJDPRV
DOOt
²+D\WDPELpQXQSXQWRTXHQRKDEpLVDGYHUWLGR
²GLMR HO PDJR² \ HV OD HQWUDGD VHFUHWD ¢9HLV HVD UXQD HQ HO ODGR RHVWH \ OD
PDQRTXHDSXQWDKDFLDHOODGHVGHODVRWUDVUXQDV"(VRLQGLFDXQSDVDGL]RRFXOWR
DORV6DORQHV
,QIHULRUHV²0LUDGHOPDSDDOSULQFLSLRGHHVWHOLEUR\DOOtYHUpLVODVUXQDV
²3XHGHTXHHQRWUDpSRFDIXHVHVHFUHWR²GLMR7KRULQ²SHUR¢FyPRVDEUHPRV
VLWRGDYtDORHV"(O9LHMR6PDXJKDYLYLGRDOOtPXFKRWLHPSR\KDGHFRQRFHUELHQ
HVDVFXHYDV
²7DOYHUSHURQRSXGRKDEHUORXWLOL]DGRGHVGHKDFHDxRV\DxRV
²¢3RUTXp"
²3RUTXHHVGHPDVLDGRSHTXHxR&LQFRSLHVGHDOWXUD\WUHVSDVDQFRQKROJXUD
GLFHQODVUXQDVSHUR6PDXJQRSRGUtDDUUDVWUDUVHSRUXQDJXMHURGHHVHWDPDxR
QL VLTXLHUD FXDQGR HUD XQ GUDJyQ MRYHQ \ PHQRV GHVSXpV GH KDEHU GHYRUDGR
WDQWRVHQDQRV\KRPEUHVGH9DOOH
²3XHVDPtPHSDUHFHXQDJXMHUREDVWDQWHJUDQGH² FKLOOy%LOERTXHQDGDVDEtD
GH GUDJRQHV \ HQ FXDQWR D DJXMHURV VyOR FRQRFtD ORV GH ORV KREELWV 6H VHQWtD
RWUDYH]H[FLWDGRHLQWHUHVDGR\ROYLGyPDQWHQHUODERFDFHUUDGD/HHQFDQWDEDQ
ORVPDSDV\HQHOYHVWtEXORFROJDEDXQRHQRUPHGHO3DtV5HGRQGRFRQWRGRVVXV
FDPLQRV IDYRULWRV PDUFDGRV HQ WLQWD URMD² ¢&yPR XQD SXHUWD WDQ JUDQGH SXGR
KDEHUVLGRXQVHFUHWRSDUDWRGRHOPXQGRDXQVLQFRQWDUDOGUDJyQ"²SUHJXQWy
5HFRUGDGTXHHUDVyORXQSHTXHxRKREELW
²'H PXFKRV PRGRV ²GLMR *DQGDOI² 3HUR FyPR KD TXHGDGR RFXOWD QR OR
VDEUHPRV VLQ DQWHV LU D PLUDU 3RUORTXHGLFHHOPDSDPHLPDJLQRTXHKD\XQD
SXHUWDFHUUDGDTXHQRVHGLVWLQJXHGHOUHVWRGHODODGHUD(OPpWRGRFRP~QHQWUH
ORVHQDQRV¢QRHVFLHQR"
²0X\FLHUWR²GLMR7KRULQ
²$GHPiV ²SURVLJXLy *DQGDOI² ROYLGp PHQFLRQDU TXH FRQ HO PDSD YHQtD XQD
OODYH XQD OODYH SHTXHxD \ UDUD £+HOD DTXt ²GLMR \ GLR D 7KRULQ XQD OODYH GH
SODWDODUJDGHGLHQWHVLQWULQFDGRV²£*XiUGDODELHQ
²$Vt OR KDUp ²GLMR 7KRULQ \ OD HQJDQFKy HQ XQD FDGHQLOOD TXH OH FROJDED GHO
FXHOOR EDMR OD FKDTXHWD² $KRUD ODV FRVDV SDUHFHQ PiV SURPHWHGRUDV (VWDV
QRWLFLDVOHVGDQPHMRUDVSHFWR+DVWDKR\QRWHQtDPRVXQDLGHDGHPDVLDGRFODUD
GHORTXHSRGtDPRVKDFHU3HQViEDPRVPDUFKDUKDFLDHO(VWHHQVLOHQFLR\FRQ
WRGD OD FDXWHOD SRVLEOH KDVWD OOHJDU D /DJR /DUJR /DV GLILFXOWDGHV HPSH]DUtDQ
GHVSXpV
²0XFKRDQWHVVLDOJRVpGHORVFDPLQRVGHO(VWH²LQWHUUXPSLy*DQGDOI
²3RGUtDPRV VXELU GHVGH DOOt ERUGHDQGR HO 5tR 5iSLGR ²GLMR 7KRULQ VLQ SUHVWDU
DWHQFLyQ² \ OXHJR KDVWD ODV UXLQDV GH 9DOOH OD YLHMD FLXGDG D OD VRPEUD GH OD
0RQWDxD3HURDQLQJXQRQRVJXVWDEDPXFKRODLGHDGHOD3XHUWD3ULQFLSDO(OUtR
VDOHMXVWRDKtDWUDYHVDQGRHOJUDQULVFRDOVXUGHOD0RQWDxD\GHDKtVDOHWDPELpQ
HO GUDJyQ PX\ D PHQXGR GHVGH KDFH WLHPSR D PHQRV TXH KD\D FDPELDGR GH
FRVWXPEUHV
²(VR QR VHUtD EXHQR ²GLMR HO PDJR² QR VLQ XQ JXHUUHUR SRGHURVR R DXQ XQ
KpURH,QWHQWpFRQVHJXLUXQRSHURORVJXHUUHURVHVWiQWRGRVRFXSDGRVOXFKDQGR
HQWUH HOORV HQ WLHUUDV OHMDQDV \ HQ HVWD YHFLQGDG ORV KpURHV VRQ HVFDVRV R DO
PHQRV QR VH ORV HQFXHQWUD /DV HVSDGDV HVWiQ DTXt FDVL WRGDV HPERWDGDV ODV
KDFKDVVHXWLOL]DQSDUDFRUWDUiUEROHV\ORVHVFXGRVFRPRFXQDVRFXEUHIXHQWHV\
SDUD FRPRGLGDG GH WRGRV ORV GUDJRQHV HVWiQ PX\ OHMRV \ GH DKt TXH VHDQ
OHJHQGDULRV3RUHVWHPRWLYRPHGHGLTXpDPHURGHDUGHQRFKHVREUHWRGRGHVGH
TXHUHFRUGpODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQDSXHUWDODWHUDO<DTXtWHQHPRVDQXHVWURSHTXHxR
%LOER %ROVyQ HO VDTXHDGRU HOHFWR \ VHOHFWR $Vt TXH FRQWLQXHPRV \ KDJDPRV
SODQHV
²0X\ELHQ²GLMR7KRULQ²VXSRQJDPRVHQWRQFHVTXHHOH[SHUWRPLVPRQRVGD
DOJXQDLGHDRVXJHUHQFLD²6HYROYLyFRQXQDFRUWHVtD EXUORQDKDFLD%LOER
²(Q SULPHU OXJDU PH JXVWDUtD VDEHU XQ SRFR PiV GHO DVXQWR ²GLMR %LOER
VLQWLpQGRVH FRQIXVR \ XQ SRFR DJLWDGR SRU GHQWUR SHUR EDVWDQWH 7XN WRGDYtD \
GHFLGLGR D VHJXLU DGHODQWH² 0H UHILHUR DO RUR \ DO GUDJyQ \ WRGR HVR \ FyPR
OOHJDUDOOt\DTXLpQSHUWHQHFHHWFpWHUDHWFpWHUD
²£%HQGLWD VHD ²GLMR 7KRULQ² ¢QR WLHQHV XQ PDSD" ¢< QR KDV RtGR QXHVWUR
FDQWR"¢<DFDVRQRKHPRVHVWDGRKDEODQGRGHHVWRGXUDQWHKRUDV"
²$XQ DVt PH JXVWDUtD VDEHUOR WRGR FODUD \ OODQDPHQWH ²GLMR %LOER FRQ
REVWLQDFLyQ DGRSWDQGR XQ DLUH GH QHJRFLRV SRU OR FRP~Q UHVHUYDGR SDUD JHQWH
TXHWUDWDEDGHSHGLUOHGLQHUR\WUDWDQGRSRUWRGRVORVPHGLRVGHSDUHFHUVDELR
SUXGHQWH SURIHVLRQDO \ HVWDU D OD DOWXUD GH OD UHFRPHQGDFLyQ GH *DQGDOI²
7DPELpQ PH JXVWDUtD FRQRFHU ORV ULHVJRV ORV JDVWRV HO WLHPSR UHTXHULGR \ OD
UHPXQHUDFLyQ HWFpWHUD ²/R TXH TXHUtD GHFLU ¢4Xp VDFDUp GH HVWR" ¢<
UHJUHVDUpFRQYLGD"
²2K PX\ ELHQ ²GLMR 7KRULQ² +DFH PXFKR HQ WLHPSRV GH PL DEXHOR 7KURU
QXHVWUD IDPLOLD IXH H[SXOVDGD GHO OHMDQR 1RUWH \ YLQR FRQ WRGRV VXV ELHQHV \
KHUUDPLHQWDV D HVWD 0RQWDxD GHO PDSD /D KDEtD GHVFXELHUWR PL OHMDQR
DQWHSDVDGR 7KUDLQ HO 9LHMR SHUR HQWRQFHV DEULHURQ PLQDV H[FDYDURQ W~QHOHV \
FRQVWUX\HURQ JDOHUtDV \ WDOOHUHV PiV JUDQGHV \ FUHR DGHPiV TXH HQFRQWUDURQ
JUDQFDQWLGDGGHRUR\WDPELpQSLHGUDVSUHFLRVDV'HFXDOTXLHUPRGRVHKLFLHURQ
LQPHQVDPHQWHULFRV\PLDEXHORIXHGHQXHYR5H\EDMROD0RQWDxD\WUDWDGRFRQ
JUDQUHVSHWRSRUORVPRUWDOHVTXHYLYtDQDO6XU\SRFRDSRFRVHH[WHQGLHURQUtR
DUULED KDVWD HO YDOOH DO SLH GH OD 0RQWDxD $OOi HQ DTXHOORV GtDV OHYDQWDURQ OD
DOHJUH FLXGDG GH 9DOOH /RV UH\HV PDQGDEDQ EXVFDU D QXHVWURV KHUUHURV \
UHFRPSHQVDUFRQODUJXH]DDXQDORVPHQRVKiELOHV/RVSDGUHVQRVURJDEDQTXH
WRPiVHPRV D VXV KLMRV FRPR DSUHQGLFHV \ QRV SDJDEDQ ELHQ VREUH WRGR FRQ
SURYLVLRQHVSXHVQRVRWURVQXQFDVHPEUiEDPRVQLEXVFiEDPRVFRPLGD$TXHOORV
GtDVVtTXHHUDQEXHQRV\DXQHOPiVSREUHWHQtDGLQHURSDUDJDVWDU\SUHVWDU\
RFLRSDUDIDEULFDUREMHWRVKHUPRVRVVyORSRUGLYHUVLyQ SDUDQRPHQFLRQDUORVPiV
PDUDYLOORVRVMXJXHWHVPiJLFRVTXHKR\\DQRVHHQFXHQWUDQHQHOPXQGR$VtORV
VDORQHV GH PL DEXHOR VH OOHQDURQ GH DUPDGXUDV MR\DV JUDEDGRV \ FRSDV \ HO
PHUFDGRGHMXJXHWHVGH9DOOHIXHHODVRPEURGHWRGRHO1RUWH
6LQGXGDHVRIXHORTXHDWUDMRDOGUDJyQ/RVGUDJRQHVVDEpLVUREDQRUR\MR\DV
D KRPEUHV HOIRV \ HQDQRV GRQGHTXLHUD TXH SXHGDQ HQFRQWUDUORV \ JXDUGDQ HO
ERWtQ PLHQWUDV YLYHQ OR TXH HQ OD SUiFWLFD HV SDUD VLHPSUH D PHQRV TXH ORV
PDWHQ \ QL VLTXLHUD GLVIUXWDQ GH XQ DQLOOR GH KRMDODWD (Q UHDOLGDG DSHQDV
GLVWLQJXHQXQDSLH]DEXHQDGHXQDPDODDXQTXHHQJHQHUDOFRQRFHQELHQHOYDORU
TXH WLHQHQ HQ HO PHUFDGR \ QR VRQ FDSDFHV GH KDFHU QDGD SRU Vt PLVPRV QL
VLTXLHUD DUUHJODUVH XQD HVFDPLWD VXHOWD HQ OD DUPDGXUD TXH OOHYDQ 3RU DTXHOORV
GtDV KDEtD PXFKRV GUDJRQHV HQ HO 1RUWH \ HV SRVLEOH TXH HO RUR HPSH]DUD D
HVFDVHDU DOOi DUULED FRQ HQDQRV TXH KXtDQ DO 6XU R HUDQ DVHVLQDGRV \ OD
GHYDVWDFLyQ JHQHUDO \ OD GHVWUXFFLyQ TXH ORV GUDJRQHV SURYRFDEDQ \ TXH LED HQ
DXPHQWR +DEtD XQ JXVDQR TXH HUD PX\ DPELFLRVR IXHUWH \ PDOYDGR OODPDGR
6PDXJ 8Q GtD HFKy D YRODU \ OOHJy DO 6XU /R SULPHUR TXH RtPRV IXH XQ UXLGR
FRPR GH XQ KXUDFiQ TXH YHQtD GHO QRUWH \ ORV SLQRV HQ OD 0RQWDxD FUXMtDQ \
UHFKLQDEDQFRQHOYLHQWR$OJXQRVGHORVHQDQRVTXHHQHVHPRPHQWRHVWiEDPRV
IXHUD \R HUD SRU IRUWXQD XQR GH HOORV XQ PXFKDFKR DSXHVWR \ DYHQWXUHUR HQ
DTXHOORV GtDV VLHPSUH YDJDQGR SRU ORV DOUHGHGRUHV \ HVR PH VDOYy HQWRQFHV
ELHQYLPRVGHVGHEDVWDQWHOHMRVDOGUDJyQTXHVHSRVDEDHQQXHVWUDPRQWDxDHQ
XQ UHPROLQR GH IXHJR /XHJR EDMy SRU ODV ODGHUDV \ ORV ERVTXHV HPSH]DURQ D
DUGHU<DSDUDHQWRQFHVWRGDVODVFDPSDQDVUHSLFDEDQHQ9DOOH\ORVJXHUUHURVVH
DUPDEDQ/RVHQDQRVVDOLHURQFRUULHQGRSRUODSXHUWDJUDQGHSHURDOOtHVWDED HO
GUDJyQHVSHUiQGRORV1DGLHHVFDSySRUHVHODGR(OUtRVHWUDQVIRUPyHQYDSRU\
XQD QLHEOD FD\y VREUH HOORV \ DFDEy FRQ OD PD\RUtD GH ORV JXHUUHURV OD WULVWH
KLVWRULD GH VLHPSUH VyOR TXH HQ DTXHOORV GtDV HUD GHPDVLDGR FRP~Q /XHJR
UHWURFHGLy DUUDVWUiQGRVH D WUDYpV GH OD 3XHUWD 3ULQFLSDO \ GHVWUR]y WRGRV ORV
VDORQHV DFHUDV W~QHOHV FDOOHMXHODV ERGHJDV PDQVLRQHV \ SDVDGL]RV 'HVSXpV
GHHVRQRTXHGyHQDQRYLYRGHQWUR\HOGUDJyQVHDSRGHUyGHWRGDVODVULTXH]DV
4XL]i SXHV HV FRVWXPEUH HQWUH ORV GUDJRQHV KD\D DSLODGR WRGR HQ XQ JUDQ
PRQWyQPX\DGHQWUR\GXHUPDVREUHHOWHVRURXWLOL]iQGRORFRPRFDPD0iVWDUGH
HPSH]yDVDOLUGHYH]HQFXDQGRDUUDVWUiQGRVHSRUODSXHUWDJUDQGH\OOHJDEDD
9DOOHGHQRFKH\VHOOHYDEDJHQWHHVSHFLDOPHQWHGRQFHOODV SDUDFRPHUODVHQOD
FXHYDKDVWDTXH9DOOHTXHGyDUUXLQDGD\WRGDODJHQWHPXULyRKX\y/RTXHSDVD
DOOtDKRUDQRORVpFRQFHUWH]DSHURQRFUHRTXHQDGLHYLYDKR\HQWUHOD0RQWDxD\
ODRULOODRSXHVWDGHO/DJR/DUJR
/RV SRFRV GH QRVRWURV TXH HVWiEDPRV IXHUD \ DVt QRV VDOYDPRV OORUiEDPRV D
HVFRQGLGDV\PDOGHFtDPRVD6PDXJ\DOOtQRVHQFRQWUDPRVLQHVSHUDGDPHQWHFRQ
PL SDGUH \ PL DEXHOR TXH WHQtDQ ODV EDUEDV FKDPXVFDGDV 3DUHFtDQ PX\
SUHRFXSDGRVSHURKDEODEDQPX\SRFR&XDQGROHVSUHJXQWpFyPRKDEtDQKXLGR
PHGLMHURQTXHFDOODVHTXHDOJ~QGtDDVXGHELGRWLHPSR\DPHHQWHUDUtD/XHJR
HVFDSDPRV \ WXYLPRV TXH JDQDUQRV OD YLGD OR PHMRU TXH SXGLPRV HQ WRGDV
DTXHOODVWLHUUDV\PX\DPHQXGROOHJDPRVDWUDEDMDUHQKHUUHUtDVRDXQ HQPLQDV
GHFDUEyQ3HURQXQFDROYLGDPRVHOWHVRURUREDGR(LQFOXVRDKRUDHQTXHKHGH
DGPLWLU TXH KHPRV DFXPXODGR DOJXQD ULTXH]D \ QR HVWDPRV WDQ PDO ²HQ HVWH
PRPHQWR 7KRULQ DFDULFLy OD FDGHQD GH RUR TXH OH FROJDED GHO FXHOOR² WRGDYtD
SUHWHQGHPRVUHFXSHUDUOR\KDFHUTXHQXHVWUDV PDOGLFLRQHVFDLJDQVREUH6PDXJ
VLSRGHPRV
&RQIUHFXHQFLDPHSUHJXQWpVREUHODIXJDGHPLSDGUH\PLDEXHOR3LHQVRDKRUD
TXHWHQLDTXHKDEHUXQDSXHUWDODWHUDOVHFUHWDTXHVyORHOORVFRQRFtDQ3HURSRUOR
YLVWRKLFLHURQXQPDSD\PHJXVWDUtDVDEHUFyPR*DQGDOIVHDSRGHUyGHpO\SRU
TXpQROOHJyDPtHOOHJtWLPRKHUHGHUR
²<RQRPHDSRGHUpGHpOPHORGLHURQ²GLMRHOPDJR²4XL]iUHFXHUGHVTXHWX
DEXHOR7KURUIXHDVHVLQDGRHQODVPLQDVGH0RULDSRU$]RJHO7UDVJR
²0DOGLWRVHDVXQRPEUHVt²GLMR7KRULQ
²<7KUDLQWXSDGUHVHPDUFKyXQYHLQWLXQRGpDEULOVHFXPSOLHURQFLHQDxRVHO
MXHYHVSDVDGR\GHVGHHQWRQFHVQXQFDVHORKDYXHOWRDYHU
²&LHUWRFLHUWR²GLMR7KRULQ
²%LHQWXSDGUHPHGLRHVWRSDUDTXHWHORGLHUD\VLHOHJtHOPRPHQWR\HOPRGR
GH HQWUHJDUOR QR SXHGHV FXOSDUPH WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD ODV GLILFXOWDGHV TXH WXYH
SDUDGDUFRQWLJR7XSDGUHQRUHFRUGDEDQLVXSURSLRQRPEUHFXDQGRPHSDVyHO
SDSHO \ QXQFD PH GLMR HO WX\R GH PRGR TXH HQ ~OWLPD LQVWDQFLD WHQGUtDV TXH
DODEDUPH\DJUDGHFpUPHOR7RPDDTXtHVWi²GLMRHQWUHJDQGRHOPDSDD7KRULQ
²1R OR HQWLHQGR ²GLMR 7KRULQ \ %LOER VLQWLy TXH OH JXVWDUtD GHFLU OR PLVPR /D
H[SOLFDFLyQQRSDUHFtDH[SOLFDUQDGD
²7XDEXHOR²GLMRHOPDJRSDXVDGD\VHULDPHQWH² OHGLRHOPDSDDVXKLMRSDUD
PD\RUVHJXULGDGDQWHVGHPDUFKDUVHDODVPLQDVGH0RULD&XDQGRPDWDURQDWX
DEXHORWXSDGUHVDOLyDSUREDUIRUWXQDFRQHOPDSD\WXYRPXFKDVGHVDJUDGDEOHV
DYHQWXUDVSHURQXQFDVHDFHUFyDOD0RQWDQD&yPROOHJyDOOtQRORVpSHUROR
HQFRQWUpSULVLRQHURHQODVPD]PRUUDVGHO1LJURPDQWH
²¢4Xp GHPRQLRV HVWDEDV KDFLHQGR DOOt" ²SUHJXQWy 7KRULQ FRQ XQ HVFDORIUtR \
WRGRVORVHQDQRVVHHVWUHPHFLHURQ
²1R WH LPSRUWD (VWDED DYHULJXDQGR FRVDV FRPR VLHPSUH \ UHVXOWy VHU XQ
DVXQWRVyUGLGR\SHOLJURVR+DVWD \R*DQGDOIDSHQDVFRQVHJXtHVFDSDU,QWHQWp
VDOYDUDWXSDGUHSHURRHUDGHPDVLDGRWDUGH+DEtDSHUGLGRHOMXLFLRHLEDGHXQ
ODGRSDUDRWUR\KDEtDROYLGDGRFDVLWRGRH[FHSWRHOPDSD\ODOODYH
²+DFH WLHPSR TXH GLPRV VX PHUHFLGR D ORV WUDVJRV GH 0RULD ²GLMR 7KRULQ²
$KRUDWHQGUHPRVTXHRFXSDUQRVGHO1LJURPDQWH
²£1R VHDV DEVXUGR (O 1LJURPDQWH HV XQ HQHPLJR D TXLHQ QR DOFDQ]DQ ORV
SRGHUHV GH WRGRV ORV HQDQRV MXQWRV VL GHVGH ODV FXDWUR HVTXLQDV GHO PXQGR VH
UHXQLHVHQRWUDYH]/R~QLFRTXHGHVHDEDWX SDGUHHUDTXHW~OH\HUDVHOPDSD\
XVDUDVODOODYH£(OGUDJyQ\OD0RQWDxDVRQHPSUHVDVPiVTXHJUDQGHVSDUDWL
²£2tGRtG²GLMR%LOER\VLQTXHUHUKDEOyHQYR]DOWD
²£2tGRtG²GLMHURQWRGRVPLUiQGROR\%LOERVHSXVRWDQQHUYLRVRTXHUHVSRQGLy
²£2tGORTXHKHGHGHFLU
²¢4XpHV"²SUHJXQWDURQ
²%LHQRVGLUpTXHWHQGUtDLVTXHLUKDFtDHO(VWH\HFKDUDOOtXQYLVWD]R$OILQ\DO
FDERDOOtHVWiOD3XHUWDODWHUDO\ORVGUDJRQHVKDQGHGRUPLUDOJXQDYH]VXSRQJR
6LRVVHQWiLVDODHQWUDGDGXUDQWHXQ WLHPSRFUHRTXHDOJRVHRVRFXUULUi<ELHQ
¢QR RV SDUHFH TXH KHPRVFKDUODGREDVWDQWHSDUDXQDQRFKHHK"¢4XpRSLQiLV
GHLUVHDODFDPDSDUDHPSH]DUPDxDQDWHPSUDQR\WRGRHVR"2VGDUpXQEXHQ
GHVD\XQRDQWHVGHTXHRVYD\iLV
²$QWHV GH TXH QRV YD\DPRV VXSRQJR TXH TXHUUiV GHFLU ²GLMR 7KRULQ² ¢1R
HUHV W~ HO VDTXHDGRU" ¢< WX RILFLR QR HV HVSHUDU D OD HQWUDGD \ DXQ FUX]DU OD
SXHUWD"3HURHVWR\GHDFXHUGRHQORGHODFDPD\HOGHVD\XQR² 0HJXVWDWRPDU
VHLVKXHYRVFRQMDPyQFXDQGRHPSLH]RXQYLDMHIULWRVQRHVFDOIDGRV\FXLGDGH
QRURPSHUORV
/XHJR GH TXH ORV RWURV KXELHUDQ SHGLGR VXV GHVD\XQRV VLQ QLQJ~Q SRU IDYRU OR
TXH PROHVWy VREUHPDQHUD D %LOER WRGRV VH OHYDQWDURQ (O KREELW WXYR TXH
EXVFDUOHVVLWLR\SUHSDUyORVFXDUWRVYDFtRVHKL]RFDPDVHQ VLOODV\VRIiVDQWHV
GHLQVWDODUORVHLUVHDVXSURSLDFDPLWDPX\FDQVDGR\QDGDIHOL]/RTXHVtGHFLGLy
IXH QR PROHVWDUVH HQ PDGUXJDU \ SUHSDUDU HO PDOGLWR GHVD\XQR SDUD ORGR HO
PXQGR/DYHQD7XNHPSH]DEDDGHVDSDUHFHU\DKRUD\DQRHVWDEDWDQVHJXUR
GHTXHIXHVHDKDFHUDOJ~QYLDMHSRUODPDxDQD
0LHQWUDV\DFtDHQFDPDSXGRRtUD7KRULQHQODKDELWDFLyQGHDOODGRODPHMRUGH
WRGDVWRGDYtDWDUDUHDQGRHQWUHGLHQWHV
0iVDOWDGHODVIUtDV\EUXPRVDVPRQWDQDV
DPD]PRUUDVSURIXQGDV\FDYHUQDVDQWLJXDV
DUHFODPDUHORURKDFHWLHPSRROYLGDGR
KHPRVGHLUDQWHVTXHHOGtDQD]FD
%LOER VH GXUPLy FRQ HVH FDQWR HQ ORV RtGRV \ WXYR XQRV VXHxRV LQWUDQTXLORV
'HVSHUWyPXFKRGHVSXpVGHTXHQDFLHUDHOGtD
&$51(52$6$'2
%LOERVHOHYDQWyGHXQVDOWR\SRQLpQGRVHODEDWDHQWUyHQHOFRPHGRU$OOtQRYLR
D QDGLH SHUR Vt ODV KXHOODV GH XQ HQRUPH \ DSUHVXUDGR GHVD\XQR +DEtD XQ
KRUUHQGR UHYROWLMR HQ OD KDELWDFLyQ \ SLODV GH FDFKDUURV VXFLRV HQ OD FRFLQD
3DUHFtD TXH QR KXELHUD TXHGDGR QLQJXQD ROOD QL WDUWHUD VLQ XVDU /D WDUHD GH
IUHJDUOR WRGR IXH WDQ WULVWHPHQWH UHDO TXH %LOER VH YLR REOLJDGR D FUHHU TXH OD
UHXQLyQGHODQRFKHDQWHULRUQRKDEtDVLGRSDUWHGHXQDSHVDGLOODFRPRFDVLKDEtD
HVSHUDGR /D LGHD GH TXH KDEtDQ SDUWLGR VLQ pO \ VLQ PROHVWDUVH HQ GHVSHUWDUOR
DXQTXH QDGLH OH KXELHUD GDGR ODV JUDFLDVSHQVyORKDEtDDOLYLDGRGHYHUDV6LQ
HPEDUJR QR SXGR GHMDU GH VHQWLU XQD FLHUWD GHFHSFLyQ (VWH VHQWLPLHQWR OR
VRUSUHQGLy
²1RVHDVWRQWR%LOER%ROVyQ²VHGLMR²£SHQVDQGRDWXHGDGHQGUDJRQHV\HQ
WRQWHUtDVHVWUDIDODULDV²'HPRGRTXHVHSXVRHOGHODQWDOHQFHQGLyXQRVIXHJRV
FDOHQWy DJXD \ IUHJy /XHJR VH WRPy XQ SHTXHxR \ DSHWLWRVR GHVD\XQR HQ OD
FRFLQD DQWHV GH DUUHJODU HO FRPHGRU (O VRO \D EULOODEDHQWRQFHV\SRUODSXHUWD
GHODQWHUDHQWUDEDXQDFiOLGDEULVDGHSULPDYHUD%LOERVHSXVRDVLOEDU\DROYLGDU
OR GH OD QRFKH <D HVWDED VHQWiQGRVH SDUD ]DPSDUVH XQ VHJXQGR DSHWLWRVR
GHVD\XQR HQ HO FRPHGRU MXQWR D OD YHQWDQD DELHUWD FXDQGR GH SURQWR HQWUy
*DQGDOI
²0L TXHULGR DPLJR ²GLMR² ¢&XiQGR YDV D SDUWLU" ¢4Xp KD\ GH DTXHOOR GH
HPSH]DUWHPSUDQR"<DTXtHVWiVWRPDQGRHOGHVD\XQRRFRPRTXLHUDTXHOODPHV
DHVRDODVGLH]\PHGLD7HGHMDURQXQPHQVDMHSXHVQRSRGtDQHVSHUDU
²¢4XpPHQVDMH"²GLMRHOSREUH%LOERVRQURMDGR
²£3RU ORV *UDQGHV (OHIDQWHV ²UHVSRQGLy *DQGDOI² (VWiV GHVFRQRFLGR HVWD
PDxDQD£D~QQROHKDVTXLWDGRHOSROYRDODUHSLVDGHODFKLPHQHD
²¢< HVR TXp WLHQH TXH YHU" £<D WHQJR EDVWDQWH FRQ IUHJDU ORV SODWRV \ ROODV GH
FDWRUFHGHVD\XQRV
²6L KXELHVHV OLPSLDGR OD UHSLVD KDEUtDV HQFRQWUDGR HVWR GHEDMR GHO UHORM ²GLMR
*DQGDOIDODUJiQGRVHXQDQRWDSRUVXSXHVWRHVFULWDHQXQDVFXDUWLOODVGHOSURSLR
%LOER
(VWRIXHORTXHHOKREELWOH\y
7KRULQ\&RPSDxtDDO6DTXHDGRU%LOER£VDOXG1XHVWUDVPiVVLQFHUDVJUDFLDVSRU
YXHVWUD KRVSLWDOLGDG \ QXHVWUD DJUDGHFLGD DFHSWDFLyQ SRU KDEHUQRV RIUHFLGR
DVLVWHQFLDSURIHVLRQDO&RQGLFLRQHVSDJRDOFRQWDGR\DOILQDOL]DUHOWUDEDMRKDVWD
XQPi[LPRGHFDWRUFHDYDVSDUWHVGHORVEHQHILFLRVWRWDOHVVLORVKD\WRGRVORV
JDVWRV GH YLDMH JDUDQWL]DGRV HQ FXDOTXLHU FLUFXQVWDQFLD ORV JDVWRV GH SRVLEOHV
IXQHUDOHV ORVSDJDUHPRVQRVRWURVRQXHVWURVUHSUHVHQWDQWHVVLKD\RFDVLyQ\HO
DVXQWRQRVHDUUHJODGHRWUDPDQHUD
&UH\HQGR LQQHFHVDULR SHUWXUEDU YXHVWUR PX\ HVWLPDEOH UHSRVR QRV KHPRV
DGHODQWDGRDKDFHUORVSUHSDUDWLYRVDGHFXDGRVHVSHUDUHPRVDYXHVWUDUHVSHWDEOH
SHUVRQD HQ OD SRVDGD GHO 'UDJyQ 9HUGH MXQWR D 'HODJXD H[DFWDPHQWH D ODV DP&RQILDQGRHQTXHVHDSXQWXDO
WHQHPRVHOKRQRUGHSHUPDQHFHU
VLQFHUDPHQWHYXHVWURV
7KRULQ\&tD
²(VWRWHGDGLH]PLQXWRV7HQGUiVTXHFRUUHU²GLMR*DQGDOI
²3HUR²GLMR%LOER
²1RKD\WLHPSRSDUDHVR²GLMRHOPDJR
²3HUR²GLMRRWUDYH]%LOER
²<WDPSRFRSDUDHVRRWUR£9DPRVDGHODQWH
+DVWDHOILQDOGHVXVGtDV%LOERQRDOFDQ]yDUHFRUGDUFyPRVHHQFRQWUyIXHUDVLQ
VRPEUHUR EDVWyQ R GLQHUR R FXDOTXLHUD GH ODV FRVDV TXH DFRVWXPEUDED OOHYDU
FXDQGRVDOtDGHMDQGRHOVHJXQGRGHVD\XQRDPHGLRWHUPLQDUFDVLVLQODYDUVHOD
FDUD \ SRQLHQGR ODV OODYHV HQ PDQRV GH *DQGDOI FRUULHQGR FDOOHMyQ DEDMR WDQWR
FRPRVHORSHUPLWtDQORVSLHVSHOXGRVGHMDQGRDWUiVHO*UDQ0ROLQRFUX]DQGRHO
UtR\FRQWLQXDQGRDVtGXUDQWHXQDPLOODRPiV
5HVRSODQGR OOHJy D 'HODJXD FXDQGR HPSH]DEDQ D VRQDU ODV RQFH £\ GHVFXEULy
TXHVHKDEtDYHQLGRVLQSDxXHOR
²£%UDYR²GLMR%DOLQTXHHVWDEDGHSLHDODSXHUWDGHODSRVDGDHVSHUiQGROR
<HQWRQFHVDSDUHFLHURQWRGRVORVGHPiVGREODQGRODFXUYDGHOFDPLQRTXHYHQtD
GHODYLOOD0RQWDEDQHQSRQH\V\GHFDGDXQRGHORVFDEDOORVFROJDEDWRGDFODVH
GH HTXLSDMHV EXOWRV SDTXHWHV \ FKLVPHV +DEtD XQ SRQH\ SHTXHxR
DSDUHQWHPHQWHSDUD%LOER
²$UULEDYRVRWURVGRV\DGHODQWH²GLMR7KRULQ
²/RVLHQWRWHUULEOHPHQWH²GLMR%LOER²SHURPHKHYHQLGRVLQPLVRPEUHURPH
KH ROYLGDGR HO SDxXHOR GH EROVLOOR \ QR WHQJR GLQHUR 1R YL YXHVWUD QRWD KDVWD
GHVSXpVGHODVSDUDVHUSUHFLVRV
²1RVHDVSUHFLVR²GLMR'ZDOLQ²\QRWHSUHRFXSHV7HQGUiVTXHDUUHJOiUWHODV
VLQSDxXHORV\VLQEXHQDSDUWHGHRWUDVFRVDVDQWHVGHTXHOOHJXHPRVDOILQDOGHO
YLDMH(QORTXHUHVSHFWDDOVRPEUHUR\RWHQJRXQFDSXFKyQ\XQDFDSDGHVREUD
HQPLHTXLSDMH
<DVtIXHFRPRVHSXVLHURQHQPDUFKDDOHMiQGRVHGHODSRVDGDHQXQDKHUPRVD
PDxDQDSRFRDQWHVGHOPHVGHPD\RPRQWDGRVHQSRQH\VFDUJDGRVGHEXOWRV\
%LOEROOHYDEDXQFDSXFKyQGHFRORUYHUGHRVFXURXQSRFRDMDGRSRUHOWLHPSR\
XQD FDSD GHO PLVPR FRORU TXH 'ZDOLQ OH KDEtD SUHVWDGR /H TXHGDEDQ PX\
JUDQGHV\WHQtDXQDVSHFWREDVWDQWHFyPLFR1RPHDWUHYRDDYHQWXUDUORTXHVX
SDGUH%XQJRKXELHVHGLFKRGHpO
6yOR OH FRQVRODED SHQVDU TXH QR OR FRQIXQGLUtDQ FRQ XQ HQDQR SXHV QR WHQtD
EDUED
$~Q QR KDEtDQ FDEDOJDGR PXFKR WLHPSR FXDQGR DSDUHFLy *DQGDOI HVSOpQGLGR
PRQWDQGRXQFDEDOOREODQFR7UDtDXQPRQWyQGHSDxXHORV\ODSLSD\HOWDEDFRGH
%LOER $Vt TXHGHVGHHQWRQFHVFDEDOJDURQIHOLFHVFRQWDQGRKLVWRULDV RFDQWDQGR
FDQFLRQHV GXUDQWH WRGD OD MRUQDGD H[FHSWR QDWXUDOPHQWH FXDQGR SDUDEDQ D
FRPHU (VWR QR RFXUULy FRQ OD IUHFXHQFLD TXH %LOER KXELHVH GHVHDGR SHUR \D
HPSH]DEDDVHQWLUTXHODVDYHQWXUDVQRHUDQHQYHUGDGWDQPDODV
&UX]DURQ SULPHUR ODV WLHUUDV GH ORV KREELWV XQ H[WHQVR SDtV KDELWDGR SRU JHQWH
VLPSiWLFD FRQ EXHQRV FDPLQRV XQD SRVDGD R GRV \ DTXt \ DOOi XQ HQDQR R XQ
JUDQMHURTXHWUDEDMDEDHQSD]
/OHJDURQ OXHJR D WLHUUDV GRQGH OD JHQWH KDEODED GH XQ PRGR H[WUDxR \ FDQWDED
FDQFLRQHVTXH%LOER QRKDEtDRtGRQXQFD6HLQWHUQDURQHQODV7LHUUDV6ROLWDULDV
GRQGHQRKDEtDJHQWHQLSRVDGDV\ORVFDPLQRVHUDQFDGDYH]SHRUHV1RPXFKR
PiV DGHODQWH VH DO]DURQ XQDVFROLQDVPHODQFyOLFDVRVFXUHFLGDVSRUiUEROHV(Q
DOJXQDV KDEtD YLHMRV FDVWLOORV WRUYRV GH DVSHFWR FRPR VL KXELHVHQ VLGR
FRQVWUXLGRV SRU JHQWH PDOGLWD 7RGR SDUHFtD O~JXEUH SXHV HO WLHPSR VH KDEtD
HVWURSHDGR+DVWDHQWRQFHVHOGtDKDEtDVLGRWDQEXHQRFRPRSXGLHUDHVSHUDUVH
HQPD\RDXQHQODVKLVWRULDVIHOLFHVSHURDKRUDHUDIUtR\K~PHGR(QODV7LHUUDV
6ROLWDULDVVHKDEtDQYLVWRREOLJDGRVDDFDPSDUHQXQOXJDUGHVDSDFLEOHSHURVHFR
DOPHQRV
²3HQVDU TXH SURQWR OOHJDUi MXQLR ²PDVFXOODED %LOER PLHQWUDV DYDQ]DED
FKDSRWHDQGRGHWUiVGHORVRWURVSRUXQVHQGHURHQORGDGR/DKRUDGHOWp\DKDEtD
TXHGDGRDWUiVODOOXYLDFDtDDFiQWDURV\DVtKDEtDVLGRWRGRHOGtDHOFDSXFKyQ
OHJRWHDEDHQORVRMRVWHQtDODFDSDHPSDSDGDHOSRQH\FDQVDGRWURSH]DEDFRQ
ODVSLHGUDVORVRWURVHVWDEDQGHPDVLDGRHQIXUUXxDGRVSDUDFKDUODU
²(VWR\ VHJXUR TXH OD OOXYLD VH KD FRODGR KDVWD ODV URSDV VHFDV \ ODV EROVDV GH
FRPLGD ²JUXxy %LOER² £0DOGLWRV VHDQ ORV VDTXHDGRUHV \ WRGR OR TXH VH
UHODFLRQHFRQHOORV&yPRTXLVLHUDHVWDUHQPLFRQIRUWDEOHDJXMHURDODPRUGHOD
OXPEUH \ FRQODPDUPLWDTXHKDHPSH]DGRDVLOEDU²£1RIXHOD~OWLPDYH]TXH
WXYRHVWHGHVHR
6LQ HPEDUJR ORV HQDQRV VHJXtDQ DO SDVR VLQ YROYHUVH QL SUHVWDU DWHQFLyQ DO
KREELW3DUHFLyTXHHOVROVHKDEtDSXHVWR\DHQDOJ~QOXJDUGHWUiVGHODVQXEHV
JULVHV SXHV FXDQGR GHVFHQGtDQ KDFLD XQ YDOOH SURIXQGR FRQ XQ UtR HQ HO IRQGR
HPSH]yDRVFXUHFHU6HOHYDQWyYLHQWR\ORVVDXFHVVHPHFtDQ\VXVXUUDEDQDOR
ODUJRGHODVRULOODV3RUIRUWXQDHOFDPLQRDWUDYHVDEDXQDQWLJXRSXHQWHGHSLHGUD
SXHVHOUtRFUHFLGRSRUODVOOXYLDVEDMDEDSUHFLSLWDGRGHODVFROLQDV\PRQWDQDVGHO
QRUWH
(UD FDVL GH QRFKH FXDQGR OR FUX]DURQ (O YLHQWR GHVJDMy ODV QXEHV JULVHV \ XQD
OXQDHUUDQWHDSDUHFLyHQWUHORVMLURQHVIORWDQWHV(QWRQFHVVHGHWXYLHURQ\7KRULQ
PXUPXUy DOJR DFHUFD GH OD FHQD \ ²¢'yQGH HQFRQWUDUHPRV XQ OXJDU VHFR SDUD
GRUPLU"
(Q HVH PRPHQWR FD\HURQ HQ OD FXHQWD GH TXH IDOWDED *DQGDOI +DVWD HQWRQFHV
KDEtD KHFKR WRGR HO FDPLQR FRQ HOORV VLQ GHFLU VL SDUWLFLSDED GH OD DYHQWXUD R
VLPSOHPHQWHORVDFRPSDxDEDXQUDWR+DEtDKDEODGRFRPLGR\UHtGRFRPRHOTXH
PiV3HURDKRUDVLPSOHPHQWH£QRHVWDEDDOOt
²£9D\D MXVWR HQ HO PRPHQWR HQ TXH XQ PDJR QRV VHUtD PiV ~WLO ²VXVSLUDURQ
'RUL \ 1RUL TXH FRPSDUWtDQ ORV SXQWRV GH YLVWD GHO KREELW VREUH OD UHJXODULGDG
FDQWLGDG\IUHFXHQFLDGHODVFRPLGDV
3RU ILQ GHFLGLHURQ TXH DFDPSDUtDQ DOOt PLVPR 6H DFHUFDURQ D XQD DUEROHGD \
DXQTXHHOWHUUHQRHVWDEDPiVVHFRHOYLHQWRKDFtDFDHUODVJRWDVGHODVKRMDV\HO
SOLS²SOLSPROHVWDEDEDVWDQWH(OPDOSDUHFtDKDEHUVHPHWLGRHQHOIXHJRPLVPR
/RVHQDQRVVDEHQKDFHUIXHJRHQ FXDOTXLHUSDUWHFDVLFRQFXDOTXLHUFRVDFRQR
VLQYLHQWRSHURQRSXGLHURQHQFHQGHUORHVDQRFKHQLVLTXLHUDÏLQ\*OyLQTXHHQ
HVWRHUDQHVSHFLDOPHQWHPDxRVRV
(QWRQFHVXQRGHORVSRQH\VVHDVXVWyGHQDGD\HVFDSyFRUULHQGR6HPHWLyHQHO
UtR DQWHV GH TXH SXGLHUDQ GHWHQHUOR \ DQWHV GH TXH SXGLHVHQ OOHYDUOR GH YXHOWD
)tOL \ .LOL FDVL PXULHURQ DKRJDGRV \ HO DJXD KDEtD DUUDVWUDGR HO HTXLSDMH GHO
SRQH\1DWXUDOPHQWHHUDFDVLWRGRFRPLGD\TXHGDEDPX\SRFRSDUDODFHQD\
PHQRVSDUDHOGHVD\XQR
7RGRV VH VHQWDURQ WDFLWXUQRV HPSDSDGRV \ UH]RQJDQGR PLHQWUDV ÏLQ \ *OyLQ
VHJXtDQ LQWHQWDQGR HQFHQGHUHOIXHJR\GLVFXWLHQGRHODVXQWR%LOERUHIOH[LRQDED
WULVWHPHQWH TXH ODV DYHQWXUDV QR HUDQ VyOR FDEDOJDWDV HQ SRQH\ DO VROGHPD\R
FXDQGR%DOLQHORWHDGRUGHOJUXSRH[FODPyGHSURQWR²£$OOiKD\XQDOX]²8Q
SRFR DSDUWDGD DVRPDED XQD FROLQD FRQ iUEROHV EDVWDQWH HVSHVRV HQ DOJXQRV
VLWLRV )XHUD GH OD PDVD RVFXUD GH OD DUEROHGD WRGRV SXGLHURQ YHU HQWRQFHV HO
EULOOR GH XQD OX] XQD OX] URML]D FRQIRUWDGRUD FRPR XQD IRJDWD R DQWRUFKDV
SDUSDGHDQWHV
/XHJRGHREVHUYDUODXQUDWRVHHQUHGDURQHQXQDGLVFXVLyQ8QRVGHFtDQTXHVt
\RWURVGHFtDQTXHQR$OJXQRVRSLQDURQTXHOR~QLFRTXHVHSRGtDKDFHUHUDLU\
PLUDU\TXHFXDOTXLHUFRVDVHUtDPHMRUTXHSRFDFHQDPHQRVGHVD\XQR\URSDV
PRMDGDVWRGDODQRFKH
2WURVGLMHURQ²1LQJXQRGHHVWRVSDUDMHVHVELHQFRQRFLGR\ODVPRQWDxDVHVWiQ
GHPDVLDGRFHUFD5DUDYH]DOJ~QYLDMHURVHDYHQWXUDDKRUDSRUHVWRVODGRV/RV
PDSDV DQWLJXRV\DQRVLUYHQODVFRVDVKDQHPSHRUDGRPXFKR/RVFDPLQRVQR
HVWiQFXVWRGLDGRV\DTXtDGHPiVKDQRtGRKDEODUGHOUH\HQFRQWDGDVRFDVLRQHV
\ FXDQWR PHQRV SUHJXQWDV KDJDV PHQRV GLILFXOWDGHV HQFRQWUDUiV ²$OJXQR GLMR
²$O ILQ \ DO FDER VRPRV FDWRUFH ²2WURV ²¢'yQGH HVWi *DQGDOI" ²SUHJXQWD
TXHIXHUHSHWLGDSRUWRGRV
(Q HVH PRPHQWR OD OOXYLD HPSH]y D FDHU PiV IXHUWH TXH QXQFD \ ÏLQ \ *OyLQ
LQLFLDURQXQDSHOHD
(VWR SXVR ODV FRVDV HQ VX VLWLR ²$O ILQ \ DO FDER WHQHPRV XQ VDTXHDGRU HQWUH
QRVRWURV ²GLMHURQ \ DVt HFKDURQ D DQGDU JXLDQGR D ORV SRQH\V FRQ WRGD OD
SUHFDXFLyQ GHELGD \ DSURSLDGD KDFLD OD OX] /OHJDURQ D OD FROLQD \ SURQWR
HVWXYLHURQ HQ HO ERVTXH 6XELHURQ OD SHQGLHQWH SHUR QRVHYHtDQLQJ~QVHQGHUR
DGHFXDGRTXHSXGLHUDOOHYDUDXQDFDVDRXQDJUDQMD&RQWLQXDURQFRPRSXGLHURQ
HQWUH FKDVTXLGRV FUXMLGRV \ VXVXUURV \ XQD EXHQD FDQWLGDG GH PDOGLFLRQHV \
UHIXQIXxRVPLHQWUDVDYDQ]DEDQSRUODRVFXULGDGFHUUDGD¢HOERVTXH
'HV~ELWRODOX]URMDEULOOyPX\FODUDHQWUHORViUEROHVQRPXFKRPiVDOOi²$KRUD
OH WRFD DO VDTXHDGRU ²GLMHURQ UHILULpQGRVH D %LOER² 7LHQHV TXH LU \ DYHULJXDUOR
WRGR GH HVDOX]SDUDTXpHV\VLODVFRVDVSDUHFHQQRUPDOHV\HQRUGHQ²GLMR
7KRULQ DO KREELW² $KRUD FRUUH \ YXHOYH UiSLGR VL WRGR HVWi ELHQ 6L QR £YXHOYH
FRPRSXHGDV6LQRSXHGHVJULWDGRVYHFHVFRPROHFKX]DGHJUDQHUR\XQDFRPR
OHFKX]DGHFDPSR\KDUHPRVORTXHSRGDPRV
< DOOi WXYR TXH SDUWLU %LOER DQWHV GH SRGHU H[SOLFDUOHV TXH HUD WDQ LQFDSD] GH
JULWDUFRPRXQDOHFKX]DFRPRGHYRODUFRPRXQPXUFLpODJR
3HUR GH WRGRV PRGRV ORV KREELWV VDEHQ PRYHUVH HQ VLOHQFLR SRU HO ERVTXH HQ
FRPSOHWRVLOHQFLR(UDXQDKDELOLGDGGHODTXHVHVHQWtDQRUJXOORVRV\%LOERPiV
GH XQD YH] KDEtD WRUFLGR OD FDUD PLHQWUDV FDEDOJDEDQ FULWLFDQGR HVH HVWUpSLWR
SURSLR GH HQDQRV SHUR PH LPDJLQR TXH QL YRVRWURV QL \R KXELpUDPRV DGYHUWLGR
QDGD HQ XQD QRFKH GH YHQWLVFD DXQTXH OD FDEDOJDWD KXELHVH SDVDGR FDVL
UR]iQGRQRV(QFXDQWRDODVLJLORVDPDUFKDGH%LOERKDFLDODOX]URMDFUHRTXHQR
KXELHUDSHUWXUEDGRQLHOELJRWHGHXQDFRPDGUHMDGHPRGRTXHOOHJyGLUHFWDPHQWH
DOIXHJR²SXHVHUDXQIXHJR² VLQDODUPDUDQDGLH<HVWRIXHORTXHYLR
+DEtDWUHVFULDWXUDVPX\JUDQGHVVHQWDGDVDOUHGHGRUGHXQDKRJXHUDGHWURQFRV
GHKD\D\HVWDEDQDVDQGRXQFDUQHURHVSHWDGRHQODUJRVDVDGRUHVGHPDGHUD\
FKXSiQGRVH OD VDOVD GH ORV GHGRV +DEtD XQ RORU GHOLFLRVR HQ HO DLUH 7DPELpQ
KDEtDXQEDUULOGHEXHQDEHELGDDPDQR\EHEtDQGHXQDVMDUUDV3HURHUDQWUROOV
7UROOV VLQ QLQJXQD GXGD $XQ %LOER D SHVDU GH VX YLGD UHWLUDGD SRGtD GDUVH
FXHQWDODVJUDQGHVFDUDVWRVFDVODHVWDWXUDHOSHUILOGHODVSLHUQDVSRUQRKDEODU
GHOOHQJXDMHTXHQRHUDSUHFLVDPHQWHHOTXHVHHVFXFKDHQXQVDOyQGHLQYLWDGRV
²&DUQHUURD\HUFDUQHUURKR\\PDOGLFLyQVLQRFDUQHUURPDxDQD²GLMRXQRGHORV
WUROOV
²1L XQD PDOD SL]FD GH FDUQH KXPDQD SUREDPRV GHVGH KDFH PXFKR PXFKR
WLHPSR ²GLMR RWUR WUROO² 3RU TXp GHPRQLRV *XLOOH QRV KDEUi WUDtGR DTXt \
DGHPiV OD EHELGD HVWi HVFDVHDQGR ²DxDGLy WRFDQGR HO FRGR GH*XLOOHTXHHQ
HVHPRPHQWREHEtDXQVRUER
*XLOOHVHDWUDJDQWy²£&LHUUDODERFD²GLMRWDQSURQWRFRPRSXGR²1RSXHGHV
HVSHUDU TXH OD JHQWH VH TXHGH SRU DTXt VyOR SDUD TXH W~ \ %HUWR VH OD ]DPSHQ
+DEpLV FRPLGR XQ SXHEOR \ PHGLR HQWUH ORV GRV GHVGH TXH EDMDPRV GH ODV
PRQWDxDV¢4XpPiVTXHUpLV"<HVRVWLHPSRVKDQSDVDGR<WHQGUtDVTXHKDEHU
GLFKR *UUDFLDV *XLOOH
SRU HVWH EXHQ ERFDGR GH FDUQHUUR JRUGR GHO YDOOH ²
$UUDQFyXQSHGD]RGHODSLHUQDGHOFRUGHURTXHHVWDEDDVDQGR\VHOLPSLyODERFD
FRQODPDQJD
(QHIHFWRPHWHPRTXHORVWUROOVVHFRPSRUWDQVLHPSUHDVtDXQDTXHOORVTXHVyOR
WLHQHQXQDFDEH]D/XHJRGHKDEHURtGRWRGRHVWR%LOERWHQGUtDTXHKDEHUKHFKR
DOJR VLQ GHPRUD 2 ELHQ KDEHU UHJUHVDGR HQ VLOHQFLR < DYLVDU D ORV GHPiV TXH
KDEtD WUHV WUROOV GH EXHQD WDOOD \ PDOKXPRUDGRV EDVWDQWH JUDQGHV FRPR SDUD
FRPHUVHXQHQDQRDVDGRRDXQXQSRQ\FRPRQRYHGDGRELHQWHQGUtDTXHKDEHU
KHFKR XQD EXHQD \ UiSLGD GHPRVWUDFLyQ GH PHURGHR QRFWXUQR 8Q VDTXHDGRU
OHJHQGDULR\UHDOPHQWHGHSULPHUDFODVHHQHVWDVLWXDFLyQKDEUtDPHWLGRPDQRD
ORVEROVLOORVGHORVWUROOVDOJRTXHFDVLVLHPSUH YDOHODSHQDVLFRQVLJXHVKDFHUOR
KDEUtD VDFDGR HO FDUQHUR GH ORV HVSHWRQHV KDEUtD DUUHEDWDGR OD FHUYH]D \ VH
KXELHUD LGR VLQ TXH QDGLH VH HQWHUDVH 2WURV PiV SUiFWLFRV SHUR FRQ PHQRV
RUJXOORSURIHVLRQDOTXL]iKDEUtDQFODYDGRXQDGDJDDFDGDXQRGHHOORVDQWHVGH
TXH VH GLHUDQ FXHQWD /XHJR pO \ ORV HQDQRV KXELHUDQ SRGLGR WHQHU XQD QRFKH
IHOL]
%LOER OR VDEtD +DEtD OHtGR GH PXFKDV EXHQDV FRVDV TXH QXQFD KDEtD YLVWR R
QXQFDKDEtDKHFKR(VWDEDPX\DVXVWDGR\GLVJXVWDGRWDPELpQKXELHUDTXHULGR
HQFRQWUDUVH D FLHQ PLOODV GH GLVWDQFLD \ VLQ HPEDUJR VLQ HPEDUJR QR SRGtD
YROYHU GLUHFWDPHQWH D GRQGH HVWDEDQ 7KRULQ \ &RPSDxtD FRQ ODV PDQRV YDFtDV
$VtTXHVHTXHGyWLWXEHDQGRHQODVVRPEUDV'HORVPXFKRVSURFHGLPLHQWRVGH
VDTXHR GH TXH KDEtD RtGR KXUJRQHDU HQ ORV EROVLOORV GH ORV WUROOV OH SDUHFLy HO
PHQRVGLItFLODVtTXHVHDUUDVWUyKDVWDXQiUEROMXVWRGHWUiVGH*XLOOH
%HUWR\7RPLEDQDKRUDKDFLDHOEDUULO*XLOOHHVWDEDHFKDQGRRWURWUDJR%LOERVH
DUPy GH FRUDMH H LQWURGXMR OD PDQLWD HQ HO HQRUPH EROVLOOR GH *XLOOH +DEtD XQ
VDTXLWR GHQWUR SDUD %LOER WDQ JUDQGH FRPR XQ ]XUUyQ £-D SHQVy
HQWXVLDVPiQGRVHFRQHOQXHYRWUDEDMRPLHQWUDVH[WUDtDODPDQRSRFRDSRFR£\
HVWRHVVyORXQSULQFLSLR
£)XH XQ SULQFLSLR /RV VDFRV GH ORV WUROOV VRQ HQJDxRVRV \ HVWH QR HUD XQD
H[FHSFLyQ²£(K¢TXLpQHUHVW~"²FKLOOyHOVDFRHQHOPRPHQWRHQTXHGHMDED
HOEROVLOOR\*XLOOHGLRXQDUiSLGDYXHOWD\WRPyD%LOERSRUHOFXHOORDQWHVGHTXH
HOKREELWSXGLHUDUHIXJLDUVHGHWUiVGHOiUERO
²£0DOGLFLyQ%HUWRPLUDORTXHKHFD]DGR
²¢4XpHV"²GLMHURQORVRWURVDFHUFiQGRVH
²£4XHXQUD\RPHSDUWDVLORVp¢7~TXpHUHV"
²%LOER %ROVyQ XQ VDTXH XQ KREELW ²GLMR HO SREUH %LOER WHPEODQGR GH SLHV D
FDEH]D \ SUHJXQWiQGRVH FyPR SRGUtD JULWDU FRPR XQD OHFKX]D DQWHV TXH OR
GHJROODVHQ
²¢8QVDTXHKREELW"²GLMHURQORVRWURVXQSRFRDODUPDGRV/RVWUROOVVRQFRUWRV
GHHQWHQGLPLHQWR\EDVWDQWHVXVSLFDFHVFRQFXDOTXLHUFRVDTXHOHVSDUH]FDXQD
QRYHGDG
²'HWRGRVPRGRV¢TXpWLHQHTXHKDFHUXQVDTXHKREELWHQPLVEROVLOORV"²GLMR
*XLOOH
²<¢SRGUHPRVFRFLQDUOR"²GLMR7RP
²6HSXHGHLQWHQWDU²SURSXVR%HUWREODQGLHQGRXQDVDGRU
²1RDOFDQ]DUtDPiVTXHSDUDXQERFDGR²GLMR*XLOOHTXHKDEtDFHQDGRELHQ²
XQDYH]TXHOHVDTXHPRVODSLHO\ORVKXHVRV
²4XL]iKD\DRWURVFRPRpO DOUHGHGRU\SRGDPRVKDFHUXQSDVWHO²GLMR%HUWR²
(KW~¢KD\RWURVODGURQ]XHORVSRUHVWRVERVTXHVSHTXHxRFRQHMRDVTXHURVR"²
GLMR PLUDQGR ODV H[WUHPLGDGHV SHOXGDV GHO KREELW \ WRPiQGROR SRU ORV GHGRV GH
ORVSLHVOROHYDQWy\VDFXGLy
²6t PXFKRV ²GLMR %LOER DQWHV GH GDUVH FXHQWD GH TXH WUDLFLRQDED D VXV
FRPSDxHURV²1RQDGLHQLXQR²GLMRLQPHGLDWDPHQWHGHVSXpV
²¢4Xp TXLHUHV GHFLU" ²SUHJXQWy %HUWR OHYDQWiQGROR HQ YLOR HVWD YH] SRU HO
SHOR
²/R TXH GLJR ²UHVSRQGLy %LOER MDGHDQGR² < SRU IDYRU £QR PH FRFLQHQ
DPDEOHV VHxRUHV <R PLVPR FRFLQR ELHQ \ VR\ PHMRU FRFLQHUR TXH FRFLQDGR VL
HQWLHQGHQORTXHTXLHURGHFLU/HVSUHSDUDUpXQKHUPRVRGHVD\XQRXQGHVD\XQR
SHUIHFWRVLQRPHFRPHQHQODFHQD
²3REUHFLWREULEyQ²GLMR*XLOOH+DEtDFRPLGR\DKDVWDKDUWDUVH\WDPELpQKDEtD
EHELGRPXFKDFHUYH]D²3REUHFLWREULEyQ£'HMDGORLU
²1RKDVWDTXHGLJDTXpTXLVRGHFLUFRQPXFKRV\QLQJXQR²UHSOLFy%HUWR²QR
TXLHURTXHPHUHEDQHQHOFXHOORPLHQWUDVGXHUPR
²£3RQHGOHORVSLHVDOIXHJRKDVWDTXHKDEOH
²1ROR KDUp²GLMR*XLOOH²DOILQ\DOFDER\RORKHDWUDSDGR
²(UHVXQJRUGRHVW~SLGR*XLOOH²GLMR%HUWR²\DWHORGLMHDQWHVSRUODWDUGH
²<W~XQSDWiQ
²<\RQRORSHUPLWLUp*XLOOH(VWUXMyQH]²GLMR%HUWR\GHVFDUJyHOSXxRFRQWUDHO
RMRGH*XLOOH
/D SHOHD TXH VLJXLy IXH HVSOpQGLGD %LOER QR SHUGLy GHO WRGR HO MXLFLR \ FXDQGR
%HUWR OR GHMy FDHU JDWHy DSDUWiQGRVH DQWHV TXH ORV WUROOV HVWXYLHVHQ SHOHDQGR
FRPRSHUURV\OODPiQGRVHDJUDQGHVYRFHVFRQGLVWLQWRVDSHODWLYRVYHUGDGHURV\
SHUIHFWDPHQWHDGHFXDGRV3URQWRHVWXYLHURQHQUHGDGRVHQXQDEUD]RIHUR]FDVL
URGDQGR KDVWD HO IXHJR GiQGRVH SXQWDSLpV \ DSRUUHiQGRVH PLHQWUDV 7RP ORV
JROSHDED FRQ XQD UDPD SDUD TXH UHFREUDUDQ HO MXLFLR \ SRU VXSXHVWR
HQIXUHFLpQGRORVWRGDYtDPiV
%LOERKXELHUDSRGLGRHVFDSDUHQHVHPLVPRLQVWDQWH3HURODVJUDQGHVJDUUDVGH
%HUWR OH KDEtDQ HVWUXMDGR ORV GHVGLFKDGRV SLHV KDEtD SHUGLGR HO DOLHQWR \ OD
FDEH]DOHGDEDYXHOWDVDVtTXHDOOtVHTXHGyUHVROODQGRMXVWRIXHUDGHOFtUFXORGH
OX]
'H SURQWR HQ SOHQD SHOHD DSDUHFLy %DOLQ /RV HQDQRV KDEtDQ RtGR UXLGRV D OR
OHMRV \ OXHJR GH HVSHUDU XQ UDWR D TXH %LOER YROYLHUD R TXH JULWDUD FRPR XQD
OHFKX]D HPSH]DURQ D DUUDVWUDUVH KDFLD OD OX] WUDWDQGR GH QR KDFHU UXLGR 7DQ
SURQWRFRPR7RPYLRDSDUHFHUD%DOLQDODOX]GLRXQKRUULEOHDXOOLGR2FXUUHTXH
ORV WUROOV QR VRSRUWDQ OD YLVWD GH XQ HQDQR FUXGR %HUWR \ *XLOOH GHMDURQ HQ
VHJXLGDGHSHOHDU\²8QVDFRUiSLGR7RP²GLMHURQ
$QWHV GH TXH %DOLQ TXLHQ VH SUHJXQWDED GyQGH HVWDED %LOER HQ DTXHOOD
FRQPRFLyQVHGLHUDFXHQWD GHORTXHRFXUUtDOHKDEtDQHFKDGRXQVDFRVREUHOD
FDEH]D\ORKDEtDQGHUULEDGR
²$~QYHQGUiQPiVRPHHTXLYRFREDVWDQWH0XFKRV\QLQJXQRHVRHV²GLMR²
1RPiVVDTXHKREELWVSHURPXFKRVHQDQRV£(VRHVORTXHTXHUtDGHFLU
²3LHQVRTXHWLHQHVUD]yQ²GLMR%HUWR²\FRQYHQGUtDTXHVDOLpVHPRVGHODOX]
<DVtKLFLHURQ7HQLHQGRHQODPDQRXQRVVDFRVTXHXVDEDQSDUDOOHYDUFDUQHURV\
RWUDVSUHVDVHVSHUDURQHQODVVRPEUDV&XDQGRDSDUHFtDDOJ~QHQDQR\PLUDED
VRUSUHQGLGR HO IXHJR ODV MDUUDV GHVERUGDGDV \ HO FDUQHUR URtGR £SRS XQ VDFR
PDOROLHQWHOHFDtDVREUHODFDEH]D\HOHQDQRURGDEDSRUHOVXHOR3URQWR'ZDOLQ
\DFtDDOODGRGH%DOLQ\)tOL\.LOLMXQWRV\'RUL\1RUL\2ULHQXQPRQWyQ\ÏLQ
*OyLQ%LIXU%RIXU\%RPEXULQFyPRGDPHQWHDSLODGRVFHUFDGHOIXHJR
²(VR OHV HQVHxDUi ²GLMR 7RP \D TXH %LIXU \ %RPEXU KDEtDQ FDXVDGR PXFKRV
SUREOHPDV \ KDEtDQ SHOHDGR FRPR ORFRV WDO FRPR KDFHQ ORV HQDQRV FXDQGR VH
YHQDFRUUDODGRV
7KRULQOOHJy~OWLPR\QRORWRPDURQGHVSUHYHQLGR/OHJyHVSHUDQGRHQFRQWUDUDOJR
PDOR\QRQHFHVLWyYHUODVSLHUQDVGHVXVDPLJRVVREUHVDOLHQGRGHORVVDFRVSDUD
GDUVHFXHQWDGHTXHODVFRVDVQRLEDQGHOWRGRELHQ6HTXHGyIXHUDDOJRDSDUWH
HQODVVRPEUDV\GLMR²¢4XpHVWRGRHVWHMDOHR"¢4XLpQHVWiDSRUUHDQGRDPL
JHQWH"
²6RQ WUROOV ²UHVSRQGLy %LOER GHVGH DWUiV GHO iUERO /R KDEtDQ ROYLGDGR SRU
FRPSOHWR²(VWiQHVFRQGLGRVHQWUHORVDUEXVWRVFRQVDFRV
²2K ¢VRQ WUROOV" ²GLMR 7KRULQ \ VDOWy KDFLD HO IXHJR FXDQGR ORV WUROOV VH
SUHFLSLWDEDQ VREUH pO $O]y XQD UDPD JUXHVD TXH DUGtD HQ XQ H[WUHPR \ %HUWR OD
WXYR HQ XQ RMR DQWHV GH TXH SXGLHUD HVTXLYDUOD (VR OR SXVR IXHUD GH FRPEDWH
GXUDQWHXQUDWR%LOERKL]RWRGRORTXHSXGR6HDIHUUyGHDOJ~QPRGRDXQDSLHUQD
GH7RP²HUDJUXHVDFRPRHOWURQFRGHXQiUEROMRYHQ²SHURORHQYLDURQGDQGR
YXHOWDVKDVWDODFRSDGHXQRVDUEXVWRVPLHQWUDV7RPSDWHDEDODVFKLVSDVKDFLD
ODFDUDGH7KRULQ/DUDPDJROSHyORVGLHQWHVGH7RPTXHSHUGLyXQLQFLVLYR(VWR
ORKL]RDXOODURVORDVHJXUR3HURMXVWRHQHVHPRPHQWR*XLOOHDSDUHFLyGHWUiV\
OH HFKyD7KRULQXQVDFRDODFDEH]D\VHOREDMyKDVWDORVSLHV<DVtDFDEyOD
OXFKD 8Q ERQLWR HVFDEHFKH HUDQ WRGRV HOORV DKRUD SULPRURVDPHQWH DWDGRV HQ
VDFRV FRQ WUHV WUROOV HQIDGDGRV GRV FRQ TXHPDGXUDV \ JROSHV TXH UHFRUGDU
VHQWDGRVFHUFDGLVFXWLHQGRVLORVDVDUtDQDIXHJROHQWRVLORVSLFDUtDQILQR\OXHJR
ORVFRFHUtDQRELHQVLVHVHQWDUtDQVREUHHOORVKDFLpQGRORVSDSLOOD\%LOERHQOR
DOWRGHXQDUEXVWRFRQODSLHO\ODVYHVWLGXUDVUDVJDGDVQRDWUHYLpQGRVHDLQWHQWDU
XQPRYLPLHQWRSRUPLHGRGHTXHORR\HUDQ
)XH HQWRQFHV FXDQGR YROYLy *DQGDOI SHUR QDGLH OR YLR /RV WUROOV DFDEDEDQ GH
GHFLGLUTXHPHWHUtDQDORVHQDQRVHQHODVDGRU\VHORVFRPHUtDQPiVWDUGHKDEtD
VLGRLGHDGH%HUWR\WUDVXQDODUJDGLVFXVLyQWRGRVHVWXYLHURQGHDFXHUGR
²1RHVEXHQDLGHDDVDUORVDKRUDQRVOOHYDUtDWRGDODQRFKH²GLMRXQDYR]%HUWR
FUH\yTXHHUDODYR]GH*XLOOH
²1R HPSHFHPRV GH QXHYR OD GLVFXVLyQ *XLOOH ²GLMR HO RWUR² R Vt TXH QRV
OOHYDUtDWRGDODQRFKH
²¢4XLpQ HVWi GLVFXWLHQGR" ²GLMR *XLOOH FUH\HQGR TXH KDEtD VLGR %HUWR HO TXH
KDEtDKDEODGR
²£7~²GLMR%HUWR
²(UHV XQ PHQWLURVR ²GLMR *XLOOH \ DVt HPSH]y RWUD YH] OD GLVFXVLyQ 3RU ILQ
GHFLGLHURQSLFDUORV\FRFHUORVDVtTXHWUDMHURQXQDJUDQFDFHURODQHJUD\VDFDURQ
ORVFXFKLOORV
²£1R HVWi ELHQ FRFHUORV 1R WHQHPRV DJXD \ KD\ WRGR XQ EXHQ WUHFKR KDVWD HO
SR]R²GLMRXQDYR]%HUWR\*XLOOHFUH\HURQTXHHUDODGH7RP
²£&DOOD R QXQFD DFDEDUHPRV < W~ PLVPR WUDHUiV pO DJXD VL GLFHV XQD SDODEUD
PiV
²£&iOODWHW~²GLMR7RPTXLpQFUH\yTXHHUDODYR]GH*XLOOH²¢4XLpQGLVFXWH
VLQRW~"
²(UHVERELWR²GLMR*XLOOH
²£%RELWRW~²UHVSRQGLy7RP
< DVt FRPHQ]y RWUD YH] WRGD OD GLVFXVLyQ \ FRQWLQXy PiV HQFRQDGD TXH QXQFD
KDVWD TXH SRU ILQ GHFLGLHURQ VHQWDUVH VREUH ORV VDFRV XQR D XQR DSODVWDUORV \
FRFHUORVPiVWDUGH
²¢6REUHFXiOQRVVHQWDUHPRVSULPHUR"²GLMRODYR]
²0HMRU VHQWDUQRV SULPHUR VREUH HO ~OWLPR WLSR ²GLMR %HUWR FX\R RMR KDEtD VLGR
ODVWLPDGRSRU7KRULQFUH\HQGRTXHHUD7RPHOTXHKDEODED
²1R KDEOHV VROR ²GLMR 7RP² SHUR VL TXLHUHV VHQWDUWH VREUH HO ~OWLPR KD]OR
¢&XiOHV"
²(OGHODVPHGLDVDPDULOODV²GLMR%HUWR
²7RQWHUtDVHOGHODVPHGLDVJULVHV²GLMRXQDYR]TXHSDUHFtDODGH*XLOOH
²0HDVHJXUpGHTXHHUDQDPDULOODV²GLMR%HUWR
²$PDULOODVHUDQ²FRUURERUy*XLOOH
²(QWRQFHV¢SRUTXpGLMLVWHTXHHUDQPHGLDVJULVHV"²SUHJXQWy%HUWR
²1XQFDGLMHHVR)XH7RP
²<RQRORGLMH)XLVWHW~²GLMR7RP
²$SXHVWRGRVFRQWUDXQR£DVtTXHFLHUUDODERFDO²GLMR%HUWR
²¢$TXLpQOHHVWiVKDEODQGR"²SUHJXQWy*XLOOH
²£%DVWD \D ²GLMHURQ 7RP \ %HUWR DO PLVPR WLHPSR²£ /D QRFKH DYDQ]D \
DPDQHFHWHPSUDQR£6LJDPRV
²£4XpHODPDQHFHUFDLJDVREUHWRGRV\TXHVHDSLHGUDSDUDYRVRWURV²GLMRXQD
YR]TXHVRQyFRPRODGH*XLOOH3HURQRORHUD(QHVHSUHFLVRLQVWDQWHODDXURUD
DSDUHFLyVREUHODFROLQD\KXERXQ EXOOLFLRVRJRUMHRHQODHQUDPDGD*XLOOH\DQR
GLMRQDGDPiVSXHVVHFRQYLUWLyHQSLHGUDPLHQWUDVVHHQFRUYDED\%HUWR\7RP
VHTXHGDURQLQPyYLOHVFRPRURFDVFXDQGRORPLUDURQ<DOOtHVWiQKDVWDQXHVWURV
GtDV VRORV D PHQRV TXH ORV SiMDURV VHSRVHQVREUHHOORVSXHVORVWUROOVFRPR
VHJXUDPHQWH VDEpLV WLHQHQ TXH HVWDU EDMR WLHUUD DQWHV GHO DOED R YXHOYHQ D OD
PDWHULDPRQWDxRVDGHODTXHHVWiQKHFKRV\QXQFDPiVVHPXHYHQ(VWRIXHOR
TXHOHVRFXUULyD%HUWR7RP\*XLOOH
²£([FHOHQWH ²GLMR *DQGDOI PLHQWUDV DSDUHFtD GHVGH DWUiV GH XQ iUERO \
D\XGDED D %LOER D GHVFHQGHU GH XQ DUEXVWR HVSLQRVR (QWRQFHV %LOER HQWHQGLy
+DEtDVLGRODYR]GHOEUXMRODTXHKDEtDWHQLGRDORVRJURVGLVFXWLHQGR\SHOHDQGR
SRUQDGHUtDVKDVWDTXHODOX]DVRPy\DFDEyFRQHOORV
/RVLJXLHQWHIXHGHVDWDUORVVDFRV\OLEHUDUDORVHQDQRV(VWDEDQFDVLDVIL[LDGRV\
PX\IDVWLGLDGRVQROHVKDEtDGLYHUWLGRQDGDHVWDUDOOtWHQGLGRVR\HQGRDORVRJURV
TXH KDFtDQ SODQHV SDUD DVDUORV SLFDUORV \ FRFHUORV 7XYLHURQ TXH HVFXFKDUPiV
GH GRV YHFHV HO UHODWR GH OR TXH OH KDEtD RFXUULGR D %LOER DQWHV GH TXHGDU
VDWLVIHFKRV
²£7LHPSR WRQWR SDUD DQGDU SUDFWLFDQGR HO DUWH GH ELUODU \ GHVYDOLMDU EROVLOORV ²
GLMR%RPEXU²7RGRORTXHTXHUtDPRVHUDFRPLGD\OXPEUH
²<HVRHVMXVWDPHQWHORTXHQRKXELHUDLVFRQVHJXLGRGHHVDJHQWHVLQOXFKDHQ
FXDOTXLHU FDVR ²GLMR *DQGDOI² 'H WRGRV PRGRV DKRUD HVWiLV SHUGLHQGR HO
WLHPSR¢1RRVGDLVFXHQWDGHTXHORVWUROOVKDQGHWHQHUDOJXQDFXHYDRDJXMHUR
H[FDYDGRDTXtFHUFDSDUDHVFRQGHUVHGHOVRO"7HQHPRVTXH LQYHVWLJDUOR
%XVFDURQDOUHGHGRU\SURQWRHQFRQWUDURQODVPDUFDVGHODVERWDVGHSLHGUDHQWUH
ORViUEROHV6LJXLHURQODVKXHOODVFROLQDDUULEDKDVWDTXHGHVFXEULHURQXQDSXHUWD
GHSLHGUDHVFRQGLGDGHWUiVGHXQRVDUEXVWRV\TXHOOHYDEDDXQDFDYHUQD3HUR
QR SXGLHURQ DEULUOD QL DXQ FXDQGR WRGRV HPSXMDURQ PLHQWUDV *DQGDOI SUREDED
YDULRVHQFDQWDPLHQWRV
²¢6HUi HVWR GH DOJXQD XWLOLGDG" ²SUHJXQWy %LOER FXDQGR \D VH HVWDEDQ
FDQVDQGR \ HQIDGDQGR² /R HQFRQWUp HQ HO VXHOR GRQGH ORV WUROOV WXYLHURQ OD
GLVFXVLyQ ²< H[WUDMR XQD OODYH EDVWDQWH JUDQGH DXQTXH *XLOOH OD KXELHVH
FRQVLGHUDGRSHTXHxD\VHFUHWD3RUIRUWXQDVHOHKDEtDFDtGRGHOEROVLOORDQWHVGH
TXHGDUFRQYHUWLGRHSLHGUD
²3HUR ¢SRU TXp QR OR GLMLVWH DQWHV" ²OH JULWDURQ *DQGDOI DUUHEDWy OD OODYH \ OD
LQWURGXMRHQODFHUUDGXUD
(QWRQFHV OD SXHUWD VH DEULy KDFLD DWUiV FRQ XQ VROR HQ SHOOyQ \ WRGRV HQWUDURQ
+DEtD KXHVRV HVSDUFLGRV SRU HO VXHOR \ XQ RORU QDXVHDEXQGR HQ HO DLUH SHUR
KDEtDWDPELpQXQDEXHQDFDQWLGDGGHFRPLGDPH]FODGDDOGHVFXLGRHQHVWDQWHV\
VREUH HO VXHOR HQWUH XQ F~PXOR GH FRVDV WLUDGDV HQ GHVRUGHQ SURGXFWR GH
PXFKRV ERWLQHV GHVGH ERWRQHV GH HVWDxR D ROODV FROPDGDV GH PRQHGDV GH RUR
DSLODGDVHQXQULQFyQ+DEtDWDPELpQPRQWRQHVGHYHVWLGRVTXHFROJDEDQGHODV
SDUHGHV ²GHPDVLDGR SHTXHxRV SDUD ORV WUROOV PH WHPR TXH SHUWHQHFtDQ D ODV
YtFWLPDV²\HQWUHHOORVPXFKDVHVSDGDVGHGLYHUVDIDFWXUDIRUPD\WDPDxR'RV
OHV OODPDURQ SDUWLFXODUPHQWH OD DWHQFLyQ SRU ODV KHUPRVDV YDLQDV \ ODV
HPSXxDGXUDV HQMR\DGDV *DQGDOI \ 7KRULQ WRPDURQ XQD FDGD XQR \ %LOER XQ
FXFKLOOR FRQ YDLQD GH FXHUR 3DUD XQ WUROO QR KXELHUD VLGR PiV TXH XQ SHTXHxR
FRUWDSOXPDVSHURDOKREELWOHVHUYtDFRPRHVSDGDFRUWD
²/DV KRMDV SDUHFHQ EXHQDV ²GLMR HO PDJR GHVHQYDLQDQGR XQD D PHGLDV \
REVHUYiQGROD FRQ FXULRVLGDG ²1R KDQ VLGR IRUMDGDV SRU QLQJ~Q WUROO QL KHUUHUR
KXPDQRGHHVWRVOXJDUHV\GtDVSHURFXDQGRSRGDPRVOHHODVUXQDVTXHKD\HQ
HOODVVDEUHPRVPiV
²6DOJDPRVGHHVWHKHGRUKRUULEOH²GLMR)tOL<DVtVDFDURQODVROODVGHPRQHGDV
\WRGRVORVDOLPHQWRVTXHSDUHFtDQOLPSLRV\DGHFXDGRVSDUDFRPHUDVtFRPRXQ
EDUULO GH FHUYH]D GHO SDtV WRGDYtD OOHQR 6LQWLHURQ JDQDV GH GHVD\XQDU \
KDPEULHQWRV FRPR HVWDEDQ QR KLFLHURQ DVFRV D OR TXH KDEtDQ VDFDGR GH ODV
GHVSHQVDV GH ORV WUROOV 'H ODV SURYLVLRQHV TXH KDEtDQ WUDtGR TXHGDED \D SRFR
SHURDKRUDWHQtDQSDQTXHVRJUDQFDQWLGDGGHFHUYH]D\SDQFHWDSDUDDVDUDODV
EUDVDV
/XHJR VH GXUPLHURQ SXHV OD QRFKH QR KDEtD VLGR WUDQTXLOD \ QR KLFLHURQ QDGD
KDVWD OD WDUGH (QWRQFHV WUDMHURQ ORV SRQH\V \ VH OOHYDURQ ODV ROODV GHO RUR \ ODV
HQWHUUDURQFRQPXFKRVHFUHWRQROHMRVGHOVHQGHURTXHERUGHDHOUtRHFKiQGROHV
QXPHURVRV HQFDQWDPLHQWRV SRU Vt DOJXQD YH] WHQtDQ RSRUWXQLGDG GH UHJUHVDU \
UHFREUDUODV (Q VHJXLGD YROYLHURQ D PRQWDU \ WURWDURQ RWUD YH] SRU HO FDPLQR
KDFLDHO (VWH
²¢'yQGH KDV LGR VL SXHGR SUHJXQWiUWHOR" ²GLMR 7KRULQ D *DQGDOI PLHQWUDV
FDEDOJDEDQ
²$PLUDUDGHODQWH²UHVSRQGLy*DQGDOI
²¢<TXpWHKL]RYROYHUHQHOPRPHQWRSUHFLVR"
²0LUDUKDFLDDWUiV
²'HDFXHUGRSHUR¢QRSRGUtDVVHUPiVH[SOtFLWR"
²0H DGHODQWp D H[SORUDU HO FDPLQR 3URQWR VH KDUi SHOLJURVR \ GLItFLO 'HVHDED
WDPELpQ DFUHFHQWDU QXHVWUDV SHTXHxDV UHVHUYDV GH DOLPHQWRV 6LQ HPEDUJR QR
KDEtDLGRPX\OHMRVFXDQGRPHHQFRQWUpFRQXQSDUGHDPLJRVGH5LYHQGHO
²¢'yQGHTXHGDHVR"²SUHJXQWy%LOER
²1RLQWHUUXPSDV²GLMR*DQGDOI²/OHJDUiVDOOtHQSRFRVGtDVVLWHQHPRVVXHUWH
\ORVDEUiVWRGR&RPRHVWDEDGLFLHQGRHQFRQWUpGRVGHORVKRPEUHVGH(OURQG
+XtDQDVXVWDGRVGHORVWUROOV3RUHOORVVXSHTXHWUHVWUROOVKDEtDQEDMDGRGHODV
PRQWDxDV \ VH KDEtDQ DVHQWDGR HQ HO ERVTXH QR OHMRV GHO FDPLQR +DEtDQ
HVSDQWDGRDFRGDODJHQWHGHOGLVWULWR\WHQGtDQFHODGDVDORVH[WUDxRV(QVHJXLGD
WXYHHOSUHVHQWLPLHQWRGHTXH\RKDFtDIDOWD0LUDQGRDWUiVYLIXHJRDOROHMRV\PH
YLQH$VtTXH\DORVDEHVDKRUD 3RUIDYRUWHQPiVFXLGDGRODSUy[LPDYH]£RQR
OOHJDUHPRVDQLQJXQDSDUWH
²£*UDFLDV²GLMR7KRULQ
81%5(9('(6&$162
1R FDQWDURQ QL FRQWDURQ KLVWRULDV DTXHO GtD DXQTXH HO WLHPSR PHMRUy QL DO GtD
VLJXLHQWH QL DO RWUR +DEtDQ HPSH]DGR D VHQWLU TXH HO SHOLJUR HVWDED EDVWDQWH
FHUFD \ D DPERV ODGRV $FDPSDURQ EDMR ODV HVWUHOODV \ ORV FDEDOORV FRPLHURQ
PHMRUTXHHOORVPLVPRVSXHVODKLHUEDDEXQGDEDSHURQRTXHGDEDPXFKRHQORV
]XUURQHV DXQ FRQWDQGR FRQ OR TXH KDEtDQ VDFDGR D ORV WUROOV 8QD PDxDQD
YDGHDURQ XQ UtR SRU XQ OXJDU DQFKR \ SRFR SURIXQGR UHVRQDQWH GH SLHGUDV \
HVSXPD /D RULOOD RSXHVWD HUD HVFDUSDGD \ UHVEDODGL]D &XDQGR OOHJDURQ D OD
FUHVWDJXLDQGRORVSRQH\VYLHURQTXHODVJUDQGHVPRQWDxDVGHVFHQGtDQ\DPX\
FHUFDKDFLDHOORV3DUHFtDQDO]DUVHDVyORXQGtDGHFyPRGRYLDMHGHVGHODIDOGD
PiVFHUFDQD7HQtDQXQDVSHFWRWHQHEURVR\OyEUHJRDXQTXHKDEtDPDQFKDVGH
VROHQODVODGHUDVRVFXUDV\PiVDOOiFHQWHOOHDEDQODVFXPEUHVQHYDGDV
²¢(V DTXHOOD OD 0RQWDxD" ²SUHJXQWy %LOER FRQ YR] VROHPQH PLUiQGROD FRQ
DVRPEUR1XQFDKDEtDYLVWRDQWHVDOJRTXHSDUHFLHVHWDQHQRUPH
²£'HVGHOXHJRTXHQR²GLMR%DOLQ²(VWRHVVyORHOSULQFLSLRGHODV0RQWDxDV
1XEODGDVWHQHPRVTXHFUX]DUODVGHDOJ~QPRGRSRUHQFLPDRSRUGHEDMRDQWHV
GHTXHSRGDPRVLQWHUQDUQRVHQODV7LHUUDVÈVSHUDVGHPiVDOOi<D~QTXHGDXQ
ODUJR FDPLQR GHVGH HO RWUR ODGR KDVWD OD 0RQWDxD 6ROLWDULD GH 2ULHQWH HQ OD TXH
6PDXJ\DFHWHQGLGRVREUHHOWHVRUR
²£2K ²GLMR %LOER \ HQ DTXHO PLVPR LQVWDQWH VH VLQWLy FDQVDGR FRPR QXQFD
KDVWD HQWRQFHV $xRUDED XQD YH] PiV OD VLOOD FRQIRUWDEOH GHODQWH GHO IXHJR \ OD
VDOLWDSUHIHULGDHQHODJXMHUR²KREELW\HOFDQWRGHODPDUPLWD£1RSRU~OWLPDYH]
*DQGDOIHQFDEH]DEDDKRUDODPDUFKD²1RQRVVDOJDPRVGHOFDPLQRR\DQDGD
SRGUi VDOYDUQRV ²GLMR² 1HFHVLWDPRV FRPLGD HQ SULPHU OXJDU \ GHVFDQVR FRQ
XQDVHJXULGDGUD]RQDEOHDGHPiVHVPX\LPSRUWDQWHLQWHUQDUVHHQODV0RQWDQDV
1XEODGDVSRUHOVHQGHURDSURSLDGRRGHORFRQWUDULRRVSHUGHUpLV\WHQGUpLVTXH
YROYHU\HPSH]DUGH² QXHYRSRUHOSULQFLSLRVLOOHJiLVDYROYHU
/H SUHJXQWDURQ KDFLD GyQGH HVWDED FRQGXFLpQGRORV \ pO UHVSRQGLy ²+DEpLV
OOHJDGRDORVOtPLWHVPLVPRVGHODVWLHUUDVVDOYDMHVFRPRDOJXQRVVDEpLVVLQGXGD
2FXOWR HQ DOJ~Q OXJDU GHODQWH GH QRVRWURV HVWi HO KHUPRVR YDOOH GH 5LYHQGHO
GRQGHYLYH(OURQGHQOD8OWLPD0RUDGD/HHQYLpXQPHQVDMHSRUPLVDPLJRV\QRV
HVWiHVSHUDQGR
$TXHOOR VRQDED DJUDGDEOH \ UHFRQIRUWDQWH SHUR QR KDEtDQ OOHJDGR D~Q \ QR HUD
WDQ IiFLO FRPR SDUHFtD HQFRQWUDU OD 8OWLPD 0RUDGD DO RHVWH GH ODV 0RQWDxDV 1R
KDEtDiUEROHVYDOOHVRFROLQDVTXHTXHEUDVHQHOWHUUHQRGHODQWHGHHOORVODYDVWD
SHQGLHQWH DVFHQGtD SRFR D SRFR KDVWD HO SLH GH OD PRQWDxD PiV SUy[LPD XQD
DQFKD WLHUUD GHVFRORULGD GH EUH]R \ SLHGUD URWD FRQ PDQFKDV GH ODWLJD]RV GH
YHUGHGHKLHUEDV\YHUGHGHPXVJRVTXHVHxDODEDQGyQGHSRGtDKDEHUDJXD
3DVyODPDxDQDOOHJyODWDUGHSHURQRKDEtDVHxDOHVGHTXHDOJXLHQKDELWDUDHQ
HVH \HUPR VLOHQFLRVR /D LQTXLHWXG GH WRGRV LED HQ DXPHQWR SXHV YHtDQ DKRUD
TXHODFDVDSRGtDHVWDURFXOWDFDVLHQFXDOTXLHUOXJDUHQWUHHOORV\ODVPRQWDxDV
6H HQFRQWUDEDQ GH SURQWR FRQ YDOOHV LQHVSHUDGRV HVWUHFKRV GH SDUHGHV
HVFDUSDGDV TXH VH DEUtDQ GH V~ELWR \ HOORV PLUDEDQ KDFLD DEDMR \ VH
VRUSUHQGtDQ SXHV KDEtD iUEROHV \ XQD FRUULHQWH GH DJXD HQ HO IRQGR $OJXQRV
GHVILODGHURVFDVLKXELHUDQSRGLGRFUX]DUORVGHXQVDOWRSHURHUDQHQFDPELRPX\
SURIXQGRV \ HO DJXD FRUUtD SRU HOORV HQ FDVFDGDV +DEtD JDUJDQWDV RVFXUDV TXH
QRSRGtDQFUX]DUVHVLQWUHSDU
+DEtD FLpQDJDV DOJXQDV HUDQ OXJDUHV YHUGHV GH DVSHFWR DJUDGDEOH GRQGH
FUHFtDQIORUHVDOWDV\OXPLQRVDVSHURXQSRQH\TXHFDPLQDVHSRUDOOtOOHYDQGRXQD
FDUJDQXQFDYROYHUtDDVDOLU
3RUFLHUWRHUDXQDWLHUUDTXHVHH[WHQGtDGHVGHHOYDGRDODVPRQWDxDVGHXQD
YDVWHGDGTXHQXQFDKXELHVHLVOOHJDGRDLPDJLQDU%LOERHVWDEDDVRPEUDGR8QDV
SLHGUDV EODQFDV DOJXQDV SHTXHxDV \ RWUDV PHGLR FXELHUWDV GH PXVJR R EUH]R
VHxDODEDQ HO ~QLFR VHQGHUR (Q YHUGDG HUD XQD WDUHD PX\ OHQWD OD GH VHJXLU HO
UDVWURDXQJXLDGRVSRU*DQGDOITXHSDUHFtDFRQRFHUEDVWDQWHELHQHOFDPLQR
/DFDEH]D\ODEDUEDGH*DQGDOIVHPRYtDQGHDTXtSDUDDOOiFXDQGREXVFDEDODV
SLHGUDV \ HOORV OR VHJXtDQ SHUR FXDQGR HO GtD HPSH]y D GHFOLQDU QR SDUHFtDQ
KDEHUVH DFHUFDGR PXFKR DO WpUPLQR GH OD EXVFD /D KRUD GHO Wp KDEtD SDVDGR
KDFLDWLHPSR\SDUHFtDTXHOD GHODFHQDSURQWRLUtDSRUHOPLVPRFDPLQR+DEtD
PDULSRVDV QRFWXUQDV TXH UHYRORWHDEDQ DOUHGHGRU \ OD OX] HUD DKRUD PX\ GpELO
SXHVD~QQRKDEtDVDOLGRODOXQD(OSRQH\GH%LOERFRPHQ]yDWURSH]DUHQUDtFHV
\SLHGUDV/OHJDURQWDQGHUHSHQWHDOERUGHPLVPRGHXQGHFOLYHDEUXSWRTXHHO
FDEDOORGH*DQGDOIFDVLUHVEDOySHQGLHQWHDEDMR
²£$TXt HVWi SRU ILQ ²DQXQFLy HO PDJR \ ORV RWURV VH DJUXSDURQ HQ WRUQR \
PLUDURQSRUHQFLPDGHOERUGH9LHURQXQYDOOHDOOiDEDMR
3RGtDQRtUHOPXUPXOORGHODJXDTXHVHDSUHVXUDEDHQHOIRQGRVREUHXQOHFKRGH
SLHGUDV HQ HO DLUH KDEtD XQ DURPD GH iUEROHV \ HQ OD YHUWLHQWH GHO RWUR ODGR
EULOODED XQD OX] %LOER QXQFD ROYLGy FyPR URGDURQ \ UHVEDODURQ HQ HO FUHS~VFXOR
EDMDQGRSRUHOVHQGHURHPSLQDGR\]LJ]DJXHDQWHKDVWDHQWUDUHQHOYDOOHVHFUHWR
GH 5LYHQGHO (O DLUH HUD PiV FiOLGR D PHGLGD TXH GHVFHQGtDQ \ HO RORU GH ORV
SLQRV DPRGRUUDED D %LOER TXLHQ GH YH] HQ FXDQGR FDEHFHDED \ FDVL VH FDtD R
GDED FRQ OD QDUL] HQ HO SHVFXH]R GHO SRQH\ 7RGRV SDUHFtDQ FDGD YH] PiV
DQLPDGRVPLHQWUDVEDMDEDQ
/DV KD\DV \ UREOHV VXVWLWX\HURQ D ORV SLQRV \ HO FUHS~VFXOR HUD FRPR XQD
DWPyVIHUDGHVHUHQLGDG\ELHQHVWDU(O~OWLPRYHUGHFDVLKDEtDGHVDSDUHFLGRGHOD
KLHUED FXDQGR OOHJDURQ DO ILQ D XQ FODUR GHVSHMDGR QR PX\ SRU HQFLPD GH ODV
ULEHUDVGHODUUR\R
£+XPPP£+XHOHFRPRDHOIRVSHQVy%LOER\OHYDQWyORVRMRVKDFLDODVHVWUHOODV
$UGtDQEULOODQWHV\D]XOHV-XVWRHQWRQFHVXQDFDQFLyQEURWyGHSURQWRFRPRXQD
ULVDHQWUHORViUEROHV
£2K¢4XpKDFpLV
\DGDQGHYDLV"
£+D\TXHKHUUDUHVRVSRQH\V
£(OULRFRUUH
£2K£7UD²OD²OD²ODOOH
DTXtDEDMRHQHOYDOOH
£2K¢4XpEXVFiLV
\DGyQGHYDLV"
£/RVOHxRVKXPHDQ
ODVWDUWDVVHGRUDQ
£2K£7UDO²OHO²OHO²OHOOH
HOYDOOHHVDOHJUH"£-D£-D
£2K¢+DFtDGyQGHYDLV
PHQHDQGRODVEDUEDV"
1RQRQRVDEHPRV
TXHWUDHD%ROVyQ
\D%DOtQ\'ZDOLQ
DEDMRKDFLDHOYDOOH
HQMXQLR£-D-D
£2K¢$TXtRVTXHGDUHLV
RHQVHJXLGDRVLUpLV"
£6HH[WUDYtDQORVSRQH\V
£/DOX]GHOGtDPXHUH
6HUtDPDORLUVH
PXFKRPHMRUTXHGDUVH
\HVFXFKDU\DWHQGHU
KDVWDHOILQGHODQRFKH
QXHVWURFDQWR-D£-D
'H HVWD PDQHUD UHtDQ \ FDQWDEDQ HQWUH ORV iUEROHV \ YD\D GHVDWLQR SHQVDUpLV
YRVRWURVVXSRQJR3HURQROHVLPSRUWDUtDQDGDVLVHORGLMHVHLVVHUHLUtDQWRGDYtD
PiV (UDQ HOIRV GHVGH OXHJR 3URQWR %LOER HPSH]yDGLVWLQJXLUORVDPHGLGDTXH
DXPHQWDED OD RVFXULGDG /H JXVWDEDQ ORV HOIRV DXQTXH UDUD YH] WURSH]DED FRQ
HOORVSHURDOPLVPRWLHPSRORDVXVWDEDQXQSRFR/RVHQDQRVQRVHOOHYDEDQELHQ
FRQ DTXHOODV FULDWXUDV $XQ HQDQRV EDVWDQWH VLPSiWLFRV FRPR 7KRULQ \ VXV
DPLJRV SHQVDEDQ TXH ORV HOIRV HUDQ WRQWRV XQ SHQVDPLHQWR PX\ WRQWR SRU
FLHUWR R VH HQIDGDEDQ FRQ HOORV 3XHV DOJXQRV HOIRV OHV WRPDEDQ HO SHOR \ VH
UHtDQGHORVHQDQRV\VREUHWRGRGHVXVEDUEDV
²£%XHQREXHQR²GLMRXQDYR]² £0LUHQTXpFRVD£%LOERHOKREELWHQXQSRQH\
FtHORV¢1RHVGHOLFLRVR"
²£0DUDYLOODGHPDUDYLOODV
(QVHJXLGDVHSXVLHURQDFRUHDURWUDFDQFLyQWDQULGtFXODFRPRODTXHKHFRSLDGR
HQWHUD $O ILQ XQR XQ MRYHQ DOWR VDOLy GH ORV iUEROHV \ VH LQFOLQy DQWH *DQGDOI \
7KRULQ
²£%LHQYHQLGRVDOYDOOH²GLMR
²£*UDFLDV ²GLMR 7KRULQ FRQ DOJXQD EUXVTXHGDG SHUR *DQGDOI KDEtD EDMDGR \D
GHOFDEDOOR\FKDUODEDDOHJUHHQWUHORVHOIRV
²7HKDVGHVYLDGRXQSRFRGHOFDPLQR²GLMRHOHOIR²(VGHFLUVLTXLHUHVLUSRUHO
~QLFRVHQGHURTXHFUX]DHOUtRKDFLDODFDVDGHPiVDOOi1RVRWURVWHJXLDUHPRV
SHURVHUtDPHMRUTXHIXHVHLVDSLHKDVWDSDVDUDOSXHQWH¢7HTXHGDUiVXQUDWR\
FDQWDUiV FRQ QRVRWURV R WH PDUFKDUiV HQ VHJXLGD" $OOi VH HVWi SUHSDUDQGR OD
FHQD²GLMR²3XHGRROHUHOIXHJRGHOHxDGHODFRFLQD
&DQVDGRFRPRHVWDEDD%LOEROHKXELHVHJXVWDGRTXHGDUVHXQUDWR(OFDQWRGH
ORV HOIRV QR HV SDUD SHUGpUVHOR HQ MXQLR EDMR ODV HVWUHOODV VL WH LQWHUHVDQ HVDV
FRVDV 7DPELpQ OH KXELHVH JXVWDGR WHQHU XQDV SRFDV SDODEUDV DSDUWH FRQ HVWDV
JHQWHVTXHSDUHFtDQVDEHUFyPRVHOODPDED\WRGRDFHUFDGHpODXQTXHQXQFD
ORVKXELHVHYLVWR3HQVDEDTXHODRSLQLyQGHORVHOIRVVREUHODDYHQWXUDSRGUtDVHU
LQWHUHVDQWH/RVHOIRVVDEHQPXFKR\HVDVRPEURVRFyPRHVWiQHQWHUDGRVGHOR
TXH RFXUUH HQWUH ODV JHQWHV GH OD WLHUUD SXHV ODV QRWLFLDV FRUUHQ HQWUH HOORV WDQ
UiSLGDVFRPRHODJXDGHXQUtRRWDOYH]PiV
3HURORVHQDQRVHVWDEDQWRGRVGHDFXHUGRHQFHQDUFXDQWRDQWHV\QRTXHGDUVH
PXFKRWLHPSR6LJXLHURQDGHODQWHJXLDQGRDORVSRQH\VKDVWDTXHOOHJDURQDXQD
EXHQDVHQGD\DVtSRUILQDOERUGHGHOPLVPRUtR&RUUtDUiSLGR\UXLGRVRFRPRXQ
DUUR\R GH OD PRQWDxD HQ XQ DWDUGHFHU GH YHUDQR FXDQGR HO VRO KD HVWDGR
LOXPLQDQGRWRGRHOGtDODQLHYHGHODVFXPEUHV6yORKDEtDXQSXHQWHHVWUHFKRGH
SLHGUD VLQ SDUDSHWR WDQ HVWUHFKR TXH DSHQDV VL FDEtD XQ SRQH\ \ WXYLHURQ TXH
FUX]DUOR GHVSDFLR \ FRQ FXLGDGR HQ ILOD OOHYDQGR FDGD XQR XQ SRQH\ SRU ODV
ULHQGDV /RV HOIRV KDEtDQ WUDtGR IDUROHV EULOODQWHV D OD RULOOD \ FDQWDURQ XQD
DQLPDGDFDQFLyQPLHQWUDVHOJUXSRLEDSDVDQGR
²£1R PRMHV WX EDUED FRQ OD HVSXPD SDGUH ²OH JULWDURQ D 7KRULQ TXH GH WDQ
HQFRUYDGRLEDFDVLDJDWDV²<DHVEDVWDQWHODUJDVLQQHFHVLGDGGHTXHODPRMHV
²£&XLGDGR FRQ %LOER QR VH YD\D D FRPHU WRGRV ORV EL]FRFKRV ²GLMHURQ²
£7RGDYtDHVWiGHPDVLDGRJRUGRSDUDFRODUVHSRUHODJXMHURGHODFHUUDGXUD
²£6LOHQFLR VLOHQFLR %XHQD *HQWH £< EXHQDV QRFKHV ²GLMR *DQGDOI TXH KDEtD
OOHJDGR ~OWLPR² /RV YDOOHV WLHQHQ RtGRV \ DOJXQRV HOIRV WLHQHQ OHQJXDV
GHPDVLDGRVXHOWDV £%XHQDVQRFKHV
<DVtOOHJDURQSRUILQDOD8OWLPD0RUDGD\HQFRQWUDURQODVSXHUWDVDELHUWDVGHSDU
HQSDU
$KRUDELHQSDUHFHH[WUDxRSHURODVFRVDVTXHHVEXHQRWHQHU\ORVGtDVTXHVH
SDVDQGHXQPRGRDJUDGDEOHVHFXHQWDQPX\SURQWR\QRVHOHVSUHVWD GHPDVLDGD
DWHQFLyQ HQ FDPELR ODV FRVDV TXH VRQ LQFyPRGDV HVWUHPHFHGRUDV \ DXQ
KRUULEOHV SXHGHQ KDFHU XQ EXHQ UHODWR \ DGHPiV OOHYD WLHPSR FRQWDUODV 6H
TXHGDURQPXFKRVGtDVHQDTXHOODFDVDDJUDGDEOHFDWRUFHDOPHQRV\OHVFRVWy
LUVH %LOER VH KXELHVH TXHGDGR DOOt FRQ JXVWR SDUD VLHPSUH LQFOXVR VXSRQLHQGR
TXHXQGHVHRKXELHUDSRGLGRWUDQVSRUWDUORVLQSUREOHPDVGLUHFWDPHQWHGHYXHOWD
DODJXMHUR²KREELW1RREVWDQWHDOJRKD\TXHFRQWDUVREUHHVWDHVWDQFLD
(O GXHxR GH FDVD HUD DPLJR GH ORV HOIRV XQD GH HVDV JHQWHV FX\RV SDGUHV
DSDUHFHQ HQ FXHQWRV H[WUDxRV DQWHULRUHV DO SULQFLSLR GH OD KLVWRULD PLVPD ODV
JXHUUDVGHORVWUDVJRVPDOYDGRV\ORVHOIRV\ORVSULPHURVKRPEUHVGHO1RUWH(Q
ORVGtDVGHQXHVWURUHODWRKDEtDD~QDOJXQDVJHQWHVTXHGHVFHQGtDQGHORVHOIRV\
ORVKpURHVGHO1RUWH\(OURQGHOGXHxRGHFDVDHUDHOMHIHGHWRGRVHOORV
(UD WDQ QREOH \ GH IDFFLRQHV WDQ KHUPRVDV FRPR XQ VHxRU GH ORV HOIRV IXHUWH
FRPRXQJXHUUHURVDELRFRPRXQPDJRYHQHUDEOHFRPRXQUH\GHORVHQDQRV\
EHQpYRORFRPRHOHVWtR$SDUHFHHQPXFKRVUHODWRVSHURODSDUWHTXHGHVHPSHxD
HQODKLVWRULDGHODDYHQWXUDGH%LOERHVSHTXHxDDXQTXHLPSRUWDQWHFRPRYHUpLV
VLDOJXQDYH]OOHJDPRVDDFDEDUOD/DFDVDHUDSHUIHFWDWDQWRSDUDFRPHURGRUPLU
FRPRSDUDWUDEDMDURFRQWDUKLVWRULDVRFDQWDURVLPSOHPHQWHVHQWDUVH\SHQVDU
PHMRU R XQD DJUDGDEOH PH]FOD GH WRGR HVWR /D SHUYHUVLGDG QR WHQtD FDELGD HQ
DTXHOYDOOH
'HVHDUtDWHQHUWLHPSRSDUDFRQWDURVVyORXQDVSRFDVGHODVKLVWRULDVRXQDRGRV
GH ODV FDQFLRQHV TXH VH R\HURQ HQWRQFHV HQ DTXHOOD FDVD 7RGRV ORV YLDMHURV
LQFOX\HQGR ORV SRQH\V VH VLQWLHURQ UHIUHVFDGRV \ IRUWDOHFLGRV OXHJR GHSDVDUDOOt
XQRV SRFRV GtDV /HV FRPSXVLHURQ ORV YHVWLGRVWDQWRFRPRODVPDJXOODGXUDVHO
KXPRU \ ODV HVSHUDQ]DV /HV OOHQDURQ ODV DOIRUMDV FRQ FRPLGD \ SURYLVLRQHV GH
SRFR SHVR SHUR IRUWLILFDQWHV EXHQDV SDUD FUX]DU ORV GHVILODGHURV /HV
DFRQVHMDURQELHQ\FRUULJLHURQORVSODQHVGHODH[SHGLFLyQ$VtOOHJyHOVROVWLFLRGH
YHUDQR\VHGLVSXVLHURQDSDUWLURWUDYH]FRQORVSULPHURVUD\RVGHOVROHVWLYDO
(OURQGORVDEtDWRGRVREUHUXQDVGHFXDOTXLHUWLSR$TXHOGtDREVHUYyODVHVSDGDV
TXHKDEtDQWRPDGRHQODJXDULGDGHORVWUROOV\FRPHQWy²(VWRQRHVREUDGHORV
WUROOV 6RQ HVSDGDV DQWLJXDV PX\ DQWLJXDV GH ORV $OWRV (OIRV GHO 2HVWH PLV
SDULHQWHV(VWiQKHFKDVHQ*RQGROLQSDUDODVJXHUUDVGHORVWUDVJRV7LHQHQTXH
KDEHUVLGRSDUWHGHOWHVRURHVFRQGLGRGHXQGUDJyQRGHXQERWtQGHORVWUDVJRV
SXHV ORV GUDJRQHV \ ORV WUDVJRV GHVWUX\HURQHVDFLXGDGKDFHPXFKRVVLJORV(Q
HVWD7KRULQODVUXQDVGLFHQ2UFULVWOD+LHQGH7UDVJRVHQODDQFHVWUDOOHQJXDGH
*RQGROLQIXHXQDKRMDIDPRVD(VWD*DQGDOIIXH*ODPGULQOD0DUWLOOD(QHPLJRV
TXHXQDYH]OOHYyHOUH\GH*RQGROLQ£*XDUGDGODVELHQ
²¢'H GyQGH ODV KDEUiQ VDFDGR ORV WUROOV PH SUHJXQWR" ²PXUPXUy 7KRULQ
PLUDQGRVXHVSDGDFRQUHQRYDGRLQWHUpV
²1R VDEUtD GHFLUOR ²GLMR (OURQG² SHUR SXHGH VXSRQHUVH TXH YXHVWURV WUROOV
KDEUiQVDTXHDGRRWURVERWLQHVRKDEUiQGHVFXELHUWRORVUHVWRVGHYLHMRVURERVHQ
DOJXQDFXHYDGHODVPRQWDxDV+HRtGRTXHKD\TXL]iWRGDYtDWHVRURVLJQRWRVHQ
ODVFDYHUQDVGHVLHUWDVGHODVPLQDVGH0RULDGHVGHODJXHUUDGHORVHQDQRV\ORV
WUDVJRV
7KRULQ PHGLWy HVWDV SDODEUDV ²/OHYDUp HVWD HVSDGD FRQ KRQRU ²GLMR² £2MDOi
SURQWRKLHQGDWUDVJRVRWUDYH]
²£8Q GHVHR TXH TXL]i VH FXPSOD PX\ SURQWR HQ ORV PRQWHV ²GLMR (OURQG²
£3HURPRVWUDGPHDKRUDYXHVWURPDSD
/RWRPy\ORPLUyODUJRUDWR\PHQHyODFDEH]DSXHVVLQRDSUREDEDGHOWRGRD
ORV HQDQRV \ HO DPRU TXH OH WHQtDQ DO RUR RGLDED D ORV GUDJRQHV \ OD FUXHO
SHUYHUVLGDGGHHVWDVEHVWLDV\VHDIOLJLyDOUHFRUGDUODUXLQDGHODFLXGDGGH9DOOH
\ DTXHOODV FDPSDQDV DOHJUHV \ ODV ULEHUDV LQFHQGLDGDV GHO FHQWHOOHDQWH 5tR
5iSLGR/DOXQDUHVSODQGHFtDHQXQDPSOLRFXDUWRFUHFLHQWHGHSODWD(OURQGDO]y
HOPDSD\ ODOX]EODQFDORDWUDYHVy²¢4XpHVHVWR"²GLMR²+D\OHWUDVOXQDUHV
DTXtMXQWRDODVUXQDV\TXHGLFHQFLQFRSLHVGHDOWXUD\WUHVSDVDQFRQKROJXUD
²¢4XpVRQODVOHWUDVOXQDUHV"²SUHJXQWyHOKREELWPX\H[FLWDGR/HHQFDQWDEDQ
ORV PDSDV FRPR \D RV KH GLFKR DQWHV \ WDPELpQ OH JXVWDEDQ ODV UXQDV \ ODV
OHWUDV\ODVHVFULWXUDVLQJHQLRVDVDXQTXHpOHVFULEtDFRQOHWUDVGHOJDGDV\FRPR
SDWDVGHDUDxD
²/DVOHWUDVOXQDUHVVRQOHWUDVU~QLFDVSHURTXHQRVHSXHGHQYHU²GLMR(OURQG²
QRDOPHQRVGLUHFWDPHQWH6yORVHODVYHFXDQGRODOXQDEULOODSRUGHWUiV\HQORV
HMHPSORVPiVLQJHQLRVRVODIDVHGHODOXQD\ODHVWDFLyQWLHQHQTXHVHUODVPLVPDV
TXHHQHOGtDHQTXHIXHURQHVFULWDV/RVHQDQRVODVLQYHQWDURQ\ODVHVFULEtDQFRQ
SOXPDVGHSODWDFRPRWXVDPLJRVWHSXHGHQFRQWDU(VWDVWLHQHQTXHKDEHUVLGR
HVFULWDV HQ XQD QRFKH GHO VROVWLFLR GH YHUDQR FRQ OXQD FUHFLHQWH KDFH \D ODUJR
WLHPSR
²¢4Xp HV OR TXH GLFHQ" ²SUHJXQWDURQ *DQGDOI \ 7KRULQ D OD YH] XQ SRFR
IDVWLGLDGRVTXL]iGHTXH(OURQGODVKXELHVH GHVFXELHUWRSULPHURDXQTXHHVFLHUWR
TXHKDVWDHQWRQFHVQRKDEtDQWHQLGRODRSRUWXQLGDG\QRYROYHUtDQDWHQHUODTXLpQ
VDEHSRUFXiQWRWLHPSR
²(VWDG FHUFD GH OD SLHGUD JULV FXDQGR OODPH HO ]RU]DO ²OH\y (OURQG² \ HO VRO
SRQLHQWH EULOODUi VREUH HO RMR GH OD FHUUDGXUD FRQ ODV ~OWLPDV OXFHV GHO 'tD GH
'XULQ
²£'XULQ'XULQ²H[FODPy7KRULQ²(UDHOSDGUHGHORVSDGUHVGHODPiVDQWLJXD
UD]DGH(QDQRVORV%DUELOXHQJRV\PLSULPHUDQWHSDVDGR\RVR\HOKHUHGHURGH
'XULQ
²3HUR¢FXiQGRHVHO'tDGH'XULQ"²SUHJXQWy(OURQG
²(OSULPHUGtDGHO$xR1XHYRGHORVHQDQRV²GLMR7KRULQ²&RPRWRGRVVDEpLV
VLQ GXGD HO SULPHU GtD GH OD ~OWLPD OXQD RWRxDO HQ ORV XPEUDOHV GHO LQYLHUQR
7RGDYtD OODPDPRV 'tD GH 'XULQ D DTXHO HQ TXH HO VRO \ OD ~OWLPD OXQD GH RWRxR
HVWiQMXQWRVHQHOFLHOR3HURPHWHPRTXHHVWRQRD\XGDUiSXHVQDGLHVDEHKR\
FXiQGRHVWHWLHPSRVHSUHVHQWDUiRWUDYH]
²(VRHVWiSRUYHUVH²GLMR*DQGDOI² ¢+D\DOJRPiVHVFULWR"
²1DGDTXHVHUHYHOHFRQHVWDOXQD²GLMR(OURQG\OHGHYROYLyHOPDSDD7KRULQ\
OXHJREDMDURQDODJXDSDUDYHUDORVHOIRVTXHEDLODEDQ\FDQWDEDQHQODQRFKHGHO
VROVWLFLR
/D PDxDQD VLJXLHQWH OD PDxDQD GHO VROVWLFLR IXH WDQ KHUPRVD \ IUHVFD FRPR
KXELHUDSRGLGRVRxDUVHXQFLHORD]XOVLQQXEHV\HOVROTXHEULOODEDHQHODJXD
3DUWLHURQ HQWRQFHV HQWUH FDQWRV GH GHVSHGLGD \ EXHQ YLDMH FRQ ORV FRUD]RQHV
GLVSXHVWRVDQXHYDVDYHQWXUDV\VDELHQGRSRUGyQGHWHQtDQTXHLUSDUDFUX]DUODV
0RQWDxDV1XEODGDVKDFLDODWLHUUDGHPiVDOOi
62%5(/$&2/,1$<%$-2/$&2/,1$
+DEtD PXFKDV VHQGDV TXH VXEtDQ LQWHUQiQGRVH HQ DTXHOODV PRQWDxDV \ VREUH
HOODV PXFKRV GHVILODGHURV 3HUR OD PD\RUtD GH HVWDV VHQGDV HUDQ HQJDxRVDV \
GHFHSFLRQDQWHV R QR OOHYDEDQ D QLQJ~Q ODGR R DFDEDEDQ PDO \ OD PD\RUtD GH
HVWRV GHVILODGHURV HVWDED LQIHVWDGD GH FULDWXUDV PDOYDGDV \ GH SHOLJURV
KRUURURVRV/RVHQDQRV\HOKREELWD\XGDGRVSRUHOVDELRFRQVHMRGH(OURQG\ORV
FRQRFLPLHQWRV \ OD PHPRULD GH *DQGDOI WRPDURQ HO FDPLQR TXH OOHJDED DO
GHVILODGHURDSURSLDGR
0XFKRVGtDVGHVSXpVGHKDEHUUHPRQWDGRHOYDOOH\GHGHMDUPLOODVDWUiVOD8OWLPD
0RUDGD WRGDYtD VHJXtDQ VXELHQGR \ VXELHQGR (UD XQD VHQGD HVFDEURVD \
SHOLJURVDXQFDPLQRWRUWXRVRGHVLHUWR\ODUJR$OILQSXGLHURQYROYHUVHDPLUDUODV
WLHUUDV TXH KDEtDQ GHMDGR DOOi DEDMR HQ OD GLVWDQFLD /HMRV PX\ OHMRV HQ HO
SRQLHQWHGRQGHODVFRVDVHUDQD]XOHV\WHQXHV%LOERVDEtDTXHHVWDEDVXSURSLR
SDtVFRQFDVDVVHJXUDV\FyPRGDV\HOSHTXHxRDJXMHUR²KREELW6HHVWUHPHFLy
(PSH]DEDDVHQWLUVHXQIUtRFRUWDQWHDOOtDUULED\HOYLHQWRVLOEDEDHQWUHODV URFDV
7DPELpQ D YHFHV XQRV FDQWRV URGDGRV EDMDEDQ D VDOWRV SRU ODV ODGHUDV GH OD
PRQWDxD²ORVKDEtDVROWDGRHOVROGHPHGLRGtDVREUHODQLHYH² \SDVDEDQHQWUH
HOORV OR TXH HUD DIRUWXQDGR R VREUH VXV FDEH]DV OR TXH HUD DODUPDQWH /DV
QRFKHVVHVXFHGtDQLQFyPRGDV\PX\IUtDV\QRVHDWUHYtDQDFDQWDUQLDKDEODU
GHPDVLDGRDOWRSXHVORVHFRVHUDQH[WUDxRV\SDUHFtDTXHDOVLOHQFLROHPROHVWDED
TXHORTXHEUDVHQH[FHSWRFRQHOUXLGRGHODJXDHOTXHMLGRGHOYLHQWR\HOFUXMLGR
GHODSLHGUD
(OYHUDQR HVWiOOHJDQGRDOOiDEDMRSHQVy%LOER<\DHPSLH]DQODVLHJDGHOKHQR
\ODVPHULHQGDV$HVWHSDVRHVWDUiQUHFROHFWDQGR\UHFRJLHQGRPRUDVDXQDQWHV
GH TXH HPSHFHPRV D EDMDU GHO RWUR ODGR < ORV GH PiV WHQtDQ WDPELpQ
SHQVDPLHQWRV O~JXEUHV GH HVWH WLSR DXQTXH FXDQGR VH KDEtDQ GHVSHGLGR GH
(OURQGDOHQWDGRVSRUODPDxDQDGHYHUDQRKDEtDQKDEODGRDOHJUHPHQWHGHOFUXFH
GHODVPRQWDQDV\GHFDEDOJDUDOJDORSHSRUODVWLHUUDVTXHVHH[WHQGtDQPiVDOOi
+DEtDQSHQVDGROOHJDUDODSXHUWDVHFUHWDGHOD0RQWDQD6ROLWDULDWDOYH]HQHVD
PLVPDSULPHUDOXQDGHRWRxR²<TXL]iVHDHO'tDGH'XULQ²KDEtDQGLFKR6yOR
*DQGDOI KDEtD PHQHDGR HQ VLOHQFLR OD FDEH]D 1LQJ~Q HQDQR KDEtD DWUDYHVDGR
HVHSDVRGHVGHKDFtDPXFKRVDxRVSHUR*DQGDOIVt\FRQRFtDHOPDO\HOSHOLJUR
TXH KDEtDQ FUHFLGR \ DXPHQWDGR HQ ODV WLHUUDV VDOYDMHV GHVGH TXH ORV GUDJRQHV
KDEtDQH[SXOVDGRGHDOOtDORVKRPEUHV\GHVGHTXHORVWUDVJRVKDEtDQRFXSDGR
ODUHJLyQHQVHFUHWRGHVSXpVGHODEDWDOODGHODV0LQDVGH0RULD$XQORVEXHQRV
SODQHV GH PDJRV VDELRV FRPR *DQGDOI \ Gp EXHQRV DPLJRV FRPR (OURQG VH
ROYLGDQ D YHFHV FXDQGR XQR HVWi OHMRV HQ SHOLJURVDV DYHQWXUDV DO ERUGH GHO
<HUPR\*DQGDOIHUDXQPDJREDVWDQWHVDELRFRPRSDUDWHQHUORHQFXHQWD
6DEtD TXH DOJR LQHVSHUDGR SRGtD RFXUULU \ DSHQDV VH DWUHYtD D GHVHDU TXH QR
WXYLHUDQDOJXQDDYHQWXUDKRUULEOHHQDTXHOODVJUDQGHV\DOWDVPRQWDxDVGHSLFRV\
YDOOHVVROLWDULRVGRQGHQRJREHUQDEDQLQJ~QUH\1DGDRFXUULy7RGRPDUFKyELHQ
KDVWD TXH XQ GtD VH HQFRQWUDURQ FRQ XQD WRUPHQWD Gp WUXHQRV PiV TXH XQD
WRUPHQWD HUD XQD EDWDOOD GH WUXHQRV 6DEpLV TXH WHUULEOH SXHGH OOHJDU D VHU XQD
YHUGDGHUD WRUPHQWD GH WUXHQRV DOOi DEDMR HQ HO YDOOH GHO UtR VREUH WRGR FXDQGR
GRV JUDQGHV WRUPHQWDV VH HQFXHQWUDQ \ VH EDWHQ 0iV WHUULEOHV WRGDYtD VRQ ORV
WUXHQRV \ ORV UHOiPSDJRV HQ ODV PRQWDxDV SRU OD QRFKH FXDQGR ODV WRUPHQWDV
YLHQHQGHOHVWH\GHORHVWH\OXFKDQHQWUHHOODV(OUHOiPSDJRVHKDFHWUL]DVVREUH
ORVSLFRV\ODVURFDVWLHPEODQ\XQRVHQRUPHVHVWUXHQGRVSDUWHQHODLUH\HQWUDQ
URGDQGRDORVWXPERVHQWRGDVODVFXHYDV\DJXMHURV\XQUXLGRDEUXPDGRU\XQD
FODULGDGV~ELWDLQYDGHQODRVFXULGDG
%LOER QXQFD KDEtD YLVWR R LPDJLQDGR QDGD VHPHMDQWH (VWDEDQ PX\ DUULED HQ XQ
OXJDU HVWUHFKR \ D XQ ODGR XQ SUHFLSLFLR HVSDQWRVR FDtD VREUH XQ YDOOH VRPEUtR
$OOt SDVDURQ OD QRFKH DO DEULJR GH XQD URFD %LOER WHQGLGR EDMR XQD PDQWD \
WHPEODQGRGHSLHVDFDEH]D&XDQGRPLUyIXHUDYLRDODOX]GHORVUHOiPSDJRVORV
JLJDQWHV GH SLHGUD DEDMR HQ HO YDOOH KDEtDQ VDOLGR \ DKRUD MXJDEDQ WLUiQGRVH
SLHGUDVXQRVDRWURVODVUH²FRJtDQ\ODVDUURMDEDQHQODRVFXULGDG\DOOiDEDMR
VHURPStDQRGHVPHQX]DEDQHQWUHORViUEROHV/XHJROOHJDURQHOYLHQWR\ODOOXYLD
\HOYLHQWRD]RWDEDODOOXYLD\HOJUDQL]RHQWRGDVGLUHFFLRQHVSRUORTXHHOUHIXJLR
GHODURFDQRORVSURWHJtD PXFKR$OUDWRHVWDEDQHPSDSDGRVKDVWDORVKXHVRV\
ORV SRQH\V VH HQFRJtDQ EDMDEDQ OD FDEH]D \ PHWtDQ OD FROD HQWUH ODV SDWDV \
DOJXQRV UH OLQFKDEDQGHPLHGR/DVULVRWDGDV\ORVJULWRVGHORVJLJDQWHVSRGtDQ
RtUVHSRUHQFLPDGHWRGDVODVODGHUDV
²£(VWRQRLUiELHQ²GLMR7KRULQ²6LQRVDOLPRVGHVSHGLGRVRQRVDKRJDPRVR
QRVDOFDQ]DXQUD\RQRVDWUDSDUiDOJXQRGHHVRVJLJDQWHV\GHXQDSDWDGDQRV
PDQGDUiDOFLHORFRPRXQDSHORWDGHI~WERO
²%LHQ VL VDEHV GH XQ VLWLR PHMRU £OOpYDQRV DOOt ²GLMR *DQGDOI TXLHQ VH VHQWtD
PX\PDOKXPRUDGR\QRHVWDEDQDGDFRQWHQWRFRQORVJLJDQWHV
(OILQDOGHODGLVFXVLyQIXHHQYLDUD)tOL\.LOLHQEXVFDGHXQUHIXJLRPHMRU7HQtDQ
RMRV PX\ SHQHWUDQWHV \ VLHQGR ORV HQDQRV PiV MyYHQHV XQRV FLQFXHQWD DxRV
PHQRVTXHORVRWURVVHRFXSDEDQSRUORFRP~QGHHVWHWLSRGHWDUHDVFXDQGR
WRGRV FRPSUHQGtDQ TXH VHUtD LQ~WLO HQYLDU D %LOER 1R KD\ QDGD FRPR PLUDU VL
TXHUpLVHQFRQWUDUDOJRDOPHQRVHVRGHFtD7KRULQDORVHQDQRVMyYHQHV
&LHUWRTXHFDVLVLHPSUHVHHQFXHQWUDDOJRVLVHPLUDSHURQRVLHPSUHHVORTXH
XQREXVFD$VtRFXUULyHQHVWDRFDVLyQ
)tOL \ .LOL SURQWR HVWXYLHURQ GH YXHOWD DUUDVWUiQGRVH GREODGRV SRU HO YLHQWR
DIHUUiQGRVH D ODV URFDV ²+HPRV HQFRQWUDGR XQD FXHYD VHFD ²GLMHURQ²
GREODQGRHOSUy[LPRUHFRGRQRPX\OHMRVGHDTXt\FDEHQSRQH\V\WRGR
²¢/DKDEpLVH[SORUDGRDIRQGR"²GLMRHOPDJRTXHVDEtDTXHODVFXHYDVGHODV
PRQWDQDVUDUDVYHFHVHVWiQVLQRFXSDU
²£6tVt²GLMHURQ)tOL\.LOLDXQTXHWRGRVVDEtDQTXpQRSRGtDQKDEHUHVWDGRDOOt
PXFKR WLHPSR KDEtDQ UHJUHVDGR FDVL HQ VHJXLGD² 1R HV GHPDVLDGR JUDQGH \
WDPSRFRPX\SURIXQGD
1DWXUDOPHQWH HVWR HV OR SHOLJURVR GH ODV FXHYDV D YHFHV XQR QR VDEH OR
SURIXQGDVTXHVRQRDGyQGHSXHGHOOHYDUXQSDVDGL]RRORTXHWHHVSHUDGHQWUR
3HURHQDTXHOPRPHQWRODVQRWLFLDVGH)tOL\.LOLSDUHFLHURQEDVWDQWHEXHQDV$Vt
TXH WRGRV VH OHYDQWDURQ \ VH SUHSDUDURQ SDUD WUDVODGDUVH (O YLHQWR DXOODED \ HO
WUXHQR UHWXPEDED D~Q \ HUD GLItFLO PRYHUVH FRQ ORV SRQH\V 'HWRGRVPRGRVOD
FXHYD QR HVWDED PX\ OHMRV $O SRFR WLHPSR OOHJDURQ D XQD JUDQ URFD TXH
VREUHVDOtDHQODVHQGD'HWUiVHQODODGHUDGHODPRQWDxDVHDEUtDXQDUFREDMR
+DEtD HVSDFLR VXILFLHQWH SDUD TXH SDVDUDQ ORV SRQH\V DSUHWXMDGRV XQD YH] TXH
OHVTXLWDUDQODVVLOODV'HEDMRGHODUFRHUDDJUDGDEOHRtUHOYLHQWR\ODOOXYLDIXHUD\
QR FD\HQGR VREUH HOORV \ VHQWLUVH D VDOYR GH ORV JLJDQWHV \ VXV URFDV 3HUR HO
PDJRQRTXHUtDFRUUHUULHVJRV(QFHQGLyVXYDUD²FRPRDTXHOGtDHQHOFRPHGRU
GH%LOERTXHDKRUDSDUHFtDWDQOHMDQRVLORUHFRUGiLV² \ FRQODOX]H[SORUDURQOD
FXHYDGHH[WUHPRDH[WUHPR
3DUHFtD GH EXHQ WDPDxR SHUR QR HUD GHPDVLDGR JUDQGH QL PLVWHULRVD 7HQtD HO
VXHOR VHFR \ DOJXQRV ULQFRQHV FyPRGRV (Q XQR GH HOORV KDEtD OXJDU SDUD ORV
SRQH\V\DOOtSHUPDQHFLHURQODVEHVWLDVPX\FRQWHQWDVGHOFDPELRKXPHDQGR\
PDVFDQGR HQ ORV PRUUDOHV ÏLQ \ *OyLQ TXHUtDQ HQFHQGHU XQD KRJXHUD HQ OD
HQWUDGDSDUDVHFDUVHODURSDSHUR*DQGDOIQRTXLVRQLRtUOR$VtTXHWHQGLHURQODV
FRVDV K~PHGDV HQ HO VXHOR \ VDFDURQ RWUDVVHFDVOXHJRDKXHFDURQODVPDQWDV
VDFDURQ ODV SLSDV H KLFLHURQ DQLOORV GH KXPR TXH *DQGDOI YROYtD GH GLIHUHQWHV
FRORUHV \ KDFtD EDLODU HQ HO WHFKR SDUD HQWUHWHQHUORV &KDUODURQ \ FKDUODURQ \
ROYLGDURQODWRUPHQWD\GLVFXWLHURQORTXHFDGDXQRKDUtDFRQVXSDUWHGHOWHVRUR
FXDQGR OR WXYLHVHQ OR TXH GH PRPHQWR QR SDUHFtD WDQ LPSRVLEOH \ DVt IXHURQ
TXHGiQGRVH GRUPLGRV XQR WUDV RWUR < pVD IXH OD ~OWLPD YH] TXH XVDURQ ORV
SRQH\V ORV SDTXHWHV HTXLSDMHV KHUUDPLHQWDV \ WRGR OR TXH KDEtDQ WUDtGR FRQ
HOORV
1R REVWDQWH IXH XQD VXHUWH HVD QRFKH TXH KXELHVHQ WUDtGR DO SHTXHxR %LOER
3RUTXH SRU DOJXQDUD]yQ%LOERQRSXGRGRUPLUVHKDVWDPX\WDUGH\OXHJRWXYR
XQRVVXHxRVKRUULEOHV6RxyTXHXQDJULHWDHQODSDUHGGHOIRQGRGHODFXHYDVH
DJUDQGDED\VHDJUDQGDEDDEULpQGRVHPiV\PiV \pOHVWDEDPX\DVXVWDGRSHUR
QR SRGtD JULWDU QL KDFHU RWUD FRVD TXH VHJXLU DFRVWDGR PLUDQGR 'HVSXpV VRxy
TXHHOVXHORGHODFXHYDFHGtD\TXHVHGHVOL]DED\TXHpOHPSH]DEDDFDHUD
FDHUTXLpQVDEHDGyQGH
(QHVHPRPHQWRGHVSHUWyFRQXQKRUULEOHVREUHVDOWR\VHHQFRQWUyFRQTXHSDUWH
GHOVXHxRHUDYHUGDG8QDJULHWDVHKDEtDDELHUWRDOIRQGRGHODFXHYD\HUD\DXQ
SDVDGL]RDQFKR$SHQDVVLWXYRWLHPSRGHYHUOD~OWLPDGHODVFRODVGHORVSRQH\V
TXH GHVDSDUHFtD HQ OD VRPEUD 3RU VXSXHVWR ODQ]y XQ FKLOOLGR HVWULGHQWH WDQWR
FRPRSXHGHOOHJDUDVHUORXQFKLOOLGRGHKREELWEDVWDQWHDVRPEURVRVLWHQHPRVHQ
FXHQWDHOWDPDxRGHHVWDVFULDWXUDV
$IXHUD VDOWDURQ ORV WUDVJRV WUDVJRV JUDQGHV WUDVJRV HQRUPHV GH FDUD IHD
PRQWRQHVGHWUDVJRVDQWHVTXHQDGLHSXGLHUDGHFLUSHxDV\EUHxDV+DEtDSRU
ORPHQRVVHLVSDUDFDGDHQDQR\GRVPiVSDUD%LOER\ORVDSUHVDURQDWRGRV\
ORVOOHYDURQSRUODKHQGHGXUDDQWHVTXHQDGLHSXGLHUDGHFLUPDGHUD\KRJXHUD
3HURQRD*DQGDOI(VRIXHOREXHQRGHOJULWRGH%LOER/RKDEtDGHVSHUWDGRSRU
FRPSOHWR HQ XQD GpFLPD GH VHJXQGR \ FXDQGR ORV WUDVJRV LEDQ D SRQHUOH ODV
PDQRV HQFLPD KXER XQ GHVWHOOR WHUURUtILFR FRPR XQ UHOiPSDJR HQ OD FXHYD XQ
RORUFRPRGHSyOYRUD\YDULRVFD\HURQPXHUWRV
/DJULHWDVHFHUUyGHJROSH £\%LOER\ORVHQDQRVHVWDEDQHQHOODGRHTXLYRFDGR
¢'yQGH VH HQFRQWUDED *DQGDOI" 'H HVR QL HOORV QL ORV WUDVJRV WHQtDQ OD PHQRU
LGHD\ORVWUDVJRVQRHVSHUDURQDDYHULJXDUOR7RPDURQD%LOER\DORVHQDQRV\
ORVKLFLHURQDQGDUDWRGDSULVD(OVLWLRHUDSURIXQGRSURIXQGR\RVFXURWDQWRTXH
VyOR ORV WUDVJRV TXH KDEtDQ WHQLGR OD RFXUUHQFLD GH YLYLU HQ HO FRUD]yQ GH ODV
PRQWDxDV SRGtDQ GLVWLQJXLU DOJR /RV SDVDGL]RV VH FUX]DEDQ \ FRQIXQGtDQ HQ
WRGDVGLUHFFLRQHVSHURORVWUDVJRVFRQRFtDQHOFDPLQRWDQELHQFRPRYRVRWURVHO
GH OD RILFLQD GH FRUUHRV PiV SUy[LPD \ HO FDPLQR GHVFHQGtD \ GHVFHQGtD \ OD
DWPyVIHUDHUDFDGDYH]PiVHQUDUHFLGD\KRUURURVD/RVWUDVJRVHUDQPX\EUXWRV
SHOOL]FDEDQ VLQ FRPSDVLyQ \ UHtDQ HQWUH GLHQWHV R D FDUFDMDGDV FRQ YRFHV
KRUULEOHV\SpWUHDV\%LOERVHVHQWtDPiVGHVJUDFLDGRD~QTXHFXDQGRHOWUROOOR
KDEtDOHYDQWDGRWLUiQGROHGHORVGHGRVGHORVSLHV8QD\RWUDYH]VHHQFRQWUDED
DxRUDQGRHODJUDGDEOH\UHOXFLHQWHDJXMHURKREELW1RVHUtDpVWDODXOWLPDRFDVLyQ
'H SURQWR DSDUHFLy DQWH HOORV HO UHVSODQGRU GH XQD OX] URMD /RV WUDVJRV
HPSH]DURQ D FDQWDU D FURDU JROSHWHDQGR ORV SLHV SODQRV VREUH OD SLHGUD \
VDFXGLHQGRWDPELpQDORVSULVLRQHURV
£$]RWD£9ROWHD£/DQHJUDDEHUWXUD
£$WUDSDDUUHEDWD£3HOOL]FDDSDxXVFD
£%DMDQGREDMDQGRDOSXHEORGHWUDVJRV
YDVW~PXFKDFKR
£(PEXWHJROSHD£(VWUXMDUHYLHQWD
0DUWLOOR\WHQD]D£%DWLQWtQ\PD]D
£0DFKDFDPDFKDFDDORVVXEWHUUiQHRV
£MRMRPXFKDFKR
£/DFHUDDSDFKXUUD£&KDVTXHDORVOiWLJRV
£$~OOD\VROOR]D£6DFXGHDSRUUHD
£7UDEDMDWUDEDMD£$KXLUQRWHDWUHYDV
PLHQWUDVORVWUDVJRVEHEHQ\FDUFDMHDQ
£5RQGDQGRURGDQGRSRUHOVXEWHUUiQHR
£$EDMRPXFKDFKR
(O FDQWR HUD UHDOPHQWH WHUURUtILFR ODV SDUHGHV UHVRQDEDQ FRQ HO £D]RWD YROHD \
FRQHO£HVWUXMD UHYLHQWD\FRQODLQTXLHWDQWHFDUFDMDGDGHORV£MRMRPXFKDFKR(O
VLJQLILFDGRGHODFDQFLyQHUDGHPDVLDGRHYLGHQWHSXHVDKRUDORVWUDVJRVVDFDURQ
ORV OiWLJRV \ ORV D]RWDURQ FRQ JULWRV GH £ODFHUD DSDFKXUUD KDFLpQGRORV FRUUHU
GHODQWH WDQ UiSLGR FRPR OHV HUD SRVLEOH \ PiV GH XQR GH ORV HQDQRV HVWDED \D
GHVJDxLWiQGRVH FRQ DXOOLGRV LQFRPSDUDEOHV FXDQGR HQWUDURQ WRGRV D ORV
WURPSLFRQHVHQXQDHQRUPHFDYHUQD
(VWDEDLOXPLQDGDSRUXQDJUDQKRJXHUDURMDHQHOFHQWUR\SRUDQWRUFKDVDORODUJR
GH ODV SDUHGHV \ KDEtD DOOt PXFKRV WUDVJRV 7RGRV VH UHtDQ SDWHDEDQ \ EDWtDQ
SDOPDVFXDQGRORVHQDQRVFRQHOSREUHFLWR%LOERGHWUiV\PiVDODOFDQFHGHORV
OiWLJRV OOHJDURQ FRUULHQGR PLHQWUDV ORV WUDVJRV TXH ORV DUUHDEDQ GDEDQ JULWRV \
FKDVTXHDEDQORVOiWLJRVGHWUiV/RVSRQH\VHVWDEDQ\DDJUXSDGRVHQXQULQFyQ\
DOOt WLUDGRV HVWDEDQ WRGRV ORV VDFRV \ SDTXHWHV URWRV \ DELHUWRV UHYXHOWRV SRU
WUDVJRV\ROLGRVSRUWUDVJRV\PDQRVHDGRVSRUWUDVJRV\GLVSXWDGRVSRUWUDVJRV
0HWHPRTXHIXHORXOWLPRTXHYLHURQGHDTXHOORVH[FHOHQWHVSRQH\VLQFOX\HQGR
XQ PDJQtILFR HMHPSODU EODQFR SHTXHxR \ YLJRURVR TXH (OURQG KDEtD SUHVWDGR D
*DQGDOI \D TXH HO FDEDOOR QR HUD DSURSLDGR SDUD ORV VHQGHURV GH OD PRQWDxD
3RUTXHORVWUDVJRVFRPHQFDEDOORV\SRQH\V\EXUURV\RWUDV FRVDVPXFKRPiV
HVSDQWRVDV \ VLHPSUH WLHQHQ KDPEUH 6LQ HPEDUJR ORV SULVLRQHURV VyOR
SHQVDEDQ DKRUD HQ Vt PLVPRV /RV WUDVJRV OHV HQFDGHQDURQ ODV PDQRV D OD
HVSDOGD\ORVXQLHURQDWRGRVHQOtQHD\ORVDUUDVWUDURQKDVWDpOULQFyQPiVOHMDQR
GHODFDYHUQDFRQHOSHTXHxR%LOERUHPROFDGRDOH[WUHPRGHODKLOHUD
$OOi HQWUH ODV VRPEUDV VREUH XQD JUDQ SLHGUD OLVD HVWDED VHQWDGR XQ WUDVJR
WHUULEOHGHFDEH]DHQRUPH\XQRVWUDVJRVDUPDGRVSHUPDQHFtDQGHSLHDOUHGHGRU
EODQGLHQGR ODV KDFKDV \ ODV HVSDGDV FXUYDV TXH HOORV XVDQ $KRUD ELHQ ORV
WUDVJRV VRQ FUXHOHV PDOYDGRV \ GH PDO FRUD]yQ 1R KDFHQ QDGD ERQLWR SHUR Vt
PXFKDV FRVDV LQJHQLRVDV 3XHGHQ H[FDYDU W~QHOHV \ PLQDV WDQ ELHQ FRPR
FXDOTXLHU HQDQR QR GHPDVLDGR GLHVWUR FXDQGR VH WRPDQ OD PROHVWLD DXQTXH
FRP~QPHQWHVRQGHVDVHDGRV\VXFLRV0DUWLOORVKDFKDVHVSDGDVSXxDOHVSLFRV
\SLQ]DV\WDPELpQLQVWUXPHQWRVGHWRUWXUDORVKDFHQPX\ELHQRFRQVLJXHQTXH
RWUDJHQWHORVKDJDSULVLRQHURVRHVFODYRVREOLJDGRVDWUDEDMDUKDVWDTXHPXHUHQ
SRU IDOWD GH DLUH \ OX] (V SUREDEOH TXH HOORV KD\DQ LQYHQWDGR DOJXQDV GH ODV
PiTXLQDV TXH GHVGH HQWRQFHV SUHRFXSDQ DO PXQGR HQ HVSHFLDO LQJHQLRVRV
DSDUDWRVTXHPDWDQHQRUPHVFDQWLGDGHVGHJHQWHGHXQDYH]SXHVODVUXHGDV\
ORV PRWRUHV \ ODV H[SORVLRQHV VLHPSUH OHVHQFDQWDURQFRPRWDPELpQQRWUDEDMDU
FRQ VXV SURSLDV PDQRV PiV GH OR LQGLVSHQVDEOH SHUR HQ DTXHOORV GtDV \ HQ
DTXHOORV SDUDMHV DJUHVWHV QR KDEtDQ LGR FRPR VH GLFH WRGDYtD WDQ OHMRV 1R
RGLDEDQHVSHFLDOPHQWHDORVHQDQRVQRPiVGHORTXHRGLDEDQDWRGRV\WRGR\
SDUWLFXODUPHQWHORPHWyGLFR\SUyVSHURHQFLHUWRVOXJDUHVXQRVHQDQRVPDOYDGRV
KDQ OOHJDGR D SDFWDU FRQ HOORV 3HUR WHQtDQ SDUWLFXODU DYHUVLyQ SRU OD JHQWH GH
7KRULQ D FDXVD GH OD JXHUUD TXH KDEpLV RtGR PHQFLRQDU SHUR TXH QR YLHQH D
FXHQWRHQHVWDKLVWRULD\GHWRGRVPRGRVDORVWUDVJRVQROHVSUHRFXSDDTXLpQ
FDSWXUDQHQWDQWRSXHGDQGDUHOJROSHHQVHFUHWR\GHXQPRGRLQJHQLRVR\ORV
SULVLRQHURVQRVHDQFDSDFHVGHGHIHQGHUVH
²¢4XLpQHVVRQHVDVPLVHUDEOHVSHUVRQDV"²GLMRHO*UDQ7UDVJR
²£(QDQRV\HVWR²GLMRXQRGHORVFDSWRUHVWLUDQGRGHODFDGHQDGH%LOERGHWDO
PRGR TXH HO KREELW FD\y GHODQWH GH URGLOODV² /RV HQFRQWUDPRV UHIXJLDGRV HQ
QXHVWUR3RUFKH3ULQFLSDO
²¢4Xp SUHWHQGtDLV" ²GLMR HO *UDQ 7UDVJR YROYLpQGRVH KDFLD 7KRULQ² £1DGD
EXHQR SRGUtD DVHJXUDUOR £(VSLDU ORV DVXQWRV SULYDGRV GH PLV JHQWHV VXSRQJR
£/DGURQHVQRPHVRUSUHQGHUtDVDEHUTXHORVRLV£$VHVLQRV\DPLJRVGHORVHOIRV
VLQGXGDDOJXQD£9HQ¢4XpWLHQHVTXHGHFLU"
²£7KRULQHOHQDQRDYXHVWURVHUYLFLR²UHSOLFy7KRULQXQDPHUDQDGHUtDFRUWpV²
'H ODV FRVDV TXH VRVSHFKDV H LPDJLQDV QR WHQHPRV OD PHQRU LGHD 1RV
UHVJXDUGDPRVGHXQDWRUPHQWDHQORTXHSDUHFtDXQDFXHYDFyPRGD\QRXVDGD
QDGD PiV OHMRV GH QXHVWUR SHQVDPLHQWR TXH PROHVWDU GH DOJ~Q PRGR D ORV
WUDVJRV ²£(VWRHUDEDVWDQWHFLHUWR
²£+XP²JUXxyHO*UDQ7UDVJR²£(VRHVORTXHGLFHV¢3RGUtDSUHJXQWDUWHTXp
KDFtDLVDOOiDUULEDHQODVPRQWDxDV\GHGyQGHYHQtV\DGRQGHYDLV"(QUHDOLGDG
PH JXVWDUtD VDEHU WRGR VREUH YRVRWURV 1R GLJR TXH SXHGD VHUYLURV GH DOJR
7KRULQ(VFXGRGH5REOH\DVpGHPDVLDGRGHWXJHQWHSHURFRQR]FDPRVGHXQD
YH] OD YHUGDG £'H OR FRQWUDULR SUHSDUDUp SDUD YRVRWURV DOJR SDUWLFXODUPHQWH
LQFyPRGR
²ËEDPRV GH YLDMH D YLVLWDU D QXHVWURV SDULHQWHV QXHVWURV VREULQRV \ VREULQDV \
SULPHURVVHJXQGRV\WHUFHURVSULPRV\RWURVGHVFHQGLHQWHVGHQXHVWURVDEXHORV
TXHYLYHQGHOODGRRULHQWDOGHHVWDVUHDOPHQWHKRVSLWDODULDVPRQWDxDV²UHVSRQGLy
7KRULQ QR VDELHQGR PX\ ELHQ TXp GHFLU DVt GH UHSHQWH SXHV HUD REYLR TXH OD
YHUGDGH[DFWDQRYHQGUtDDFXHQWR
²£(VXQPHQWLURVRRKW~HQYHUGDGHO7HUULEOH
²GLMRXQRGHORVFDSWRUHV²9DULRVGHORVQXHVWURVIXHURQIXOPLQDGRVSRUXQUD\R
HQODFXHYDFXDQGRLQYLWDPRVDHVWDVFULDWXUDVDTXHEDMDUDQ\HVWiQWDQPXHUWRV
FRPRSLHGUDV£7DPSRFRQRVKDH[SOLFDGRHVWR
²6RVWXYRHQDOWRODHVSDGDTXH7KRULQKDEtDOOHYDGRODHVSDGDTXHSURFHGtDGHO
FXELOGHORVWUROOV
(O*UDQ7UDVJRGLRXQDXOOLGRGHUDELDUHDOPHQWHKRUULEOHFXDQGRYLRODHVSDGD\
WRGRV ORV VROGDGRV FUXMLHURQ ORV GLHQWHV EDWLHURQ ORV HVFXGRV \ SDWHDURQ
5HFRQRFLHURQODHVSDGDDOPRPHQWR(QRWURWLHPSRKDEtDGDGRPXHUWHDFLHQWRV
GH WUDVJRV FXDQGR WRV HOIRV UXELRV GH *RQGROLQ ORV FD]DURQ HQ ODV FROLQDV R
FRPEDWLHURQ DO SLH GH ODV PXUDOODV /D KDEtDQ GHQRPLQDGR 2UFULVW +LHQGH
7UDVJRV SHUR ORV WUDVJRV OD OODPDEDQ VLPSOHPHQWH 0RUGHGRUD /D RGLDEDQ \
RGLDEDQWRGDYtDPiVDFXDOTXLHUDTXHODOOHYDVH
²£$VHVLQRV \ DPLJRV GH ORV HOIRV ²JULWy HO *UDQ 7UDVJR² £$FXFKLOODGORV
£*ROSHDGORV £0RUGHGORV £4XH OHV UHFKLQHQ ORV GLHQWHV £/OHYDGORV D DJXMHURV
RVFXURVUHSOHWRVGHYtERUDV\TXHQXQFDYXHOYDQDYHUODOX]
²7HQtD WDQWD UDELD TXH VDOWy GHO DVLHQWR \ VH ODQ]y FRQ OD ERFD DELHUWD KDFLD
7KRULQ
-XVWR HQ HVH PRPHQWR WRGDV ODV OXFHV GH OD FDYHUQD VH DSDJDURQ \ OD JUDQ
KRJXHUDVHFRQYLUWLy£SXIHQXQDWRUUHGHUHVSODQGHFLHQWHKXPRD]XOTXHVXEtD
KDVWDHOWHFKRHVSDUFLHQGRSHQHWUDQWHVFKLVSDVEODQFDVHQWUHWRGRVORVWUDVJRV
/RV JULWRV \ ODPHQWRV JUXxLGRV IDUIXOOHRV \ FKDSXUUHRV DXOOLGRV DODULGRV \
PDOGLFLRQHV FKLOOLGRV \ JUD]QLGRV TXH VLJXLHURQ HQWRQFHV HUDQ LQGHVFULSWLEOHV
9DULRVFLHQWRVGHJDWRVVDOYDMHV\ORERVDVDGRVYLYRVWRGRVMXQWRV\GHVSDFLRQR
KXELHUDQ KHFKR WDQWR DOERURWR /DV FKLVSDV DUGtDQ DEULHQGR DJXMHURV HQ ORV
WUDVJRV\HOKXPRTXHDKRUDFDtDGHOWHFKRRVFXUHFtDWDQWRHODLUHTXHQLVLTXLHUD
HOORVPLVPRVSRGtDQYHU3URQWRHPSH]DURQDFDHUXQRVVREUHRWURV\DURGDUHQ
PRQWRQHV SRU HO VXHOR PRUGLHQGR SDWHDQGR \ SHOHDQGR FRPR VL WRGRV VH
KXELHUDQYXHOWRORFRV
'HUHSHQWHXQDHVSDGDGHVWHOOyFRQOX]SURSLD%LOERYLRTXHDWUDYHVDEDGHODGRD
ODGR DO *UDQ 7UDVJR PXGR GH DVRPEUR \ IXULRVR D OD YH] &D\y PXHUWR \ ORV
VROGDGRVWUDVJRVKX\HQGR\JULWDQGRGHODQWHGHODHVSDGDGHVDSDUHFLHURQHQOD
RVFXULGDG
/DHVSDGDYROYLyDODYDLQD²£6HJXLGPHDSULVD²GLMRXQDYR]ILHUD\TXHGD<
DQWHVTXH%LOERFRPSUHQGLHVHORTXHKDEtDRFXUULGRHVWDED\DWURWDQGRGHQXHYR
WDQUiSLGRFRPRSRGtDDOILQDOGHODFROXPQDEDMDQGRSRUPiVSDVDGL]RVRVFXURV
PLHQWUDV ORV DODULGRV GHO VDOyQ GH ORV WUDVJRV TXHGDEDQ DWUiV FDGD YH] PiV
GpELOHV8QDOX]SiOLGDORVJXLDED
²£0iV UiSLGR PiV UiSLGR ²GHFtD OD YR]² 3URQWR YROYHUiQ D HQFHQGHU ODV
DQWRUFKDV
²£(VSHUDXQPRPHQWR²GLMR'RULTXHHVWDEDGHWUiVDOODGRGH%LOER\HUDXQ
H[FHOHQWHFRPSDxHUR&RPRPHMRUSXGRFRQODVPDQRVDWDGDVFRQVLJXLyTXHHO
KREELWVHOHVXELHUDDORVKRPEURV\OXHJRHFKDURQWRGRVDFRUUHUFRQXQWLQWLQHR
GHFDGHQDV\PiVGHXQWURSH]yQ\DTXHQRWHQtDQPDQRVSDUDVRVWHQHUVH1R
VHGHWXYLHURQSRUXQODUJRUDWRFXDQGR\DHVWDEDQVLQGXGDHQ HOFRUD]yQPLVPR
GHODPRQWDxD
(QWRQFHV *DQGDOI HQFHQGLy OD YDUD 3RU VXSXHVWR HUD *DQGDOI SHUR HQ HVH
PRPHQWRWRGRVHVWDEDQGHPDVLDGRRFXSDGRVSDUDSUHJXQWDUFyPRKDEtDOOHJDGR
DOOt9ROYLyDVDFDUODHVSDGD\XQDYH]PiVODKRMDGHVWHOOyHQODRVFXULGDGDUGtD
FRQ XQD IXULD FHQWHOOHDQWH VL KDEtD WUDVJRV DOUHGHGRU \ DKRUD EULOODED FRPR XQD
OODPDD]XOSRUHOGHOHLWHGHKDEHUPDWDGRDOJUDQVHxRUGHODFXHYD1ROHFRVWy
QDGDFRUWDUODVFDGHQDVGHORVWUDVJRV\OLEHUDUORPiVUiSLGRSRVLEOHDWRGRV ORV
SULVLRQHURV (O QRPEUH GH HVWD HVSDGD UHFRUGDUpLV HUD *ODPGULQ 0DUWLOOD
(QHPLJRV/RVWUDVJRVODOODPDEDQVLPSOHPHQWH'HPROHGRUD\ODRGLDEDQVLHVR
HV SRVLEOH WRGDYtD PiV TXH D 0RUGHGRUD 7DPELpQ 2UFULVW KDEtD VLGR VDOYDGD
SXHV*DQGDOIVHODKDEtDDUUHEDWDGRDXQRGHORVJXDUGLDVDWHUURUL]DGRV*DQGDOI
SHQVDEDHQWRGR\DXQTXHQRSRGtDKDFHUFXDOTXLHUFRVDD\XGDEDVLHPSUHDORV
DPLJRVHQDSULHWRV
²¢(VWDPRV WRGRV DTXt" ²GLMR HQWUHJDQGR OD HVSDGD D 7KRULQ FRQ XQD
UHYHUHQFLD² 9HDPRV XQR 7KRULQ GRV WUHV FXDWUR FLQFR VHLV VLHWH RFKR
QXHYHGLH]RQFH¢'yQGHHVWiQ)tOL\.LOL"£$TXt'RFHWUHFH\KHDKtDOVHxRU
%ROVyQ £FDWRUFH £%LHQ ELHQ 3RGUtD VHU SHRU \ VLQ HPEDUJR SRGUtD VHU PXFKR
PHMRU 6LQ SRQH\V \ VLQ FRPLGD \ VLQ VDEHU PX\ ELHQ GyQGH HVWDPRV £\ XQDV
KRUGDVGHWUDVJRVIXULRVRVMXVWRGHWUiV£6LJDPRVDGHODQWH
6LJXLHURQ DGHODQWH *DQGDOI HVWDED HQ OR FLHUWR VH R\HURQ UXLGRV GH WUDVJRV \
XQRV JULWRV KRUULEOHV DOOi GHWUiV D OR OHMRV HQ ORV SDVDGL]RV TXH KDEtDQ
DWUDYHVDGR6HDSUHVXUDURQHQWRQFHVWRGDYtDPiV\FRPRHOSREUH%LOERQRSRGtD
VHJXLUOHV HO SDVR ²SXHV ORV HQDQRV VRQ FDSDFHV GH FRUUHU PiV GHSULVD RV OR
DVHJXURFXDQGRWLHQHQTXHKDFHUOR² VHWXUQDURQOOHYiQGRORDKRPEURV
6LQ HPEDUJR ORV WUDVJRV FRUUHQ PiV TXH ORV HQDQRV \ HVWRV WUDVJRV FRQRFtDQ
PHMRU HO FDPLQR HOORV PLVPRV KDEtDQ DELHUWR ORV W~QHOHV \ HVWDEDQ ORFRV GH
IXULDDVtTXHKLFLHVHQORTXHKLFLHVHQORVHQDQRVRtDQORVJULWRV\DXOOLGRVTXHVH
DFHUFDEDQFDGDYH]PiV0X\SURQWDDOFDQ]DURQDRtU HOUXLGRGHORVSLHVGHORV
WUDVJRVPXFKRVPXFKRVSLHVTXHSDUHFtDQHVWDUDODYXHOWDGHOXOWLPRUHFRGR(O
GHVWHOOR GH ODV DQWRUFKDV URMDV SRGtD YHUVH GHWUiV GH HOORV HQ HO W~QHO \ \D
HPSH]DEDQDVHQWLUVHPXHUWRVGHFDQVDQFLR
²£3RUTXpRKSRUTXpKDEUpGHMDGRPLDJXMHUR²KREELW²GHFtDHOSREUHVHxRU
%ROVyQ PLHQWUDV VH VDFXGtD KDFLD DUULED \ DEDMR VREUH HO SREUH VHxRU %ROVyQ
PLHQWUDVVHVDFXGtDKDFLDDUULED\DEDMRVREUHODHVSDOGDGH%RPEXU
²£3RUTXpRKSRUTXpKDEUpWUDtGRDHVWHSREUHFLWRKREELWDEXVFDUHOWHVRUR²
GHFtDHOGHVGLFKDGR%RPEXUTXHHUDJRUGR\VHEDPEROHDEDPLHQWUDVHOVXGRUOH
FDtDHQJRWDVGHODQDUL]DFDXVDGHOFDORU\HOWHUURU
(Q DTXHO PRPHQWR *DQGDOI VH UHWUDVy \ 7KRULQ FRQ pO 'REODURQ XQ UHFRGR
FHUUDGR²£(VWiQDODYXHOWD²JULWyHOPDJR²£'HVHQYDLQDWXHVSDGD7KRULQ
1R KDEtD PDV TXH KDFHU \ D ORV WUDVJRV QR OHV JXVWy 9HQtDQ FRUULHQGR D WRGD
SULVD \ GDQGR JULWRV \ DO OOHJDU DO UHFRGR WURSH]DURQ DWyQLWRV FRQ OD +LHQGH
7UDVJRV \ OD 0DUWLOOD (QHPLJRV TXH EULOODEDQ IUtDV \ OXPLQRVDV /RV TXH LEDQ
GHODQWH DUURMDURQ ODV DQWRUFKDV \ GLHURQ XQ DODULGR DQWHV GH PRULU /RV GH DWUiV
DXOODEDQ VLJXLpQGRORV ²£0RUGHGRUD \ 'HPROHGRUD ²FKLOODURQ \ SURQWR WRGRV
HVWXYLHURQ HQYXHOWRV HQ XQD FRPSOHWD FRQIXVLyQ \ OD PD\RUtD VH DSUHVXUy D
UHJUHVDUSRUGRQGHKDEtDYHQLGR
3DVy EDVWDQWH WLHPSR DQWHV TXH FXDOTXLHUD GH HOORV VH DWUHYLHVH D GREODU DTXHO
UHFRGR0LHQWUDVORVHQDQRVVHKDEtDQSXHVWRRWUDYH]HQPDUFKDVLJXLHQGRXQ
ODUJRFDPLQRTXHORVOOHYDEDDORVW~QHOHVRVFXURVGHOSDtVGHORVWUDVJRV&XDQGR
ORVWUDVJRVVHGLHURQFXHQWDDSDJDURQODVDQWRUFKDV\VHGHVOL]DURQSLVDQGRFRQ
FXLGDGR\HOLJLHURQDORVFRUUHGRUHVPiVYHORFHVDTXHOORVTXHWHQtDQRtGRVFRPR
FRPDGUHMDVHQODRVFXULGDG\HUDQFDVLWDQVLOHQFLRVRVFRPRPXUFLpODJRV
$Vt RFXUULy TXH QL %LOER QL ORV HQDQRV QL VLTXLHUD *DQGDOI ORV R\HURQ OOHJDU QL
WDPSRFR ORV YLHURQ 3HUR ORV WUDVJRV ORV YLHURQ D HOORV SXHV OD YDUD GH *DQGDOI
HPLWtDXQDOX]GpELOTXHD\XGDEDDORVHQDQRVDHQFRQWUDUHOFDPLQR
'HUHSHQWH'RULTXHDKRUDRWUDYH]FRUUtDDODFRODOOHYDQGRD%LOERIXHDIHUUDGR
SRUGHWUiVHQODRVFXULGDG*ULWy\FD\y\HOKREELWURGyGHORVKRPEURVGH'RULD
ODQHJUXUDVHJROSHyODFDEH]DFRQWUDXQDSLHGUD\QRUHFRUGyQDGDPiV
$&(57,-26(1/$67,1,(%/$6
&XDQGR%LOERDEULyORVRMRVVHSUHJXQWyVLHQYHUGDGORVKDEUtDDELHUWRSXHVWRGR
HVWDED WDQ RVFXUR FRPR VL ORV WXYLHVH FHUUDGRV 1R KDEtD QDGLH FHUFD GH pO
£,PDJLQDRV TXp WHUURU 1R SRGtD YHU QDGD QL RtU QDGD QL VHQWLU QDGD H[FHSWR OD
SLHGUDGHOVXHOR
6HLQFRUSRUyPX\OHQWDPHQWH\DQGXYRDWLHQWDVKDVWDWURSH]DUFRQODSDUHGGHO
W~QHOSHURQLKDFLDDUULEDQLKDFLDDEDMRSXGRHQFRQWUDUQDGDQDGDHQDEVROXWRQL
UDVWURGHWUDVJRVRHQDQRV/DFDEH]DOHGDEDYXHOWDV\QLVLTXLHUDSRGtDGHFLU HQ
TXpGLUHFFLyQKDEUtDQLGRORVRWURVFXDQGRFD\yGHEUXFHV7UDWyGHRULHQWDUVHGH
DOJ~QPRGR\VHDUUDVWUyODUJRWUHFKRKDVWDTXHGHSURQWRWRFyFRQODPDQRDOJR
TXHSDUHFtDXQDQLOORSHTXHxRWUtR\PHWiOLFRHQHOVXHORGHOW~QHO(VWHLEDDVHU
XQ PRPHQWR GHFLVLYR HQ OD FDUUHUD GH %LOER SHUR pO QR OR VDEtD &DVL VLQ GDUVH
FXHQWDVHPHWLyODVRUWLMDHQHOEROVLOOR3RUFLHUWRQRSDUHFtDWHQHUQLQJXQDXWLOLGDG
SRUDKRUD1RDYDQ]yPXFKRPiVVHVHQWyHQHOVXHORKHODGRDEDQGRQiQGRVHD
XQFRPSOHWRDEDWLPLHQWR6HLPDJLQDEDIULHQGRKXHYRV\SDQFHWDHQODFRFLQDGH
VXSURSLDFDVD²SXHVDOFDQ]DEDDVHQWLUGHQWURGHpOTXHHUDODKRUDGHDOJXQD
FRPLGD²SHURHVWRVRORORKDFtDPiVPLVHUDEOH
1RVDEtDDGyQGHLUQLTXpKDEtDRFXUULGRQLSRUTXpORKDEtDQGHMDGRDWUiVRSRU
TXp VL OR KDEtDQ GHMDGR DWUiV ORV WUDVJRV QR OR KDEtDQ FDSWXUDGR QR VDEtD QL
VLTXLHUD SRU TXp WHQLD OD FDEH]D WDQ GRORULGD /D YHUGDG HV TXH KDEtD HVWDGR
PXFKRWLHPSRWHQGLGR\TXLHWRLQYLVLEOH\ROYLGDGRHQXQULQFyQPX\RVFXUR
$OFDERGHXQUDWRVHSDOSyODVURSDVEXVFDQGRODSLSD1RHVWDEDURWD\HVRHUD
DOJR%XVFyOXHJRODSHWDFD\KDEtDDOJ~QWDEDFRORTXH\DHUDDOJRPiV\OXHJR
EXVFyODVFHULOODV\QRHQFRQWUyQLQJXQD\HVWRORGHVDQLPySRUFRPSOHWR6yORHO
FLHORVDEHTXpFRVDKXELHUDSRGLGRFDHUVREUHpODWUDtGDSRUHOURFHGHODVFHULOODV
\ HO RORU GHO WDEDFR 3HUR SRU DKRUD VH VHQWtD PX\ DEDWLGR 1R REVWDQWH
UHEXVFDQGR HQ ORV EROVLOORV \ SDOSiQGRVH GH DUULED D DEDMR HQEXVFDGHFHULOODV
WRSyFRQODHPSXxDGXUDGHODSHTXHxDHVSDGDODGDJDTXHKDEtDREWHQLGRGHORV
WUROOV \ TXH FDVL KDEtD ROYLGDGR SRU IRUWXQD WDPSRFR ORV WUDVJRV OD KDEtDQ
GHVFXELHUWRSXHVODOOHYDEDGHQWURGHORVFDO]RQHV
(QWRQFHVODGHVHQYDLQy/DHVSDGDEULOOySiOLGD\GpELODQWHORVRMRVGH%LOER$Vt
TXHHVXQDKRMDGHORVHOIRVWDPELpQSHQVy\ORVWUDVJRVQRHVWiQPX\FHUFD
DXQTXHWDPSRFREDVWDQWHOHMRV
3HURGHDOJXQDPDQHUDVHVLQWLyUHFRQIRUWDGR(UDEDVWDQWHEXHQROOHYDUXQDKRMD
IRUMDGD HQ *RQGROLQ SDUD ODV JXHUUDV GH ORV WUDVJRV GH ODV TXH KDEtD FDQWDGR
WDQWDV FDQFLRQHV \ WDPELpQ KDEtD QRWDGR TXH HVDV DUPDV FDXVDEDQ JUDQ
LPSUHVLyQHQWUHORVWUDVJRVTXHWURSH]DEDQFRQHOODVGHLPSURYLVR
¢9ROYHU"SHQVy1RVLUYHGHQDGD¢LUSRUDOJ~QFDPLQRODWHUDO"£,PSRVLEOH¢,U
KDFLD DGHODQWH" £1R KD\ DOWHUQDWLYD £$GHODQWH SXHV < VH LQFRUSRUy \ WURWy
OOHYDQGR OD HVSDGD DO]DGD IUHQWH D pO XQD PDQR HQ OD SDUHG \ HO FRUD]yQ
SDOSLWDQGR
(UDHYLGHQWHTXH%LOERVHHQFRQWUDEDHQORTXHSXHGHOODPDUVHXQVLWLRHVWUHFKR
3HURUHFRUGDGTXHQRHUDWDQHVWUHFKRSDUDpOFRPRORKDEUtDVLGRSDUDYRVRWURVR
SDUD Pt /RV KREELWV QR VH SDUHFHQ PXFKR D OD JHQWH RUGLQDULD \ DXQTXH VXV
DJXMHURV VRQ XQDV YLYLHQGDV PX\ DJUDGDEOHV \ DFRJHGRUDV DGHFXDGDPHQWH
YHQWLODGDVPX\GLVWLQWDVGHORVW~QHOHVGHORVWUDVJRVHVWiQPiVDFRVWXPEUDGRV
TXH QRVRWURV D DQGDU SRU JDOHUtDV \ QR SLHUGHQ IiFLOPHQWH HO VHQWLGR GH OD
RULHQWDFLyQEDMRWLHUUDQRFXDQGR\DVHKDQUHFREUDGRGHXQJROSHHQHOFUiQHR
7DPELpQ SXHGHQ PRYHUVH PX\ HQ VLOHQFLR \ HVFRQGHUVH FRQ UDSLGH] VH
UHFXSHUDQGHXQPRGRPDUDYLOORVRGHFDtGDV\PDJXOODGXUDV\WLHQHQXQIRQGRGH
SUXGHQFLD \ XQRV GLFKRV MXLFLRVRV TXH OD PD\RUtD GH ORV KRPEUHV QR KD RtGR
QXQFDRKDROYLGDGRKDFHWLHPSR
'HFXDOTXLHUPRGRQRPHKXELHUDVHQWLGRDJXVWRHQHOVLWLRGRQGHHVWDEDHOVHxRU
%LOER/DJDOHUtDSDUHFtDQRWHQHUILQ7RGRORTXHpOVDEtDHUDTXHVHJXtDEDMDQGR
VLHPSUHHQODPLVPDGLUHFFLyQDSHVDUGHXQUHFRGR\XQDRGRVYXHOWDV+DEtD
SDVDGL]RVTXHSDUWtDQGHORVODGRVDTXt\DOOiFRPRSRGtDVDEHUSRUHOEULOORGHOD
HVSDGD R SRGtD VHQWLU FRQ OD PDQR HQ OD SDUHG 1R OHV SUHVWy DWHQFLyQ SHUR
DSUHVXUDED HO SDVR SRU WHPRU D ORV WUDVJRV R D FRVDV RVFXUDV LPDJLQDGDV D
PHGLDVTXHDVRPDEDQHQODVERFDVGHORVSDVDGL]RV$GHODQWH\DGHODQWHVLJXLy
EDMDQGR\EDMDQGR\WRGDYtDQRVHRtDQDGDH[FHSWRHO]XPELGRRFDVLRQDOGHXQ
PXUFLpODJR TXH VH OH DFHUFDED DVXVWiQGROR HQ XQ SULQFLSLR SHUR TXH OXHJR VH
UHSLWLy WDQWR TXH pO GHMy GH SUHRFXSDUVH 1R Vp FXiQWR WLHPSR FRQWLQXy DVt
RGLDQGRVHJXLUDGHODQWHQRDWUHYLpQGRVHDSDUDUDGHODQWH\DGHODQWHKDVWDTXH
HVWXYR PDV FDQVDGR TXH FDQVDGR 3DUHFtD TXH HO FDPLQR FRQWLQXDUtD DVt DO GtD
VLJXLHQWH\PiVDOOiSHUGLpQGRVHHQORVGtDVTXHYHQGUtDQGHVSXpV
'HSURQWRVLQQLQJ~QDYLVRVHHQFRQWUyWURWDQGRHQXQDJXDIUtDFRPRKLHOR£8I
(VWRORUHDQLPyUiSLGD\EUXVFDPHQWH1RVDEtDVLHODJXDHUDVyORXQHVWDQTXH
HQ PHGLR GHO FDPLQR OD RULOOD GH XQ DUUR\R TXH FUX]DED HO W~QHO EDMR WLHUUD R HO
ERUGH GHO ODJR VXEWHUUiQHR RVFXUR \ SURIXQGR /D HVSDGD DSHQDV EULOODED 6H
GHWXYR\HVFXFKDQGRFRQDWHQFLyQDOFDQ]yDRtUXQDVJRWDVTXHFDtDQGHVGHXQ
WHFKR LQYLVLEOH HQ HO DJXD GH DEDMR SHUR QR SDUHFtD KDEHU QLQJ~Q RWUR WLSR GH
UXLGR
'HPRGRTXHHVXQODJRRXQSR]R\QRXQUtRVXEWHUUiQHRSHQVy$XQDVtQR
VHDWUHYLyDPHWHUVHHQHODJXDDRVFXUDV1RVDEtDQDGDU\DGHPiVSHQVDEDHQ
ODVFULDWXUDVEDUURVDV\UHSXJQDQWHVGHRMRVVDOWRQHV\FLHJRVTXHFXOHEUHDEDQ
VLQGXGDHQHODJXD+D\H[WUDxRVVHUHVTXHYLYHQHQSR]RV\ODJRVHQHOFRUD]yQ
GHORVPRQWHVSHURFX\RVDQWHSDVDGRVOOHJDURQQDGDQGRVyORHOFLHORVDEHKDFH
FXiQWRWLHPSR\QXQFDYROYLHURQDVDOLU\ORVRMRVOHVFUHFtDQFUHFtDQ\FUHFtDQ
PLHQWUDVWUDWDEDQGHYHUHQODRVFXULGDG\DOOtKD\WDPELpQFULDWXUDVPDVYLVFRVDV
TXHSHFHV$XQHQORVW~QHOHV\FXHYDVTXHORVWUDVJRVKDEtDQH[FDYDGRSDUDVt
PLVPRV KD\ RWUDV FRVDV YLYDV TXH HOORV GHVFRQRFHQ FRVDV TXH KDQ YHQLGR
DUUDVWUiQGRVHGHVGHIXHUDSDUDGHVFDQVDUHQODRVFXULGDG$GHPiVORVRUtJHQHV
GH DOJXQRV GH HVWRV W~QHOHV VH UHPRQWDQ D pSRFDV DQWHULRUHV D ORV WUDVJRV
TXLHQHV VyOR ORV DPSOLDURQ \ XQLHURQ FRQ SDVDGL]RV \ ORV SULPHURV SURSLHWDULRV
HVWiQWRGDYtDDOOtHQUDURVULQFRQHVGHVOL]iQGRVH\ROIDWHDQGRWRGRDOUHGHGRU
$TXt DEDMR MXQWR DO DJXD OyEUHJD YLYtD HO YLHMR *ROOXP XQD SHTXHxD \ YLVFRVD
FULDWXUD1RVpGHGyQGHKDEtDYHQLGRQLTXLpQRTXpHUD(UD*ROOXPWDQRVFXUR
FRPRODRVFXULGDGH[FHSWRGRVJUDQGHVRMRVUHGRQGRV\SiOLGRVHQODFDUDIODFD
7HQtD XQ SHTXHxR ERWH \ UHPDED PX\ HQ VLOHQFLR SRU HO ODJR SXHV ODJR HUD
DQFKRSURIXQGR\PRUWDOPHQWHIUtR5HPDEDFRQORVJUDQGHVSLHVFROJDQGRVREUH
OD ERUGD SHUR QXQFD DJLWDED HO DJXD 1R pO /RV RMRV SiOLGRV H LQH[SUHVLYRV
EXVFDEDQ SHFHV FLHJRV DOUHGHGRU \ ORV DWUDSDED FRQ ORV GHGRV ODUJRV UiSLGRV
FRPR HO SHQVDPLHQWR /H JXVWDED WDPELpQ OD FDUQH /RV WUDVJRV OH SDUHFtDQ
EXHQRVFXDQGRSRGtDHFKDUOHVPDQRSHURWUDWDEDGHTXHQXQFDORHQFRQWUDUDQ
GHVSUHYHQLGR/RVHVWUDQJXODEDSRUODHVSDOGDVLDOJXQDYH]EDMDEDXQRGHHOORV
KDVWDODRULOODGHODJXDPLHQWUDVpOURQGDEDHQEXVFDGHXQDSUHVD 5DUDYH]OR
KDFtDQSXHVWHQtDQHOSUHVHQWLPLHQWRGHTXHDOJRGHVDJUDGDEOHDFHFKDEDHQODV
SURIXQGLGDGHV GHEDMR GH OD UDt] PLVPD GH OD PRQWDxD &XDQGR H[FDYDEDQ ORV
W~QHOHVWLHPSRDWUiVKDEtDQOOHJDGRKDVWDHOODJR\GHVFXEULHURQTXHQRSRGtDQLU
PiV OHMRV 'H PRGR TXH SDUD HOORV HO FDPLQR WHUPLQDED HQ HVD GLUHFFLyQ \ GH
QDGDOHVYDOtDPHURGHDUSRUDOOtDPHQRVTXHHO*UDQ7UDVJRORVHQYLDVH$YHFHV
WHQtDQ OD RFXUUHQFLD GH EXVFDU SHFHV HQ HO ODJR \ D YHFHV QL HO WUDVJR QL HO
SHVFDGRYROYtDQ
*ROOXPYLYtDHQYHUGDGHQXQDLVODGHURFDEDUURVDHQPHGLRGHOODJR2EVHUYDED
D %LOER GHVGH OHMRV FRQ ORV RMRV SiOLGRV FRPR WHOHVFRSLRV %LOER QR SRGtD YHUOR
PLHQWUDV*ROOXPORPLUDEDSHUSOHMRSDUHFtDHYLGHQWHTXHQRHUDXQWUDVJR
*ROOXPVHPHWLyHQHOERWH \VHDOHMyGHODLVOD%LOERVHQWDGRDRULOODVGHODJXD
VHVHQWtDGHVFRQFHUWDGRFRPRVLKXELHVHSHUGLGRHOFDPLQR\HOMXLFLR'HSURQWR
DVRPy*ROOXPTXHFXFKLFKHy\VLVHy
²£%HQGtFHQRV\VDOStFDQRVSUHFLRVVRPtR0HKXHORXQEDQTXHWHVHOHFWRSRUOR
PHQRV QRV GDUtD SDUD XQ VDEURVR ERFDGR £*ROOXP ²< FXDQGR GLMR *ROOXP KL]R
FRQODJDUJDQWDXQUXLGRKRUULEOHFRPRVLHQJXOOHUD<DVtIXHFRPROHGLHURQHVH
QRPEUHDXQTXHpOVLHPSUHVHOODPDEDDVtPLVPRSUHFLRVVRPtR
(O KREELW GLR XQ EULQFR FXDQGR R\y HO VLVHy \ GH UHSHQWH YLR ORV RMRV SiOLGRV
FODYDGRVHQpO
²¢4XLpQHUHV"²SUHJXQWyDGHODQWDQGRODHVSDGD
²¢4Xp HVV pO SUHFLRVVR PtR" ²VXVXUUy *ROOXP TXH VLHPSUH VH KDEODED D Vt
PLVPR SRUTXH QR WHQtD D QLQJ~Q RWUR FRQ TXLHQ KDEODU (VR HUD OR TXH TXHUtD
GHVFXEULUSXHVHQYHUGDGQRWHQtDPXFKDKDPEUHVyORFXULRVLGDGGHRWURPRGR
KXELHVHHVWUDQJXODGRSULPHUR\VXVXUUDGRGHVSXpV
²6R\ HO VHxRU %LOER %ROVyQ +H SHUGLGR D ORV HQDQRV \ DO PDJR \ QR Vp GRQGH
HVWR\\WDPSRFRTXLHURVDEHUORVLSXGLHUDVDOLU
²¢4Xp WLHQH pO HQ ODV PDQRVV" ²GLMR *ROOXP PLUDQGR OD HVSDGD TXH QR OH
JXVWDEDPXFKR
²£8QDHVSDGDXQDKRMDQDFLGDHQ*RQGROLQ
²6VV ²GLMR *ROOXP \ HQ XQ WRQR PiV FRUWpV ²4XL]i VH VLHQWH DTXt \ FKDUOH
FRQPLJRXQUDWRSUHFLRVVRPtR¢/HJXVWDQORVDFHUWLMRV"4XL]iVt¢QR"²(VWDED
DQVLRVRSRUSDUHFHUDPDEOHDOPHQRVSRUXQUDWR\KDVWDTXHVXSLHVHDOJRPiV
VREUHODHVSDGD\HOKREELWVLUHDOPHQWHHVWDEDVRORVLHUDEXHQRSDUDFRPHU\VL
*ROOXPPLVPRWHQLDPXFKDKDPEUH
$FHUWLMRVHUDWRGRHQORTXHSRGtDSHQVDU3URSRQHUORV\DOJXQDYH]HQFRQWUDUOD
VROXFLyQ KDEtD VLGR HO ~QLFR HQWUHWHQLPLHQWR TXH KDEtD FRPSDUWLGR FRQ RWUDV
DOHJUHV FULDWXUDV VHQWDGDV HQ VXV DJXMHURV KDFtD PXFKRV PXFKRV DxRV DQWHV
GHTXHGDUVHVLQDPLJRV\GHTXHORHFKDVHQVROR\VHDUUDVWUDUDGHVFHQGLHQGR\
GHVFHQGLHQGRDODRVFXULGDGEDMRODVPRQWDxDV
²0X\ ELHQ ²GLMR %LOER PX\ GLVSXHVWR D PRVWUDUVH GH DFXHUGR KDVWD GHVFXEULU
DOJR PiV DFHUFD GH OD FULDWXUD VL KDEtD YHQLGR VROD VL HVWDED IXULRVD R
KDPEULHQWD\VLHUDDPLJDGHORVWUDVJRV
²7~ SUHJXQWDV SULPHUR ²GLMR SXHV QR KDEtD WHQLGR WLHPSR GH SHQVDU HQ XQ
DFHUWLMR$VtTXH*ROOXPVLVHy
/DVUDtFHVQRVHYHQ
\HVPiVDOWDTXHXQiUERO
$UULED\DUULEDVXEH
\VLQHPEDUJRQRFUHFH
²£)iFLO²GLMR%LOER²8QDPRQWDxDVXSRQJR
²¢/RDGLYLQyIiFLOPHQWH"£7HQGUtDTXHFRPSHWLUFRQQRVRWURVSUHFLRVVRPtR6L
SUHFLRVVR SUHJXQWD \ pO QR UHVSRQGH QRV OR FRPHPRV SUHFLRVVR PtR 6L pO
SUHJXQWD \ QR FRQWHVWDPRV KDUHPRV OR TXH pO TXLHUD ¢HK" £/H HQVHxDPRV HO
FDPLQRGHOD VDOLGDVt
²'H DFXHUGR ²GLMR %LOER QR DWUHYLpQGRVH D GLVFUHSDU \ FRQ HO FHUHEUR FDVL
HVWDOOiQGROH PLHQWUDV SHQVDED HQ XQ DFHUWLMR TXH SXGLHVH FHUHEUR FDVL
HVWDOOiQGROHPLHQWUDVSHQVDEDHQXQDFHUWLMRTXHSXGLHVHVDOYDUORGHODROOD
7UHLQWDFDEDOORVEODQFRV
HQXQDVLHUUDFRORUDGD
3ULPHURPRUGLVTXHDQ
\OXHJRPDFKDFDQ
\OXHJRGHVFDQVDQ
(VRHUDWRGRORTXHVHOHRFXUUtDSUHJXQWDUODLGHDGHFRPHUOHGDEDYXHOWDVHQOD
FDEH]D(UDDGHPiVXQDFHUWLMREDVWDQWHYLHMR\*ROOXPFRQRFtDODUHVSXHVWDWDQ
ELHQFRPRYRVRWURV
²&KLVWH YLHMR FKLVWH YLHMR ²VXVXUUy² £/RV GLHQWHV ORV GLHQWHV SUHFLRVVR PtR
£3HURVyORWHQHPRVVHLV²(QVHJXLGDSURSXVRXQDVHJXQGDDGLYLQDQ]D
&DQWDVLQYR]
YXHODVLQDODV
VLQGLHQWHVPXHUGH
VLQERFDKDEOD
²£8QPRPHQWR²JULWy%LOERLQFyPRGRSHQVDQGRD~QHQFRVDVTXHVHFRPtDQ
3RUIRUWXQDXQDYH]KDEtDRtGRDOJRVHPHMDQWH\UHFREUDQGRHOLQJHQLRSHQVyHQ
OD UHVSXHVWD² (O YLHQWR HO YLHQWR QDWXUDOPHQWH ²GLMR \ TXHGy WDQ FRPSODFLGR
TXH LQYHQWy HQ HO DFWR RWUR DFHUWLMR (VWR FRQIXQGLUi D HVWD DVTXHURVD FULDWXULWD
VXEWHUUiQHDSHQVy
8QRMRHQODFDUDD]XO
YLRXQRMRHQODFDUDYHUGH
(VHRMRHVFRPRHVWHRMR
GLMRHORMRSULPHUR
SHURHQOXJDUHVEDMRV
\QRHQOXJDUHVDOWRV
²6V VV VV ²GLMR *ROOXP +DEtD HVWDGR EDMR WLHUUD PXFKR WLHPSR \ HVWDED
ROYLGDQGRHVDFODVHGHFRVDV3HURFXDQGR%LOER\DHVSHUDEDTXHHOGHVGLFKDGR
QR SRGUtD UHVSRQGHU *ROOXP VDFy D UHOXFLU UHFXHUGRV GH WLHPSRV \ WLHPSRV \
WLHPSRVDWUiVFXDQGRYLYtDFRQVXDEXHODHQXQDJXMHURDRULOODVGHXQUtR²6V
VVVVSUHFLRVVRPtR²GLMR²4XLHUHGHFLUHOVROVREUHODVPDUJDULWDVHVRTXLHUH
GHFLU
3HUR HVWRV DFHUWLMRV VREUH ODV FRVDV FRWLGLDQDV DO DLUH OLEUH OR IDWLJDEDQ /H
UHFRUGDEDQWDPELpQORVGtDVHQTXHD~QQRHUDXQDFULDWXUDWDQVROLWDULD\IXUWLYD\
UHSXJQDQWH\ORVDFDEDQGHTXLFLR0iVD~QOHGDEDQKDPEUHDVtTXHHVWDYH]
SHQVyHQDOJRXQSRFRPiVGHVDJUDGDEOH\GLItFLO
1RSXHGHVYHUODQLVHQWLUOD
\RFXSDWRGRVORVKXHFRV
QRSXHGHVROHUODQLRtUOD
HVWiGHWUiVGHORVDVWURV
\HVWiDOStHGHODVFROLQDV
OOHJDSULPHUR\VHTXHGD
PDODULVDV\DFDEDYLGDV
3DUD GHVJUDFLD GH *ROOXP %LOER KDEtD RtGR DOJR SDUHFLGR DQWHV \ GH FXDOTXLHU
PRGRODUHVSXHVWDIXHURWXQGD²£/DRVFXULGDG£²GLMRVLQQLVLTXLHUDUDVFDUVHOD
FDEH]DRSRQHUVHODJRUUDGHSHQVDU
&DMDVLQOODYH
WDSDRELVDJUDV
SHURGHQWURXQWHVRUR
GRUDGRJXDUGD
%LOER SUHJXQWy SDUD JDQDU WLHPSR KDVWD TXH SXGLHVH SHQVDU DOJR PiV GLItFLO
&UH\y TXH HUD XQ DFHUWLMR DVRPEURVDPHQWH YLHMR \ IiFLO DXQTXH QR FRQ HVWDV
PLVPDV SDODEUDV SHUR UHVXOWy VHU XQ KRUULEOH SUREOHPD SDUD *ROOXP 6LVHDED
HQWUHGLHQWHVVLQHQFRQWUDUODUHVSXHVWDPXUPXUDQGR\IDUIXOODQGR
$OFDERGHXQUDWR%LOERHPSH]yDLPSDFLHQWDUVH
²%XHQR¢TXpHV"²SUHJXQWy/DUHVSXHVWDQRHVXQDPDUPLWDKLUYLHQGRFRPR
SDUHFHVFUHHUSRUHOUXLGRTXHKDFHV
²8QDRSRUWXQLGDGTXHQRVGHXQDRSRUWXQLGDGSUHFLRVVRPtRVVVV
²£%LHQ²GLMR%LOERWUDVHVSHUDUODUJRUDWR² ¢4XpKD\GHWXUHVSXHVWD"
3HUR GH V~ELWR *ROOXP VH YLR UREDQGR HQ WRV QLGRV KDFtD PXFKR WLHPSR \
VHQWDGRHQHOEDUUDQFRGHOUtRHQVHxDQGRDVXDEXHODHQVHxDQGRDVXDEXHODD
VRUEHU²£+XHYRVV²VLVHy² £+XHYRVVHVRHV²\HQVHJXLGDSUHJXQWy
7RGRVYLYHQVLQDOLHQWR
\IUtRVFRPRORVPXHUWRV
QXQFDFRQVHGVLHPSUHEHELHQGR
WRGRV HQPDOODVLHPSUHHQVLOHQFLR
(O SURSLR *ROOXP VH GLMR TXH OD DGLYLQDQ]D HUD DVRPEURVDPHQWH IiFLO SXHV pO
SHQVDEDGtD\QRFKHHQODUHVSXHVWD3HURSRUHOPRPHQWRQRVHOHRFXUULyQDGD
PHMRUWDQDWXUGLGRHVWDEDD~QSRUODFXHVWLyQGHOKXHYR'HFXDOTXLHUPRGRIXH
WRGRXQSUREOHPDSDUD%LOERTXLHQQXQFDKDEtDWHQLGRQDGDTXHYHUFRQHODJXD
VL SRGtD HYLWDUOR ,PDJLQR TXH \D VDEpLV OD UHVSXHVWD QR OR GXGR R TXH SRGpLV
DGLYLQDUOD HQ XQ DEULU \ FHUUDU GH RMRV \D TXH HVWiLV FyPRGDPHQWH VHQWDGRV HQ
FDVD\HOSHOLJURGHVHUFRPLGRVQRWXUEDYXHVWURVSHQVDPLHQWRV%LOERVHVHQWy\
FDUUDVSHyXQDRGRVYHFHVSHURODUHVSXHVWDQROOHJy
$O FDER *ROOXP VH SXVR D VLVHDU HQWUH GLHQWHV FRPSODFLGR ²¢(V DJUDGDEOH
SUHFLRVVR PtR" ¢(V MXJRVR" ¢&UXMH GH UHFKXSHWH" ²(VSLy D %LOER HQ OD
RVFXULGDG
²8Q PRPHQWR ²GLMR %LOER WHPEODQGR GH PLHGR² <R WH KH GDGR XQD EXHQD
RSRUWXQLGDGKDFHSRFR
²£7LHQHTXHGDUVHSULVDGDUVHSULVD²GLMR*ROOXPFRPHQ]DQGRDSDVDUGHOERWH
DODRULOODSDUDDFHUFDUVHD%LOER3HURFXDQGRSXVR HQHODJXDODVSDWDVJUDQGHV
\PHPEUDQRVDVXQSH]VDOWyHVSDQWDGR\FD\yVREUHORVSLHVGH%LOER
²£8I ²GLMR² £TXH IUtR\SHJDMRVR²\DVLDFHUWy²£8QSH]XQSH]²JULWy²
£(VXQSH]
*ROOXP TXHGy KRUULEOHPHQWH GHVLOXVLRQDGR SHUR %LOER SUHJXQWy RWUR DFHUWLMR WDQ
UiSLGRFRPRSXGR\*ROOXPWXYRTXHYROYHUDOERWH\SHQVDU
6LQSLHUQDVVHDSR\DHQXQDSLHUQD
'RVSLHUQDVVHVLHQWDFHUFDGHWUHVSLHUQDV
\FXDWURSLHUQDVFRQVLJXLyDOJR
1RHUDUHDOPHQWHHOPRPHQWRDSURSLDGRSDUDHVWHDFHUWLMRSHUR%LOERHVWDEDHQXQ
DSXUR$*ROOXPOHKDEUtDFRVWDGREDVWDQWHDFHUWDUVL%LOERORKXELHUDSUHJXQWDGR
HQ RWUD RFDVLyQ 7DO FRPR RFXUULy KDEODQGR GH SHFHV VLQ SLHUQDV QR SDUHFtD
PX\GLItFLO\HOUHVWRIXHREYLR8QSH]VREUHXQDPHVDSHTXHxDXQKRPEUHD OD
PHVD\HOJDWRTXpFRQVLJXHODVHVSLQDV(VDHUDODUHVSXHVWDSRUVXSXHVWR\
*ROOXPODHQFRQWUySURQWR(QWRQFHVSHQVyTXH\DHUDPRPHQWRGHSUHJXQWDUDOJR
KRUULEOH\GLItFLO(VWRIXHORTXHGLMR
'HYRUDWRGDVODVFRVDV
DYHVEHVWLDVSODQWDV\ IORUHV
URHHOKLHUURPXHUGHHODFHUR
\SXOYHUL]DODSHxDFRPSDFWD
PDWDUH\HVDUUXLQDFLXGDGHV
\GHUULEDODVDOWDVPRQWDxDV
(O SREUH %LOERVHQWDGRHQODRVFXULGDGSHQVyHQWRGRVORVKRUULEOHVQRPEUHVGH
JLJDQWHV \ RJURV TXH DOJXQD YH] KDEtD RtGR HQ ORV FXHQWRV SHUR QLQJXQR KDFtD
WRGDVHVDVFRVDV7HQtDHOSUHVHQWLPLHQWRGHTXHODUHVSXHVWDHUDPX\GLIHUHQWH\
TXHODVDEtDGHDOJ~QPRGRSHURQRHUDFDSD]GHSRQHUVHDSHQVDU(PSH]yD
VHQWLUPLHGR\HVWRHVPDORSDUDSHQVDU*ROOXPVDOLyHQWRQFHVGHOERWH6DOWyDO
DJXD\DYDQ]yKDFLDODRULOOD%LOERDOFDQ]DEDDYHUORVRMRVTXHVHDFHUFDEDQ/D
OHQJXDSDUHFtDKDEpUVHOHSHJDGRDOSDODGDUTXHUtDJULWDU
£'DPHWLHPSR3HURWRGRORTXHVDOLyHQXQV~ELWRFKLOOLGRIXH
²£7LHPSR£7LHPSR
%LOERVHVDOYySRUSXUDVXHUWH3XHVQDWXUDOPHQWHpVWDHUDODUHVSXHVWD
*ROOXPTXHGyRWUDYH]GHVLOXVLRQDGRDKRUDHVWDEDHQRMiQGRVH\FDQViQGRVHGHO
MXHJR/HKDEtDGDGRPXFKDKDPEUHHQYHUGDG\QRYROYLyDOERWH6HVHQWyHQOD
RVFXULGDGMXQWRD%LOER(VWRLQFRPRGyWRGDYtDPiVDOKREELW\OHQXEOyHOLQJHQLR
²$KRUD pO WLHQH TXH KDFHUQRV XQD SUHJXQWD SUHFLRVVR PtR VL VVt VVt 8QD
SUHJXQWDPiVVSDUDDFHUWDUVtVVt²GLMR*ROOXP
3HUR%LOERQRSRGtDSHQVDUHQQLQJ~QDFHUWLMRFRQDTXHOODFRVDDVTXHURVDPHQWH
IUtD \ K~PHGD DO ODGR VREiQGROR \ HPSXMiQGROR 6H UDVFDED VH SHOOL]FDED \
VHJXtDVLQSRGHUSHQVDU
²£3UHJ~QWHQRV £3UHJ~QWHQRV ²GHFtD *ROOXP %LOER VH SHOOL]FDED \ VH
SDOPRWHDED DIHUUy OD HVSDGD FRQ XQD PDQR \ WDQWHy HO EROVLOOR FRQ OD RWUD $OOt
HQFRQWUyHODQLOORTXHKDEtDUHFRJLGRHQHOW~QHO\TXHKDEtDROYLGDGR
²¢4Xp WHQJR HQ HO EROVLOOR" ²GLMR HQ YR] DOWD +DEODED FRQVLJR PLVPR SHUR
*ROOXPFUH\yTXHHUDXQDFHUWLMR\VHVLQWLyWHUULEOHPHQWHGHVFRQFHUWDGR
²£1R YDOH £1R YDOH ²VLVHy² ¢1R HV FLHUWR TXH QR YDOH SUHFLRVVR PtR
SUHJXQWDUQRVTXpWLHQHHQORVDVTXHURVRVEROVLOOLWRV"
%LOER YLHQGR OR TXH KDEtD SDVDGR \ QRWHQLHQGRQDGDPHMRUTXHGHFLUUHSLWLyOD
SUHJXQWDHQYR]PiVDOWD²¢4XpKD\HQPLVEROVLOORV"
²6VV ²VLVHy *ROOXP² 7LHQH TXH GDUQRV WUHV 2SRUWXQLGDGHV SUHFLRVVR PtR
WUHVVRSRUWXQLGDGHVV
²£'HDFXHUGR£$GLYLQD²GLMR%LOER
²£/DVPDQRVV²GLMR*ROOXP
²)DOVR²GLMR%LOERTXLHQSRUIRUWXQDKDEtDUHWLUDGRODPDQRRWUDYH]²£3UXHED
GHQXHYR
²6VV²GLMR*ROOXPPiVGHVFRQFHUWDGRTXHQXQFD3HQVyHQWRGDVODVFRVDVTXH
pO OOHYDED HQ ORV EROVLOORV HVSLQDV GH SHVFDGR GLHQWHV GH WUDVJRV FRQFKDV
PRMDGDV XQ WUR]R GH DOD GH PXUFLpODJR XQD SLHGUD DJX]DGD SDUD DILODUVH ORV
FROPLOORV \ RWUDV FRVDV UHSXJQDQWHV ,QWHQWy SHQVDU HQ OR TXH RWUD JHQWH SRGtD
OOHYDUHQORVEROVLOORV
²£8QFXFKLOOR²GLMRDOILQ
²£)DOVR ²GLMR %LOER TXH KDEtD SHUGLGR HO VX\R KDFtD WLHPSR² £8OWLPD
RSRUWXQLGDG
$KRUD *ROOXP VH VHQWtD PXFKR SHRU TXH FXDQGR %LOER OH KDEtD SODQWHDGR HO
DFHUWLMR GHO KXHYR 6LVHy IDUIXOOy \ VH EDODQFHy DGHODQWH \ DWUiV JROSHWHDQGR HO
VXHOR FRQ ORV SLHV \ VH PHQHy \ UHWRUFLy VLQ HPEDUJR QR VH GHFLGtD QR TXHUtD
HFKDUDSHUGHUHVD~OWLPDRSRUWXQLGDG
²£9DPRV ²GLMR %LOER² £(VWR\ HVSHUDQGR ²7UDWy GH SDUHFHU YDOLHQWH \ MRYLDO
SHURQRHVWDEDPX\VHJXURGHFyPRWHUPLQDUtDHOMXHJR\D*ROOXPDFHUWDVHRQR
²£6HDFDEyHOWLHPSR²GLMR
²£8QD FXHUGD R QDGD ²FKLOOy *ROOXP TXLHQ QR UHVSHWDED GHO WRGR ODV UHJODV
UHVSRQGLHQGRGRVFRVDVDODYH]
²£/DVGRVPDO²JULWy%LOERPXFKRPiVDOLYLDGR HLQFRUSRUiQGRVHGHXQVDOWR
VHDSR\yGHHVSDOGDVHQODSDUHGPiVSUy[LPD\GHVHQYDLQyODSHTXHxDHVSDGD
1DWXUDOPHQWH VDEtD TXH HO WRUQHR GH ODV DGLYLQDQ]DV HUD VDJUDGR \ GH XQD
DQWLJHGDG LQPHQVD \ TXH DXQ ODV FULDWXUDV PDOYDGDV WHPtDQ KDFHU WUDPSDV
PLHQWUDV MXJDEDQ 3HUR VHQWtD WDPELpQ TXH QR SRGtD FRQILDU HQ TXH DTXHOOD
FULDWXUDYLVFRVDPDQWXYLHUDXQDSURPHVD
&XDOTXLHUH[FXVDOHSDUHFHUtDDSURSLDGDSDUDHOXGLUOD<DOILQ\DOFDEROD~OWLPD
SUHJXQWDQRKDEtDVLGRXQDFHUWLMRJHQXLQRGHDFXHUGRFRQ ODVOH\HVDQFHVWUDOHV
3HUR VLQ HPEDUJR *ROOXP QR OR DWDFy HQ VHJXLGD 0LUDED OD HVSDGD TXH %LOER
WHQtDHQODPDQR6HTXHGyVHQWDGRVXVXUUDQGR\HVWUHPHFLpQGRVH$OILQ%LOER
QRSXGRHVSHUDUPiV
²<ELHQ²GLMR²¢TXpKD\GHWXSURPHVD"0HTXLHURLUWLHQHVTXHHQVHxDUPHHO
FDPLQR
²¢'LMLPRVHVRSUHFLRVVR"0RVWUDUOHODVDOLGDDOSHTXHxR\DVTXHURVR%ROVyQVt
VL 3HUR ¢TXp WLHQH pO HQ ORV EROVLOORVV" £1L FXHUGD SUHFLRVVR QL QDGD £2K QR
£*ROOXP
²1RWHLPSRUWD²GLMR%LOER²XQDSURPHVDHVXQDSURPHVD
²9D\D £TXp SULVD £,PSDFLHQWH SUHFLRVVR ²VLVHy *ROOXP² SHUR WLHQH TXH
HVSHUDU Vt 1R SRGHPRV VXELU SRU ORV SDVDGL]RV WDQ GH SULVD SULPHUR WHQHPRV
TXHUHFRJHUDOJXQDVFRVDVDQWHVVtFRVDVTXHQRVD\XGHQ
²£%LHQ DSUHV~UDWH ²GLMR %LOER DOLYLDGR DO SHQVDU TXH *ROOXP VH PDUFKDED
&UHtDTXHVyORVHHVWDEDH[FXVDQGR\TXHQRSHQVDEDYROYHU¢'HTXpKDEODED
*ROOXP" ¢4Xp FRVD ~WLO SRGtD JXDUGDU HQ HO ODJR RVFXUR" 3HUR VH HTXLYRFDED
*ROOXPSHQVDEDYROYHU(VWDEDHQIDGDGRDKRUD\KDPEULHQWR<HUDXQDPLVHUDEOH
\PDOYDGDFULDWXUD\\DWHQtDXQSODQ
1RPX\OHMRVHVWDEDVXLVODGHODTXH%LOERQDGDVDEtD\DOOtHQXQHVFRQGULMR
JXDUGDEDDOJXQDVVREUDVPLVHUDEOHV\XQDFRVDPX\KHUPRVDPX\PDUDYLOORVD
7HQtDXQDQLOORXQDQLOORGHRURXQDQLOORSUHFLRVR
²£0L UHJDOR GH FXPSOHDxRV ²PXUPXUDED FRPR KDEtDKHFKRDPHQXGRHQORV
RVFXURVGtDVLQWHUPLQDEOHV²(VRHVORTXHDKRUDTXHUHPRVVVt£ORTXHUHPRVV
/R TXHUtD SRUTXH HUD XQ DQLOOR GH SRGHU \ VL RV OR SRQtDLV HQ HO GHGR HUDLV
LQYLVLEOHV 6yOR D OD SOHQD OX] GHO VRO SRGUtDQ YHURV \ VyOR SRU OD VRPEUD
WHPEORURVD\WHQXH
²£0LUHJDORGHFXPSOHDxRV£/OHJyDPtHOGtDGHPLFXPSOHDxRVSUHFLRVVRPtR
²$VtPRQRORJDED*ROOXP3HURQDGLHVDEHFyPR*ROOXPKDEtDFRQVHJXLGRDTXHO
UHJDOR KDFtD VLJORV HQ ORV YLHMRV GtDV FXDQGR WDOHV DQLOORV DEXQGDEDQ HQ HO
PXQGR 4XL]i QL HO SURSLR $PR TXH ORV JREHUQDED D WRGRV SRGtD GHFLUOR $O
SULQFLSLR *ROOXP VROtD OOHYDUOR SXHVWR KDVWD TXH OH FDQVy \ GHVGH HQWRQFHV OR
JXDUGy HQ XQD EROVD SHJDGD DO FXHUSR KDVWD TXH OH ODVWLPy OD SLHO \ GHVGH
HQWRQFHV OR WXYR HVFRQGLGR HQ XQD URFD GH OD LVOD \ VLHPSUH YROYtD D PLUDUOR <
D~Q D YHFHV VH OR SRQtD FXDQGR QR DJXDQWDED HVWDU OHMRV GH pO QL XQ PRPHQWR
PiV R FXDQGR HVWDED PX\ PX\ KDPEULHQWR \ KDUWR GH SHVFDGR (QWRQFHV VH
DUUDVWUDED SRU SDVDGL]RV RVFXURV HQ EXVFD GH WUDVJRV H[WUDYLDGRV 6H
DYHQWXUDED LQFOXVR HQ VLWLRV GRQGH KDEtD DQWRUFKDV HQFHQGLGDV TXH OR KDFtDQ
SDUSDGHDU\OHLUULWDEDQORVRMRV(VWDEDVHJXURRKVtPX\VHJXUR1DGLHORYHtD
QDGLHQRWDEDTXHHVWDEDDOOtKDVWDTXHOHVDSUHWDEDODJDUJDQWDFRQODVPDQRV/R
KDEtDOOHYDGRSXHVWRKDFtDVyORXQDVSRFDVKRUDV\KDEtDFDSWXUDGRXQSHTXHxR
WUDVJR £&yPR KDEtD FKLOODGR $~Q OH TXHGDEDQ XQR R GRV KXHVRV SRUURHUSHUR
GHVHDEDDOJRPiVWLHUQR
²0X\ VHJXUR Vt ²VH GHFtD² 1R QRV YHUi ¢YHUGDG SUHFLRVVR PtR" 1R \ OD
DVTXHURVDHVSDGLWDVHUiLQ~WLO£VtEDVWDQWHLQ~WLO
(VR HV OR TXH HVFRQGtD HQ VX SHTXHxD PROOHUD PDOYDGD PLHQWUDV VH DSDUWDED
EUXVFDPHQWH GH %LOER \ FKDSRWHDED KDFLD HO ERWH SHUGLpQGRVH HQ OD RVFXULGDG
%LOERFUH\yTXHQXQFDORYROYHUtDDRtUDXQDVtHVSHUyXQUDWRSXHVQRWHQtDLGHD
GHFyPRHQFRQWUDUVRORHOFDPLQRGHVDOLGD
'HSURQWRR\yXQFKLOOLGR8QHVFDORIUtROHEDMySRUODHVSDOGD*ROOXPPDOGHFtD\
VHODPHQWDEDHQODVWLQLHEODVQRPX\OHMRV(VWDEDHQVXLVODUHYROYLHQGRDTXt\
DOOiEXVFDQGR\UHEXVFDQGRHQYDQR
²¢'yQGH HVWi" ¢'yQGH HVWi" ²VROOR]DED² 6VH KD SHUGLGR SUHFLRVR PtR
£SHUGLGRSHUGLGR£0DOGtJDQRV\DSOiVWHQRVPLSUHFLRVRVHKDSHUGLGR
²¢4XpSDVD"²SUHJXQWy%LOER²¢4XpKDVSHUGLGD"
²1RWLHQHTXHSUHJXQWDUQRVQRHVDVXQWRVVX\R£QR*ROOXP²FKLOOy*ROOXP²
SHUGLGRSHUGLGR*ROOXP*ROOXP*ROOXP
²%XHQR\RWDPELpQPHKHSHUGLGR\TXLHURVDEHUGyQGHHVWR\*DQpODSXJQD\
W~KLFLVWHXQDSURPHVD$VtTXH£DGHODQWH£9HQ\FRQG~FHPHIXHUD\OXHJRVLJXH
EXVFDQGR ²$XQTXH *ROOXP SDUHFtD LQFRQVRODEOH %LOER QR OR FRPSDGHFtD
GHPDVLDGRWHQtDODLPSUHVLyQGHTXHXQDFRVDTXH*ROOXPTXHUtDWDQWRQRSRGtD
VHUQDGDEXHQR²£9DPRV²JULWy
²£1R D~Q QR SUHFLRVR ²UHVSRQGLy *ROOXP² 7HQHPRV TXH EXVFDUOR SXHV VH
KDSHUGLGR£*ROOXP
²3HURQRDFHUWDVWHPL~OWLPDSUHJXQWDHKLFLVWHXQDSURPHVD²GLMR%LOER
²£1XQFD OR ²LPDJLQp ²GLMR *ROOXP 'H UHSHQWH XQ DJXGR VLVHR EURWy GH OD
RVFXULGDG² ¢4Xp WLHQH HQ ORV EROVLOORVV" 4XH QRV OR GLJD 3ULPHUR WLHQH TXH
GHFLUOR
+DVWDGRQGH%LOERVDEtDQRKDEtDQLQJXQDUD]yQSDUWLFXODUSDUDQRGHFtUVHOR0iV
UiSLGDTXHODVX\DODPHQWHGH*ROOXPKDEtDFD]DGRHQHODLUHXQSUHVHQWLPLHQWR
SXHV GXUDQWH VLJORV KDEtD HVWDGR SUHRFXSDGD SRU HVD VROD FRVD WHPLHQGR
VLHPSUHTXHVHODTXLWDUDQ3HURODGHPRUDLPSDFLHQWDEDD%LOER$OILQ\DOFDER
KDEtDJDQDGRHOMXHJRFRQEDVWDQWHOLPSLH]D\FRUULHQGRXQULHVJRWHUULEOH²/DV
SUHJXQWDVHUDQSDUDDFHUWDUQRSDUDGHFLUODV²GLMR
²3HURQRIXHMXHJROLPSLR²GLMR*ROOXP²1RHUDXQDFHUWLMRSUHFLRVRQR
²£2K ELHQ VL VH WUDWD GH SUHJXQWDV FRUULHQWHV \R KH KHFKR XQD DQWHV ²
UHVSRQGLy%LOER²¢4XpKDVSHUGLGRTXLHUHVGHFLUPH"
²¢4XpWLHQHHQORVEROVLOORVV"²(OVRQLGROOHJyVLVHDQGRPiVDJXGR\IXHUWH\
FRPR *ROOXP HVWDED PLUiQGROR %LOER YLR DODUPDGR GRV SHTXHxRV SXQWRV GH OX]
TXHORREVHUYDEDQ$PHGLGDTXHODVRVSHFKDFUHFtDHQODPHQWHGH*ROOXPODOX]
OHDUGtDHQORVRMRVFRQXQDOODPDGHVFRORULGD
²¢4XpKDVSHUGLGR"²LQVLVWLy%LOER
3HUR OD OX] HQ ORV RMRV GH *ROOXP HUD DKRUD XQ IXHJR YHUGH \ VH DFHUFDED FRQ
UDSLGH] *ROOXP HVWDED GH QXHYR HQ HO ERWH UHPDQGR FRPR GHVHVSHUDGR GH
YXHOWD D OD RULOOD \ WDO HUD OD UDELD SRU OD SpUGLGD \ OD VRVSHFKD TXH WHQtD HQ HO
FRUD]yQTXH\DQROHDWHPRUL]DEDQLQJXQDHVSDGD
%LOER QR SRGtD DGLYLQDU TXp KDEtD PDTXLQDGR OD PDOYDGD FULDWXUD SHUR YLR TXH
WRGRHVWDEDGHVFXELHUWR\TXH*ROOXPSUHWHQGtDWHUPLQDUFRQpOVHDFRPRIXHUH
-XVWRDWLHPSRVHYROYLy\FRUULyDFLHJDVVXELHQGRHOSDVDGL]RTXHKDEtDEDMDGR
DQWHVPDQWHQLpQGRVHSHJDGRDODSDUHG\WRFiQGRODFRQODPDQRL]TXLHUGD
²¢4Xp WLHQH HQ ORV EROVLOORVV" ²%LOER R\y HO VLVHR IXHUWH GHWUiV GH pO \ HO
FKDSRWHR FXDQGR *ROOXP VDOWy GHO ERWH 4Xp WHQJR \R PH SUHJXQWR VH GLMR
PLHQWUDV DYDQ]DED MDGHDQGR \ WURSH]DQGR 6H PHWLy OD PDQR L]TXLHUGD HQ HO
EROVLOOR(ODQLOORHVWDEDPX\IUtRFXDQGRVHOHGHVOL]yGHSURQWRHQHOGHGRtQGLFH
FRQHOTXHWDQWHDEDEXVFDQGR
(OVLVHRHVWDEDGHWUiVPX\FHUFD%LOERVHYROYLy\YLRORVRMRVGH*ROOXPFRPR
SHTXHxDV OiPSDUDV YHUGHV TXH VXEtDQ OD SHQGLHQWH $WHUURUL]DGR LQWHQWy FRUUHU
PiVUiSLGR\FD\yFXDQODUJRHUDFRQODSHTXHxDHVSDGDGHEDMRGHOFXHUSR
(QXQPRPHQWR*ROOXPHVWXYRVREUHpO3HURDQWHVTXH%LOERSXGLHVHKDFHUDOJR
UHFXSHUDU HO DOLHQWR OHYDQWDUVH R HVJULPLU OD HVSDGD *ROOXP SDVy GH ODUJR VLQ
SUHVWDUOHDWHQFLyQPDOGLFLHQGR\PXUPXUDQGRPLHQWUDVFRUUtD
¢4Xp SRGtD VLJQLILFDU HVWR" *ROOXP YHtD HQ OD RVFXULGDG %LOER DOFDQ]DED D
GLVWLQJXLUODOX]SiOLGDGHORVRMRVDXQGHVGHDWUiV6HOHYDQWyGRORULGRHQYDLQy
OD HVSDGD TXH DKRUD EULOODED GpELOPHQWH RWUD YH] \ FRQ PXFKD FDXWHOD VLJXLy
DQGDQGR 3DUHFtD TXH QR VH SRGtD KDFHU RWUD FRVD 1R FRQYHQtD YROYHU
DUUDVWUiQGRVHDODVDJXDVGH*ROOXP4XL]iVLORVHJXtD*ROOXPORFRQGXFLUtDVLQ
TXHUHUKDVWDDOJXQDYtDGHHVFDSH
²£0DOGLWR VHD £0DOGLWR VHD £0DOGLWR VHD ²VLVHDED *ROOXP² £0DOGLWR %ROVyQ
£6H KD LGR ¢4Xp WLHQH HQ ORV EROVLOORV" £2K OR VXSRQHPRV OR DGLYLQDPRV
3UHFLRVRPtR/RKDHQFRQWUDGRVtWLHQHTXHWHQHUOR0LUHJDORGHFXPSOHDxRV
%LOER DJX]y HO RtGR 3RU ILQ HVWDED HPSH]DQGR D DGLYLQDU $SUHVXUy HO SDVR
DFHUFiQGRVH D *ROOXP SRU GHWUiV KDVWD GRQGH VH DWUHYLy *ROOXP FRUUtD D~Q GH
SULVDVLQPLUDUDWUiVSHURYROYLHQGRODFDEH]DDORVODGRVFRPR%LOERSRGtDYHU
SRUHOSiOLGRUHIOHMRGHOX]HQODVSDUHGHV
²£0LUHJDORGHFXPSOHDxRV£0DOGLWR¢&yPRORSHUGLPRVSUHFLRVRPtR"6tHVR
HV £0DOGLWR &XDQGR YLQLPRV SRU DTXt OD ~OWLPD YH] FXDQGR HVWUXMDPRV D DTXHO
DVTXHURVRMRYHQFLWRFKLOOyQ(VRHV£0DOGLWRVHD6HQRVFD\y£GHVSXpVGHWDQWRV
VLJORV\VLJORV1RHVWi£*ROOXP
'H SURQWR *ROOXP VH VHQWy \ VH SXVR D VROOR]DU FRQ XQ UXLGR VLOEDQWH \
JRUJRWHDQWHKRUULEOHDORtGR%LOERVHGHWXYRSHJiQGRVHDODSDUHGGHODJDOHUtD
3DVDGRXQUDWR*ROOXPGHMyGHOORULTXHDU\FRPHQ]yDKDEODU3DUHFtDWHQHUXQD
GLVFXVLyQFRQVLJRPLVPR
²1R YDOH OD SHQD YROYHU D EXVFDUOR QR 1R UHFRUGDPRV WRGRV ORV OXJDUHV TXH
KHPRV YLVLWDGR < QR VHUYLUtD GH QDGD (O %ROVyQ OR WLHQH HQ VXV EROVLOORVV HO
DVTXHURVRILVJyQORKDHQFRQWUDGRORGHFLPRVQRVRWURV
/R VXSRQHPRV SUHFLRVR VyOR OR VXSRQHPRV 1R SRGHPRV HVWDU VHJXURV KDVWD
HQFRQWUDU D OD DVTXHURVVD FULDWXUD \ HVWUXMDUOD 3HUR QR FRQRFH ODV YLUWXGHV TXH
WLHQH¢YHUGDG"6yORORJXDUGDHQORVEROVLOORV1RORVDEH\QRSXHGHLUPX\OHMRV
6HKDSHUGLGRHOSXHUFRILVVJyQ1RFRQRFHODVDOLGD(VRIXHORTXHGLMR
$VtGLMRVtSHURHVXQWUDPSRVR£1RGLFHORTXHSLHQVD1RGLUiORTXHWLHQHHQ
ORVEROVLOORV/RVDEH
&RQRFHHOFDPLQRGHHQWUDGDWLHQHTXHFRQRFHUHOGHVDOLGDVt(VWiPiVDOOiGH
ODSXHUWDWUDVHUD+DFLDODSXHUWDWUDVHUDHVRHV
/RVWUDVJRVORFDSWXUDUiQHQWRQFHV1RSXHGHVDOLUSRUDKtSUHFLRVR
6VV VVV £*ROOXP£7UDVJRVV 6t SHUR VL WLHQH HO UHJDOR QXHVWUR UHJDOR GH
FXPSOHDxRV HQWRQFHV ORV WUDVJRV OR WRPDUiQ £*ROOXP 'HVFXEULUiQ GHVFXEULUiQ
VXVSURSLHGDGHV£1XQFDPiVHVWDUHPRVVHJXURV*ROOXP8QRGHORVWUDVVJRVVH
OR SRQGUi \ QR OR YHUi QDGLH (VWDUi DOOt SHUR QDGLH SRGUi YHUOR 1L VLTXLHUD
QXHVWURV PiV DJXGRV RMRVV \ VH DFHUFDUi HVFXUULpQGRVH \ HQJDxDQGR \ QRV
FDSWXUDUi£*ROOXP£*ROOXP
£'HMHPRVODFKDUODSUHFLRVR\YD\DPRVGHSULVD6LHO%ROVyQVHKDLGRSRUDKt
WHQHPRVTXHDSUHVXUDUQRV\YHUOR£9DPRV1RSXHGHHVWDUPX\OHMRV£'HSULVD
*ROOXP VH OHYDQWy GH XQ EULQFR \ VH DOHMyEDPEROHiQGRVHDJUDQGHV]DQFDGDV
%LOERFRUULyWUDVpOWRGDYtDFDXWHORVRDXQTXHDKRUDORTXHPiVWHPtDHUDWURSH]DU
GH QXHYR \ FDHU KDFLHQGR UXLGR 7HQtD HQ OD FDEH]D XQ WRUEHOOLQR GH DVRPEUR \
HVSHUDQ]D 3DUHFtD TXH HO DQLOOR TXH OOHYDED HUD XQ DQLOOR PiJLFR £WH KDFtD
LQYLVLEOH +DEtD RtGR GH WDOHV FRVDV SRU VXSXHVWR HQ DQWLJXRV UHODWRV SHUR OH
FRVWDED FUHHU TXH HQ UHDOLGDG pO SRU DFFLGHQWH KDEtD HQFRQWUDGR XQR 6LQ
HPEDUJRDVtHUD*ROOXPKDEtDSDVDGRGHODUJRVyORDXQD\DUGD
6LJXLHURQDGHODQWH*ROOXPDYDQ]DQGRDORVWURPSLFRQHVVLVHDQGR\PDOGLFLHQGR
%LOERGHWUiVWDQVLOHQFLRVDPHQWH
FRPRSXHGHPDUFKDUXQKREELW3URQWROOHJDURQ
DXQRVOXJDUHVGRQGHFRPRKDEtDQRWDGR%LOERDOEDMDUVHDEUtDQSDVDGL]RVDORV
ODGRVXQRDFi2WURDOOi*ROOXPFRPHQ]yHQVHJXLGDDFRQWDUORV
²8QR D OD L]TXLHUGD Vt 8QR D OD GHUHFKD Vt 'RV D OD GHUHFKD Vt Vt GRV D OD
L]TXLHUGDHVRHV²<DVtXQDYH]\RWUD
$PHGLGDTXHODFXHQWDFUHFtDDIORMyHOSDVRVROOR]DQGR\WHPEODQGR3XHVFDGD
YH] VH DOHMDED PiV GHO DJXD \ WHQtD PLHGR /RV WUDVJRV DFHFKDEDQ TXL]i \ pO
KDEtDSHUGLGRHODQLOOR3RUILQVHGHWXYRDQWHXQDDEHUWXUDEDMDDODL]TXLHUGD
²6LHWHDODGHUHFKDVt6HLVDODL]TXLHUGD£ELHQ²VXVXUUy²(VWHHV(VWHHVHO
FDPLQRGHODSXHUWDWUDVHUD£$TXtHVWiHOSDVDGL]R
0LUy KDFLD DGHQWUR \ VH UHWLUy YDFLODQGR ²3HUR QR QRV DWUHYHUHPRV D HQWUDU
SUHFLRVRQRQRVDWUHYHUHPRV+D\WUDVJRVDOOiDEDMR0RQWRQHVGHWUDVJRVV/RV
ROHPRV£6VV
¢4XpSRGHPRVKDFHU"£0DOGLWRV\DSODVWDGRVVHDQ7HQHPRVTXHHVSHUDUDTXt
SUHFLRVRHVSHUDUXQPRPHQWR\REVHUYDU
< DVt VHGHWXYLHURQ$OILQ\DOFDER*ROOXPKDEtDWUDtGRD%LOERKDVWDODVDOLGD
£SHUR %LOER QR SRGtD FUX]DUOD $OOt HVWDED *ROOXP DFXUUXFDGR MXVWDPHQWH HQ OD
DEHUWXUD\ORVRMRVOHEULOODEDQIUtRVPLHQWUDVPRYtDODFDEH]DDXQODGR\DRWUR
HQWUHODVURGLOODV
%LOERVHDUUDVWUyDSDUWiQGRVHGHODSDUHGPiVFDOODGRTXHXQUDWyQSHUR*ROOXP
VHHQGHUH]yHQVHJXLGD\YHQWHyHQWRUQR\ORVRMRVVHOHSXVLHURQYHUGHV6LVHy
HQ XQ WRQR EDMR DXQTXH DPHQD]DGRU 1R SRGtD YHU DO KREELW SHUR DKRUD HVWDED
DWHQWR \ WHQtD RWURV VHQWLGRV TXH OD RVFXULGDG KDEtD DJX]DGR ROIDWR \ RtGR
3DUHFtDTXHVHKDEtDDJDFKDGRFRQODVSDOPDVGHODVPDQRVH[WHQGLGDVVREUHHO
VXHORODFDEH]DHVWLUDGDKDFLDDGHODQWH\ODQDUL]FDVLWRFDQGRODSLHGUD$XQTXH
HUDVyORXQDVRPEUDQHJUDHQHOEULOORGHVXVSURSLRVRMRV%LOERDOFDQ]DEDDYHUOR
RVHQWLUORWHQVRFRUQRODFXHUGDGHXQDUFRGLVSXHVWRDVDOWDU
%LOERFDVLGHMyGHUHVSLUDU\WDPELpQVHTXHGyTXLHWR(VWDEDGHVHVSHUDGR7HQtD
TXHHVFDSDU VDOLUGHDTXHOODKRUULEOHRVFXULGDGPLHQWUDVOHTXHGDUDDOJXQDIXHU]D
7HQtD TXH OXFKDU 7HQtD TXH DSXxDODU D OD DVTXHURVD FULDWXUD VDFDUOH ORV RMRV
PDWDUOD4XHUtDPDWDUORDpO1RQRVHUtDXQDOXFKDOLPSLD(OHUDLQYLVLEOHDKRUD
*ROOXP QR WHQtD HVSDGD 1R KDEtD DPHQD]DGR PDWDUOR R QR OR KDEtD LQWHQWDGR
D~Q < HUD XQ VHU PLVHUDEOH VROLWDULR SHUGLGR 8QD V~ELWD FRPSUHQVLyQ XQD
SLHGDG PH]FODGD FRQ KRUURU DVRPy HQ HO FRUD]yQ GH %LOER XQ GHVWHOOR GH
LQWHUPLQDEOHV GtDV LJXDOHV VLQ OX] QL HVSHUDQ]D GH DOJR PHMRU GXUD SLHGUD IUtR
SHVFDGR SDVRV IXUWLYRV \ VXVXUURV 7RGRV HVWRV SHQVDPLHQWRV VH OH FUX]DURQ
FRPR XQ UHOiPSDJR 6H HVWUHPHFLy < HQWRQFHV GH SURQWR HQ RWUR UHOiPSDJR
FRPRDQLPDGRSRUXQDHQHUJtD\XQDUHVROXFLyQQXHYDVVDOWyKDFLDDGHODQWH
1RXQJUDQVDOWRSDUDXQKRPEUHSHURXQVDOWRDFLHJDV6DOWyGLUHFWDPHQWHVREUH
ODFDEH]DGH*ROOXPDXQDGLVWDQFLDGHVLHWHSLHV\WUHVGHDOWXUDSRUFLHUWR\QR
ORVDEtDDSHQDVHYLWyTXHVHOHGHVWUR]DUDHOFUiQHRFRQWUDHODUFRGHOW~QHO
*ROOXP VH ODQ]y KDFLD DWUiV H LQWHQWy DWUDSDU DO KREELW FXDQGR YRODED VREUH pO
SHUR GHPDVLDGR WDUGH ODV PDQRV JROSHDURQ HO DLUH WHQXH \ %LOER FD\HQGR
OLPSLDPHQWHVREUHORVSLHVYLJRURVRVVHSUHFLSLWyDEDMDUSRUHOQXHYRSDVDGL]R
1RVHYROYLyDPLUDUTXpKDFtD*ROOXP$OSULQFLSLRR\yVLVHRV\PDOGLFLRQHVGHWUiV
GH pO PX\ FHUFD OXHJR FHVDURQ &DVL HQ VHJXLGD VRQy XQ DXOOLGR TXH KHODED OD
VDQJUHXQJULWRGHRGLR\GHVHVSHUDFLyQ*ROOXPHVWDEDGHUURWDGR1RVHDWUHYtD
DLUPiVOHMRVKDEtDSHUGLGRKDEtDSHUGLGRVXSUHVD\KDEtDSHUGLGRWDPELpQOD
~QLFDFRVDTXHKDEtDFXLGDGRDOJXQDYH]VXSUHFLRVR(ODXOOLGRGHMyD%LOERFRQ
HO FRUD]yQ HQ OD ERFD <D GpELO FRPR XQ HFR SHUR DPHQD]DGRUD OD YR] YHQtD
GHVGHDWUiV
²£/DGUyQ ODGUyQ ODGUyQ £%ROVyQ £/R RGLDPRV OR RGLDPRV OR RGLDPRV SDUD
VLHPSUH
1RVHR\yQDGDPiV3HURHOVLOHQFLRWDPELpQOHSDUHFtDDPHQD]DGRUD%LOER6L
ORVWUDVJRVHVWiQWDQFHUFDTXHpOSXHGHROHUORVSHQVyWLHQHQTXHKDEHURtGRODV
PDOGLFLRQHV\FKLOOLGRV&XLGDGRDKRUDRHVWRWHOOHYDUiDFRVDVSHRUHV
(O SDVDGL]R HUD EDMR \ GH SDUHGHV WRVFDV 1R SDUHFtD PX\ GLItFLO SDUD HO KREELW
H[FHSWR&XDQGRDSHVDUGHDQGDUFRQPXFKRFXLGDGRWURSH]DEDGHQXHYR\DVt
PXFKDV YHFHV JROSHiQGRVH ORV GHGRV GH ORV SLHV FRQWUD ODV SLHGUDV GHO VXHOR
PROHVWDV\DILODGDV8QSRFREDMRSDUDORVWUDVJRVDOPHQRVSDUDORVJUDQGHV
SHQVDED%LOERQRVDELHQGRTXHDXQORVPiVJUDQGHVORVRUFRVGHODVPRQWDxDV
DYDQ]DQHQFRUYDGRVDJUDQYHORFLGDGFRQODVPDQRVFDVLHQHOVXHOR
3URQWR HO SDVDGL]R TXH KDEtD HVWDGR EDMDQGR FRPHQ]y D VXELU RWUD YH] \ GH
SURQWR DVFHQGLy DEUXSWDPHQWH %LOER WXYR TXH DIORMDU OD PDUFKD SHUR SRU ILQ OD
FXHVWDDFDEyOXHJRGHXQUHFRGRHOSDVDGL]RGHVFHQGLyGHQXHYR\DOOiDOSLH
GHXQDFRUWDSHQGLHQWHYLRTXHGHOFRVWDGRGHRWURUHFRGRYHQtDXQUHIOHMRGHOX]
1RXQDOX]URMDFRPRGHOLQWHUQDRGHIXHJRVLQRXQDOX]SiOLGDGHDLUHOLEUH%LOER
HFKyDFRUUHU
&RUULHQGR WDQWR FRPR OH DJXDQWDEDQ ODV SLHUQDV GREOy HO ~OWLPR UHFRGR \ VH
HQFRQWUyHQPHGLRGHXQHVSDFLRDELHUWRGRQGHODOX]OXHJRGHWRGRDTXHOWLHPSR
DRVFXUDVSDUHFtDGHVOXPEUDQWH(QYHUGDGHUDVyORODOX]GHOVROTXHVHILOWUDED
SRU HO KXHFR GH XQD SXHUWD JUDQGH XQD SXHUWD GH SLHGUD TXH KDEtDQ GHMDGR
HQWRUQDGD
%LOERSDUSDGHy\GHSURQWRYLR DOHVWUDVJRVWUDVJRVDUPDGRVGHSLHVDFDEH]D
FRQ ODV HVSDGDV GHVHQYDLQDGDVVHQWDGRVDODYHUDGHODSXHUWD\REVHUYiQGROR
FRQORVRMRVDELHUWRVREVHUYDQGRHOSDVDGL]RSRUGRQGHKDEtDDSDUHFLGR(VWDEDQ
SUHSDUDGRVDWHQWRVGLVSXHVWRVDFXDOTXLHUFRVD
/RYLHURQDQWHVTXHpOSXGLHVHYHUORV6tORYLHURQ)XHVHXQDFFLGHQWHRHO~OWLPR
WUXFRGHODQLOORDQWHVGHWRPDUQXHYRDPRQRORWHQtDHQHOGHGR&RQDXOOLGRVGH
HQWXVLDVPRORVWUDVJRVVHDEDODQ]DURQVREUHpO
8QD SXQ]DGD GH PLHGR \ SpUGLGD FRPR XQ HFR GH OD PLVHULD GH *ROOXP KLULy D
%LOER\ROYLGDQGRGHVHQYDLQDUODHVSDGDPHWLyODVPDQRVHQORVEROVLOORV<DOOt
HQHOEROVLOORL]TXLHUGRHVWDEDHODQLOOR\pOPLVPRVHOHGHVOL]yHQHOGHGRtQGLFH
/RV WUDVJRV VH GHWXYLHURQ EUXVFDPHQWH 1R SRGtDQ YHU QDGD GHO KREELW +DEtD
GHVDSDUHFLGR
+DEtDGHVDSDUHFLGR&KLOODURQGRVYHFHVWDQDOWRFRPRDQWHVSHURQRFRQWDQWR
HQWXVLDVPR
²¢'yQGHHVWi"²JULWDURQ
²£6HYROYLySDVDGL]RDUULED²GLMHURQDOJXQRV
²£)XHSRUDTXt²DXOODURQXQRV²£)XHSRUDOOi²DXOODURQRWURV
²£&XLGDG OD SXHUWD ²RUGHQy HO FDSLWiQ 6RQDURQ VLOEDWRV ODV DUPDGXUDV VH
HQWUHFKRFDURQ ODV HVSDGDV JROSHWHDURQ ORV WUDVJRV PDOGLMHURQ \ MXUDURQ
FRUULHQGRDFi\DFXOOiFD\HQGRXQRVVREUHRWURV\HQRMiQGRVHPXFKR+XERXQ
WHUULEOH FODPRUHRXQDFRQPRFLyQ\XQDOERURWR
%LOER HVWDED GH YHUDV DWHUURUL]DGR SHUR WHQtD D~Q EDVWDQWH MXLFLR SDUD HQWHQGHU
TXpKDEtDRFXUULGR\SDUDHVFRQGHUVHGHWUiVGHXQEDUULOTXHJXDUGDEDODEHELGD
GHORVWUDVJRVFHQWLQHODV\VDOLUDVtGHODSXUR\HYLWDUTXHORJROSHDUDQ\SDWHDUDQ
KDVWDGDUOHPXHUWHDTXHORFDSWXUDVHQSRUHOWDFWR
²£+HGHDOFDQ]DUODSXHUWDKHGHDOFDQ]DUODSXHUWD²VHJXtDGLFLpQGRVHSHUR
SDVyODUJRUDWRDQWHVGHTXHVHDWUHYLHUDDLQWHQWDUOR/RTXHVLJXLyHQWRQFHVIXH
KRUULEOH FRPR VL MXJDUDQ D XQD HVSHFLH GH JDOOLQD FLHJD (O OXJDU HVWDED
DEDUURWDGR GH WUDVJRV TXH FRUUtDQ GH XQ ODGR D RWUR \ HO SREUHFLWR KREELW VH
HVFXUULy DTXt \ DOOi IXH GHUULEDGR SRU XQ WUDVJR TXH QR SXGR HQWHQGHU FRQ TXp
KDEtDWURSH]DGRHVFDSyDJDWDVVHGHVOL]yHQWUHODVSLHUQDVGHOFDSLWiQVHSXVR
GHSLH\FRUULyKDFLDODSXHUWD
/D SXHUWD HVWDED DELHUWD SHUR XQ WUDVJR OD KDEtD HQWRUQDGR WRGDYtD PiV %LOER
HPSXMy \ QR FRQVLJXLy PRYHUOD 7UDWy GH HVFXUULUVH SRU OD DEHUWXUD \ TXHGy
DWUDSDGR £(UD KRUULEOH /RV ERWRQHV VH OH KDEtDQ HQFDMDGR HQWUH HO FDQWR \ OD
MDPED GH OD SXHUWD $OOt IXHUD DOFDQ]DED D YHU HO DLUH OLEUH KDEtD XQRV SRFRV
HVFDORQHV TXH GHVFHQGtDQ D XQ YDOOH HVWUHFKR FRQ PRQWDQDV DOWDV DOUHGHGRU HO
VRODSDUHFLyGHWUiVGHXQDQXEH\ UHVSODQGHFLyPiVDOOiGHODSXHUWDSHURpOQR
SRGtDFUX]DUOD
'HSURQWRXQRGHORVWUDVJRVTXHHVWDEDQGHQWURJULWy²£+D\XQDVRPEUDDOODGR
GHODSXHUWD£$OJRHVWiDKtIXHUD²
$ %LOER HO FRUD]yQ VH OH VXELy D OD ERFD 6H UHWRUFLy DWHUURUL]DGR /RV ERWRQHV
VDOWDURQ HQ WRGDV GLUHFFLRQHV $WUDYHVy OD SXHUWD FRQ OD FKDTXHWD \ HO FKDOHFR
UDVJDGRV \ EULQFy HVFDORQHV DEDMR FRPR XQD FDEUD PLHQWUDV ORV WUDVJRV
GHVFRQFHUWDGRVUHFRJtDQD~QORVSUHFLRVRVERWRQHVGHODWyQFDtGRVHQHOXPEUDO
3RUVXSXHVWRHQVHJXLGDEDMDURQWUDVpOSHUVLJXLpQGRORJULWDQGR\XOXODQGRSRU
HQWUHORViUEROHV3HURHOVROQROHVJXVWDOHVDIORMDODVSLHUQDV\ODFDEH]DOHVGD
YXHOWDV 1R FRQVLJXLHURQ HQFRQWUDU D %LOER TXH OOHYDED HO DQLOOR SXHVWR \ VH
HVFDEXOOtD HQWUH ODV VRPEUDV GH ORV iUEROHV FRUULHQGR UiSLGR \ HQ VLOHQFLR \
PDQWHQLpQGRVH DSDUWDGR GHO VRO SURQWR YROYLHURQ JUXxHQGR \ PDOGLFLHQGR D
JXDUGDUODSXHUWD%LOERKDEtDHVFDSDGR
'(/$6$57e1$/)8(*2
%LOERKDEtDHVFDSDGRGHORVWUDVJRVSHURQRVDEtDGyQGHHVWDED+DEtDSHUGLGR
HO FDSXFKyQ OD FDSD OD FRPLGD HO SRQH\ VXV ERWRQHV \ VXV DPLJRV 6LJXLy
DGHODQWH KDVWD TXH HO VRO HPSH]y D KXQGLUVH HQ HO SRQLHQWH GHWUiV GH ODV
PRQWDxDV/DVVRPEUDVFUX]DEDQHOVHQGHUR\%LOERPLUyKDFLDDWUiVOXHJRPLUy
KDFLDDGHODQWH\QRSXGRYHUPiVTXHFUHVWDV\YHUWLHQWHVTXHGHVFHQGtDQKDFLD
ODVWLHUUDVEDMDV\OODQXUDVTXHDVRPDEDQGHYH]HQFXDQGRHQWUHORViUEROHV
²£&LHORV ²H[FODPy² £3DUHFH TXH HVWR\ MXVWR DO RWUR ODGR GH ODV 0RQWDQDV
1XEODGDV DO ERUGH GH ODV 7LHUUDV GH 0iV $OOi ¢'yQGH \ DGyQGH KDEUiQ WHQLGR
TXHLUORVHQDQRV\*DQGDOI"£6yORHVSHURTXHSRUYHQWXUDQRHVWpQWRGDYtDDOOi
DWUiVHQSRGHUGHORVWUDVJRV
&RQWLQXy FDPLQDQGR IXHUD GHO SHTXHxR \ HOHYDGR YDOOH SRU HO ERUGH \ EDMDQGR
OXHJRODVSHQGLHQWHVPDVHQWRGRHVWHWLHPSRXQSHQVDPLHQWRPX\LQFyPRGRLED
FUHFLHQGR GHQWUR GH pO 6H SUHJXQWDED VL QR HVWDED REOLJDGR DKRUD TXH WHQtD HO
DQLOORPiJLFRDUHJUHVDUDORVKRUULEOHVKRUULEOHVW~QHOHV\EXVFDUDVXVDPLJRV
$FDEDEDGHGHFLGLUTXHQRSRGtDHVFDSDUDHVHGHEHUTXHWHQtDTXHYROYHUDWUiV
²\HVWRKDFtDTXHVHVLQWLHUDPX\GHVGLFKDGR² FXDQGRR\yYRFHV
6H GHWXYR \ HVFXFKy 1R SDUHFtDQ WUDVJRVGHPRGRTXHVHDUUDVWUyFRQPXFKR
FXLGDGRKDFLDDGHODQWH(VWDEDHQXQVHQGHURSHGUHJRVRTXHVHUSHQWHDEDKDFLD
DEDMR FRQ XQD SDUHG URFRVD D OD L]TXLHUGD DO RWUR ODGR HO WHUUHQR GHVFHQGtD HQ
SHQGLHQWH \ EDMR HO QLYHO GHO VHQGHUR KDEtD XQDV FDxDGDV GRQGH FUHFtDQ
PDWRUUDOHV \ DUEXVWRV (Q XQD GH HVWDV FDxDGDV EDMR ORV DUEXVWRV KDEtD JHQWH
KDEODQGR
6H DUUDVWUy WRGDYtD PiV FHUFD \ GH V~ELWR YLR DVRPDGR HQWUH GRV JUDQGHV
SHxDVFRV XQD FDEH]D FRQ FDSXFKyQ URMR HUD %DOLQ TXH RWHDED DOUHGHGRU %LOER
WHQtD JDQDV GH SDOPRWHDU \ JULWDU GH DOHJUtD SHUR QR OR KL]R 7RGDYtD OOHYDED
SXHVWRHODQLOORSRUPLHGRGHHQFRQWUDUDOJRLQHVSHUDGR\GHVDJUDGDEOH\YLRTXH
%DOLQHVWDEDPLUDQGRGLUHFWDPHQWHKDFLDpOVLQYHUOR
/HV GDUp D WRGRV XQD VRUSUHVD SHQVy PLHQWUDV VH PHWtD D JDWDV HQWUH ORV
DUEXVWRV GHO ERUGH GH OD FDxDGD *DQGDOI HVWDED GHOLEHUDQGR FRQ ORV HQDQRV
+DEODEDQ GH WRGR OR TXH KDEtD RFXUULGR HQ ORV W~QHOHV SUHJXQWiQGRVH \
GLVFXWLHQGR TXp LUtDQ D KDFHU DKRUD /RV HQDQRV UHIXQIXxDEDQ \ *DQGDOI GHFtD
TXH GH QLQJXQD PDQHUD SRGtDQ FRQWLQXDU HO YLDMH GHMDQGR DO VHxRU %ROVyQ HQ
PDQRVGHORVWUDVJRVVLQWUDWDUGHVDEHUVLHVWDEDYLYRRPXHUWR\VLQWUDWDUGH
UHVFDWDUOR
²$OILQ\DOFDERHVPLDPLJR²GLMR*DQGDOI²\XQDEXHQDSHUVRQD0HVLHQWR
UHVSRQVDEOH2MDOiQRORKXELHVHLVSHUGLGR
/RV HQDQRV TXHUtDQ VDEHU DQWH WRGR SRU TXp UD]RQHV OR KDEtDQ WUDtGR FRQ HOORV
SRUTXpQRKDEtDSRGLGRPDQWHQHUVHFHUFD\YHQLUWDPELpQ\SRUTXpHOPDJRQR
KDEtD HOHJLGR D DOJXLHQ PiV VHQVDWR ²+DVWD DKRUD KD VLGR XQD FDUJD GH SRFR
SURYHFKR ²GLMR XQR² 6L WHQHPRV TXH UHJUHVDU D HVRV W~QHOHV DERPLQDEOHV D
EXVFDUORHQWRQFHVPDOGLWRVHDGLJR\R
*DQGDOI FRQWHVWy HQIDGDGR ²/R WUDMH \ QR WUDLJR FRVDV TXH QR VHDQ GH
SURYHFKR2PHD\XGiLVDEXVFDUORRPHYR\\RVGHMRDTXtSDUDTXHVDOJiLVGH
HVWH HPEUROOR FRPR PHMRU SRGiLV 6L DO PHQRV OR HQFRQWUiUDPRV PH OR
DJUDGHFHUtDLVDQWHVGHTXHKD\DSDVDGRWRGR¢3RUTXpWXYLVWHTXHGHMDUORFDHU
'RUL"
²£7~ PLVPR OR KXELHVHV GHMDGR FDHU ²GLMR 'RUL² VL GH SURQWR XQ WUDVJR WH
KXELHVH DIHUUDGR ODV SLHUQDV SRU GHWUiV HQ OD RVFXULGDG WH KLFLHVH WURSH]DU \ WH
SDWHDVHODHVSDOGD
²(Q HVHFDVR¢SRUTXpQRORUHFRJLVWHGHQXHYR"
²£&LHORV £< D~Q PH OR SUHJXQWDV £/RV WUDVJRV OXFKDQGR \ PRUGLHQGR HQ OD
RVFXULGDG WRGRV FD\HQGR VREUH RWURV FXHUSRV \ JROSHiQGRVH 7~ FDVL PH
WURQFKDV OD FDEH]D FRQ *ODPGULQ \ 7KRULQ GDED WDMRV D GLHVWUD \ VLQLHVWUD FRQ
2UFULVW 'H SURQWR HFKDVWH XQD GH HVDV OXFHV TXH HQFHJXHFHQ \ YLPRV TXH ORV
WUDVJRV UHWURFHGtDQ DXOODQGR *ULWDVWH £6HJXLGPH WRGRV
\ WRGRV WHQtDQ TXH
KDEHUWHVHJXLGR&UHtPRVTXHWRGRVORKDFtDQ1RKXERWLHPSRSDUDFRQWDUFRPR
W~VDEHVPX\ELHQKDVWDTXHQRVDEULPRVSDVRHQWUHORVFHQWLQHODVVDOLPRVSRU
OD SXHUWD PiV EDMD \ GHVFHQGLPRV KDVWD DTXt DWURSHOOiQGRQRV < DTXt HVWDPRV
VLQHOVDTXHDGRU£TXHHOFLHORORFRQIXQGD
²£<DTXtHVWiHOVDTXHDGRU²GLMR%LOERDGHODQWiQGRVH\PHWLpQGRVHHQWUHHOORV
\TXLWiQGRVHHODQLOOR
£6HxRU FyPR VDOWDURQ /XHJR KXER JULWRV GH VRUSUHVD \ DOHJUtD *DQGDOI HVWDED
WDQDWyQLWRFRPRFXDOTXLHUDGHHOORVSHURTXL]iPiVFRPSODFLGRTXHORVGHPiV
/ODPy D %DOtQ \ OH SUHJXQWy TXp SHQVDED GH XQ FHQWLQHOD TXH SHUPLWtD TXH OD
JHQWH OOHJDUD DVt VLQ SUHYLR DYLVR 3RU VXSXHVWR OD UHSXWDFLyQ GH %LOER FUHFLy
PXFKRHQWUHORVHQDQRVDSDUWLUGHHVHPRPHQWR6LDSHVDUGHODVSDODEUDVGH
*DQGDOIGXGDEDQD~QGH TXHHUDXQVDTXHDGRUGHSULPHUDFODVHQRORGXGDURQ
PiV%DOtQHUDHOPiVGHVFRQFHUWDGRSHURWRGRVGHFtDQTXHKDEtDVLGRXQWUDEDMR
PX\ELHQKHFKR
%LOERHVWDEDHQYHUGDGWDQFRPSODFLGRFRQHVWRVHORJLRVTXHVHULyHQWUHGLHQWHV
SHUR QDGD GLMR DFHUFD GHO DQLOOR \ FXDQGR OH SUHJXQWDURQ FyPR VH ODV KDEtD
DUUHJODGR FRPHQWy ²2K VLPSOHPHQWH PH GHVOLFp \D VDEpLV FRQ PXFKR
FXLGDGR\HQVLOHQFLR
²%LHQQLVLTXLHUDXQUDWyQVHKDGHVOL]DGRQXQFDFRQFXLGDGR\HQVLOHQFLREDMR
PLV PLVPtVLPDV QDULFHV VLQ TXH \R OR GHVFXEULHUD ²GLMR %DOtQ² \ PH VDFR HO
VRPEUHURDQWHWL²&RVDTXHKL]R
²%DOtQDYXHVWURVHUYLFLR²GLMR
²9XHVWURVHUYLGRUHOVHxRU%ROVyQ²GLMR%LOER
/XHJR TXLVLHURQ FRQRFHU ODV DYHQWXUDV GH %LOER GHVGH HO PRPHQWR HQ TXH OR
KDEtDQSHUGLGR\pOVHVHQWy\OHVFRQWyWRGRH[FHSWRORTXHVHUHIHUtDDOKDOOD]JR
GHODQLOORQRSRUDKRUDSHQVy6HLQWHUHVDURQHQSDUWLFXODUHQODSXJQDGHODV
DGLYLQDQ]DV \ VH HVWUHPHFLHURQ FRPR FRUUHVSRQGtD FXDQGR OHV GHVFULELy HO
DVSHFWRGH*ROOXP
²< OXHJR QR VH PH RFXUUtD QLQJXQD RWUD SUHJXQWD FRQ pO VHQWDGR MXQWR D Pt ²
FRQFOX\y %LOER² GH PRGR TXH GLMH ¢4Xp KD\ HQ PL EROVLOOR"
< QR SXGR
DGLYLQDUOR SRU WUHV YHFHV 'H PRGR TXH GLMH ¢4Xp KD\ GH WX SURPHVD"
£(QVpxDPHHOFDPLQRGHVDOLGD
3HURpOVDOWyVREUHPtSDUDPDWDUPH\\RFRUUt
FDt \ PH SHUGt HQ OD RVFXULGDG /XHJR OR VHJXt SXHV Rt TXH VH KDEODED D Vt
PLVPR 3HQVDED TXH \R FRQRFtD UHDOPHQWH HO FDPLQR GH VDOLGD \ HVWDED \HQGR
KDFLD pO $O ILQ VH VHQWy HQ OD HQWUDGD \ \R QR SRGtD SDVDU 'H PRGR TXH VDOWp
VREUHHO\HVFDSpFRUULHQGRKDFLDODSXHUWD
²¢4Xp SDVy FRQ ORV FHQWLQHODV" ²SUHJXQWDURQ ORV HQDQRV² ¢1R KDEtD
QLQJXQR"
²£2KVt0XFKtVLPRVSHURORVHVTXLYp0HTXHGpWUDEDGRHQODSXHUWDTXHVyOR
HVWDEDDELHUWDXQDUHQGLMD\SHUGtPXFKRVERWRQHV²GLMRPLUiQGRVHFRQWULVWH]D
ODVURSDVGHVJDUUDGDV² 3HURFRQVHJXtHVFDEXOOLUPH\DTXtHVWR\
/RV HQDQRV OR PLUDURQ FRQ XQ UHVSHWR FRPSOHWDPHQWH QXHYR PLHQWUDV KDEODED
VREUHEXUODUFHQWLQHODVVDOWDUVREUH*ROOXP\DEULUVHSDVRFRPRVLQRIXHVHPX\
GLItFLORPX\LQTXLHWDQWH
²¢4XpRVGLMH"²H[FODPy*DQGDOIULHQGR²(OVHxRU%ROVyQHVFRQGHFRVDVTXH
QR DOFDQ]DEDLV D LPDJLQDU ²/H HFKy XQDPLUDGDUDUDD%LOERSRUGHEDMRGHODV
FHMDV SREODGDV PLHQWUDV OR GHFtD \ HO KREELW VH SUHJXQWy VL HO PDJR QR HVWDUtD
SHQVDQGRHQHOHSLVRGLRTXHpOKDEtDRPLWLGR
7HQtDVXVSURSLDVSUHJXQWDVTXHKDFHUDKRUDSXHVVL*DQGDOI\DKDEtDH[SOLFDGR
WRGRDORVHQDQRV%LOERQRORKDEtDRtGRD~Q4XHUtDVDEHUFyPR*DQGDOIKDEtD
YXHOWRDDSDUHFHU\TXpKDEtDQFRQYHQLGRKDVWDHVHPRPHQWR
(OPDJRDGHFLUYHUGDGQXQFDVHPROHVWDEDSRUWHQHUTXHH[SOLFDUGHQXHYRVXV
KDELOLGDGHVGHPRGRTXHDKRUDOHGLMRD%LOERTXHWDQWR(OURQGFRPRpOHVWDEDQ
ELHQ HQWHUDGRV GH OD SUHVHQFLD GH WUDVJRV PDOYDGRV HQ HVD SDUWH GH ODV
PRQWDxDV 3HUR OD HQWUDGD SULQFLSDO PLUDED DQWHV D XQ GHVILODGHUR GLVWLQWR PiV
IiFLOGHFUX]DU\DPHQXGRDSUHVDEDQDJHQWHLJQRUDQWHFHUFDGHODVSXHUWDV(UD
HYLGHQWHTXHORVYLDMHURV\DQRWRPDEDQHVHFDPLQR\ORVWUDVJRVKDEtDQDELHUWR
KDFtD SRFR XQD QXHYD HQWUDGD HQ OR DOWR GH OD VHQGD TXH KDEtDQ WRPDGR ORV
HQDQRVSXHVKDVWDHQWRQFHVKDEtDVLGRXQSDVRVHJXUR
²7HQGUtDTXHVDOLUDEXVFDUXQJLJDQWHPiVRPHQRVGHFHQWHSDUDTXHEORTXHH
RWUD YH] OD SXHUWD ²GLMR HO PDJR² R SURQWR QR KDEUi PRGR GH FUX]DU ODV
PRQWDQDV
7DQSURQWRFRPR*DQGDOIKDEtDRtGRHODXOOLGRGH%LOERFRPSUHQGLyORTXHKDEtD
SDVDGR /XHJR GHO UHOiPSDJR TXH KDEtD IXOPLQDGR D ORV WUDVJRV TXH VH OH
HFKDEDQ HQFLPD VH KDEtD PHWLGR FRUULHQGR HQ OD JULHWD MXVWR FXDQGR LED D
FHUUDUVH6LJXLyGHWUiVGHORVWUDVJRV\SULVLRQHURVKDVWDHOERUGHGHODJUDQVDOD
\DOOtVHVHQWySUHSDUDQGRODPHMRUPDJLDSRVLEOHHQWUHODVVRPEUDV
²)XHXQDVXQWRPX\GHOLFDGR²GLMR² )UDQFDPHQWHGLItFLO
3HUR *DQGDOI SRU VXSXHVWR KDEtD KHFKR XQ HVWXGLR HVSHFLDO GH ORV
HQFDQWDPLHQWRV FRQ IXHJR \ OXFHV KDVWD HO PLVPR KREELW FRPR UHFRUGDUpLV QR
KDEtDROYLGDGRDTXHOORVPiJLFRVIXHJRVGHDUWLILFLRHQODVILHVWDVGHO9LHMR7XNODV
QRFKHV GH 6DQ -XDQ (O UHVWR \D OR VDEHPRV H[FHSWR TXH *DQGDOI FRQRFtD
SHUIHFWDPHQWH OD SXHUWD WUDVHUD FRPR ORV WUDVJRV GHQRPLQDEDQ D OD HQWUDGD
LQIHULRUGRQGH%LOERKDEtDSHUGLGRVXVERWRQHV
(Q UHDOLGDG FXDOTXLHUD TXH FRQRFLHVH DTXHOOD SDUWH GH ODV PRQWDxDV FRQRFtD
WDPELpQODHQWUDGDLQIHULRUSHURKDEtDTXHVHUXQPDJRSDUDQRSHUGHUODFDEH]D
HQORVW~QHOHV\VHJXLUODGLUHFFLyQFRUUHFWD
²&RQVWUX\HURQ HVD HQWUDGD KDFH VLJORV ²GLMR² HQ SDUWH FRPR XQD YtD GH
HVFDSHVLQHFHVLWDEDQXQDHQSDUWHFRPRXQFDPLQRGHVDOLGDKDFLDODVWLHUUDV
GHPiVDOOiGRQGHWRGDYtDPHURGHDQHQODQRFKH\FDXVDQJUDQGDxR/DYLJLODQ
VLHPSUH\QDGLHMDPiVKDFRQVHJXLGREORTXHDUOD/DYLJLODUiQGREOHPHQWHDSDUWLU
GHDKRUD ²*DQGDOIVHULy
/RV GHPiV ULHURQ FRQ pO $, ILQ \ DO FDER KDEtDQ SHUGLGR EDVWDQWHV FRVDV SHUR
KDEtDQPDWDGRDO*UDQ7UDVJR\DRWURVPXFKRV\KDEtDQHVFDSDGRWRGRV\HQ
YHUGDGSRGtDGHFLUVHTXHKDVWDDKRUDKDEtDQOOHYDGRODPHMRUSDUWH
3HURHOPDJRKL]RTXHYROYLHUDQDODUHDOLGDG
²7HQHPRV TXH PDUFKDU HQ VHJXLGD DKRUD TXH KHPRV GHVFDQVDGR XQ SRFR ²
GLMR² 6DOGUiQ D FHQWHQDUHV GHWUiV GH QRVRWURV FXDQGR FDLJD OD QRFKH \\DODV
VRPEUDVVHHVWiQDODUJDQGR3XHGHQROHUQXHVWUDVKXHOODVKRUDVGHVSXpVGHTXH
KD\DPRV SDVDGR SRU DOJ~Q VLWLR 7HQHPRV TXH HVWDU D PXFKDV PLOODV GH DTXt
DQWHVGHODQRFKHFHU+DEUiDOJRGHOXQDVLHOFLHORVHPDQWLHQHGHVSHMDGRORTXH
HVXQDVXHUWH1RHVTXHDHOORVOHVLPSRUWHGHPDVLDGRODOXQDSHURXQSRFRGH
OX]D\XGDUiDTXHQRQRVH[WUDYLHPRV
£2KVt²GLMRHQUHVSXHVWDDPiVSUHJXQWDVGHOKREELW² 3HUGLVWHODQRFLyQGHO
WLHPSRHQORVW~QHOHVGHORVWUDVJRV+R\HVMXHYHV\IXLPRVFDSWXUDGRVODQRFKH
GHO OXQHV R OD PDxDQD GHO PDUWHV +HPRV UHFRUULGR PLOODV \ PLOODV EDMDPRV
DWUDYHVDQGR HO FRUD]yQ PLVPR GH ODV PRQWDxDV \ DKRUD HVWDPRV DO RWUR ODGR
WRGR XQ DWDMR 0DV QR HVWDPRV HQ HO SXQWR DO TXH QRV KXELHVH OOHYDGR HO
GHVILODGHUR HVWDPRV GHPDVLDGR DOQRUWH\WHQHPRVSRUGHODQWHXQDUHJLyQDOJR
GHVDJUDGDEOH < QRV HQFRQWUDPRV D~Q D EDVWDQWH DOWXUD £'H PRGR TXH HQ
PDUFKD
²(VWR\ WDQ WHUULEOHPHQWH KDPEULHQWR ²JLPLy %LOER TXLHQ GH SURQWR DGYLUWLy TXH
QR KDEtD SUREDGR ERFDGR GHVGH OD QRFKH DQWHULRU D OD ~OWLPD QRFKH £4XLpQ OR
KXELHUDSHQVDGRGHXQKREELW6HQWtDHOHVWyPDJRIORMR\YDFtR\ODVSLHUQDVPX\
LQVHJXUDVDKRUDTXHODH[FLWDFLyQKDEtDFRQFOXLGR
²1R SXHGR UHPHGLDUOR ²GLMR *DQGDOI² D PHQRV TXH TXLHUDV YROYHU \ SHGLU
DPDEOHPHQWHDORVWUDVJRVTXHWHGHYXHOYDQHOSRQH\\ORVEXOWRV
²£1RJUDFLDV²UHVSRQGLy%LOER
²0X\ELHQHQWRQFHVQRQRVTXHGDPiVTXHDSUHWDUQRVORVFLQWXURQHV\PDUFKDU
VLQ GHVFDQVR R QRV FRQYHUWLUHPRV HQ FHQD \ HVR VHUtD PXFKR SHRU TXH QR
WHQHUODQRVRWURV
0LHQWUDV PDUFKDEDQ %LOER EXVFDED SRU URGRV ODGRV DOHR SDUD FRPHU SHUR ODV
PRUDV HVWDEDQ WRGDYtD HQ IORU \ SRU VXSXHVWR QR KDEtD QXHFHV QL WDQ VLTXLHUD
ED\DVGHHVSLQR0RUGLVTXHyXQSRFRGHDFHGHUDEHELyGHXQSHTXHxRDUUR\RGH
ODPRQWDxDTXHFUX]DEDHOVHQGHUR\FRPLyWUHVIUHVDVVLOYHVWUHVTXHHQFRQWUyHQ
ODRULOODSHURQROHVLUYLyGHPXFKR
&DPLQDURQ\FDPLQDURQ(ODFFLGHQWDGRVHQGHURGHVDSDUHFLy/RVDUEXVWRV\ODV
ODUJDV KLHUEDV HQWUH ORV FDQWRV URGDGRVODVEUL]QDVGHKLHUEDUHFRUWDGDVSRUORV
FRQHMRV HO WRPLOOR OD VDOYLD HO RUpJDQR \ ORV KHOLDQWHPRV DPDULOORV VH
GHVYDQHFLHURQ SRU FRPSOHWR \ ORV YLDMHURV VH HQFRQWUDURQ HQ OD FLPD GH XQD
SHQGLHQWHDQFKD\DEUXSWDGHSLHGUDVGHVSUHQGLGDVUHVWRVGHXQGHVOL]DPLHQWR
GH WLHUUDV (PSH]DURQ D EDMDU \ FDGD YH] TXH DSR\DEDQ XQ SLH HQ HO VXHOR
HVFRULDV \ SHTXHxRV JXLMDUURV URGDEDQ FXHVWD DEDMR SURQWR WUR]RV PiV JUDQGHV
GH URFD EDMDURQ UXLGRVDPHQWH \ SURYRFDURQ TXH RWUDV SLHGUDV GH PiV DEDMR VH
GHVOL]DUDQ \ URGDUDQ WDPELpQ OXHJR VH GHVSUHQGLHURQ XQRV SHxDVFRV TXH
UHERWDURQ UHYHQWDQGR FRQ IUDJRU HQ SHGD]RV HQYXHOWRV HQ SROYR $O UDWR SRU
HQFLPD\SRUGHEDMRGHHOORVODSHQGLHQWHHQWHUDSDUHFLySRQHUVHHQPRYLPLHQWR
\HOJUXSRGHVFHQGLyHQPRQWyQHQPHGLRGHXQDFRQIXVLyQSDYRURVDGHEORTXHV
\SLHGUDVTXHVHGHVOL]DEDQJROSHDQGR\URPSLpQGRVH
)XHURQORViUEROHVGHOIRQGRORVTXHORVVDOYDURQ6HGHVOL]DURQKDFLDHOERVTXH
GHSLQRVTXHWUHSDEDGHVGHHOPiVRVFXURHLPSHQHWUDEOHGHORVERVTXHVGHOYDOOH
KDVWD OD IDOGD PLVPD GH OD PRQWDxD $OJXQRV VH DIHUUDURQ D ORV WURQFRV \ VH
EDODQFHDURQ HQ ODV UDPDV PiV EDMDV RWURV FRPR HO SHTXHxR KREELW VH
HVFRQGLHURQ GHWUiV GH XQ iUERO SDUD HYLWDU ODV HPEHVWLGDV IXULRVDV GH ODV URFDV
3URQWRHOSHOLJURSDVyHOGHVOL]DPLHQWRVHKDEtDGHWHQLGR\DOFDQ]DURQD RtUORV
~OWLPRV HVWUXHQGRV PLHQWUDV ORV SHxDVFRV PiV YROXPLQRVRV UHERWDEDQ \ GDEDQ
YXHOWDVHQWUHORVKHOHFKRV\ODVUDtFHVGHSLQRDOOiDEDMR
²£%XHQR1RVKDFRVWDGRXQSRFR²GLMR*DQGDOI²\DXQDORVWUDVJRVTXHQRV
UDVWUHHQOHVFRVWDUiEDVWDQWHGHVFHQGHUKDVWDDTXtHQVLOHQFLR
²4XL]iV²JUXxy%RPEXU²SHURQROHVVHUiGLItFLOWLUDUQRVSLHGUDVDODFDEH]D
²/RVHQDQRV\%LOERHVWDEDQOHMRVGHVHQWLUVHFRQWHQWRV\VHUHVWUHJDEDQODV
SLHUQDV\ORVSLHVODVWLPDGRV\PDJXOODGRV
²£7RQWHUtDV $TXt GHMDUHPRV HO VHQGHUR GH OD SHQGLHQWH £7HQHPRV TXH
DSUHVXUDUQRV£0LUDGODOX]
+DFtDODUJRUDWRTXHHOVROVHKDEtDRFXOWDGRWUDVODPRQWDUtD<DODVVRPEUDVHUDQ
PiV QHJUDV DOUHGHGRU DXQTXH DOOi OHMRV HQWUH ORV iUEROHV \ VREUH ODV FRSDV
QHJUDVGHORVTXHFUHFtDQPiVDEDMRSRGtDQYHUWRGDYtDODVOXFHVGHODWDUGHHQ
ODV OODQXUDV GLVWDQWHV %DMDEDQ FRMHDQGR DKRUD WDQ UiSLGR FRPR SRGtDQ SRU OD
SHQGLHQWHPHQRVDEUXSWDGHXQSLQDUSRUXQLQFOLQDGRVHQGHURTXHORVFRQGXFtD
GLUHFWDPHQWHKDFLDHOVXU(QRFDVLRQHVVHDEUtDQSDVRHQWUHXQPDUGHKHOHFKRV
GH DOWDV IURQGDV TXH VH OHYDQWDEDQ SRU HQFLPD GH OD FDEH]D GHO KREELW RWUDV
YHFHVPDUFKDEDQFRQODTXLHWXGGHOVLOHQFLRVREUHXQVXHORGHDJXMDVGHSLQR\
GXUDQWHWRGRHVHWLHPSRODOREUHJXH]VHLEDKDFLHQGRPiVSHVDGD\ODFDOPDGHO
ERVTXHPiVSURIXQGD1RKDEtDYLHQWRDTXHODWDUGHFHUTXHPRYLHUDDOPHQRVFRQ
XQVXVXUURGHPDUODVUDPDVGHORViUEROHV
²¢7HQHPRV TXH VHJXLU WRGDYtD PiV" ²SUHJXQWy %LOER FXDQGR HQ OD RVFXULGDG
GHOERVTXHDSHQDVDOFDQ]DEDDGLVWLQJXLUODEDUEDGH7KRULQTXHRQGHDEDMXQWRD
pO \ OD UHVSLUDFLyQ GH ORV HQDQRV VRQDED HQ HO VLOHQFLR FRPR XQ IXHUWH UXLGR²
7HQJR ORV GHGRV GH ORV SLHV WRUFLGRV \ PDJXOODGRV PH GXHOHQ ODV SLHUQDV \ PL
HVWyPDJRVHEDODQFHDFRPRXQDEROVDYDFtD
²8QSRFR PiV²GLMR*DQGDOI
/XHJR GH OR TXH SDUHFLy VLJORV PiV VDOLHURQ GH SURQWR D XQ HVSDFLR DELHUWR VLQ
iUEROHV/DOXQDHVWDEDDOWD\EULOODEDHQHOFODUR'HDOJ~QPRGRWRGRVWXYLHURQOD
LPSUHVLyQ GH TXH QR HUD SUHFLVDPHQWH XQ OXJDU DJUDGDEOH DXQTXH QR VH YHtD
QDGDVRVSHFKRVR
'HV~ELWRR\HURQXQDXOOLGROHMRVFROLQDDEDMRXQDXOOLGRODUJR\HVWUHPHFHGRU/H
FRQWHVWyRWUROHMRVDODGHUHFKD\PXFKRVPiVPiVFHUFDGHHOORVOXHJRRWUR
QRPX\OHMDQRDODL]TXLHUGD£(UDQORERVDXOODQGRDODOXQDORERVTXHOODPDEDQD
ODPDQDGD
1R KDEtD ORERV TXH YLYLHUDQ FHUFD GHO DJXMHUR GHO VHxRU%ROVyQSHURFRQRFtDHO
VRQLGR6HORKDEtDQGHVFULWRDPHQXGRHQFXHQWRV\UHODWRV8QRGHVXVSULPRV
PD\RUHVSRUODUDPD7XNTXHKDEtDVLGRXQJUDQYLDMHURORVLPLWDEDDPHQXGR
SDUD DWHUURUL]DUOR 2tUORV DKRUD HQ HO ERVTXH EDMR OD OXQD HUD GHPDVLDGR SDUD
%LOER1LVLTXLHUDORVDQLOORVPiJLFRVVRQPX\~WLOHVFRQWUDORVORERVHQHVSHFLDO
FRQWUDODVPDQDGDVGLDEyOLFDVTXHYLYtDQDODVRPEUDGHODVPRQWDxDVLQIHVWDGDV
GH WUDVJRV PiV DOOi GH ORV OtPLWHV GH ODV WLHUUDV VDOYDMHV HQ ODV IURQWHUDV GH OR
GHVFRQRFLGR£/RVORERVGHHVWDFODVHWLHQHQXQROIDWRPiVILQRTXHORVWUDVJRV£<
QRQHFHVLWDQYHUWHSDUDDWUDSDUWH
²£4XpKDUHPRVTXpKDUHPRV²JULWy²£6DOLUGHWUDVJRVSDUDFDHUHQORERV²
GLMR\HVWROOHJyDVHUXQSURYHUELRDXQTXHDKRUDGHFLPRVGHODVDUWpQDOIXHJR
HQODVVLWXDFLRQHVLQFyPRGDVGHHVWHWLSR
a£$ORViUEROHVUiSLGR²JULWy*DQGDOI\FRUULHURQKDFLDORViUEROHVGHOERUGHGHO
FODUR EXVFDQGR DTXHOORV GH UDPDV EDMDV R EDVWDQWH GHOJDGRV SDUD HVFDSDU
WUHSDQGR SRU ORV WURQFRV /RV HQFRQWUDURQ FRQ XQD UDSLGH] LQVyOLWD FRPRSRGpLV
LPDJLQDU\VXELHURQPX\DOWRFRQILDQGRFRPRQXQFDHQODILUPH]DGHODVUDPDV
+DEUtDLV UHtGR GHVGH XQD GLVWDQFLD VHJXUD VL KXELHVHLV YLVWR D ORV HQDQRV
VHQWDGRV DUULED HQ ORV iUEROHV ODV EDUEDV FROJDQGR FRPR YLHMRV FDEDOOHURV
FKLIODGRVTXHMXJDEDQDVHUQLxRV)tOL\.LOLKDEtDQVXELGRDODFRSDGHXQDOHUFH
DOWRTXHSDUHFtDXQHQRUPHiUEROGH1DYLGDG'RUL1RUL2ULÏLQ\*OyLQHVWDEDQ
PiV FyPRGRV HQ XQ SLQR HOHYDGR FRQ UDPDV UHJXODUHV TXH FUHFtDQDLQWHUYDORV
FRPRORVUDGLRVGHXQDUXHGD%LIXU%RIXU%RPEXU\7KRULQHVWDEDQHQRWURSLQR
SUy[LPR'ZDOLQ\%DOLQKDEtDQWUHSDGRFRQUDSLGH]DXQDEHWRGHOJDGRHVFDVRGH
UDPDV\HVWDEDQLQWHQWDQGRHQFRQWUDUXQOXJDUSDUDVHQWDUVHHQWUHHOIROODMHGHOD
FRSD*DQGDOITXHHUDEDVWDQWHPiVDOWRTXHHOUHVWRKDEtDHQFRQWUDGRXQiUERO
LQDFFHVLEOHSDUDORVRWURVXQSLQRJUDQGHTXHVHOHYDQWDEDHQHOPLVPtVLPRERUGH
GHOFODUR(VWDEDEDVWDQWHRFXOWRHQWUHODVUDPDVSHURFXDQGRDVRPDEDODOXQD
VHOHSRGtDYHUHOEULOORGHORVRMRV
¢< %LOER" 1R SXGR VXELU D QLQJ~Q iUERO \ FRUUtD GH XQ WURQFR D RWUR FRPR XQ
FRQHMRTXHQRHQFXHQWUDVXPDGULJXHUDPLHQWUDVXQSHUURORSHUVLJXHPRUGLpQGROH
ORVWDORQHV
²£2WUDYH]KDVGHMDGRDWUiVDOVDTXHDGRU²GLMR1RULD'RULPLUDQGRDEDMR
²1RPHSXHGRSDVDUODYLGDFDUJDQGRVDTXHDGRUHV²GLMR'RUL²£W~QHOHVDEDMR
\iUEROHVDUULED¢4XpWHFUHHVTXHVR\"¢8QPR]RGHFXHUGD"
²6HORFRPHUiQVLQRKDFHPRVDOJR²GLMR7KRULQSXHVDKRUDKDEtDDXOOLGRVWRGR
DOUHGHGRUDFHUFiQGRVHPiV\PiV² £'RUL²OODPySXHV'RULHUDHOTXHHVWDED
PiV DEDMR HQ HO iUERO PiV IiFLO GH HVFDODU² £9H UiSLGR \ GDOH XQD PDQR DO
VHxRU%ROVyQ
'RUL HUD HQ UHDOLGDG XQ EXHQ PXFKDFKR D SHVDU GH TXH SURWHVWDUD JUXxHQGR (O
SREUH %LOER QR FRQVLJXLy DOFDQ]DU OD PDQR TXH OH WHQGtDQ DXQTXH HO HQDQR
GHVFHQGLy D OD UDPD PiV EDMD \ HVWLUy HO EUD]R WRGR OR TXH SXGR 'H PRGR TXH
'RULEDMyUHDOPHQWHGHOiUERO\D\XGyDTXH%LOERVHOHWUHSDVHDODHVSDOGD
(Q HVH SUHFLVR PRPHQWR ORV ORERV LUUXPSLHURQ DXOODQGR HQ HO FODUR 'H SURQWR
KXERFLHQWRVGHRMRVREVHUYiQGRORVGHVGHODVVRPEUDV3HUR'RULQRVROWyD%LOER
(VSHUyDTXHWUHSDUDGHORVKRPEURVDODVUDPDV\OXHJRVDOWy£-XVWRDWLHPSR
8QOREROHHFKyXQDGHQWHOODGDDODFDSDFXDQGRD~QVHFROXPSLDEDHQODUDPDGH
DEDMR\FDVLORDOFDQ]y8QPLQXWRGHVSXpVXQDPDQDGDHQWHUDJUXxtDDOUHGHGRU
GHOiUERO\VDOWDEDKDFLDHOWURQFRORVRMRVHQFHQGLGRV\ODVOHQJXDVIXHUD
3HURQLVLTXLHUDORVVDOYDMHVZDUJRVSXHVDVtVHOODPDEDQORVORERVPDOYDGRVGH
PiV DOOi GHO <HUPR SXHGHQ WUHSDU D ORV iUEROHV 3RU HO PRPHQWR ORV
H[SHGLFLRQDULRVHVWDEDQDVDOYR$IRUWXQDGDPHQWHKDFtDFDORU\QRKDEtDYLHQWR
/RV iUEROHV QR VRQ PX\ FyPRGRV SDUD HVWDU VHQWDGRV HQ HOORV XQ ODUJR UDWR
FXDOTXLHUD TXH VHD OD FLUFXQVWDQFLD SHUR DO IUtR \ DO YLHQWR FRQ ORERV TXH WH
HVSHUDQDEDMR\DOUHGHGRUSXHGHQVHUVLWLRVKDUWRGHVDJUDGDEOHV
(VWH FODUR HQ HO DQLOOR GH iUEROHV HUD HYLGHQWHPHQWH XQ OXJDU GH UHXQLyQ GH ORV
ORERV0iV\PiVFRQWLQXDEDQOOHJDQGR8QRVSRFRVVHTXHGDURQDOSLHGHOiUERO
HQ TXH HVWDEDQ 'RUL \ %LOER \ ORV RWURV IXHURQ YHQWHDQGR DOUHGHGRU KDVWD
GHVFXEULU WRGRV ORV iUEROHV HQ ORV TXH KDEtD DOJXLHQ 9LJLODURQ HVWRV WDPELpQ
PLHQWUDVHOUHVWRSDUHFtDQFLHQWRV\FLHQWRVIXHDVHQWDUVHHQXQJUDQFtUFXORHQ
HO FODUR \ HQ HO FHQWUR GHO FtUFXOR KDEtD XQ HQRUPH ORER JULV /HV KDEOy HQ OD
HVSDQWRVDOHQJXDGHORVZDUJRV*DQGDOIODHQWHQGtD%LOERQRSHURHOVRQLGRHUD
WHUULEOH\SDUHFtDTXHVyORKDEODUDGHFRVDVPDOYDGDV\FUXHOHVFRPRDVtHUD'H
YH] HQ FXDQGR WRGRV ORV ZDUJRV GHO FtUFXOR UHVSRQGtDQ HQ FRUR DO MHIH JULV \ HO
HVSDQWRVRFODPRUVDFXGtDDOKREELWTXHFDVLVHFDtDGHOSLQR
2V GLUp OR TXH *DQGDOI R\y DXQTXH %LOER QR OR FRPSUHQGLHVH /RV ZDUJRV \ ORV
WUDVJRVFRODERUDEDQDPHQXGRHQDFFLRQHVSHUYHUVDV3RUORFRP~QORVWUDVJRV
QR VH DOHMDQ GH ODV PRQWDQDV D PHQRV TXH VH ORV SHUVLJD \ HVWpQ EXVFDQGR
QXHYRVOXJDUHVRPDUFKHQDODJXHUUD\PHDOHJUDGHFLUTXHHVWRQRKD VXFHGLGR
GHVGHKDFHODUJRWLHPSR3HURHQDTXHOORVGtDVDYHFHVKDFtDQLQFXUVLRQHVHQ
HVSHFLDO SDUD FRQVHJXLU FRPLGD R HVFODYRV TXH WUDEDMDVHQ SDUD HOORV (Q HVRV
FDVRVFRQVHJXtDQDPHQXGRTXHORVZDUJRVORVD\XGDVHQ\VHUHSDUWtDQHOERWtQ
$ YHFHVFDEDOJDEDQHQORERVDVtFRPRORVKRPEUHVPRQWDQHQFDEDOORV$KRUD
SDUHFtD TXH XQD JUDQ LQFXUVLyQ GH WUDVJRV KDEtD VLGR SODQHDGD SDUD DTXHOOD
PLVPD QRFKH /RV ZDUJRV KDEtDQ DFXGLGR SDUD UHXQLUVH FRQ ORV WUDVJRV \ ORV
WUDVJRVOOHJDEDQWDUGH/DUD]yQVLQ GXGDHUDODPXHUWHGHO*UDQ7UDVJR\WRGDOD
DJLWDFLyQ FDXVDGD SRU ORV HQDQRV %LOER \ *DQGDOI D TXLHQHV TXL]i WRGDYtD
EXVFDEDQ
$ SHVDU GH ORV SHOLJURV GH HVWDV WLHUUDV OHMDQDV XQRV KRPEUHV DXGDFHV KDEtDQ
YHQLGR DOOt GHVGH HO 6XU GHUULEDQGR iUEROHV \ OHYDQWDQGR PRUDGDV HQWUH ORV
ERVTXHVPiVSODFHQWHURVGHORVYDOOHV\DORODUJRGHODVULEHUDVGHORVUtRV(UDQ
PXFKRV\EUDYRV\ELHQDUPDGRV\QLVLTXLHUDORVZDUJRVVHDWUHYtDQDDWDFDUORV
FXDQGR ORV YHtDQ MXQWRV R D OD OX] GHO GtD 3HUR DKRUD KDEtDQ SODQHDGR FDHUGH
QRFKHFRQODD\XGDGHORVWUDVJRVVREUHDOJXQDVGHODVDOGHDVPiVSUy[LPDVDODV
PRQWDQDV6LHVWHSODQVHKXELHVHOOHYDGRDFDERQRKDEUtDTXHGDGRQDGLHDOOtDO
GtDVLJXLHQWHWRGRVKXELHVHQVLGRDVHVLQDGRVH[FHSWRORVSRFRVTXHORVWUDVJRV
SUHVHUYDVHQGHORVORERV\OOHYDVHQGHYXHOWDDODVFDYHUQDVFRPRSULVLRQHURV
(UD HVSDQWRVR HVFXFKDUHVDFRQYHUVDFLyQQRVyORSRUORVEUDYRVOHxDGRUHVODV
PXMHUHV\ORVQLxRVVLQRWDPELpQSRUHOSHOLJURTXHDKRUDDPHQD]DEDD*DQGDOI\
DVXV FRPSDxHURV/RVZDUJRVHVWDEDQIXULRVRV\VHSUHJXQWDEDQGHVFRQFHUWDGRV
TXpKDFtDHVDJHQWHHQHOPLVPtVLPROXJDUGHUHXQLyQ3HQVDEDTXHHUDQDPLJRV
GHORVOHxDGRUHV\KDEtDQYHQLGRDHVSLDUORV\DGYHUWLUtDQDORVYDOOHVFRQORFXDO
WUDVJRV \ ORERV WHQGUtDQ TXH OLEUDU XQD WHUULEOH EDWDOOD HQ YH] Gp FDSWXUDU
SULVLRQHURV\GHYRUDUJHQWHVDUUDQFDGDVEUXVFDPHQWHGHOVXHxR'HPRGRTXHORV
ZDUJRV QR WHQtDQ LQWHQFLyQ GH DOHMDUVH \ SHUPLWLU TXH OD JHQWH GH ORV iUEROHV
HVFDSDVH GH QLQJXQD PDQHUD QR KDVWD OD PDxDQD < PXFKR DQWHV GLMHURQ ORV
VROGDGRVWUDVJRVYHQGUiQEDMDQGRGHODVPRQWDxDV\ORVWUDVJRVSXHGHQWUHSDUD
ORViUEROHVRGHUULEDUORV
$KRUDSRGpLVFRPSUHQGHUSRUTXp*DQGDOIHVFXFKDQGRHVRVJUXxLGRV\DXOOLGRV
HPSH]yDWHQHUXQPLHGRHVSDQWRVRPDJRFRPRHUD\DVHQWLUTXHHVWDEDQHQ
XQ SpVLPR OXJDU \ WRGDYtD QR KDEtDQ HVFDSDGR GHO WRGR 6LQ HPEDUJR QR OHV
GHMDUtDHOFDPLQROLEUHDXQTXHPXFKRQRSRGtDKDFHUDIHUUDGRDXQJUDQiUEROFRQ
ORERVSRUGRTXLHUDOOiHQHOVXHOR$UUDQFyXQDVSLxDVHQRUPHVGHODVUDPDV\HQ
VHJXLGD SUHQGLy IXHJR D XQD GH HOODV FRQ XQD EULOODQWH OODPD D]XO \ OD DUURMy
]XPEDQGR KDFLD HO FtUFXOR GH ORERV $OFDQ]y D XQR HQ HO ORPR \ OD SLHO YHOOXGD
HPSH]y D DUGHU FRQ OR FXDO OD EHVWLD VDOWy GH XQ ODGR D RWUR DXOODQGR
KRUULEOHPHQWH /XHJR FD\y RWUD SLxD \ RWUD FRQ OODPDV D]XOHV URMDV R YHUGHV
(VWDOODEDQHQHOVXHORHQPHGLRGHOFtUFXOR\VHHVSDUFtDQHQFKLVSDVFRORUHDGDV
\KXPRXQDHVSHFLDOPHQWHJUDQGHJROSHyHOKRFLFRGHOORERMHIHTXHVDOWyGLH]
SLHVHQHODLUH\VHODQ]yGDQGRYXHOWDV\YXHOWDVDOUHGHGRUGHOFtUFXORFRQWDQWD
FyOHUD\WDQWRPLHGRTXHPRUGtD\ODQ]DEDGHQWHOODGDVDXQDORVRWURVORERV
/RVHQDQRV\%LOERJULWDURQ\YLWRUHDURQ(UDWHUULEOHYHUODUDELDGHORVORERV\HO
WXPXOWRTXHKDFtDQOOHQDEDWRGDODIORUHVWD/RVORERVWLHQHQPLHGRGHOIXHJRHQ
FXDOTXLHU FLUFXQVWDQFLD SHUR pVWH HUD XQ IXHJR PX\ H[WUDxR \ KRUURURVR 6L XQD
FKLVSDOHVWRFDEDODSLHOVHSHJDED\OHVTXHPDEDORVSHORV\DPHQRVTXHVH
UHYROFDVHQ UiSLGR SURQWR HVWDEDQ HQYXHOWRV HQ OODPDV 0X\ SURQWR ORV ORERV
HVWDEDQUHYROFiQGRVHSRUWRGRHOFODURXQD\RWUDYH]SDUDTXLWDUVHODVFKLVSDVGH
ORV ORPRV PLHQWUDV DTXHOORV TXH \D DUGtDQ FRUUtDQ DXOODQGR \ SHJDQGR IXHJR D
ORV GHPiV KDVWD TXH HUDQ DKX\HQWDGRV SRU VXV SURSLRV FRPSDxHURV \ KXtDQ
SHQGLHQWHDEDMRFKLOODQGR\JLPRWHDQGR\EXVFDQGRDJXD
²¢4XpHVWRGRHVHWXPXOWRHQHOERVTXH"²GLMRHO6HxRUGHODVÈJXLODV(VWDED
SRVDGRQHJURDODOX]GHODOXQDHQODFLPDGHXQDVROLWDULDFXPEUHURFRVDGHO
ERUGHRULHQWDOGH ODVPRQWDxDV²£2LJRYRFHVGHORERV¢$QGDUiQORVWUDVJRVGH
IHFKRUtDVHQORVERVTXHV"
6HHOHYyHQHODLUHHLQPHGLDWDPHQWHGRVGHORVJXDUGLDQHVGHO6HxRUORVLJXLHURQ
VDOWDQGR GHVGH ODV URFDV GH ORV ODGRV 9RODURQ HQ FtUFXORV DUULED HQ HO FLHOR \
REVHUYDURQHODQLOORGHORVZDUJRVXQPLQ~VFXORSXQWRPX\PX\DEDMR3HURODV
iJXLODV WLHQHQ RMRV SHQHWUDQWHV \ SXHGHQ YHU FRVDV SHTXHxDV GHVGH XQD JUDQ
GLVWDQFLD (O 6HxRU GH ODV ÈJXLODV GH ODV 0RQWDxDV1XEODGDVWHQLDRMRVFDSDFHV
GHPLUDUDOVROVLQXQSDUSDGHR\GHYHUXQFRQHMRTXHVHPRYtDDOOiDEDMRDXQD
PLOODDODOX]SiOLGDGHODOXQD'HPRGRTXHDXQTXHQRDOFDQ]DEDDYHUDODJHQWH
HQ ORV iUEROHV SRGtD GLVWLQJXLU ORV PRYLPLHQWRV GH ORV ORERV \ ORV PLQ~VFXORV
GHVWHOORVGHIXHJR\RtDORVDXOOLGRV \JDxLGRVTXHVHHOHYDEDQWHQXHVGHVGHDOOi
DEDMR 7DPELpQ SXGR YHU HO GHVWHOOR GH OD OXQD HQ ODV ODQ]DV \ \HOPRV GH ORV
WUDVJRV FXDQGR XQDV ODUJDV KLOHUDV GH HVWD JHQWH PDOYDGD VH DUUDVWUDURQ FRQ
FDXWHOD EDMDQGR ODV ODGHUDV Gp OD FDOLQD GHVGH OD HQWUDGD D ORV W~QHOHV \
VHUSHQWHDQGR HQ HO ERVTXH /DV iJXLODV QR VRQ DYHV ERQGDGRVDV $OJXQDV VRQ
FREDUGHV \ FUXHOHV3HURODUD]DDQFHVWUDOGHODVPRQWDxDVGHOQRUWHHUDODPiV
JUDQGHHQWUHWRGDV$OWLYDV\IXHUWHV\GHQREOHFRUD]yQQRTXHUtDQDORVWUDVJRV
QLORVWHPtDQ&XDQGROHVSUHVWDEDQDOJXQDDWHQFLyQORTXHHUDUDURSXHVQRVH
DOLPHQWDEDQ GH WDOHV FULDWXUDV VH SUHFLSLWDEDQ VREUH HOORV \ ORV REOLJDEDQ D
UHWLUDUVH FKLOODQGR D ODV FXHYDV \ GHWHQtDQ FXDOTXLHU PDOGDG HQ TXH HVWXYLHVHQ
HPSHxDGRV/RVWUDVJRVRGLDEDQDODViJXLODV\OHVWHQtDQPLHGRSHURQRSRGtDQ
DOFDQ]DUDTXHOORVHQFXPEUDGRVVLWLDOHVQLVDFDUODVGHODVPRQWDxDV
(VD QRFKH HO 6HxRU GH ODV ÈJXLODV WHQtD PXFKD FXULRVLGDG SRU VDEHU TXp VH
HVWDEDWUDPDQGRGHPRGRTXHFRQYRFyDRWUDViJXLODV\MXQWDVYRODURQGHVGHODV
FLPDV \ WUD]DQGR FtUFXORV OHQWDPHQWH VLHPSUH JLUDQGR \ JLUDQGR EDMDURQ \
EDMDURQ \ EDMDURQ KDFLD HO DQLOOR GH ORV ORERV \ HO VLWLR HQ TXH VH UHXQtDQ ORV
WUDVJRV
£$OJR PX\ EXHQR SRU FLHUWR &RVDV HVSDQWRVDV KDEtDQ HVWDGR VXFHGLHQGR DOOt
DEDMR /RV ORERV DOFDQ]DGRV SRU ODV OODPDV KDEtDQ KXLGR DO ERVTXH \ KDEtDQ
SUHQGLGR IXHJR HQ YDULRV VLWLRV (UD SOHQR YHUDQR \ HQ HVWH ODGR RULHQWDO GH ODV
PRQWDxDVKDEtDOORYLGRSRFRHQORV~OWLPRVWLHPSRV+HOHFKRVDPDULOOHQWRVUDPDV
FDtGDV HVSHVDV FDSDV GH DJXMDV GH SLQR \ DTXt \ DOOi iUEROHV VHFRV SURQWR
HPSH]DURQDDUGHU7RGRDOUHGHGRUGHOFODURGHORVZDUJRVHOIXHJRVHHOHYDEDHQ
OODPDUDGDV3HURORVORERVJXDUGLDQHVQRDEDQGRQDEDQORViUEROHV(QORTXHFLGRV
\FROpULFRVVDOWDEDQ\DXOODEDQDOSLHGHORVWURQFRV\PDOGHFtDQDORVHQDQRVHQ
DTXHOKRUULEOHOHQJXDMHFRQODVOHQJXDVIXHUD\ORVRMRVEULOODQWHVWDQURMRV\ILHURV
FRPRODVOODPDV
(QWRQFHV GH V~ELWR ORV WUDVJRV OOHJDURQ FRUULHQGR \DXOODQGR3HQVDEDQTXHVH
HVWDED OLEUDQGR XQD EDWDOOD FRQWUD ORV KRPEUHV GH ORV ERVTXHV SHUR SURQWR
DGYLUWLHURQ OR TXH RFXUUtD 8QRV SRFRV OOHJDURQ D VHQWDUVH \ ULHURQ 2WURV
EODQGLHURQODVODQ]DV\JROSHDURQORVPDQJRVFRQWUDORVHVFXGRV/RVWUDVJRVQR
WHPHQDOIXHJR\SURQWRWXYLHURQXQSODQTXHOHVSDUHFLyGHORPDVGLYHUWLGR
$OJXQRV UHXQLHURQ D WRGRV ORV ORERV HQ XQD PDQDGD 2WURV DSLODURQ KHOHFKRV \
EUH]RV DOUHGHGRU GH ORV WURQFRV \ VH SUHFLSLWDURQ HQ WRUQR \ SLVRWHDURQ \
JROSHDURQJROSHDURQ\SLVRWHDURQKDVWDTXHDSDJDURQFDVLWRGRVORVIXHJRVSHUR
QR ORV PiV SUy[LPRV D ORV iUEROHV GRQGH HVWDEDQ ORV HQDQRV (VWRV IXHJRV ORV
DOLPHQWDURQFRQKRMDVUDPDVVHFDV\KHOHFKRV3URQWRXQDQLOORGHKXPR\OODPDV
URGHyDORVHQDQRVXQDQLOORTXHQRFUHFtDKDFLDIXHUDSHURTXHVHLEDFHUUDQGR
OHQWDPHQWH KDVWD TXH HO IXHJR ODPLy OD OHxD DSLODGD EDMR ORV iUEROHV (O KXPR
OOHJDED D ORV RMRV GH %LOER SRGtD VHQWLU HO FDORU GH ODV OODPDV \ D WUDYpV GH OD
KXPDUHGDDOFDQ]DEDDYHUDORVWUDVJRVTXHGDQ]DEDQJLUDQGR\JLUDQGRHQXQ
FtUFXOR FRPR JHQWH TXH FHOHEUDED DOUHGHGRU GH XQD KRJXHUD OD OOHJDGD GHO
YHUDQR)XHUDGHOFLUFXORGHJXHUUHURVGDQ]DQWHVDUPDGRVFRQODQ]DV\KDFKDV
ORVORERVVHPDQWHQtDQDSDUWDGRVREVHUYDQGR\DJXDUGDQGR
%LOERSXGRRtUDORVWUDVJRVTXHHQWRQDEDQDKRUDXQDKRUULEOHFDQFLyQ
£4XLQFHSiMDURVHQFLQFRDEHWRV
ODVSOXPDVDYHQWDGDVSRUXQDEULVDDUGLHQWH
3HURTXHH[WUDxRVSiMDURV£QLQJXQRWLHQHDODV
£2K¢4XpKDUHPRVFRQHVWDVUDUDVJHQWHV"
¢$VDUODVYLYDVRKHUYLUODVHQODROOD
RIUHtUODVFRFHUODV\FRPHUODVFDOLHQWHV"
/XHJR VH GHWXYLHURQ \ JULWDURQ ²£9RODG SDMDULWRV £9RODG VL SRGpLV £%DMDG
SDMDULWRV RV DVDUpLV HQ YXHVWURV QLGRV £&DQWDG FDQWDG SDMDULWRV ¢3RU TXp QR
FDQWiLV"
²£$OHMDRV FKLTXLOORV ²JULWy *DQGDOISRUUHVSXHVWD²²1RHVpSRFDGHEXVFDU
QLGRV<ORVFKLTXLOORVWUDYLHVRVTXHMXHJDQFRQIXHJRUHFLEHQORTXHVHPHUHFHQ
²/R GLMR SDUD HQIDGDUORV \ SDUD PRVWUDUOHV TXH QR WHQtD PLHGR DXQTXH HQ
YHUGDGORWHQtDPDJR\WRGRFRPRHUD3HURORVWUDVJRVQROHSUHVWDURQ DWHQFLyQ
\VLJXLHURQFDQWDQGR
£4XHDUGDQTXHDUGDQiUEROHV\KHOHFKRV"
£0DUFKLWRV\DEUDVDGRV4XHODDQWRUFKDVLVHDQWH
LOXPLQHODQRFKHSDUDQXHVWURFRQWHQWR
£(D\D
£4XHORVFXH]DQWRVIUtDQ\DFKLFKDUUHQ
KDVWDTXHDUGDQODVEDUEDV\ORVRMRVVHQXEOHQ
\KLHGDQORVFDEHOORV\HVWDOOHQORVSHOOHMRV
VHGLVXHOYDQODVJUDVDV\ORVKXHVRVUHQHJURV
GHVFDQVHQHQFHQL]DVEDMRHOFLHOR
$VLORVHQDQRVPRULUiQ
ODQRFKHLOXPLQDQGRSDUDQXHVWURFRQWHQWR
£(D\D
£(DSURQWR\D
£(DTXHYD
<FRQpVH£pDTXHYDODVOODPDVOOHJDURQEDMRHOiUEROGH*DQGDOI(QXQPRPHQWR
VHH[WHQGLHURQDORVRWURV/DFRUWH]DDUGLyODVUDPDVPiVEDMDVFUXMLHURQ
(QWRQFHV*DQGDOIWUHSyDODFRSDGHOiUERO(OV~ELWRUHVSODQGRUHVWDOOyHQVXYDUD
FRPRXQUHOiPSDJRFXDQGRVHDSUHVWDEDDVDOWDU\DFDHUMXVWRHQWUHODVODQ]DV
HQHPLJDV$TXHOORKXELHVHVLGRHOILQGH*DQGDOIDXQTXHSUREDEOHPHQWHKXELHVH
PDWDGRDPXFKRVDOSUHFLSLWDUVHHQWUHHOORVFRPRXQUD\R3HURQROOHJyDVDOWDU
(QDTXHOSUHFLVRPRPHQWRHO6HxRUGHODVÈJXLODVVHDEDODQ]yGHVGHORDOWRDEULy
ODVJDUUDVVHDSRGHUyGH*DQGDOI\GHVDSDUHFLy
+XERXQFODPRUGHFyOHUD\VRUSUHVDHQWUHORVWUDVJRV)XHUWHFKLOOyHO6HxRUGH
ODV ÈJXLODV D TXLHQ *DQGDOI KDEtD DKRUD KDEODGR 'H YXHOWD VH DEDODQ]DURQ ODV
JUDQGHVDYHVTXHHVWDEDQFRQpO\GHVFHQGLHURQFRPRHQRUPHVVRPEUDVQHJUDV
/RV ORERV JLPRWHDURQ UHFKLQDQGR ORV GLHQWHV ORV WUDVJRV DXOODURQ \ SDWHDURQ HO
VXHORFRQUDELD\DUURMDURQODVSHVDGDVODQ]DVDODLUH6REUHHOORVVHODQ]DURQODV
iJXLODV OD DFRPHWLGD RVFXUD GH ODV DODV TXHEDWtDQORVJROSHyFRQWUDHO6XHORR
ORVDUURMyOHMRVODVJDUUDVOHVODFHUDURQODVFDUDV2WUDVYHFHVYRODURQDODVFRSDV
GH ORV iUEROHV \ VH OOHYDURQ D ORV HQDQRV TXH DKRUD VXEtDQ WUHSDQGR D XQDV
DOWXUDVD ODVTXHQXQFDVHKDEtDQDWUHYLGRDOOHJDU
£(O SREUH SHTXHxR %LOER HVWXYR PX\ FHUFD GH TXH OH GHMDUDQ GH QXHYR DWUiV
$OFDQ]yMXVWRDDIHUUDUVHGHODVSLHUQDVGH'RULFXDQGR\DVHOROOHYDEDQHO~OWLPR
GH WRGRV \ DUULED IXHURQ MXQWRV VREUH HO WXPXOWR \ HO LQFHQGLR %LOER
FROXPSLiQGRVH HQ HO DLUH VLQWLHQGR TXH VH OH URPSHUtDQ ORV EUD]RV HQ FXDOTXLHU
PRPHQWR
0LHQWUDVDOOiDEDMRORVWUDVJRV\ORVORERV6HKDEtDQGLVSHUVDGRHQORVERVTXHV
8QDV FXDQWDV iJXLODV HVWDEDQ WRGDYtD WUD]DQGR FtUFXORV \ FHUQLpQGRVH VREUH HO
FDPSR GH EDWDOOD 'H SURQWR ODV OODPDV GH ORV iUEROHV VH DO]DURQSRUHQFLPDGH
ODV UDPDV PiV DOWDV 6XELHURQ FRQ XQ IXHJR FUHSLWDQWH \ KXER XQ HVWDOOLGR GH
FKLVSDV\KXPR£%LOERKDEtDHVFDSDGRMXVWRDWLHPSR
3URQWR ODV OXFHV GHO LQFHQGLR IXHURQ WHQXHV DOOi DEDMR XQ SDUSDGHR URMR HQ HO
VXHORQHJUR\ODViJXLODVYRODEDQPX\DOWRHOHYiQGRVHWRGRHOWLHPSRHQFtUFXORV
DPSOLRV\PDMHVWXRVRV%LOERQXQFDROYLGyDTXHOYXHORDEUD]DGRDORVWRELOORVGH
'RUL *HPtD ²£0LV EUD]RV PLV EUD]RV ²PLHQWUDV 'RUL SODxtD ²£0LV SREUHV
SLHUQDVPLVSREUHVSLHUQDV
(QHOPHMRUGHORVFDVRVODVDOWXUDVOHGDEDQYpUWLJRD%LOER%DVWDEDTXHPLUDVH
GHVGH HO ERUGH GH XQ ULVFR SHTXHxR SDUD TXH VH VLQWLHUD PDUHDGR 1XQFD OH
KDEtDQ JXVWDGR ODV HVFDOHUDV \ PXFKR PHQRV ORV iUEROHV DQWHV QXQFD KDEtD
WHQLGRTXHHVFDSDUGHORVORERV'HPDQHUDTXHSRGpLVLPDJLQDUFyPROHGDED
YXHOWDVDKRUDODFDEH]DFXDQGRPLUDEDKDFLDDEDMRHQWUHORVFROJDQWHVGHGRVGH
ORVSLHV\YHtDODVWLHUUDVRVFXUDVTXHVHHQVDQFKDEDQGHEDMRWRFDGDVDTXt\DOOi
SRUODOX]GHODOXQDHQODURFDGHXQDODGHUDRHQXQDUUR\RGHORVOODQRV
/RVSLFRVGHODVPRQWDxDVVHHVWDEDQDFHUFDQGRSXQWDVURFRVDVLOXPLQDGDVSRU
ODOXQDDVRPDEDQHQWUHODVVRPEUDVQHJUDV9HUDQRRQRHODLUHSDUHFtDPX\IUtR
&HUUy ORV RMRV \ VH SUHJXQWy VL VHUtD FDSD] GH VHJXLU VRVWHQLpQGRVH DVt PXFKR
PiV/XHJRLPDJLQyTXpVXFHGHUtDVLQRDJXDQWDED6HVLQWLyHQIHUPR
(OYXHORWHUPLQyMXVWRDWLHPSRSDUD%LOERMXVWRDQWHVGHTXHDIORMDUDODVPDQRV
6HVROWyGHORVWRELOORVGH'RULFRQXQJULWRVRIRFDGR\FD\yVREUHODWRVFDSODWD
IRUPD GH XQ DJXLOHUR $OOt TXHGy XQ UDWR WHQGLGR VLQ GHFLU XQD SDODEUD FRQ
SHQVDPLHQWRVTXHHUDQXQDPH]FODGHVRUSUHVDSRUKDEHUVHVDOYDGRGHOIXHJR\
GHPLHGRDFDHUGHDTXHOVLWLRHVWUHFKR DODVHVSHVDVVRPEUDVGHDPERVODGRV
6HQWtD OD FDEH]D YHUGDGHUDPHQWH PX\ UDUD HQ DTXHO PRPHQWR GHVSXpV GH ODV
HVSDQWRVDV DYHQWXUDV GH ORV WUHV ~OWLPRV GtDV FDVL VLQ QDGD SDUD FRPHU \ GH
SURQWRVHHQFRQWUyGLFLHQGRHQYR]DOWD
²£$KRUDVpFyPRVHVLHQWHXQWUR]RGHSDQFHWDFXDQGRODVDFDQGHSURQWRGHOD
VDUWpQFRQXQWHQHGRU\ODSRQHQGHYXHOWDHQODDODFHQD
²£1R QR OR VDEHV ²R\y TXH 'RUL UHVSRQGtD² SXHV OD SDQFHWD VDEH TXH
YROYHUiWDUGpRWHPSUDQRDODVDUWpQ\HVGHHVSHUDUTXHQRVRWURVQR £$GHPiV
ODViJXLODVQRVRQWHQHGRUHV
²£2K QR 1R VH SDUHFHQ QDGD D SiMDURV SRQHGRUHV WHQHGRUHV TXLHUR GHFLU ²
FRQWHVWy %LOER LQFRUSRUiQGRVH \ REVHUYDQGR FRQ DQVLHGDG DO iJXLOD TXH HVWDED
SRVDGD FHUFD 6H SUHJXQWy TXp RWUDV WRQWHUtDV KDEUtD HVWDGR GLFLHQGR \ VL HO
iJXLOD OR FRQVLGHUDUtD RIHQVLYR £8QR QR KD GH VHU JURVHUR FRQ XQ iJXLOD VL VyOR
WLHQHHOWDPDxRGHXQKREELW\HVWiGHQRFKHHQHODJXLOHUR
(OiJXLODVHDILOyHOSLFRHQXQDURFD\VHDOLVyODVSOXPDVVLQSUHVWDUDWHQFLyQ
3URQWR OOHJy YRODQGR RWUD iJXLOD ²(O 6HxRU GH ODV ÈJXLODV WH RUGHQD WUDHU D WXV
SULVLRQHURVDOD*UDQ5HSLVD²FKLOOy\VHIXH/D2WUDWRPyD'RULHQVXVJDUUDV\
SDUWLy YRODQGR FRQ pO KDFLD OD QRFKH GHMDQGR D %LOER FRPSOHWDPHQWH VROR /DV
SRFDV IXHU]DV TXH OH TXHGDEDQ OH DOFDQ]DEDQ DSHQDV SDUD SUHJXQWDUVH TXp
KDEUtD TXHULGR GHFLU HO iJXLOD FRQ SULVLRQHURV \ \D HPSH]DED D SHQVDU TXH OR
DEULUtDQHQGRVFRPRXQFRQHMRSDUDODFHQDFXDQGROHOOHJyHOWXUQR
(OiJXLODUHJUHVyORDJDUUySRUHOGRUVRGHODFKDTXHWD\VHODQ]yIXHUD(VWDYH]
HOYXHORIXHFRUWR0X\SURQWR%LOERHVWXYRWXPEDGRWHPEODQGRGHPLHGRHQXQD
DPSOLD UHSLVD HQ OD ODGHUD GH ODPRQWDxD1RKDEtDPDQHUDGHGHVFHQGHUKDVWD
DOOtVLQRYRODQGR\QRKDEtDVHQGHURSDUDEDMDUH[FHSWRVDOWDQGRDXQSUHFLSLFLR
$OOt HQFRQWUy D WRGRV ORV RWURV VHQWDGRV GH HVSDOGDV D OD SDUHG PRQWDxRVD (O
6HxRUGHODVÈJXLODVHVWDEDWDPELpQDOOt\KDEODEDFRQ*DQGDOI
4XL]i D %LOER QR VH OR LEDQ D FRPHU GHVSXpV GH WRGR (O PDJR \ HO iJXLOD
SDUHFtDQ FRQRFHUVH GH DOJXQD PDQHUD \ DXQ HVWDU HQ EXHQDV UHODFLRQHV (Q
UHDOLGDG*DQGDOITXHKDEtDYLVLWDGRDPHQXGRODVPRQWDxDVKDEtDD\XGDGRXQD
YH]DODViJXLODV\KDEtDFXUDGRDO6HxRUGHXQDKHULGDGHIOHFKD$VtTXHFRPR
YHLVSULVLRQHURVTXHUtDGHFLUSULVLRQHURVUHVFDWDGRVGHORVWUDVJRVVRODPHQWH\
QR FDXWLYRV GH ODV iJXLODV &XDQGR %LOER HVFXFKy OD FRQYHUVDFLyQ GH *DQGDOI
FRPSUHQGLyTXHSRUILQLEDQDHVFDSDUUHDO\YHUGDGHUDPHQWHGHDTXHOODVFLPDV
HVSDQWRVDV(VWDEDGLVFXWLHQGRSODQHVFRQHO*UDQÈJXLODSDUDWUDQVSRUWDUOHMRVD
ORVHQDQRVDpO\D%LOER\GHMDUORVMXVWRHQHOFDPLQRTXHFUX]DEDORVOODQRVGH
DEDMR
(O6HxRUGHODVÈJXLODVQRORVOOHYDUtDDQLQJ~QOXJDUSUy[LPRDODVPRUDGDVGHORV
KRPEUHV ²1RV GLVSDUDUtDQ FRQ HVRV JUDQGHV DUFRV GH WHMR ²GLMR² SHQVDQGR
TXHYDPRVDUREDUOHVODVRYHMDV<HQRWUDVRFDVLRQHVHVWDUtDQHQORFLHUWR£1R
1RVVDWLVIDFHEXUODUDORVWUDVJRV\SDJDUWHDVtQXHVWUDGHXGDGHJUDWLWXGSHURQR
QRVDUULHVJDUHPRVSRUORVHQDQRVHQORVOODQRVGHOVXU
²0X\ELHQ²GLMR*DQGDOI² £/OHYDGQRVDFXDOTXLHUVLWLR\WDQOHMRVFRPRTXHUiLV
<DKDEpLVKHFKRPXFKRSRUQRVRWURV3HURPLHQWUDVWDQWRHVWDPRVIDPpOLFRV
²<RFDVLHVWR\PXHUWRGHKDPEUH²GLMR%LOERFRQXQDGpELOYRFHFLWDTXHQDGLH
R\y
²(VRWDOYH]SXHGDWHQHUUHPHGLR² GLMRHO 6HxRUGHODVÈJXLODV
0iV WDUGH SRGUtDLV KDEHU YLVWR XQ EULOODQWH IXHJR HQ OD UHSLVD GH SLHGUD \ ODV
ILJXUDV GH ORV HQDQRV DOUHGHGRU FRFLQDQGR \ HQYXHOWRV HQ XQ H[TXLVLWR RORU D
DVDGR /DV iJXLODV KDEtDQ WUDtGR XQRV DUEXVWRV VHFRV SDUD HO IXHJR \ FRQHMRV
OLHEUHV\XQDSHTXHxDRYHMD/RVHQDQRVVHHQFDUJDURQGHWRGRVORVSUHSDUDWLYRV
%LOER VH VHQWtD GHPDVLDGR GpELO SDUD D\XGDU \ GH FXDOTXLHU PRGR QR HUD PX\
EXHQR GHVROODQGR FRQHMRV R SLFDQGR FDUQH SXHV HVWDED DFRVWXPEUDGR D TXH HO
FDUQLFHUR VH OD HQWUHJDVH OLVWD \D SDUD FRFLQDU *DQGDOI HVWDED HFKDGR WDPELpQ
OXHJR GH KDEHUVH RFXSDGR GH HQFHQGHU HO IXHJR \D TXH ÏLQ \ *OyLQ KDEtDQ
SHUGLGR VXV \HVFDV /RV HQDQRV QXQFD IXHURQ DILFLRQDGRV D ODV FHULOODV QL
VLTXLHUDHQWRQFHV
$VtFRQFOX\HURQODVDYHQWXUDVGHODV0RQWDxDV1XEODGDV3URQWRHOHVWyPDJRGH
%LOER HVWXYR OOHQR \ FRQIRUWDGR GH QXHYR \ VLQWLy TXH SRGtD GRUPLU VLQ
SUHRFXSDFLRQHV DXQTXH HQ UHDOLGDG OH KDEUtD JXVWDGR PiV XQD KRJD]D FRQ
PDQWHTXLOOD TXH DTXHOORV WUR]RV GH FDUQH FRVWDGD HQ YDUDV 'XUPLy KHFKR XQ
RYLOORHQODSLHGUDGXUDPiVSURIXQGDPHQWHGHORTXHKDEtDGRUPLGRQXQFDHQHO
OHFKRGHSOXPDVGHVXSURSLRSHTXHxRDJXMHUR3HURVRxyWRGDODQRFKHFRQVX
FDVD \ UHFRUULy HQ VXHxRV WRGDV ODV KDELWDFLRQHV EXVFDQGR DOJR TXH QR SRGtD
HQFRQWUDU\TXHQRVDEtDTXpHUD
(;75$f26$326(1726
$ODPDxDQDVLJXLHQWH%LOERGHVSHUWyFRQHOVROWHPSUDQRHQORVRMRV6HOHYDQWy
GH XQ VDOWR SDUD PLUDU OD KRUD \ SRQHU OD PDUPLWD DO IXHJR \ GHVFXEULy TXH QR
HVWDEDHQFDVDGHQLQJ~QPRGR$VtTXHVHVHQWyGHVHDQGRHQYDQRXQEDxR\
XQFHSLOOR1RORVFRQVLJXLyQLWpQLWRVWDGDVQLSDQFHWDSDUDHOGHVD\XQRVyOR
FRUGHURIUtR\FRQHMR<HQVHJXLGDWXYRTXHSUHSDUDUVHSDUDODLQPLQHQWHSDUWLGD
(VWDYH]VHOHSHUPLWLyPRQWDUHQHOORPRGHXQiJXLOD\VRVWHQHUVHHQWUHODVDODV
(O DLUH JROSHDED \ %LOER FHUUDED ORV RMRV /RV HQDQRV JULWDEDQ GHVSLGLpQGRVH \
SURPHWLHQGR GHYROYHU HO IDYRU DO 6HxRU GH ODV ÈJXLODV VL DOJXQD YH] HUD SRVLEOH
PLHQWUDV TXLQFH JUDQGHV DYHV SDUWtDQ GH OD ODGHUD GH OD PRQWDxD (O VRO HVWDED
WRGDYtDFHUFDGHORVOLQGHVRULHQWDOHV/DPDxDQDHUDIUtD\KDEtDQLHEODVHQORV
YDOOHV\KRQGRQDGDV\VREUHORVSLFRV\FUHVWDVGHODVFROLQDV%LOERDEULyXQRMR\
YLRTXHODVDYHVHVWDEDQ\DPX\DUULED\HOPXQGRPX\OHMRV\TXHODVPRQWDxDV
VHHPSHTXHxHFtDQDWUiV&HUUyRWUDYH]ORVRMRV\VHDIHUUyFRQPiVIXHU]D
²£1RSHOOL]TXHV²GLMRHOiJXLOD²1RWLHQHVSRUTXpDVXVWDUWHFRPRXQFRQHMR
DXQTXH WH SDUH]FDV EDVWDQWH D XQR +DFH XQD ERQLWD PDxDQD \ HO YLHQWR VRSOD
DSHQDV¢+D\DOJRPiVDJUDGDEOHTXHYRODU"
$ %LOER OH KXELHVH JXVWDGR GHFLU 8Q EDxR FDOLHQWH \ GHVSXpV PiV WDUGH XQ
GHVD\XQRVREUHODKLHUEDSHUROHSDUHFLyPHMRUQRGHFLUQDGD\DIORMyXQSRTXLWR
ODVPDQRV
$OFDERGHXQEXHQUDWRODViJXLODVGLYLVDURQVLQGXGDHOSXQWRDOTXHVHGLULJtDQ
DXQGHVGHDTXHOODVDOWXUDVSXHVHPSH]DURQDYRODUHQFtUFXORVGHVFHQGLHQGRHQ
DPSOLDV HVSLUDOHV %DMDURQ DVt XQ WLHPSR \ DO ILQDO pO KREELW DEULy GH QXHYR ORV
RMRV /D WLHUUD HVWDED PXFKR PiV FHUFD \ GHEDMR KDEtD iUEROHV TXH SDUHFtDQ
ROPRV \ UREOHV \ DPSOLDV SUDGHUDV \ XQ UtR TXH OR DWUDYHVDED WRGR 3HUR
VREUHVDOLHQGRGHOWHUUHQRMXVWRHQHOFXUVRGHOUtRTXHDOOtVHUSHQWHDEDKDEtDXQD
JUDQURFDFDVLXQDFROLQDGHSLHGUDFRPRXQD~OWLPDDYDQ]DGDGHODVPRQWDxDV
GLVWDQWHV R XQ HQRUPH SHxDVFR DUURMDGR PLOODV DGHQWUR HQ OD OODQXUD SRU DOJ~Q
JLJDQWHHQWUHJLJDQWHV
/DViJXLODVGHVFHQGtDQDKRUDFRQUDSLGH]XQDDXQDVREUHODFLPDGHODURFD\
GHMDEDQDOOtDORVSDVDMHURV
²£%XHQ YLDMH ²JULWDURQ² £'RQGH TXLHUD TXH YD\iLV KDVWD TXH ORV QLGRV RV
UHFLEDQDOILQDOGHODMRUQDGD²XQDIyUPXODGHFRUWHVtDFRP~QHQWUHHVWDVDYHV
²4XH HO YLHQWR EDMR ODV DODV RV VRVWHQJD DOOi GRQGH HO VRO QDYHJD \ OD OXQD
FDPLQD²UHVSRQGLy*DQGDOITXHFRQRFtDODUHVSXHVWDFRUUHFWD
< GH HVWH PRGR SDUWLHURQ < DXQTXH HO 6HxRU GH ODV ÈJXLODV OOHJy D VHU 5H\ GH
7RGRVORV3iMDURV\WXYRXQDFRURQDGHRUR\ORVTXLQFHOXJDUWHQLHQWHVOOHYDURQ
FROODUHVGHRURIDEULFDGRVFRQHORURGHORVHQDQRV%LOERQXQFDYROYLyDYHUORV
H[FHSWRHQODEDWDOODGHORV&LQFR(MpUFLWRVOHMRV\DUULED3HURFRPRHVWRRFXUUH
DOILQDOGHODKLVWRULDSRUDKRUDQRGLUHPRVPiV
+DEtDXQHVSDFLROLVRHQODFLPDGHODFROLQDGHSLHGUD\XQVHQGHURGHJDVWDGRV
HVFDORQHV TXH GHVFHQGtDQ KDVWD HO UtR \ XQ YDGR GH SLHGUDV JUDQGHV \ FKDWDV
OOHYDEDDODSUDGHUDGHORWURODGR$OOtKDEtDXQDFXHYDSHTXHxDDFRJHGRUD\FRQ
VXHOR GH JXLMDUURV DO SLH GH ORV HVFDORQHV FDVL DO ILQDO GHO YDGR SHGUHJRVR (O
JUXSRVHUHXQLyHQODFXHYD\GLVFXWLyORTXHVHLEDDKDFHU
²6LHPSUH TXLVH YHURV D WRGRV D VDOYR VL HUD SRVLEOH GHO RWUR ODGR GH ODV
PRQWDxDV²GLMRHOPDJR²\DKRUDJUDFLDVDOEXHQJRELHUQR\DODEXHQDVXHUWH
OR KH FRQVHJXLGR (Q UHDOLGDG KHPRV DYDQ]DGR KDFLD HO HVWH PiV GH OR TXH \R
GHVHDEDSXHVDOILQ\DOFDERpVWDQRHVPLDYHQWXUD3XHGRYHQLUDYHURVDQWHV
TXHWRGRFRQFOX\DSHURPLHQWUDVWDQWRKHGHDWHQGHURWURDVXQWRXUJHQWH
/RV HQDQRV JHPtDQ \ SDUHFtDQ GHVRODGRV \ %LOER OORUDED +DEtDQ HPSH]DGR D
&UHHUTXH*DQGDOIORVDFRPSDxDUtDGXUDQWHWRGRHOWUD\HFWR\HVWDUtDVLHPSUHDOOt
SDUD VDFDUORV GH FXDOTXLHUGLILFXOWDG²1RGHVDSDUHFHUpHQHVWHPLVPRLQVWDQWH
²GLMRHOPDJR² 3XHGRGDURVXQGtDRGRVPiV4XL]iOOHJXHDHFKDURVXQDPDQR
HQHVWHDSXUR\\RWDPELpQQHFHVLWRXQDSHTXHxDD\XGD1RWHQHPRVFRPLGDQL
HTXLSDMH QL SRQH\V TXH PRQWDU \ QR VDEpLV GyQGH HVWiLV DKRUD <R SXHGR
GHFtURVOR(VWiLVWRGDYtDDOJXQDVPLOODVDOQRUWHGHOVHQGHURTXHWHQGUtDPRVTXH
KDEHU WRPDGR VL QR KXELpVHPRV FUX]DGR OD PRQWDxD FRQ WDQWD SULVD 0X\ SRFD
JHQWHYLYHHQHVWRVSDUDMHVDPHQRVTXH KD\DQYHQLGRGHVGHOD~OWLPDYH]TXH
HVWXYHDTXtDEDMRDxRVDWUiV3HURFRQR]FRDDOJXLHQTXHYLYHQRPX\OHMRV(VH
$OJXLHQWDOOyORVHVFDORQHVHQODJUDQURFDOD&DUURFDFUHRTXHODOODPD1RYLHQH
DPHQXGRSRUDTXtGHVGHOXHJRQRGXUDQWHHOGtD\QRYDOHODSHQDHVSHUDUOR$
GHFLU YHUGDG VHUtD PX\ SHOLJURVR 7HQHPRV TXH VDOLU \ HQFRQWUDUOR \ VL WRGR YD
ELHQ HQ GLFKR HQFXHQWUR FUHR TXH SDUWLUp \ RV GHVHDUp FRPR ODV iJXLODV EXHQ
YLDMHDGRQGHTXLHUDTXHYD\iLV
/HSLGLHURQTXHQRORVGHMDVH/HRIUHFLHURQRURGHOGUDJyQ\SODWD\MR\DVSHURHO
PDJRQRVHLQPXWy²£1RVYHUHPRVQRVYHUHPRV²GLMR²\FUHRTXH\DPHKH
JDQDGRDOJRGHHVHRURGHOGUDJyQFXDQGROHHFKpLVPDQR
/RVHQDQRVGHMDURQHQWRQFHVGHVXSOLFDU6HVDFDURQODURSD\VHEDxDURQHQHO
UtRTXHHQHOYDGRHUDSRFRSURIXQGRFODUR\SHGUHJRVR/XHJRGHVHFDUVHDOVRO
TXHDKRUDFDtDFRQIXHU]DVHVLQWLHURQUHIUHVFDGRVDXQTXHWRGDYtDGRORULGRV\XQ
SRFR KDPEULHQWRV 3URQWR FUX]DURQ HO YDGR FDUJDQGR FRQ HO KREELW \ OXHJR
PDUFKDURQHQWUHODDEXQGDQWHKLHUEDYHUGH\EDMRODKLOHUDGHUREOHVDQFKRVGH
EUD]RV\ORVROPRVDOWRV
²¢<SRUTXpVHOHOODPDOD&DUURFD"²SUHJXQWy%LOERFXDQGRFDPLQDEDMXQWRDO
PDJR
²/D OODPy OD &DUURFD SRUTXH FDUURFD HV OD SDODEUD SDUD HOOD /ODPD FDUURFDV D
FRVDV DVt \ pVWD HV OD &DUURFD SXHV HV OD ~QLFD FHUFD GH VX FDVD \ OD FRQRFH
ELHQ
²¢4XLpQODOODPD"¢4XLpQODFRQRFH"
²(VH $OJXLHQ GH TXLHQ KDEOp XQD JUDQ SHUVRQD 7HQpLV TXH VHU WRGRV PX\
FRUWHVHV FXDQGR RV SUHVHQWH 2V SUHVHQWDUp PX\ SRFR D SRFR GH GRV HQ GRV
FUHR\FXLGDUpLVGHQRPROHVWDUORRVyORORVFLHORVVDEHQORTXHRFXUULUtD&XDQGR
VH HQIDGD SXHGH UHVXOWDU GHVDJUDGDEOH DXQTXH HV PX\ DPDEOH VL HVWi GH EXHQ
KXPRU6LQHPEDUJRRVDGYLHUWRTXHVHHQIDGDFRQEDVWDQWHIDFLOLGDG
7RGRVORVHQDQRVVHMXQWDURQDOUHGHGRUFXDQGRR\HURQTXHHOPDJRKDEODEDDVt
FRQ %LOER ²¢(V D pO D TXLHQ QRV OOHYDV DKRUD" ²LQTXLULHURQ² ¢1R SRGUtDV
HQFRQWUDUDDOJXLHQGHPHMRUFDUiFWHU"¢1RVHUtDPHMRUTXHORH[SOLFDVHVXQSRFR
PiV"²\DVtXQDSUHJXQWDWUDVRWUD
²£6tVtSRUVXSXHVWR£1RQRSRGUtD<ORKHH[SOLFDGRPX\ELHQ²UHVSRQGLyHO
PDJRHQRMDGR² 6LQHFHVLWiLVVDEHUDOJRPiVVHOODPD%HRUQ(VPX\IXHUWH\
XQFDPELDSLHOHVDGHPiV
²£4Xp¢8QSHOHWHUR"¢8QKRPEUHTXHOODPDDORVFRQHMRVURHGRUHVFXDQGRQR
SXHGHKDFHUSDVDUODVSLHOHVGHFRQHMRSRUSLHOHVGHDUGLOOD"²SUHJXQWy%LOER
²£&LHORV QR QR QR QR ²GLMR *DQGDOI² 1R VHDV HVW~SLGR VHxRU %ROVyQ VL
SXHGHV HYLWDUOR \ HQ QRPEUH GH WRGD PDUDYLOOD KD] HO IDYRU GH QR PHQFLRQDU OD
SDODEUDSHOHWHURPLHQWUDVWHHQFXHQWUDVHQXQ iUHDGHFLHQPLOODVDODUHGRQGDGH
VXFDVD£QLDOIRPEUDQLFDSDQLHVWRODQLPDQJXLWRQLFXDOTXLHURWUDSDODEUDWDQ
IXQHVWD (O HV XQ FDPELD SLHOHV FDPELD GH SLHO XQDV YHFHV HV XQ HQRUPH RVR
QHJURRWUDVXQKRPEUHYLJRURVR\FRUSXOHQWRGHSHORRVFXURFRQJUDQGHVEUD]RV
\OXHQJDEDUED1RSXHGRGHFLURVPXFKRPiVDXQTXHHVRWHQGUtDTXHEDVWDURV
$OJXQRVGLFHQTXHHVXQRVRGHVFHQGLHQWHGHORVJUDQGHV\DQWLJXRVRVRVGHODV
PRQWDQDV TXH YLYtDQ DOOt DQWHV TXH OOHJDVHQ ORV JLJDQWHV 2WURV GLFHQ TXH
GHVFLHQGH GH ORV SULPHURV KRPEUHV TXH YLYLHURQ DQWHV TXH 6PDXJ R ORV RWURV
GUDJRQHV GRPLQDVHQ HVWD SDUWH GHO PXQGR \ DQWHV TXH ORV WUDVJRV GHO 1RUWH
YLQLHVHQDODVFROLQDV1RSXHGRDVHJXUDUORSHURFUHRTXHOD~OWLPDYHUVLyQHVOD
YHUGDGHUD$pOQROHJXVWDQORVLQWHUURJDWRULRV
'HWRGRVPRGRVQRHVWiEDMRQLQJ~QHQFDQWDPLHQWRTXHQRVHDHOSURSLR9LYHHQ
XQ UREOHGDO \ WLHQH XQD JUDQ FDVD GH PDGHUD \ FRPR KRPEUH FUtD JDQDGR \
FDEDOORVFDVLWDQPDUDYLOORVRVFRPRpOPLVPR7UDEDMDQSDUDpO\OHKDEODQ1RVH
ORV FRPHQRFD]DQLFRPHDQLPDOHVVDOYDMHV&UtDWDPELpQFROPHQDVFROPHQDV
GHDEHMDVHQRUPHV\ILHUDV\VHDOLPHQWDSULQFLSDOPHQWHGHFUHPD\PLHO&RPR
RVRYLDMDDWRGRORODUJR\DQFKR8QDYH]GHQRFKHORYLVHQWDGRVRORVREUHOD
&DUURFDPLUDQGRFyPRODOXQDVHKXQGtDGHWUiVGHODV0RQWDxDV1XEODGDV\ORRt
JUXxLU HQ OD OHQJXD GH ORV RVRV £/OHJDUi HO GtD HQ TXH SHUHFHUiQ \ HQWRQFHV
YROYHUp
3RUHVRVHPHRFXUUHTXHYLQRGHODVPRQWDxDV
%LOER \ ORV HQDQRV WHQtDQ DKRUD EDVWDQWH HQ TXp SHQVDU \ QR KLFLHURQ PiV
SUHJXQWDV 7RGDYtD OHV TXHGDED PXFKR FDPLQR SRU GHODQWH /DGHUD DUULED YDOOH
DEDMR DYDQ]DEDQ DIDQRVDPHQWH +DFtD FDGD YH] PiV FDORU $OJXQDV YHFHV
GHVFDQVDEDQEDMRORViUEROHV\HQWRQFHV%LOERVHVHQWtDWDQKDPEULHQWRTXHQR
KXELHUDGHVGHxDGRODVEHOORWDVVLHVWXYLHVHQEDVWDQWHPDGXUDVFRPRSDUDKDEHU
FDtGRDOVXHOR
<DPHGLDEDODWDUGHFXDQGRHQWUDURQHQXQDVH[WHQVDV]RQDVGHIORUHVWRGDVGH
ODPLVPDHVSHFLH\TXHFUHFtDQMXQWDVFRPRSODQWDGDV$EXQGDEDHOWUpEROXQDV
RQGXODQWHV SDUFHODV GH WUpEROHV URVDGRV \ SXUS~UHRV \ DPSOLDV H[WHQVLRQHV GH
WUpEROGXOFHEODQFR\SHTXHxRFRQRORUDPLHO+DEtDXQ]XPELGR\XQPXUPXOOR
\ XQ UXQU~Q HQ HO DLUH /DV DEHMDV DQGDEDQ DWDUHDGDV GH XQ ODGR SDUD RWUR £<
YD\DDEHMDV%LOERQXQFDKDEtDYLVWRQDGDSDUHFLGR
²6LXQDOOHJDVHDSLFDUPH²VHGLMR² PHKLQFKDUtDKDVWDHOGREOHGHPLWDPDxR
(UDQ PiV FRUSXOHQWDV TXH DYLVSRQHV /RV ]iQJDQRV EDVWDQWH PiV JUDQGHV TXH
YXHVWURVSXOJDUHVOOHYDEDQEDQGDVDPDULOODVTXHEULOODEDQFRPRRURDUGLHQWHHQHO
QHJURLQWHQVRGHORVFXHUSRV
²1RV DFHUFDPRV ²GLMR *DQGDOI² (VWDPRV HQ ORV OLQGHV GH ORV FDPSRV GH
DEHMDV
$OFDERGHXQUDWROOHJDURQDXQWHUUHQRGHUREOHVDOWRV\PX\YLHMRV\OXHJRDXQ
FUHFLGRVHWRGHHVSLQRVTXH QRGHMDEDYHUQDGDQLHUDSRVLEOHDWUDYHVDU
²(V PHMRU TXH HVSHUpLV DTXt ²GLMR HO PDJR D ORV HQDQRV² \ FXDQGR JULWH R
VLOEH VHJXLGPHSXHV\DYHUpLVHOFDPLQRTXHWRPRSHURYHQLGVyORHQSDUHMDV
WHQHGORHQFXHQWDXQRVFLQFRPLQXWRVHQWUHFDGDSDUHMD%RPEXUHVPDVJUXHVR\
YDOGUi SRU GRV PHMRU TXH YHQJD VROR \ ~OWLPR £9DPRV VHxRU %ROVyQ +D\ XQD
FDQFHODSRUDTXtFHUFDHQDOJXQDSDUWH²<FRQHVRVHIXHFDPLQDQGRDORODUJR
GHOVHWROOHYDQGRFRQVLJRDOKREELWDWHUURUL]DGR
3URQWR OOHJDURQ D XQD FDQFHOD GH PDGHUD DOWD \ DQFKD \ GHVGH DOOt D OR OHMRV
SRGtDQYHUMDUGLQHV\XQJUXSRGHHGLILFLRVGHPDGHUDDOJXQRVFRQWHFKRGHSDMD
\ SDUHGHV GH OHxRV LQIRUPHV JUDQHURV HVWDEORV \ XQD FDVD JUDQGH \ GH WHFKR
EDMR WRGR GH PDGHUD 'HQWUR DO IRQGR GHO JUDQ VHWR KDEtD KLOHUDV H KLOHUDV GH
FROPHQDVFRQFXELHUWDVDFDPSDQDGDVGHSDMD(OUXLGRGHODVDEHMDVJLJDQWHVTXH
YRODEDQGHXQODGRDRWUR\SXOXODEDQGHQWUR\IXHUDFROPDEDHODLUH
(OPDJR\HOKREELWHPSXMDURQODFDQFHODSHVDGD\FUXMLHQWH\GHVFHQGLHURQSRU
XQ VHQGHUR DQFKR KDFLD OD FDVD $OJXQRV FDEDOORV PX\ OXVWURVRV \ ELHQ
DOPRKD]DGRVWURWDEDQSUDGHUDDUULED\ORVREVHUYDEDQFRQH[SUHVLyQLQWHOLJHQWH
GHVSXpVIXHURQDOJDORSHKDFLDORVHGLILFLRV
²+DQLGRDFRPXQLFDUOHODOOHJDGDGHIRUDVWHURV²GLMR*DQGDOI
3URQWRHQWUDURQHQXQSDWLRWUHVGHFX\DVSDUHGHVHVWDEDQIRUPDGDVSRUODFDVD
GHPDGHUD\ODVGRVODUJDVDODV(QPHGLRKDEtDXQJUXHVRWURQFRGHUREOHFRQ
PXFKDV UDPDV GHVPRFKDGDV DO ODGR &HUFD GH SLH ORV HVSHUDED XQ KRPEUH
HQRUPH GH EDUED HVSHVD \ SHOLQHJUR FRQ EUD]RV \ SLHUQDV GHVQXGRV GH
P~VFXORVDEXOWDGRV9HVWtDXQDW~QLFDGHODQDTXHOHFDtDKDVWDODVURGLOODV\VH
DSR\DED HQ XQD JUDQ KDFKD /RV FDEDOORV SHJDEDQ ORV PRUURV DO KRPEUR GHO
JLJDQWH
²£8I£$TXtHVWiQ²GLMRDORVFDEDOORV²1RSDUHFHQSHOLJURVRV£3RGpLVLURV²
5LyFRQXQDULVDDWURQDGRUDEDMyHOKDFKD\VHDGHODQWy²¢4XLpQHVVRLV\TXp
TXHUpLV"²SUHJXQWyPDOKXPRUDGRGHSLHGHODQWHGHHOORV\HQFXPEUiQGRVHSRU
HQFLPD GH *DQGDOI (Q FXDQWR D %LOER ELHQ SRGtD KDEHU WURWDGR SRU HQWUH ODV
SLHUQDVGHOKRPEUHVLQQHFHVLWDUDJDFKDUODFDEH]DSDUDQRUR]DUHOERUGHGHOD
W~QLFDPDUUyQ
²6R\*DQGDOI²GLMRHOPDJR
²1XQFDKHRtGRKDEODUGHpO²JUXxyHOKRPEUH²<¢TXpHVHVWHSHTXHxDMR"²
GLMR\VHLQFOLQy\PLUyDOKREELWIUXQFLHQGRODVFHMDVQHJUDV\HVSHVDV
²²(VWHHVHOVHxRU%ROVyQXQKREELWGHEXHQDIDPLOLD\UHSXWDFLyQLPSHFDEOH²
GLMR *DQGDOI %LOER KL]R XQD UHYHUHQFLD 1R WHQtD VRPEUHUR TXH TXLWDUVH \ VH
VHQWtD PROHVWR SHQVDQGR TXH OH IDOWDEDQ DOJXQRV ERWRQHV² <R VR\ XQ PDJR ²
FRQWLQXy *DQGDOI² +H RtGR KDEODU GH WL DXQTXH W~ QR GH Pt SHUR TXL]i DOJR
VHSDV GH PL EXHQ SULPR 5DGDJDVW TXH YLYH FHUFD GH OD IURQWHUD PHULGLRQDO GHO
%RVTXH1HJUR
²6tQRHVXQPDOKRPEUHWDOFRPRDQGDQKR\ORVPDJRVFUHR6ROtDYHUOR FRQ
EDVWDQWH IUHFXHQFLD ²GLMR%HRUQ² %LHQDKRUDVpTXLpQHUHVRTXLpQGLFHVTXH
HUHV¢4XpGHVHDV"
²3DUDVHUWHVLQFHURKHPRVSHUGLGRHOHTXLSDMH\FDVLHOFDPLQR\QHFHVLWDPRV
D\XGDRDOPHQRVFRQVHMR'LUtDTXHKHPRVSDVDGRXQUDWREDVWDQWHPDORFRQ ORV
WUDVJRVDOOiHQODVPRQWDxDV
²¢7UDVJRV" ²GLMR HO KRPEUyQ PHQRV PDOKXPRUDGR² $Mi ¢DVt TXH KDEpLV
WHQLGRSUREOHPDVFRQHOORV"¢3DUDTXpRVDFHUFDVWHLVDHVRVWUDVJRV"
²1R SUHWHQGtDPRV KDFHUOR 1RV VRUSUHQGLHURQ GH QRFKH HQ XQ SDVR SRU HO TXH
WHQtDPRV TXHFUX]DU(VWiEDPRVVDOLHQGRGHORVWHUULWRULRVGHO2HVWH\OOHJDQGR
DTXtHVXQDODUJDKLVWRULD
²(QWRQFHVVHUiPHMRUTXHHQWUpLV\PHFRQWpLVDOJRGHHVRVLQRRVOOHYDWRGRHO
GtD²GLMRHOKRPEUHYROYLpQGRVHKDFLDXQDSXHUWDRVFXUDTXHGDEDDOSDWLR\DO
LQWHULRUGHODFDVD
6LJXLpQGROR VH HQFRQWUDURQ HQ XQD VDOD HVSDFLRVD FRQ XQD FKLPHQHD HQ HO
PHGLR $XQTXH HUD YHUDQR KDEtD WURQFRV TXHPiQGRVH \ HO KXPR VH HOHYDED
KDVWD ODV YLJDV HQQHJUHFLGDV \ VDOtD D WUDYpV GH XQD DEHUWXUD HQ HO WHFKR
&UX]DURQHVWDVDODPRUWHFLQDVyORLOXPLQDGDSRUHOIXHJR\HORULILFLRGHDUULED\
HQWUDURQSRU2WUDSXHUWDPiVSHTXHxDHQXQDHVSHFLHGHYHUDQGDVRVWHQLGDSRU
XQRV SRVWHV GH PDGHUD TXH HUDQ VLPSOHV WURQFRV GH iUERO (VWDED RULHQWDGD DO
VXU\WRGDYtDVHVHQWtDHOFDORU\ODOX]GHOVROSRQLHQWHTXHVHGHVOL]DEDGHQWUR\
FDtD HQ GHVWHOORV GRUDGRV VREUH HO MDUGtQ IORUHFLGR TXH OOHJDED DO SLH GH ORV
HVFDORQHV
$OOt VH VHQWDURQ HQ EDQFRV GH PDGHUD PLHQWUDV *DQGDOI FRPHQ]DED OD KLVWRULD
%LOER EDODQFHDED ODV SLHUQDV FROJDQWHV \ FRQWHPSODED ODV IORUHV GHO MDUGtQ
SUHJXQWiQGRVHTXpQRPEUHVWHQGUtDQQXQFDKDEtDYLVWRDQWHVQLODPLWDGGHHOODV
²9HQtD\RSRUODVPRQWDxDVFRQXQDPLJRRGRV²GLMRHOPDJR
²¢2GRV"6yORSXHGRYHUXQR\HQYHUGDGEDVWDQWHSHTXHxR²GLMR%HRUQ
²%LHQ SDUD VHUWH VLQFHUR QR TXHUtD PROHVWDUWH FRQ WRGRV QRVRWURV KDVWD
DYHULJXDUVLHVWDEDVRFXSDGR+DUpXQDOODPDGDVLPHSHUPLWHV
²£9DPRVOODPD
'HPRGRTXH*DQGDOIGLRXQODUJR\SHQHWUDQWHVLOELGR\DOPRPHQWRDSDUHFLHURQ
7KRULQ\'RULURGHDQGRODFDVDSRUHOVHQGHURGHOMDUGtQ$OOOHJDUVDOXGDURQFRQ
XQDUHYHUHQFLD
²£XQR R WUHV TXHUtDV GHFLU \D YHR ²GLMR %HRUQ² SHUR HVWRV QR VRQ KREELWV
£VRQHQDQRV
²£7KRULQ (VFXGR GH 5REOH D YXHVWUR VHUYLFLR £'RUL D YXHVWUR VHUYLFLR ²GLMHURQ
ORVGRVHQDQRVYROYLHQGRDKDFHUJUDQGHVUHYHUHQFLDV
²1RQHFHVLWRYXHVWURVHUYLFLRJUDFLDV²GLMR%HRUQ²SHURHVSHURTXHYRVRWURV
QHFHVLWpLV HO PtR 1R VR\ PX\ DILFLRQDGR D ORV HQDQRV SHUR VL HQ YHUGDG HUHV
7KRULQ KLMR GH 7KUDLQ KLMR GH 7KURU FUHR \ TXH WX FRPSDxHUR HV UHVSHWDEOH \
TXHVRLVHQHPLJRVGHORVWUDVJRV\TXHQRKDEpLVYHQLGRDPLVWLHUUDVFRQILQHV
PDOYDGRVSRUFLHUWR¢DTXpKDEpLVYHQLGR"
²(VWiQ HQ FDPLQR SDUD YLVLWDU OD WLHUUD GH VXV SDGUHV DOOi DO (VWH FUX]DQGR HO
%RVTXH 1HJUR ²H[SOLFR *DQGDOI² \ VyOR SRU PHUR DFFLGHQWH QRV HQFRQWUDPRV
DTXt HQ WXV WLHUUDV $WUDYHViEDPRV HO 'HVILODGHUR $OWR TXH SRGUtD KDEHUQRV
OOHYDGR DO FDPLQR GHO VXU FXDQGR IXLPRV DWDFDGRV SRU XQRV WUDVJRV PDOYDGRV
FRPRHVWDEDDSXQWRGHGHFLUWH
²£6LJXH FRQWDQGRHQWRQFHV²GLMR%HRUQTXHQXQFDHUDPX\FRUWpV
²+XER XQD WHUULEOH WRUPHQWD ORV JLJDQWHV GH SLHGUD HVWDEDQ IXHUD ODQ]DQGR
URFDV\DOILQDOGHOGHVILODGHURQRVUHIXJLDPRVHQXQDFXHYDHOKREELW\R\YDULRV
GHQXHVWURVFRPSDxHURV
²¢/ODPDVYDULRVDGRV"
²%LHQQR(QUHDOLGDGKDEtDPiVGHGRV
²¢'yQGHHVWiQ"¢0XHUWRVGHYRUDGRVGHYXHOWDHQFDVD"
²%LHQ QR 3DUHFH TXH QR YLQLHURQ WRGRV FXDQGR VLOEp 7tPLGRV VXSRQJR 9HV
PHWHPRTXHVHDPRVGHPDVLDGRVSDUDKDFHUWHSHUGHUHOWLHPSR
²9DPRV£VLOEDRWUDYH]3DUHFHTXHUHXQLUpDTXtWRGRXQJUXSR\XQRRGRVQR
KDFHQPXFKDGLIHUHQFLD² UHIXQIXxy%HRUQ
*DQGDOIVLOEyGHQXHYRSHUR1RUL\2ULHVWDEDQDOOtDQWHVGHTXHKXELHVHGHMDGR
GHOODPDUSRUTXHVLORUHFRUGiLV*DQGDOIOHVKDEtDGLFKRTXH YLQLHVHQSRUSDUHMDV
GHFLQFRHQFLQFRPLQXWRV
²+ROD ²GLMR %HRUQ² 9LQLVWHLV PX\ UiSLGRV ¢'yQGH HVWDEDLV HVFRQGLGRV"
$FHUFDRVPXxHFRVGHUHVRUWH
²1RULDYXHVWURVHUYLFLR2ULD²HPSH]DURQDGHFLUORVHQDQRVSHUR%HRUQORV
LQWHUUXPSLy
²£*UDFLDV&XDQGRQHFHVLWHYXHVWUDD\XGDRVODSHGLUp6HQWDRV\VLJDPRVFRQ
ODKLVWRULDRVHUiKRUDGHFHQDUDQWHVTXHDFDEH
²7DQSURQWRFRPRHVWXYLPRVGRUPLGRV²FRQWLQXy*DQGDOI²XQDJULHWDVHDEULy
HQ HO IRQGR GH OD FDYHUQD XQRV WUDVJRV VDOWDURQ \ FDSWXUDURQ DO KREELW D ORV
HQDQRV\QXHVWUDUHFXDGHSRQH\V
²¢5HFXD GH SRQH\V" ¢4Xp HUDLV XQ FLUFR DPEXODQWH" ¢2 WUDQVSRUWDEDLV
PRQWRQHVGHPHUFDQFtDV"¢2VLHPSUHOODPiLVUHFXDDVHLV"
²£2K QR (Q UHDOLGDGKDEtDPiVGHVHLVSRQH\VSXHVpUDPRVPiVGHVHLV\
ELHQ£DTXtKD\GRVPiV
²-XVWR HQ HVH PRPHQWR DSDUHFLHURQ %DOLQ \ 'ZDOLQ \ VH LQFOLQDURQ WDQWR TXH
EDUULHURQFRQODVEDUEDVHOSLVRGHSLHGUD(OKRPEUyQIUXQFLyHOFHxRDOSULQFLSLR
SHUR ORV HQDQRV VH HVIRU]DURQ HQ SDUHFHU WHUULEOHPHQWH FRUWHVHV \ VLJXLHURQ
PRYLHQGR OD FDEH]D LQFOLQiQGRVH KDFLHQGR UHYHUHQFLDV \ DJLWDQGR ORV
FDSXFKRQHVGHODQWHGHODVURGLOODVDODXWpQWLFRHVWLORHQDQRKDVWDTXH%HRUQQR
SXGRPiV\HVWDOOyHQXQDULVDVRIRFDGD£SDUHFtDQWDQFyPLFRV
²5HFXD HUD OR FRUUHFWR ²GLMR² 8QD IDEXORVD UHFXD GH FyPLFRV (QWUDG PLV
DOHJUHVKRPEUHFLWRV¢\FXiOHVVRQYXHVWURVQRPEUHV"1RQHFHVLWRTXHPHVLUYiLV
DKRUDPLVPRVyORYXHVWURVQRPEUHV£6HQWDRVGHXQDYH]\GHMDGGHPHQHDURV
²%DOLQ\'ZDOLQ²GLMHURQQRDWUHYLpQGRVHDPRVWUDUVHRIHQGLGRV\VHVHQWDURQ
GHMiQGRVHFDHUSHVDGDPHQWHDOVXHORXQWDQWRHVWXSHIDFWRV
²£$KRUDFRQWLQXHPRV²GLMR%HRUQD*DQGDOI
²¢'yQGH HVWDED" $K Vt $ Pt QR PH DWUDSDURQ 0DWp XQ WUDVJR R GRV FRQ XQ
UHOiPSDJR
²£%LHQ²JUXxy%HRUQ² 'HDOJRYDOHVHUPDJRHQWRQFHV
²\ PH GHVOLFp SRU OD JULHWD DQWHV TXH VH FHUUDVH 6HJXt EDMDQGR KDVWD OD VDOD
SULQFLSDOTXHHVWDEDDWHVWDGDGHWUDVJRV(O*UDQ7UDVJRVHHQFRQWUDEDDOOtFRQ
WUHLQWD R FXDUHQWD JXDUGLDV 3HQVp SDUD Pt TXH DXQTXH QR HVWXYLHVHQ
HQFDGHQDGRV WRGRV MXQWRV ¢TXp SRGtD KDFHU XQD GRFHQD FRQWUD WRGD XQD
PXOWLWXG"
²£8QD GRFHQD 1XQFD KDEtD RtGR TXH RFKR HV XQD GRFHQD ¢2 HV TXH WRGDYtD
WLHQHVPiVPXxHFRVGHUHVRUWHTXHQRKDQVDOLGRGHVXVFDMDV"
²%LHQVtPHSDUHFHTXHKD\XQDSDUHMDPiVSRUDTXtFHUFD)tOL\.LOLFUHR²
GLMR*DQGDOIFXDQGRHVWRVDSDUHFLHURQVRQULHQGR\KDFLHQGRUHYHUHQFLDV
²£(VVXILFLHQWH²GLMR%HRUQ² £6HQWDRV\HVWDRVTXLHWRV£3URVLJXH*DQGDOI
*DQGDOI VLJXLy FRQ VX KLVWRULD KDVWD TXH OOHJy D OD SHOHD HQ OD RVFXULGDG HO
GHVFXEULPLHQWR GH OD SXHUWD PiV EDMD \ HO SiQLFR TXH VLQWLHURQ WRGRV DO DGYHUWLU
TXH HO VHxRU %LOER %ROVyQ QR HVWDED FRQ HOORV ²1RV FRQWDPRV \ YLPRV TXH QR
KDEtDDOOtQLQJ~QKREELW£6yORTXHGiEDPRVFDWRUFH
²£&DWRUFH (VWD HV OD SULPHUD YH] TXH VL D GLH] OH TXLWDV XQR TXHGDQ FDWRUFH
4XLHUHVGHFLUQXHYHRD~QQRPHKDVGLFKRWRGRVORVQRPEUHVGHWXJUXSR
²%LHQGHVGHOXHJRWRGDYtDQRKDVYLVWRDÏLQ\D
*OyLQ£<PLUD$TXtHVWiQ(VSHURTXHORVSHUGRQDUiVSRUPROHVWDUWH
²£2K GHMD TXH YHQJDQ WRGRV £'DRV SULVD $FHUFDRV YRVRWURV GRV \ VHQWDRV
3HURPLUD*DQGDOIDXQDKRUDHVWiLVVyORW~\ORVHQDQRV\HOKREELWTXHVHKDEtD
SHUGLGR (VR VXPD VyOR RQFH PiV XQR SHUGLGR QR FDWRUFH D PHQRV TXH ORV
PDJRVQRFXHQWHQFRPRORVGHPiV3HURDKRUDSRUIDYRUVLJXHFRQODKLVWRULD²
%HRUQ WUDWy GH GLVLPXODUOR SHUR HQ YHUGDG OD KLVWRULD KDEtD HPSH]DGR D
LQWHUHVDUOHSXHVHQRWURVWLHPSRVKDEtDFRQRFLGRHVDSDUWHGHODVPRQWDxDVTXH
*DQGDOI GHVFULEtD DKRUD 0RYLy OD FDEH]D \ JUXxy FXDQGR R\y KDEODU GH OD
UHDSDULFLyQGHOKREELWGHFyPRWXYLHURQTXHJDWHDUSRUHOVHQGHURGHSLHGUD\GHO
FtUFXORGHORERVHQWUHORViUEROHV
&XDQGR *DQGDOI FRQWy FyPR WUHSDURQ D ORV iUEROHV FRQ WRGRV ORV ORERV GHEDMR
%HRUQVHOHYDQWyGLRXQDV]DQFDGDV\PXUPXUy²£2MDOiKXELHVHHVWDGRDOOt£/HV
KXELHVHGDGRDOJRPiVTXHIXHJRVDUWLILFLDOHV
²%LHQ²GLMR*DQGDOIPX\FRQWHQWRDOYHUTXHVXKLVWRULDHVWDEDFDXVDQGREXHQD
LPSUHVLyQ² KLFH WRGR OR TXH SXGH $OOt HVWiEDPRV FRQ ORV ORERV YROYLpQGRVH
ORFRV GHEDMR GH QRVRWURV \ HO ERVTXH HPSH]DQGR D DUGHU SRU WRGDV SDUWHV
FXDQGREDMDURQORVWUDVJRVGHODVFROLQDV\QRVGHVFXEULHURQ'DEDQDODULGRVGH
SODFHU \ FDQWDEDQ FDQFLRQHV EXUOiQGRVH GH QRVRWURV 4XLQFH SiMDURV HQ FLQFR
DEHWRV
²£&LHORV²JUXxy%HRUQ² 1RPHYHQJiLVDKRUDFRQTXHORVWUDVJRVQRSXHGHQ
FRQWDU3XHGHQ'RFHQRVRQTXLQFH\HOORVORVDEHQ
²< \R WDPELpQ (VWDEDQ DGHPiV %LIXU \ %RIXU 1R PH KH DYHQWXUDGR D
SUHVHQWDUORVDQWHVSHURDTXtORVWLHQHV
$GHQWURSDVDURQ%LIXU\%RIXU²£<\R²JULWyHOJRUGR%RPEXUMDGHDQGRGHWUiV
HQIDGDGR SRU KDEHU TXHGDGR ~OWLPR 6H QHJy D HVSHUDU FLQFR PLQXWRV \ KDEtD
YHQLGRGHWUiVGHORVRWURVGRV
²%LHQDKRUDDTXtHVWiQORVTXLQFH\\DTXHORVWUDVJRVVDEHQFRQWDULPDJLQR
TXH HVR HV WRGR OR TXH KDEtD DOOt DUULED HQ ORV iUEROHV $KRUD TXL]i SRGDPRV
DFDEDUODKLVWRULDVLQPiVLQWHUUXSFLRQHV²(OVHxRU%ROVyQFRPSUHQGLyHQWRQFHV
TXp DVWXWR KDEtD VLGR *DQGDOI /DV LQWHUUXSFLRQHV KDEtDQ FRQVHJXLGRTXH%HRUQ
VHLQWHUHVDVHPiVHQODKLVWRULD\HVWRKDEtDLPSHGLGRTXHH[SXOVDVHHQVHJXLGD
D ORV HQDQRV FRPR PHQGLJRV VRVSHFKRVRV 1XQFD LQYLWDED JHQWH D VX FDVD VL
SRGtDHYLWDUOR7HQtDPX\SRFRVDPLJRV\YLYtDQEDVWDQWHOHMRV\QXQFDLQYLWDEDD
PiVGHGRVDODYH]£<DKRUDWHQtDTXLQFHH[WUDxRVVHQWDGRVHQHOSRUFKH
&XDQGRHOPDJRFRQFOXtDVXUHODWR\PLHQWUDVFRQWDEDHOUHVFDWHGHODViJXLODV\
GH FyPR ORV KDEtDQ OOHYDGR D OD &DUURFD HO VRO \D VH RFXOWDED GHWUiV GH ODV
0RQWDxDV1XEODGDV\ODVVRPEUDVVHDODUJDEDQHQHOMDUGtQGH%HRUQ
²8QUHODWRPX\EXHQR²GLMR² (OPHMRUTXHKHRtGRGHVGHKDFHPXFKRWLHPSR
6LWRGRVORVSRUGLRVHURVSXGLHVHQFRQWDUXQRWDQEXHQROOHJDUtDDSDUHFHUOHVPiV
DPDEOH (V SRVLEOH FODUR TXH OR KD\iLV LQYHQWDGR WRGR SHUR DXQ DVt PHUHFpLV
XQDFHQDSRUODKLVWRULD£9DPRVDFRPHUDOJR
²£6tSRUIDYRU²H[FODPDURQWRGRVMXQWRV² £0XFKDVJUDFLDV
/D VDOD HUD DKRUD EDVWDQWH RVFXUD %HRUQ EDWLy ODV PDQRV \ HQWUDURQ WURWDQGR
FXDWUR KHUPRVRV SRQH\V EODQFRV \ YDULRV SHUURV JUDQGHV GH FXHUSR ODUJR \
SHODPEUHJULV%HRUQOHVGLMRDOJRHQXQDOHQJXDH[WUDxDTXHSDUHFtDVRQLGRVGH
DQLPDOHVWUDQVIRUPDGRVHQFRQYHUVDFLyQ9ROYLHURQDVDOLU\SURQWRUHJUHVDURQFRQ
DQWRUFKDVHQODERFD\HQVHJXLGDODVHQFHQGLHURQHQHOIXHJR\ODVFROJDURQHQ
ORV VRSRUWHV GH ORV SLODUHV FHUFD GH OD FKLPHQHD FHQWUDO /RV SHUURV SRGtDQ
VRVWHQHUVH D YROXQWDG VREUH ORV FXDUWRV WUDVHURV \ WUDQVSRUWDEDQ FRVDV FRQ ODV
SDWDVGHODQWHUDV&RQJUDQGLOLJHQFLDVDFDEDQWDEODV\FDEDOOHWHVGHODVSDUHGHV
ODWHUDOHV\ODVDPRQWRQDEDQFHUFDGHOIXHJR
/XHJRVHR\yXQ£EHHH\HQWUDURQXQDVRYHMDVEODQFDVFRPRODQLHYHSUHFHGLGDV
SRUXQFDUQHURQHJURFRUQRHOFDUEyQ8QDOOHYDEDXQSDxRERUGDGRHQORVERUGHV
FRQILJXUDVGHDQLPDOHVRWUDVVRVWHQtDQVREUHORVORPRVEDQGHMDVFRQFXHQFRV
IXHQWHV FXFKLOORV \ FXFKDUDV GH PDGHUD TXH ORV SHUURV FRJtDQ \ GHMDEDQ
UiSLGDPHQWHVREUHODVPHVDVGHFDEDOOHWH(VWDVHUDQPX\EDMDVWDQWRTXH%LOER
SRGtD VHQWDUVH FRQ FRPRGLGDG -XQWR D pO XQ SRQH\ HPSXMDED GRV EDQFRV Gp
DVLHQWRVEDMRV\FRUUHGL]RVFRQSDWDVSHTXHxDVJUXHVDV\FRUWDVSDUD*DQGDOI\
7KRULQ PLHQWUDV TXH DO RWUR H[WUHPR SRQtDQ OD JUDQ VLOOD QHJUD GH %HRUQ GHO
PLVPR HVWLOR HQ OD TXH VH VHQWDED FRQ ODV HQRUPHV SLHUQDV HVWLUDGDV EDMR OD
PHVD(VWDVHUDQWRGDVODVVLOODVTXHWHQtDHQODVDOD\TXL]iWDQEDMDVFRPRODV
PHVDVSDUDFRQYHQLHQFLDGHORVPDUDYLOORVRVDQLPDOHVTXHOHVHUYtDQ¢(QGyQGH
VH VHQWDEDQ ORV GHPiV" 1R ORV KDEtD ROYLGDGR /RV RWURV SRQH\V HQWUDURQ
KDFLHQGRURGDUXQDVVHFFLRQHVFyQLFDVGHWURQFRVDOLVDGDV\SXOLGDV\EDMDVDXQ
SDUD%LOER\PX\SURQWRWRGRVHVWXYLHURQVHQWDGRVDODPHVDGH%HRUQ/DVDOD
QRKDEtDYLVWRXQDUHXQLyQVHPHMDQWHGHVGHKDFtDPXFKRVDxRV
$OOtPHUHQGDURQRFHQDURQFRPRQRORKDEtDQKHFKRGHVGHTXHGHMDURQOD8OWLPD
0RUDGD HQ HO 2HVWH \ GLMHURQ DGLyV D (OURQG /D OX] GH ODV DQWRUFKDV \ HO IXHJR
WLWLODEDQ DOUHGHGRU \ VREUH OD PHVD KDEtD GRV YHODV DOWDV GH FHUD URMD GH DEHMD
7RGR HO WLHPSR PLHQWUDV FRPtDQ %HRUQ FRQ XQD YR] SURIXQGD \ DWURQDGRUD
FRQWDED KLVWRULDV GH ODV WLHUUDV VDOYDMHV GH DTXHO ODGR GH OD PRQWDxD \
HVSHFLDOPHQWHGHORVFXUR\SHOLJURVR
ERVTXHTXH VHH[WHQGtDDQWHHOORVGHQRUWHDVXUDXQGtDGHFDEDOJDWD3RUQR
KDEODUGHO(VWHHOWHUULEOHERVTXHGHQRPLQDGRHO%RVTXH1HJUR
/RV HQDQRV HVFXFKDEDQ \ VH PHVDEDQ ODV EDUEDV SXHV SURQWR WHQGUtDQ TXH
DYHQWXUDUVHHQHVHERVTXH\GHVSXpVGHODVPRQWDQDVHOERVTXHHUDHOSHRUGH
ORVSHOLJURVDQWHVGHOOHJDUDODIRUWDOH]DGHOGUDJyQ&XDQGRODFHQDWHUPLQyVH
SXVLHURQ D FRQWDU KLVWRULDV GH VX SURSLD FRVHFKD SHUR %HRUQ SDUHFtD EDVWDQWH
DPRGRUUD GR \ QR SRQtD PXFKD DWHQFLyQ +DEODEDQ VREUH WRGR GH RUR SODWD \
MR\DV \ GH WUDEDMRV GH RUIHEUHUtD \ D %HRUQ QR OH LQWHUHVDEDQ HVDV FRVDV QR
KDEtDQDGDQLGHRURQLGHSODWDHQODVDOD\SRFRVREMHWRVH[FHSWRORVFXFKLOORV
HUDQGHPHWDO
(VWXYLHURQ ODUJR UDWR GH VREUHPHVD EHELHQGR KLGURPLHO HQ FXHQFRV GH PDGHUD
)XHUD VH H[WHQGtD OD QRFKH RVFXUD /RV IXHJRV HQ PHGLR GH OD VDOD HUDQ
DOLPHQWDGRV FRQ QXHYRV OHxRV ODV DQWRUFKDV VH DSDJDURQ \ VH VHQWDURQ
WUDQTXLORVDODOX]GHODVOODPDVGDQ]DQWHVFRQORVSLODUHVGHODFDVDDOWRVDVXV
HVSDOGDV\RVFXURVFRPRFRSDVGHiUEROHVHQODSDUWHVXSHULRU)XHVHPDJLDR
QR D %LOER OH SDUHFLy RtU XQ VRQLGR FRPR GH YLHQWR VREUH ODV UDPDV TXH
JROSHDEDQHOWHFKR\HOXOXODUGHXQRVE~KRV$OSRFRUDWRHPSH]yDFDEHFHDU\
ODVYRFHVSDUHFtDQYHQLUGHPX\OHMRVKDVWD TXHGHVSHUWyFRQXQVREUHVDOWR
/D JUDQ SXHUWD KDEtD UHFKLQDGR \ HQ VHJXLGD VH FHUUy GH JROSH %HRUQ KDEtD
VDOLGR/RVHQDQRVHVWDEDQD~QVHQWDGRVHQHOVXHORDOUHGHGRUGHOIXHJRFRQODV
SLHUQDV FUX]DGDV 'H SURQWR VH SXVLHURQ D FDQWDU $OJXQRV GH ORV YHUVRV HUDQ
FRPRHVWRVDXQTXHKXERPXFKRV\HOFDQWRVLJXLyGXUDQWHODUJRUDWR
(OYLHQWRVRSODEDHQHOEUH]DODJRVWDGR
SHURQRVHPRYtDXQDKRMDHQHOERVTXH
FULDWXUDVRVFXUDVUHSWDEDQHQVLOHQFLR
\DOOtHVWDEDQODVVRPEUDVGtD\QRFKH
(OYLHQWREDMDEDGHODVPRQWDxDVIUtDV
\FRPRXQDPDUHDUXJtD\URGDED
ODUDPDFUXMtDHOERVTXHJHPtD
\DOOtVHDPRQWRQDEDODKRMDUDVFD
(OYLHQWRUHVRSODEDYLQLHQGRGHORHVWH
\WRGRPRYLPLHQWRWHUPLQRHQODIORUHVWD
SHURiVSHUDV\URQFDVFUX]DQGRORVSDQWDQRV
ODVYRFHVVLELODQWHVDOILQVHOLEHUDURQ
/DVKLHUEDVVLVHDURQFRQODVIORUHVGREODGDV
ORVMXQFRVJROSHWHDURQ/RVYLHQWRVDYDQ]DEDQ
VREUHXQHVWDQTXHWUpPXOREDMRFLHORVKHODGRV
UDVJDQGR\GLVSHUVDQGRODVQXEHVUiSLGDV
3DVDQGRSRUHQFLPDGHOFXELOGHO'UDJyQ
GHMyDWUiVOD0RQWDxDVROLWDULD\GHVQXGD
KDEtDDOOtXQDVSLHGUDVRVFXUDV\FRPSDFWDV
\HQHODLUHIORWDEDXQDEUXPD
(OPXQGRDEDQGRQy\VHHOHYRYRODQGR
VREUHXQDQRFKHDPSOLDGHPDUHDV
/DOXQDQDYHJRVREUHORVYLHQWRV
\DYLYyHOUHVSODQGRUGHODVHVWUHOODV
%LOERFDEHFHyGHQXHYR'HSURQWR*DQGDOIVHSXVRGHSLH
²(VKRUDGHGRUPLU²GLMR²SDUDQRVRWURVDXQTXHQRFUHRTXHSDUD%HRUQ(Q
HVWD VDOD SRGHPRV GHVFDQVDU VHJXURV SHUR RV DFRQVHMR TXH QR ROYLGpLV OR TXH
%HRUQGLMRDQWHVGHLUVHQRRVSDVHpLVSRUDIXHUDKDVWDTXHHOVROHVWpDOWRSXHV
VHUtDSHOLJURVR
%LOER GHVFXEULy TXH KDEtDQ SXHVWR XQDV FDPDV D XQ ODGR GH OD VDOD VREUH XQD
HVSHFLH GH SODWDIRUPD HQWUH ORV SLODUHV \ OD SDUHG H[WHULRU 3DUD pO KDEtD XQ
SHTXHxRHGUHGyQ GHSDMD\XQDVPDQWDVGHODQD6HPHWLyHQWUHODVPDQWDVPX\
FRPSODFLGRFRPRVLVHWUDWDUDGHXQGtDGHYHUDQR(OIXHJRDUGtDEDMRFXDQGRDO
ILQVHGXUPLy6LQHPEDUJRGHVSHUWySRUODQRFKHHOIXHJRHUDDKRUDVyORXQDV
SRFDVDVFXDVORVHQDQRV\*DQGDOIUHVSLUDEDQWUDQTXLORV\SDUHFtDTXHGRUPtDQ
ODOXQDDOWDSUR\HFWDEDHQHOVXHORXQDOX]EODQTXHFLQDTXHHQWUDEDSRUHODJXMHUR
GHO WHMDGR 6H R\y XQ JUXxLGR IXHUD \ HO UXLGR GH XQ DQLPDO TXH VH UHVWUHJDED
FRQWUD OD SXHUWD %LOER VH SUHJXQWDED TXp VHUtD \ VL SRGUtD VHU %HRUQ HQ IRUPD
HQFDQWDGD\VLHQWUDUtDFRPRXQRVRSDUDPDWDUORV6HKXQGLyEDMRODVPDQWDV\
HVFRQGLy OD FDEH]D \ GH QXHYR VH TXHGy GRUPLGR DXQ D SHVDU GH WRGRV VXV
PLHGRV
(UD\DDYDQ]DGDODPDxDQDFXDQGRGHVSHUWy8QRGHORVHQDQRVVHKDEtDFDtGR
HQFLPDGHpOHQODVVRPEUDV\KDEtDURGDGRGHVGHODSODWDIRUPDDOVXHORFRQXQ
IXHUWHWRSHWD]R(UD%RIXUTXLHQVHTXHMDEDFXDQGR%LOERDEULyORVRMRV
²/HYiQWDWHJDQGXO²OHGLMR%RIXU²RQRKDEUiQLQJ~QGHVD\XQRSDUDWL²%LOER
VHSXVRHQSLHGHXQVDOWR
²£'HVD\XQR²JULWy² ¢'yQGHHVWiHOGHVD\XQR"
²/D PD\RU SDUWH GHQWUR GH QRVRWURV ²UHVSRQGLHURQ ORV RWURV HQDQRV TXH VH
SDVHDEDQSRUODVDOD²\HOUHVWRHQODYHUDQGD+HPRVHVWDGREXVFDQGRD%HRUQ
GHVGH TXH DPDQHFLy SHUR QR KD\ VHxDOHV GH pO SRU QLQJXQD SDUWH DXQTXH
HQFRQWUDPRVHOGHVD\XQRVHUYLGRWDQSURQWRFRPRVDOLPRV
²¢'yQGHHVWi*DQGDOI"²SUHJXQWy%LOERSDUWLHQGRDWRGDSULVDHQEXVFDGHDOJR
TXHFRPHU
²%LHQ²OHGLMHURQ²IXHUDTXL]iSRUDOJ~QODGR
²3HUR %LOER QR YLR UDVWUR GHO PDJR HQ WRGR HO GtD KDVWD HQWUDGD OD WDUGH 3RFR
DQWHVGHODSXHVWDGHOVRO*DQGDOIHQWUyHQODVDODGRQGHHOKREELW\ORVHQDQRV
DWHQGLGRVSRUORVPDJQtILFRVDQLPDOHVGH%HRUQVHHQFRQWUDEDQFHQDQGRFRPR
KDEtDQ HVWDGR KDFLHQGR D OR ODUJR GHO GtD 'H %HRUQ QR KDEtDQ YLVWR QL VDELGR
QDGDGHVGHODQRFKHDQWHULRU\HPSH]DEDQDLQTXLHWDUVH
²¢'yQGHHVWDQXHVWURDQILWULyQ\GyQGHKDVSDVDGRHOGtD"²JULWDURQWRGRV
²£8QD SUHJXQWD SRU YH] \ QR KDVWD GHVSXpV GH KDEHU FRPLGR 1R KH SUREDGR
ERFDGRGHVGH HOGHVD\XQR
$O ILQ *DQGDOI DSDUWy HO SODWR \ OD MDUUD VH KDEtD FRPLGR GRV KRJD]DV GH SDQ
HQWHUDVFRQDEXQGDQFLDGHPDQWHTXLOODPLHO\FUHPDFXDMDGD\KDEtDEHELGRSRU
ORPHQRVXQFXDUWRGHJDOyQGHKLGURPLHO\VDFyODSLSD²3ULPHURUHVSRQGHUpD
OD VHJXQGD SUHJXQWD ²GLMR² SHUR £FDUDPED £(VWH HV XQ VLWLR HVWXSHQGR SDUD
HFKDUDQLOORVGHKXPR²<GXUDQWHXQEXHQUDWRQRSXGLHURQVDFDUOHQDGDPiV
RFXSDGR FRPR HVWDED HQ ODQ]DU DQLOORV GH KXPR TXH GHVDSDUHFtDQ HQWUH ORV
SLODUHV GH OD VDOD FDPELDQGR ODV IRUPDV \ ORV FRORUHV \ KDFLpQGRORV VDOLU SRU HO
DJXMHUR GHO WHMDGR 'HVGH IXHUD HVWRV DQLOORV WHQtDQ TXH SDUHFHU PX\ H[WUDxRV
GHVOL]iQGRVH HQ HO DLUH XQR WUDV RWUR YHUGHV D]XOHV URMRV SODWHDGRV DPDULOORV
EODQFRV JUDQGHV SHTXHxRV ORV SHTXHxRV PHWLpQGRVH HQWUH ORV JUDQGHV \
IRUPDQGR DVt ILJXUDV HQ IRUPD GH RFKR \ SHUGLpQGRVH HQ OD GLVWDQFLD FRPR
EDQGDGDVGHSiMDURV
²(VWXYH VLJXLHQGR KXHOODV GH RVR ²GLMR SRU ILQ² 8QD UHXQLyQ UHJXODU GH RVRV
WLHQHTXHKDEHUVHFHOHEUDGRDKtIXHUDGXUDQWHODQRFKH 3URQWRPHGLFXHQWDGH
TXH ODV KXHOODV QR SRGtD VHU WRGDV GH %HRUQKDEtDGHPDVLDGDV\GHGLIHUHQWHV
WDPDxRV 0H DWUHYHUtD D GHFLU TXH HUDQ RVRV SHTXHxRV RVRV JUDQGHV RVRV
QRUPDOHV \ HQRUPHV RVRV JLJDQWHV WRGRV GDQ]DQGR IXHUD GHVGH HO DQRFKHFHU
KDVWD FDVL HO DPDQHFHU 9LQLHURQ GH WRGDV GLUHFFLRQHV H[FHSWR GHO ODGR RHVWH
PiV DOOi GHO UtR GH ODV 0RQWDxDV +DFLD DOOt VyOR LED XQ UDVWUR GH SLVDGDV
QLQJXQDYHQLDWRGDVVHDOHMDEDQGHVGHDTXt/DVVHJXtKDVWDOD&DUURFD/XHJR
GHVDSDUHFLHURQ HQ HO UtR TXHHUDGHPDVLDGRSURIXQGR\FDXGDORVRSDUDLQWHQWDU
FUX]DUOR(VEDVWDQWHIiFLOFRPRUHFRUGDUpLVLUGHVGHHVWDRULOODKDVWDOD&DUURFD
SRU HO YDGR SHUR DO RWUR ODGR KD\ XQ SUHFLSLFLR GRQGH HO DJXD GHVFLHQGH HQ
UHPROLQRV7XYHTXHDQGDUPLOODVDQWHVGHHQFRQWUDUXQOXJDUGRQGHHOUtRIXHVH
EDVWDQWH DQFKR \ SRFR SURIXQGR FRPR SDUD SRGHU YDGHDUOR \ QDGDU \ GHVSXpV
PLOODVDWUiVRWUDYH]EXVFDQGRODVKXHOODV3DUDFXDQGROOHJXpHUD\DGHPDVLDGR
WDUGHSDUDVHJXLUODV,EDQGLUHFWDPHQWHKDFLDORVSLQDUHVDOHVWHGHODV0RQWDxDV
1XEODGDVGRQGHDQWHDQRFKHWXYLPRVXQJUDWRHQFXHQWURFRQORVZDUJRV<DKRUD
FUHRTXHKHUHVSRQGLGRDGHPiVDYXHVWUDSULPHUDSUHJXQWD²FRQFOX\y*DQGDOI\
VHVHQWyODUJRUDWRHQVLOHQFLR
%LOERSHQVyTXHVDEtDORTXHHOPDJRTXHUtD GHFLU
²¢4XpKDUHPRV²JULWy² VLDWUDHKDVWDDTXtDWRGRVORVZDUJRV\WUDVJRV"£1RV
DWUDSDUiQ D WRGRV \ QRV PDWDUiQ &UHt TXH KDEtDV GLFKR TXH QR HUD DPLJR GH
HOORV
²6tORGLMH£<QRVHDVHVW~SLGR6HUtDPHMRUTXHWHIXHVHVDODFDPD6HWHKD
HPERWDGR HOMXLFLR
(O KREELW VH TXHGy EDVWDQWH DSODVWDGR \ FRPR QR SDUHFtD KDEHU RWUD FRVD TXH
KDFHU VH IXH UHDOPHQWH D OD FDPD PLHQWUDV ORV HQDQRV VHJXtDQ FDQWDQGR VH
GXUPLyRWUDYH]GHYDQiQGRVHWRGDYtDODFDEHFLWDDSURSyVLWRGH%HRUQKDVWDTXH
VRxyFRQFLHQWRVGHRVRVQHJURVTXHGDQ]DEDQHQFtUFXORVOHQWRV\JUDYHVIXHUD
HQHOSDWLRDODOX]GHODOXQD(QWRQFHVGHVSHUWyFXDQGRWRGRHOPXQGRHVWDED
GRUPLGR\R\yORVPLVPRVUDVJXxRVJDQJXHRVSLVDGDV\JUXxLGRVGHDQWHV
$ OD PDxDQD VLJXLHQWH HO SURSLR %HRUQ ORV GHVSHUWy D WRGRV ²$Vt TXH WRGDYtD
VHJXtV DTXt ²GLMR $O]y DO KREELW \ VH ULy² 3RU OR TXH YHR D~Q QR WH KDQ
GHYRUDGRORVZDUJRV\ORVWUDVJRVRORVPDOYDGRVRVRV²\DSUHWyHOGHGRFRQWUD
HO FKDOHFR GHO VHxRU %ROVyQ VLQ QLQJXQD FRUWHVtD² (OFRQHMLWRVHHVWiSRQLHQGR
RWUDYH]GHORPiVUHOOHQR\VDOXGDEOHFRQODD\XGDGHSDQ\PLHO
²5LyHQWUHGLHQWHV²£9HQ\WRPDDOJRPiV
$VtTXHWRGRVVHIXHURQDGHVD\XQDU%HRUQSDUHFtDFDPELDGR\ELHQGLVSXHVWR\
HQ YHUGDG HVWDED GH PX\ EXHQ KXPRU H KL]R TXH WRGRV VH ULHUDQ FRQ VXV
GLYHUWLGDV KLVWRULDV QR WXYLHURQ TXH SUHJXQWDUVH SRU PXFKR WLHPSR GyQGH KDEtD
HVWDGRRSRUTXpHUDWDQDPDEOHFRQHOORVSXHVpOPLVPRORH[SOLFy+DEtDLGRDO
RWUR ODGR GHO UtR DGHQWUiQGRVH HQ ODV PRQWDxDV ²GH OR FXDO SRGpLV GHGXFLU TXH
SRGtDWUDVODGDUVHDJUDQYHORFLGDGHQIRUPDGHRVRGHVGHOXHJR²$OILQOOHJDDO
FODURTXHPDGRGHORVORERV\DVtGHVFXEULyTXHHVDSDUWHGHODKLVWRULDHUDFLHUWD
SHUR D~Q HQFRQWUy DOJR PiV KDEtD FDSWXUDGR D XQ ZDUJR \ D XQ WUDVJR TXH
YDJDEDQ SRU HO ERVTXH \ OHV KDEtD VDFDGR DOJXQDV QRWLFLDV ODV SDWUXOODV GH ORV
ZDUJRVEXVFDEDQD~QDORVHQDQRVMXQWRFRQORVWUDVJRVKRUULEOHPHQWHHQIDGDGRV
D FDXVD GH OD PXHUWH GHO *UDQ 7UDVJR \ SRUTXH OH KDEtDQ TXHPD GR OD QDUL] DO
MHIH ORER \ HO IXHJR GHO PDJR KDEtD GDGR PXHUWH D PXFKRV GH ORV SULQFLSDOHV
VLUYLHQWHV7RGRHVWRVHORGLMHURQFXDQGRORVREOLJyDKDEODUSHURDGLYLQyTXHVH
WUDPDEDDOJRWRGDYtDSHRU\TXHHOJUXHVRGHOHMpUFLWRGHORVWUDVJRV\ORVORERV
SRGtDLUUXPSLUSURQWRHQODVWLHUUDV HQVRPEUHFLGDVSRUODVPRQWDxDVHQEXVFDGH
ORVHQDQRVRWRPDUYHQJDQ]DVREUHORVKRPEUHV\FULDWXUDVTXHDOOtYLYtDQ\TXH
TXL]iHVWDEDQHQFXEULpQGRORV
²(UD XQD EXHQD KLVWRULD OD YXHVWUD ²GLMR %HRUQ² SHUR DKRUD TXH Vp TXH HV
FLHUWD PH JXVWD WRGDYtD PiV 7HQpLV TXH SHUGRQDUPH SRUQRKDEHURVFUHtGR6L
YLYLHVHLV FHUFD GH ORV OLQGHV GHO %RVTXH 1HJUR QR FUHHUtDLV D QDGLH TXH QR
FRQRFLHVHLV WDQ ELHQ FRPR YXHVWUR SURSLR KHUPDQR R PHMRU &RPR YHLV VyOR
SXHGR GHFLURV TXH PH KH GDGR SULVD HQ UHJUHVDU SDUD YHU VL HVWDEDLV D VDOYR \
RIUHFHURV PL D\XGD 7HQGUp HQ PHMRU RSLQLyQ D ORV HQDQRV GHVSXpV GH HVWH
DVXQWR £'LHURQ PXHUWH DO *UDQ 7UDVJR GLHURQ PXHUWH DO *UDQ 7UDVJR ²VH ULy
IHUR]PHQWHHQWUHGLHQWHV
²¢4XpKDEpLVKHFKRFRQHOWUDVJR\FRQHOZDUJR"²SUHJXQWy%LOERGHUHSHQWH
²£9HQLG \ OR YHUpLV ²GLMR %HRUQ \ GLHURQ OD YXHOWD D OD FDVD 8QD FDEH]D GH
WUDVJRDVRPDEDHPSDODGDGHWUiVGHODFDQFHOD\XQSRFRPiVDOOiVHYHtDXQD
SLHO GH ZDUJR FODYDGD HQ XQ iUERO %HRUQ HUD XQ HQHPLJR IHUR] 3HUR DKRUD HUD
DPLJR GH HOORV \ *DQGDOI FUH\y FRQYHQLHQWH FRQWDUOH OD KLVWRULD FRPSOHWD \ OD
UD]yQGHOYLDMpSDUDREWHQHUDVtWRGDODD\XGDSRVLEOH
(VWR IXH OR TXH %HRUQ OHV SURPHWLy /HV FRQVHJXLUtD SRQH\V SDUD FDGD XQR\D
*DQGDOI XQ FDEDOOR SDUD HO YLDMH KDVWD HO ERVTXH \ OHV GDUtD FRPLGD VXILFLHQWH
SDUD YDULDV VHPDQDV VL OD DGPLQLVWUDEDQ FRQ FXLGDGR \ OXHJR SXVR WRGR HQ
SDTXHWHVIiFLOHVGHOOHYDUQXHFHVKDULQDWDUURVGHIUXWRVVHFRVKHUPpWLFDPHQWH
FHUUDGRV \ SRWHV GH EDUUR URMR OOHQRV GH PLHO \ EL]FRFKRV KRUQHDGRV GRV YHFHV
SDUDTXHVHFRQVHUYDVHQELHQPXFKRWLHPSRXQSRFRGHHVWRVEL]FRFKRVEDVWDED
SDUDXQDODUJDMRUQDGD/DUHFHWDHUDXQRGHVXVVHFUHWRVSHURWHQtDQPLHOFRPR
FDVLWRGDVODVFRPLGDVGH%HRUQ\XQVDERUDJUDGDEOHDXQTXHGHMDEDQODERFD
EDVWDQWHVHFD'LMRTXHQHFHVLWDUtDQOOHYDUDJXDSRUDTXHOODGRGHOERVTXHSXHV
KDEtD DUUR\RV \ PDQDQWLDOHV D WRGR OR ODUJR GHO FDPLQR ²3HUR HO FDPLQR TXH
FUX]DHO%RVTXH1HJURHVRVFXURSHOLJURVR\DUGXR²GLMR²1RHVIiFLOHQFRQWUDU
DJXDDOOiQLFRPLGD1RHVWRGDYtDWLHPSRGHQXHFHVDXQTXHHQUHDOLGDGTXL]i
\DKD\DSDVDGRFXDQGROOHJXpLVDORWURH[WUHPR\ODVQXHFHVVRQOR~QLFRTXHVH
SXHGH FRPHU HQ HVRV VLWLRV ODV FRVDV VLOYHVWUHV VRQ DOOt RVFXUDV H[WUDxDV \
VDOYDMHV2VGDUpRGUHVSDUDHODJXD \DOJXQRVDUFRV\IOHFKDV3HURQRFUHRTXH
KD\DQDGDHQHO%RVTXH1HJURTXHVHDEXHQRSDUDFRPHUREHEHU6pTXHKD\XQ
DUUR\R QHJUR \ FDXGDORVR TXH FUX]D HO VHQGHUR 1R EHEiLV QL RV EDxpLV HQ pO
SXHV KH RtGR GHFLU TXH SURGXFH HQFDQWDPLHQWRV VRPQROHQFLD \ SpUGLGD GH OD
PHPRULD < HQWUH ODV WHQHEURVDV VRPEUDV GHO OXJDU QR PH SDUHFH TXH SRGiLV
FD]DU DOJR TXH VHD FRPHVWLEOH R QR FRPHVWLEOH VLQ H[WUDYLDURV (VWR WHQpLV TXH
HYLWDUORHQFXDOTXLHUFLUFXQVWDQFLD
1R WHQJR RWUR FRQVHMR SDUD YRVRWURV 0iV DOOi GHO OLQGH GHO ERVTXH QR SXHGR
D\XGDURV PXFKR WHQGUpLV TXH GHSHQGHU GH OD VXHUWH GH YXHVWUR YDORU \ GH OD
FRPLGDTXHRVGR\+HGHSHGLURVTXHHQODFDQFHODGHERVTXHPHPDQGpLVGH
YXHOWD DOFDEDOOR\ORVSRQH\V3HURRVGHVHRTXHSRGiLVPDUFKDUGHSULVD\PL
FDVDHVWDUiDELHUWDVLHPSUHSDUDYRVRWURVVtDOJXQDYH]YROYpLVSRUHVWHFDPLQR
/HGLHURQODVJUDFLDVSRUVXSXHVWRFRQPXFKDVUHYHUHQFLDV\PRYLPLHQWRVGHORV
FDSXFKRQHV\FRQPXFKRV²$YXHVWURVHUYLFLR£RKDPRGHORVDPSOLRVVDORQHV
GHPDGHUD²3HURODVJUDYHVSDODEUDVGH%HRUQORVKDEtDQGHVDQLPDGR\WRGRV
VLQWLHURQ TXH OD DYHQWXUD HUD PXFKR PiV SHOLJURVD GH OR TXH KDEtDQ SHQVDGR
DQWHV\DTXHGHFXDOTXLHUPRGRDXQTXHSDVDVHQWRGRVORVSHOLJURVGHOFDPLQR
HOGUDJyQHVWDUtDHVSHUDQGRDOILQDO
7RGD OD PDxDQD HVWXYLHURQ RFXSDGRV FRQ ORV SUHSDUDWLYRV 3RFR DQWHV GHO
PHGLRGtD FRPLHURQ FRQ %HRUQ SRU ~OWLPD YH] \ GHVSXpV GHO DOPXHU]R PRQWDURQ
HQORVFDEDOORVTXHpOOHVSUHVWy\GHVSLGLpQGRVHXQD\PLOYHFHVFDEDOJDURQD
EXHQWURWHGHMDQGRDWUiVODFDQFHOD
7DQSURQWRFRPRVHDOHMDURQGHORVVHWRVDOWRVDOHVWHGHODVWLHUUDVFHUFDGDVVH
HQFDPLQDURQ DO QRUWH \ OXHJR DO QRURHVWH 6LJXLHQGR HO FRQVHMR GH %HRUQ QR
PDUFKDURQ KDFLD HO FDPLQR SULQFLSDO GHO ERVTXH DO VXU GH DTXHOODV WLHUUDV 6L
KXELHVHQLGRSRUHOGHVILODGHURXQDVHQGDORVKDEUtDOOHYDGRKDVWDXQDUUR\RTXH
EDMDED GH ODV PRQWDxDV \ VH XQtD DO 5tR *UDQGH DOJXQDV PLOODV DO VXU GH OD
&DUURFD (Q HVH OXJDU KDEtD XQ YDGR SURIXQGR TXH SRGUtDQ KDEHU FUX]DGR VL
KXELHVHQWHQLGRORVSRQH\V\PiVDOOiRWUDVHQGDOOHYDEDDORVERUGHVGHOERVTXH
\ D OD HQWUDGD GHO DQWLJXR FDPLQR GH OD IORUHVWD 3HUR %HRUQ OHV KDEtD DGYHUWLGR
TXH DTXHO FDPLQR HUD DKRUD IUHFXHQWDGR SRU ORV WUDVJRV PLHQWUDV TXH HO
YHUGDGHURFDPLQRGHOERVTXHVHJ~QKDEtDRtGRGHFLUHVWDEDFXELHUWRGHPDOH]D
\ DEDQGRQDGR SRU HO H[WUHPR RULHQWDO \ OOHYDED DGHPiV D SDQWDQRV
LPSHQHWUDEOHVGRQGHORVVHQGHURVVHKDEtDQSHUGLGRKDFLDWLHPSR(OSDVRSRUHO
HVWH VLHPSUH KDEtD TXHGDGR GHPDVLDGR DO VXU GH OD 0RQWDxD 6ROLWDULD \ GHVGH
DOOtFXDQGRDOFDQ]DUDQHORWURODGROHVKXELHUDHVSHUDGRD~QXQDPDUFKDODUJD\
GLILFXOWRVD KDFLD HO QRUWH $O QRUWH GH OD &DUURFD ORV OLQGHV GHO %RVTXH 1HJUR
HVWDEDQ PiV FHUFD GH ODV RULOODV GHO 5tR *UDQGH \ DXQTXH ODV PRQWDxDV VH
DO]DEDQQRPX\OHMRV%HRUQOHVDFRQVHMyWRPDUHVWHFDPLQRSXHVDXQRVSRFRV
GtDV GH FDEDOJDWD DO QRUWH GH OD &DUURFD KDEtD XQ VHQGHUR SRFR FRQRFLGR TXH
DWUDYHVDEDHO%RVTXH1HJUR\OOHYDEDFDVLGLUHFWDPHQWHDOD0RQWDxD6ROLWDULD
²/RVWUDVJRV²KDEtDGLFKR%HRUQ²QRVHDWUHYHUiQDFUX]DUHO5tR*UDQGHHQ
XQDV FLHQ PLOODV DO QRUWH GHOD&DUURFDQLWDPSRFRDDFHUFDUVHDPLFDVD£HVWi
ELHQ SURWHJLGD SRU ODV QRFKHV 3HUR \R FDEDOJDUtD GH SULVD SRUTXH VL HOORV
HPSUHQGHQ HVD DYHQWXUD SURQWR FUX]DUiQ HO UtR SRU HO VXU \ UHFRUUHUiQ WRGR HO
OLQGH GHO ERVTXH FRQHOILQGHFRUWDURVHOSDVR\ORVZDUJRVFRUUHQPiVTXHORV
SRQH\V(QYHUGDGHVWDUtDLVDVDOYR\HQGRKDFLDHOQRUWHDXQTXHSDUH]FDTXHDVt
YROYpLVDODVIRUWDOH]DVSXHVHVRVHUtDORTXHHOORVPHQRVHVSHUDUtDQ\WHQGUtDQ
TXHFDEDOJDUPXFKRPiVSDUDDOFDQ]DURV£3DUWLGDKRUDWDQUiSLGRFRPRSRGiLV
(VRHUDSRUORTXHFDEDOJDEDQHQVLOHQFLRJDORSDQGRSRUGRQGHHOWHUUHQRHVWDED
FXELHUWRGHKLHUED\HUDOODQRFRQODVWHQHEURVDVPRQWDxDVDODL]TXLHUGD\DOR
OHMRVODOtQHDGHOUtRFRQiUEROHVFDGDYH]PiVSUy[LPRV(OVRODFDEDEDGHJLUDU
KDFLDHORHVWHFXDQGRSDUWLHURQ\KDVWDHODWDUGHFHUFD\yHQUD\RVGRUDGRVVREUH
ODWLHUUDGHDOUHGHGRU(UDGLItFLOSHQVDUTXHXQRVWUDVJRVORVSHUVHJXtDQ\FXDQGR
KXER PXFKDV PLOODV HQWUH HOORV \ OD FDVD GH %HRUQ VH SXVLHURQ D FKDUODU \ D
FDQWDURWUDYH]\DVtROYLGDURQHORVFXURVHQGHURGHOERVTXHTXHWHQtDQGHODQWH
3HUR DO DWDUGHFHU FXDQGR FD\HURQ ODV VRPEUDV \ ORV SLFRV GH ODV PRQWDxDV
UHVSODQGHFLHURQ D OD OX] GHO VRO SRQLHQWH DFDPSDURQ \ PRQWDURQ JXDUGLD \ OD
PD\RUtD GXUPLy LQTXLHWD FRQ VXHxRV HQ ORV TXH VH RtDQ DXOOLGRV GH ORERV TXH
FD]DEDQ\DODULGRVGHWUDVJRV
&RQ WRGR OD PDxDQD VLJXLHQWH DPDQHFLy RWUD YH] FODUD \ KHUPRVD +DEtD XQD
QHEOLQDEODQFD\RWRxDOVREUHHOVXHOR\HODLUHHUDKHODGRSHURSURQWRHOVROURML]R
VHOHYDQWySRUHOHVWH\ODVQHEOLQDVGHVDSDUHFLyURQ\FXDQGRODVVRPEUDVHUDQ
WRGDYtD ODUJDV UHHPSUHQGLHURQ OD PDUFKD $Vt TXH FDEDOJDURQ GXUDQWH GRV GtDV
PiV \ HQ WRGR HVWH WLHPSR QR YLHURQ QDGD H[FHSWR KLHUED IORUHV SiMDURV \
iUEROHV GLVHPLQDGRV \ GH YH] HQ FXDQGR SHTXHxDV PDQDGDV GH YHQDGRV URMRV
TXH SDFtDQ R HVWDEDQ HFKDGRV D OD VRPEUD $OJXQD YH] %LOER YLR FXHUQRV GH
FLHUYRV TXH DVRPDEDQ SRU HQWUH OD ODUJD KLHUED \ DO SULQFLSLR FUH\y TXH HUDQ
UDPDV GH iUEROHV PXHUWDV (Q OD WHUFHUD WDUGH HVWDEDQ GHFLGLGRV D PDUFKDU
GXUDQWHKRUDVSXHV%HRUQOHVKDEtDGLFKRTXHWHQtDQTXHDOFDQ]DUODHQWUDGDGHO
ERVTXH WHPSUDQR DO FXDUWR GtD \ FDEDOJDURQ EDVWDQWH WLHPSR GHVSXpV GHO
DQRFKHFHUEDMRODOXQD&XDQGRODOX]LEDGHVYDQHFLpQGRVH%LOERSHQVyTXHDOR
OHMRV D OD GHUHFKD R D OD L]TXLHUGD YHtD OD HQVRPEUHFLGD ILJXUD GH XQ JUDQ RVR
TXH PDUFKDED HQ OD PLVPD GLUHFFLyQ 3HUR VL VH DWUHYtD D PHQFLRQiUVHOR D
*DQGDOIHOPDJRVyORGHFtD²£6LOHQFLR+D]FRPR VLQRORYLHVHV
$OGtDVLJXLHQWHSDUWLHURQDQWHVGHODPDQHFHUDXQTXHODQRFKHKDEtDVLGRFRUWD
7DQ SURQWRFRPRVHKL]RGHGtDSXGLHURQYHUHOERVTXH\SDUHFtDTXHYLQLHVHD
UHXQLUVH FRQ HOORV R TXH ORV HVSHUDUD FRPR XQ PXUR QHJUR \ DPHQD]DGRU (O
WHUUHQR HPSH]y D DVFHQGHU \ HO KREELW VH GLMR TXH XQ VLOHQFLR GLVWLQWR SHVDED
DKRUDVREUHHOORV/RVSiMDURVDSHQDVFDQWDEDQ1RKDEtDYHQDGRVQLVLTXLHUDORV
FRQHMRV VH GHMDEDQ YHU 3RU OD WDUGH KDEtDQ DOFDQ]DGR ORV OtPLWHV GHO %RVTXH
1HJUR\GHVFDQVDURQFDVLEDMRODVUDPDVHQRUPHVTXHFROJDEDQGHORVSULPHURV
iUEROHV /RV WURQFRV HUDQ QXGRVRV ODV UDPDV UHWRUFLGDV ODV KRMDV RVFXUDV \
ODUJDV/DKLHGUDFUHFtDVREUHHOORV\VHDUUDVWUDEDSRUHOVXHOR
²£%LHQDTXtWHQHPRVHO%RVTXH1HJUR²GLMR*DQGDOI²(OERVTXHPiVJUDQGH
GHOPXQGRVHSWHQWULRQDO
(VSHURTXHRVDJUDGH$KRUDWHQpLVTXHHQYLDUGHYXHOWDHVWRVSRQH\VH[FHOHQWHV
TXHRVKDQSUHVWDGR
/RV HQDQRV TXLVLHURQ TXHMDUVH SHUR HO PDJR OHV GLMR TXH HUDQ XQRV WRQWRV ²
%HRUQQRHVWiWDQOHMRVFRPRYRVRWURVSHQViLV\GHFXDOTXLHUPRGRVHUiPXFKR
PHMRU TXH PDQWHQJiLV YXHVWUDV SURPHVDV SXHV pO HV XQ PDO HQHPLJR /RV RMRV
GHO VHxRU %ROVyQ VRQ PiV SHQHWUDQWHV TXH ORV YXHVWURV VL QR KDEpLV YLVWR GH
QRFKH HQ OD RVFXULGDG XQ JUDQ RVR TXH FDPLQDED D OD SDU FRQ QRVRWURV R VH
VHQWDEDOHMRVDODOX]GHODOXQDREVHUYDQGRQXHVWURFDPSDPHQWR1RVyORSDUD
JXLDURV\SURWHJHURVVLQRWDPELpQSDUDYLJLODUORVSRQH\V%HRUQSXHGHVHUDPLJR
YXHVWURSHURDPDDVXVDQLPDOHVFRPRVLIXHUDQVXVSURSLRVKLMRV1RWHQpLVLGHD
GH OD DPDELOLGDG TXH KD GHPRVWUDGR SHUPLWLHQGR TXH XQRV HQDQRV ORV PRQWHQ
VREUHWRGRHQXQWUD\HFWRWDQODUJR\IDWLJRVRQLGHORTXHVXFHGHUtDVLLQWHQWDVHLV
PHWHUORVHQHOERVTXH
²¢<TXpKD\GHOFDEDOOR"²GLMR7KRULQ²1RGLFHVQDGDVREUHGHYROYHUOR
²1RGLJRQDGDSRUTXHQRYR\DGHYROYHUOR
²¢<TXpSDVDFRQW~SURPHVD"
²'pMDOD GH PL FXHQWD 1R GHYROYHUp HO FDEDOOR FDEDOJDUp HQ pO ²(QWRQFHV
VXSLHURQTXH*DQGDOILEDDGHMDUORVHQORVPLVPtVLPRVOLQGHVGHO%RVTXH1HJUR\
VHVLQWLHURQGHVHVSHUDGRV 3HURQDGDGHORTXHGLMHVHQORKDUtDFDPELDUGHLGHD
²7RGRHVWRORKHPRVWUDWDGR\DDQWHVFXDQGRKLFLPRVXQDOWRHQOD&DUURFD²
GLMR²1RYDOHODSHQDGLVFXWLU&RPR\DKHGLFKRWHQJRXQDVXQWRTXHUHVROYHU
OHMRV DO VXU \ QR SXHGR SHUGHU WLHPSR FRQ WRGRV YRVRWURV 4XL]i YROYDPRV D
HQFRQWUDUQRVDQWHVGHTXHHVWRVHDFDEH\SXHGHTXHQR(VRVyORGHSHQGHGH
YXHVWUDVXHUWHFRUDMH\EXHQMXLFLRHQYtRDOVHxRU%ROVyQFRQYRVRWURV\DRVKH
GLFKR TXH YDOH PDV GH OR TXH FUHpLV \ SURQWR WHQGUpLV OD SUXHED 'H PRGR TXH
DOHJUD HVD FDUD %LOER \ QR WH PXHVWUHV WDQ WDFLWXUQR £$OHJUDRV 7KRULQ \
FRPSDxtD $O ILQ \ DO FDER HV YXHVWUD H[SHGLFLyQ £3HQVDG HQ HO WHVRUR TXH RV
HVSHUD DO ILQDO \ ROYLGDRV GHO ERVTXH \ GHO GUDJyQ SRU OR PHQRV KDVWD PDxDQD
SRUODPDxDQD
&XDQGR HO PDxDQD SRU OD PDxDQD OOHJy *DQGDOI VHJXtD GLFLHQGR OR PLVPR $Vt
TXHDKRUDQDGDTXHGDEDSRUKDFHUH[FHSWROOHQDUORVRGUHVHQXQDUUR\RFODURTXH
HQFRQWUDURQ D OD HQWUDGD GHO ERVTXH \ GHVFDUJDU ORV SRQH\V 'LVWULEX\HURQ ORV
EXOWRV FRQ OD PD\RU HTXLGDG SRVLEOH DXQTXH %LOER SHQVy TXH VX ORWH HUD
GHPDVLDGRSHVDGR\QROHKDFtDQLQJXQDJUDFLDODLGHDGHUHFRUUHUDSLHPLOODV\
PLOODVFRQWRGRDTXHOORDVXVHVSDOGDV
²£1R WH SUHRFXSHV ²OH GLMR 7KRULQ² 7RGR VH DOLJHUDUi PX\ SURQWR $QWHV GH
TXH QRV GHPRV FXHQWD HVWDUHPRV GHVHDQGR TXH QXHVWURV IDUGRV VHDQ PiV
SHVDGRVFXDQGRODFRPLGDHPSLHFHDHVFDVHDU
(QWRQFHVSRUILQGLMHURQDGLyVDORVSRQH\V\OHVSXVLHURQODVFDEH]DVDSXQWDQGR
D OD FDVD GH %HRUQ /RV DQLPDOHV VH PDUFKDURQ WURWDQGR \ SDUHFtDQ PX\
FRQWHQWRV GH YROYHU ODV FRODV KDFLD ODV VRPEUDV GHO %RVTXH 1HJUR 0LHQWUDV VH
DOHMDEDQ %LOER KXELHUD MXUDGR KDEHU YLVWR DOJR SDUHFLGR D XQ RVR TXH VDOtD GH
HQWUHODVVRPEUDVGHORViUEROHVHLEDWUDVHOORVDUUDVWUDQGRORVSLHV
*DQGDOI VH GHVSLGLy WDPELpQ %LOER VH VHQWy HQ HO VXHOR VLQWLpQGRVH PX\
GHVJUDFLDGR \ GHVHDQGR TXHGDUVH FRQ HO PDJR PRQWDGR D OD JUXSD GH OD DOWD
FDEDOJDGXUD $FDEDED GH DGHQWUDUVH HQ HO ERVTXH MXVWR GHVSXpV GHO GHVD\XQR
SRUFLHUWREDVWDQWHIUXJDO\WRGRHVWDEDDOOtWDQRVFXURHQSOHQDPDxDQDFRPR
GXUDQWH OD QRFKH \ PX\ HQ VHFUHWR VH GLMR D Vt PLVPR 3DUHFH FRPR VL DOJR
HVSHUDUD\YLJLODUD
²$GLyV²GLMR*DQGDOID7KRULQ² £<DGLyVDWRGRVYRVRWURVDGLyV$KRUDVHJXLG
WRGRUHFWRDWUDYpVGHOERVTXH£1RDEDQGRQpLVHOVHQGHUR6LORKDFpLVKD\XQD
SRVLELOLGDG HQWUH PLO GH TXH YROYiLV D HQFRQWUDUOR \ QXQFD VDOGUpLV GHO %RVTXH
1HJUR\HQWRQFHVHVVHJXURTXHQL\RQLQDGLHYROYHUiDYHURVMDPiV
²¢3HURHVUHDOPHQWHQHFHVDULRTXHORDWUDYHVHPRV"
²JLPRWHyHOKREELW
²£6tDVtHV²GLMRHOPDJR² 6LTXHUpLVOOHJDUDORWURODGR7HQpLVTXHFUX]DUORR
DEDQGRQDUWRGDE~VTXHGD<QRSHUPLWLUpTXHUHWURFHGDVDKRUDVHxRU%ROVyQ0H
DYHUJHQ]DTXHVHWHKD\DRFXUULGR(UHVW~TXLHQGHVGHDKRUDWHQGUiTXHFXLGDU
DHVWRVHQDQRVHQPLOXJDU ²*DQGDOIULy
²£1R £1R ²GLMR %LOER² <R QR TXHUtD GHFLU HVR 3UHJXQWR VL QR KD\ DOJ~Q RWUR
FDPLQRERUGHiQGROR
²+D\ VL OR TXH GHVHDV HV GHVYLDUWH GRVFLHQWDV PLOODV R PiV DO QRUWH \
FXDWURFLHQWDVDOVXU3HURQLVLTXLHUDHQWRQFHVHQFRQWUDUtDVXQVHQGHURVHJXUR1R
KD\VHQGHURVVHJXURVHQHVWDSDUWHGHOPXQGR5HFXHUGDTXHHVWiVDKRUDHQODV
IURQWHUDVGHODVWLHUUDVVDOYDMHVH[SXHVWRDWRGRGRQGHTXLHUDTXHYD\DV$QWHV
GHTXHSXGLHUDVERUGHDUHO%RVTXH1HJURSRUHOQRUWHWHHQFRQWUDUtDVMXVWRHQWUH
ODVODGHUDVGHODV0RQWDQDV*ULVHVSODJDGDVGHWUDVJRVERERWUDVJRV\RUFRVGH
ODSHRUHVSHFLH$QWHVTXHSXGLHUDVERUGHDUORSRUHOVXUWpHQFRQWUDUtDVHQHOSDtV
GHO 1LJURPDQWH \ QL VLTXLHUD W~ %LOER QHFHVLWDV TXH WH FXHQWH KLVWRULDV GHO
KHFKLFHURQHJUR£1RRVDFRQVHMRTXHRVDFHUTXpLVDORVOXJDUHVGRPLQDGRVSRU
HVD WRUUH VRPEUtD 0DQWHQHRV HQ HO VHQGHUR GHO ERVTXH FRQVHUYDG YXHVWUR
iQLPRHVSHUDGVLHPSUHORPHMRU\FRQXQDWUHPHQGDSRUFLyQGHVXHUWHSXHGHTXH
XQ GtD VDOJiLV \ HQFRQWUpLV ORV 3DQWDQRV /DUJRV MXVWR GHEDMR \ PiV DOOi
HOHYiQGRVHHQHOHVWHOD0RQWDxD6ROLWDULDGRQGHKDELWDHOTXHULGRYLHMR6PDXJ
DXQTXHFRQItRTXHQRRVHVWpHVSHUDQGR
²0X\FRQVRODGRUGHWXSDUWHSXHGHVHVWDUVHJXUR²JUXxy7KRULQ²£$GLyV£6L
QR YLHQHVFRQQRVRWURVHVPHMRUTXHWHODUJXHVVLQXQDSDODEUDPiV
²£$GLyV HQWRQFHV HVWD YH] GH YHUGDG DGLyV ²GLMR *DQGDOI \ GDQGR PHGLD
YXHOWDFDEDOJyKDFLDHORHVWH
3HUR QR SXGR UHVLVWLU OD WHQWDFLyQ GH VHU HO ~OWLPR HQ GHFLU DOJR \ FXDQGR D~Q
SRGtDQRtUORVHYROYLy\OODPySRQLHQGRODVPDQRVDORVODGRVGHODERFD2\HURQ
ODYR]GpELOPHQWH²£$GLyV6HGEXHQRVFXLGDURV£\QRDEDQGRQpLVHOVHQGHUR
/XHJRVHDOHMyDOJDORSH\SURQWRVHSHUGLyHQODGLVWDQFLD²£2KDGLyV\YHWHGH
XQD YH] ²IDUIXOODURQ ORV HQDQRV WRGRV GH OR PiV HQIDGDGRV UHDOPHQWH
DEUXPDGRV GH FRQVWHUQDFLyQ $KRUD HPSH]DED OD SDUWH PiV SHOLJURVD GHO YLDMH
&DGDXQRFDUJDEDFRQXQIDUGRSHVDGR\HORGUHGHDJXDTXHOHFRUUHVSRQGtD\
GHMDQGRGHWUiVODOX]TXHVHH[WHQGtDVREUHORVFDPSRVSHQHWUDURQHQODIORUHVWD
026&$6<$5$f$6
&DPLQDEDQHQILOD/DHQWUDGDGHOVHQGHURHUDXQDVXHUWHGHDUFRTXHOOHYDEDD
XQW~QHOOyEUHJRIRUPDGRSRUGRViUEROHVLQFOLQDGRVGHPDVLDGRYLHMRV\DKRJDGRV
SRU OD KLHGUD \ ORV OtTXHQHV FROJDQWHV SDUD WHQHU PiV TXH XQDV SRFDV KRMDV
HQQHJUHFLGDV(OVHQGHURPLVPRHUDHVWUHFKR\VHUSHQWHDEDSRUHQWUHORVWURQFRV
3URQWR OD OX] GH OD HQWUDGD IXH XQ SHTXHxR DJXMHUR EULOODQWH DOOi DWUiV \ HQ HO
VLOHQFLR SURIXQGR ORV SLHV SDUHFtDQ JROSHDU SHVDGDPHQWH PLHQWUDV WRGRV ORV
iUEROHVVHGREODEDQVREUHHOORV\HVFXFKDEDQ
&XDQGRVHDFRVWXPEUDURQDODRVFXULGDGSXGLHURQYHUXQSRFRDORVODGRVDXQD
WUpPXODOX]GHFRORUYHUGHRVFXUR(QRFDVLRQHVXQUD\RGHVROTXHDOFDQ]DEDD
GHVOL]DUVH SRU XQD DEHUWXUD HQWUH ODV KRMDV GH DOOi DUULED \ HVFDSDU D ORV
HQPDUDxDGRV DUEXVWRV \ UDPDV HQWUHWHMLGDV GHDEDMRFDtDWHQXH\EULOODQWHDQWH
HOORV3HURHVWRRFXUUtDUDUDVYHFHV\FHVySURQWR
+DEtD DUGLOODV QHJUDV HQ HO ERVTXH /RV RMRV SHQHWUDQWHV H LQTXLVLWLYRV GH %LOER
HPSH]DURQ D YLVOXPEUDU ODV IXJD]PHQWH PLHQWUDV FUX]DEDQ UiSLGDV HO VHQGHUR \
VH HVFDEXOOtDQ HVFRQGLpQGRVH GHWUiV GH ORV iUEROHV +DEtD WDPELpQ H[WUDxRV
UXLGRV JUXxLGRV VXVXUURV FRUUHWHRV HQ OD PDOH]D \ HQWUH ODV KRMDV TXp VH
DPRQWRQDEDQHQDOJXQRVVLWLRVGHOERVTXHSHURQRFRQVHJXtDQYHUTXp&DXVDED
HVWRVUXLGRV(QWUHODVFRVDVYLVLEOHVORPiVKRUULEOHHUDQODVWHODUDxDVHVSHVDV
WHODUDxDV RVFXUDV FRQ KLORV H[WUDRUGLQDULDPHQWH JUXHVRV WHQGLGDV FDVL VLHPSUH
GH iUERO D iUERO R HQPDUDxDGDV HQODVUDPDVPiVEDMDVDORVODGRV1RKDEtD
QLQJXQD TXH FUX]DUD HO VHQGHUR \ QR SXGLHURQ DGLYLQDU VL HVWR HUD SRU
HQFDQWDPLHQWRRSRUDOJXQDRWUDUD]yQ
1RWUDQVFXUULyPXFKRWLHPSRDQWHVTXHHPSH]DUDQDRGLDUHOERVTXHWDQWRFRPR
KDEtDQ RGLDGR ORVW~QHOHVGHORV WUDVJRVHLQFOXVRWHQtDQPHQRVHVSHUDQ]DVGp
OOHJDUDODVDOLGD3HURQRKDEtDRWURUHPHGLRTXHVHJXLU\VHJXLUDXQGHVSXpVGH
VHQWLUTXHQRSRGUtDQGDUXQSDVRPiVVLQRYHtDQHOVRO\HOFLHOR\GHGHVHDUTXH
HO YLHQWR OHV VRSODUD HQ ODV FDUDV (O DLUH QR VH PRYtD EDMR HO WHFKR GHO ERVTXH
HWHUQDPHQWHTXLHWRVRIRFDQWH\RVFXUR+DVWDORVPLVPRVHQDQRVORVHQWtDQDVt
HOORVTXHHVWDEDQDFRVWXPEUDGRVDH[FDYDUW~QHOHV\DSDVDUODUJDVWHPSRUDGDV
DSDUWDGRVGHODOX]GHOVROSHURHOKREELWDTXLHQOHJXVWDEDQORVDJXMHURVSDUD
KDFHUFDVDV\QRSDUDSDVDUORVGtDVGHYHUDQRVHQWtDTXHVHDVIL[LDEDSRFRD
SRFR
/DV QRFKHV HUDQ OR SHRU HQWRQFHV VH SRQtD RVFXUR FRPR HO FDUEyQ QR OR TXH
YRVRWURVOODPiLVQHJURFDUEyQVLQRUHDOPHQWHRVFXURWDQQHJURTXHGHYHUGDGQR
VH SRGtD YHU QDGD %LOER PRYtD OD PDQR GHODQWH GH OD QDUL] LQWHQWDQGR HQ YDQR
GLVWLQJXLU DOJR %XHQR TXL]i QR HV WRWDOPHQWH FLHUWR GHFLU TXH QR YHtDQ QDGD
YHtDQRMRV'RUPtDQWRGRVPX\MXQWRV\VHWXUQDEDQHQODYLJLOLDFXDQGROHWRFDED
D %LOERYHtDGHVWHOORVDOUHGHGRU\DYHFHVSDUHVGHRMRVYHUGHVURMRVRDPDULOORV
VH FODYDEDQ HQ pO GHVGH PX\ FHUFD \ OXHJR VH GHVYDQHFtDQ \ GHVDSDUHFtDQ
OHQWDPHQWH\HPSH]DEDQDEULOODUHQRWUDSDUWH'HYH]HQFXDQGRGHVWHOODEDQHQ
ODV UDPDV EDMDV TXH HVWDEDQ MXVWDPHQWH VREUH pO \ HVR HUD OR PiV WHUURUtILFR
3HURORVRMRVTXHPHQRVOHDJUDGDEDQHUDQXQRVTXHSDUHFtDQSiOLGRV\EXOERVRV
2MRVGHLQVHFWRSHQVDEDQRRMRVGHDQLPDOHVSHURGHPDVLDGRJUDQGHV
$XQTXH QR KDFtD D~Q PXFKR IUtR WUDWDURQ GH HQFHQGHU XQRV IXHJRV SHUR
GHVLVWLHURQSURQWR3DUHFtDQDWUDHUFLHQWRV\FLHQWRVGHRMRVDOUHGHGRUSHURHVDV
FULDWXUDV IXHVHQ ODV TXH IXHVHQ WHQtDQ FXLGDGR GH QR PRVWUDU VXV FXHUSRV D OD
OX] WUpPXOD GH ODV EUDVDV 3HRU D~Q DWUDtDQ D PLOHV \ PLOHV GH IDOHQDV JULVHV
RVFXUDV \ QHJUDV DOJXQDV FDVL WDQ JUDQGHV FRPR YXHVWUDV PDQRV TXH
UHYRORWHDEDQ\OHV]XPEDEDQHQORVRtGRV1RIXHURQFDSDFHVGHVRSRUWDUORQLD
ORVJUDQGHVPXUFLpODJRVQHJURVFRPRVRPEUHURVGHFRSDDVtTXHSURQWRGHMDURQ
GHHQFHQGHUIXHJRV\GRUPLWDEDQHQYXHOWRVHQXQDHQRUPH\H[WUDxDRVFXULGDG
7RGRHVWRGXUyORTXHDOKREELWSDUHFLHURQVLJORV\VLJORVVLHPSUHWHQtDKDPEUH
SXHV FXLGDEDQ VREUHPDQHUD ODV SURYLVLRQHV $XQ DVt D PHGLGD TXH ORV GtDV
VHJXtDQ D ORV GtDV \ HO ERVTXH SDUHFtD VLHPSUH HO PLVPR HPSH]DURQ D VHQWLUVH
DQVLRVRV /D FRPLGD QR GXUDUtD VLHPSUH GH KHFKR HPSH]DED D HVFDVHDU
,QWHQWDURQFD]DUDOJXQDDUGLOOD\GHVSHUGLFLDURQPXFKDVIOHFKDVDQWHVGHGHUULEDU
XQDHQHOVHQGHUR&XDQGRODDVDURQWHQtDXQJXVWRKRUULEOH\QRFD]DURQPiV
(VWDEDQVHGLHQWRVWDPELpQQLQJXQROOHYDEDPXFKDDJXD\HQWRGRHOWUD\HFWRQR
KDEtDQYLVWRPDQDQWLDOHVQLDUUR\RV$VtHVWDEDQFXDQGRXQGtDGHVFXEULHURQTXH
XQD FRUULHQWH GH DJXD LQWHUUXPStD HO VHQGHUR 5iSLGD \ DOERURWDGD SHUR QR
GHPDVLDGR DQFKD IOXtD FUX]DQGR HO FDPLQR \ HUD QHJUD R DVt SDUHFtD HQ OD
RVFXULGDG )XH EXHQR TXH %HRUQ OHV KXELHVH SUHYHQLGR FRQWUD HOOD R KXELHUDQ
EHELGR \ OOHQDGR DOJXQR GH ORV RGUHV YDFtRV HQ OD RULOOD VLQ SUHRFXSDUVH SRU HO
FRORU$VtTXHVyORSHQVDURQHQFyPRDWUDYHVDUODVLQPRMDUVH$OOtKDEtDKDELGRXQ
SXHQWH GH PDGHUD SHUR VH KDEtD SRGULGR FRQ HO WLHPSR \ KDEtD FDtGR DO DJXD
GHMDQGRVyORORVSRVWHVTXHEUDGRVFHUFDGHODRULOOD
%LOER DUURGLOOiQGRVH HQ OD ULEHUD PLUy DGHODQWH FRQ DWHQFLyQ \ JULWy ²£+D\ XQ
ERWHHQODRWUDRULOOD
¢3RUTXpQRSXGRKDEHUHVWDGRDTXt"
²¢$ TXp GLVWDQFLD FUHHV TXH HVWi" ²SUHJXQWy 7KRULQ SXHV SRU HQWRQFHV \D
VDEtDQTXHHQWUHWRGRVHOORV%LOERWHQtDODYLVWDPiVSHQHWUDQWH
²1RPX\OHMRV1RPHSDUHFHTXHPXFKRPiVGHGRFH\DUGDV
²£'RFH\DUGDV<RKXELHUDSHQVDGRTXHHUDQWUHLQWDSRUORPHQRVSHURPLVRMRV
\DQRYHQWDQELHQFRPRKDFHFLHQDxRV$XQDVtGRFH\DUGDVHVWDQWRFRPRXQD
PLOOD 1R SRGHPRV VDOWDU SRU HQFLPD GHO UtR \ QR QRV DWUHYHPRV D YDGHDUOR R
QDGDU
²¢$OJXQRGHYRVRWURVSXHGHODQ]DUXQDFXHUGD"
²¢< GH TXp VHUYLUtD" 6HJXUR TXH HO ERWH HVWi DWDGR DXQ FRQWDQGR FRQ TXH
SXGLpUDPRVHQJDQFKDUORFRVDTXHGXGR
²1R FUHR TXH HVWp DWDGR ²GLMR %LOER² $XQTXH QDWXUDOPHQWH FRQ HVWD OX] QR
SXHGR HVWDU VHJXUR SHUR PH SDUHFH FRPR VL VyOR HVWXYLHVH YDUDGR HQ OD RULOOD
TXHHVEDVWDQWHEDMDDKtGRQGHHOVHQGHURVHPHWHHQHOUtR
²'RUL HV HO PiV IXHUWH SHUR )tOL HV HO PiV MRYHQ \ WLHQH PHMRU YLVWD ²GLMR
7KRULQ²9HQDFi)tOL\PLUDVLSXHGHVYHUHOERWHGHTXHKDEODHOVHxRU%ROVyQ
)tOL FUH\y YHUOR DVt TXH OXHJR GH PLUDU XQ ODUJR UDWR SDUD WHQHU XQD LGHD GH OD
GLUHFFLyQ ORV RWURV OH WUDMHURQ XQD FXHUGD /OHYDEDQ PXFKDV FRQ HOORV \ HQ HO
H[WUHPR GH OD PiV ODUJD DWDURQ XQR GH ORV JDQFKRV GH KLHUUR TXH XVDEDQ SDUD
VXMHWDU ODV PRFKLODV D ODV FRUUHDV GH ORV KRPEURV )tOL OR WRPy OR EDODQFHy XQ
PRPHQWR\ORDUURMySRUHQFLPDGHODFRUULHQWH
&D\yVDOSLFDQGRHQHODJXD²£1ROREDVWDQWHOHMRV
²GLMR %LOER TXH REVHUYDED OD RWUD RULOOD² 8Q SDU GH SLHV PiV \ KXELHUDV
DOFDQ]DGR HO ERWH ,QWpQWDOR RWUD YH] 1R FUHR TXH HO HQFDQWDPLHQWR VHD WDQ
SRGHURVRSDUDKDFHUWHGDxRVLWRFDVXQWUR]RGHFXHUGDPRMDGD
5HFRJLHURQHOJDQFKR\)tOLORDO]yHQHODLUHDXQTXHGXGDQGRD~Q(VWDYH]WLUy
FRQPiVIXHU]D
²£&DOPD ²GLMR %LOER² /R KDV PHWLGR HQWUH ORV iUEROHV GHO RWUR ODGR 5HWtUDOR
OHQWDPHQWH²)tOLUHWLUyODFXHUGDSRFRDSRFR\XQPRPHQWRGHVSXpV%LOERGLMR
²£&XLGDGRDKRUDHVWiVVREUHHOERWHHVSHUHPRVTXHHOKLHUURVHHQJDQFKH
<VHHQJDQFKy/DFXHUGDVHSXVRWHQVD\)tOLWLUyHQYDQR.LOLIXHHQVXD\XGD\
GHVSXpV ÏLQ \ *OyLQ 7LUDURQ \ GH SURQWR FD\HURQ WRGRV GH HVSDOGDV %LOER TXH
HVWDEDDWHQWRDOFDQ]yDWRPDUODFXHUGD\FRQXQWUR]RGHSDORUHWXYRDOSHTXHxR
ERWHQHJURTXHVHDFHUFDEDDUUDVWUDGRSRUODFRUULHQWH²£6RFRUUR²JULWy\%DOLQ
DIHUUyHOERWHDQWHVGHTXHVHGHVOL]DVHDJXDVDEDMR
²(VWDEDDWDGRGHVSXpVGHWRGR²GLMRPLUDQGRODDPDUUDURWDTXHD~QFROJDED
GHOERWH²)XHXQEXHQWLUyQPXFKDFKRV\VXHUWHTXHQXHVWUDFXHUGDHUDODPiV
UHVLVWHQWH
²¢4XLpQFUX]DUiSULPHUR"²SUHJXQWy%LOER
²<R²GLMR7KRULQ²\W~YHQGUiVFRQPLJR\)tOL\%DOLQ1RFDEHPRVPiVHQHO
ERWH/XHJR.LOLÏLQ*OyLQ\'RUL6HJXLUiQ2UL\1RUL%LIXU\%RIXU\SRU~OWLPR
'ZDOLQ\%RPEXU
²6R\VLHPSUHHO~OWLPR\QRPH JXVWD²GLMR%RPEXU²+R\OHWRFDDRWUR
²1R WHQGUtDV TXH HVWDU WDQ JRUGR 7DO FRPR HUHV WLHQHV TXH FUX]DU HO ~OWLPR \
FRQODFDUJDPiVOLJHUD1RHPSLHFHVDTXHMDUWHGHODVyUGHQHVRORSDVDUiVPDO
²1R KD\ UHPRV ¢&yPR LPSXOVDUHPRV HO ERWH KDVWD OD RWUD RULOOD" ²SUHJXQWy
%LOER
²'DGPHRWURWUR]RGHFXHUGD\RWURJDQFKR²GLMR)tOL\FXDQGRVHORVWUDMHURQ
DUURMy HO JDQFKR KDFLD OD RVFXULGDG WDQ DOWR FRPR SXGR &RPR QR FD\y
VXSXVLHURQ TXH VH KDEtD HQJDQFKDGR HQ ODV UDPDV² $KRUD VXELG ²GLMR )tOL²
4XH XQR GH YRVRWURV WLUH GH OD FXHUGD VXMHWD DO iUERO 2WUR WHQGUi TXH VXMHWDU HO
JDQFKR TXH XWLOL]DPRV DO SULQFLSLR \ FXDQGR HVWHPRV VHJXURV HQ OD 2WUD RULOOD
SXHGHHQJDQFKDUOR\WUDHUHOERWHGHYXHOWD
'H HVWH PRGR SURQWR HVWXYLHURQ WRGRV D VDOYR HQ OD RULOOD RSXHVWD DO ERUGH GHO
DUUR\R HQFDQWDGR 'ZDOLQ DFDEDED GH VDOLU DSULVD FRQ OD FXHUGD HQUROODGD HQ HO
EUD]R \ %RPEXU UHIXQIXxDQGR D~Q VH DSUHVWDED D VHJXLUOR FXDQGR DOJR PDOR
RFXUULy6HQGHURDGHODQWHKXERXQUXLGRFRPRGHSH]XxDVUDXGDV'HUHSHQWHGH
OD OREUHJXH] VDOLy XQ FLHUYR YRODGRU &DUJy VREUH ORV HQDQRV \ ORV GHUULEy \ HQ
VHJXLGDVHHQFRJLySDUD
VDOWDU3DVySRUHQFLPDGHODJXDFRQXQSRGHURVREULQFRSHURQROOHJyLQGHPQHD
ODRULOOD7KRULQKDEtDVLGRHO~QLFRTXHD~QVHPDQWHQtDHQSLH\DOHUWD7DQSURQWR
FRPROOHJDURQDWLHUUDKDEtDSUHSDUDGRHODUFR\KDEtDSXHVWRXQDIOHFKDSRUVLGH
SURQWR DSDUHFtD HO JXDUGLiQ GHO ERWH 'LVSDUy UiSLGR FRQWUD OD EHVWLD TXH VH
GHUUXPEy DO OOHJDU D OD RWUD RULOOD /DV VRPEUDV OD GHYRUDURQ SHUR R\HURQ XQ
VRQLGRHQWUHFRUWDGRGHSH]XxDVTXHDOILQVHH[WLQJXLy
$QWHVTXHSXGLHUDQDODEDUHVWHWLURFHUWHURXQKRUULEOHJHPLGRGH%LOERKL]RTXH
WRGRV ROYLGDUDQ OD FDUQH GH YHQDGR ²£%RPEXU KD FDtGR £%RPEXU VH DKRJD ²
JULWy 1R HUD PiV TXH OD YHUGDG %RPEXU VyOR WHQtD XQ SLH HQ WLHUUD FXDQGR HO
FLHUYR VH DGHODQWy \ VDOWy VREUH pO +DEtD WURSH]DGR LPSXOVDQGR HO ERWH KDFLD
DWUiV\SHUGLHQGRHOHTXLOLEULR\ODVPDQRVOHUHVEDODURQSRUODVUDtFHVOLPRVDVGH
ODRULOODPLHQWUDVHOERWHGHVDSDUHFtDJLUDQGROHQWDPHQWH
$~Q DOFDQ]DURQ D YHU HO FDSXFKyQ GH %RPEXU VREUH HO DJXD FXDQGR OOHJDURQ
FRUULHQGRDODRULOOD/HHFKDURQUiSLGDPHQWHXQDFXHUGDFRQXQJDQFKR/DPDQR
GH %RPEXU DIHUUy OD FXHUGD \ ORV 2WURV WLUDURQ 3RU VXSXHVWR HO HQDQR HVWDED
HPSDSDGRGHSLHVDFDEH]DSHURHVRQRHUDORSHRU&XDQGRORGHSRVLWDURQHQ
WLHUUD VHFD \D HVWDED SURIXQGDPHQWH GRUPLGR OD PDQR WDQ DSUHWDGD D OD FXHUGD
TXHQRODSXGLHURQVROWDU\SURIXQGDPHQWHGRUPLGRTXHGyDSHVDUGHWRGRORTXH
OHKLFLHURQ
$~QHVWDEDQGHSLH\ PLUiQGRORPDOGLFLHQGRHOGHVJUDFLDGRLQFLGHQWH\ODWRUSH]D
GH %RPEXU ODPHQWDQGR OD SpUGLGD GHO ERWH TXH OHV LPSHGtD YROYHU \ EXVFDU HO
FLHUYR FXDQGR DGYLUWLHURQ XQ GpELO VRQLGR FRPR GH WURPSDV \ GH SHUURV TXH
ODGUDVHQOHMRVHQHOERVTXH
7RGRV VH TXHGDURQ HQ VLOHQFLR \ FXDQGR VH VHQWDURQ OHV SDUHFLy TXH RtDQ HO
HVWUpSLWRGHXQDJUDQFDFHUtDDOQRUWHGHOVHQGHURDXQTXHQRYLHURQQDGD
(VWXYLHURQ VHQWDGRV GXUDQWH ODUJR UDWR QR DWUHYLpQGRVH D PRYHUVH %RPEXU
VHJXtD GXUPLHQGR FRQ XQD VRQULVD HQ OD FDUD UHGRQGD FRPR VL WRGRV DTXHOORV
SUREOHPDV\DQROHSUHRFXSDUDQ'HUHSHQWHVHQGHURDGHODQWHDSDUHFLHURQXQRV
FLHUYRVEODQFRVXQFHUYDWR\XQDVFLHUYDVWDQQtYHRVFRPRRVFXURKDEtDVLGRHO
FLHUYRDQWHULRU5HIXOJtDQHQODVVRPEUDV$QWHVGHTXH7KRULQ SXGLHUDGHFLUQDGD
WUHV GH ORV HQDQRV VH KDEtDQ SXHVWR HQSLHGHXQEULQFR\KDEtDQGLVSDUDGRODV
IOHFKDV 1LQJXQD SDUHFLy GDU HQ HO EODQFR /RV FLHUYRV Vp YROYLHURQ \
GHVDSDUHFLHURQHQWUHORViUEROHVWDQHQVLOHQFLRFRPRKDEtDQYHQLGR\ORVHQDQRV
GLVSDUDURQHQYDQRRWUDVIOHFKDV
²£'HWHQHRV £'HWHQHRV ²JULWy 7KRULQ SHUR GHPDVLDGR WDUGH ORV H[FLWDGRV
HQDQRVKDEtDQGHVSHUGLFLDGRODV~OWLPDVIOHFKDV\DKRUDORVDUFRVTXH%HRUQOHV
KDEtDGDGRHUDQLQ~WLOHV
(VD QRFKH IXHURQ XQD WULVWH SDUWLGD\HVWDWULVWH]DSHVyD~QPiVVREUHHOORVHQ
ORVGtDVVLJXLHQWHV+DEtDQFUX]DGRHODUUR\RHQFDQWDGRSHURPiVDOOiHOVHQGHUR
SDUHFtDVHUSHDULJXDOTXHDQWHV\HQHOERVTXHUtRDGYLUWLHURQFDPELRDOJXQR6L
VyORKXELHVHQVDELGRXQSRFRPiVGHpO\KXELHVHQFRQVLGHUDGRHOVLJQLILFDGRGH
ODFDFHUtD\GHOFLHUYREODQFRTXHVHOHVKDEtDDSDUHFLGRHQHOFDPLQRKXELHUDQ
SRGLGRUHFRQRFHUTXHLEDQDOILQKDFLDHOOLQGHHVWH\TXHVLKXELHVHQFRQVHUYDGR
HO YDORU \ ODV HVSHUDQ]DV SURQWR KDEUtDQ OOHJDGR D VLWLRV GRQGH OD OX] GHO VRO
EULOODEDGHQXHYR\ORViUEROHVHUDQPiVUDORV
3HURQRORVDEtDQ\HVWDEDQFDUJDGRVFRQHOSHVDGRFXHUSRGH%RPEXUDOTXH
WUDQVSRUWDEDQFRPRPHMRUSRGtDQWXUQiQGRVHGHFXDWURHQFXDWURHQODIDWLJRVD
WDUHD PLHQWUDV ORV GHPiV VH UHSDUWtDQ ORV EXOWRV 6L HVWRV QR VH KXELHUDQ
DOLJHUDGRHQODV~OWLPDVMRUQDGDVQXQFDORKXELHUDQFRQVHJXLGRSHURHOVRQULHQWH
\ VRQDGRU %RPEXU HUD XQ SREUH VXVWLWXWR GH ODV PRFKLODV FDUJDGDV GH FRPLGD
SHVDVHQORTXHSHVDVHQ3RFRVGtDVPiV\QROHVTXHGySUiFWLFDPHQWHQDGDTXH
FRPHUREHEHU1DGDDSHWLWRVRSDUHFtDFUHFHUHQHOERVTXHVyORKRQJRV\KLHUEDV
GHKRMDVSiOLGDV\RORUGHVDJUDGDEOH
&XDWURGtDVGHVSXpVGHODUUR\RHQFDQWDGROOHJDURQDXQVLWLRGHOERVTXHSREODGR
GH KD\DV (Q XQ SULPHU PRPHQWR OHV DOHJUy HO FDPELR SXHV DTXt QR FUHFtDQ
PDOH]DV \ ODV VRPEUDV QR HUDQ WDQ SURIXQGDV +DEtD XQD OX] YHUGRVD D DPERV
ODGRVGHOVHQGHURSHURHOUHVSODQGRUVyORUHYHODEDXQDVKLOHUDVLQWHUPLQDEOHVGH
WURQFRV UHFWRV \ JULVHV FRPR SLODUHV GH XQ YDVWR VDOyQ FUHSXVFXODU +DEtD XQ
VRSOR GH DLUH \ VH RtD XQ YLHQWR SHUR HO VRQLGR HUD WULVWH 8QDV KRMDV VHFDV
FD\HURQUHFRUGiQGROHVTXHIXHUDOOHJDEDHORWRxR$UUDVWUDEDQORVSLHVSRUHQWUH
ODV KRMDV PXHUWDV GH RWURV RWRxRV LQFRQWDEOHV TXH HQ PRQWRQHV OOHJDEDQ DO
VHQGHURGHVGHODDOIRPEUDJUDQDWHGHOERVTXH
%RPEXU GRUPtD D~Q \ HOORV HVWDEDQ PX\ FDQVDGRV $ YHFHV RtDQ XQD ULVD
LQTXLHWDQWH \ D YHFHV WDPELpQ XQ &DQWR D OR OHMRV /D ULVD HUD ULVD GH YRFHV
DUPRQLRVDV QR GH WUDVJRV \ HO FDQWR HUD KHUPRVR SHUR VRQDED PLVWHULRVR \
H[WUDxR \ HQ YH] GH VHQWLUVH UHFRQIRUWDGRV VH GLHURQ SULVD SRU GHMDU DTXHOORV
SDUDMHVFRQODVIXHU]DVTXHOHVUHVWDEDQ
'RV GtDV PiV WDUGH GHVFXEULHURQ TXH HO VHQGHUR GHVFHQGtD \ DQWHV GH PXFKR
WLHPSRVDOLHURQDXQYDOOHHQHOTXHFUHFtDQXQRVJUDQGHVUREOHV
²¢(V TXH QXQFD KD GH WHUPLQDU HVWH ERVTXH PDOGLWR" ²GLMR 7KRULQ² $OJXLHQ
WLHQHTXHWUHSDUDXQiUERO\YHUVLSXHGHVDFDUODFDEH]DSRUHOWHMDGR\HFKDUXQ
YLVWD]R DOUHGHGRU +D\ TXH HVFRJHU HO iUERO PiV DOWR TXH VH LQFOLQH VREUH HO
VHQGHUR
3RUVXSXHVWRDOJXLHQTXHUtDGHFLU%LOER/RHOLJLHURQSRUTXHSDUDTXHHOLQWHQWR
VLUYLHUDGHDOJRTXLHQWUHSDVHQHFHVLWDUtDVDFDUODFDEH]DSRUHQWUHODVKRMDVPiV
DOWDV \ SRU WDQWR WHQtD TXH VHU OLYLDQR SDUD TXH ODV UDPDV GHOJDGDV SXGLHUDQ
VRVWHQHUOR (OSREUHVHxRU%ROVyQQXQFDKDEtDWHQLGRPXFKDSUiFWLFDHQWUHSDUD
ODV iUEROHV SHUR ORV RWURV OR DO]DURQ KDVWD ODV UDPDV PiV EDMDV GH XQ UREOH
HQRUPH TXH FUHFtD MXVWR DO ODGR GHO VHQGHUR \ DOOi WXYR TXH VXELU OR PHMRU TXH
SXGR VH DEULy FDPLQR SRUHQWUHODVSHTXHxDVUDPDVHQPDUDxDGDVFRQPiVGH
XQJROSHHQORVRMRV6HPDQFKyGHYHUGH\VHHQVXFLyFRQODFRUWH]DYLHMDGHODV
UDPDVPiVJUDQGHVPiVGHXQDYH]UHVEDOy\FRQVLJXLy
VRVWHQHUVHHQHO~OWLPRPRPHQWRSRUILQWUDVXQWHUULEOHHVIXHU]RHQXQVLWLRGLItFLO
GRQGHQRSDUHFtDKDEHUQLQJXQDUDPDDGHFXDGDOOHJyFHUFDGHODFLPD7RGRHO
WLHPSR VH HVWXYR SUHJXQWDQGR VL KDEUtD DUDxDV HQ HO iUERO \ FyPR LED D EDMDU
H[FHSWRFD\HQGR
$OILQVDFyODFDEH]DSRUHQFLPDGHOWHFKRGHKRMDV\HQHIHFWRHQFRQWUyDUDxDV
3HUR HUDQ SHTXHxDV GH WDPDxR FRUULHQWH \ VyOR OHV LQWHUHVDEDQ ODV PDULSRVDV
/RV RMRV GH %LOER FDVL VH HQFHJXHFLHURQ FRQ OD OX] 2tD D ORV HQDQRV TXH OH
JULWDEDQ GHVGH DEDMR SHUR QR SRGtD UHVSRQGHUOHV VyOR DIHUUDUVH D ODV UDPDV \
SDUSDGHDU (O VRO EULOODED UHVSODQGHFLHQWH \ SDVy ODUJR UDWR DQWHV TXH SXGLHUD
VRSRUWDUOR &XDQGR OR FRQVLJXLy YLR D VX DOUHGHGRU XQ PDU YHUGH RVFXUR UL]DGR
DTXt \ DOOi SRU OD EULVD \ SRU WRGDV SDUWHV FLHQWRV GH PDULSRVDV 6XSRQJR TXH
HUDQXQDHVSHFLHGHHPSHUDGRUS~USXUDXQDPDULSRVDDILFLRQDGDDODVDOWXUDV
GH ODV UREOHGDV SHUR QR HUDQ QDGD SXUS~UHDV VLQR PX\ RVFXUDV GH XQ QHJUR
DWHUFLRSHODGRVLQTXHVHOHVSXGLHVHYHUQLQJXQDPDUFD
2EVHUYyDODHPSHUDGRUQHJUDGXUDQWHODUJRUDWR\GLVIUXWyVLQWLHQGRODEULVDHQ
HOFDEHOOR\ODFDUDSHURORVJULWRVGHORVHQDQRVTXHDKRUDHVWDEDQLPSDFLHQWHV
\SDWHDEDQHOVXHORDOOiDEDMROHUHFRUGDURQDOILQDTXpKDEtDYHQLGR'HQDGDOH
VLUYLy0LUyFRQDWHQFLyQDOUHGHGRUWDQWRFRPRSXGR\QRYLRTXHORViUEROHVRODV
KRMDVWHUPLQDVHQHQDOJXQDSDUWH(OFRUD]yQTXHVHOHKDEtDDOLJHUDGRYLHQGRHO
VRO \ VLQWLHQGR HO VRSOR GHO YLHQWR OH SHVDED HQ HO SHFKR QR KDEtD FRPLGD TXH
OOHYDUDOOiDEDMR
5HDOPHQWH FRPR RV KH GLFKR QR HVWDEDQ PX\ OHMRV GHO OLQGH GHO ERVTXH \ VL
%LOER KXELHUD VLGR PiV SHUVSLFD] KDEUtD HQWHQGLGR TXH HO iUERO DO TXH KDEtD
WUHSDGRDXQTXHDOWRHVWDEDFDVLHQORPiVKRQGRGH XQYDOOHH[WHQVRPLUDQGR
GHVGHODFRSDORVRWURViUEROHVSDUHFtDQFUHFHUWRGRDOUHGHGRUFRPRORVERUGHV
GH XQ JUDQ WD]yQ \ %LOER QR SRGtD YHU KDVWD GyQGH VH H[WHQGtD HO ERVTXH 6LQ
HPEDUJR QR VH GLR FXHQWD GH HVWR \ GHVFHQGLy DO ILQ GHVHVSHUDGR FXELHUWR GH
DUDxD]RVVRIRFDGR\PLVHUDEOH\QRYLRQDGDHQODRVFXULGDGGHDEDMRFXDQGR
OOHJyDOOt/DVPDODVQXHYDVSURQWRSXVLHURQDORVRWURVWDQWULVWHVFRPRpO
²£(O ERVTXH VLJXH VLJXH \ VLJXH HQ WRGDV GLUHFFLRQHV ¢4Xp KDUHPRV"¢<TXp
VHQWLGRWLHQHHQYLDUDXQKREELW"²JULWDEDQFRPRVL%LOERIXHVHHOFXOSDEOH/HV
LPSRUWDEDQXQUiEDQRODVPDULSRVDV\FXDQGROHVKDEOyGHODKHUPRVDEULVDVH
HQIDGDURQPiVD~QSXHVHUDQGHPDVLDGRSHVDGRVSDUDWUHSDU\VHQWLUOD
$TXHOOD QRFKH WRPDURQ ODV ~OWLPDV VREUDV \ PLJDMDV GH FRPLGD \ FXDQGR D OD
PDxDQD VLJXLHQWH GHVSHUWDURQ DGYLUWLHURQ DQWH WRGR TXH HVWDEDQ UDELRVDPHQWH
KDPEULHQWRV \ OXHJR TXH OORYtD \ TXH ODV JRWDV FDtDQ SHVDGDPHQWH DTXt \ DOOi
VREUHHOVXHORGHOERVTXH(VRVyOROHVUHFRUGyTXHWDPELpQHVWDEDQPXHUWRVGH
VHG \ TXH OD OOXYLD QR ORV DOLYLDED QR VH SXHGH DSDJDU XQD VHG WHUULEOH VyOR
TXHGiQGRWH DO SLH GH XQRV UREOHV JLJDQWHVFRV HVSHUDQGR D TXH XQD JRWD
RFDVLRQDO WH FDLJD HQ OD OHQJXD /D ~QLFD SL]FD GH FRQVXHOR OOHJy
LQHVSHUDGDPHQWHGH%RPEXU
%RPEXUGHVSHUWyGHV~ELWR\VHVHQWyUDVFiQGRVHODFDEH]D1RKDEtDPRGRGH
TXHSXGLHUDHQWHQGHUGyQGHHVWDEDQLSRUTXpWHQtDWDQWDKDPEUH+DEtDROYLGDGR
WRGRORTXHRFXUULHUDGHVGHHOSULQFLSLRGHOYLDMHDTXHOODPDxDQDGHPD\RKDFtD
WDQWR WLHPSR /R ~OWLPR TXH UHFRUGDED HUD OD WHUWXOLD HQ OD FDVD GHO KREELW \ IXH
GLItFLOFRQYHQFHUORGHODYHUGDGGHODVPXFKDVDYHQWXUDVTXHKDEtDQWHQLGRGHVGH
HQWRQFHV
&XDQGRR\yTXHQRKDEtDQDGDTXHFRPHUVHVHQWy\VHHFKyDOORUDUVHVHQWtD
PX\GpELO\OHWHPEODEDQODVSLHUQDV
²¢3RU TXp KDEUp GHVSHUWDGR" ²VROOR]DED² 7HQtD XQRV VXHxRV WDQ
PDUDYLOORVRV 6RQp TXH FDPLQDED SRU XQ ERVTXH EDVWDQWH SDUHFLGR D pVWH
DOXPEUDGRVyORSRUDQWRUFKDVHQORViUEROHVOiPSDUDVTXHVHEDODQFHDEDQHQODV
UDPDV\KRJXHUDVHQHOVXHOR\VHFHOHEUDEDXQDJUDQILHVWDTXHQRWHUPLQDUtD
QXQFD 8Q UH\ GHO ERVTXH HVWDED DOOt FRURQDGR GH KRMDV \ VH RtDQ DOHJUHV
FDQFLRQHV\QRSRGUtDFRQWDURGHVFULELUWRGRORTXHKDEtDSDUDFRPHU\EHEHU
²<QRWLHQHVSRUTXpLQWHQWDUOR²GLMR7KRULQ²(QYHUGDGVLQRSXHGHVKDEODUGH
RWUDFRVDPHMRUWHFDOODV<DHVWDPRVEDVWDQWHPROHVWRVFRQWLJRSRUOR TXHSDVy
6L QR KXELHUDV GHVSHUWDGR WH KDEUtDPRV GHMDGR HQ HO ERVTXH FRQ WXV VXHxRV
LGLRWDVQRHVQLQJXQDEURPDDQGDUFDUJDQGRFRQWLJRQLDXQGHVSXpVGHVHPDQDV
GHHVFDVH]
1R SRGtDQ KDFHU RWUD FRVD TXH DSUHWDUVH ORV FLQWXURQHV VREUH ORV HVWyPDJRV
YDFtRVFDUJDUFRQORVVDFRV\PRFKLODVWDPELpQYDFtRV\PDUFKDUVLQGHVFDQVR
FDPLQRDGHODQWHVLQPXFKDVHVSHUDQ]DVGHOOHJDUDOILQDODQWHVGHFDHU\PRULUGH
LQDQLFLyQ(VWRIXHORTXHKLFLHURQWRGRHVHGtDDYDQ]DQGRFDQVDGD\OHQWDPHQWH
PLHQWUDV %RPEXU VHJXtD TXHMiQGRVH GH TXH ODV SLHUQDV QR SRGtDQ VRVWHQHUOR \
TXHTXHUtDHFKDUVH\GRUPLU
²1R QR OR KDUiV ²GHFtDQ² 4XH WXV SLHUQDV FXPSODQ OD SDUWH TXH OHV WRFD
QRVRWURV\DWHKHPRVFDUJDGREDVWDQWHWLHPSR
$SHVDUGHWRGR%RPEXUVHQHJyGHSURQWRDGDU XQSDVRPiV\VHGHMyFDHUHQ
HO VXHOR ²6HJXLG VL HV YXHVWUR GHEHU ²GLMR² \R PH HFKDUp DTXt D GRUPLU \ D
VRxDU FRQ FRPLGD \D TXH QR SXHGR WHQHUOD GH RWUR PRGR (VSHUR QR GHVSHUWDU
QXQFDPiV
(QHVHPRPHQWR%DOLQTXHLEDXQSRFRPiVDGHODQWHJULWy²¢4XpHVHVR"&UHt
YHUXQGHVWHOORGHOX]HQWUHORViUEROHV
7RGRV PLUDURQ \ SDUHFtD TXH DOOi D OR OHMRV VH YHtD XQ SDUSDGHR URML]R HQ OD
RVFXULGDG\GHVSXpVRWUR\RWURDXQODGR+DVWD%RPEXUPLVPRVHSXVRGHSLH\
OXHJR WRGRV FDPLQDURQ GH SULVD VLQ GHWHQHUVH D SHQVDU VL ODV OXFHV VHUtDQ GH
RJURV R GH WUDVJRV /D OX] EULOODED GHODQWH GH HOORV \ D OD L]TXLHUGD \ DO ILQ IXH
HYLGHQWH TXH XQDV DQWRUFKDV \ KRJXHUDV DUGtDQ EDMR ORV iUEROHV SHUR D EXHQD
GLVWDQFLDGHOVHQGHUR
²3DUHFHFRPRVLPLVVXHxRVVHKLFLHVHQUHDOLGDG²GLMR%RPEXUGHVGHDWUiVFRQ
YR] HQWUHFRUWDGD \ TXLVR FRUUHU GLUHFWDPHQWH ERVTXH DGHQWUR KDFLD ODV OXFHV
3HURORV2WURVUHFRUGDEDQGHPDVLDGRELHQODVDGYHUWHQFLDVGH%HRUQ\HOPDJR
²8QEDQTXHWHQRVHUYLUiGHQDGDVLQRVDOLPRVYLYRV²GLMR7KRULQ
²3HURGHFXDOTXLHUPRGRVLQXQEDQTXHWHQRVHJXLUHPRVYLYRVPXFKRWLHPSR²
GLMR%RPEXU\%LOERDVLQWLyGHWRGRFRUD]yQ/RGLVFXWLHURQODUJRUDWRGHOGHUHFKR
\GHOUHYpVKDVWDTXHSRUILQFRQYLQLHURQHQPDQGDUXQSDUGHHVStDVSDUDTXH
VHDFHUFDUDQDUUDVWUiQGRVHDODVOXFHV\DYHULJXDUDQPiVVREUHHOODV3HUROXHJR
FXDQGRVHSUHJXQWDURQDTXLpQHQYLDUtDQQRSXGLHURQSRQHUVHGHDFXHUGRQDGLH
SDUHFtDWHQHUJDQDVGHH[WUDYLDUVH\QRHQFRQWUDUPiVDVXVDPLJRV3RU~OWLPR\
D SHVDU GH ODV DGYHUWHQFLDV HO KDPEUH ORV GHFLGLy \D TXH %RPEXU FRQWLQXy
GHVFULELHQGRWRGDVODVEXHQDVFRVDVTXHVHHVWDEDQFRPLHQGRHQHOEDQTXHWHGHO
ERVTXHGHDFXHUGRFRQORTXHpOKDEtDVRxDGRGHQRGRTXHGHMDURQODVHQGD\
MXQWRVVHSUHFLSLWDURQERVTXHDGHQWUR
/XHJRGHPXFKRDUUDVWUDUVH\JDWHDUPLUDURQHVFRQGLGRVGHWUiVGHXQRVWURQFRV\
YLHURQXQFODURFRQDOJXQRViUEROHVFDtGRV\XQWHUUHQROODQR+DEtDPXFKDJHQWH
DOOt GH DVSHFWR pOILFR YHVWLGRV WRGRV GH FDVWDxR \ YHUGH \ VHQWDGRV HQ FtUFXOR
VREUHFHSRVGHiUEROHVWDODGRV8QDKRJXHUDDUGtDHQHOFHQWUR\KDEtDDQWRUFKDV
HQFHQGLGDVVXMHWDVDORViUEROHVGHDOUHGHGRUSHURODYLVLyQPiVHVSOpQGLGDHUD
ODJHQWHTXHFRPtDEHEtD\UHtDDOERUR]DGD
(ORORUGHODVFDUQHVDVDGDVHUDWDQDWUDFWLYRTXHVLQFRQVXOWDUVHHQWUHHOORVWRGRV
VHSXVLHURQGHSLH\FRUULHURQKDFLDHOFtUFXORFRQOD~QLFDLGHDGHSHGLUXQSRFR
GH FRPLGD 7DQ SURQWR FRPR HO SULPHUR GLR XQ SDVR GHQWUR GHO FODUR WRGDV ODV
OXFHV VH DSDJDURQ FRPR SRU DUWH GH PDJLD $OJXLHQ SLVRWHy OD KRJXHUD TXH
GHVDSDUHFLy HQ FRKHWHV GH FKLVSDV UXWLODQWHV (VWDEDQ SHUGLGRV DKRUD HQ OD
RVFXULGDG PiV QHJUD \ QL VLTXLHUD FRQVLJXLHURQ DJUXSDUVH DO PHQRVGXUDQWHXQ
EXHQUDWR3RUILQOXHJRGHKDEHUFRUULGRIUHQpWLFDPHQWHDFLHJDVJROSHDQGRFRQ
HVWUpSLWRORViUEROHVWURSH]DQGRHQORVWURQFRVFDtGRVJULWDQGR\OODPDQGRKDVWD
KDEHUGHVSHUWDGRVLQGXGDDWRGRHOERVTXHHQPLOODVDODUHGRQGDFRQVLJXLHURQ
MXQWDUVH HQ PRQWyQ \ VH FRQWDURQ XQRV D RWURV 3RU VXSXHVWR HQ HVH HQWRQFHV
KDEtDQ ROYLGDGR SRU FRPSOHWR HQ TXp GLUHFFLyQ TXHGDED HO VHQGHUR \ HVWDEDQ
LUUHPLVLEOHPHQWHH[WUDYLDGRVSRUORPHQRVKDVWDODPDxDQD
1RSRGtDQKDFHURWUDFRVDTXHLQVWDODUVHSDUDSDVDUODQRFKHDOOtGRQGHHVWDEDQ
QLVLTXLHUDVHDWUHYLHURQDEXVFDUHQHOVXHORXQRVUHVWRVGHFRPLGDSRUWHPRUD
VHSDUDUVHRWUDYH]3HURQROOHYDEDQPXFKRWLHPSRHFKDGRV\%LOERVyORHVWDED
DGRUPHFLGRFXDQGR'RULDTXLHQOHKDEtDWRFDGRHOSULPHUWXUQRGHJXDUGLDGLMR
FRQXQIXHUWHVXVXUUR
²/DVOXFHVDSDUHFHQGHQXHYRDOOi\DKRUDVHDPiVQXPHURVDV
7RGRV VHLQFRUSRUDURQGHXQVDOWR$OOiVLQQLQJXQDGXGDSDUSDGHDEDQQRPX\
OHMRVXQDVOXFHV\VHRtDQFODUDPHQWHYRFHV\ULVDV6HDUUDVWUDURQKDFLDHOODVHQ
ILOD FDGD XQR WRFDQGR OD HVSDOGD GHO TXH LED GHODQWH &XDQGR VH DFHUFDURQ
7KRULQGLMR²£4XHQDGLHVHDSUHVXUHDKRUD£4XHQLQJXQRVHGHMHYHUKDVWDTXH
\RORGLJD(QYLDUpSULPHURDOVHxRU%ROVyQSDUDTXHOHVKDEOH1RWRVDVXVWDUi²
¢<TXpPHSDVDUiDPt"SHQVy%LOER²<GHWRGRVPRGRVQRFUHRTXHOHKDJDQ
QDGDPDOR
&XDQGR OOHJDURQ DO ERUGH GHO FtUFXOR GH OX] HPSXMDURQ GH UHSHQWH D %LOER SRU
GHWUiV$QWHVTXHWXYLHUDWLHPSRGHSRQHUVHHODQLOOR%LOERDYDQ]yWDPEDOHiQGRVH
DODOX]GHOIXHJR\ODVDQWRUFKDV'HQDGDVLUYLy2WUDYH]VHDSDJDURQODVOXFHV\
FD\yODRVFXULGDG
6LKDEtDVLGRGLItFLO UHXQLUVHDQWHVDKRUDIXHPXFKRSHRU<QRSRGtDQGDUFRQHO
KREELW7RGDVODVYHFHVTXHFRQWDURQHUDQVLHPSUHWUHFH*ULWDURQ\OODPDURQ
²£%LOER%ROVyQ£+REELW£7~PDOGLWRKREELW£(KKREELWPDOKDGDGR¢'yQGHHVWiV"
,EDQ D DEDQGRQDU WRGD HVSHUDQ]D FXDQGR 'RUL GLR FRQ pO SRU FDVXDOLGDG &D\y
VREUH OR TXH FUH\y XQ WURQFR \ VH HQFRQWUy FRQ TXH HUD HO KREELW DFXUUXFDGR \
SURIXQGDPHQWH GRUPLGR 'HVSXpV GH PXFKR ]DUDQGHDUOR FRQVLJXLHURQ TXH
GHVSHUWDVH\%LOERQRSDUHFLyPX\FRQWHQWR
²7HQtD XQ VXHxR WDQ PDUDYLOORVR ²JUXxy² WRGRV SDUWLFLSDQGR GH OD PiV
HVSOpQGLGDFHQD
²£&LHORV HVWi FRPR %RPEXU ²GLMHURQ² 1R QRV KDEOHV GH FHQDV /DV FHQDV
VRxDGDVGHQDGDVLUYHQ\QRSRGHPRVFRPSDUWLUODV
²1RKD\QDGDPHMRUDPLDOFDQFHHQHVWHGHVDJUDGDEOHOXJDU²PXUPXUy%LOER
PLHQWUDV VH HFKDED RWUD YH] DO ODGR GH ORV HQDQRV H LQWHQWDED YROYHU D GRUPLU \
WHQHUGHQXHYRDTXHOVXHxR
3HURQRIXHOD~OWLPDYH]TXHYLHURQOXFHVHQHOERVTXH0iVWDUGHFXDQGR\DOD
QRFKHWHQtDTXHKDEHUHQYHMHFLGR.LOLTXHHVWDEDHQWRQFHVGHJXDUGLDYLQR\ORV
GHVSHUWyDWRGRV
²+DDSDUHFLGRXQJUDQUHVSODQGRUQRPX\OHMRV²GLMR²&LHQWRVGHDQWRUFKDV\
PXFKDVKRJXHUDVKDQVLGRHQFHQGLGDVGHUHSHQWH\SRUDUWHGHPDJLD£(VFXFKDG
HOFDQWR\ODVDUSDV
/XHJR GH TXHGDUVH XQ UDWR HFKDGRV \ HVFXFKDQGR GHVFXEULHURQ TXH QR SRGtDQ
UHVLVWLUHOGHVHRGHDFHUFDUVH\WUDWDUXQDYH]PiVGHFRQVHJXLUD\XGD7RGRVVH
LQFRUSRUDURQ \ HVWD YH] HO UHVXOWDGR IXH GHVDVWURVR (O EDQTXHWH TXH YLHURQ
HQWRQFHVHUDPiVJUDQGH\PDJQtILFRTXHDQWHVDODFDEHFHUDGHXQDODUJDKLOHUD
GHFRPHQVDOHVHVWDEDVHQWDGRXQUH\GHOERVTXHFRQXQDFRURQDGHKRMDVVREUH
ORVFDEHOORVGRUDGRVPX\SDUHFLGRDODILJXUDTXH%RPEXUKDEtDYLVWRHQVXHxRV
/DJHQWHpOILFDVHSDVDEDFXHQFRVGHPDQRHQPDQRSRUHQFLPDGHODVKRJXHUDV
DOJXQRV WRFDEDQ HO DUSD \ PXFKRV HVWDEDQ FDQWDQGR /DV FDEHOOHUDV
UHVSODQGHFtDQ FHxLGDV FRQ IORUHV JHPDV YHUGHV \ EODQFDV GHVWHOODEDQ HQ
FLQWXURQHV\FROODUHV\ODVFDUDV\ODVFDQFLRQHVHUDQGHUHJRFLMR$OWDVFODUDV\
KHUPRVDVVRQDEDQODVFDQFLRQHV\IXHUDVDOLy7KRULQDSDUHFLHQGRHQWUHHOORV
8QVLOHQFLRPRUWDOFD\yDPLWDGGHXQDIUDVH7RGDVODVOXFHVVHH[WLQJXLHURQ/DV
KRJXHUDVVHWUDQVIRUPDURQHQKXPDUHGDVQHJUDV%UDVDV\FHQL]DVFD\HURQVREUH
ORVRMRVGHORVHQDQRV\HQHOERVTXHVHR\HURQRWUDYH]FODPRUHV\JULWRV
%LOER VH HQFRQWUy FRUULHQGR HQ FtUFXORV DVt OR FUHtD \ OODPDQGR \ OODPDQGR ²
'RUL1RUL2ULÏLQ*OyLQ)tOL.LOL%RPEXU%LIXU%DOLQ'ZDOLQ7KRULQ(VFXGRGH
5REOH ²PLHQWUDV JHQWHV TXH QL SRGtD YHU QL VHQWLU KDFtDQ OR PLVPR DOUHGHGRU
ODQ]DQGR DOJ~Q RFDVLRQDO ²£%LOER ²3HUR ORV JULWRV GH ORV RWURV IXHURQ
KDFLpQGRVHPiVOHMDQRV\GpELOHV\DXQTXHDOFDERGHXQUDWROHSDUHFLyTXHVH
KDEtDQ WUDQVIRUPDGR HQ DXOOLGRV \ GLVWDQWHV OODPDGDV GH VRFRUUR WRGRV ORV
VRQLGRV PXULHURQ DO ILQ \ %LOER VH TXHGy VyOR HQ XQD RVFXULGDG \ XQ VLOHQFLR
FRPSOHWRV
$TXHO IXH XQR GH ORV PRPHQWRV PiV WULVWHV GH OD YLGD GH %LOER 3HUR SURQWR
GHFLGLy TXH HUD LQ~WLO LQWHQWDU QDGD KDVWD TXH HO GtD WUDMHVH DOJXQD OX] \ TXH GH
QDGD VHUYtD DQGDU D FLHJDV FDQViQGRVH VLQ HVSHUDQ]DV GH GHVD\XQR TXH OR
UHYLYLHVH$VtTXHVHVHQWyFRQODHVSDOGDFRQWUDXQiUERO\QRSRU~OWLPDYH]VH
HQFRQWUy SHQVDQGR HQ HO GLVWDQWH DJXMHUR²KREELW \ ODV KHUPRVDV GHVSHQVDV
(VWDED VXPLGR HQ SHQVDPLHQWRV GH SDQFHWDV KXHYRV WRVWDGDV \ PDQWHTXLOOD
FXDQGR VLQWLy TXH DOJR OR WRFDED $OJR FRPR XQD FXHUGD SHJDMRVD \ IXHUWH VH OH
KDEtD SHJDGR D OD PDQR L]TXLHUGD WUDWy GH PRYHUVH \ GHVFXEULy TXH WHQtD ODV
SLHUQDV \D VXMHWDV SRU DTXHOOD PLVPD HVSHFLH GH FXHUGD \ FXDQGR WUDWy GH
OHYDQWDUVHFD\yDOVXHOR
(QWRQFHVODJUDQDUDxDTXHKDEtDHVWDGRRFXSDGDHQDWDUORPLHQWUDVGRUPLWDED
DSDUHFLySRUGHWUiV\VHSUHFLSLWyVREUHpO%LOERVyORYHtDORVRMRVGHODFULDWXUD
SHUR SRGtD VHQWLU HO FRQWDFWR GH ODV SDWDV SHOXGDV PLHQWUDV OD DUDxD WUDWDED GH
SDUDOL]DUOR FRQ YXHOWDV \ PiV YXHOWDV GH DTXHO KLOR DERPLQDEOH )XH XQD VXHUWH
TXH YROYLHVH HQ Vt D WLHPSR 3URQWR QR KXELHUD SRGLGR PRYHUVH 3HUR DQWHV GH
OLEHUDUVHWXYRTXHVRVWHQHUXQDOXFKDGHVHVSHUDGD5HFKD]yDODFULDWXUDFRQODV
PDQRV²HVWDEDLQWHQWDQGRHQYHQHQDUORSDUDPDQWHQHUORTXLHWRFRPRODVDUDxDV
SHTXHxDVKDFHQFRQODVPRVFDV² KDVWDTXHUHFRUGyODHVSDGD\ODGHVHQYDLQy
/D DUDxD GLR XQ VDOWR DWUiV \ %LOER WXYR WLHPSR SDUD FRUWDU ODV DWDGXUDV GH ODV
SLHUQDV $KRUD OH WRFDED D pO DWDFDU (UD HYLGHQWH TXH OD DUDxD QR HVWDED
DFRVWXPEUDGD D FRVDV TXH WXYLHVHQ D ORV ODGRV WDOHV DJXLMRQHV R KXELHVH
HVFDSDGR PXFKR PiV DSULVD %LOER VH SUHFLSLWy VREUH HOOD DQWHV TXH
GHVDSDUHFLHVH \ EODQGLHQGR OD HVSDGD OD JROSHy HQ ORV RMRV (QWRQFHV OD DUDxD
HQORTXHFLy \ VDOWy \ GDQ]y \ HVWLUy ODV SDWDV HQ KRUULEOHV HVSDVPRV KDVWD TXH
GDQGRRWURJROSH%LOERDFDEyFRQHOOD/XHJRVHGHMyFDHU\GXUDQWHODUJRUDWRQR
UHFRUGyQDGDPiV
&XDQGRYROYLyHQVtYLRDOUHGHGRUODKDELWXDOOX]JULV\PRUWHFLQDGHORVGtDVGHO
ERVTXH/DDUDxD\DFtDPXHUWDDXQODGR\ODHVSDGDHVWDEDPDQFKDGDGHQHJUR
3RU DOJXQD UD]yQ PDWDU D OD DUDxD JLJDQWH pO WRWDOPHQWH VROR HQ OD RVFXULGDG
VLQ OD D\XGD GHO PDJR R GH ORV HQDQRV R GH FXDOTXLHU RWUD FULDWXUD IXH PX\
LPSRUWDQWH SDUD HO VHxRU %ROVyQ 6H VHQWtD XQD SHUVRQD GLIHUHQWH PXFKR PiV
DXGD]\ILHUDDSHVDUGHOHVWyPDJRYDFtRPLHQWUDVOLPSLDEDODHVSDGDHQODKLHUED
\ODGHYROYtDDODYDLQD
²7HGDUpXQQRPEUH²OHGLMRDODHVSDGD²£7HOODPDUp$JXLMyQ
/XHJRVHGLVSXVRDH[SORUDU(OERVTXHHVWDEDRVFXUR\VLOHQFLRVRSHURDQWHVTXH
QDGDWHQtDTXHEXVFDUDVXVDPLJRVFRPRHUDREYLR4XL]iQRHVWXYLHVHQOHMRVD
PHQRV TXH XQRV WUDVJRV R DOJR SHRU ORV KXELHUDQ FDSWXUDGR $ %LOER QR OH
SDUHFtDVHQVDWRSRQHUVHDJULWDU\GXUDQWHXQUDWRHVWXYRSUHJXQWiQGRVHGHTXp
ODGR FRUUHUtD HO VHQGHUR \ HQ TXp GLUHFFLyQ WHQGUtD TXH LU SDUD EXVFDU D ORV
HQDQRV
²£2K¢SRUTXpQRKDEUHPRVWHQLGRHQFXHQWDORVFRQVHMRVGH%HRUQ\*DQGDOI"
²VH ODPHQWDED² £(Q TXp HQUHGR QRV KHPRV PHWLGR WRGRV QRVRWURV £1RVRWURV
/R ~QLFR TXH GHVHR HV TXH IXpVHPRV QRVRWURV HVKRUULEOHHVWDUFRPSOHWDPHQWH
VROR
3RU ~OWLPR WUDWy GH UHFRUGDU OD GLUHFFLyQ GH GRQGH KDEtDQ YHQLGR ORV JULWRV GH
DX[LOLR OD QRFKH DQWHULRU \ SRU VXHUWH KDEtD QDFLGR FRQ XQD EXHQD SURYLVLyQ GH
VXHUWH OR UHFRUGy EDVWDQWH ELHQ FRPR YHUpLV HQ VHJXLGD +DELpQGRVH GHFLGLGR
DYDQ]yPX\GHVSDFLRWDQKiELOPHQWHFRPRSXGR/RVKREELWVVDEHQPRYHUVHHQ
VLOHQFLR HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ ORV ERVTXHV FRPR \D RV KH GLFKR DGHPiV %LOER VH
KDEtDSXHVWRHODQLOORDQWHVGHSRQHUVHHQPDUFKD\IXHSRUHVRTXHODVDUDxDV
QRORYLHURQQLR\HURQFyPRVHDFHUFDED6HDEULySDVRVLJLORVDPHQWHGXUDQWHXQ
WUHFKR FXDQGR YLR GHODQWH XQD HVSHVD VRPEUD QHJUD QHJUD DXQ SDUD DTXHO
ERVTXH FRPR OD VRPEUD GH XQD PHGLDQRFKH LQPXWDEOH &XDQGR VH DFHUFy YLR
TXH OD VRPEUD HUD HQ UHDOLGDG XQD FRQIXVLyQ GH WHODUDxDV VXSHUSXHVWDV 9LR
WDPELpQ GH UHSHQWH TXH XQDV DUDxDV JUDQGHV \ KRUULEOHV HVWDEDQ VHQWDGDVSRU
HQFLPDGHpOHQODVUDPDV\FRQDQLOORRVLQDQLOORWHPEOyGHPLHGRDOSHQVDUTXH
TXL]iORGHVFXEULHUDQ6HTXHGyGHWUiVGHXQiUEROREVHUYyDXQJUXSRGHDUDxDV
GXUDQWH XQ WLHPSR \ DO ILQ FRPSUHQGLy TXH DTXHOODV UHSXJQDQWHV FULDWXUDV VH
KDEODEDQXQDVDRWUDVHQODTXLHWXG\HOVLOHQFLRGHOERVTXH/DVYRFHVHUDQFRPR
OHYHV FUXMLGRV \ VLVHRV SHUR %LOER SXGR HQWHQGHU PXFKDV GH ODV SDODEUDV
£(VWDEDQKDEODQGRGHORVHQDQRV
²)XH XQD OXFKD GXUD SHUR YDOLy OD SHQD ²GLMR XQD² (Q HIHFWR TXp SLHOHV
DVTXHURVDV\JUXHVDVWLHQHQSHURDSXHVWRDTXHGHQWURKD\ EXHQRVMXJRV
²6tVHUiQXQEXHQERFDGRFXDQGRKD\DQFROJDGRXQSRFRHQODWHOD²GLMRRWUD
²1RORVFROJXpLVGHPDVLDGRWLHPSR²GLMRXQDWHUFHUD²1RHVWiQPX\JRUGRV
<RGLUtDTXHQRVHDOLPHQWDURQPX\ELHQ~OWLPDPHQWH
²0DWDGORVRVGLJR\R²VLVHyXQDFXDUWD²0DWDGORVDKRUD\FROJDGORVPXHUWRV
GXUDQWHXQUDWR
²$SRVWDUtDDTXH\DHVWiQPXHUWRV²GLMRODSULPHUD
²1R QR OR HVWiQ $FDER GH YHU D XQR IRUFHMHDQGR -XVWR GHVSHUWDQGR GH XQ
KHUPRVRVXHxRGLUtD\R2VORPRVWUDUp
8QDGHODVDUDxDVJRUGDVFRUULyOXHJRDORODUJRGHXQDFXHUGDKDVWDOOHJDUDXQD
GRFHQDGHEXOWRVTXHFROJDEDQHQKLOHUDGHODVUDPDVDOWDV%LOERORVYLRHQWRQFHV
SRU SULPHUD YH] VXVSHQGLGRV HQ ODV VRPEUDV \ GHVFXEULy KRUURUL]DGR TXH HO SLH
GHXQHQDQRVREUHVDOtDGHOIRQGRGHDOJXQRVGHORVEXOWRV\DTXt\DOOiODSXQWD
GHXQDQDUL]RXQWUR]RGHEDUEDRGHFDSXFKyQ
/D DUDxD VH DFHUFy DO PiV JRUGR GH ORV EXOWRV (V HO SREUH YLHMR %RPEXU
DSRVWDUtDSHQVy%LOER\ODDUDxDSHOOL]FyODQDUL]TXHDVRPDED'HQWURVRQyXQ
GpELO JDxLGR \ XQ SLH VDOLy GLVSDUDGR \ JROSHy IXHUWH \ GLUHFWDPHQWH D OD DUDxD
$~QTXHGDEDYLGDHQ%RPEXU
6H R\y XQ UXLGR FRPR VL KXELHUDQ SDWHDGR XQD SHORWD GHVLQIODGD \ OD DUDxD
HQIXUHFLGDFD\yGHOiUERODIHUUiQGRVHDVXSURSLDFXHUGDHQHO~OWLPRLQVWDQWH
/DVRWUDVULHURQ²7HQtDVEDVWDQWHUD]yQ£/DFDUQHD~QHVWiYLYD\FROHDQGR
²£3URQWRDFDEDUpFRQHVR²VLVHyODDUDxDFROpULFDYROYLHQGRDWUHSDUDODUDPD
%LOER YLR TXH KDEtD OOHJDGR HO PRPHQWR GH KDFHU DOJR 1R SRGtD OOHJDU KDVWD
GRQGHHVWDEDQODVEHVWLDVQLWHQtDQDGDTXHWLUDUOHVSHURPLUDQGRDOUHGHGRUYLR
TXHHQORTXHSDUHFtDHOOHFKRGHXQDUUR\RVHFRDKRUDKDEtDPXFKDVSLHGUDV
%LOERHUDXQWLUDGRUGHSLHGUDVEDVWDQWHEXHQR\QRWDUGyPXFKRHQHQFRQWUDUXQD
OLVD\GHIRUPDGHKXHYRTXHOHFDEtDSHUIHFWDPHQWHHQODPDQR'HQLxRKDEtD
WLUDGR SLHGUDV D WRGR KDVWD TXH ODV DUGLOODV ORV FRQHMRV \ DXQ ORV SiMDURV VH
DSDUWDEDQUiSLGRVFRPRHOUD\RHQFXDQWRORYHtDQDSDUHFHU\GHPD\RUVHKDEtD
SDVDGRWDPELpQEDVWDQWHWLHPSRDUURMDQGRWHMRVGDUGRVERFKDVEROLFKHVERORV\
SUDFWLFDQGRRWURVMXHJRVWUDQTXLORVGHSXQWHUtD\WLURDXQTXHWDPELpQSRGtDKDFHU
PXFKDVRWUDVFRVDV²DSDUWHGHDQLOORVGHKXPRSUHJXQWDUDFHUWLMRV\FRFLQDU²
TXH QR KH WHQLGR WLHPSR GH FRQWDURV 7DPSRFR OR KD\ DKRUD 0LHQWUDV UHFRJtD
SLHGUDVODDUDxDKDEtDOOHJDGRKDVWD%RPEXUTXHSURQWRHVWDUtDPXHUWR(QHVH
PRPHQWR%LOERGLVSDUy/DSLHGUDGLRHQODFDEH]DGHODDUDxDFRQXQJROSHVHFR
\ OD EHVWLD VH GHVSUHQGLy GHO iUERO \ FD\y SHVDGDPHQWH DO VXHOR FRQ WRGDV ODV
SDWDVHQFRJLGDV
/D SLHGUD VLJXLHQWH DWUDYHVy ]XPEDQGR XQD WHODUDxD \ URPSLHQGR ODV FXHUGDV
GHUULEyDODDUDxDTXHHVWDEDDOOtVHQWDGD$HVWRVLJXLyXQDJUDQFRQPRFLyQHQOD
FRORQLD\SRUXQPRPHQWRROYLGDURQDORVHQDQRVRVORDVHJXUR1RSRGtDQYHUD
%LOER SHUR QR OHV FRVWy PXFKR GHVFXEULU GH TXp GLUHFFLyQ YHQtDQ ODV SLHGUDV
5iSLGDV FRPR HO UD\R VH DFHUFDURQ FRUULHQGR \ EDODQFHiQGRVH KDFLD HO KREELW
WHQGLHQGR ODUJDV FXHUGDV DOUHGHGRU KDVWD TXH HO DLUH SDUHFLy WRGR RFXSDGR SRU
WUDPSDVIORWDQWHV
%LOER GHFXDOTXLHUPRGRVHGHVOL]ySURQWRKDVWDRWURVLWLR6HOHRFXUULyODLGHDGH
DOHMDU PiV \ PiV D ODV DUDxDV GH ORV HQDQRV VL SRGtD \ KDFHU TXH VH VLQWLHUDQ
SHUSOHMDVH[FLWDGDV\HQRMDGDVWRGRDODYH]&XDQGRPHGLRFHQWHQDUGHDUDxDV
OOHJy DO OXJDU GRQGH pO KDEtD HVWDGR DQWHV OHV WLUy XQDV FXDQWDV SLHGUDV PiV \
WDPELpQDODVRWUDVTXHKDEtDQTXHGDGRDUHWDJXDUGLDOXHJRGDQ]DQGRSRUHQWUH
ORViUEROHVVHSXVRDFDQWDUXQDFDQFLyQSDUDHQIXUHFHUODV\DWUDHUODV\WDPELpQ
SDUDTXHORR\HUDQORVHQDQRV
(VWRIXHORTXHFDQWy
¢$UDxDJRUGD\YLHMDTXHKLODVHQXQiUERO
£$UDQDJRUGD\YLHMDTXHQRDOFDQ]DVDYHUPH
£9HQHQRVD£9HQHQRVD
£1RSDUDUiV"
¢1RSDUDUiVWXKLODGR\YHQGUiVDEXVFDUPH"
9LJD7RQWRQDWRGDFXHUSRJUDQGH
£9LHMD7RQWRQDQRSXHGHVHVSLDUPH
£9HQHQRVD£9HQHQRVD
£'pMDWHFDHU
£1XQFDPHDWUDSDUiVHQORViUEROHV
1RPX\EXHQDTXL]iSHURQRROYLGpLVTXHKDEtDWHQLGRTXHFRPSRQHUODpOPLVPR
HQ HO DSXUR GH XQ GLItFLO PRPHQWR 'H WRGRV PRGRV WXYR HO HIHFWR TXH pO KDEtD
HVSHUDGR 0LHQWUDV FDQWDED WLUy DOJXQDV SLHGUDV PiV \ SDWHy HO VXHOR
3UiFWLFDPHQWHWRGDVODVDUDxDVGHOOXJDUIXHURQWUDVpOXQDVVDOWDEDQDEDMRRWUDV
FRUUtDQSRUODVUDPDVSDVDQGRGHiUEROHQiUERORWHQGtDQQXHYRVKLORVHQVLWLRV
RVFXURV (VWDEDQ WHUULEOHPHQWH HQRMDGDV $XQ ROYLGDQGR ODV SLHGUDV QLQJXQD
DUDxD KDEtD VLGR OODPDGD 9HQHQRVD \ GHVGH OXHJR 7RQWRQD HV SDUD FXDOTXLHUD
XQLQVXOWRLQDGPLVLEOH
%LOER VH HVFDEXOOy D RWUR VLWLR SHUR SRU HQWRQFHV PXFKDV GH ODV DUDxDV KDEtDQ
FRUULGR D GLIHUHQWHV SXQWRV GHO FODUR GRQGH YLYtDQ \ HVWDEDQ WHMLHQGR WHODUDxDV
HQWUH ORV WURQFRV GH WRGRV ORV iUEROHV 0X\ SURQWR %LOER HVWDUtD URGHDGR GH XQD
HVSHVDEDUUHUDGHFXHUGDVDOPHQRVHVDHUDODLGHDGHODVDUDxDV(QPHGLRGH
WRGRVDTXHOORVLQVHFWRVTXHFD]DEDQ\WHMtDQ %LOERKL]RGHWULSDVFRUD]yQ\FDQWy
RWUDYH]
/D/RESHUH]RVD\ODORFD&RE
WHMHQWHODVSDUDFD]DUPH
PiVGXOFHVR\TXHPXFKDVFDUQHV
£SHURQRSXHGHQHQFRQWUDUPH
$TXtHVWR\\RPRVFDWUDYLHVD
\DKtYRVRWUDVJRUGDV\KXUDxDV
-DPiVSRGUpLVDWUDSDUPH
HQYXHVWUDVORFDVWHODUDxDV
&RQ HVR VH YROYLy \ GHVFXEULy TXH HO ~OWLPR HVSDFLR HQWUH GRV JUDQGHV iUEROHV
KDEtDVLGRFHUUDGRFRQXQDWHODUDxDSHURSRUIRUWXQDQRXQDYHUGDGHUDWHODUDxD
VLQR JUDQGHV KHEUDV GH FXHUGDV GH GREOH DQFKR WHQGLGDV UiSLGDPHQWH GH DFi
SDUD DOOi GH WURQFR D WURQFR 'HVHQYDLQy OD SHTXHxD HVSDGD KL]R SHGD]RV ODV
KHEUDV\VHIXHFDQWDQGR
/DVDUDxDVYLHURQODHVSDGDDXQTXHQRFUHRTXHVXSLHUDQORTXHHUD\WRGDVVH
SXVLHURQDFRUUHUSHUVLJXLHQGRDOKREELWSRUHOVXHOR\SRUODVUDPDVDJLWDQGRODV
SLHUQDV SHOXGDV FKDVTXHDQGR ODV SLQ]DV ORV RMRV GHVRUELWDGRV UDELRVDV
HFKDQGR HVSXPD /R VLJXLHURQ ERVTXH DGHQWUR KDVWD TXH %LOER QR VH DWUHYLy D
DOHMDUVHPiV/XHJRVHHVFDEXOOyGHYXHOWDPiVFDOODGRTXHXQUDWyQ
7HQtD XQ WLHPSR FRUWR \ SUHFLRVR OR VDEtD DQWHV TXH ODV DUDxDV SHUGLHUDQ OD
SDFLHQFLD \ YROYLHVHQ D ORV iUEROHV GRQGH FROJDEDQ ORV HQDQRV 0LHQWUDV WDQWR
WHQtDTXHUHVFDWDUORV/RPiVGLItFLOHUDVXELUKDVWDODUDPDODUJDGRQGHSHQGtDQ
ORV EXOWRV 1R PH LPDJLQR &yPR VH ODV KXELHVH DUUHJODGR VL SRU IRUWXQD XQD
DUDxDQRKXELHUDGHMDGRXQFDERFROJDQGRFRQD\XGDGHODFXHUGDDXQTXHVHOH
SHJDEDDODVPDQRV\OHODVWLPDEDODSLHOWUHSy\DOOiDUULEDVHHQFRQWUyFRQXQD
DUDxD PDOYDGD YLHMD OHQWD \ JUXHVD TXH KDEtD TXHGDGR DWUiV \ JXDUGDED D ORV
SULVLRQHURV\TXHKDEtDHVWDGRHQWUHWHQLGDSLQFKiQGRORVSDUDDYHULJXDUFXiOHUD
HOPiVMXJRVR+DEtDSHQVDGRFRPHQ]DUHOEDQTXHWHPLHQWUDVODVRWUDVHVWDEDQ
IXHUDSHURHOVHxRU%ROVyQWHQtDSULVD\DQWHVTXHODDUDxDVXSLHUDORTXHHVWDED
VXFHGLHQGRVLQWLyHODJXLMyQGHODHVSDGD\URGyPXHUWDFD\HQGRGHODUDPD
(O VLJXLHQWH WUDEDMR GH %LOER HUD VROWDU XQ HQDQR ¢&yPR OR KDUtD" 6L FRUWDED OD
FXHUGD HO HQDQR PDOWUHFKR FDHUtDJROSHiQGRVHFRQWUDHOVXHORTXHHVWDEDELHQ
DEDMR 6HUSHQWHDQGR UDPD DGHODQWH OR TXH KL]R TXH ORV SREUHV HQDQRV VH
EDODQFHDUDQ\GDQ]DUDQFRPRIUXWDPDGXUDOOHJyDOSULPHUEXOWR
)tOL R .LOL VH GLMR YLHQGR OD SXQWD GH XQ FDSXFKyQ D]XO TXH VREUHVDOtD GH XQ
H[WUHPR 0iV SRVLEOHPHQWH )tOL SHQVy DO GHVFXEULU OD SXQWD GH XQD QDUL] ODUJD
TXH DVRPDED HQWUH ODV FXHUGDV HQPDUDxDGDV ,QFOLQiQGRVH &RQVLJXLy FRUWDU OD
PD\RU SDUWH GH ODV FXHUGDV SHJDMRVDV \ IXHUWHV \ HQWRQFHV HQ HIHFWR FRQ XQ
SXQWDSLp\DOJXQDVVDFXGLGDVDSDUHFLyODPD\RUSDUWHGH )tOL0HWHPRTXH%LOER
VHULyYLHQGRFyPRDJLWDEDODVSLHUQDV\EUD]RVUtJLGRVPLHQWUDVGDQ]DEDFRQOD
FXHUGDGHODWHODUDxDHQODVD[LODVFRPRXQRGHHVRVMXJXHWHVGLYHUWLGRVTXHVH
PHQHDQHQXQDODPEUH
'HDOJ~QPRGR)tOLVHHQFDUDPyHQODUDPD\DKtD\XGyWRGRORSRVLEOHDOKREELW
DXQTXH VH VHQWtD PDUHDGR \ HQIHUPR D FDXVD GHO YHQHQR GH ODV DUDxDV \ SRU
KDEHU HVWDGR FROJDGR OD PD\RU SDUWH GH OD QRFKH \ HO GtD VLJXLHQWH HQYXHOWR \
HQYXHOWRHQFXHUGDVVyORFRQODQDUL]IXHUDSDUDUHVSLUDU7DUGyPXFKRWLHPSRHQ
TXLWDUVHDTXHOODVKHEUDVEHVWLDOHVGHORVRMRV\ODVFHMDV\HQFXDQWRDODEDUED
WXYR TXH FRUWDUVH OD PD\RU SDUWH %LHQ %LOER \ )tOL MXQWRV DO]DURQ SULPHUR D XQ
HQDQR\OXHJRDRWUR\FRUWDURQODVDWDGXUDV1LQJXQRVHHQFRQWUDEDPHMRUTXH)tOL
\DOJXQRVEDVWDQWHSHRUSXHVDSHQDVKDEtDQSRGLGRUHVSLUDU\DYHLVDYHFHVODV
QDULFHVODUJDVVRQ~WLOHV\DOJXQRVSDUHFtDQPiVHQYHQHQDGRV
'H HVWH PRGR UHVFDWDURQ D .LOL %LIXU %RIXU 'RUL \ 1RUL (O SREUH YLHMR %RPEXU
HVWDED WDQ H[KDXVWR ²HUD HO PiV JRUGR \ OR KDEtDQ SLQFKDGR \ SHOOL]FDGR
FRQVWDQWHPHQWH² TXH URGy GH OD UDPD \ £SODI FD\y DO VXHOR SRU IRUWXQD VREUH
XQDVKRMDV\TXHGyDOOtWHQGLGR3HURD~QKDEtDFLQFRHQDQRVTXHFROJDEDQGHO
H[WUHPR GH OD UDPD FXDQGR ODV DUDxDV FRPHQ]DURQ D YROYHU PiV UDELRVDV TXH
QXQFD
%LOERIXHLQPHGLDWDPHQWHKDVWDHOVLWLRHQTXHODUDPDQDFtDGHOWURQFR\PDQWXYR
D UD\D D ODV DUDxDV TXH VXEtDQ WUHSDQGR 6H KDEtD TXLWDGR HO DQLOOR FXDQGR
UHVFDWyD)tOL\KDEtDROYLGDGRSRQpUVHORGHQXHYR\DKRUDWRGDVHOODVIDUIXOODEDQ
\VLVHDEDQ
²£<DWHYHPRVDVTXHURVDFULDWXUD£7HFRPHUHPRV\VyORWHGHMDUHPRVODSLHO\
ORVKXHVRVFROJDQGRGHXQiUERO£$K7LHQHXQDJXLMyQ¢YHUGDG"%XHQRGHWRGDV
PDQHUDVORDWUDSDUHPRV\FROJDUHPRVFDEH]DDEDMRGXUDQWHXQGtDRGRV
0LHQWUDV ORV HQDQRV WUDEDMDEDQ HQ HO UHVWR GH ORV FDXWLYRV \ FRUWDEDQ ORV KLORV
3URQWR OLEHUDUtDQ D WRGRV DXQTXH QR HVWDED FODUR TXp RFXUULUtD GHVSXpV /DV
DUDxDV ORV KDEtDQ FDSWXUDGR VLQ PXFKDV GLILFXOWDGHV OD QRFKH DQWHULRU SHUR
VRUSUHQGLpQGRORVHQODRVFXULGDG(VWDYH]SDUHFtDTXHLEDDOLEUDUVHXQDWHUULEOH
EDWDOOD
'H UHSHQWH %LOER FD\y HQ OD FXHQWD GH TXH DOJXQDV DUDxDV VH KDEtDQ UHXQLGR
DOUHGHGRU GHO YLHMR %RPEXU VREUH HO VXHOR OR KDEtDQ DWDGR RWUD YH] \ VH OR
HVWDEDQ OOHYDQGR D OD UDVWUD 'LR XQ JULWR \ DFXFKLOOy D ODV EHVWLDV TXH WHQtD
GHODQWH/DVDUDxDVUHWURFHGLHURQHQVHJXLGD\%LOERWUHSy\VDOWyGHVGHHOiUERO
MXVWRHQPHGLRGHODVTXHHVWDEDQHQHOVXHOR/DSHTXHxDHVSDGDHUDXQWLSRGH
DJXLMyQ TXH QR FRQRFtDQ £&yPR VH PRYtD GH DFi SDUD DOOi /D KRMD EULOODED
WULXQIDQWH FXDQGR WUDVSDVDED D ODV DUDxDV 6HLV GH HOODV PXULHURQ DQWHV TXH HO
UHVWRKX\HVH\GHMDVHD%RPEXUHQPDQRVGH%LOER
²£%DMDG £%DMDG ²JULWy D ORVHQDQRVTXHHVWDEDQHQODUDPD²1RRVTXHGpLV
DKtRVHFKDUiQODVUHGHVHQFLPD²SXHVYHtDTXHXQDVSRFDVDUDxDVWUHSDEDQD
ORViUEROHVYHFLQRVDUUDVWUiQGRVHSRUODVUDPDVVREUHODFDEH]DGHORVHQDQRV
/RVHQDQRVEDMDURQJDWHDQGRRVDOWDURQRVHGHMDURQFDHUORVRQFHHQPRQWyQOD
PD\RUtDPX\WHPEORURVRV\WRUSHVGHSLHUQDV$OOtVHHQFRQWUDURQDOILQORVGRFH
FRQWDQGRDOSREUH%RPEXUDTXLHQVRVWHQtDQSRUDPERVODGRVHOSULPR%LIXU\HO
KHUPDQR %RIXU \ %LOER VH PRYtD DOUHGHGRU \ EODQGtD HO $JXLMyQ \ FLHQWRV GH
DUDxDVORVPLUDEDQFRQORVRMRVGHVRUELWDGRV GHVGHDUULEDGHVGHXQODGRGHVGH
RWUR/DVLWXDFLyQSDUHFtDEDVWDQWHGHVHVSHUDGD
(QWRQFHV FRPHQ]y OD EDWDOOD $OJXQRV HQDQRV WHQtDQ FXFKLOORV RWURV SDORV \
KDEtDSLHGUDVSDUDWRGRV\%LOEREODQGtDODGDJDpOILFD8QD\RWUDYH]ODVDUDxDV
IXHURQ UHFKD]DGDV \ PXFKDV PXULHURQ 3HUR HVWR QR SRGtD SURORQJDUVH %LOER
HVWDEDFDVLH[KDXVWRVyORFXDWURGHORVHQDQRVVHPDQWHQtDQD~QHQSLH\SURQWR
ODVDUDxDVFDHUtDQVREUHHOORVFRPRVREUHPRVFDVFDQVDGDV<DWHMtDQGHQXHYR
DOUHGHGRUGHiUEROHQiUERO
%LOERDOILQQRSXGRSHQVDUHQRWURSODQTXHFRPXQLFDUDORVHQDQRVHOVHFUHWRGHO
DQLOOR/RODPHQWDEDEDVWDQWHSHURQRKDEtDRWURUHPHGLR
²9R\ D GHVDSDUHFHU ²GLMR² $OHMDUp D ODV DUDxDV GH DTXt VL SXHGR YRVRWURV
WHQpLV TXH PDQWHQHURV MXQWRV \ HVFDSDU HQ OD GLUHFFLyQ RSXHVWD 3RU DOOt D OD
L]TXLHUGDTXL]iVHSRGUtDOOHJDUDOVLWLRGRQGHYLPRVSRU~OWLPDYH]HOIXHJRGHORV
HOIRV
7DUGDURQ HQ HQWHQGHU SXHV ODV FDEH]DV OHV GDEDQ YXHOWDV HQ PHGLR GH XQD
FRQIXVLyQGHJULWRV\SDORV\SLHGUDVTXHJROSHDEDQSHURDOILQ%LOERVLQWLyTXHQR
SRGtDHVSHUDUPiVODVDUDxDVHVWDEDQFHUUDQGRHOFtUFXOR'HV~ELWRVHGHVOL]yHO
DQLOORHQHOGHGR\GHVDSDUHFLyGHMDQGRHVWXSHIDFWRVDORVHQDQRV
3URQWR VH R\HURQ JULWRV ²£3HUH]RVD /RE £9HQHQRVD ²HQWUH ORV iUEROHV GH OD
GHUHFKD(VWRHQIXUHFLyPXFKRDODVDUDxDV'HMDURQGHDFHUFDUVHDORVHQDQRV\
XQDVFXDQWDVVHYROYLHURQKDFLDODYR]9HQHQRVDODVHQRMyWDQWRTXHSHUGLHURQ
HO MXLFLR (QWRQFHV %DOLQ TXLHQ KDEtD HQWHQGLGR HO SODQ GH %LOER PHMRU TXH ORV
GHPiVVHODQ]yDODWDTXH/RVHQDQRVVHXQLHURQHQXQSHORWyQ\GHVFDUJDQGR
XQD OOXYLD GH SLHGUDV FRUULHURQ KDFLD OD L]TXLHUGD \ DWUDYHVDURQ HO FtUFXOR /HMRV
GHWUiVGHHOORVORVFDQWRV\JULWRVFHVDURQGHSURQWR
(VSHUDQGRFRQWUDWRGDHVSHUDQ]DTXHQRKXELHVHQFDSWXUDGRD%LOERORVHQDQRV
VLJXLHURQ DGHODQWH 1R EDVWDQWH GH SULVD VLQ HPEDUJR 6H VHQWtDQ HQIHUPRV \
GpELOHV \ DUUDVWUDEDQ ODV SLHUQDV \ FRMHDEDQ SHUVHJXLGRV SRU DUDxDV TXH OHV
SLVDEDQORVWDORQHV8QD\RWUDYH]WHQtDQTXHYROYHUVH\HQIUHQWDUDODVFULDWXUDV
TXH HVWDEDQ FDVL HQFLPD GH HOORV \ \D DOJXQDV GH ODV DUDxDV FRUUtDQ SRU ORV
iUEROHV\GHMDEDQFDHUXQRVODUJRVKLORVSHJDMRVRV
/DVFRVDVSDUHFtDQKDEHUHPSHRUDGRRWUDYH]FXDQGRGHSURQWR%LOERUHDSDUHFLy
HLQHVSHUDGDPHQWHDWDFyGHVGHXQODGRDODVDVRPEUDGDVDUDxDV
²£6HJXLG£6HJXLG²JULWy²£<RVHUpTXLHQFODYHHODJXLMyQ
< DVt RFXUULy 6H PRYtD DGHODQWH \ DWUiV UDVJDQGR ORV KLORV GH ODV DUDxDV
FRUWiQGROHV ODV SDWDV \ DFXFKLOOiQGROHV ORV FXHUSRV JRUGRV VL VH DFHUFDEDQ
GHPDVLDGR /DV DUDxDV VH KLQFKDEDQ GH UDELD \ IDUIXOODEDQ \ HVSXPDMHDEDQ \
VLVHDEDQKRUULEOHVPDOGLFLRQHVSHURDKRUDWHQtDQXQPLHGRPRUWDODO$JXLMyQ\QR
VHDWUHYtDQDDFHUFDUVH$VtPLHQWUDVPDOGHFtDQODSUHVDVHOHVHVFDSDEDOHQWDH
LQH[RUDEOHPHQWH (UD XQD VLWXDFLyQ KRUULEOH \ SDUHFtD GXUDU KRUDV 3HUR DO ILQ
FXDQGR%LOERVHQWtDTXH\DQRWHQtDIXHU]DVSDUDOHYDQWDUODPDQR\DVHVWDURWUR
JROSHGHSURQWRDEDQGRQDURQODSHUVHFXFLyQ\QRORVVLJXLHURQPiV\YROYLHURQ
GHFHSFLRQDGDVDODWHQHEURVDFRORQLD
(QWRQFHV ORV HQDQRV VH GLHURQ FXHQWD GH TXH KDEtDQ OOHJDGR DO FtUFXOR HQ TXH
KDEtDQ DUGLGR ORV IXHJRV GH ORV HOIRV 1R SRGtDQ VDEHU VL HUD XQR GH ORV IXHJRV
TXH KDEtDQ YLVWR OD QRFKH DQWHULRU SHUR SDUHFtD TXH DOJ~Q HQFDQWDPLHQWR
ELHQKHFKRU SHUVLVWtD HQ HVWRV VLWLRV TXH D ODV DUDxDV QR OHV JXVWDEDQ 'H
FXDOTXLHU PRGR OD OX] HUD PiV YHUGH ORV DUEXVWRV PHQRV HVSHVRV \
DPHQD]DGRUHV\DKRUDSRGtDQGHVFDQVDU\UHFREUDUHODOLHQWR
$OOt VH TXHGDURQ XQ UDWR UHVROODQGR \ MDGHDQGR 3HUR PX\ SURQWR ORV HQDQRV
HPSH]DURQD KDFHUSUHJXQWDV4XHUtDQTXH%LOEROHVH[SOLFDVHELHQHODVXQWRGH
ODV GHVDSDULFLRQHV WDQWR OHV LQWHUHVy OD KLVWRULD GHO DQLOOR TXH SRU XQ PRPHQWR
ROYLGDURQ VXV SURSLRV SUREOHPDV %DOLQ HQ SDUWLFXODU LQVLVWLy HQ RtU RWUD YH] OD
KLVWRULD GH *ROOXP FRQ DFHUWLMRV \ WRGR OR GHPiV \ FRQ HO DQLOOR HQ HO OXJDU TXH
FRUUHVSRQGtD3HURDOFDERGHXQWLHPSRODOX]FRPHQ]yDGHFOLQDU\VHKLFLHURQ
RWUDV SUHJXQWDV ¢'yQGH HVWDEDQ \ SRU GyQGH FRUUtD HO FDPLQR" ¢'yQGH KDEUtD
FRPLGD \ TXp KDUtDQ DKRUD" (VWDV SUHJXQWDV IXHURQ KHFKDV XQD \ RWUD YH] \
HVSHUDEDQTXHHOSHTXHxR%LOERFRQRFLHVHODVUHVSXHVWDV3RUORTXHSRGpLVYHU
KDEtDQ FDPELDGR PXFKR GH RSLQLyQ FRQ UHVSHFWR DO VHxRU %ROVyQ \ DKRUD OR
UHVSHWDEDQ GH YHUDV WDO \ FRPR KDEtD GLFKR *DQGDOI <D QR UHIXQIXxDEDQ \
HVSHUDEDQ UHDOPHQWH TXH D %LOER VH OH RFXUULUtD DOJ~Q SODQ PDUDYLOORVR 6DEtDQ
GHPDVLDGRELHQTXHVLQRKXELHVHVLGRSRUHOKREELWWRGRVHVWDUtDQ\DPXHUWRV\
VHORDJUDGHFLHURQPXFKDVYHFHV$OJXQRVGHHOORVLQFOXVRVHSXVLHURQHQSLH\OR
VDOXGDURQLQFOLQiQGRVHKDVWDHOVXHORDXQTXHHOHVIXHU]RORVKL]RFDHU\GXUDQWH
XQ UDWR QR SXGLHURQ LQFRUSRUDUVH 6DEHU OD YHUGDG VREUH ODV GHVDSDULFLRQHV QR
GLVPLQX\yGHQLQJ~QPRGRODRSLQLyQTXH%LOEROHVPHUHFtDSXHVHQWHQGLHURQTXH
WHQtD LQJHQLR \ WDPELpQ VXHUWH \ XQ DQLOOR PiJLFR \ ODV WUHV FRVDV HUDQ ELHQHV
PX\~WLOHV(QYHUGDGORHORJLDURQWDQWRTXH%LOEROOHJyDVHQWLUTXHKDEtDDOJRHQ
pO GH DYHQWXUHUR DXGD] DO ILQ \ DO FDER DXQTXH VH KXELHVH VHQWLGR D~Q PXFKR
PiVDXGD]VLKXELHUDWHQLGRDOJRTXH FRPHU
3HURQRKDEtDQDGDQDGDGHQDGD\QLQJXQRHVWDEDHQGLVSRVLFLyQGHLUDEXVFDU
DOJRRHQFRQWUDUHOVHQGHURSHUGLGR£(OVHQGHURSHUGLGR(QODIDWLJDGDFDEH]DGH
%LOERQRKDEtDRWUDFRVD6HVHQWy\FODYyORVRMRVHQORViUEROHVTXHVHVXFHGtDQ
HQ LQWHUPLQDEOHV KLOHUDV \ DO FDER GH XQ UDWR WRGRV FDOODURQ RWUD YH] 7RGRV
H[FHSWR %DOLQ 0XFKRWLHPSRGHVSXpVTXHORVRWURVKXELHUDQGHMDGRGHKDEODU\
FXDQGR\DKDEtDQFHUUDGRORVRMRV%DOLQVHJXtDD~QPXUPXUDQGR\ULHQGRHQWUH
GLHQWHV
²£*ROOXP£&DUDPED$VtIXHFRPRVHHVFDEXOOyGHODQWHGHPt¢QR"£$KRUDPH
ORH[SOLFR$UUDVWUiQGRVHHQVLOHQFLRQDGDPiV¢QRVHxRU%ROVyQ"£/RVERWRQHV
WRGRV VREUH HO XPEUDO (O EXHQR GH %LOER %LOER %LO ER ER ER ER ²<
HQWRQFHVVHTXHGyGRUPLGR\GXUDQWHXQODUJRUDWRQRVHR\yQDGD
'H SURQWR 'ZDOLQ DEULy XQ RMR \ PLUy DOUHGHGRU ²¢'yQGH HVWi 7KRULQ" ²
SUHJXQWy
)XH XQ JROSH WHUULEOH 'HVGH OXHJR VyOR HUDQ WUHFH GRFH HQDQRV \ HO KREELW
¢'yQGHSXHVHVWDED7KRULQ"6HSUHJXQWDURQTXpGHVJUDFLDKDEUtDFDtGRVREUH
pOXQHQFDQWDPLHQWRRTXL]iXQRVPRQVWUXRVRVFXURV\WRGRVVHHVWUHPHFLHURQ
PLHQWUDV\DFtDQSHUGLGRVDOOtHQHOERVTXH<DVtFXDQGRODWDUGHVHKL]RQRFKH
QHJUDFD\HURQXQRWUDVRWURHQXQVXHxRLQFyPRGRGHKRUULEOHVSHVDGLOODV\DKt
FHQHPRV TXp GHMDUORV SRU DKRUD GHPDVLDGR HQIHUPRV \ GpELOHV FRPR SDUD
SRQHUVHDYLJLODURWXUQDUVHFRPRFHQWLQHODV
7KRULQ KDEtD VLGR FDSWXUDGR PXFKR DQWHV TXH HOORV ¢5HFRUGiLV TXH %LOER FD\y
GRUPLGR FRPR XQ WURQFR FXDQGR HQWUy HQ HO FtUFXOR GH OX]" /D YH] VLJXLHQWH IXH
7KRULQ TXLHQ GLR XQ SDVR DGHODQWH \ FXDQGR OD OX] GHVDSDUHFLy FD\y DO VXHOR
FRPR XQD SLHGUD HQFDQWDGD /DV YRFHV GH ORV HQDQRV SHUGLGRV HQ OD QRFKHORV
JULWRVFXDQGRODVDUDxDVVHSUHFLSLWDURQVREUHHOORV\ORVDWDURQ\WRGRVORVUXLGRV
GHODEDWDOODGHOGtDVLJXLHQWHKDEtDQSDVDGRLQDGYHUWLGRVSDUD7KRULQ/XHJRORV
(OIRVGHO%RVTXHVHOHHFKDURQHQFLPD\ORDWDURQ\VHOROOHYDURQ
3RUVXSXHVWRODVJHQWHVGHORVEDQTXHWHVHUDQ(OIRVGHO%RVTXH/RVHOIRVQRVRQ
PDORVSHURGHVFRQItDQGHORVGHVFRQRFLGRVHVWRSXHGHVHUXQGHIHFWR$XQTXH
GRPLQDEDQ OD PDJLD DQGDEDQ VLHPSUH FRQ FXLGDGR DXQ HQ DTXHOORV GtDV
'LVWLQWRV GH ORV $OWRV (OIRV GHO 3RQLHQWH HUDQ PiV SHOLJURVRV \ PHQRV FDXWRV
SXHV PXFKRV GH HOORV DVt FRPR ORV SDULHQWHV GLVSHUVRV GH ODV FROLQDV \
PRQWDxDV GHVFHQGtDQ GH ODV WULEXV DQWLJXDV TXH QXQFD KDEtDQ LGR D OD 7LHUUD
2FFLGHQWDOGHODV+DGDV$OOtORV(OIRVGHOD/X]ORV(OIRVGHO$ELVPR\ORV(OIRV
GHO 0DU YLYLHURQ GXUDQWH VLJORV \ VH KLFLHURQ PiV MXVWRV SUXGHQWHV \ VDELRV \
GHVDUUROODURQ DUWHV PiJLFDV \ OD KDELOLGDG GH FUHDU REMHWRV KHUPRVRV \
PDUDYLOORVRV DQWHV TXH DOJXQRV YROYLHUDQ DO $QFKR 0XQGR (Q HO $QFKR 0XQGR
ORV (OIRV GHO %RVTXH GLVIUXWDEDQ GH ORV FUHS~VFXORV GHO 6RO \ OD /XQD SHUR
SUHIHUtDQ ODV HVWUHOODV H LEDQ GH XQ ODGR D RWUR SRU ORV ERVTXHV HQRUPHV TXH
FUHFtDQ HQ WLHUUDV DKRUD SHUGLGDV +DELWDEDQ OD PD\RU SDUWH GHO WLHPSR HQ ORV
OtPLWHVGHODVIORUHVWDVGHGRQGHVDOtDQDYHFHVSDUDFD]DURFDEDOJDU\FRUUHUSRU
ORVHVSDFLRVDELHUWRVDODOX]GH ODOXQDRGHORVDVWURV\OXHJRGHODOOHJDGDGH
ORV+RPEUHVVHDILFLRQDURQPiV\PiVDOFUHS~VFXOR\DODQRFKH6LQHPEDUJR
HUDQ\VLJXHQVLHQGRHOIRV\HVWRVLJQLILFD%XHQD*HQWH
(QXQDJUDQFXHYDDOJXQDVPLOODVGHQWURGHO%RVTXH1HJURHQHOODGRHVWHYLYtD
HQ HVWH WLHPSR HO PiV JUDQGH UH\ GH ORV HOIRV 3RU GHODQWH GH XQDV SXHUWDV GH
SLHGUDFRUUtDXQUtRTXHYHQtDGHODVFLPDVGHORVERVTXHV\GHVHPERFDEDGHQWUR
\IXHUDGHORVSDQWDQRVDOSLHGHODVDOWDVWLHUUDVERVFRVDV(VWDJUDQFXHYDHQOD
TXH VH DEUtDQ D XQ ODGR \ D RWUR RWUDV FXHYDV PiV UHGXFLGDV VH KXQGtD PXFKR
EDMRWLHUUD\WHQtDQXPHURVRVSDVDGL]RV\DPSOLRVVDORQHVSHURHUDPiVOXPLQRVD
\VDOXGDEOHTXHFXDOTXLHUPRUDGDGHWUDVJRV\QRWDQSURIXQGDQLWDQSHOLJURVD
'HKHFKRORVV~EGLWRVGHOUH\YLYtDQ\FD]DEDQHQVXPD\RUSDUWHHQORVERVTXHV
DELHUWRV\WHQtDQFDVDVRFDEDxDVHQHOVXHORRVREUHODVUDPDV/DVKD\DVHUDQ
VXViUEROHVIDYRULWRV/DFXHYDGHOUH\HUDHOSDODFLRXQVLWLRVHJXURSDUDJXDUGDU
ORVWHVRURV\XQDIRUWDOH]DFRQWUDpOHQHPLJR
(UD WDPELpQ OD PD]PRUUD GH ORV SULVLRQHURV $Vt TXH D OD FXHYD DUUDVWUDURQ D
7KRULQQRFRQH[FHVLYDJHQWLOH]DSXHVQRTXHUtDQDORVHQDQRV\SHQVDEDQTXH
7KRULQ HUD XQ HQHPLJR (Q RWURV WLHPSRV KDEtDQ OLEUD GR JXHUUDV FRQ DOJXQRV
HQDQRVDTXLHQHVDFXVDEDQGHKDEHUOHVUREDGRXQWHVRUR6HUtDDOPHQRVMXVWR
GHFLUTXHORVHQDQRVGLHURQRWUDYHUVLyQ\H[SOLFDEDQTXHVyORKDEtDQWRPDGROR
TXHHUDGHHOORVSXHVHOUH\HOIROHVKDEtDHQFDUJDGRTXHOHWDOODVHQODSODWD\HO
RUR HQ EUXWR \ PiV WDUGH KDEtD UHKXVDGR SDJDUOHV 6L HO UH\ HOIR WHQtD XQD
GHELOLGDGpVDHUDQORVWHVRURVHQHVSHFLDOODSODWD\ODVJHPDVEODQFDV\DXQTXH
JXDUGDED PXFKDV ULTXH]DV VLHPSUH TXHUtD PiV SHQVDQGR TXH D~Q QR HUDQ
WDQWDV FRPR ODV GH RWURV VHxRUHVHOIRVGHDQWDxR/DJHQWHpOILFDQXQFDFDYDED
W~QHOHVQLWUDEDMDEDORVPHWDOHVRODVMR\DVQLWDPSRFRVHSUHRFXSDEDPXFKRSRU
FRPHUFLDURFXOWLYDUODWLHUUD7RGRHVWRHUDELHQFRQRFLGRSRUORVHQDQRVDXQTXH
OD IDPLOLD GH 7KRULQ QR KDEtD WHQLGR QDGD TXH YHU FRQ OD GLVSXWD GH OD TXH
KDEODPRVDQWHV(QFRQVHFXHQFLD7KRULQVHHQRMySRUHOWUDWRTXHKDEtDUHFLELGR
FXDQGR OH TXLWDURQ HO KHFKL]R \ UHFREUy HO FRQRFLPLHQWR \ HVWDED GHFLGLGR
WDPELpQDTXHQROHDUUDQFDVHQQLXQDSDODEUDVREUHRURRMR\DV
(O UH\ PLUy VHYHUDPHQWH D 7KRULQFXDQGROROOHYDURQDOSDODFLR\OHKL]RPXFKDV
SUHJXQWDV3HUR7KRULQVyORGLMRTXHVHHVWDEDPXULHQGRGHKDPEUH
²¢3RU TXp W~ \ ORV WX\RV LQWHQWDVWHLV DWDFDUQRV WUHV YHFHV GXUDQWH OD ILHVWD" ²
SUHJXQWyHOUH\
²1RVRWURVQRORVDWDFDPRV²UHVSRQGLy7KRULQ²QRVDFHUFDPRVDSHGLUSRUTXH
QRVPRUtDPRVGHKDPEUH
²¢'yQGHHVWiQWXVDPLJRV\TXpKDFHQDKRUD"
²1RORVpSHURVXSRQJRTXHPXULpQGRVHGHKDPEUHHQHOERVTXH
²¢4XpKDFtDLVHQHOERVTXH"
²%XVFiEDPRVFRPLGD\EHELGDSXHVQRVPRUtDPRVGHKDPEUH
²3HURHQGHILQLWLYD¢TXpDVXQWRRVWUDMRDOERVTXH"²SUHJXQWyHOUH\HQRMDGR
7KRULQFHUUyHQWRQFHVODERFD\QRGLMRQDGDPiV
²£0X\ ELHQ ²H[FODPy HO UH\² 4XH VH OR OOHYHQ \ OR SRQJDQ D EXHQ UHFDXGR
KDVWDTXHWHQJDJDQDVGHGHFLU ODYHUGDGDXQTXHWDUGHFLHQDxRV
(QWRQFHVORVHOIRVORDWDURQFRQFRUUHDV\ORHQFHUUDURQHQXQDGHODVFXHYDVPiV
LQWHULRUHVGHVyOLGDVSXHUWDVGHPDGHUD\ORGHMDURQDOOt/HGLHURQEXHQDFRPLGD
\ EHELGD HQ DEXQGDQFLD SXHV ORV HOIRV QR HUDQ WUDVJRV \ VH FRPSRUWDEDQ GH
PRGR UD]RQDEOH FRQ ORV HQHPLJRV TXH FDSWXUDEDQ DXQ FRQ ORV SHRUHV /DV
DUDxDV JLJDQWHV HUDQ ODV ~QLFDV FRVDV YLYLHQWHV FRQ ODV TXH QR WHQtDQ
PLVHULFRUGLD
$OOtHQODPD]PRUUDGHOUH\TXHGyHOSREUH7KRULQ\OXHJRGHKDEHUGDGRJUDFLDV
SRU HO SDQ OD FDUQH \ HO DJXD HPSH]y D SUHJXQWDUVH TXp KDEUtD VLGR GH VXV
LQIRUWXQDGRVDPLJRV1RWDUGyPXFKRHQVDEHUORSHURHVWRHVSDUWHGHOFDStWXOR
VLJXLHQWH \ HO FRPLHQ]R GH XQD QXHYD DYHQWXUD HQ OD TXH HO KREELW PXHVWUD RWUD
YH]VXXWLOLGDG
%$55,/(6'(&2175$%$1'2
(OGtDTXHVLJXLyDODEDWDOODFRQODVDUDxDV%LOER\ORVHQDQRVKLFLHURQXQ~OWLPR
\ GHVHVSHUDGR HVIXHU]R SRU HQFRQWUDU XQ FDPLQR GH VDOLGD DQWHV GH PRULU GH
KDPEUH\VHG6HLQFRUSRUDURQ\IXHURQWDPEDOHiQGRVHKDFLDHOVLWLRHQTXHFRUUtD
HO VHQGHUR VHJ~Q GHFtDQ RFKR GH ORV WUHFH SHUR QXQFD GHVFXEULHURQ VL KDEtDQ
DFHUWDGR8QGtDFRPRWRGRVORVGHOERVTXHVHGHVYDQHFtDXQDYH]PiVHQXQD
QRFKH QHJUD FXDQGR ODV OXFHV GH PXFKDV DQWRUFKDV DSDUHFLHURQ GH V~ELWR WRGR
DOUHGHGRU FRPR FLHQWRV GH HVWUHOODV URMDV /RV (OIRV GHO %RVTXH VH DFHUFDURQ
FDQWDQGRDUPDGRVFRQDUFRV\ODQ]DV\GLHURQHODOWRDORVHQDQRV
1DGLH SHQVy HQ OXFKDU $XQ VL ORV HQDQRV QR VH KXELHVHQ HQFRQWUDGR HQ XQD
VLWXDFLyQ WDO TXH OHV DOHJUDED UHDOPHQWH VHU FDSWXUDGRV ORV SHTXHxRV FXFKLOORV
ODV²~QLFDV DUPDV TXH WHQtDQ KXELHUDQ VLGR LQ~WLOHV FRQWUD ODV IOHFKDV GH ORV
HOIRV TXH SRGtDQ JROSHDU HO RMR GH XQ SiMDUR HQ OD RVFXULGDG 'H PRGR TXH VH
FRQWHQWDURQFRQGHWHQHUVH\VHVHQWDURQ\DJXDUGDURQWRGRVH[FHSWR%LOERTXH
VHSXVRUiSLGRHODQLOOR\VHGHVOL]yDXQODGR$VtVHH[SOLFDTXHFXDQGRORVHOIRV
DWDURQ D ORV HQDQRV HQ XQD ODUJD KLOHUD XQR WUDV RWUR \ ORV FRQWDURQ QXQFD
HQFRQWUDURQQLFRQWDURQDOKREELW
1RORR\HURQQLORVLQWLHURQPLHQWUDVFRUUtDDOWURWHEDVWDQWHDWUiVGHODOX]GHODV
DQWRUFKDV PLHQWUDV HOORV OOHYDEDQ D ORV SULVLRQHURV SRU HO ERVTXH /HV KDEtDQ
YHQGDGR ORV RMRV D WRGRV SHUR HVWR QR FDPELDED PXFKR ODV FRVDV SXHV DXQ
%LOER TXH SRGtD XWLOL]DU ELHQ ORV RMRV QR SRGtD YHU D GyQGH LEDQ \ GH WRGRV
PRGRVQLpOQLORVRWURVVDEtDQGHGyQGHKDEtDQSDUWLGR
%LOERWUDWDEDSRUWRGRVORVPHGLRVGHQRTXHGDUVHGHPDVLDGRDWUiVSXHVORVHOIRV
KDFtDQPDUFKDUDORVHQDQRVFRQXQDUDSLGH]TXHQXQFDKDEtDQFRQRFLGRVREUH
WRGR HQIHUPRV \ IDWLJDGRV FRPR HVWDEDQ (O UH\ KDEtD RUGHQDGR TXH VH GLHUDQ
SULVD'HSURQWRODVDQWRUFKDVVHGHWXYLHURQ\HOKREELWWXYRHOWLHPSRMXVWRSDUD
DOFDQ]DUORV DQWHV TXH FRPHQ]DVHQ D FUX]DU HO SXHQWH (VWH HUD HO SXHQWH TXH
FUX]DED HO UtR \ OOHYDED D ODV SXHUWDV GHO UH\ (O DJXD VH SUHFLSLWDED RVFXUD \
YLROHQWDSRUGHEDMR\HQHORWURH[WUHPRKDEtDSRUWRQHVTXHFHUUDEDQXQDHQRUPH
FDYHUQD HQ OD ODGHUD GH XQD SHQGLHQWH DEUXSWD FXELHUWD GH iUEROHV $OOt ODV
JUDQGHVKD\DVGHVFHQGtDQKDVWDODPLVPDULEHUD\KXQGtDQORVSLHVHQHOUtR
/RVHOIRVHPSXMDURQDORVSULVLRQHURVDWUDYpVGHOSXHQWHSHUR%LOERYDFLOyHQOD
UHWDJXDUGLD1ROHJXVWDEDQDGDHODVSHFWRGHODFDYHUQD\VyORD~OWLPRPRPHQWR
VHGHFLGLyDQRDEDQGRQDUDVXVDPLJRV\VHGHVOL]yFDVLSLViQGROHORVWDORQHVDO
~OWLPRGHORVHOIRVDQWHVGHTXHORVJUDQGHVSRUWRQHVGHOUH\VHFHUUDVHQGHWUiV
FRQXQJROSHVRUGR
'HQWURORVSDVDGL]RVHVWDEDQLOXPLQDGRVFRQDQWRUFKDVGHOX]URMD\ORVJXDUGLDV
HOIRVFDQWDEDQPDUFKDQGRSRUFRUUHGRUHVUHWRUFLGRVHQWUHFUX]DGRV\UHVRQDQWHV
1R VH SDUHFtDQ D ORV W~QHOHV GH ORV WUDVJRV HUDQ PiV SHTXHxRV PHQRV
SURIXQGRV\GHXQDLUHPiVSXUR(QXQJUDQVDOyQFRQSLODUHVWDOODGRVHQODURFD
YLYD HVWDED VHQWDGR HO UH\ HOIR HQ XQD VLOOD GH PDGHUD ODEUDGD /OHYDED HQ OD
FDEH]D XQD FRURQD GH ED\DV \ KRMDV URML]DV SXHV HO RWRxR KDEtD OOHJDGR GH
QXHYR(QODSULPDYHUDVHFHxtDXQDFRURQDGHIORUHVGHORVERVTXHV6RVWHQtDHQ
ODPDQRXQFHWURGHUREOHWDOODGR
/RVSULVLRQHURVIXHURQOOHYDGRVDOUH\\DXQTXHpOORVPLUyFRQVHYHULGDGRUGHQy
TXHORVGHVDWDUDQSXHVHVWDEDQDQGUDMRVRV\IDWLJDGRV²$GHPiVQRQHFHVLWDQ
FXHUGDV ²GLMR² 1R KD\ HVFDSDWRULD GH PLV SXHUWDV PiJLFDV SDUDDTXHOORVTXH
DOJXQDYH]VRQWUDtGRVDTXt
/DUJD H LQTXLVLWLYDPHQWH SUHJXQWy D ORV HQDQRV VREUH OR TXH KDGDQ \ D GyQGH
LEDQ\GHGyQGHYHQtDQSHURQRFRQVLJXLyVDFDUOHVPiVQRWLFLDVTXHD7KRULQ6H
VHQWtDQGHVDQLPDGRV\HQIDGDGRV\QLVLTXLHUDLQWHQWDURQSDUHFHUFRUWHVHV
²¢4Xp KHPRV KHFKR RK UH\" ²GLMR %DOLQHOPiVYLHMRGHORVTXHTXHGDEDQ²
¢(V XQ FULPHQ SHUGHUVH HQ HO ERVTXH WHQHU KDPEUH \ VHG VHU DWUDSDGRSRUODV
DUDxDV" ¢6RQ DFDVR ODV DUDxDV YXHVWUDV EHVWLDV GRPHVWLFDGDV R YXHVWURV
DQLPDOHVIDOGHURV\SRUHVRRVHQRMiLVVLODVPDWDPRV"
(VWDSUHJXQWDGHVGHOXHJRHQRMyD~QPiVDOUH\TXLHQ FRQWHVWy²(VXQFULPHQ
DQGDUSRUPLSDtVVLQPLSHUPLVR¢2OYLGDVTXHHVWDEDVHQPLUHLQRXWLOL]DQGRHO
FDPLQR TXH PL SXHEOR DEULy XQD YH]" ¢$FDVR SRU WUHV YHFHV QR DFRVDVWHLV H
LPSRUWXQDVWHLVDPLJHQWHHQHOERVTXH\GHVSHUWDVWHLVDODVDUDxDVFRQYXHVWURV
JULWRV \ WXPXOWRV" £'HVSXpV GH WRGR HO GLVWXUELR TXH KDEpLV SURYRFDGR WHQJR
GHUHFKRDVDEHUTXpRVWUDHSRUDTXt\VLQRPHORFRQWiLVDKRUDRVHQFHUUDUpD
WRGRVKDVWDTXHKD\iLVDSUHQGLGRDVHUVHQVDWRV\DWHQHUEXHQDVPDQHUDV
/XHJRRUGHQyTXHSXVLHUDQDFDGDXQRGHORVHQDQRVHQFHOGDVVHSDUDGDV\OHV
GLHUDQFRPLGD\EHELGDSHURTXHQRVHOHVSHUPLWLHVHGHMDUHOFDODER]RKDVWDTXH
DOPHQRVXQRGHHOORVVHGHFLGLHUDDGHFLUWRGRORTXHpOTXHUtDVDEHU3HURQROHV
GLMRTXH7KRULQKDEtDVLGRKHFKRSULVLRQHUR%LOERPLVPRORGHVFXEULy
£3REUHVHxRU%ROVyQ)XHXQDODUJD\DEXUULGDWHPSRUDGDODTXHSDVyHQDTXHO
VLWLR DVRODV\VLHPSUHRFXOWRQXQFDDWUHYLpQGRVHDVDFDUVHHODQLOOR\DSHQDV
DWUHYLpQGRVHDGRUPLUDXQHVFRQGLGRHQORVULQFRQHVPiVRVFXURV\UHPRWRVTXH
SRGtDHQFRQWUDU3RUKDFHUDOJRVHGHGLFyDUHFRUUHUHOSDODFLRGHOUH\HOIR8QDV
SXHUWDV PiJLFDV FHUUDEDQ OD HQWUDGD SHUR D YHFHV SRGtD VDOLU VL HUD UiSLGR
&RPSDxtDVGHORV(OIRVGHO%RVTXHDOJXQDVYHFHVFRQHOUH\DODFDEH]DVDOtDQ
GHFXDQGRHQFXDQGRGHFDFHUtDRDRWURVDVXQWRVDORVERVTXHV\DODVWLHUUDV
GHO(VWH(QWRQFHVVL%LOERVHDSUHVXUDEDSRGtDGHVOL]DUVHIXHUDGHWUiVGHHOORV
DXQTXH HUD XQ ULHVJR PX\ SHOLJURVR 0iV GH XQD YH] HVWXYR D SXQWR GH VHU
DOFDQ]DGRSRUODVSXHUWDVFXDQGREDWtDQMXQWDVDOSDVDUHO~OWLPRHOIRWRGDYtDQR
VH DWUHYtD D PDUFKDU HQWUH HOORV D FDXVD GH OD VRPEUD TXH HFKDED WHQXH \
YDFLODQWH D OD OX] GH ODV DQWRUFKDV R SRU PLHGR D TXH WURSH]DVHQ FRQ pO \ OR
GHVFXEULHVHQ<FXDQGRVDOtDORTXHQRHUDPX\IUHFXHQWHQRVHUYtDGHPXFKR
1R GHVHDED DEDQGRQDU D ORV HQDQRV \ HQ YHUGDG VLQ HOORV QR KXELHUD VDELGR D
GyQGHLU1RSRGtDPDUFKDUDOSDVRGHORVHOIRVFD]DGRUHVGXUDQWHHOWLHPSRTXH
HVWDEDQ IXHUD DVt TXH QXQFD GHVFXEUtD ORV FDPLQRV GH VDOLGD GHO ERVTXH \ VH
TXHGDED HUUDQGR WULVWHPHQWH SRU OD IORUHVWD DWHUURUL]DGR GH SHUGHUVH KDVWD TXH
DSDUHFtDXQDRSRUWXQLGDGGHUHJUHVDU$GHPiVSDVDEDKDPEUHIXHUDSXHVQRHUD
FD]DGRU PLHQWUDV TXH HQ HO LQWHULRU GH ODV FDYHUQDV SRGtD JDQDUVH OD YLGD GH
DOJXQDIRUPDUREDQGRFRPLGDGHODOPDFpQRODPHVDFXDQGRQRKDEtDQDGLHDOD
YLVWD
6R\ FRPR XQ VDTXHDGRU TXH QR SXHGH HVFDSDU \ KD GH VHJXLU VDTXHDQGR
PLVHUDEOHPHQWH OD PLVPD FDVD GtD WUDV GtD SHQVDED (VWD HV OD SDUWH PiV
PRQyWRQD \ JULV GH XQD GHVGLFKDGD IDWLJRVD H LQFyPRGD DYHQWXUD £'HVHDUtD
HVWDU GH YXHOWD HQ PL DJXMHUR²KREELW MXQWR D PL SURSLR IXHJR \ D OD OX] GH OD
OiPSDUD $ PHQXGR GHVHDED WDPELpQ HQYLDU XQ PHQVDMH GH VRFRUUR DO PDJR
SHURDTXHOORGHVGHOXHJRHUDGHOWRGR LPSRVLEOH\SURQWRFRPSUHQGLyTXHVLDOJR
SRGtDKDFHUVHWHQGUtDTXHKDFHUORpOPLVPRVROR\VLQD\XGD
3RUILQOXHJRGHXQDRGRVVHPDQDVGHHVWDYLGDIXUWLYDREVHUYDQGR\VLJXLHQGR
D ORV JXDUGLDV \ DSURYHFKDQGR WRGDV ODV RSRUWXQLGDGHV VH ODV DUUHJOy SDUD
GHVFXEULU GyQGH HVWDEDQ HQFHUUDGRV ORV HQDQRV (QFRQWUy ODV GRFH FHOGDV HQ
VLWLRV GLVWLQWRV GHO SDODFLR \ DO FDER GH XQ WLHPSR FRQVLJXLy FRQRFHU HO FDPLQR
EDVWDQWH ELHQ &XiO QR VHUtD VX VRUSUHVD FXDQGR R\y SRU FDVXDOLGDG XQD
FRQYHUVDFLyQGHORVJXDUGLDQHV\VHHQWHUyGHTXHKDEtDRWURHQDQRHQSULVLyQHQ
XQOXJDUHVSHFLDOPHQWHSURIXQGR\RVFXUR$GLYLQyHQVHJXLGDSRUVXSXHVWRTXH
VH WUDWDED GH 7KRULQ \ GHVFXEULy DO SRFR WLHPSR TXH OD VXSRVLFLyQ HUD FRUUHFWD
'HVSXpV GH PXFKDV GLILFXOWDGHV FRQVLJXLy HQFRQWUDU HO OXJDU FXDQGR QDGLH
URQGDED\WHQHUXQDVSRFDVSDODEUDVFRQHOMHIHGHORVHQDQRV
7KRULQ VH VHQWtD GHPDVLDGR GHVGLFKDGR SDUD TXH VXV SURSLRV LQIRUWXQLRV
FRQWLQXDUDQHQIDGiQGRORPXFKRWLHPSR\\DHVWDEDSHQVDQGRHQFRQWDUOHDOUH\
WRGRORGHOWHVRUR\ODE~VTXHGDORTXHSUXHEDTXpGHSULPLGRVHVHQWtDFXDQGR
R\y OD YRFHFLWD GH %LOER HQ HO DJXMHUR GH OD FHUUDGXUD 1R SRGtD FUHHUOR 3URQWR
VLQ HPEDUJR HQWHQGLy TXH QR SRGtD HVWDU HTXLYRFDGR \ VHDFHUFyDODSXHUWD\
VRVWXYRXQDODUJD\VXVXUUDQWHFKDUODFRQHOKREELWDORWURODGR
$Vt IXH FRPR %LOER IXH FDSD] GH OOHYDU HQ VHFUHWR XQ PHQVDMHGH7KRULQDFDGD
XQR GH ORV RWURV HQDQRV SULVLRQHURV GLFLpQGROHV TXH 7KRULQ HO MHIH HVWDED
WDPELpQHQSULVLyQPX\FHUFD\TXHQDGLHUHYHODUDDOUH\HOREMHWRGHODPLVLyQ
QR WRGDYtD QR DQWHV TXH 7KRULQ OR RUGHQDVH 3XHV 7KRULQ VH VLQWLy RWUD YH]
DQLPDGRDORtUFyPRHOKREELWKDEtDVDOYDGRDORVHQDQRVGHODVDUDxDV\UHVROYLy
GH QXHYR QR SDJDU XQ UHVFDWH SURPHWLpQGROH DO UH\ XQD SDUWH GHO WHVRUR KDVWD
TXHWRGD2WUDHVSHUDQ]DGHVDOLUGHDOOtVHKXELHVHGHVYDQHFLGRHQUHDOLGDGKDVWD
TXHHOH[WUDRUGLQDULRVHxRU%ROVyQ,QYLVLEOHGHTXLHQHPSH]DEDDWHQHUHQYHUGDG
XQDRSLQLyQPX\DOWDKXELHVHIUDFDVDGRSRUFRPSOHWRHQHQFRQWUDUXQDVROXFLyQ
PiVLQJHQLRVD
/RV RWURV HQDQRV HVWXYLHURQ SRU FRPSOHWR GH DFXHUGR FXDQGR UHFLELHURQ HO
PHQVDMH7RGRVSHQVDURQTXHODVSDUWHVGHOWHVRURTXHOHVWRFDEDQ\GHODVTXH
VH FRQVLGHUDEDQ ORV YHUGDGHURV GXHxRV D SHVDU GH OD VLWXDFLyQ HQ TXH VH
HQFRQWUDEDQDKRUD \GHOWRGDYtDLQYLFWRGUDJyQVHYHUtDQVHULDPHQWHGLVPLQXLGDV
VL ORV (OIRV GHO %RVTXH UHFODPDEDQ XQD SRUFLyQ \ WRGRV FRQILDEDQ HQ %LOER
([DFWDPHQWHORTXH*DQGDOIKDEtDDQXQFLDGRFRPRYHLV7DOYH]pVDHUDSDUWHGH
ODUD]yQSRUODTXHVpPDUFKy\ORVGHMy
%LOER VLQ HPEDUJR QR VH VHQWtD WDQ RSWLPLVWD 1R OH JXVWDED TXH DOJXLHQ
GHSHQGLHUD GH pO \ GHVHDED TXH HO PDJR HVWXYLHVH DO DOFDQFH 3HUR HUD LQ~WLO
TXL]iHVWDEDQVHSDUDGRVSRUWRGDODRVFXUDH[WHQVLyQGHO%RVTXH1HJUR6HVHQWy
\SHQVy\SHQVyKDVWDTXHFDVLOHHVWDOOyODFDEH]DSHURQRVHOHRFXUULyQLQJXQD
LGHD EULOODQWH 8Q DQLOOR LQYLVLEOH HUD DOJR GH YHUDV YDOLRVR DXQTXH QR GH PXFKD
XWLOLGDGHQWUHFDWRUFH3HURGHVGHOXHJRFRPRKDEUpLVDGLYLQDGRDOILQDOUHVFDWyD
VXVDPLJRV\DVtHVFRPRVXFHGLy
8QGtDPLHQWUDVFXULRVHDED\GHDPEXODED%LOERGHVFXEULyDOJRPX\LQWHUHVDQWH
ORVJUDQGHVSRUWRQHVQRHUDQOD~QLFDHQWUDGDDODVFDYHUQDV8QDUUR\RFRUUtDSRU
GHEDMR GHO SDODFLR \ VH XQtD DO 5tR GHO %RVTXH XQ SRFR DO HVWH PiV DOOi GH OD
FXHVWD HPSLQDGD HQ OD TXH VH DEUtD OD ERFD SULQFLSDO (Q OD ODGHUD GH OD FROLQD
GRQGH QDFtD HVWH FXUVR VXEWHUUiQHR KDEtD XQD FRPSXHUWD /D EyYHGD URFRVD
GHVFHQGtD D OD VXSHUILFLH GHO DJXD \ GHVGH DOOt SRGtD GHMDUVH FDHU XQ SRUWDOyQ
KDVWDHOPLVPROHFKRGHO UtRSDUDLPSHGLUTXHDOJXLHQHQWUDVHRVDOLHVH3HURHO
SRUWDOyQ HVWDED DELHUWR D PHQXGR SXHV PXFKD JHQWH LED \ YHQtD SRU OD
FRPSXHUWD 6L DOJXLHQ KXELHVH OOHJDGR SRU HVH FDPLQR VH KDEUtD HQFRQWUDGR HQ
XQW~QHORVFXUR\WRVFRTXHVHDGHQWUDEDHQHOFRUD]yQGHODFROLQDSHURGHEDMR
GHODVFDYHUQDVHQFLHUWRVLWLRHOWHFKRKDEtDVLGRKRUDGDGR\WDSDGRFRQJUDQGHV
HVFRWLOODV GH UREOH TXH FRPXQLFDEDQ FRQ ODV ERGHJDV GHO UH\ $OOt VH
DPRQWRQDEDQEDUULOHV\EDUULOHV\EDUULOHVSXHVORV(OIRVGHO%RVTXH\VREUHWRGR
HOUH\HUDQPX\DILFLRQDGRVDOYLQRDXQTXHQRKDEtDYLxDVHQDTXHOORVSDUDMHV(O
YLQR\RWUDVPHUFDQFtDVHUDQWUDtGRVGHVGHOHMRVGHODWLHUUDVTXHKDELWDEDQORV
SDULHQWHVGHO6XURGHORVYLxHGRVGHORV+RPEUHVHQWLHUUDVGLVWDQWHV
(VFRQGLGR GHWUiV GH XQR GH ORV EDUULOHV PiV JUDQGHV %LOER GHVFXEULy ODV
HVFRWLOODV\SDUDTXpVHUYtDQ\HVFXFKDQGRODFKDUODGHORVVLUYLHQWHVGHOUH\VH
HQWHUy GH FyPR HO YLQR \ RWUDV PHUFDQFtDV UHPRQWDEDQ ORV UtRV R FUX]DEDQ OD
WLHUUDKDVWDHO/DJR/DUJR3DUHFtDTXHXQDFLXGDGGH+RPEUHVD~QSURVSHUDED
DOOt FRQVWUXLGD VREUH SXHQWHV OHMRV DJXDV DGHQWUR FRPR XQD SURWHFFLyQ FRQWUD
HQHPLJRVGHWRGDVXHUWH\HVSHFLDOPHQWHFRQWUDHOGUDJyQGHOD0RQWDxD7UDtDQ
ORVEDUULOHVGHVGHOD&LXGDGGHO/DJRUHPRQWDQGRHO5tRGHO%RVTXH$PHQXGR
ORV DWDEDQ MXQWRV FRPR JUDQGHV DOPDGtDV \ ORV HPSXMDEDQ DJXDV DUULED FRQ
SpUWLJDVRUHPRVDOJXQDVYHFHVORVFDUJDEDQHQERWHVSODQRV
&XDQGR ORV EDUULOHV HVWDEDQ YDFtRV ORV HOIRV ORV DUURMDEDQ D WUDYpV GH ODV
HVFRWLOODVDEUtDQODFRPSXHUWD\ORVEDUULOHVIORWDEDQIXHUDHQHODUUR\RKDVWDTXH
HUDQ DUUDVWUDGRV SRU OD FRUULHQWH D XQ VLWLR OHMDQR UtR DEDMR GRQGH OD ULEHUD
VREUHVDOtDFHUFDGHORVOLQGHVRULHQWDOHVGHO%RVTXH1HJUR$OOtHUDQUHFRJLGRV\
DWDGRV MXQWRV \ IORWDEDQ GH YXHOWD D OD FLXGDG TXH VH DO]DED FHUFD GHO SXQWR
GRQGHHO5tRGHO%RVTXHGHVHPERFDEDHQHO/DJR/DUJR
%LOER HVWXYR VHQWDGR XQ WLHPSR PHGLWDQGR VREUH HVWD FRPSXHUWD \
SUHJXQWiQGRVHVLORVHQDQRVSRGUtDQHVFDSDUSRUDOOt\DOILQWXYRHOGHVHVSHUDGR
HVER]RGHXQSODQ
+DEtDQVHUYLGRODFRPLGDGHODQRFKHDORVSULVLRQHURV/RVJXDUGLDVVHDOHMDURQ
FRQ SDVRV SHVDGRV EDMDQGR ORV SDVDGL]RV OOHYDQGR OD OX] GH ODV DQWRUFKDV FRQ
HOORV\GHMDQGRWRGRDRVFXUDV(QWRQFHV%LOERR\yODYR]GHOPD\RUGRPRGHOUH\
TXHGDEDODVEXHQDVQRFKHVDOMHIHGHORVJXDUGLDV
²$KRUDYHQFRQPLJR²GLMR²\SUXHEDHOQXHYRYLQRTXHDFDEDGHOOHJDU(VWDUp
WUDEDMDQGR GXUR HVWD QRFKH OLPSLDQGR ODV ERGHJDV GH EDUULOHV YDFtRV GH PRGR
TXHWRPHPRVSULPHURXQWUDJRSDUDTXH PHD\XGHDWUDEDMDU
²0X\ELHQ²ULyHOMHIHGHORVJXDUGLDV² /RSUREDUpFRQWLJR\YHUpVLHVGLJQRGH
ODPHVDGHOUH\£+D\XQEDQTXHWHHVWDQRFKH\QRKDEUtDTXHPDQGDUQDGDPDOR
&XDQGR %LOER R\y HVWR VH H[FLWy VREUHPDQHUD SXHV HQWHQGLy TXH OD VXHUWH OR
DFRPSDxDED \ TXH SURQWR WHQGUtD RFDVLyQ GH LQWHQWDU DTXHO SODQ GHVHVSHUDGR
6LJXLyDORVGRVHOIRVKDVWDTXHHQWUDURQHQXQDSHTXHxDERGHJD\VHVHQWDURQD
XQD PHVD HQ OD TXH KDEtD GRV MDUURV JUDQGHV/RVHOIRVHPSH]DURQDEHEHU\D
UHtUDOHJUHPHQWH 8QDVXHUWHGHVXVDGDDFRPSDxyHQWRQFHVD%LOER7LHQHTXHVHU
XQYLQRPX\SRGHURVRHOTXHSRQJDVRPQROLHQWRDXQHOIRGHOERVTXHSHURHVWH
YLQRSDUHFtDHUDODHPEULDJDGRUDFRVHFKDGHORVJUDQGHVMDUGLQHVGH'RUZLQLRQ
QRGHVWLQDGRDVROGDGRVRVLUYLHQWHVVLQRVyORDORVEDQTXHWHVGHOUH\\SDUDVHU
VHUYLGRHQFXHQFRVPiVSHTXHxRVQRHQORVJUDQGHVMDUURVGHOPD\RUGRPR
0X\ SURQWR HO JXDUGLD MHIH LQFOLQy OD FDEH]D OXHJR OD DSR\y VREUH OD PHVD \ VH
TXHGy SURIXQGDPHQWH GRUPLGR (O PD\RUGRPR FRQWLQXy ULHQGR \ FKDUODQGR
FRQVLJRPLVPRGXUDQWHXQUDWRGLVWUDtGRDOSDUHFHUSHUROXHJRpOWDPELpQLQFOLQy
OD FDEH]D \ FD\y GRUPLGR \ URQFDQGR DO ODGR GHO JXDUGLD (O KREELW VH HVFXUULy
HQWRQFHV HQ OD ERGHJD \ XQ PRPHQWR GHVSXpV HO JXDUGLD MHIH \D QR WHQtD ODV
OODYHV PLHQWUDV %LOER WURWDED WDQ UiSLGR FRPR OH HUD SRVLEOH D OR ODUJR GH ORV
SDVDGL]RVKDFLDODVFHOGDV(OPDQRMRGHOODYHVOHSDUHFtDPX\SHVDGR\DYHFHV
VH OH HQFRJtD HO FRUD]yQ D SHVDU GHO DQLOOR SXHV QR SRGtD HYLWDU TXH ODV OODYHV
WLQWLQHDVHQ GHFXDQGRHQFXDQGRHVWUHPHFLpQGRORGHSLHVDFDEH]D
3ULPHURDEULyODSXHUWDGH%DOLQ\ODFHUUyGHQXHYRFRQFXLGDGRWDQSURQWRFRPR
HOHQDQRHVWXYRIXHUD
%DOLQSDUHFtDPX\VRUSUHQGLGRFRPRSRGpLVLPDJLQDUSHURHQFXDQWRGHMyDTXHOOD
KDELWDFLyQ GH SLHGUD DJRELDQWH \ PLQ~VFXOD VH VLQWLy PX\ FRQWHQWR \ TXLVR
GHWHQHUVH \ KDFHU SUHJXQWDV \ FRQRFHU VLQWLy PX\ FRQWHQWR \ TXLVR GHWHQHUVH \
KDFHUSUHJXQWDV\FRQRFHUORVSODQHVGH%LOER\WRGRORGHPiV
²£1RKD\WLHPSRDKRUD²GLMRHOKREELW²6LPSOHPHQWHVtJXHPH7HQHPRVTXH
PDQWHQHUQRVMXQWRV\QRDUULHVJDUQRVDTXHQRVVHSDUHQ7HQHPRVTXHHVFDSDU
WRGRV R QLQJXQR \ HVWD HV OD ~OWLPD RSRUWXQLGDG 6L VH GHVFXEUH TXLpQ VDEH
GyQGHRVSRQGUiHOUH\HQWRQFHVFRQFDGHQDVHQODVPDQRV\ORVSLHVVXSRQJR
£1RGLVFXWDVVpXQEXHQPXFKDFKR
/XHJRIXHURQGHSXHUWDHQSXHUWDKDVWDTXHORVVLJXLHURQORVRWURVGRFHQLQJXQR
GHHOORVGHPDVLDGRiJLODFDXVDGHODRVFXULGDG\HOODUJRHQFLHUUR(OFRUD]yQGH
%LOERODWtDFRQYLROHQFLDFDGDYH]TXHXQRGHHOORVWURSH]DEDJUXxtDRVXVXUUDED
HQ ODV WLQLHEODV ²£0DOGLWD VHD HVWH MDOHR GH HQDQRV ²VH GLMR 3HUR QR RFXUULy
QDGD GHVDJUDGDEOH \ QR WURSH]DURQ FRQ QLQJ~Q JXDUGLD (Q UHDOLGDG KDEtD XQ
JUDQ EDQTXHWH RWRxDO DTXHOOD QRFKH HQ ORV ERVTXHV \ HQ ORV VDORQHV GH DUULED
&DVLWRGDODJHQWHGHOUH\HVWDEDGHILHVWD
$O ILQ OXHJR GH H[WUDYLDUVH YDULDV YHFHV OOHJDURQ D OD PD]PRUUD GH 7KRULQ ELHQ
DEDMRHQXQVLWLRSURIXQGR\SRUIRUWXQDQROHMRVGHODVERGHJDV
²£4XpWHSDUHFH²GLMR7KRULQFXDQGR%LOEROHVXVXUUyTXHVDOLHUD\VHXQLHUDD
ORVRWURV²£*DQGDOIGLMRODYHUGDGFRPRGHFRVWXPEUH(UHVXQEXHQVDTXHDGRU
SDUHFH FXDQGR OOHJD HO PRPHQWR (VWR\ VHJXUR GH TXH HVWDUHPRV VLHPSUH D WX
VHUYLFLRRFXUUDORTXHRFXUUD3HUR¢TXpYLHQHDKRUD"
%LOER HQWHQGLy TXH KDEtD OOHJDGR HO PRPHQWR GH H[SOLFDU HO SODQ GHQWUR GH OR
SRVLEOHDXQTXHQRVDEtDPX\ELHQFyPRUHDFFLRQDUtDQORVHQDQRV(VWRVWHPRUHV
HVWDEDQEDVWDQWHMXVWLILFDGRVSXHVORTXHpOOHVGLMRQROHVJXVWy\VHSXVLHURQD
UHIXQIXxDU\DJULWDUDSHVDUGHO SHOLJUR
²£1RV PDJXOODUHPRV \ QRV KDUHPRV SHGD]RV \ QRV DKRJDUHPRV WDPELpQ
VHJXUR ²GLMHURQ² &UHtPRV TXH KDEtDV LGHDGR DOJR VHQVDWR FXDQGR WH
DSRGHUDVWHGHODVOODYHV£(VWRHVXQDORFXUD
²£0X\ELHQ²GLMR%LOERGHVDQLPDGR\WDPELpQEDVWDQWHPROHVWR²5HJUHVDGD
YXHVWUDV DJUDGDEOHV FHOGDV RV HQFHUUDUp RWUD YH] \ DOOt SRGUpLV VHQWDURV
FyPRGDPHQWH\SHQVDUHQXQSODQPHMRUDXQTXHVXSRQJRTXHQRFRQVHJXLUpGH
QXHYRODVOODYHVDXQFXDQGRPHVLQWLHVHFRQJDQDVGHLQWHQWDUOR
$TXHOOR IXH GHPDVLDGR SDUD HOORV \ VH FDOPDURQ $O ILQDO GHVGH OXHJR WXYLHURQ
TXH KDFHU H[DFWDPHQWH OR TXH %LOER KDEtD VXJHULGR SXHV HUD REYLDPHQWH
LPSRVLEOH EXVFDU \ HQFRQWUDU HO FDPLQR HQ ORV VDORQHV GH DUULED R OXFKDU \ VDOLU
FUX]DQGR XQDV SXHUWDV TXH VH FHUUDEDQ SRU DUWH GH PDJLD \ QR HUD EXHQR
UHIXQIXxDUHQORVSDVDGL]RV\HVSHUDUDTXHORVFDSWXUDVHQRWUDYH]'HPRGRTXH
VLJXLHQGR FRQ FDXWHOD DO KREELW IXHURQ D ODV ERGHJDV GH DEDMR 3DVDURQ DQWH OD
SXHUWD GH OD ERGHJD GRQGH HO MHIH GH ORV JXDUGLDV \ HO PD\RUGRPR WRGDYtD
URQFDEDQ IHOLFHV FRQ URVWURV VRQULHQWHV (O YLQR GH 'RUZLQLRQ SURGXFH VXHxRV
SURIXQGRV\DJUDGDEOHV+DEUtDXQDH[SUHVLyQGLIHUHQWHHQODFDUDGHOMHIHGHORV
JXDUGLDV DO RWUR GtD DXQ FXDQGR %LOER DQWHV GH FRQWLQXDU VH GHVOL]y VLJLORVR \
DPDEOHPHQWHOHSXVRODVOODYHVGHYXHOWDHQHOFLQWXUyQ
²(VROHDKRUUDUiDOJXQRGHORVSUREOHPDVHQTXpHVWiPHWLGR²VHGLMR²1RHUD
XQ PDO PXFKDFKR \ WUDWy FRQ GHFHQFLD D ORV SULVLRQHURV 4XHGDUiQ PX\
GHVFRQFHUWDGRV3HQVDUiQTXHWHQtDPRVXQDPDJLDPX\SRGHURVDSDUDWUDVSDVDU
ODVSXHUWDVFHUUDGDV\GHVDSDUHFHU£'HVDSDUHFHU£7HQHPRVTXHGDUQRVSULVDVL
TXHUHPRVTXHDVtVHD
6H HQFDUJy D %DOLQ TXH YLJLODVH DO JXDUGLD \ DO PD\RUGRPR \ DYLVDUD VL KDFtDQ
DOJ~Q PRYLPLHQWR (O UHVWR HQWUy HQ OD ERGHJD DOHGDxD GRQGH HVWDEDQ ODV
HVFRWLOODV +DEtD SRFR WLHPSR TXH SHUGHU (Q EUHYH FRPR VDEtD %LOER DOJXQRV
HOIRVEDMDUtDQDD\XGDUDOPD\RUGRPRHQODWDUHDGHSDVDUORVEDUULOHVYDFtRVSRU
ODV SXHUWDV \ HFKDUORV DO UtR /RV EDUULOHV HVWDEDQ \D GLVSXHVWRV HQ KLOHUDV HQ
PHGLR GHOVXHORDJXDUGDQGRDTXHORVHPSXMDVHQ$OJXQRVHUDQEDUULOHVGHYLQR
\QRPX\~WLOHVSXHVQRSRGtDQDEULUVHSRUHOIRQGRVLQKDFHUUXLGRQLFHUUDUVHGH
QXHYR FRQ IDFLOLGDG 3HUR KDEtD DOJXQRV TXH KDEtDQ VHUYLGR SDUD WUDHU RWUDV
PHUFDQFtDVPDQWHTXLOODPDQ]DQDV\WRGDVXHUWHGHFRVDVDOSDODFLRGHOUH\
3URQWR HQFRQWUDURQ WUHFH FXEDV FRQ HVSDFLR VXILFLHQWH SDUD XQ HQDQR HQ FDGD
XQD (Q YHUGDG DOJXQDV HUDQ GHPDVLDGR JUDQGHV \ ORV HQDQRV SHQVDURQ FRQ
DQJXVWLDHQODVVDFXGLGDV\WRSHWD]RVTXHVRSRUWDUtDQGHQWURDXQTXH%LOEREXVFy
SDMD \ RWURV PDWHULDOHVSDUDHPSDFDUORVORPHMRUTXHSXGRHQWDQFRUWRWLHPSR
3RU ~OWLPR GRFH HQDQRV HVWXYLHURQ GHQWUR GH ORV EDUULOHV 7KRULQ KDEtD FDXVDGR
PXFKDVGLILFXOWDGHV\GDEDYXHOWDV\VHUHWRUFtDHQODFXED\ JUXxtDFRPRSHUUR
JUDQGHHQSHUUHUDSHTXHxDPLHQWUDVTXH%DOLQTXHIXHHO~OWLPROHYDQWyXQJUDQ
DOERURWRDSURSyVLWRGHORVDJXMHURVSDUDUHVSLUDU\GLMRTXHVHHVWDEDDKRJDQGR
DXQDQWHVGHTXHWDSDUDQHOEDUULO%LOERKDEtDWUDWDGRGHFHUUDUORVDJXMHURVHQORV
FRVWDGRVGHORVEDUULOHV\VXMHWDUELHQWRGDVODVWDSDGHUDV\DKRUDVHHQFRQWUDED
GH QXHYR VROR FRUULHQGR DOUHGHGRU GDQGR ORV ~OWLPRV WRTXHV DO HPEDODMH \
DJXDUGDQGRFRQWUDWRGDHVSHUDQ]DTXHHOSODQQRIUDFDVDUD
+DEtDFRQFOXLGRFRQHOWLHPSRMXVWR6yORXQRyGRVPLQXWRVGHVSXpVGHHQFDMDU
OD WDSDGHUD GH %DOLQ OOHJy XQ VRQLGR GH YRFHV \ XQ SDUSDGHR GHOXFHV$OJXQRV
HOIRV YHQtDQ ULHQGR \ FKDUODQGR \ FDQWDQGR D ODV ERGHJDV +DEtDQ GHMDGR XQ
DOHJUHIHVWtQHQXQRGHORVVDORQHV\HVWDEDQUHVXHOWRVDUHWRUQDUWDQSURQWRFRPR
OHVIXHVHSRVLEOH
²¢'yQGH HVWi HO YLHMR *DOLRQ HO PD\RUGRPR" ²GLMR XQR² 1R OR KH YLVWR D OD
PHVD HVWD QRFKH 7HQGUtD TXH HQFRQWUDUVH DTXt DKRUD SDUD PRVWUDUQRV OR TXH
KD\TXHKDFHU
²0H HQIDGDUp VL HO YLHMR SHUH]RVR VH UHWUDVD ²GLMR 2WUR² £1R WHQJR JDQDV GH
SHUGHUHOWLHPSRDTXtDEDMRPLHQWUDVVHFDQWDDOOiDUULED
²£-DMD²OOHJyXQDFDUFDMDGD² £$TXtHVWiHOYLHMRWXQDQWHFRQODFDEH]DPHWLGD
HQ XQ MDUUR +D HVWDGR PRQWDQGR XQ SHTXHxR EDQTXHWH SDUD pO \ VX DPLJR HO
FDSLWiQ
²£6DF~GHOR£'HVSLpUWDOR²JULWDURQORVRWURVLPSDFLHQWHV
$*DOLRQQROHJXVWyQDGDTXHORVDFXGLHUDQ\GHVSHUWDUDQ\PXFKRPHQRVTXH
VH ULHUDQ GH pO ²(VWiLV UHWUDVDGRV ²JUXxy² $TXt HVWR\ \R HVSHUDQGR \
HVSHUDQGRPLHQWUDVYRVRWURVEHEpLV\IHVWHMiLV\ROYLGiLVYXHVWUDVWDUHDV£1RRV
PDUDYLOOHTXHFDLJDGRUPLGRGHDEXUULPLHQWR
²1RQRVPDUDYLOOD²GLMHURQHOORV²£FXDQGRODH[SOLFDFLyQHVWiWDQFHUFDHQXQ
MDUUR £9DPRV GpMDQRV SUREDU WX VRSRUtIHUR DQWHV GH TXH FRPHQFHPRV OD WDUHD
1RHVQHFHVDULRGHVSHUWDUDOMRYHQGHODVOODYHV3RUORTXHSDUHFHKDWHQLGRVX
UDFLyQ
%HELHURQ HQWRQFHV XQD URQGD \ GH UHSHQWH WRGRV VH SXVLHURQ PX\ FRQWHQWRV
3HURQRSHUGLHURQSRUFRPSOHWRODFDEH]D²£6iOYDQRV*DOLRQ²JULWyDOJXLHQ²
£(PSH]DVWHODILHVWDWHPSUDQR\VHWHHPERWyHOMXLFLR+DVDSLODGRDTXtDOJXQRV
WRQHOHVOOHQRVHQOXJDUGHORVYDFtRVDMX]JDUSRUORTXHSHVDQ
²£&RQWLQXDG FRQ HO WUDEDMR ²JUXxy HO PD\RUGRPR² /RV EUD]RV RFLRVRV GH XQ
OHYDQWDFRSDVQDGDVDEHQGHSHVRV(VWRVVRQORVTXHKD\TXHOOHYDU\QRRWURV
£+DFHGORTXHGLJR
²£(VWi ELHQ HVWi ELHQ ²OH UHVSRQGLHURQ KDFLHQGR URGDU ORV EDUULOHV KDVWD OD
DEHUWXUD²£7~VHUiVHOUHVSRQVDEOHVLODVFXEDVGHPDQWHTXLOODGHOUH\\HOYLQR
PHMRUVRQHPSXMDGRVDOUtRSDUDTXpORVKRPEUHVGHOODJRVHUHJDOHQJUDWLV
£5XHGD²UXHGD²UXHGD²UXHGD
UXHGD²UXHGD²UXHGDEDMDQGRDODFXHYD
£/HYDQWDGDUULEDTXHFDLJDQDSORPR
$OOiDEDMRYDQFKRFDQGRHQHOIRQGR
$VtFDQWDEDQPLHQWUDVSULPHURXQR\OXHJRRWURORVEDUULOHVEDMDEDQUHWXPEDQGR
DODRVFXUDDEHUWXUD\HUDQHPSXMDGRVKDFLDODVDJXDVIUtDVTXHFRUUtDQXQRVSLHV
PiV DEDMR $OJXQRV HUDQ EDUULOHV UHDOPHQWH YDFtRV DOJXQRV HUDQ FXEDV ELHQ
FHUUDGDV FRQ XQ HQDQR GHQWUR WRGRV FD\HURQ XQR WUDV RWUR JROSHDQGR \
HQWUHFKRFiQGRVHSUHFLSLWiQGRVHHQHODJXDVDFXGLpQGRVHFRQWUDODVSDUHGHVGHO
W~QHO\IORWDQGROHMRVFRUULHQWHDEDMR
)XH HQWRQFHV SUHFLVDPHQWH FXDQGR %LOER GHVFXEULy GH SURQWR HO SXQWR GpELO GHO
SODQ6HJXURTXH\DRVGLVWHLVFXHQWDKDFHWLHPSR\RVKDEpLVUHtGRGHpOSHUR
QR FUHR TXH KXELHUDLV FRQVHJXLGR QL OD PLWDG GH OR TXH pO FRQVLJXLy £3RU
VXSXHVWRpOQRHVWDEDHQQLQJ~QEDUULOQLKDEtDQDGLHDOOtSDUDHPSDFDUORDXQVL
VHKXELHUDSUHVHQWDGRODRSRUWXQLGDG3DUHFtDFRPRVLHVWDYH]IXHVHDSHUGHUGH
YHUDV D VXV DPLJRV \D KDEtDQ GHVDSDUHFLGR FDVL WRGRV D WUDYpV GH OD HVFRWLOOD
RVFXUDTXHORGHMDUtDQDWUiVSDUDVLHPSUHGHPRGRTXHpOWHQGUtDTXHTXHGDUVH
DOOt HVFRQGLGR FRPR XQ VDTXHDGRU VHPSLWHUQR GH ODV FXHYDV GH ORV HOIRV 3XHV
DXQ VL KXELHUD SRGLGR HVFDSDU HQ VHJXLGD SRU ORV SRUWRQHV VXSHULRUHV QR WHQtD
PXFKDV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH UHHQFRQWUDUVH FRQ ORV HQDQRV 1R VDEtD FyPR OOHJDU DO
VLWLR GRQGH UHFRJtDQ ORV EDUULOHV 6H SUHJXQWy TXp GHPRQLRV OHV RFXUULUtD VLQ pO
SXHVQRKDEtDWHQLGRWLHPSRGHFRQWDUDORVHQDQRVWRGRORTXHKDEtDDYHULJXDGR
RORTXHVHKDEtDSURSXHVWRKDFHUXQDYH]IXHUDGHOERVTXH
0LHQWUDV WRGRV HVWRV SHQVDPLHQWRV OH FUX]DEDQ SRU OD PHQWH ORV HOIRV TXH
SDUHFtDQ DKRUD PX\ DQLPDGRV FRPHQ]DURQ D HQWRQDU XQD FDQFLyQ MXQWR D OD
SXHUWD GHO UtR $OJXQRV KDEtDQ LGR \D D WLUDU GH ODV FXHUGDV TXH DO]DEDQ OD
FRPSXHUWDSDUDGHMDUVDOLUDORVEDUULOHVWDQSURQWRFRPRWRGRVIORWDUDQDEDMR
£%DMDVODUiSLGDFRUULHQWHRVFXUD
GHYXHOWDDWLHUUDVTXHDQWDxRFRQRFLVWH
'HMDODVVDODV\FDYHUQDVSURIXQGDV
ODVHVFDUSDGDV PRQWDxDVGHOQRUWH
HQGRQGHHOERVTXHWHQHEURVR\DQFKR
HQVRPEUDVJULVHV\KRVFDVVHLQFOLQD
0iVDOOiGHHVWHPXQGRGHiUEROHV
IORWDVDOLHQGRKDFLDODEULVD
PiVDOOiGHODVFDxDGDV\ORVMXQFRV
PiVDOOiGHODVKLHUEDVGHOSDQWDQR
HQODQHEOLQDEODQFDTXHDVFLHQGH
GHOODJRQRFWXUQR\GHORVFKDUFRV
£6LJXHVLJXHDODVHVWUHOODVTXHDVRPDQ
DUULEDHQFLHORVIUtRV\HPSLQDGRV
JLUDFRQHODOEDVREUHODWLHUUD
VREUHODDUHQDVREUHORVUiSLGRV
£/HMRVDO6XU\PiVOHMRVDO6XU
£%XVFDODOX]GHOVRO\ODGHOGtD
GHYXHOWDDORVSDVWRV\DORVSUDGRV
TXHYDFDV\EXH\HVDSDFHQWDQ
£'HYXHOWDDORVMDUGLQHVGHODVORPDV
GRQGHODVED\DVFUHFHQ\PDGXUDQ
EDMRODOX]GHOVRO\EDMRHOGtD
£/HMRVDO6XUPiVOHMRVDO6XU
£%DMDVODUiSLGDFRUULHQWHRVFXUD
GHYXHOWDDWLHUUDVTXHDQWDxRFRQRFLVWH
£<D HO ~OWLPR GH ORV EDUULOHV LED URGDQGR KDFLD ODV SXHUWDV 'HVHVSHUDGR \ QR
VDELHQGRTXpKDFHUHOSREUHSHTXHxR%LOERVHDIHUUyDOEDUULO\IXHHPSXMDGRFRQ
pOVREUHHOERUGH&D\yDEDMRHQHODJXDIUtD\RVFXUDFRQHOEDUULOHQFLPD\VXELy
RWUDYH]EDOEXFHDQGR\DUDxDQGRODPDGHUDFRUQRXQDUDWDSHURDSHVDUGHWRGRV
VXVHVIXHU]RVQRSXGRWUHSDU&DGDYH]TXHORLQWHQWDEDHOEDUULOGDEDXQDPHGLD
YXHOWD\ORVXPHUJtDRWUDYH](OEDUULOHVWDEDUHDOPHQWHYDFtR\IORWDEDFRPRXQ
FRUFKR $XQTXH %LOER WHQtD ODV RUHMDV OOHQDV GH DJXD D~Q SRGtD RtU D ORV HOIRV
FDQWDQGR DUULED HQ OD ERGHJD (QWRQFHV GH V~ELWR ODV HVFRWLOODV FD\HURQ \ ODV
YRFHVVHGHVYDQHFLHURQDOROHMRV%LOERHVWDEDDKRUDHQXQW~QHORVFXURIORWDQGR
HQHODJXDKHODGDFRPSOHWDPHQWHVRORSXHVQRSXHGHVFRQWDUFRQDPLJRVTXH
IORWDQHQFHUUDGRVHQEDUULOHV
0X\SURQWRXQDPDQFKDJULVDSDUHFLyGHODQWHHQODRVFXULGDG2\yHOFKLUULGRGH
OD FRPSXHUWD TXH VH OHYDQWDED \ VH HQFRQWUy HQ PHGLR GH XQD IOXFWXDQWH \
HQWUHFKRFDQWHPDVDGHWRQHOHV\FXEDVWRGRVHPSXMDQGRMXQWRVSDUDSDVDUSRU
GHEDMRGHODUFR\VDOLUDODVDJXDVGHOUtR7UDWySRUWRGRVORVPHGLRVGHLPSHGLU
TXH OR JROSHDUDQ \ PDFKDFDUDQ SHUR DO ILQ ORV EDUULOHV DSLxDGRV FRPHQ]DURQ D
GLVSHUVDUVH \ D EDODQFHDUVH XQR SRU XQR EDMR OD DUFDGD GH SLHGUD \ PiV DOOi
(QWRQFHV %LOER YLR TXH QR OH KDEUtD VHUYLGR GH PXFKR VL KXELHVH VXELGR D
KRUFDMDGDVVREUHHOEDUULOSXHVDSHQDVKDEtDHVSDFLRQLVLTXLHUDSDUDXQKREELW
HQWUHHOEDUULO\HOWHFKRDKRUDLQFOLQDGRGHODFRPSXHUWD
)XHUD VDOLHURQ EDMR ODV ODPDV TXH FROJDEDQ GHVGH ODV GRV RULOODV %LOER VH
SUHJXQWDED TXp VHQWLUtDQ HQ HVH PRPHQWR ORV HQDQRV \ VL QR HVWDUtD HQWUDQGR
DJXDHQODVFXEDV$OJXQDVGHODVTXHSDVDEDQIORWDQGRHQODRVFXULGDGMXQWRD
pOSDUHFtDQEDVWDQWHKXQGLGDVHQHODJXD\VXSXVRTXHOOHYDUtDQHQDQRVGHQWUR
£(VSHUR KDEHU DMXVWDGR EDVWDQWH ODV WDSDV SHQVy SHUR HQ VHJXLGD HVWXYR
GHPDVLDGR SUHRFXSDGR SRU Vt PLVPR SDUD DFRUGDUVH GH ORV HQDQRV &RQVHJXtD
PDQWHQHU OD FDEH]D VREUH HO DJXD GH DOJ~Q PRGR OD VXHUWH FDPELDVH FXDQWR
WLHPSR VHULD FDSD] GH UHVLVWLU \ VL SRGtD FRUUHU HO ULHVJR GH VROWDUVH H LQWHQWDU
QDGDUKDVWDODRULOOD
/DVXHUWHFDPELyGHSURQWRODFRUULHQWHDUUHPROLQDGDDUUDVWUyYDULRVEDUULOHVD XQ
SXQWR GH OD ULEHUD \ DOOt VH TXHGDURQ XQ UDWR YDUDGRV FRQWUD DOJXQD UDt] RFXOWD
%LOERDSURYHFKyHQWRQFHVODRFDVLyQSDUDWUHSDUSRUHOFRVWDGRGHOEDUULODSR\DGR
ILUPHPHQWHFRQWUDRWUR6XELyDUUDVWUiQGRVHFRPRXQDUDWDDKRJDGD\VHWHQGLy
DUULED WUDWDQGRGHPDQWHQHUHOHTXLOLEULR/DEULVDHUDIUtDSHURPHMRUTXHHODJXD
\HVSHUDEDQRFDHUURGDQGRGHUHSHQWH
/RV EDUULOHV SURQWR TXHGDURQ OLEUHV RWUD YH] \ JLUDURQ \ GLHURQ YXHOWDV UtR DEDMR
VDOLHQGR D OD FRUULHQWH SULQFLSDO %LOER GHVFXEULy HQWRQFHV TXH HUD PX\ GLItFLO
PDQWHQHUVH VREUH HO EDUULO WDO FRPR KDEtD WHPLGR \ DGHPiV VH VHQWtD EDVWDQWH
LQFyPRGR 3RU IRUWXQD %LOER HUD PX\ OLYLDQR \ HO EDUULO JUDQGH \ EDVWDQWH
GHWHULRUDGRGHPRGRTXHKDEtDHPEDUFDGRXQDSHTXHxDFDQWLGDGGHDJXD$XQ
DVtHUDFRPRFDEDOJDUVLQEULGDQLHVWULERVXQSRQH\SDQ]XGRTXHQRSHQVDUDHQ
2WUDFRVDTXHHQUHYROFDUVHVREUHODKLHUED
'HHVWHPRGRHOVHxRU%ROVyQOOHJySRUILQDXQOXJDUGRQGHORViUEROHVUDOHDEDQD
DPERVODGRV$OFDQ]DEDDYHUHOFLHORSiOLGRHQWUHHOORV(OUtRRVFXURVHHQVDQFKy
GH SURQWR \ VH XQLy DO FXUVR SULQFLSDO GHO 5tR GHO %RVTXH TXH IOXtD
SUHFLSLWDGDPHQWH GHVGH ORV JUDQGHV SRUWRQHV GHO UH\ (Q OD PyYLO VXSHUILFLH GH
XQDH[WHQVLyQGHDJXDTXHODVVRPEUDV\DQRFXEUtDQVHUHIOHMDEDQODV QXEHV\
ODV HVWUHOODV HQ OXFHV GDQ]DQWHV \ URWDV /DV UiSLGDV DJXDV GHO 5tR GHO %RVTXH
OOHYDURQ WRGD OD FRPSDxtD GH WRQHOHV \ FXEDV D OD ULEHUD QRUWH GRQGH KDEtDQ
DELHUWRXQDDQFKDEDKtD(VWDWHQtDXQDSOD\DGHJXLMDUURVDOSLHGHOEDUUDQFR\
HVWDEDFHUUDGDHQHOH[WUHPRRULHQWDOSRUXQSHTXHxRFDERVREUHVDOLHQWHGHURFD
GXUD 0XFKRV GH ORV EDUULOHV HQFDOODURQ HQ ORV EDMtRV DUHQRVRV DXQTXH XQRV
SRFRVIXHURQDJROSHDUFRQWUDHOGLTXHGHURFD
+DEtDJHQWHYLJLODQGRODVULEHUDV(PSXMDURQUiSLGDPHQWH\PRYLHURQFRQSpUWLJDV
WRGRVORVEDUULOHVKDFLDORVEDMtRV\ORVFRQWDURQ\DWDURQMXQWRV\ORVGHMDURQDOOt
KDVWD OD PDxDQD £3REUHV HQDQRV %LOER QR HVWDED WDQ PDO DKRUD %DMy
GHVOL]iQGRVH GHO EDUULO \ YDGHy HO UtR KDVWD OD RULOOD \ OXHJR VH HVFXUULy KDFLD
DOJXQDV FDEDxDV TXH DOFDQ]DED D YHU FHUFD GHO UtR 6L WHQtD OD 2SRUWXQLGDG GH
WRPDU XQD FHQD VLQ LQYLWDFLyQ HVWD YH] QR OR SHQVDUtD PXFKR VH KDEtD YLVWR
REOLJDGR D KDFHUOR GXUDQWH PXFKR WLHPSR \ DKRUD VDEtD GHPDVLDGR ELHQ OR TXH
HUD WHQHU YHUGDGHUD KDPEUH \ QRVyORXQDPDEOHLQWHUpVSRUODVGHOLFDGH]DVGH
XQD GHVSHQVD ELHQ SURYLVWD +DEtD OOHJDGR D YHU OD OX] GH XQ IXHJR HQWUH ORV
iUEROHV\HUDXQDOX]DWUDFWLYDODVURSDVFDODGDV\DQGUDMRVDVVHOHSHJDEDQIUtDV
\K~PHGDVDOFXHUSR
1R HV QHFHVDULR FRQWDURV PXFKR GH ODV DYHQWXUDV GH %LOER DTXHOOD QRFKH SXHV
QRVHVWDPRVDFHUFDQGR\DDOWpUPLQRGHOYLDMHKDFLDHOHVWH\OOHJDQGRDOD~OWLPD
\ PD\RU DYHQWXUD GH PRGR TXH KHPRV GH GDUQRV SULVD $\XGDGR FRPR HV
QDWXUDOSRUHODQLOORPiJLFRD%LOEROHIXHPX\ELHQDOSULQFLSLRSHURDOFDERIXH
WUDLFLRQDGR SRU VXV SLVDGDV K~PHGDV \ HO UDVWUR GH JRWDV TXH LED GHMDQGR
GRQGHTXLHUD TXH IXHVH R VH VHQWDVH \ OXHJR VH SXVR D ODJULPHDU \ FXDQGR
LQWHQWDED RFXOWDUVH HUD GHVFXELHUWR SRU ODV WHUULEOHV H[SORVLRQHV GH XQRV
HVWRUQXGRVFRQWHQLGRV0X\SURQWRKXERXQDJUDQFRQPRFLyQHQODYLOODULEHUHxD
PDV%LOERHVFDSyKDFLDORVERVTXHVOOHYDQGRXQDKRJD]D\XQSHOOHMRGHYLQR\XQ
SDVWHOTXHQROHSHUWHQHFtDQ(OUHVWRGHODQRFKHWXYRTXHSDVDUODPRMDGRFRPR
HVWDED\VLQIXHJRSHURHOSHOOHMRGHYLQRORD\XGy\KDVWDDOFDQ]yDGRUPLWDUXQ
UDWR VREUH XQDV KRMDV VHFDV DXQTXH HO DQR HVWDED DYDQ]DGR \ HO DLUH HUD
FRUWDQWH
'HVSHUWyGHQXHYRFRQXQHVWRUQXGRHVSHFLDOPHQWHUXLGRVR/DPDxDQDHUDJULV
\ KDEtD XQ DOHJUH DOERURWR UtR DEDMR (VWDEDQ FRQVWUX\HQGR XQD DOPDGtD GH
EDUULOHV\ORVHOIRVGHODDOPDGtDODOOHYDUtDQSURQWRDJXDVDEDMRKDFLDOD&LXGDG
GHO /DJR %LOER HVWRUQXGy RWUD YH] /DV URSDV \DQROHFKRUUHDEDQSHURWHQtDHO
FXHUSR KHODGR 'HVFHQGLy JDWHDQGR WDQ UiSLGR FRPR VH OR SHUPLWtDQ ODV SLHUQDV
HQWXPHFLGDV\ORJUyDOFDQ]DUMXVWRDWLHPSRHOJUXSRGHWRQHOHVVLQTXHQDGLHVH
GLHUD FXHQWD HQ OD FRQIXVLyQ JHQHUDO 3RU VXHUWH QR KDEtD VRO HQWRQFHV TXH
SUR\HFWDVH XQD VRPEUD UHYHODGRUD \ SRU PLVHULFRUGLD QR HVWRUQXGy RWUD YH]
GXUDQWHXQEXHQUDWR
+XER XQ SRGHURVR PRYLPLHQWR GH SpUWLJDV /RV HOIRV TXH HVWDEDQ HQ ORV EDMtRV
LPSHOtDQ \ HPSXMDEDQ /RV EDUULOHV DKRUD DPDUUDGRV HQWUH VL VH UR]DEDQ \
FUXMtDQ
²£(V XQD FDUJD SHVDGD ²JUXxtDQ DOJXQRV² )ORWDQ PX\ EDMRV DOJXQRV QR
HVWiQ GHO WRGR YDFtRV 6L KXELHVHQ OOHJDGR D OD OX] GHO GtD SRGUtDPRV KDEHUOHV
HFKDGRXQDRMHDGD²GLMHURQ
²£<DQRKD\WLHPSR²JULWyHOHOIRGHODDOPDGtD²£(PSXMDG
< DOOi IXHURQ SRU ILQ OHQWDPHQWH DO SULQFLSLR KDVWD TXH GHMDURQ DWUiV HO FDER
URFRVRGRQGHRWURVHOIRVHVSHUDEDQSDUDDSDUWDUORVFRQSpUWLJDV\OXHJRPiV\
PiV UiSLGR FXDQGR HQWUDURQ HQ OD FRUULHQWH SULQFLSDO \ QDYHJDURQ \ IXHURQ
DOHMiQGRVHDJXDVDEDMRKDFLDHO/DJR
+DEtDQHVFDSDGRGHODVPD]PRUUDVGHOUH\\KDEtDQDWUDYHVDGRHOERVTXHSHUR
VLYLYRVRPXHUWRVWRGDYtDHVWDEDSRUYHUVH
81$&È/,'$%,(19(1,'$
(OGtDFUHFtDPiVFODUR\FDOXURVRDPHGLGDTXHDYDQ]DEDQIORWDQGR/XHJRGHXQ
FRUWRWUHFKRHOUtRURGHDEDDODL]TXLHUGDXQUHSHFKRGHWLHUUDHVFDUSDGD$OSLH
GHODSDUHGURFRVDTXHVHDO]DEDFRPRXQULVFRHQXQDOODQXUDODFRUULHQWHPiV
SURIXQGDIOXtDODPLHQGR\ERUERWHDQGR'HUHSHQWHHOULVFRVHHVWUHFKy/DVRULOODV
VHKXQGLHURQ/RViUEROHVGHVDSDUHFLHURQ%LOERPLUy
/DV WLHUUDV VH DEUtDQ DPSOLDV DOUHGHGRU FXELHUWDV SRU ODV DJXDV GHO UtR TXH VH
SHUGtD\VH%LIXUFDEDHQXQFHQWHQDUGHFXUVRV]LJ]DJXHDQWHVRVHHVWDQFDEDHQ
UHPDQVRV \ SDQWDQRV FRQ LVORWHV D ORV ODGRV SHUR DXQ DVt XQD IXHUWH FRUULHQWH
VHJXtDVXFXUVRUHJXODU
£< DOOi D OR OHMRV PRVWUDQGR OD FLPD RVFXUD HQWUH UHWD]RV GH QXEHV DOOi
DPHQD]DGRUDDVRPDEDOD0RQWDxD/RVSLFRVPiVSUy[LPRVGHOD]RQDQRURHVWH
\ HO KXQGLGR YDOOH TXH ORV XQtD QR DOFDQ]DEDQ D GLVWLQJXLUVH 6ROD \ DGXVWD OD
0RQWDQD FRQWHPSODED HO ERVTXH SRU HQFLPD GH ORV SDQWDQRV £/D 0RQWDxD
6ROLWDULD%LOERKDEtDYLDMDGRPXFKR\KDEtDSDVDGRPXFKDVDYHQWXUDVSDUDYHUOD
\DKRUDQROHJXVWDEDQDGD
0LHQWUDV HVFXFKDED OD FRQYHUVDFLyQ GH ORV HOIRV HQ OD DOPDGtD H KLODED ORV
SHGD]RV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH GHMDEDQ FDHU SURQWR FRPSUHQGLy TXH HUD PX\
DIRUWXQDGRSRUKDEHUODYLVWRDXQGHVGHOHMRV+DEtDVXIULGRPXFKRFXDQGRFD\y
SULVLRQHUR \ DKRUD QR HQFRQWUDED XQD SRVWXUD FyPRGD SRU QR PHQFLRQDU D ORV
SREUHVHQDQRVGHEDMRGHpO\VLQHPEDUJRQRVHKDEtDGDGRFXHQWDGHODVXHUWH
TXHKDEtDWHQLGR/DFRQYHUVDFLyQVHUHIHUtDVyORDOFRPHUFLRTXHLED\YHQtDSRU
ORVFDQDOHV\DOLQFUHPHQWRGHOWUiILFRHQHOUtRSXHVODVFDUUHWHUDVGHOHVWHTXH
FRQGXFtDQ DO %RVTXH 1HJUR KDEtDQ GHVDSDUHFLGR R GHMDURQ GH XWLOL]DUVH \
DGHPiV ORV +RPEUHV GHO /DJR \ ORV (OIRV GHO %RVTXH VH KDEtDQ GLVSXWDGR HO
GRPLQLR GHO 5tR GHO %RVTXH \ HO FXLGDGR GH ODV ULEHUDV (VWRV WHUULWRULRV KDEtDQ
FDPELDGRPXFKRGHVGHORVGtDVHQTXHORVHQDQRVPRUDUDQHQOD0RQWDxDGtDV
TXH SDUD OD PD\RUtD GH OD JHQWH VyOR HUDQ DKRUD XQD YDJD WUDGLFLyQ +DEtDQ
FDPELDGRDXQHQDxRVUHFLHQWHV\GHVGHODV~OWLPDVQRWLFLDVTXH*DQGDOIWHQtDGH
HOORV,QXQGDFLRQHV\OOXYLDVKDEtDQDXPHQWDGRHOFDXGDOGHODVDJXDVHQHO(VWH
\ KDEtD KDELGR XQR R GRV WHUUHPRWRV TXH DOJXQRV VH LQFOLQDURQ D DWULEXLU DO
GUDJyQ PLHQWUDV VHxDODEDQ OD 0RQWDxD FRQ XQD PDOGLFLyQ \ XQ RPLQRVR
PRYLPLHQWRGHFDEH]D/RVSDQWDQRV\FLpQDJDVVHKDEtDQH[WHQGLGRPiV\PiV
D DPERV ODGRV /RV VHQGHURV KDEtDQ GHVDSDUHFLGR \ ORV MLQHWHV R FDPLQDQWHV
KXELHUDQ WHQLGR XQ GHVWLQR VLPLODU VL KXELHVHQ LQWHQWDGR HQFRQWUDU ORV YLHMRV
FDPLQRV(OVHQGHURHOIRTXHFUX]DEDHOERVTXH\TXHORVHQDQRVKDEtDQWRPDGR
VLJXLHQGR HO FRQVHMR GH %HRUQ DKRUD OOHJDED D XQ GXGRVR H LQVyOLWR ILQDO HQ HO
ERUGH RULHQWDO GHO ERVTXH VyOR HO UtR HUD D~Q XQ WUD\HFWR VHJXUR GHVGH HO OLQGH
QRUWHGHO%RVTXH1HJURKDVWDODVOHMDQDVSODQLFLHVVRPEUHDGDVSRUOD0RQWDxD\
HOUtRHVWDEDYLJLODGRSRUHOUH\GHORV(OIRVGHO%RVTXH
$VtTXHFRPRYHLV%LOERKDEtDWRPDGRDOILQDOHO~QLFRFDPLQRTXHHUDHQUHDOLGDG
EXHQR (O VHxRU %ROVyQ KXELHUD SRGLGR VHQWLUVH UHFRQIRUWDGR PLHQWUDV WHPEODED
VREUH ORV EDUULOHV VL KXELHVH VDELGR TXH QRWLFLDV GH WRGR HVWR KDEtDQ OOHJDGR D
*DQGDOIDOOiOHMRVSUHRFXSiQGRORGHYHUDV\TXHHVWDEDDSXQWRGHDFDEDURWUR
DVXQWRTXHQRYLHQHDFXHQWRPHQFLRQDUHQHVWHUHODWR\VHGLVSRQtDDUHJUHVDU
HQEXVFDGHODJHQWHGH7KRULQ3HUR%LOERQRORVDEtD
7RGR FXDQWR VDEtD HUD TXH HO UtR SDUHFtD VHJXLU \ VHJXLU \ VHJXLU \ TXHpOWHQtD
KDPEUH\XQKRUURURVRUHVIULDGRGHQDUL]\TXHQROHJXVWDEDFyPROD0RQWDxD
SDUHFtDIUXQFLUHOFHQR\DPHQD]DUORDPHGLGDTXHVHDFHUFDEDQ6LQHPEDUJRDO
FDERGHXQUDWRHOUtRWRPyXQFXUVRPiVPHULGLRQDO\OD0RQWDQDUHWURFHGLyGH
QXHYR\DOILQ\DFDtGDODWDUGHHQWUHRULOODVDKRUDGHURFDVHOUtRUHXQLyWRGDV
VXVDJXDVHUUDQWHVHQXQSURIXQGR\UiSLGRIOXMR\GHVFHQGLySUHFLSLWDGDPHQWH
(OVRO\DVHKDEtDSXHVWRFXDQGROXHJRGHXQUHFRGR\GHEDMDURWUDYH]KDFLDHO
HVWH HO 5tR GHO %RVTXH VH SUHFLSLWy HQ HO /DJR /DUJR /DV SXHUWDV GHO UtR VH
DO]DEDQFRPRDOWRVDFDQWLODGRVDXQODGR\DRWURFRQJXLMDUURVDSLODGRVHQODV
RULOODV £(O /DJR /DUJR %LOER QXQFD KDEtD LPDJLQDGR TXH SXGLHUD KDEHU XQD
H[WHQVLyQGHDJXDWDQHQRUPHH[FHSWRHOPDU(UDWDQDQFKRTXHODVPiUJHQHV
RSXHVWDVDVRPDEDQDSHQDVDOROHMRV\WDQODUJRTXHQRVHYHtDHOH[WUHPRQRUWH
TXHDSXQWDEDDOD0RQWDxD6yORSRUHOPDSDVXSR%LOERTXHDOOiDUULEDGRQGHODV
HVWUHOODV GHO &DUUR \D WLWLODEDQ HO 5tR 5iSLGR GHVFHQGtD GHVGH HO YDOOH
GHVHPERFDQGR HQ HO /DJR \ MXQWR FRQ HO 5tR GHO %RVTXH FROPDED FRQ DJXDV
SURIXQGDVORTXHXQDYH]WHQLDTXHKDEHUVLGRXQYDOOHGHSLHGUDJUDQGH\KRQGR
(QHOH[WUHPRPHULGLRQDOODVGREOHVDJXDVVHYHUWtDQGHQXHYRHQDOWDVFDVFDGDV
\FRUUtDQGHSULVDKDFLDWLHUUDVGHVFRQRFLGDV(QHODLUHWUDQTXLORGHODQRFKHFHUHO
UXLGRGHODVFDVFDGDVUHVRQDEDFRPRXQEUDPLGRGLVWDQWH
1R OHMRV GH OD ERFD GHO 5tR GHO %RVTXH VH DO]DED OD H[WUDxD FLXGDG GH OD TXH
KDEODUDQ ORV HOIRV HQ ODV ERGHJDV GHO UH\ 1R HVWDED HPSOD]DGD HQ OD RULOOD
DXQTXH KDEtDDOOtXQDVFXDQWDVFDEDxDV\FRQVWUXFFLRQHVVLQRVREUHODVXSHUILFLH
PLVPDGHO/DJRHQXQDDSDFLEOHEDKtDSURWHJLGDGHORVUHPROLQRVGHOUtRSRUXQ
SURPRQWRULRGHURFD
8Q JUDQ SXHQWH GH PDGHUD VH H[WHQGtD KDVWD XQRV HQRUPHV WURQFRV TXH
VRVWHQtDQXQDEXOOLFLRVDFLXGDGWDPELpQGHPDGHUDQRXQDFLXGDGGH(OIRVVLQR
GH +RPEUHV TXH D~Q VH DWUHYtDQ D YLYLU D OD VRPEUD GHODGLVWDQWH0RQWDQDGHO
GUDJyQ6DFDEDQD~QDOJ~QSURYHFKRGHOWUiILFRTXHYHQtDGHVGHpO6XUUtRDUULED
\ TXH HQ HO WUD\HFWR GH ODV FDVFDGDV HUDWUDQVSRUWDGRSRUWLHUUDKDVWDODFLXGDG
SHUR HQ ORV JUDQGHV GtDV GH DQWDxR FXDQGR HO 9DOOH 1RUWH HUD ULFR \ SUyVSHUR
HOORV KDEtDQ VLGR SRGHURVRV KRPEUHV GH IRUWXQD YDVWDV IORWDV GH EDUFRV KDEtDQ
SREODGRDTXHOODVDJXDV\DOJXQRVOOHYDEDQ RUR\RWURVJXHUUHURVFRQDUPDGXUDV
\DOOtVHKDEtDQFRQRFLGRJXHUUDV\KD]DxDVTXHDKRUDHUDQVyORXQDOH\HQGD$OR
ODUJR GH ODV RULOODV SRGtDQ YHUVH D~Q ORV SLORWHV FDUFRPLGRV GH XQD FLXGDG PiV
JUDQGHFXDQGREDMDEDQODVDJXDVGXUDQWHODVVHTXtDV
3HUR ORV KRPEUHV SRFR UHFRUGDEDQ GH WRGR DTXHOOR DXQTXH DOJXQRV WRGDYtD
FDQWDEDQYLHMDVFDQFLRQHVVREUHORVUH\HVHQDQRVGHOD0RQWDxD7KURU\7KUDLQ
GH OD UD]D GH 'XULQ \ VREUH OD OOHJDGD GHO 'UDJyQ \ OD FDtGD GH ORV 6HxRUHV GH
9DOOH$OJXQRVFDQWDEDQWDPELpQTXH7KURU\7KUDLQYROYHUtDQXQGtD\TXHHORUR
FRUUHUtD HQ UtRV SRU ODV FRPSXHUWDV GH OD 0RQWDxD \ TXH HQ WRGR DTXHO SDtV VH
RLUtDQFDQFLRQHVQXHYDV\ULVDVQXHYDV3HURHVWDDJUDGDEOHOH\HQGDQRDIHFWDED
PXFKRORVDVXQWRVFRWLGLDQRVGHORVKRPEUHV
7DQ SURQWR FRPR OD DOPDGtD GH EDUULOHV DSDUHFLy D OD YLVWD XQRV ERWHV VDOLHURQ
UHPDQGRGHVGHORVSLORWHVGHODFLXGDG\XQDVYRFHVVDOXGDURQDORVWLPRQHOHV
/RVHOIRVDUURMDURQFXHUGDV\UHWLUDURQORVUHPRV\SURQWRODEDOVDIXHDUUDVWUDGD
IXHUDGH ODFRUULHQWHGHO5tRGHO%RVTXH\OXHJRUHPROFDGDEDMRHODOWRUHSHFKR
URFRVRKDVWDODSHTXHxDEDKtDGHOD&LXGDGGHO/DJR$OOtODDPDUUDURQQROHMRVGH
ODFDEHFHUDGHOSXHQWH3URQWRYHQGUtDQKRPEUHVGHO6XU\VHOOHYDUtDQDOJXQRVGH
ORVEDUULOHV\RWURVORVFDUJDUtDQFRQPHUFDQFtDVTXHKDEtDQWUDtGRFRQVLJRSDUD
GHYROYHUODV UtR DUULED D OD PRUDGD GH ORV (OIRV GHO %RVTXH 0LHQWUDV WDQWR ORV
EDUULOHV TXHGDURQ HQ HO DJXD \ ORV HOIRV GH OD DOPDGtD \ ORV EDUTXHURV IXHURQ D
FHOHEUDUORHQOD&LXGDGGHO/DJR
6H KXELHUDQ VRUSUHQGLGR VL KXELHVHQ YLVWR OR TXH RFXUULy DOOi DEDMR HQ OD RULOOD
GHVSXpVGHTXHVHIXHUDQ\DFDtGDODQRFKH%LOERVROWyDQWHWRGRXQEDUULO\OR
HPSXMy KDVWD OD RULOOD GRQGH OR DEULy 6H R\HURQ XQRV TXHMLGRV \ XQ HQDQR GH
DVSHFWR ODVWLPRVR VDOLy DUUDVWUiQGRVH 8QDV SDMDV K~PHGDV VH OH KDEtDQ
HQUHGDGRHQODEDUEDHQPDUDxDGDHVWDEDWDQGRORULGR\HQWXPHFLGRFRQWDQWDV
PDJXOODGXUDV \ FDUGHQDOHV TXH DSHQDV SXGR VRVWHQHUVH HQ SLH \ DWUDYHVDU D
WXPERV HO DJXD SRFR SURIXQGD \VLJXLyODPHQWiQGRVHWHQGLGRHQODRULOOD7HQtD
XQDPLUDGDIDPpOLFD\VDOYDMHFRPRODGHXQSHUURHQFDGHQDGR\ROYLGDGRHQOD
SHUUHUD WRGD XQD VHPDQD (UD 7KRULQ DXQTXH VyOR SRGUtDLV UHFRQRFHUOR SRU OD
FDGHQDGHRUR\SRUHOFRORUGHOFDSXFKyQFHOHVWHDKRUDVXFLR\ DQGUDMRVRFRQOD
ERUODGHSODWDGHVOXVWUDGD7XYRTXHSDVDUDOJ~QWLHPSRDQWHVGHTXHYROYLHVHD
VHUDPDEOHFRQHOKREELW
²%LHQHVWDVYLYRRPXHUWR"²SUHJXQWy%LOERXQWDQWRPDOKXPRUDGR4XL]iKDEtD
ROYLGDGRTXHpOSRUORPHQRVKDEtDWHQLGRXQDEXHQDFRPLGDPiVTXHORVHQDQRV
\WDPELpQORVEUD]RV\SLHUQDVOLEUHV\QRKDEOHPRVGHODPD\RUUDFLyQGHDLUH²
¢(VWiVWRGDYtDSUHVRROLEUH"6LTXLHUHVFRPLGD\VLTXLHUHVFRQWLQXDUFRQHVWD
HVW~SLGDDYHQWXUDHVWX\DDOILQ\DOFDER\QRPtDPHMRUVHUi TXHVDFXGDVORV
EUD]RV WH IURWHV ODV SLHUQDV H LQWHQWHV D\XGDUPH D VDFDU D ORV GHPiV PLHQWUDV
VHDSRVLEOH
3RU VXSXHVWR 7KRULQ HQWHQGLy OD VHQVDWH] GH HVWDV SDODEUDV \ OXHJR GH XQRV
FXiQWRV TXHMLGRV PiV VH LQFRUSRUy \ D\XGy DO KREELW OR PHMRU TXH SXGR (Q OD
RVFXULGDG FKDSRWHDQGR HQ HO DJXD IUtD WXYLHURQ XQD GLItFLO \ PX\ GHVDJUDGDEOH
WDUHD WUDWDQGR GH GDU FRQ ORV EDUULOHV GH ORV HQ" QRV 'DQGR JROSHV IXHUD \
OODPiQGRORVVyORGHVFXEULHURQDXQRVVHLVHQDQRVFDSDFHVGHFRQWHVWDU$HVWRV
ORV GHVHPEDODURQ \ D\XGDURQ D DOFDQ]DU OD RULOOD \ DOOt ORV GHMDURQ VHQWDGRV R
WXPEDGRV TXHMiQGRVH \ JUXxHQGR (VWDEDQ WDQ GRORULGRV HQWXPHFLGRV \
HPSDSDGRVTXHDSHQDVVLDOFDQ]DEDQDGDUVHFXHQWDGHTXHORVKDEtDQOLEHUDGR
RGHTXHKDEtDUD]RQHVSDUDTXHVHPRVWUDUDQDJUDGHFLGRV
'ZDOLQ \ %DOLQ HUDQ GRV GH ORV PiV GHVDIRUWXQDGRV \ QR YDOtD OD SHQD SHGLUOHV
D\XGD%LIXU\%RIXUHVWDEDQPHQRVPDJXOODGRV\PiVVHFRVSHURSHUPDQHFtDQ
WXPEDGRV \ QR KDFtDQ QDGD )tOL \ .LOL VLQ HPEDUJR TXH HUDQ MyYHQHV SDUD XQ
HQDQR \ TXH DGHPiV KDEtDQ VLGR PHMRU HPEDODGRV FRQ SDMD DEXQGDQWH \ HQ
WRQHOHV PiV SHTXHxRV HPHUJLHURQ FDVL VRQULHQWHV FRQ DOJXQD TXH RWUD
PDJXOODGXUD\XQHQWXPHFLPLHQWRTXHSURQWROHVGHVDSDUHFLy
²£(VSHUR QR ROHU QXQFD PiV XQD PDQ]DQD ²GLMR )tOL² 0L FXED HVWDED WRGD
LPSUHJQDGD GH HVH DURPD 1R ROHU QLQJXQD RWUD FRVD TXH PDQ]DQDV FXDQGR
DSHQDV SXHGHV PRYHUWH \ HVWiV KHODGR \ HQIHUPR GH KDPEUH HV HQORTXHFHGRU
0HFRPHUtDKR\FXDOTXLHUFRVDGHWRGRHODQFKRPXQGRGXUDQWHKRUDV\KRUDV
£SHURQXQFDXQDPDQ]DQD
&RQODYROXQWDULRVDD\XGDGH)tOL\.LOL7KRULQ\%LOERGHVFXEULHURQDOILQDOUHVWR
GH OD FRPSDxtD \ ORV VDFDURQ GH ORV EDUULOHV (O SREUH JRUGR %RPEXU SDUHFtD
GRUPLGRRLQFRQVFLHQWH'RUL1RUL2ULÏLQ\*OyLQKDEtDQWUDJDGRPXFKDDJXD\
HVWDEDQPHGLRPXHUWRV7XYLHURQTXHWUDQVSRUWDUORVXQRDXQR\GHSRVLWDUORVHQ
ODRULOOD
²£%LHQ£$TXtHVWDPRV²GLMR7KRULQ²<VXSRQJRTXHWHQHPRVTXHDJUDGHFHUOR
D QXHVWUDV HVWUHOODV \ DO VHxRU %ROVyQ (VWR\ VHJXUR GH TXH WLHQH GHUHFKR D
HVSHUDUOR DXQTXH GHVHDUtD TXH KXELHVH RUJDQL]DGR XQ YLDMH PiV FyPRGR 1R
REVWDQWH WRGRV D YXHVWUR VHUYLFLRXQDYH]PiVVHxRU%ROVyQ6LQGXGDDOJXQD
QRV VHQWLUHPRV GHELGDPHQWH DJUDGHFLGRV FXDQGR KD\DPRV FRPLGR \ QRV
UHFXSHUHPRV¢4XpKDFHPRVPLHQWUDVWDQWR"
²<R SURSRQGUtD OD &LXGDG GHO /DJR ²GLMR %LOER² ¢4Xp RWUD FRVD VH SXHGH
KDFHU"
1DGLH GHVGH OXHJR SXGR SURSRQHU DOJR GLVWLQWR DVt TXH GHMDQGR D ORV RWURV
7KRULQ\)tOL\.LOL\HOKREELWVLJXLHURQODRULOODKDVWDHOSXHQWH$ODFDEHFHUDKDEtD
JXDUGLDV DXQTXH OD YLJLODQFLD QR SDUHFtD PX\ HVWULFWD \ QR HUD UHDOPHQWH
QHFHVDULD GHVGH KDFLD PXFKR WLHPSR([FHSWRSRURFDVLRQDOHVULxDVDFDXVDGH
ORV SHDMHV GHO UtR HUDQ DPLJRV GH ORV (OIRV GHO %RVTXH 2WURV SXHEORV HVWDEDQ
PX\ OHMRV \ DOJXQRV GH ORV PiV MyYHQHV GH OD FLXGDG SRQtDQ DELHUWDPHQWH HQ
GXGD OD H[LVWHQFLD GH FXDOTXLHU GUDJyQ HQ OD 0RQWDQD \ VH EXUODEDQ GH ORV
EDUELJULVHV \ YHMHWHV TXH GHFtDQ KDEHUOR YLVWR YRODU SRU HO FLHOR HQ VXV DULRV
PR]RV3RUWRGRHVWRQRHVGHH[WUDxDUTXHORVJXDUGLDVHVWXYLHVHQEHELHQGR\
ULHQGRMXQWRDOIXHJRGHQWURGHODFDEDxD\QRR\HVHQHOUXLGRGHORVHQDQRVTXH
HUDQ GHVHPEDOD GRV y ORV SDVRV GH ORV FXDWUR H[SORUDGRUHV (O DVRPEUR GH ORV
JXDUGLDVIXHHQRUPHFXDQGR7KRULQ(VFXGRGH5REOHFUX]yODSXHUWD
²¢4XLpQ HUHV \ TXp TXLHUHV" ²JULWDURQ SRQLpQGRVH HQ SLH GH XQ VDOWR \
EXVFDQGRDWLHQWDVODVDUPDV
²£7KRULQ KLMR GH 7KUDLQ KLMR GH 7KURU 5H\ EDMR OD 0RQWDxD ²GLMR HO HQDQR FRQ
YR]UHFLD\UHDOPHQWHSD²SDUHFtDXQUH\DXQFRQDTXHOODVUDVJDGDVYHVWLGXUDV\
HOPXJULHQWRFDSXFKyQ(ORUROHEULOODEDHQHOFXHOOR\HQODFLQWXUD\WHQtDRMRV
RVFXURV\SURIXQGRV²+HUHJUHVDGR£'HVHRYHUDOJREHUQDGRUGHODFLXGDG
+XER HQWRQFHV XQ WUHPHQGR DOERURWR $OJXQRV Gp ORV PiV QHFLRV VDOLHURQ
FRUULHQGRFRPRVLHVSHUDVHQTXHOD0RQWDxDVHFRQYLUWLHVHHQRURSRUODQRFKH\
WRGDVODVDJXDVGHO/DJRVHSXVLHVHQDPDULOODVGHXQPRPHQWRDRWUR(OFDSLWiQ
GHODJXDUGLDVHDGHODQWy
²¢<TXLpQHVVRQpVWRV"²SUHJXQWyVHxDODQGRX)tOL.LOL\%LOER
²/RV KLMRV GH OD KLMD GH PL SDGUH ²UHVSRQGLy 7KRULQ² )tOL \ .LOL GH OD UD]D GH
'XULQ\HOVHxRU%ROVyQTXHKDYLDMDGRFRQQRVRWURVGHVGHHO2HVWH
²£6LYHQtVHQSD]DUURMDGODVDUPDV²GLMRHOFDSLWiQ
²1R WHQHPRV DUPDV ²GLMR 7KRULQ \ HUD EDVWDQWH FLHQR ORV FXFKLOORV VH ORV
KDEtDQVDFDGRORV(OIRVGHO%RVTXH\WDPELpQODJUDQHVSDGD2UFULVW%LOERWHQtD
VXGDJDRFXOWDFRPRVLHPSUHSHURQRKDEOy² 1RQHFHVLWDPRVDUPDVYROYHPRV
SRUILQDQXHVWURVGRPLQLRVFRPRVHGHFtDHQRWURWLHPSR1RSRGUtDPRVOXFKDU
FRQWUDWDQWRV£/OpYDQRVDOJREHUQDGRU
²(VWiHQXQDILHVWD²GLMRHOFDSLWiQ
²0iVPRWLYRHQWRQFHVSDUDTXHQRVOOHYHVDpO²HVWDOOy)tOL\DLPSDFLHQWHFRQ
WDQWDVROHPQLGDG² (VWDPRVDJRWDGRV\KDPEULHQWRVGHVSXpVGHXQODUJRYLDMH\
WHQHPRVFDPDUDGDVHQIHUPRV$KRUDGDWHSULVD\QRFKDUOHPRVPiVRWXVHxRU
WHQGUiDOJRTXHGHFLUWH
²6HJXLGPH HQWRQFHV ²GLMR HO FDSLWiQ \ URGHiQGRORV FRQ VHLV GH VXV KRPEUHV
ORVFRQGXMRSRUHOSXHQWHDWUDYpVGHODVSXHUWDVKDVWDHOPHUFDGRGHODFLXGDG
(VWH HUD XQ DPSOLR FtUFXOR GH DJXD WUDQTXLOD URGHDGD SRU DOWRV SLORWHV VREUH ORV
TXH VH OHYDQWDEDQ ODV FDVDV PiV JUDQGHV \ SRU ODUJRV PXHOOHV GH PDGHUD FRQ
HVFDORQHV \ HVFDOHULOODV TXH GHVFHQGtDQ D OD VXSHUILFLH GHO ODJR 'H XQD GH ODV
FDVDV OOHJDED HO UHVSODQGRU GH PXFKDV OXFHV \ HO VRQLGR GH PXFKDV YRFHV
&UX]DURQ ODV SXHUWDV \ VH TXHGDURQ SDUSDGHDQGR D OD OX] PLUDQGR ODV ODUJDV
PHVDVHQODVTXHVHDSUHWDEDODJHQWH
²£6R\7KRULQKLMRGH7KUDLQKLMRGH7KURU5H\EDMROD0RQWDxD£+HUHJUHVDGR²
JULWy7KRULQFRQYR]UHFLDGHVGHODSXHUWDDQWHVGHTXHHOFDSLWiQSXGLHVHKDEODU
7RGRV VH SXVLHURQ HQ SLH GH XQ VDOWR (O JREHUQDGRU GH OD FLXGDG VH PRYLy
QHUYLRVRHQODJUDQVLOOD3HURQDGLHVHOHYDQWyFRQPD\RUVRUSUHVDTXHORVHOIRV
VHQWDGRVDOIRQGRGHODVDOD3UHFLSLWiQGRVHKDFLDODPHVDGHOJREHUQDGRUJULWDURQ
MXQWRV
²£(VWRV VRQ SULVLRQHURV GH QXHVWUR UH\ TXH KDQ HVFDSDGR HQDQRV HUUDQWHV \
YDJDEXQGRV TXH QL VLTXLHUD SXGLHURQ GHFLU QDGD EXHQR GH Vt PLVPRV \ TXH
PHURGHDQSRUORVERVTXHV\PROHVWDQDQXHVWUDJHQWH
²¢(V HVR FLHUWR" ²SUHJXQWy H JREHUQDGRU (Q UHDOLGDG HVWR OH SDUHFtD PiV
SUREDEOH TXH HO UHJUHVR GHO 5H\ EDMR OD 0RQWDxD VL VHPHMDQWH SHUVRQD KDEtD
H[LVWLGRDOJXQDYH]
²(V FLHUWR TXH HO 5H\ (OIR QRV KL]R SULVLRQHURV SRU HUURU \ QRV HQFDUFHOy VLQ
FDXVDDOJXQDFXDQGRUHJUHViEDPRVDQXHVWURSDtV²UHVSRQGLy7KRULQ²0DVQL
FDQGDGRVQLEDUURWHVSXHGHQLPSHGLUHOUHWRUQRDQXQFLDGRDQWDxR\QRHVWDPRV
HQORVGRPLQLRVGHORV(OIRVGHO%RVTXH+DEORDOJREHUQDGRUGHODFLXGDGGHORV
+RPEUHVGHO/DJRQRDORVDOPDGLHURVGHOUH\
(O JREHUQDGRU WLWXEHy HQWRQFHV PLUDQGR D XQRV \ RWURV (O 5H\ (OIR HUD PX\
SRGHURVR HQ DTXHOODV WLHUUDV \ HO JREHUQDGRU QR GHVHDED HQHPLVWDUVH FRQ pO
DGHPiV QR SUHVWDED PXFKD DWHQFLyQ D FDQFLRQHV DQWLJXDV HQWUHJDGR FRPR
HVWDED DO FRPHUFLR \ D ORV SHDMHV DORVFDUJDPHQWRV\DORURKiELWRVDORVTXH
GHEtD VX SRVLFLyQ 2WURV VLQ HPEDUJR SHQVDEDQ GH XQ PRGR PX\ GLVWLQWR \ HO
DVXQWR VH VROXFLRQy UiSLGDPHQWH VLQ TXH HO JREHUQDGRU LQWHUYLQLHUD /DV QRWLFLDV
VHKDEtDQGLIXQGLGRGHVGHODVSXHUWDVGHOSDODFLRSRUWRGDODFLXGDGFRPR VLVH
WUDWDVH GH XQ LQFHQGLR /D JHQWH JULWDED GHQWUR \ IXHUD GH OD VDOD 8QRV SDVRV
DSUHVXUDGRV UHFRUUtDQ ORV PXHOOHV $OJXLHQ HPSH]y D FDQWDU WUR]RV GH YLHMDV
FDQFLRQHVTXHKDEODEDQGHOUHJUHVRGHO5H\EDMROD0RQWDxDTXHIXHVHHOQLHWR
GH 7KURU \ QR 7KURU HQ SHUVRQD TXLHQ HVWDED DOOt QR SDUHFtD PROHVWDUOHV 2WURV
HQWRQDURQODFDQFLyQTXHURGyDOWD\IXHUWHVREUHHOODJR
£(O5H\EDMROD0RQWDxD
HO5H\GHSLHGUDWDOODGD
HOVHxRUGHIXHQWHVGHSODWD
£UHJUHVDUiDVXVWLHUUDV
6RVWHQGUiQDOWDODFRURQD
WDxHUiQRWUDYH]HODUSD
FDQWDUiQRWUDYH]ODVFDQFLRQHV
KDEUiHFRVGHRURHQODVVDODV
/RVERVTXHVRQGXODUiQHQPRQWDxDV
\ODVKLHUEDVDODOX]GHOVRO
\ODVULTXH]DVPDQDUiQHQIXHQWHV
\ORVUtRVHQFRUULHQWHVGRUDGDV
£$OERUR]DGRVFRUUHUiQORVUtRV
ORVODJRVEULOODUiQFRPROODPDV
FHVDUiQORVGRORUHV\ODVSHQDV
FXDQGRUHJUHVHHO5H\GHOD0RQWDxD
$Vt FDQWDEDQ R DOJR SDUHFLGR DXQTXH OD FDQFLyQ HUD PXFKR PiV ODUJD \ IXH
DFRPSDxDGDFRQJULWRV\P~VLFDGHDUSDV\YLROLQHV<HQYHUGDGQLHOPiVYLHMR
GHORVDEXHORVUHFRUGDEDVHPHMDQWHDOJDUDEtDHQOD&LXGDGGHO/DJR/RVSURSLRV
(OIRV GHO %RVTXH HPSH]DURQ D WLWXEHDU \ DXQ D WHQHU PLHGR 1R VDEtDQ SRU
VXSXHVWR FyPR 7KRULQ KDEtD HVFDSDGR \ VH GHFtDQ TXL]i TXH HO 5H\ KDEtD
FRPHWLGR XQ JUDYH HUURU (Q FXDQWR DO JREHUQDGRU GHODFLXGDGFRPSUHQGLyTXH
QRSRGtDKDFHURWUDFRVDTXHVXPDUVHDDTXHOFODPRUWXPXOWXRVRDOPHQRVSRUHO
PRPHQWR\ILQJLUTXHDFHSWDEDORTXH7KRULQGHFtDTXHHUD'HPRGRTXHORLQYLWy
DVHQWDUVHHQODVLOODJUDQGH\SXVRD)tOL\D.LOLMXQWRDpOHQVLWLRVGHKRQRU$XQ
D%LOERVHOHGLRXQOXJDUHQODPHVDDOWD\QDGLHH[SOLFyGHGyQGHYHQtDQLQJXQD
FDQFLyQVHUHIHUtDDpOQLVLTXLHUDGHXQPRGRRVFXURQLQDGLHORSUHJXQWyHQHO
EXOOLFLRJHQHUDO
3RFR GHVSXpV WUDMHURQ D ORV GHPiV HQDQRV D OD FLXGDG HQWUH HVFHQDV GH
DVRPEURVR HQWXVLDVPR 7RGRV IXHURQ FXUDGRV \ DOLPHQWDGRV DORMDGRV \
DJDVDMDGRVGHOPRGRPiVDPDEOH\VDWLVIDFWRULR8QDFDVDHQRUPHIXHFHGLGDD
7KRULQ\DORVVX\RV\OXHJROHV SURSRUFLRQDURQEDUFRV\UHPHURV\XQDPXOWLWXG
VHVHQWyDODVSXHUWDVGHODFDVD\FDQWDEDFDQFLRQHVGXUDQWHWRGRHOGtDRGDED
KXUUDVVLFXDOTXLHUHQDQRDVRPDEDODSXQWDGHODQDUL]
$OJXQDVGHODVFDQFLRQHVHUDQDQWLJXDVSHURRWUDVHUDQPX\QXHYDV\ KDEODEDQ
FRQ FRQILDQ]D GH OD UHSHQWLQD PXHUWH GHO GUDJyQ \ GH ORV FDUJDPHQWRV GH
IDVWXRVRV SUHVHQWHV TXH EDMDEDQ SRU HO UtR D OD &LXGDG GHO /DJR (VWRV ~OWLPRV
FDQWRVHVWDEDQLQVSLUDGRVHQVXPD\RUSDUWHSRUHOJREHUQDGRU\QRDJUDGDEDQ
PXFKRDORVHQDQRVSHURHQWUHWDQWRORVWUDWDEDQPX\ELHQ\SURQWRVHSXVLHURQ
GH QXHYR IXHUWHV \JRUGRV(QXQDVHPDQDHVWDEDQ\DFDVLUHSXHVWRVFRQURSD
ILQD GH FRORU DSURSLDGR ODV EDUEDV SHLQDGDV \ UHFRUWDGDV \ HO SDVR RUJXOORVR
7KRULQ FDPLQDED \ PLUDED D WRGR HO PXQGR FRPR VL HO UHLQR HVWXYLHVH \D
UHFRQTXLVWDGR\6PDXJFRUWDGRHQWUR]RVSHTXHxRV
3RU HQWRQFHV FRPR 7KRULQ KDEtD GLFKR ORV EXHQRV VHQWLPLHQWRV GH ORV HQDQRV
KDFLD HO SHTXHxR KREELW VH DFUHFHQWDEDQ GtD D GtD 1R KXER PiV JUXxLGRV R
ODPHQWRV %HEtDQ D OD VDOXG GH %LOER OH GDEDQ JROSHFLWRV HQ OD HVSDOGD \
DOERURWDEDQ DOUHGHGRU OR TXp QR HVWDED PDO SXHV HO KREELW QR VH VHQWtD
GHPDVLDGR IHOL] 1R KDEtDROYLGDGRHODVSHFWRGHOD0RQWDxDQLORTXHSHQVDED
GHOGUDJyQ\WHQtDDGHPiVXQIDVWLGLRVRUHVIULDGR'XUDQWHWUHVGtDVHVWRUQXGy\
WRVLy\QRSXGRVDOLU\DXQGtDVGHVSXpVFXDQGRKDEODEDHQORVEDQTXHWHVVH
OLPLWDEDDGHFLU²%XFKtVLPDVEUDFLDV
0LHQWUDVWDQWRORVHOIRVKDEtDQUHJUHVDGRDO5tRGHO%RVTXHFRQORVFDUJDPHQWRV
\KXERXQDJUDQH[FLWDFLyQHQHOSDODFLRGHOUH\1XQFDKHVDELGRTXpOHVRFXUULy
DO MHIH GH OD JXDUGLD \ DO PD\RUGRPR 3RU VXSXHVWR QDGD VH GLMR VREUH OODYHV R
EDUULOHVPLHQWUDVORVHQDQRVSHUPDQHFLHURQHQOD&LXGDGGHO/DJR\%LOERFXLGy
GHQRYROYHUVHQXQFDLQYLVLEOH1RREVWDQWHPHDWUHYHUtDDGHFLUTXHVHVXSRQtD
PiV GH OR TXH VH VDEtD \ VLQ GXGD HO VHxRU %ROVyQ HUD XQR GH ORV SXQWRV
PLVWHULRVRV'HWRGRVPRGRVHOUH\FRQRFtDDKRUDODPLVLyQGHORVHQDQRVRFUHtD
FRQRFHUOD\VHGLMRDVtPLVPR
0X\ ELHQ £<D YHUHPRV 1LQJ~Q WHVRUR VDOGUi SRU HO %RVTXH 1HJUR VLQ TXH \R
KD\DGLFKROD~OWLPDSDODEUD
3HURHVSHURTXHWRGRVWHQJDQXQPDOILQ£\OHVHVWDUiELHQHPSOHDGR'HWRGRV
PRGRV pO QR FUHtD HQ HQDQRV TXH OXFKDUDQ \ PDWDUDQ GUDJRQHV FRPR 6PDXJ \
VRVSHFKDED XQ LQWHQWRGHVDTXHRRDOJRSDUHFLGRORTXHGHPXHVWUDTXHHUDXQ
HOIRVDELR\PiVVDELRTXHORVKRPEUHVGHODFLXGDGDXQTXHQRDFHUWDEDGHOWRGR
FRPRYHUHPRVPiVDGHODQWH(QYLyHVStDVDODVRULOODVGHO/DJR\DOD0RQWDxD
OHMRVKDFLDHOQRUWHKDVWDGRQGHSXGLHUDQOOHJDU\DJXDUGy
$ ORV TXLQFH GtDV 7KRULQ HPSH]y D SHQVDU HQ OD SDUWLGD 0LHQWUDV GXUDVH HO
HQWXVLDVPy HQ OD FLXGDG VHUtD WLHPSR GH SHGLU D\XGD1RFRQYHQtDGHMDUHQIULDU
ODVFRVDVFRQGLODFLRQHV$VtTXHKDEOyFRQHOJREHUQDGRU\ORVFRQVHMHURVGHOD
FLXGDG\OHVGLMRTXHSURQWRpO\VXFRPSDxtDPDUFKDUtDQ2WUDYH]DOD0RQWDxD
(QWRQFHVSRUYH]SULPHUDHOJREHUQDGRUVHVRUSUHQGLy\DXQOOHJyDDVXVWDUVH\
VH SUHJXQWy VL 7KRULQ QR VHUtD HQ YHUGDG GHVFHQGLHQWH GH ORV UH\HV DQWLJXRV
1XQFDKDEtDSHQVDGRTXHORVHQDQRVVHDWUHYHUtDQDDFHUFDUVHD6PDXJ\SDUD
pO QR HUDQ PiV TXH XQ IUDXGH TXH WDUGH R WHPSUDQR VDOGUtD D OD OX] (VWDED
HTXLYRFDGR7KRULQSRUVXSXHVWRHUDHOYHUGDGHURQLHWRGHO5H\EDMROD0RQWDxD
\QDGLHVDEHGHORTXHHVFDSD]XQHQDQRSRUYHQJDQ]DRSRUUHFREUDUORTXHOH
SHUWHQHFH
3HURHOJREHUQDGRUQRVLQWLySHQDDOJXQDFXDQGRORVGHMySDUWLU/DPDQXWHQFLyQ
GH ORV HQDQRV HVWDED DUUXLQiQGROR \ GHVGH TXH KDEtDQ OOHJDGR OD YLGD HQ OD
FLXGDG HUD FRPR XQDV ODUJDV YDFDFLRQHV FRQ ORV QHJRFLRV HQ SXQWR PXHUWR
'HMHPRV TXH VH YD\DQ \ TXH OH GHQ OD ODWD D 6PDXJ £<D YHUHPRV FyPR ORV
UHFLEH SHQVy ²£&LHUWDPHQWH RK 7KRULQ KLMR GH 7KUDLQ KLMR GH 7KURU ²IXH OR
TXH GLMR² 7HQpLV TXH UHFODPDU OR TXH HV YXHVWUR +D OOHJDGR OD KRUD TXH VH
DQXQFLyWLHPSRDWUiV7HQGUpLVWRGDODD\XGDTXHSRGDPRVGDURV\FRQILDPRVHQ
YXHVWUDJUDWLWXGFXDQGRUHFRQTXLVWpLVHOUHLQR
'HPRGRTXHXQEXHQGtDDXQTXHHO2WRxRHVWDED\DEDVWDQWHDYDQ]DGR\ORV
YLHQWRVHUDQIUtRV\ODVKRMDVFDtDQUiSLGDVWUHVJUDQGHVHPEDUFDFLRQHVGHMDURQOD
&LXGDG GHO /DJR FDUJDGDV FRQ UHPHURV HQDQRV HO 6HxRU %ROVyQ \ PXFKDV
SURYLVLRQHV+DEtDQHQYLDGRFDEDOORV\SRQH\VTXHOOHJDUtDQDODSHDGHURVHxDODGR
GDQGR XQ URGHR SRU VHQGHURV WRUWXRVRV (O JREHUQDGRU \ ORV FRQVHMHURV GH OD
FLXGDG ORV GHVSLGLHURQ GHVGH ORV JUDQGHV HVFDORQHV GHO D\XQWDPLHQWR TXH
EDMDEDQ KDVWD HO /DJR /D JHQWH FDQWDED HQ ODV YHQWDQDV \ HQ ORV PXHOOHV /RV
UHPRVEODQFRVJROSHDURQ\VHKXQGLHURQHQHODJXD\ODFRPSDxtDSDUWLyKDFLDHO
QRUWH UtR DUULED HQ OD ~OWLPD HWDSD GH XQ ODUJR YLDMH /D ~QLFD SHUVRQD
FRPSOHWDPHQWHGHVGLFKDGDHUD%LOER
(1(/80%5$/
'XUDQWHGRVGtDVHQWHURVUHPDURQDJXDVDUULED\VHPHWLHURQHQHO5tR5iSLGR\
WRGRV SXGLHURQ YHU HQWRQFHV OD 0RQWDxD 6ROLWDULD TXH VH DO]DED LPSRQHQWH \
DPHQD]DGRUD DQWH HOORV /D FRUULHQWH HUD WXUEXOHQWD H LEDQ GHVSDFLR $O WpUPLQR
GHOGtDWHUFHURXQDVPLOODVQRDUULEDVHDFHUFDURQDODRULOODRHVWHRL]TXLHUGD\
GHVHPEDUFDURQ $TXt VH OHV XQLHURQ ORV FDEDOORV FRQ RWUDV SURYLVLRQHV \ ~WLOHV \
ORVSRQH\V\HOUHVWRIXHDOPDFHQDGRHQXQDWLHQGDSHURQLQJXQRGHORVKRPEUHV
GH OD FLXGDG VH TXHGDUtD FRQ HOORV WDQ FHUFD GH OD VRPEUD GH OD 0RQWDxD QL
VLTXLHUDSRUHVDQRFKH
²1RDOPHQRVKDVWDTXHODVFDQFLRQHVVHDQFLHUWDV²GLMHURQ(UDPiVIiFLOFUHHU
HQHOGUDJyQ\PHQRVIiFLOFUHHUHQ7KRULQHQPDUFKDSRUHVDVWLHUUDVVDOYDMHV(Q
YHUGDG ORV DOPDFHQHV QR QHFHVLWDEDQ JXDUGLDV SXHV DTXHOODV WLHUUDV HUDQ
GHVRODGDV \ GHVLHUWDV $Vt DXQTXH \D FDtD OD QRFKH OD HVFROWD ORV DEDQGRQy
HVFDSDQGRUiSLGDPHQWHUtRDEDMR\SRUORVFDPLQRVGHODRULOOD
3DVDURQ XQD QRFKH IUtD \ VROLWDULD \ VH VLQWLHURQ GHVDQLPDGRV $O GtD VLJXLHQWH
SDUWLHURQGHQXHYR%DOLQ\%LOERFDEDOJDEDQGHWUiVFDGDXQROOHYDQGRXQSRQH\
FRQ XQD FDUJD SHVDGD ORV RWURV LEDQ GHODQWH PDUFKDQGR OHQWDPHQWH SXHV QR
KDEtD QLQJXQD VHQGD )XHURQ KDFLD HO QRURHVWH GHVYLiQGRVH GHO 5tR 5iSLGR \
DFHUFiQGRVHPiV\PiVDODJUDQHVWULEDFLyQGHOD0RQWDxDTXHDYDQ]DEDVREUH
HOORVGHVGHHOVXU
)XH XQD MRUQDGD DJRWDGRUD VLOHQFLRVD \ IXUWLYD 1R KXER ULVDV QL FDQFLRQHV QL
VRQLGRVGHDUSD\HORUJXOOR\ODVHVSHUDQ]DVTXHKDEtDQUHDYLYDGRORVFRUD]RQHV
PLHQWUDVHQWRQDEDQORVYLHMRVFDQWRVMXQWRDOODJRPXULHURQSURQWRHQXQIDWLJDGR
DEDWLPLHQWR6DEtDQTXHHVWDEDQDSUR[LPiQGRVHDOILQDOGHOYLDMH\TXHSRGtDVHU
XQ ILQDO PX\ HVSDQWRVR /D WLHUUD DOUHGHGRU HUD SHODGD \ iULGD DXQTXH HQ RWUD
pSRFDGHFtD7KRULQKDEtDVLGRKHUPRVD\YHUGH+DEtDSRFDKLHUED\DOFDERGH
XQ UDWR GHVDSDUHFLHURQ ORV iUEROHV \ ORV DUEXVWRV \ GH ORV TXH KDEtDQ PXHUWR
PXFKR WLHPSR DWUiV VyOR TXHGDEDQ XQRV WRFRQHV URWRV \ HQQHJUHFLGRV +DEtDQ
OOHJDGRDOD'HVRODFLyQGHO'UDJyQ\DORV~OWLPRVGtDVGHODxR
$SHVDUGHWRGRDOFDQ]DURQODIDOGDGHOD0RQWDxDVLQWURSH]DUFRQQLQJ~QSHOLJUR
QL FRQ RWUR UDVWUR GHO GUDJyQ TXH DTXHO GHVLHUWR DOUHGHGRU GH OD JXDULGD /D
0RQWDxDVHDO]DEDRVFXUD\VLOHQFLRVDDQWHHOORV\VLHPSUHPiVDOWD$FDPSDURQ
SRU SULPHUD YH] HQ HO ODGR RHVWH GH OD JUDQ HVWULEDFLyQ VXU TXH WHUPLQDED HQ OD
OODPDGD&ROLQDGHO&XHUYR/DFROLQDKDEtDVLGRXQDQWLJXRSXHVWRGHREVHUYDFLyQ
SHURQRVHDWUHYLHURQDHVFDODUODD~QHVWDEDGHPDVLDGRH[SXHVWD
$QWHVGHSDUWLUKDFLDODVHVWULEDFLRQHVGHORHVWHHQEXVFDGHODSXHUWDRFXOWDHQOD
TXHKDEtDQSXHVWRWRGDVVXVHVSHUDQ]DV7KRULQHQYLyXQDSDUWLGDGHH[SORUDFLyQ
SDUD UHFRQRFHU ODV WLHUUDV GHO VXU GRQGH HVWDED OD 3XHUWD 3ULQFLSDO 3DUD HVWH
SURSyVLWR HVFRJLy D %DOLQ )tOL \ .LOL \ FRQ HOORV IXH %LOER 0DUFKDURQ EDMR ORV
ULVFRVJULVHV\VLOHQFLRVRVKDFLDHOSLHGHOD&ROLQDGHO&XHUYR(OUtROXHJR GHXQ
DPSOLR UHFRGR VREUH 9DOOH VH DSDUWDED GH OD 0RQWDxD H LED KDFLD HO /DJR
IOX\HQGR UiSLGD \ UXLGRVDPHQWH /DV RULOODV HUDQ DOOt GHVQXGDV \ URFRVDV DOWDV \
HVFDUSDGDV VREUH OD FRUULHQWH \ PLUDQGR FRQ DWHQFLyQ SRU HQFLPD GHO HVWUHFKR
FXUVRGHDJXDTXHVDOWDEDHVSXPRVDHQWUHSHxDVFRVSXGLHURQYHUHQHODPSOLR
YDOOH HQVRPEUHFLGDV SRU ORV EUD]RV GH OD 0RQWDxD ODV UXLQDV JULVHV GH FDVDV
WRUUHRQHV\PXURVDQWLJXRV
²$Kt\DFHWRGRORTXHTXHGDGp9DOOH²GLMR%DOLQ²/DVODGHUDVGHODPRQWDxD
HVWDEDQ YHUGHV GH ERVTXHV \ ORV WHUUHQRV UHVJXDUGDGRV HUDQ ULFRV \ DJUDGDEOHV
HQ HO WLHPSR HQ TXH ODV FDPSDQDV UHSLFDEDQ HQ OD FLXGDG ²3DUHFtD WULVWH \
IXULRVR D OD YH] FXDQGR OR GLMR HO PLVPR KDEtD VLGR FRPSDxHUR GH 7KRULQ HO GtD
TXHOOHJyHOGUDJyQ
1R VH DWUHYLHURQ D VHJXLU HO UtR PXFKR PiV OHMRV KDFLD OD 3XHUWD SHUR GHMDURQ
DWUiVHOH[WUHPRGHODHVWULEDFLyQVXU\RFXOWiQGRVHGHWUiVGHXQDURFDEXVFDURQ
\YLHURQODVRPEUtDDEHUWXUDFDYHUQRVDHQODSDUHGGHXQULVFRHOHYDGRHQWUHORV
EUD]RVGHOD0RQWDxD/DVDJXDVGHO5tR5iSLGRVHSUHFLSLWDEDQIXHUDMXQWRFRQ
XQYDSRU\XQKXPRQHJUR1DGDVHPRYtDHQHO\HUPRDSDUWHGHOYDSRU\HODJXD
\GHFXDQGRHQFXDQGRXQJUDMRQHJUR\RPLQRVR(O~QLFRVRQLGRHUDHOGHODJXD
HQWUHODVURFDV\DYHFHVHOiVSHURJUD]QLGRGHXQSiMDUR%DOLQVHHVWUHPHFLy
²£9ROYDPRV ²GLMR² £$TXt QR KDFHPRV QDGD EXHQR < QR PH JXVWDQ HVRV
SiMDURVQHJUDVSDUHFHQHVStDVGHOPDO
²(O GUDJyQ YLYH WRGDYtD \ HVWi DKRUD HQ ORV VDORQHV EDMR OD 0RQWDxD R HVR
VXSRQJRSRUHOKXPR²GLMRHOKREELW
²1RHVXQDSUXHED²GLMR%DOLQ²DXQTXHQRGXGRTXHHVWpVHQORFLHUWR3HUR
SXGR KDEHU VDOLGR SRU XQ UDWR R HQFRQWUDUVH GH JXDUGLD HQ OD ODGHUD GH OD
PRQWDxD \ DXQ DVt QR PH VRUSUHQGHUtD TXH KXPRV \ YDSRUHV VDOLHUDQ SRU ODV
SXHUWDVHVHYDKRIpWLGROOHQDVLQGXGDWRGDVODVVDODVLQWHULRUHV
&RQHVWRVSHQVDPLHQWRVWHQHEURVRVVHJXLGRVVLHPSUHSRUJUDMRVTXHJUD]QDEDQ
HQFLPD GH HOORV YROYLHURQ IDWLJDGRV DO FDPSDPHQWR (Q HO PHV GH MXQLR KDEtDQ
VLGR KXpVSHGHV GH OD KHUPRVD FDVD GH (OURQG \ DXQTXH HO RWRxR \D FDPLQDED
KDFLD HO LQYLHUQR SDUHFtD TXH KDEtDQ SDVDGR DxRV GHVGH DTXHOORV GtDV
DJUDGDEOHV (VWDEDQ VRORV HQ HO \HUPR SHOLJURVR VLQ HVSHUDQ]D GH PiV D\XGD
+DEtDQOOHJDGRDOWpUPLQRGHOYLDMHSHURVHHQFRQWUDEDQPiVOHMRVTXHQXQFDR
DVtSDUHFtDGHOILQDOGHODPLVLyQ$QLQJXQRGHHOORVOHTXHGDEDPXFKRiQLPR
4XL]iRVVRUSUHQGDSHURHOVHxRU%ROVyQSDUHFtDPiVDQLPDGRTXHORVRWURV0X\
DPHQXGROHSHGtDD7KRULQHOPDSD\ORPLUDEDFRQDWHQFLyQPHGLWDQGRVREUHODV
UXQDV \ HO PHQVDMH GH OHWUDV OXQDUHV TXH (O²URQG KDEtD OHtGR )XH %LOER TXLHQ
LQFLWy D ORV HQDQRV D TXH EXVFDUDQ OD SXHUWD VHFUHWD GH OD YHUWLHQWH RHVWH
7UDVODGDURQHQWRQFHVHOFDPSDPHQWRDXQYDOOHODUJRPiVHVWUHFKRTXHHOYDOOH
GHOVXUGRQGHVHOHYDQWDEDQODV3XHUWDVGHO5tR\SURWHJLGRSRUODVHVWULEDFLRQHV
PiVEDMDVGHOD0RQWDQD'RVGHODVHVWULEDFLRQHVVHDGHODQWDEDQDTXtGHVGHHO
PDFL]R SULQFLSDO KDFLD HO RHVWH HQ ODUJDV FUHVWDV GH IDOGDV DEUXSWDV TXH VLQ
LQWHUUXSFLyQ FDtDQ KDFLD HO OODQR (Q HVWH ODGR VH YHtDQ PHQRV VHxDOHV GH ORV
PHURGHDQWHV SLHV GHO GUDJyQ \ KDEtD DOJXQD KLHUED SDUD ORV SRQH\V 'HVGH HO
FDPSDPHQWRRHVWHVLHPSUHHQVRPEUHFLGRSRUHOULVFR\HOPXURKDVWDTXHHOVRO
HPSH]DEDDKXQGLUVHHQHOERVTXHVDOLHURQGtDWUDVGtDDEXVFDUXQRVVHQGHURV
TXHVXELHVHQSRUODODGHUDGHODPRQWDxD6LHOPDSDGHFtDODYHUGDGHQDOJXQD
SDUWHGHODFLPDGHOULVFRHQODFDEH]DGHOYDOOHWHQtDTXHHVWDUODSXHUWDVHFUHWD
'tDWUDVGtDYROYtDQVLQp[LWRDOFDPSDPHQWR
3HUR SRU ILQ GH PRGR LQHVSHUDGR HQFRQWUDURQ OR TXH EXVFDEDQ )tOL .LOL \ HO
KREELWYROYLHURQXQGtDYDOOHDEDMR\JDWHDURQHQWUHODVURFDVFDtGDVGHOH[WUHPR
VXU &HUFD GHO PHGLRGtD DUUDVWUiQGRVH GHWUiV GH XQD SLHGUD VROLWDULD TXH VH
DO]DED FRPR XQ SLODU %LOER GHVFXEULy XQRV WRVFRV HVFDORQHV (O \ ORV HQDQRV
WUHSDURQH[FLWDGRV\HQFRQWUDURQHOUDVWURGHXQDVHQGDHVWUHFKDDYHFHVRFXOWD
DYHFHVYLVLEOHTXHOOHYDEDDODFUHVWDVXU\OXHJRKDVWDXQDVDOLHQWHWRGDYtDPiV
HVWUHFKDTXHERUGHDEDKDFLDHOQRUWHODFDUDGHOD0RQWDQD0LUDQGRKDFLDDEDMR
YLHURQTXHHVWDEDQHQODSXQWDGHOULVFRDODHQWUDGDGHOYDOOH\FRQWHPSODURQVX
SURSLR FDPSDPHQWR DOOi DEDMR (Q VLOHQFLR SHJiQGRVH D OD SDUHG URFRVD GH OD
GHUHFKD IXHURQ HQ ILOD SRU HO UHSHFKR KDVWD TXH OD SDUHG VH DEULy \ HQWUDURQ
HQWRQFHVHQXQDSHTXHxDQDYHGHSDUHGHVDEUXSWDV\VXHORFXELHUWRGHKLHUEDV
WUDQTXLOD \ FDOODGD /D HQWUDGD QR SRGtD VHU YLVWD GHVGH DEDMR SXHV HO ULVFR
VREUHVDOtD QL GHVGH OHMRV SXHV HUD WDQ SHTXHxD TXH SDUHFtD VyOR XQD JULHWD
RVFXUD1RHUDXQDFXHYD\VHDEUtDKDFLDHOFLHORSHURHQHOH[WUHPRPiVLQWHULRU
VH HOHYDED XQD SDUHG GHVQXGD \ OD SDUWH LQIHULRU FHUFDGHOVXHORHUDWDQOLVD\
YHUWLFDO FRPR REUD GH DOEDxLO SHUR QR VH YHtDQ HQVDPEODGXUDV QL UHQGLMDV 1L
UDVWURVKDEtDDOOtGHSRVWHVGLQWHOHVRXPEUDOHVQLVHxDDOJXQDGHWUDQFDSHVWLOOR
RFHUUDGXUD\VLQHPEDUJRQRGXGDURQGHTXHDOILQKDEtDQHQFRQWUDGRODSXHUWD
/DJROSHDURQODHPSXMDURQGHPLOPRGRVOHLPSORUDURQTXHVHPRYLHVHUHFLWDURQ
WUR]RV GH HQFDQWDPLHQWRV TXH DEUtDQ HQWUDGDV VHFUHWDV \ QDGD VH PRYLy 3RU
~OWLPRVHWHQGLHURQH[KDXVWRVDGHVFDQVDUVREUHODKLHUED\OXHJRSRUODWDUGH
HPSUHQGLHURQHOODUJRGHVFHQVR
(VD QRFKH KXER H[FLWDFLyQ HQ HO FDPSDPHQWR GHO YDOOH 3RU OD PDxDQD VH
SUHSDUDURQ D PDUFKDU RWUD YH] 6yOR %RIXU \ %RPEXU TXHGDURQ DWUiV SDUD TXH
JXDUGDUDQORVSRQH\V\ODVSURYLVLRQHVTXHKDEtDQWUDtGRGHVGHHOUtR/RVRWURV
EDMDURQDOYDOOH\VXELHURQSRUHOVHQGHURGHVFXELHUWRHOGtDDQWHULRU\DVtKDVWDHO
HVWUHFKRERUGH$OOtQROOHYDURQEXOWRVQLSDTXHWHVSXHVODVDOLHQWHHUDDQJRVWD\
SHOLJURVDFRQXQDFDtGDDOODGRGHFLHQWRFLQFXHQWDSLHVVREUHODVURFDVDILODGDV
GHO IRQGR SHUR WRGRV OOHYDEDQ XQ EXHQ UROOR GH FXHUGD ELHQ DWDGR D OD FLQWXUD \
DVtVLQQLQJ~QDFFLGHQWHOOHJDURQDODSHTXHxDQDYHGHKLHUEDV
$OOt DFDPSDURQ SRU WHUFHUD YH] VXELHQGR FRQ ODV FXHUGDV OR TXH QHFHVLWDEDQ
$OJXQRVGHORVHQDQRVPiVYLJRURVRVFRPR.LOLGHVFHQGLHURQDYHFHVGHOPLVPR
PRGR SDUD LQWHUFDPELDU QRWLFLDV R SDUD UHOHYDU D OD JXDUGLD GH DEDMR PLHQWUDV
%RIXU HUD L]DGR DO FDPSDPHQWR %RPEXU QR VXELUtD QL SRU OD FXHUGD QL SRU HO
VHQGHUR
²6R\ GHPDVLDGR JRUGR SDUD HVRV SDVHRV GH PRVFD ²GLMR² 0H PDUHDUtD PH
SLVDUtDODEDUED\VHUtDLVWUHFHRWUDYH]<ODVFXHUGDVVRQGHPDVLDGRGHOJDGDV\
QRDJXDQWDUtDQPLSHVR²3RUIRUWXQDSDUDpOHVWRQRHUDFLHUWRFRPRYHUpLV
0LHQWUDV WDQWR DOJXQRV GH ORV HQDQRV H[SORUDURQ HO DQWHSHFKR PiV DOOi GH OD
DEHUWXUD \ GHVFXEULHURQ XQ VHQGHUR TXH FRQGXFtD PRQWDxD DUULED SHUR QR VH
DWUHYLHURQDDYHQWXUDUVHPX\OHMRVSRUHVHFDPLQRQLWDPSRFRVHUYtDGHPXFKR
)XHUDDOOiDUULEDUHLQDEDHOVLOHQFLRLQWHUUXPSLGRVyORSRUHOUXLGRGHOYLHQWRHQWUH
ODV JULHWDV URFRVDV +DEODEDQ EDMR \ QXQFD JULWDEDQ R FDQWDEDQ SXHV HO SHOLJUR
DFHFKDED HQ FDGD SLHGUD /RV RWURV TXH WUDWDEDQ GH GHVFXEULU HO VHFUHWR GH OD
SXHUWDQRWXYLHURQPiVp[LWR(VWDEDQGHPDVLDGRDQVLRVRVFRPRSDUDURPSHUVH
OD FDEH]D FRQ ODV UXQDV R ODV OHWUDV OXQDUHV SHUR WUDEDMDURQ VLQ GHVFDQVR
EXVFDQGRODSXHUWDHVFRQGLGDHQODVXSHUILFLHOLVDGHODURFD+DEtDQWUDtGRGHOD
&LXGDGGHO/DJRSLFRV\KHUUDPLHQWDVGHPXFKDVFODVHV\DOSULQFLSLRWUDWDURQGH
XWLOL]DUORV3HURFXDQGRJROSHDURQODSLHGUDORVPDQJRVVHKLFLHURQDVWLOODV\OHV
VDFXGLHURQ FUXHOPHQWH ORV EUD]RV \ ODV FDEH]DV GH DFHUR VH URPSLHURQ R
GREODURQ FRPR SORPR /D PLQHUtD FRPR YLHURQ FODUDPHQWH QR HUD ~WLO FRQWUD HO
HQFDQWDPLHQWRTXHKDEtDFHUUDGRODSXHUWD\HOUXLGRUHVRQDQWHORVDWHUURUL]y
%LOERVHHQFRQWUyVHQWDGRHQHOXPEUDOVROR\DEXUULGR3RUVXSXHVWRHQUHDOLGDG
QRKDEtDXPEUDOSHUROODPDEDQDVtHQEURPDDOHVSDFLRFRQKLHUEDHQWUHHOPXUR
\ OD DEHUWXUD UHFRUGDQGR ODV SDODEUDV GH %LOER HQ HO DJXMHUR²KREELW GXUDQWH OD
WHUWXOLD LQHVSHUDGD KDFtD WDQWR WLHPSR FXDQGR GLMR TXH pO SRGUtD VHQWDUVH HQ HO
XPEUDOKDVWDTXHHOORVSHQVDVHQDOJR<VHQWDUVH\SHQVDUIXHORTXHKLFLHURQR
GLYDJDUPiV\PiVDODEXHQDYHQWXUD\SRQHUVHFDGDYH]PiVKXUDxRV
/RViQLPRVVHKDEtDQOHYDQWDGRXQSRFRFRQHOGHVFXEULPLHQWRGHOVHQGHURSHUR
DKRUD ORV WHQtDQ \D SRU ORV SLHV SHUR QLDXQDVtLEDQDUHQGLUVH\PDUFKDUVH(O
KREELWQRHVWDEDPXFKRPiVFRQWHQWRTXHORVHQDQRV1RKDFtDQDGD\VHQWDGR
GH HVSDOGDV D OD SDUHG GH SLHGUD PLUDED ILMDPHQWH SRU OD DEHUWXUD KDFLD HO
SRQLHQWH SRU HQFLPD GHO ULVFR \ ODV DPSOLDV OODQXUDV KDFLD OD SDUHG GHO %RVTXH
1HJUR \ ODV WLHUUDV GH PiV DOOi HQ ODV TXH D YHFHV FUHtD YHU UHIOHMRV GH ODV
0RQWDxDV1XEODGDVOHMDQDV\SHTXHxDV6LORVHQDQRVOHSUHJXQWDEDQTXpHVWDED
KDFLHQGRFRQWHVWDED
²'LMLVWHLVTXHVHQWDUPHHQHOXPEUDO\SHQVDUVHULDPLWUDEDMRDSDUWHGHHQWUDU
DVtTXHHVWR\VHQWDGR \SHQVDQGR²3HURPHWHPRTXHQRSHQVDEDPXFKRHQVX
WDUHD VLQR HQ OR TXH KDEtD PiV DOOi GH OD OHMDQtD D]XO OD WUDQTXLOD 7LHUUD GHO
3RQLHQWH\HODJXMHUR²KREELWEDMR/D&ROLQD
8QD SLHGUD JULV \DFtD HQ PHGLR GH OD KLHUED \ pO OD REVHUYDED PHODQFyOLFR R
PLUDEDORVJUDQGHVFDUDFROHV3DUHFtDTXHOHVJXVWDEDODQDYHFHUUDGDFRQPXURV
GH SLHGUD IUtD \ KDEtD PXFKRV GH JUDQ WDPDxR TXH VH DUUDVWUDEDQ OHQWD \
REVWLQDGDPHQWHSRUORVODGRV
²0DxDQDHPSLH]DOD~OWLPDVHPDQDGHRWRxR²GLMRXQGtD7KRULQ
²<HOLQYLHUQRYLHQHGHWUiV²GLMR%LIXU
²< OXHJR RWUR DxR ²GLMR 'ZDOLQ² \ QRV FUHFHUiQ ODV EDUEDV \ FROJDUiQ ULVFRV
DEDMR KDVWD HO YDOOH DQWHV TXH DTXtKD\DQRYHGDGHV¢4XpKDFHSRUQRVRWURVHO
VDTXHDGRU"&RPRWLHQHHODQLOOR\\DWHQGUtDTXHVDEHUPDQHMDUORPX\ ELHQHVWR\
HPSH]DQGRDSHQVDUTXHSRGUtDFUX]DUOD3XHUWD3ULQFLSDO\UHFRQRFHUXQSRFRpO
WHUUHQR
%LOERR\yHVWRORVHQDQRVHVWDEDQHQODVURFDVMXVWRVREUHHOUHFLQWRGyQGHpOVH
VHQWDED\£9D\DVHGLMR
'HPRGRTXHHVRHVORTXHHVWiQSHQVDQGR ¢QR"6LHPSUHVR\\RHOSREUHFLWR
TXH WLHQH TXH VDFDUORV GH GLILFXOWDGHV DO PHQRV GHVGH TXH HO PDJR QRV GHMy
¢4Xp YR\ D KDFHU" £3RGtD KDEHU DGLYLQDGR TXH DOJR HVSDQWRVR PH SDVDUtD DO
ILQDO1RFUHRTXHVRSRUWHYHURWUDYH]HOGHVJUDFLDGRSDtVGH9DOOH\PHQRVHVD
SXHUWDTXHHFKDYDSRU
(VD QRFKH VH VLQWLy PX\ WULVWH \ DSHQDV GXUPLy $O GtD VLJXLHQWH ORV HQDQRV VH
GLVSHUVDURQHQYDULDVGLUHFFLRQHVDOJXQRVHVWDEDQHQWUHQDQGRDORVSRQH\VDOOi
DEDMRRWURVHUUDEDQSRUODODGHUDGHODPRQWDxD%LOERSDVyWRGRHOGtDDEDWLGR
VHQWDGRHQODQDYHGHKLHUEDFODYDQGRORVRMRVHQODSLHGUDJULVRPLUDQGRKDFLD
DIXHUDDORHVWHDWUDYpVGHODHVWUHFKDDEHUWXUD7HQtDODUDUDLPSUHVLyQGHTXH
HVWDEDHVSHUDQGRDOJR4XL]iHOPDJRDSDUH]FDKR\GHUHSHQWHSHQVDED
6LOHYDQWDEDODFDEH]DDOFDQ]DEDDYHUHOERVTXHOHMDQR&XDQGRHOVROVHLQFOLQy
KDFLDHORHVWHKXERXQGHVWHOORDPDULOORVREUHODVFRSDVGHORViUEROHVFRPRVLOD
OX] VH KXELHVH HQUHGDGR HQ ODV ~OWLPDV KRMDV FODUDV 3URQWR YLR HO GLVFR
DQDUDQMDGRGHOVROTXHEDMDEDDODDOWXUDGHVXVRMRV)XHKDFLDODDEHUWXUD\DOOt
VREUHHOERUGHGHOD7LHUUDKDEtDXQDGHOJDGDOXQDQXHYDSiOLGD\WHQXH
(QHVHPLVPRPRPHQWRR\yXQJUD]QLGRiVSHUR'HWUiVVREUHODSLHGUDJULVHQOD
KLHUED KDEtD XQ ]RU]DO HQRUPH QHJUR FDVL FRPR HO FDUEyQ HO SHFKR DPDULOOR
FODUR VDOSLFDGR GH PDQFKDV RVFXUDV £&UDF +DEtD FDSWXUDGR XQ FDUDFRO \ OR
JROSHDEDFRQWUDODSLHGUD£&UDF£&UDF
'H UHSHQWH %LOER HQWHQGLy 2OYLGDQGR WRGR SHOLJUR VH LQFRUSRUy \ OODPy D ORV
HQDQRVJULWDQGR\PRYLpQGRVH$TXHOORVTXHHVWDEDQPiVSUy[LPRVVHDFHUFDURQ
WURSH]DQGR VREUH ODV URFDV \ WDQ UiSLGR FRPR SRGtDQ D OR ODUJR GHO DQWHSHFKR
SUHJXQWiQGRVH TXp GHPRQLRV SDVDED ORV RWURV JULWDURQ TXH ORV L]DUDQ FRQ ODV
FXHUGDVH[FHSWR%RPEXUTXHSRUVXSXHVWRHVWDEDGRUPLGR
%LOERVHH[SOLFyUiSLGDPHQWH7RGRVJXDUGDURQVLOHQFLRHOKREELWGHSLHMXQWRDOD
SLHGUD JULV \ ORV HQDQRV REVHUYDQGR LPSDFLHQWHV PHQHDQGR ODV EDUEDV (O VRO
EDMy\EDMy\ODVHVSHUDQ]DVPHQJXDURQ(OVROVHKXQGLyHQXQDQLOORGH QXEHV
HQURMHFLGDV\GHVDSDUHFLy/RVHQDQRVJUXxHURQSHUR%LOERVLJXLyDOOtGHSLHFDVL
VLQPRYHUVH/DSHTXHxDOXQDHVWDEDWRFDQGRHOKRUL]RQWH/OHJDEDHODQRFKHFHU
(QWRQFHVGHPRGRLQHVSHUDGRFXDQGR\DFDVLQROHVTXHGDEDQHVSHUDQ]DVXQ
UD\RURMR GHVROHVFDSyFRPRXQGHGRSRUHOUDVJyQGHXQDQXEH(OGHVWHOORGH
OX] OOHJy GLUHFWDPHQWH D OD QDYH DWUDYHVDQGR OD DEHUWXUD \ FD\y VREUH OD OLVD
VXSHUILFLHGHURFD(OYLHMR]RU]DOTXHKDEtDHVWDGRPLUDQGRGHVGHORDOWRFRQRMRV
SHTXHxRV \ EULOODQWHV LQFOLQDQGR OD FDEH]D VROWy XQ VRQRUR JRUMHR 6H R\y XQ
FUXMLGR8QWUR]RGHURFDVHGHVSUHQGLyGHODSDUHG\FD\y'HUHSHQWHDSDUHFLy
XQRULILFLRDXQRVWUHVSLHVGHOVXHOR
(QVHJXLGDWHPLHQGRTXHODRSRUWXQLGDGVHHVIXPDVHORVHQDQRVFRUULHURQKDFLD
ODURFD\ODHPSXMDURQHQYDQR
²£/DOODYH£/DOODYH² JULWy%LOERHQWRQFHV² ¢'yQGHHVWi7KRULQ"
7KRULQVHDFHUFyGHSULVD
²£/D OODYH ² JULWy %LOER² £/D OODYH TXH HVWDED FRQ HO PDSD £3UXHED DKRUD
PLHQWUDVWRGDYtDKD\WLHPSR
(QWRQFHV7KRULQVHDGHODQWyTXLWyODOODYHGHODFDGHQDTXHOHFROJDEDGHOFXHOOR
\ OD PHWLy HQ HO RULILFLR £(QWUDED \ JLUDED £=DV (O UD\R GHVDSDUHFLy HO VRO VH
RFXOWyODOXQDVHIXH\HODQRFKHFHUVHH[WHQGLySRUHOFLHOR
(QWRQFHV WRGRV HPSXMDURQ D OD YH] \ XQD SDUWH GH OD SDUHG URFRVD FHGLy
OHQWDPHQWH 8QDV JULHWDV ODUJDV \ UHFWDV DSDUHFLHURQ \ VH HQVDQFKDURQ 8QD
SXHUWDGHWUHVSLHVGHDQFKR\FLQFRGHDOWRDVRPySRFRDSRFR\VLQXQVRQLGR
VHPRYLyKDFLDDGHQWUR3DUHFtDFRPRVLODRVFXULGDGIOX\HVHFRPRXQYDSRUGHO
DJXMHUR GH OD PRQWDxD \ XQD GHQVD QHJUXUD HQ OD TXH QDGD SRGtD YHUVH VH
H[WHQGLyDQWHODFRPSDxtDXQDERFDTXHERVWH]DED\OOHYDEDDGHQWUR\DEDMR
'XUDQWHXQODUJRUDWRORVHQDQRVSHUPDQHFLHURQLQPyYLOHVHQODRVFXULGDGDQWHOD
SXHUWD\GLVFXWLHURQKDVWDTXHDOILQDO7KRULQKDEOy
²+DOOHJDGRHOPRPHQWRGHTXHQXHVWURHVWLPDGRVHxRU%ROVyQTXHKDSUREDGR
VHUXQEXHQFRPSDxHURHQQXHVWURODUJRFDPLQR\XQKREELWGHFRUDMH\UHFXUVRV
PX\ VXSHULRUHV D VX WDOOD \ VL VH PH SHUPLWH GHFLUOR FRQ XQD EXHQD VXHUWH TXH
H[FHGH HQ PXFKR OD UDFLyQ FRP~Q KD OOHJDGR HO PRPHQWR GLJR GH TXH OOHYH D
FDERHOVHUYLFLRSDUDHOTXHIXHLQFOXLGRHQODFRPSDxtDKDOOHJDGRHOPRPHQWRGH
TXHHOVHxRU%ROVyQJDQHVXUHFRPSHQVD
(VWiLV IDPLOLDUL]DGRV FRQ HO HVWLOR GH 7KRULQ HQ ODV RFDVLRQHV LPSRUWDQWHV GH
PRGRTXHQRRVGDUpRWUDVPXHVWUDVDXQTXHFRQWLQXyDVtGXUDQWHXQWLHPSR3RU
FLHUWR OD RFDVLyQ HUD LPSRUWDQWH SHUR %LOER VH LPSDFLHQWy 3RU HQWRQFHV \D
FRQRFtDEDVWDQWHELHQD7KRULQ\VDEtDDGyQGHLEDDSDUDU
²6LTXLHUHVGHFLUTXHPLWUDEDMRHVLQWURGXFLUPHSULPHURHQHOSDVDGL]RVHFUHWR
RK7KRULQ(VFXGRGH5REOHKLMRGH7KUDLQTXHWXEDUEDVHDWRGDYtDPiVODUJD²
GLMRPDOKXPRUDGR²£'LORDVtGHXQDYH]\VHDFDEy3RGUtDUHKXVDUPH<DRVKH
VDFDGRGHGRVDSULHWRVTXHQRFUHRTXHHVWXYLHVHQHQpOFRQYHQLRRULJLQDO\PH
SDUHFHTXH\DPHKHJDQDGRDOJXQDUHFRPSHQVD3HUR
DODWHUFHUDYDODYHQFLGD
FRPR PL SDGUH VROtD GHFLU \ HQ FLHUWR PRGR QR SLHQVR UHKXVDUPH 7DO YH] HVWp
DSUHQGLHQGR D FRQILDU HQ PL EXHQD VXHUWH PiV TXH HQ ORV YLHMRV WLHPSRV ²
4XHUtD GHFLU HQ OD ~OWLPD SULPDYHUD DQWHV GH GHMDU OD FDVD GH OD FROLQD SHUR
SDUHFtD TXH KXELHVHQ SDVDGR VLJORV² 6LQ HPEDUJR FUHR TXH LUp \ HFKDUp XQ
YLVWD]RHQVHJXLGDSDUDWHUPLQDUGHXQDYH]%LHQ¢TXLpQYLHQHFRQPLJR"
1R HVSHUDED XQ FRUR GH YROXQWDULRV GH PRGR TXH QR VH GHFHSFLRQy )tOL \ .LOL
SDUHFtDQ LQFyPRGRV \ YDFLODEDQ FRQ XQ SLH HQ HO DLUH SHUR ORV RWURV QR VH
LQPXWDURQH[FHSWRHOYLHMR%DOLQHOYLJtDTXLHQVHKDEtDHQFDULxDGRFRQHOKREELW
'LMR TXH DO PHQRV HQWUDUtD \ WDO YH] UHFRUULHUD WDPELpQ XQ WUHFKR GLVSXHVWR D
JULWDUVRFRUURVLHUDQHFHVDULR
/R PHMRU TXH VH SXHGH GHFLU GH ORV HQDQRV HV OR VLJXLHQWH VH SURSRQtDQ SDJDU
FRQJHQHURVLGDGORVVHUYLFLRVGH%LOERORKDEtDQWUDtGRSDUDKDFHUXQWUDEDMRTXH
OHVGHVDJUDGDED\QROHVLPSRUWDEDFyPRVHODVDUUHJODUtDDTXHOSREUH\SHTXHxR
FRPSDxHUR VLHPSUH TXH OOHYDUD D FDER OD WDUHD+XELHUDQKHFKRWRGRORSRVLEOH
SRU VDFDUOR GH DSXURV VL VH PHWtD FRQ HOORV FRPR HQ HO FDVR GH ORV RJURV DO
SULQFLSLRGHODDYHQWXUDDQWHVGHTXHWXYLHVHQXQDYHUGDGHUDUD]yQSDUDVHQWLUVH
DJUDGHFLGRV $Vt HV ORV HQDQRV QR VRQ KpURHV VLQR JHQWH FDOFXODGRUD FRQ XQD
LGHD SUHFLVD GHO YDORU GHO GLQHUR DOJXQRV VRQ ODGLQRV \ IDOVRV \ EDVWDQWH PDORV
WLSRV\RWURVHQFDPELRVRQEDVWDQWHGHFHQWHVFRPR7KRULQ\FRPSDxtDVLQRVH
OHVSLGHGHPDVLDGR
/DVHVWUHOODVDSDUHFtDQGHWUiVGHpOHQXQFLHORSiOLGRFUX]DGRSRUQXEHVQHJUDV
FXDQGRHOKREELWVHGHVOL]ySRUHOSRUWyQHQFDQWDGR\HQWUyVLJLORVRHQOD0RQWDxD
$YDQ]DED FRQXQDIDFLOLGDGTXHQRKDEtDHVSHUDGR(VWDQRHUDXQDHQWUDGDGH
WUDVJRVQLXQDWRVFDFXHYDGHHOIRV(UDXQSDVDGL]RFRQVWUXLGRSRUHQDQRVHQHO
WLHPSRHQTXHKDEtDQVLGRPX\ULFRV\KiELOHVUHFWRFRPRXQDUHJODGHVXHOR\
SDUHGHV SXOLGDV GHVFHQGtD SRFR D SRFR \ OOHYDED GLUHFWDPHQWH D DOJ~Q GHVWLQR
GLVWDQWHHQODRVFXULGDGGHDEDMR
$O FDER GH XQ UDWR %DOLQ GHVHy ²£%XHQD VXHUWH ²\ %LOER VH GHWXYR GRQGH
WRGDYtD SRGtD YHU HO WHQXH FRQWRUQR GH OD SXHUWD \ SRU DOJXQD SHFXOLDULGDG
DF~VWLFDGHOW~QHORtUHOVRQLGRGHODVYRFHVTXHPXUPXUDEDQDIXHUD(QWRQFHVHO
KREELW VH SXVR HO DQLOOR \ HQWHUDGR SRU ORV HFRV GH TXH QHFHVLWDUtD VHU PiV
SUHFDYLGR TXH XQ KREELW VL QR TXHUtD KDFHU UXLGR VH DUUDVWUy HQ VLOHQFLR KDFLD
DEDMR DEDMR DEDMR HQ OD RVFXULGDG ,ED WHPEODQGR GH PLHGR SHUR FRQ XQD
H[SUHVLyQILUPH\FHxXGDHQODFDUDPHQXGD<DHUDXQKREELWPX\GLVWLQWRGHOTXH
KDEtDHVFDSDGRFRUULHQGRGH%ROVyQ&HUUDGRVLQXQSDxXHORGHEROVLOOR1RWHQtD
XQSDxXHORGHEROVLOORGHVGHKDFtDVLJORV$IORMyOD GDJDHQODYDLQDVHDSUHWyHO
FLQWXUyQ\SURVLJXLy
$KRUD\DHVWiVGHQWUR\DOOiYDV%LOER%ROVyQVHGLMR7~PLVPRPHWLVWHODSDWD
MXVWR D WLHPSR DTXHOOD QRFKH £\ DKRUD WLHQHV TXH VDFDUOD \ SDJDU £&LHORV TXp
WRQWRIXL\TXpWRQWRVR\DxDGLyODSDUWHPHQRV7XNGHOKREELW1RWHQJRQLQJ~Q
LQWHUpV HQ WHVRURV JXDUGDGRV SRU GUDJRQHV \ QR PH PROHVWDUtD TXH WRGR HO
PRQWyQ VH TXHGDUD DTXt SDUD VLHPSUH VL \R SXGLHVH GHVSHUWDU \ GHVFXEULU TXH
HVWHW~QHOFRQGHQDGRHVHO]DJXiQGHPLSURSLDFDVD
'HVGHOXHJRQRGHVSHUWyVLQRTXHFRQWLQXyDGHODQWHKDVWDTXHWRGDVHxDOGHOD
SXHUWD VH KXER GHVYDQHFLGR GHWUiV \ D OR OHMRV (VWDED FRPSOHWDPHQWH VROR
3URQWR SHQVy TXH HPSH]DED D KDFHU FDORU ¢(V DOJXQD HVSHFLH GH OX] OR TXH
FUHRYHUDFHUFiQGRVHMXVWRHQIUHQWHDOOiDEDMR"VHGLMR
/RHUD$PHGLGDTXHDYDQ]DEDFUHFtD\&UHFtDKDVWDTXHQRKXERQLQJXQDGXGD
(UD XQD OX] URML]D GH FRORU FDGDYH]PiVYLYR$KRUDHUDWDPELpQLQGXGDEOHTXH
KDFtDFDORUHQHOW~QHO-LURQHVGHYDSRUIORWDURQ\SDVDURQHQFLPDGHOKREELWTXH
HPSH]yDVXGDU$OJRDGHPiVFRPHQ]yDUHVRQDUOHHQORVRtGRVXQDHVSHFLHGH
EXUEXMHR FRPR HO UXLGR GH XQDJUDQROODTXHJDORSDVREUHODVOODPDVPH]FODGR
FRQ XQ UHWXPEH FRPR HO URQURQHR GH XQ JDWR JLJDQWHVFR (O UXLGR FUHFLy KDVWD
FRQYHUWLUVHHQHOLQFRQIXQGLEOHJRUJRWHRGHDOJ~QDQLPDOHQRUPHTXHURQFDEDHQ
VXHxRVDOOiDEDMRHQODWHQXHOX]URML]DIUHQWHDpO
(Q HVWH PLVPR PRPHQWR %LOER VH GHWXYR 6HJXLU DGHODQWH IXH OD PD\RU GH VXV
KD]DxDV/DVFRVDVWUHPHQGDVTXHGHVSXpVRFXUULHURQ QRSXHGHQFRPSDUiUVHOH
/LEUy OD YHUGDGHUD EDWDOOD HQ HO W~QHO D VRODV DQWHV GH OOHJDU D YHU HO HQRUPH \
DFHFKDQWHSHOLJUR'HWRGRVPRGRVOXHJRGHXQDEUHYHSDXVDVHDGHODQWyRWUD
YH]\SRGpLVLPDJLQDURVFyPROOHJyDOILQDOGHOW~QHOXQDDEHUWXUDPX\SDUHFLGDD
ODSXHUWDGHDUULEDSRUODIRUPD\HOWDPDxR(OKREELWDVRPDODFDEHFLWD$QWHpO
\DFHHOLQPHQVR\PiVSURIXQGRVyWDQRRPD]PRUUDGHORVDQWLJXRVHQDQRVHQOD
UDt]PLVPDGHOD0RQWDxD/DYDVWHGDGGHOVyWDQRHQSHQXPEUDVVyORSXHGHVHU
XQDYDJDVXSRVLFLyQSHURXQJUDQUHVSODQGRUVHDO]DHQODSDUWHFHUFDQDGHOSLVR
GHSLHGUD£(OUHVSODQGRUGH6PDXJ
$OOt \DFtD XQ HQRUPH GUDJyQ DXUHRUURML]R TXH GRUPtD SURIXQGDPHQWH GH ODV
IDXFHV \ QDULFHV OH VDOtD XQ URQTXLGR H KLODFKDV GH KXPR SHUR ORV IXHJRV HUDQ
DSHQDV XQDV EUDVDV OODPHDQWHV 'HEDMR GHO FXHUSR \ ODV SDWDV \ OD ODUJD FROD
HQURVFDGD \ WRGR DOUHGHGRU H[WHQGLpQGRVH OHMRV SRU ORV VXHORV LQYLVLEOHV KDEtD
LQFRQWDEOHVSLODVGHSUHFLRVRVREMHWRVRURODEUDGR\VLQODEUDUJHPDV\MR\DV \
SODWDTXHODOX]WHxtDGHURMR
6PDXJ \DFtD FRQ ODV DODV SOHJDGDV FRPR XQ LQPHQVR PXUFLpODJR PHGLR YXHOWR
GHFRVWDGRGHPRGRTXHHOKREELWDOFDQ]DEDDYHUOHODSDUWHLQIHULRU\HOYLHQWUH
ODUJR\SiOLGRLQFUXVWDGRFRQJHPDV\IUDJPHQWRVGHRURGHWDQWRHVWDUDFRVWDGR
HQ HVH OHFKR YDOLRVR 'HWUiV HQ ODV SDUHGHV PiV SUy[LPDV SRGtDQ YHUVH
FRQIXVDPHQWHFRWDVGHPDOOD\KDFKDVHVSDGDVODQ]DV\\HOPRVFROJDGRV\DOOt
HQ KLOHUDV KDEtD JUDQGHV MDUURQHV \ YDVLMDV UHERVDQWHV GH XQD ULTXH]D
LQHVWLPDEOH
,1)250$&,Ï16(&5(7$
'HFLU TXH %LOER VH TXHGy VLQ DOLHQWR QR HV VXILFLHQWH 1R KD\ SDODEUDV TXH
DOFDQFHQDH[SUHVDUHVHDVRPEURDEUXPDGRUGHVGHTXHORV+RPEUHVFDPELDURQ
HOOHQJXDMHTXHDSUHQGLHUDQGHORV(OIRVHQORVGtDVHQTXHHOPXQGRHQWHURHUD
PDUDYLOORVR %LOER KDEtD RtGR DQWHV UHODWRV \ FDQWRV VREUH WHVRURV RFXOWRV GH
GUDJRQHVSHURHOHVSOHQGRUODPDJQLILFHQFLDODJORULDGHXQWHVRURVHPHMDQWHQR
KDEtD OOHJDGR QXQFD D LPDJLQDUORV (O HQFDQWDPLHQWR OR WUDVSDVy \ OH FROPy HO
FRUD]yQ\HQWHQGLyHOGHVHRGHORVHQDQRV\DEVRUWRHLQPyYLOFDVLROYLGDQGRDO
HVSDQWRVR JXDUGLiQ VH TXHGy PLUDQGR HO RUR TXH VREUHSDVDED WRGD FXHQWD \
PHGLGD
&RQWHPSOy HO RUR GXUDQWH XQ ODUJR WLHPSR KDVWD TXH DUUDVWUDGR FDVL FRQWUD VX
YROXQWDGDYDQ]yVLJLORVRGHVGHODVVRPEUDVGHOXPEUDOFUX]DQGRHOVDOyQKDVWDHO
ERUGH PiV FHUFDQR GH ORV PRQWtFXORV GHO WHVRUR (O GUDJyQ GRUPtD HQFLPD XQD
KRUUHQGD DPHQD]D DXQ DKRUD %LOER WRPy XQ FRSyQ GH GREOH DVD GH ORV PiV
SHVDGRV TXH SRGtD FDUJDU \ HFKy XQD WHPHURVD PLUDGD KDFLD DUULED 6PDXJ
VDFXGLyXQDODGHVSOHJyXQDJDUUD\HOUHWXPEHGHORVURQTXLGRVFDPELyGHWRQR
(QWRQFHV%LOERHVFDSyFRUULHQGR$XQTXHHOGUDJyQQRGHVSHUWy²QRWRGDYtD²
SHUR WXPEDGR DOOt HQ HO VDOyQ UREDGR WXYR VXHxRV GH DYDULFLD \ YLROHQFLD
PLHQWUDVHOSHTXHxRKREELWUHJUHVDEDSHQRVDPHQWHSRUHOODUJRW~QHO(OFRUD]yQ
OHVDOWDEDHQHOSHFKR\XQWHPEORUPiVIHEULOTXHHOGHOGHVFHQVROHDWDFDEDODV
SLHUQDVSHURQRVROWDEDHOFRSyQ\VXSULQFLSDOSHQVDPLHQWRHUD£/RKLFH\HVWR
OHVGHPRVWUDUiTXLpQVR\£8QWHQGHURPiVTXHXQVDTXHDGRUTXHVHFUHHQHOORV
HVR%LHQQRYROYHUiQDPHQFLRQDUOR
< WDPSRFR OR PHQFLRQy pO %DOtQ HVWDED HQFDQWDGR GH YROYHU D YHU DO KREELW \
VHQWtDXQDDOHJUtDTXHHUDWDPELpQDVRPEUR$EUD]yD%LOER\OROOHYy IXHUDDODLUH
OLEUH (UD PHGLDQRFKH \ ODV QXEHV KDEtDQ FXELHUWR ODV HVWUHOODV SHUR %LOER
FRQWLQXDEDFRQORVRMRVFHUUDGRVERTXHDQGR\UHDQLPiQGRVHFRQHODLUHIUHVFR
FDVLVLQGDUVHFXHQWDGHODH[FLWDFLyQGHORVHQDQRV\GHFyPRORDODEDEDQ\OR
SDOPHDEDQ\VHSRQtDQDVXVHUYLFLRHOORV\WRGDVODVIDPLOLDVGHORVHQDQRV\
ODVJHQHUDFLRQHVYHQLGHUDV
/RVHQDQRVD~QVHSDVDEDQHOFRSyQGHPDQRHQPDQR\FKDUODEDQDQLPDGRVGH
OD UHFXSHUDFLyQ GHO WHVRUR FXDQGR GH UHSHQWH DOJR UHWXPEy HQ HO LQWHULRU GH OD
PRQWDxD FRPR VL XQ DQWLJXR YROFiQ VH KXELHVH GHFLGLGR D HQWUDU RWUD YH] HQ
HUXSFLyQ'HWUiVGHHOORVODSXHUWDVHPRYLyDFHUFiQGRVH\XQDSLHGUDODEORTXHy
LPSLGLHQGR TXH VH FHUUDUD SHUR GHVGH ODV OHMDQDV SURIXQGLGDGHV \ SRU HO ODUJR
W~QHO VXEtDQ XQRV KRUULEOHV HFRV GH EUDPLGRV \ GH XQ DQGDU SHVDGR TXH
HVWUHPHFtDHOVXHOR
$QWH HVR ORV HQDQRV ROYLGDURQ VX GLFKD \ ODV VHJXUDV MDFWDQFLDV GH PRPHQWRV
DQWHV \ VH HQFRJLHURQ DWHUURUL]DGRV 6PDXJ HUD WRGDYtD DOJXLHQ TXH FRQYHQtD
UHFRUGDU 1R HV QDGD EXHQR QR WHQHU HQ FXHQWD D XQ GUDJyQ YLYR VREUH WRGR VL
KDELWD FHUFD (V SRVLEOH TXH ORV GUDJRQHV QR VDTXHQ SURYHFKR D WRGDV ODV
ULTXH]DV TXH JXDUGDQ SHUR HQ JHQHUDO ODV FRQRFHQ KDVWD OD ~OWLPD RQ]D VREUH
WRGRGHVSXpVGHXQDODUJDSRVHVLyQ\6PDXJQRHUDGLIHUHQWH+DEtDSDVDGRGH
XQ VXHxR LQWUDQTXLOR HQ HO TXH XQ JXHUUHUR LQVLJQLILFDQWH GHO WRGR HQ WDPDxR
SHUR SURYLVWR GH XQD DILODGD HVSDGD \ GH JUDQ YDORU DFWXDED GH XQ PRGR PX\
SRFR DJUDGDEOH D XQR OLJHUR \ DO ILQ VH HVSDELOy SRU FRPSOHWR +DEtD XQ KiOLWR
H[WUDxR HQ OD FXHYD ¢3RGUtD VHU XQD FRUULHQWH TXH YHQtD GHO SHTXHxR DJXMHUR"
1XQFDVHKDEtDVHQWLGRPX\FRQWHQWRFRQpODXQTXHHUDWDQUHGXFLGR\DKRUDOR
PLUDED IHUR] \ UHFHORVR SUHJXQWiQGRVH SRU TXp QR OR KDEUtD WDSDGR (Q ORV
~OWLPRV GtDV FUHtD KDEHU RtGR ORV HFRV LQGLVWLQWRV GH XQRV JROSHV DOOi DUULED 6H
PRYLy\HVWLUyHOFXHOORKDFLDDGHODQWHKXVPHDQGR
£(QWRQFHVQRWyTXHIDOWDEDHOFRSyQ
£/DGURQHV£)XHJR£0XHUWH£1DGDVHPHMDQWHOHKDEtDRFXUULGRGHVGHTXHOOHJDUD
SRUSULPHUDYH]DOD0RQWDxD/DLUDGHOGUDJyQHUDLQGHVFULSWLEOHHVDLUDTXHVyOR
VH YH HQ OD JHQWH ULFD TXH QR DOFDQ]D D GLVIUXWDU GH WRGR OR TXH WLHQH \ TXH GH
SURQWR SLHUGH DOJR TXH KD JXDUGDGR GXUDQWH PXFKR WLHPSR SHUR TXH QXQFD KD
XWLOL]DGRRQHFHVLWDGR6PDXJYRPLWDEDIXHJRHO6DOyQKXPHDEDODVUDtFHVGHOD
0RQWDxDVHHVWUHPHFtDQ*ROSHyHQYDQRODFDEH]DFRQWUDHOSHTXHxRDJXMHUR\
HQURVFDQGRHOFXHUSRUXJLHQGRFRPRXQWUXHQRVXEWHUUiQHRVHSUHFLSLWyIXHUDGH
ODJXDULGDSURIXQGDFUX]yODVJUDQGHVSXHUWDV\HQWUyHQORVYDVWRVSDVDGL]RVGH
ODPRQWDxD²SDODFLR\IXHDUULEDKDFLDOD3XHUWD3ULQFLSDO
%XVFDUSRUWRGDODPRQWDxDKDVWDDWUDSDUDOODGUyQ\GHVSHGD]DUOR\SLVRWHDUORHUD
HO~QLFRSHQVDPLHQWRGH6PDXJ6DOLySRUOD3XHUWDODVDJXDVVHDO]DURQHQXQ
YDSRUVLVHDQWH\ILHUR\pOVHHOHYyDUGLHQGRHQHODLUH\VHSRVyHQODFLPDGHOD
PRQWDxDHQYXHOWRHQXQIXHJRURMR\YHUGH/RVHQDQRVR\HURQHOVRQLGRWHUULEOH
GHODVDODVGHOGUDJyQ\VHDFXUUXFDURQFRQWUDORVPXURVGHODWHUUD]DFXELHUWDGH
KLHUEDRFXOWiQGRVHGHWUiVGHORVSHxDVFRVHVSHUDQGRGHDOJXQDPDQHUDHVFDSDU
DDTXHOORVRMRVWHUURUtILFRV
+DEUtDQPXHUWRWRGRVVLQRIXHVHSRU%LOERXQDYH]PiV²£5iSLGR£5iSLGR²
MDGHy²£/DSXHUWD£(OW~QHO$TXtQRHVWDPRVVHJXURV
/RVHQDQRVUHDFFLRQDURQ\\DHVWDEDQDSXQWRGHDUUDVWUDUVHDOLQWHULRUGHOW~QHO
FXDQGR %LIXU GLR XQ JULWR ²£0LV SULPRV %RPEXU \ %RIXU /RV KHPRV ROYLGDGR
£(VWiQDOOiDEDMRHQHOYDOOH
²/RV PDWDUi \ WDPELpQ D QXHVWURV SRQH\V \ OR SHUGHUHPRV WRGR ²VH
ODPHQWDURQORVGHPiV²1DGDSRGHPRVKDFHU
²£7RQWHUtDV²GLMR7KRULQUHFREUDQGRVXGLJQLGDG²1RSRGHPRVDEDQGRQDUORV
(QWUDGVHxRU%ROVyQ\%DOtQ\YRVRWURVGRV)tOL\.LOLHOGUDJyQQRQRVDWUDSDUiD
WRGRV$KRUDYRVRWURVORVGHPiV¢GyQGHHVWiQODVFXHUGDV"£'HSULVD
(VWRV IXHURQ WDO YH] ORV PRPHQWRV PiV GLItFLOHV SRU ORV TXH KDEtDQ WHQLGR TXH
SDVDU /RV KRUULEOHV HVWUXHQGRV GH OD FyOHUD GH 6PDXJ UHVRQDEDQ DUULED HQ ODV
GLVWDQWHV FDYLGDGHV GH SLHGUD HQ FXDOTXLHU PRPHQWR SRGUtD EDMDU HQYXHOWR HQ
OODPDV R YRODU JLUDQGR HQ FtUFXORV \ GHVFXEULUORV DOOt DO ERUGH GHO GHVSHxDGHUR
WLUDQGR GHVDIRUDGRV GH ODV FXHUGDV $UULED OOHJy %RIXU \ D~Q WRGR VHJXtD HQ
FDOPD$UULEDOOHJy%RPEXUUHVRSODQGR\VLQDOLHQWRPLHQWUDVODVFXHUGDVFUXMtDQ\
D~QWRGRVHJXtDHQFDOPD$UULEDOOHJDURQKHUUDPLHQWDV\IDUGRVFRQSURYLVLRQHV\
HQWRQFHVXQDDPHQD]DVHFHUQLyVREUHHOORV
6H R\y XQ ]XPELGR FKLUULDQWH 8QD OX] URML]D WRFy ODV FUHVWDV GH ODV URFDV (O
GUDJyQVHDFHUFDED
$SHQDVWXYLHURQWLHPSRSDUDFRUUHUGHYXHOWDDOW~QHODUUDVWUDQGR\WLUDQGRGHORV
IDUGRVFXDQGR6PDXJDSDUHFLyFRPRXQUD\RGHVGHHOQRUWHODPLHQGRFRQIXHJR
ODVODGHUDVGHODPRQWDxDEDWLHQGRODVJUDQGHVDODVHQHODLUHTXHUXJtDFRPRXQ
KXUDFiQ (O DOLHQWR DUUDVy OD KLHUED DQWH OD SXHUWD \ DOFDQ]y OD JULHWD SRU GRQGH
KDEtDQ HQWUDGR D HVFRQGHUVH \ ORV FKDPXVFy 8QRV IXHJRV FUHSLWDQWHV VH
HOHYDEDQ VDOWDQGR \ ODV VRPEUDV GH ODV SLHGUDV QHJUDV GDQ]DEDQ HQ WRUQR
(QWRQFHV PLHQWUDV HO GUDJyQ SDVDED RWUD YH] YRODQGR FD\y OD RVFXULGDG /RV
SRQH\VFKLOODURQGHWHUURUURPSLHURQODVFXHUGDV\HVFDSDURQDOJDORSH(OGUDJyQ
GLRPHGLDYXHOWDFRUULyWUDVHOORV\GHVDSDUHFLy
²£(VWHVHUiHOILQDOGHQXHVWUDVSREUHVEHVWLDV²GLMR7KRULQ² 1DGDTXH6PDXJ
KD\D YLVWR SXHGH HVFDSiUVHOH £$TXt HVWDPRV \ DTXt WHQGUHPRV TXH HVWDU D
PHQRVTXHDDOJXLHQVHOHRFXUUDYROYHUDSLHKDVWDHOUtR\FRQ6PDXJDODFHFKR
£1R HUD XQ SHQVDPLHQWR DJUDGDEOH 6H DUUDVWUDURQ W~QHO DEDMR HVWUHPHFLpQGRVH
DXQTXHKDFtDFDORU\HODLUHHUDSHVDGR\DOOtHVSHUDURQKDVWDTXHHODOEDSiOLGD
VHFROy SRUODUHQGLMDGHODSXHUWD'XUDQWHWRGDODQRFKHSXGLHURQRtUXQD\RWUD
YH]HOFUHFLHQWHIUDJRUGHOGUDJyQTXHYRODED\SDVDEDMXQWRDHOORV\VHSHUGtD
GDQGRYXHOWDV\YXHOWDVDODPRQWDxDEXVFiQGRORVHQODVODGHUDV
/RV SRQH\V \ ORV UHVWRV GHO FDPSDPHQWR OH KLFLHURQ VXSRQHU TXH XQRV KRPEUHV
KDEtDQYHQLGRGHOUtR\HOODJRHVFDODQGRODODGHUDGHODPRQWDxDGHVGHHOYDOOH
3HUR OD SXHUWD UHVLVWLy OD LQTXLVLWLYD PLUDGD \ OD SHTXHxD QDYH GH SDUHGHV DOWDV
FRQWXYR ODV OODPDV PiV IHURFHV /DUJR WLHPSR OOHYDED \D DO DFHFKR VLQ QLQJ~Q
UHVXOWDGRFXDQGRHODOEDHQIULyODFyOHUDGH6PDXJTXHUHJUHVyDOOHFKRGRUDGR
SDUD GRUPLU \ UHSRQHU IXHU]DV 1R ROYLGDUtD QL SHUGRQDUtD HO URER QL DXQTXH PLO
DxRV OR FRQYLUWLHVHQ HQ XQD SLHGUD KXPHDQWH pOVHJXLUtDHVSHUDQGR'HVSDFLR\
HQVLOHQFLRVHDUUDVWUyGHYXHOWDDODJXDULGD\FHUUyDPHGLDVORVRMRV
&XDQGR OOHJy OD PDxDQD HO WHUURU GH ORV HQDQRV GLVPLQX\y (QWHQGLHURQ TXH
SHOLJURVGHHVWDtQGROHHUDQLQHYLWDEOHVFRQVHPHMDQWHJXDUGLiQ\TXHSRUDKRUD
QRVHUYtDGHQDGD DEDQGRQDUODE~VTXHGD3HURWDPSRFRSRGtDQHVFDSDUFRPR
7KRULQ KDEtD DSXQWDGR /RV SRQH\V HVWDEDQ PXHUWRV R SHUGLGRV \ %LOER \ ORV
HQDQRV WHQGUtDQ TXH HVSHUDU D TXH 6PDXJ GHMDUD GH YLJLODUORV DQWHV GH TXH VH
DWUHYLHUDQDUHFRUUHUDSLHHOODUJRFDPLQR3RUIRUWXQDFRQVHUYDEDQEXHQDSDUWH
GH ODV SURYLVLRQHV TXH D~Q SRGtDQ GXUDUOHV XQ WLHPSR 'LVFXWLHURQ ODUJDPHQWH
VREUHHOSUy[LPRSDVRSHURQRHQFRQWUDURQPRGRGHGHVKDFHUVHGH6PDXJTXH
VLHPSUH KDEtD VLGR HOSXQWRGpELOGHWRGRVORVSODQHVFRPR%LOERVHDGHODQWyD
VHxDODU/XHJRFRPRRFXUUHFRQODVJHQWHVTXHQRVDEHQTXpKDFHUQLTXpGHFLU
HPSH]DURQDTXHMDUVHGHOKREELWFXOSiQGRORSRUORTXHHQXQSULQFLSLRWDQWROHV
KDEtD DJUDGDGR DSRGHUDUVH GH XQD FRSD \ GHVSHUWDU WDQ SURQWR OD FyOHUD GH
6PDXJ
²¢4XpRWUDFRVDVHVXSRQHTXHKDGHKDFHUXQ6DTXHDGRU"²OHVSUHJXQWy%LOER
HQIDGDGR² $ PL QR PH HQFRPHQGDURQ PDWDU GUDJRQHV OR TXH HV WUDEDMR GH
JXHUUHURV VLQR UREDU HO WHVRUR +LFH KDVWD DKRUD OR TXH FUHtD PHMRU ¢$FDVR
SHQVDEDLVTXHUHJUHVDUtDWURWDQGRFRQWRGRHOERWtQGH7KURUDPLVHVSDOGDV"6L
YDLV D TXHMDURV FUHR TXH WHQJR GHUHFKR D GDU PL RSLQLyQ 7HQGUtDLV TXH KDEHU
WUDtGRTXLQLHQWRVVDTXHDGRUHV\QRXQR(VWR\VHJXURGHTXHHVWRKRQUDDYXHVWUR
DEXHORSHURUHFRUGDGTXHQXQFDPHKDEODVWHLVFRQFODULGDGGHODVGLPHQVLRQHV
GHO WHVRUR 1HFHVLWDUtD FHQWHQDUHV GH DQRV SDUDVXELUORWRGRKDVWDDTXtDXQTXH
\RIXHVHFLQFXHQWDYHFHVPiVJUDQGH\6PDXJWDQLQRIHQVLYRFyPRXQFRQHMR
3RU VXSXHVWR ORV HQDQRV VH GLVFXOSDURQ ²¢(QWRQFHV TXp QRVSURSRQHVVHxRU
%ROVyQ"²SUHJXQWy7KRULQFRUWpVPHQWH
3RU HO PRPHQWR QR VH PH RFXUUH QDGD VL WH UHILHUHV D WUDVODGDUHOWHVRUR3DUD
HVR FRPR HV REYLR QHFHVLWDPRV TXH OD VXHUWH FDPELH \ TXH SRGDPRV
GHVKDFHUQRVGH6PDXJ'HVKDFHUVHGHGUDJRQHVHVDOJRTXHQRHVWiSDUDQDGD
HQPLOtQHDSHURWUDWDUpGHSHQVDUORORPHMRUTXHSXHGD3HUVRQDOPHQWHQRWHQJR
QLQJXQDHVSHUDQ]D\GHVHDUtDHVWDUGHYXHOWDHQFDVD\DVDOYR
²£'HMDHVRSRUHOPRPHQWR¢4XpKDUHPRVDKRUD"
²%LHQVLUHDOPHQWHTXLHUHVPLFRQVHMRWHGLUpTXHQRWHQHPRVQDGDTXHKDFHU
H[FHSWR TXHGDUQRV GRQGH HVWDPRV 6HJXUR TXH GXUDQWH HO GtD SRGUHPRV
DUUDVWUDUQRVIXHUD\WRPDUDLUHIUHVFRVLQQLQJ~QSHOLJUR4XL]iSURQWRVHDSRVLEOH
HOHJLUDXQR2GRVSDUDTXHUHJUHVHQDOGHSyVLWRMXQWRDOUtR\WUDLJDQPiVYtYHUHV
3HUR HQWUHWDQWR \ SRU OD QRFKH WRGRV WLHQHQ TXH TXHGDUVH ELHQ PHWLGRV HQ HO
W~QHO
%LHQ RV KDUp XQD SURSRVLFLyQ 7HQJR DTXt PL DQLOOR \ GHVFHQGHUp HVWH PLVPR
PHGLRGtDSXHVDHVDKRUD6PDXJHVWDUiHFKDQGRXQDVLHVWD\TXL]iDOJRRFXUUD
7RGR JXVDQR WLHQH VX SXQWR GpELO
FRPR VROtD GHFLU PL SDGUH DXQTXH HVWR\
VHJXURGHTXHQXQFDOOHJyDFRPSUREDUORpOPLVPR
3RUVXSXHVWRORVHQDQRVDFHSWDURQHQVHJXLGDODSURSRVLFLyQ<DKDEtDQOOHJDGR
DUHVSHWDUDOSHTXHxR%LOER$KRUDVHKDEtDFRQYHUWLGRHQHOYHUGDGHUROtGHUGHOD
DYHQWXUD(PSH]DEDDWHQHULGHDV\SODQHVSURSLRV&XDQGROOHJyHOPHGLRGtDVH
SUHSDUySDUDRWUDH[SHGLFLyQDOLQWHULRUGHOD0RQWDxD1ROHJXVWDEDQDGDFODUD
HVWi SHUR QR HUD WDQ PDOR DKRUD TXH VDEtD GH DOJ~Q PRGR OR TXH OH HVSHUDED
GHODQWH6LKXELHVHHVWDGRPiVHQWHUDGRGHODVPDxDVDVWXWDVGHORVGUDJRQHV
SRGUtD KDEHUVH VHQWLGR PiV DVXVWDGR \ PHQRV VHJXUR GH VRUSUHQGHUOR PLHQWUDV
GRUPtD
(O VRO EULOODED FXDQGR SDUWLy SHUR HO W~QHO HVWDED WDQ RVFXUR FRPR OD QRFKH $
PHGLGD TXH GHVFHQGtD OD OX] GH OD SXHUWD HQWRUQDGD LED GHVYDQHFLpQGRVH 7DQ
VLOHQFLRVD HUD OD PDUFKD GH %LOER TXH HO KXPR DUUDVWUDGR SRU XQD EULVD DSHQDV
KXELHUDSRGLGRDYHQWDMDUOR\HPSH]DEDDVHQWLUVHXQSRFRRUJXOORVRGHVtPLVPR
PLHQWUDVVHDFHUFDEDDODSXHUWDLQIHULRU/R~QLFRTXHVHYHtDHUDXQUHVSODQGRU
PX\WHQXH
(OYLHMR6PDXJHVWiFDQVDGR\GRUPLGRSHQVy1RSXHGHYHUPH\QRPHRLUi
£$QLPR%LOER+DEtDROYLGDGRHOVHQWLGRGHOROIDWRGHORVGUDJRQHVRTXL]iQDGLH
VHORKDEtDGLFKRDQWHV8QGHWDOOHTXHWDPELpQFRQYLHQHWHQHUHQFXHQWDHVTXH
SXHGHQGRUPLUFRQXQRMRHQWRUQDGRVLWLHQHDOJ~QUHFHOR
(QUHDOLGDG6PDXJSDUHFtDSURIXQGDPHQWHGRUPLGRFDVLPXHUWR\DSDJDGRFRQ
XQURQTXLGRTXHHUDDSHQDVXQDVERFDQDGDVGHYDSRULQYLVLEOHFXDQGR%LOERVH
DVRPy RWUD YH] GHVGH OD HQWUDGD (VWDED D SXQWR GH GDU XQSDVRKDFLDHOVDOyQ
FXDQGR DOFDQ]y D YHU XQUHSHQWLQRUD\RURMRGpELO\SHQHWUDQWHTXHYHQtDGHOD
FDtGDFHMDL]TXLHUGDGH6PDXJ£6yORVHKDFtDHOGRUPLGR£9LJLODEDODHQWUDGDGHO
W~QHO %LOER GLR XQ UiSLGR SDVR DWUiV \ EHQGLMR OD VXHUWH GH KDEHUVH SXHVWR HO
DQLOOR(QWRQFHV6PDXJKDEOy
²£%LHQ ODGUyQ 7H KXHOR \ WH VLHQWR 2LJR FyPR UHVSLUDV £9DPRV £6tUYHWH GH
QXHYRKD\PXFKR\GHVREUD
3HUR%LOERQRHUDWDQLJQRUDQWHHQPDWHULDGHGUDJRQHVFRPRSDUDDFHUFDUVH\VL
6PDXJ HVSHUDED FRQVHJXLUOR FRQ WDQWD IDFLOLGDG TXHGy GHFHSFLRQDGR ²£1R
JUDFLDVRK6PDXJHO7UHPHQGR²UHSOLFyHOKREELW² 1RYLQHDEXVFDUSUHVHQWHV
6yORGHVHDEDHFKDUWHXQYLVWD]R\YHUVLHUDVWDQJUDQGHFRPRHQORVFXHQWDV<R
QRORFUHtD
²¢/RFUHHVDKRUD"² GLMRHOGUDJyQXQWDQWRKDODJDGRSHURHVFpSWLFR
²(Q YHUGDG FDQFLRQHV \ UHODWRV TXHGDQ GHO WRGR FRUWRV IUHQWH D OD UHDOLGDG£RK
6PDXJOD0iV,PSRUWDQWHOD0iV*UDQGHGHODV&DODPLGDGHV²UHSOLFy%LOER
²7LHQHV EXHQRV PRGDOHV SDUD XQ ODGUyQ \ XQ PHQWLURVR ²GLMR HO GUDJyQ²
3DUHFHV IDPLOLDUL]DGR FRQ PL QRPEUH SHUR QR FUHR KDEHUWH ROLGR DQWHV ¢4XLpQ
HUHV\GHGyQGHYLHQHVVLSXHGRSUHJXQWDU"
²£3XHGHV\DORFUHR9HQJRGHGHEDMRGHODFROLQD\SRUGHEDMRGHODVFROLQDV\
VREUHODVFROLQDVPHFRQGXMHURQORVVHQGHURV<SRUHODLUH<RVR\HOTXHFDPLQD
VLQVHUYLVWR
²(VR SXHGR FUHHUOR ²GLMR 6PDXJ² SHUR QR PH SDUHFH TXH WH OODPHQ DVt
FRP~QPHQWH
²<R VR\ HO GHVFXEUH²LQGLFLRV HO FRUWD²WHODUDxDV OD PRVFD GH DJXLMyQ )XL
HOHJLGRSRUHOQ~PHURGHODVXHUWH
²£+HUPRVRV WtWXORV ²VH PRIy HO GUDJyQ² 3HUR ORV Q~PHURV GH OD VXHUWH QR
VLHPSUHODWUDHQ
²<RVR\HOTXHHQWLHUUDDVXVDPLJRVYLYRV\ORVDKRJD\ORVVDFDYLYRVRWUDYH]
GH ODV DJXDV <R YHQJR GH XQD EROVD FHUUDGD SHUR QR KH HVWDGR GHQWUR GH
QLQJXQDEROVD
²(VWRV~OWLPRV\DQRPHVXHQDQWDQYHURVtPLOHV²VHEXUOy6PDXJ
²<RVR\HODPLJRGHORVRVRV\HOLQYLWDGRGHODViJXLODV<RVR\HO*DQDGRUGHO
$QLOOR\HO3RUWD)RUWXQD\\RVR\HO-LQHWHGH%DUULO²SURVLJXLy%LOERFRPHQ]DQGR
DHQWXVLDVPDUVHFRQVXVDFHUWLMRV
²£(VR HVWi PHMRU ²GLMR 6PDXJ² £3HUR QR GHMHV TXH WX LPDJLQDFLyQ VH
GHVERTXHMXQWRFRQWLJR
(VWD HV SRU VXSXHVWR OD PDQHUD GH GLDORJDU FRQ ORV GUDJRQHV VL QR TXHUpLV
UHYHODUOHV YXHVWUR QRPEUH YHUGDGHUR OR TXH HV MXLFLRVR \ WDPSRFR TXHUpLV
HQIXUHFHUORVFRQXQDQHJDWLYDFDWHJyULFDORTXHHVWDPELpQPX\MXLFLRVR1LQJ~Q
GUDJyQ VH UHVLVWH D XQD IDVFLQDQWH FKDUOD GH DFHUWLMRV \ D SHUGHU HO WLHPSR
LQWHQWDQGR FRPSUHQGHUOD +DEtD PXFKDV FRVDV DTXt TXH 6PDXJ QR FRPSUHQGtD
GHO WRGR DXQTXH HVSHUR TXH Vt YRVRWURV \D TXHFRQRFpLVELHQODVDYHQWXUDVGH
TXH KDEODED %LOER VLQ HPEDUJR SHQVy TXH FRPSUHQGtD EDVWDQWH \ DKRJy XQD
ULVDHQVXPDOpYRORLQWHULRU
$VtSHQVpDQRFKHVHGLMRVRQULHQGR+RPEUHVGHO/DJRDOJ~QSODQDVTXHURVR
GHHVRVPLVHUDEOHVFRPHUFLDQWHVGHFXEDVORV+RPEUHVGHO/DJRR\RVR\XQD
ODJDUWLMD 1R KH EDMDGR SRU HVH FDPLQR GXUDQWH VLJORV \ VLJORV £SHUR SURQWR
UHPHGLDUpHVHHUURU
²£0X\ELHQRK-LQHWHGHO%DUULO²GLMRHQYR]DOWD²7DOYH]WXSRQH\VHOODPDED
%DUULO\WDOYH]QRDXQTXHHUDEDVWDQWHJUXHVR3XHGHVFDPLQDUVLQTXHWHYHDQ
PDV QR FDPLQDVWH WRGR HO FDPLQR 3HUPtWHPH GHFLUWH TXH DQRFKH PH FRPt VHLV
SRQH\V\TXHSURQWRDWUDSDUp\PHFRPHUpDWRGRVORVGHPiV$FDPELRGHHVD
H[FHOHQWH FRPLGD WH GDUp XQ SHTXHxRFRQVHMRVyORSRUWXELHQ£1RKDJDVPiV
WUDWRVFRQHQDQRVPLHQWUDVSXHGDVHYLWDUOR
²£(QDQRV²GLMR%LOERILQJLHQGRVRUSUHVD
²£1R PH KDEOHV ²GLMR 6PDXJ² &RQR]FR HO RORU \ HO VDERU GH ORV HQDQRV
PHMRUTXHQDGLH£1RPHGLJDVTXHPHSXHGRFRPHUXQSRQH\FDEDOJDGRSRUXQ
HQDQR \ QR GDUPH FXHQWD ,UiV GH PDO HQ SHRU FRQ VHPHMDQWHV DPLJRV /DGUyQ
-LQHWHGH%DUULO1RPHLPSRUWDVLYXHOYHV\VHORGLFHVDWRGRVHOORVGHPLSDUWH
²3HUR QR OH GLMR D %LOER TXH KDEtD XQ RORU GHVFRQFHUWDQWH TXH QR SRGtD
UHFRQRFHUHORORUGHKREELW
²6XSRQJR TXH FRQVHJXLVWH XQ EXHQ SUHFLR SRU DTXHOOD FRSD DQRFKH ¢QR" ²
FRQWLQXy² 9DPRV ¢OR FRQVHJXLVWH" £1DGD GH QDGD %LHQ DVt VRQ HOORV <
VXSRQJRTXHVHTXHGDURQ DIXHUDHVFRQGLGRV\TXHWXWDUHDHVKDFHUORVWUDEDMRV
SHOLJURVRV \ OOHYDUWH OR TXH SXHGDV PLHQWUDV \R QR PLUR \ WRGR SDUD HOORV ¢<
WHQGUiV XQD SDUWH HTXLWDWLYD" £1R OR FUHDV &RQVLGpUDWH DIRUWXQDGR VL VDOHV FRQ
YLGD
%LOERHPSH]DEDDKRUDDVHQWLUVHUHDOPHQWHLQFyPRGR&DGDYH]TXHHORMRHUUDQWH
GH 6PDXJ TXH OR EXVFDED HQ ODV VRPEUDV UHODPSDJXHDED DWUDYHViQGROR VH
HVWUHPHFtD GH SLHV D FDEH]D \ VHQWtD HO LQH[SOLFDEOH GHVHR GH HFKDU D FRUUHU \
PRVWUDUVHWDOFXDOHUD\GHFLUWRGDODYHUGDGD6PDXJ (QUHDOLGDGFRUUtDHOJUDYH
SHOLJURGHFDHUEDMRHOKHFKL]RGHOGUDJyQ-XQWyFRUDMH\KDEOyRWUDYH]
²1RORVDEHVWRGRRK6PDXJHO3RGHURVR²GLMR²1RVyORHORURQRVWUDMRDTXt
²£-DMD$GPLWHVHOQRV²ULy6PDXJ²¢3RUTXpQRGLFHVQRVORVFDWRUFH\
DVXQWRFRQFOXLGRVHxRU1~PHURGHOD6XHUWH"0HFRPSODFHRtUTXHWHQtDVRWURV
DVXQWRVDTXtDGHPiVGHPLRUR(QHVHFDVRTXL]iQRSLHUGDVGHOWRGRHOWLHPSR
1RVpVLSHQVDVWHTXHDXQTXHSXGLHVHVUREDUHORURSRFRDSRFRHQXQRVFLHQ
DxRVRDOJRDVtQRSRGUtDVOOHYDUORPX\OHMRV<TXHQRWHVHUtDGHPXFKDXWLOLGDG
HQ OD ODGHUD GH OD PRQWDxD 1L GH PXFKD XWLOLGDG HQ HO ERVTXH £%HQGLWD VHD
¢1XQFDKDVSHQVDGRHQHOERWtQ"8QDFDWRUFHDYDSDUWHRDOJRSDUHFLGRIXHURQ
ORV WpUPLQRV ¢HK" ¢3HUR TXp KD\ DFHUFD GH OD HQWUHJD" ¢4Xp DFHUFD GHO
DFDUUHR"¢4XpDFHUFDGHJXDUGLDVDUPDGRV\SHDMHV"²<6PDXJULyFRQIXHU]D
7HQtD XQ FRUD]yQ DVWXWR \ PDOYDGR \ VDEtD TXH HVWDV FRQMHWXUDV QR LEDQ PDO
HQFDPLQDGDV DXQTXHVRVSHFKDEDTXHORV+RPEUHVGHO/DJRHVWDEDQGHWUiVGH
WRGRVORVSODQHV\TXHODPD\RUSDUWHGHOERWtQLUtDDSDUDUDODFLXGDGMXQWRDOD
ULEHUDTXHFXDQGRpOHUDMRYHQVHKDEtDOODPDGR(VJDURWK
$SHQDV PH FUHHUpLV SHUR HO SREUH %LOER HVWDED GH YHUDV PX\ GHVFRQFHUWDGR
+DVWD HQWRQFHV WRGRV VXV SHQVDPLHQWRV \ HQHUJtDV VH KDEtDQ FRQFHQWUDGR HQ
DOFDQ]DU OD 0RQWDxD \ HQFRQWUDU OD SXHUWD 1XQFD VH KDEtD PROHVWDGR HQ
SUHJXQWDUVH FyPR WUDVODGDUtDQ HO WHVRUR \ PHQRV FyPR OOHYDUtD OD SDUWH TXH
SXGLHUD FRUUHVSRQGHUOH SRU WRGR HO FDPLQR GH YXHOWD D %ROVyQ &HUUDGR EDMR OD
&ROLQD
8QDIHDVRVSHFKDVHOHDSDUHFLyDKRUDHQODPHQWH
¢KDEtDQ ROYLGDGR ORV HQDQRV WDPELpQ HVWH SXQWR LPSRUWDQWH R KDEtDQ HVWDGR
ULpQGRVH GH pO FRQ GLVLPXOR WRGR HO WLHPSR" /D FKDUOD GH XQ GUDJyQ FDXVD HVWH
HIHFWR HQ OD JHQWH GH SRFD H[SHULHQFLD %LOER GHVGH OXHJR QR WHQtD TXH KDEHU
EDMDGRODJXDUGLDSHURODSHUVRQDOLGDGGH6PDXJHUDHQYHUGDGLUUHVLVWLEOH
²3XHGR DVHJXUDUWH ²GLMR WUDWDQGR GH PDQWHQHUVH ILUPH \ OHDO D VXV DPLJRV²
TXHHORURIXHVyORXQDRFXUUHQFLDWDUGtD9LQLPRVVREUHODFROLQD\EDMRODFROLQD
HQ OD ROD \ HO YLHQWR SRU YHQJDQ]D VHJXUR TXH HQWLHQGHV RK 6PDXJ HO
DFDXGDODGRLQYDORUDEOHTXHFRQWXp[LWRWHKDVJDQDGRHQFDUQL]DGRVHQHPLJRV
(QWRQFHV Vt TXH 6PDXJ ULyGHYHUDVXQGHYDVWDGRUVRQLGRTXHDUURMyD%LOERDO
VXHORPLHQWUDVDOOiDUULEDHQHOW~QHOORVHQDQRVVHDFXUUXFDURQDJUXSiQGRVH\VH
LPDJLQDURQTXHHOKREELWKDEtDWHQLGRXQV~ELWR\GHVDJUDGDEOHILQ
²£9HQJDQ]D²EXIy\ODOX]GHVXVRMRVLOXPLQyHOVDOyQGHVGHHOVXHORKDVWDHO
WHFKR FRPR XQ UHOiPSDJR HVFDUODWD² £9HQJDQ]D (O 5H\ EDMR OD 0RQWDxD KD
PXHUWR ¢\ GyQGH HVWiQ ORV GHVFHQGLHQWHV TXH VH DWUHYDQ D EXVFDU YHQJDQ]D"
*LULRQ 6HxRU GH 9DOOH KD PXHUWR \ \R PH KH FRPLGR D VX JHQWH FRPR XQ ORER
HQWUHRYHMDV¢\GyQGHHVWiQORVKLMRVGHVXVKLMRVTXHVHDWUHYDQDDFHUFDUVH"<R
PDWR GRQGH TXLHUR \ QDGLH VH DWUHYH D UHVLVWLU <R GHUULEp D ORV JXHUUHURV GH
DQWDxR \ KR\ QR KD\ QDGLH HQ HO PXQGR FRPR \R (QWRQFHV HUD MRYHQ \ WLHUQR
£$KRUDVR\YLHMR\IXHUWHIXHUWHIXHUWH/DGUyQGHODV6RPEUDV²JULWy\HFKyD
%LOERXQDPLUDGDVDWLVIHFKD\PDOLJQD² £0tDUPDGXUDHVFRPRGLH]HVFXGRVPLV
GLHQWHVVRQHVSDGDVPLVJDUUDVODQ]DVPLFRODXQUD\RPLVDODVXQKXUDFiQ\PL
DOLHQWRPXHUWH
²6LHPSUH HQWHQGt ²GLMR %LOER HQ XQ DVXVWDGR FKLOOLGR² TXH ORV GUDJRQHV VRQ
PiVEODQGRVSRUGHEDMRHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQHVDUHJLyQGHOSHFKRSHURVLQGXGD
DOJXLHQWDQIRUWLILFDGR\DORKDEUiWHQLGRHQFXHQWD
(O GUDJyQ LQWHUUXPSLy EUXVFDPHQWH pVWDV MDFWDQFLDV ²7X LQIRUPDFLyQ HV
DQWLFXDGD ²HVSHWy² (VWR\ DFRUD]DGR SRU DUULED \ SRU DEDMR FRQ HVFDPDV GH
KLHUUR\JHPDVGXUDV1LQJXQDKRMDSXHGHSHQHWUDUPH
²7HQGUtD TXH KDEHUOR DGLYLQDGR ²GLMR %LOER² (Q YHUGDG QR FRQR]FR D QDGLH
TXHSXHGDFRPSDUDUVHFRQHO,PSHQHWUDEOH6HxRU6PDXJ£4XpPDJQLILFHQFLDXQ
FKDOHFRGHGLDPDQWHV
²6tHVUHDOPHQWHUDUR\PDUDYLOORVR²GLMR6PDXJFRPSODFLGRVLQQLQJXQDUD]yQ
1RVDEtDTXHHOKREELWKDEtDOOHJDGRDYHUOHEUHYHPHQWHODSHFXOLDUFREHUWXUDGHO
SHFKRHQODYLVLWDDQWHULRU\HVSHUDEDLPSDFLHQWHODRSRUWXQLGDGGHPLUDUGHPiV
FHUFD SRU UD]RQHV SDUWLFXODUHV (O GUDJyQ VH UHYROFy ²£0LUD ²GLMR² ¢4Xp WH
SDUHFH"
²£'HVOXPEUDQWH \ PDUDYLOORVR £3HUIHFWR £,PSHFDEOH £$VRPEURVR ²H[FODPy
%LOERHQYR]DOWDSHURORTXHSHQVDEDHQVXLQWHULRUHUD£9LHMRWRQWR£$KtHQHO
KXHFR GHO SHFKR L]TXLHUGR KD\ XQD SDUWH WDQGHVQXGDFRPRXQFDUDFROIXHUDGH
FDVD
+DELHQGRYLVWRORTXHTXHUtDYHUOD~QLFDLGHDGHOVHxRU%ROVyQHUDPDUFKDUVH²
%LHQQRKHGHGHWHQHUD9XHVWUD0DJQLILFHQFLDSRUPiVWLHPSR²GLMR²QLUREDUOH
XQPX\QHFHVLWDGRUHSRVR&DSWXUDUSRQH\VGDDOJ~QWUDEDMRFUHRVLSDUWHQFRQ
YHQWDMD /R PLVPR RFXUUH FRQ ORV VDTXHDGRUHV ²DxDGLy FRPR REVHUYDFLyQ GH
GHVSHGLGDPLHQWUDVVHSUHFLSLWDEDKDFLDDWUiV\KXtDVXELHQGRSRUHOW~QHO
)XH XQ GHVDIRUWXQDGR FRPHQWDULR SXHV HO GUDJyQ HVFXSLy XQDV OODPDV WHUULEOHV
GHWUiV GH %LOER \ DXQTXH pO FRUUtD SHQGLHQWH DUULED QR VH KDEtD DOHMDGR WDQWR
FRPRSDUDVHQWLUVHDVDOYRDQWHVTXH6PDXJODQ]DUDHOFUiQHRKRUURURVRFRQWUDOD
HQWUDGDGHOW~QHO3RUIRUWXQDQRSXGRPHWHUWRGDODFDEH]D\ODVPDQGtEXODVSHUR
ODV QDULFHV HFKDURQ IXHJR \ YDSRU GHWUiV GHO KREELW TXH FDVL IXH YHQFLGR \
DYDQ]yDFLHJDVWURSH]DQGR\FRQJUDQGRORU\PLHGR6HKDEtDVHQWLGREDVWDQWH
FRPSODFLGR FRQVLJR PLVPR OXHJR GH OD DVWXWD FRQYHUVDFLyQ FRQ 6PDXJ SHUR HO
HUURUGHO ILQDOOHKDEtDGHYXHOWREUXVFDPHQWHODVHQVDWH]
£1XQFDWHUtDVGHGUDJRQHVYLYRV%LOERLPEpFLOVHGLMR\HVWRVHFRQYHUWLUtDHQ
XQR GH VXV GLFKRV IDYRULWRV HQ HO IXWXUR \ VH WUDQVIRUPDUtD HQ XQ SURYHUELR
7RGDYtDQRWHUPLQDVWHHVWDDYHQWXUDDJUHJy\HVWRIXHEDVWDQWHFLHUWRWDPELpQ
/D WDUGH VH FDPELDED HQ QRFKH FXDQGR VDOLy RWUD YH] \ WUDVWDELOOy \ FD\y
GHVPD\DGRHQHOXPEUDO/RVHQDQRVORUHDQLPDURQ\OHFXUDURQODVTXHPDGXUDV
ORPHMRUTXHSXGLHURQSHURSDVyPXFKRWLHPSRDQWHVGHTXHORVSHORVGHODQXFD
\ ORV WDORQHV OH FUHFLHVHQ GH QXHYR SXHV HO IXHJR GHO GUDJyQ ORVKDEtDUL]DGR\
FKDPXVFDGRKDVWDGHMDUOHODSLHOFRPSOHWDPHQWHGHVQXGD(QWUHWDQWRORVHQDQRV
WUDWDURQ GH OHYDQWDUOH HO iQLPR TXHUtDQ TXH %LOER OHV FRQWDUD HQ VHJXLGD OR TXH
KDEtDRFXUULGR\HQHVSHFLDOTXHUtDQVDEHUSRUTXpHOGUDJyQKDEtDKHFKRDTXHO
UXLGRWDQHVSDQWRVR\FyPR%LOERKDEtDHVFDSDGR
3HUR HO KREELW HVWDED SUHRFXSDGR H LQFyPRGR \ OHV FRVWy VDFDUOH XQDV SRFDV
SDODEUDV3HQViQGRORDKRUDODPHQWDEDKDEHUOHGLFKRDOGUDJyQDOJXQDVFRVDV\
QRWHQtDJDQDVGHUHSHWLUODV(OYLHMR]RU]DOHVWDEDSRVDGRHQXQDURFDSUy[LPD
LQFOLQDQGR OD FDEH]D HVFXFKDQGR WRGR OR TXH KDEODEDQ /R TXH SDVy HQWRQFHV
PXHVWUDHOPDOKXPRUGH%LOERUHFRJLyXQDSLHGUD\VHODDUURMyDO ]RU]DO(OSiMDUR
DOHWHyKDFLpQGRVHDXQODGR\YROYLyDSRVDUVH
²£0DOGLWR SiMDUR ²GLMR %LOER HQRMDGR² &UHR TXH HVWi HVFXFKDQGR \ QR PH
JXVWDQDGDHVHDVSHFWRTXHWLHQH
²£'pMDOR HQ SD] ²GLMR7KRULQ²/RV]RU]DOHVVRQEXHQRV\DPLVWRVRVpVWHHV
XQ SiMDUR UHDOPHQWH PX\ YLHMR \ WDO YH] HO ~OWLPR GH OD DQWLJXD HVWLUSH TXH
DFRVWXPEUDEDDYLYLUHQHVWDUHJLyQGyFLOHVDODVPDQRVGHPLSDGUH\PLDEXHOR
(UD XQD ORQJHYD \ PiJLFD UD]D \ TXL]i pVWH VHD XQR GH ORV TXH YLYtDQ DTXt
HQWRQFHV KDFH XQ SDU GH FLHQWRV GH DxRV R PiV $OJXQRV KRPEUHV GH 9DOOH
HQWHQGtDQ HO OHQJXDMH GH HVWRV SiMDURV \ ORV PDQGDEDQ FRPR PHQVDMHURV D ORV
KRPEUHVGHOODJR\DRWUDVSDUWHV
²%LHQWHQGUiQXHYDVTXHOOHYDUDOD&LXGDGGHO/DJRHQWRQFHVVLHVHVRORTXH
SUHWHQGH²GLMR%LOER²$XQTXHVXSRQJRTXHDOOtQRTXHGDQDGLHTXHVHSUHRFXSH
SRUHOOHQJXDMHGHORV]RU]DOHV
²3HUR ¢TXp KD VXFHGLGR" ²JULWDURQ ORV HQDQRV² £9DPRV QR LQWHUUXPSDV OD
KLVWRULD
'H PRGR TXH %LOER OHV FRQWy OR TXH SXGR UHFRUGDU \ FRQIHVy TXH WHQtD OD
GHVDJUDGDEOHLPSUHVLyQGHTXHHOGUDJyQKDEtDDGLYLQDGRGHPDVLDGRELHQWRGRV
ORVDFHUWLMRVVREUHORVFDPSDPHQWRV\ORVSRQH\V²(VWR\VHJXURGHTXHVDEHGH
GyQGH YHQLPRV \ TXH QRV D\XGDURQ HQ &LXGDG GHO /DJR \ WHQJR HO KRQGR
SUHVHQWLPLHQWR GH TXH SRGUtD LU PX\ SURQWR HQ HVD GLUHFFLyQ'HVHDUtDQRKDEHU
KDEODGRQXQFDGHO-LQHWHGHO%DUULOHQHVWRVOXJDUHVDXQXQFRQHMRFLHJRSHQVDUtD
HQORVKRPEUHVGHO/DJR
²£%XHQR EXHQR <D QR SXHGH HQPHQGDUVH \ HV GLItFLO QR FRPHWHU XQ GHVOL]
FXDQGRKDEODVFRQXQGUDJyQRDVtKHRtGRGHFLU²ORFRQVROy%DOLQ² <RSLHQVR
TXH OR KLFLVWH PX\ ELHQ \ GH WRGRV PRGRV KDV GHVFXELHUWR DOJR PX\ ~WLO \ KDV
YXHOWRYLYR\HVWRHVPiVGHORTXHSXHGHFRQWDUODPD\RUtDGHTXLHQHVKDEODURQ
FRQJHQWHVFRPR6PDXJ3XHGHVHUXQDVXHUWH\DXQXQDEHQGLFLyQVDEHUTXH
HVHYLHMRJXVDQRWLHQHXQVLWLRGHVQXGRHQHOFKDOHFRGHGLDPDQWHV
$TXHOOR FDPELy OD FRQYHUVDFLyQ \ WRGRV HPSH]DURQ D KDEODU GH PDWDQ]DV GH
GUDJRQHVKLVWyULFDVGXGRVDV\PtWLFDV\GHODVGLVWLQWDVSXxDODGDVPDQGREOHV
HVWRFDGDV DO YLHQWUH \ ODV GLIHUHQWHV DUWHV WUDPSDV \ HVWUDWDJHPDV SRU ODV TXH
WDOHV KD]DxDV KDEtDQ VLGR OOHYDGDV D FDER 'H DFXHUGR FRQ OD RSLQLyQ JHQHUDO
VRUSUHQGHUDXQGUDJyQTXHHFKDEDXQDVLHVWDQRHUDWDQIiFLOFRPRSDUHFtD\HO
LQWHQWR GH JROSHDU R SLQFKDU D XQR GRUPLGR SRGtD VHU PiV GHVDVWURVR TXH XQ
DXGD] DWDTXH IURQWDO 0LHQWUDV HOORV KDEODEDQ HO ]RU]DO QR GHMDED GH HVFXFKDU
KDVWDTXHSRU~OWLPRFXDQGRDVRPDURQODVSULPHUDVHVWUHOODVDEULyHQVLOHQFLRODV
DODV \ VH DOHMy YRODQGR < PLHQWUDV KDEODEDQ \ ODV VRPEUDV FUHFtDQ %LOER VH
VHQWtDFDGDYH]PiVGHVGLFKDGRHLQTXLHWRSRUORTXHSRGtDRFXUULU
3RU ILQ ORV LQWHUUXPSLy ²6p TXH DTXt QR HVWDPRV VHJXURV ²GLMR² < QR YHR
UD]yQSDUDTXHGDUQRV(OGUDJyQKDPDUFKLWDGRWRGRORTXHHUDYHUGH\DJUDGDEOH
\DGHPiVKDOOHJDGRODQRFKH\KDFHIUtR3HURVLHQWRHQORVKXHVRVTXHHVWHVLWLR
VHUiDWDFDGRRWUDYH]6PDXJVDEHFyPREDMpKDVWDHOVDOyQ\GHVFXEULUiGyQGH
WHUPLQD HO W~QHO 'HVWUXLUi WRGD HVWD ODGHUD VL HV QHFHVDULR SDUD LPSHGLU TXH
HQWUHPRV\VLODVSLHGUDVQRVDSODVWDQPiVOHJXVWDUi
²£(VWiV PX\ VLQLHVWUR VHxRU %ROVyQ ²GLMR 7KRULQ² ¢3RU TXp 6PDXJ QR KD
EORTXHDGRHQWRQFHVHOH[WUHPRGHDEDMRVLWDQWRTXLHUHWHQHUQRVIXHUD"1RORKD
KHFKRRORKDEUtDPRVRtGR
²1RVpQRVpSRUTXHDOSULQFLSLRTXLVRSUREDUDDWUDHUPHGHQXHYRVXSRQJR\
DKRUDTXL]iHVSHUDSRUTXHDQWHVTXLHUHFRQFOXLUODFDFHUtDGHODQRFKHRSRUTXH
QR TXLHUH HVWURSHDU HO GRUPLWRULR VL SXHGH HYLWDUOR SHUR SUHIHULUtD TXH QR
GLVFXWLpUDPRV 6PDXJ SXHGH DSDUHFHU DKRUD HQ FXDOTXLHU PRPHQWR \ QXHVWUD
~QLFDHVSHUDQ]DHVPHWHUQRVHQHOWRQHO\OXHJRFHUUDUELHQODSXHUWD
3DUHFtD WDQ VHULR TXH ORV HQDQRV KLFLHURQ DO ILQ OR TXH GHFtD DXQTXH VH
GHPRUDURQ HQ FHUUDU OD SXHUWD /HV SDUHFtD XQ SODQ GHVHVSHUDGR SXHV QDGLH
VDEtDVLSRGUtDQDEULUODGHVGHGHQWURRFyPR\ODLGHDGHTXHGDUHQFHUUDGRVHQ
XQ VLWLR FX\D ~QLFD VDOLGD FUX]DED OD JXDULGD GHO GUDJyQ QR OHV JXVWDED PXFKR
$GHPiVWRGRSDUHFtDHQFDOPDWDQWRIXHUDFRPRDEDMRHQHOW~QHO'HPRGRTXH
VHTXHGDURQVHQWDGRVGHQWURXQODUJRUDWRQRPX\OHMRVGHODSXHUWDHQWRUQDGD\
FRQWLQXDURQKDEODQGR
/D FRQYHUVDFLyQ SDVy HQWRQFHV D FRPHQWDU ODV PDOYDGDV SDODEUDV GHO GUDJyQ
DFHUFD GH ORV HQDQRV %LOER GHVHDED QR KDEHUODV HVFXFKDGR MDPiV R DO PHQRV
HVWDUVHJXURGHTXHORVHQDQRVHUDQHQYHUGDGKRQHVWRVFXDQGRGHFtDQTXHQR
KDEtDQ SHQVDGR QXQFD HQ OR TXH RFXUULUtD OXHJR GH KDEHU REWHQLGR HO WHVRUR ²
6DEtDPRV TXH VHUtD XQD DYHQWXUD GHVHVSHUDGD ²GLMR 7KRULQ² \ OR VDEHPRV
WRGDYtD\SLHQVRWRGDYtDTXHFXDQGRKD\DPRVJDQDGRKDEUiWLHPSRGHUHVROYHU
HOSUREOHPD(QFXDQWRDORTXHHVWX\RVHxRU%ROVyQWHDVHJXURTXHWHHVWDPRV
PiV TXH DJUDGHFLGRV \ TXH HVFRJHUiV WX SURSLD FDWRUFHDYD SDUWH WDQ SURQWR
FRPRKD\DDOJRTXHGLYLGLU/RODPHQWRVLHVWiVSUHRFXSDGRDFHUFDGHOWUDQVSRUWH
\ DGPLWR TXH ODV GLILFXOWDGHV VRQ JUDQGHV ODV WLHUUDV QR VH KDQ YXHOWR PHQRV
VDOYDMHV FRQ HO SDVR GHO WLHPSR PiV ELHQ OR FRQWUDULR SHUR KDUHPRV OR TXH
SRGDPRV SRU WL \ FDUJDUHPRV FRQ QXHVWUD SDUWH GHO FRVWR FXDQGR OOHJXH HO
PRPHQWR£&UpHPHRQRFRPRTXLHUDV
'HHVWRODFRQYHUVDFLyQSDVyDOJUDQWHVRURHVFRQGLGR\DODVFRVDVTXH7KRULQ\
%DOLQ UHFRUGDEDQ 6H SUHJXQWDURQ VL HVWDUtDQ WRGDYtD LQWDFWDV DOOt DEDMR HQ HO
VDOyQODVODQ]DVTXHKDEtDQVLGRKHFKDVSDUDORVHMpUFLWRVGHO 5H\%ODGRUHO)ODFR
PXHUWRWLHPSRDWUiVFDGDXQDFRQXQDPRKDUUDIRUMDGDWUHVYHFHV\DVWDVFRQ
LQJHQLRVDVLQFUXVWDFLRQHVGHRUR\TXHQXQFDKDEtDQVLGRHQWUHJDGDVRSDJDGDV
HVFXGRV KHFKRV SDUD JXHUUHURV IDOOHFLGRV KDFtD WLHPSR OD JUDQ FRSD GH RUR GH
7KURU GH GRV DVDV PDUWLOODGD \ ODEUDGD FRQ SiMDURV \ IORUHV GH RMRV \ SpWDORV
HQMR\DGRVFRWDVLPSHQHWUDEOHVGHPDOODGHRUR\SODWDHOFROODUGH*LULRQ6HxRU
GH9DOOHGHTXLQLHQWDVHVPHUDOGDVYHUGHVFRPRODKLHUEDTXHKL]RHQJDU]DUSDUD
OD LQYHVWLGXUD GHO KLMR PD\RU HQ XQD FRWD GH DQLOORV HVODERQDGRV TXH QXQFD VH
KDEtDKHFKRDQWHVSXHVHVWDEDWUDEDMDGDHQSODWDSXUDFRQHOSRGHU\ODIXHU]D
GHOWULSOHDFHUR3HURORPiVKHUPRVRHUDODJUDQJHPDEODQFDHQFRQWUDGDSRUORV
HQDQRV EDMR ODV UDtFHV GH OD 0RQWDxD HO &RUD]yQ GH OD 0RQWDxD OD 3LHGUD GHO
$UFDGH7KUDLQ
²£/D 3LHGUD GHO $UFD £/D SLHGUD GHO $UFD ²VXVXUUy 7KRULQ HQ OD RVFXULGDG
PHGLR VRxDQGR FRQ HO PHQWyQ VREUH ODV URGLOODV² £(UD FRPR XQ JORER GH PLO
IDFHWDVEULOODEDFRPRODSODWDDOUHVSODQGRUGHOIXHJRFRPRHODJXDDOVROFRPR
ODQLHYHEDMRODVHVWUHOODVFRPRODOOXYLDVREUHOD/XQD
3HURHOGHVHRHQFDQWDGRGHOWHVRUR\DQRDQLPDEDD%LOER$ORODUJRGHODFKDUOD
DSHQDVKDEtDSUHVWDGRDWHQFLyQ(UDHOTXHHVWDEDPiVFHUFDGHODSXHUWDFRQXQ
RtGRYXHOWRDFXDOTXLHUFRPLHQ]RGHVRQLGRIXHUD\HORWURDWHQWRDORVHFRVTXH
SXGLHUDQUHVRQDUSRUHQFLPDGHOPXUPXOORGHORVHQDQRVDFXDOTXLHUUXPRUGHXQ
PRYLPLHQWRHQORVDELVPRV
/DRVFXULGDGVHKL]RPiVSURIXQGD\%LOERVHVHQWtD FDGDYH]PiVLQWUDQTXLOR²
£&HUUDG OD SXHUWD ²OHV URJy² (O PLHGR DO GUDJyQ PH HVWUHPHFH KDVWD ORV
WXpWDQRV0HJXVWDPXFKRPHQRVHVWHVLOHQFLRTXHHOWXPXOWRGHODQRFKHSDVDGD
£&HUUDGODSXHUWDDQWHVTXHVHDGHPDVLDGRWDUGH
$OJRHQODYR]GH%LOERKL]RTXHORVHQDQRVVHVLQWLHUDQLQFyPRGRV/HQWDPHQWH
7KRULQ VH VDFXGLy ORV VXHxRV GH HQFLPD \ OXHJR VH LQFRUSRUy \ DSDUWy GH XQ
SXQWDSLp OD SLHGUD TXH FDO]DED OD SXHUWD (Q VHJXLGD WRGRV OD HPSXMDURQ \ OD
SXHUWDVHFHUUyFRQXQFUXMLGR\XQJROSH1LQJXQDWUD]DGHFHUUDGXUDHUDYLVLEOH
DKRUDHQHOFRVWDGRGHODSLHGUD£(VWDEDQHQFHUUDGRVHQOD0RQWDQD
£< QL XQ LQVWDQWH GHPDVLDGR SURQWR $SHQDV KDEtDQ PDUFKDGR XQ WUHFKR W~QHO
DEDMR FXDQGR XQ LPSDFWR VDFXGLy OD ODGHUD GH OD 0RQWDxD FRQ XQ HVWUXHQGR GH
DULHWHVGHUREOHHQDUERODGRVSRUJLJDQWHV/DURFDUHWXPEyODVSDUHGHVVHUDMDURQ
\ XQDV SLHGUDV FD\HURQ VREUH HOORV GHVGH HO WHFKR /R TXH KDEUtD RFXUULGR VL OD
SXHUWD KXELHVH HVWDGR WRGDYtD DELHUWD QR TXLHUR QL SHQVDUOR +X\HURQ PiV DOOi
W~QHODEDMRFRQWHPRVGHHVWDUWRGDYtDFRQYLGDPLHQWUDVGHWUiV\IXHUDRtDQORV
UXJLGRV \ WUXHQRV GH OD IXULD GH 6PDXJ (VWDED TXHEUDQGR URFDV DSODVWDQGR
SDUHGHV \ SUHFLSLFLRV FRQ ORV D]RWHV GH OD FROD HQRUPH KDVWD TXH HO WHUUHQR
HQFXPEUDGRGHOFDPSDPHQWRODKLHUEDTXHPDGDODSLHGUDGHO]RU]DOODVSDUHGHV
FXELHUWDV GH FDUDFROHV OD UHSLVD HVWUHFKD GHVDSDUHFLHURQ FRQ WRGR OR GHPiV HQ
XQ UHYROWLMR GH SHGD]RV URWRV \ XQD DYDODQFKD GH SLHGUDV DVWLOODGDV FD\y GHO
DFDQWLODGRDOYDOOH
6PDXJ KDEtD GHMDGR VX JXDULGD SLVDQGR FRQ FXLGDGR UHPRQWDQGR YXHOR HQ
VLOHQFLR \ OXHJR KDEtD IORWDGR SHVDGR \ OHQWR HQ OD RVFXULGDG FRPR XQ JUDMR
PRQVWUXRVR EDMDQGR FRQ HO YLHQWR KDFLD HO RHVWH GH OD 0RQWDxD HVSHUDQGR
DWUDSDU GHVSUHYHQLGD D FXDOTXLHU FRVD TXH HVWXYLHUD SRU DOOt \ HVSLDU DGHPiV OD
VDOLGDGHOSDVDGL]RTXHHOODGUyQKDEtDXWLOL]DGR(QHVHPLVPRPRPHQWRHVWDOOy
HQ FyOHUD SXHV QR SXGR HQFRQWUDU D QDGLH QL YLR QDGD QL VLTXLHUD GRQGH
VRVSHFKDEDTXHWHQtDTXHHVWDUODVDOLGD
'HVSXpV GH KDEHUVH GHVDKRJDGR VH VLQWLy PHMRU \ SHQVy FRQYHQFLGR TXH QR
VHUtDPROHVWDGRGHQXHYRGHVGHHVHOXJDU0LHQWUDVWDQWRWHQtDTXHWRPDUVHRWUD
YHQJDQ]D²£-LQHWHGHO%DUULO²EXIy²7XVSLHVYLQLHURQGHODRULOODGHODJXD\
VLQ QLQJXQD GXGD YLDMDVWH UtR DUULED 1R FRQR]FR WX RORU PDV VL QR HUHV XQR GH
HVRV +RPEUHV GHO /DJR HOORV WH D\XGDURQ DO PHQRV £0H YHUiQ \ UHFRUGDUiQ
HQWRQFHVTXLpQHVHOYHUGDGHUR5H\EDMROD0RQWDxD
6HHOHYyHQOODPDV\SDUWLyOHMRVDOVXUKDFLDHO5tR5iSLGR
1$',((1&$6$
0LHQWUDVWDQWRORVHQDQRVVHTXHGDURQVHQWDGRVHQODRVFXULGDG\XQFRPSOHWR
VLOHQFLR FD\y DOUHGHGRU +DEODURQ SRFR \ FRPLHURQ SRFR 1R VH GDEDQ PXFKD
FXHQWDGHOSDVRGHOWLHPSR\FDVLQRVHDWUHYtDQDPRYHUVHSXHVHOVXVXUURGH
ODVYRFHVUHVRQDED\VHUHSHWtDHQHOW~QHO$YHFHVGRUPLWDEDQ\FXDQGRDEUtDQ
ORVRMRVGHVFXEUtDQTXHODRVFXULGDG\HOVLOHQFLRQRKDEtDQFDPELDGR$OFDERGH
PXFKRVGtDVGHHVSHUDFXDQGRHPSH]DEDQDVHQWLUVHDVIL[LDGRV\HPERWDGRVSRU
OD IDOWD GH DLUH QR SXGLHURQ VRSRUWDUOR PiV +DVWD FDVL KXELHUDQ GDGR OD
ELHQYHQLGD D FXDOTXLHU VRQLGR GH DEDMR TXH LQGLFDVH OD YXHOWD GHO GUDJyQ (Q
PHGLRGHDTXHOODTXLHWXGWHPtDQDOJXQDGLDEyOLFDDVWXFLDGH6PDXJ\QRSRGtDQ
HVWDUDOOtVHQWDGRVSDUDVLHPSUH
7KRULQKDEOy²£3UREHPRVODSXHUWD²GLMR²1HFHVLWRVHQWLUHOYLHQWRHQODFDUD
R SURQWR PRULUp £&UHR TXH SUHIHULUtD VHU DSODVWDGR SRU 6PDXJ DO DLUH OLEUH TXH
DVIL[LDUPH DTXt GHQWUR ²$Vt TXH YDULRV HQDQRVVHOHYDQWDURQ\IXHURQDWLHQWDV
KDFLDODSXHUWD3HURDOOtGHVFXEULHURQTXHHOH[WUHPRVXSHULRUGHOW~QHOKDEtDVLGR
GHVWUXLGR\EORTXHDGRSRUSHGD]RVGHURFDV1LODOODYHQLODPDJLDDODTXHKDEtD
REHGHFLGRDOJXQDYH]YROYHUtDQDDEULUDTXHOODSXHUWD
²£(VWDPRVDWUDSDGRV²JLPLHURQ²(VWRHVHOILQPRULUHPRVDTXt
3HURGHDOJ~QPRGRMXVWRFXDQGRORVHQDQRV HVWDEDQPiVGHVHVSHUDGRV%LOER
VLQWLyXQUDURDOLYLRHQHOFRUD]yQFRPRVLOHKXELHUDQTXLWDGRXQDSHVDGDFDUJD
TXHOOHYDEDEDMRHOFKDOHFR
²£9HQLG YHQLG ²GLMR² £0LHQWUDV KD\ YLGD KD\ HVSHUDQ]D
FRPR GHFtD PL
SDGUH\
$ODWHUFHUDYDODYHQFLGD
%DMDUHSRUHOW~QHOXQDYH]PiV5HFRUUtHVWH
FDPLQR GRV YHFHV FXDQGR VDEtD TXH KDEtD XQ GUDJyQ DO RWUR ODGR DVt TXH
DUULHVJDUp XQD WHUFHUD YLVLWD DKRUD TXH QR HVWR\ VHJXUR 'H FXDOTXLHU PRGR OD
~QLFD VDOLGD HV KDFLD DEDMR \ FUHR TXH HVWD YH] FRQYHQGUi TXH YHQJiLV WRGRV
FRQPLJR
'HVHVSHUDGRV ORV HQDQRVDVLQWLHURQ\7KRULQIXHHSULPHURHQDYDQ]DUMXQWRD
%LOER
²£$KRUD WHQHG FXLGDGR ²VXVXUUy HO KREELW² \ QR KDJiLV UXLGR VL HV SRVLEOH
4XL]iQRKD\DQLQJ~Q6PDXJHQHOIRQGRSHURWDPELpQSXHGHTXHOR KD\D£1R
FRUUDPRVULHVJRVLQQHFHVDULRV
%DMDURQ \ VLJXLHURQ EDMDQGR /D PDUFKD GH ORV HQDQRV QR SRGtD FRPSDUDUVH
GHVGH OXHJR FRQ ORV PRYLPLHQWRV IXUWLYRV GHO KREELW \ OR VHJXtDQ UHVRSODQGR \
DUUDVWUDQGRORVSLHVFRQUXLGRVTXHORVHFRVPDJQLILFDEDQGH XQPRGRDODUPDQWH
SHURFXDQGR%LOERDVXVWDGRVHGHWHQtDDHVFXFKDUXQD\RWUDYH]QRVHRtDQDGD
TXH YLQLHUD GH DEDMR &XDQGR SHQVy TXH HVWDED FHUFD GHO H[WUHPR GHO W~QHO VH
SXVR HO DQLOOR \ PDUFKy GHODQWH 3HUR QR OR QHFHVLWDED SXHV OD RVFXULGDG HUD
LPSHQHWUDEOH\WRGRVSDUHFtDQLQYLVLEOHVFRQRVLQDQLOOR7DQQHJURHVWDEDWRGR
TXH HO KREELW OOHJy D OD DEHUWXUD VLQ GDUVH FXHQWD H[WHQGLy OD PDQR HQ HO DLUH
WUDVWDELOOy£\URGyGHFDEH]DGHQWURGHODVDOD
$OOt TXHGy WXPEDGR GH EUXFHV FRQWUD HO VXHOR \ QR VH DWUHYtD D LQFRUSRUDUVH \
FDVL QL VLTXLHUD D UHVSLUDU 3HUR QDGD VH PRYLy 1R KDEtD QLQJXQD OX] DXQTXH
FXDQGRDOILQDO]yGHVSDFLRODFDEH]DFUH\yYHUXQSiOLGRGHVWHOOREODQFRHQFLPD
GH pO \ OHMRV HQ ODV VRPEUDV (Q UHDOLGDG QR KDEtD QL XQD FKLVSD GH IXHJR GH
GUDJyQSHURXQRORUDJXVDQRLQIHFWDEDHOVLWLR\%LOERVHQWtDHQODERFDHOVDERU
GHORVYDSRUHV
$O FDER GH XQ UDWR HO VHxRU %ROVyQ \D QR SXGR UHVLVWLUOR PiV ²£0DOGLWR VHDV
6PDXJ W~ JXVDQR ²FKLOOy² £'HMD GH MXJDU DO HVFRQGLWH £'DPH XQD OX] \
GHVSXpVFyPHPHVLHUHVFDSD]GHDWUDSDUPH
8QRVHFRVGpELOHVFRUULHURQDOUHGHGRUGHOVDOyQLQYLVLEOHSHURQRKXERUHVSXHVWD
%LOERVHLQFRUSRUy\GHVFXEULyTXHHVWDEDGHVRULHQWDGR\QRVDEtDSRUGyQGHLU
²0H SUHJXQWR D TXp GHPRQLRV HVWi MXJDQGR 6PDXJ ²GLMR² &UHRTXHQRHVWi
HQFDVDSRUHOGtDRSRUODQRFKHRORTXHVHD6L*OyLQ\ÏLQQRSHUGLHURQODV
\HVFDV TXL]iV SRGDUQRV WHQHU XQ SRFR GH OX] \ HFKDU XQ YLVWD]R DQWHV GH TXH
FDPELHODVXHUWH
£/X]²JULWy²¢3XHGHDOJXLHQHQFHQGHUXQDOX]"
/RV HQDQRV FODUR HVWi VH KDEtDQ DVXVWDGR PXFKR FXDQGR %LOER WURSH]y FRQ HO
HVFDOyQ\FRQXQIXHUWHWRSHWD]RHQWUyGHEUXFHVHQODVDOD\VHKDEtDQVHQWDGR
DFXUUXFiQGRVHHQODERFDGHOW~QHOGRQGHHOKREELWORVKDEtDGHMDGR
²£&KLVW ²VLVHDURQ FRPR UHVSXHVWD \ DXQTXH %LOER VXSR DVt GyQGH HVWDEDQ
SDVyEDVWDQWHWLHPSRDQWHVGHTXHSXGLHVHVDFDUOHVDOJRPiV3HURDOILQFXDQGR
%LOER VH SXVR D SDWHDU HO VXHOR \ D YRFLIHUDU ²£/X] ²FRQ XQD YR] DJXGD \
SHQHWUDQWH7KRULQFHGLy\ÏLQ\*OyLQIXHURQHQYLDGRVGHYXHOWDDODHQWUDGDGHO
W~QHOGRQGHHVWDEDQORVIDUGRV
$O SRFR UDWR XQ UHVSODQGRU SDUSDGHDQWH LQGLFy TXH UHJUHVDEDQ ÏLQ VRVWHQLHQGR
XQD SHTXHxD DQWRUFKD GH SLQR \ *OyLQ FRQ XQ PRQWyQ EDMR HO EUD]R %LOER WURWy
UiSLGRKDVWDODSXHUWD\ WRPyODDQWRUFKDSHURQRFRQVLJXLyTXHHQFHQGLHUDQODV
RWUDV y VH XQLHUDQ D pO &RPR 7KRULQ H[SOLFy HO VHxRU %ROVyQ HUD WRGDYtD
RILFLDOPHQWH HO H[SHUWR VDTXHDGRU H LQYHVWLJDGRU DO VHUYLFLR GH ORV HQDQRV 6LVH
DUULHVJDED D HQFHQGHUXQDOX]DOOipO/RVHQDQRVORHVSHUDUtDQHQHOW~QHO$Vt
TXHVHVHQWDURQMXQWRDODSXHUWD\REVHUYDURQ
9LHURQ OD SHTXHxD ILJXUD GHO KREELW TXH FUX]DED HO VXHOR DO]DQGR OD DQWRUFKD
GLPLQXWD'HFXDQGRHQFXDQGRPLHQWUDVDXQHVWDEDFHUFD\FDGDYH]TXH%LOER
WURSH]DED OOHJDEDQ D YHU XQ GHVWHOOR GRUDGR \ RtDQ XQ WLQWLQHR /D OX] VH
HPSHTXHxHFLyPLHQWUDVVHDGHQWUDEDHQHOYDVWRVDOyQ\OXHJRVXELyGDQ]DQGR
HQ HO DLUH %LOER HVFDODED DKRUD HO PRQWtFXOR GHO WHVRUR 3URQWR OOHJy D OD FLPD
SHURQRVHGHWXYR/XHJRYLHURQTXHVHLQFOLQDED\QRVXSLHURQSRUTXp
(UD OD 3LHGUD GHO $UFD HO &RUD]yQ GH OD 0RQWDxD $Vt OR VXSXVR %LOER SRU OD
GHVFULSFLyQGH7KRULQQRSRGtDKDEHURWUDMR\DVHPHMDQWHQLHQHVHPDUDYLOORVR
ERWtQ QL HQ HO PXQGR HQWHUR $XQ PLHQWUDV VXEtD HVH PLVPR UHVSODQGRU EODQFR
KDEtD EULOODGR DWUD\pQGROR /XHJR FUHFLy SRFR D SRFR KDVWD FRQYHUWLUVH HQ XQ
JORER GH OX] SiOLGD &XDQGR %LOER VH DFHUFy YLRTXHODVXSHUILFLHWLWLODEDFRQXQ
FHQWHOOHR GH PXFKRV FRORUHV UHIOHMRV \ GHVWHOORV GH OD RQGXODQWH OX] GH OD
DQWRUFKD$OILQSXGRFRQWHPSODUODDVXVSLHV\VHTXHGyVLQDOLHQWR/DJUDQMR\D
EULOODEDFRQOX]SURSLD\DXQDVtFRUWDGD\WDOODGDSRUORVHQDQRVTXHODKDEtDQ
H[WUDtGRGHOFRUD]yQGHODPRQWDxDKDFtD\DEDVWDQWHWLHPSRUHFRJtDWRGDODOX]
TXH FDtD VREUH HOOD \ OD WUDQVIRUPDED HQ GLH] PLO FKLVSDV GH UDGLDQWH EODQFXUD
LULVDGD
'HUHSHQWHHOEUD]RGH%LOERVHDGHODQWyDWUDtGRSRUHOKHFKL]RGHODMR\D² 1R
SRGtDWHQHUODHQODPDQLWDHUDWDQJUDQGH\SHVDGDSHURODOHYDQWyFHUUyORVRMRV
\VHODPHWLyHQHOEROVLOORPiVSURIXQGR
£$KRUD VR\ UHDOPHQWH XQ VDTXHDGRU SHQVy 3HUR VXSRQJR TXH WHQGUp TXH
GHFtUVHOR D ORV HQDQRV DOJ~Q GtD (OORV PH GLMHURQ TXH SRGtD HOHJLU \ WRPDU PL
SDU WH \ FUHR TXH HOHJLUtD HVWR £VL HOORV VH OOHYDQ WRGR OR GHPiV 'H FXDOTXLHU
PRGR WHQtD OD LQFyPRGD VRVSHFKD GH TXH HVR GH HOHJLU \ WRPDU
QR LQFOXtDHVWD
PDUDYLOORVDMR\D\TXHXQGtDOHWUDHUtDGLILFXOWDGHV
6LJXLyDGHODQWH\HPSUHQGLyHOGHVFHQVRSRUHORWURODGRGHOJUDQPRQWtFXOR\HO
UHVSODQGRU GH OD DQWRUFKD GHVDSDUHFLy GH OD YLVWD GH ORV HQDQRV 3HUR SURQWR
YROYLHURQDYHUORDOROHMRV%LOERHVWDEDFUX]DQGRHOVDOyQ
$YDQ]y DVt KDVWD HQFRQWUDUVH FRQ ODV JUDQGHV SXHUWDV HQ HO H[WUHPR RSXHVWR \
DOOt XQD FRUULHQWH GH DLUH OR UHIUHVFy DXQTXH FDVL OH DSDJy OD DQWRUFKD $VRPy
WtPLGDPHQWHODFDEH]D\GHVGHODSXHUWDYLR8QRVSDVLOORVHQRUPHV\HOVRPEUtR
FRPLHQ]R GH XQDV DPSOLDV HVFDOHUDV TXH VXEtDQ HQ OD RVFXULGDG 3HUR WDPSRFR
DOOtKDEtDUDVWURVGH6PDXJ-XVWRHQHOPRPHQWRHQTXHLEDDGDUPHGLDYXHOWD\
UHJUHVDU XQD IRUPD QHJUD VH SUHFLSLWy VREUH pO \ OH UR]y OD FDUD %LOER VH
VREUHVDOWyFKLOOyVHWDPEDOHy\FD\yKDFLDDWUiV£/DDQWRUFKDJROSHyHOVXHOR\
VHDSDJy
²£6yOR XQ PXUFLpODJR VXSRQJR \ HVSHUR ²GLMR FRQ YR] ODVWLPRVD² ¢3HUR
DKRUDTXpKDUp"¢'yQGHHVWiHOQRUWHHOVXUHOHVWHRHORHVWH"
²£7KRULQ£%DOLQ£ÏLQ£*OyLQ£)tOL\.LOL
'pELOPHQWH ORV HQDQRV R\HURQ HVWRV JULWRV SHUR OD ~QLFD SDODEUD TXH SXGLHURQ
HQWHQGHUIXH£VRFRUUR
²¢3HUR TXp GHPRQLRV SDVD GHQWUR R IXHUD" ²GLMR 7KRULQ² 1R SXHGH VHU HO
GUDJyQVLQRHOKREELWQRVHJXLUtDFKLOODQGR
(VSHUDURQXQUDWRSHURQRVHRtDQLQJ~QUXLGRGHGUDJyQHQYHUGDGQLQJ~QRWUR
VRQLGRTXHODGLVWDQWHYR]GH%LOER²£9DPRVTXHXQRGHYRVRWURVWUDLJDXQDR
GRV DQWRUFKDV ²RUGHQy 7KRULQ² 3DUHFH TXH WHQGUHPRV TXH D\XGDU D QXHVWUR
VDTXHDGRU
²$KRUDQRVWRFDDQRVRWURVD\XGDU²GLMR%DOLQ²\HVWR\GLVSXHVWR(VSHURVLQ
HPEDUJRTXHSRUHOPRPHQWRQRKD\DSHOLJUR
*OyLQHQFHQGLyYDULDVDQWRUFKDVPiV\OXHJRWRGRVVDOLHURQDUUDVWUiQGRVHXQRD
XQR \ IXHURQ ERUGHDQGR OD SDUHG OR PiV DSULVD TXH SXGLHURQ 1R SDVy PXFKR
WLHPSR DQWHV GH TXH VH HQFRQWUDVHQ FRQ HO SURSLR %LOER TXH YHQtD GH YXHOWD
+DEtDUHFREUDGRWRGRVXDSORPRWDQSURQWRFRPRYLHUDHOSDUSDGHRGHOXFHV
²£6yORXQPXUFLpODJR\XQDDQWRUFKD TXHVHFD\yQDGDSHRU²GLMRHQUHVSXHVWD
DODVSUHJXQWDVGHORVHQDQRV$XQTXHVHVHQWtDQPX\DOLYLDGRVOHVHQIDGDEDTXH
ORV KXELHVH DVXVWDGR VLQ PRWLYR SHUR FyPR KXELHUDQ UHDFFLRQDGR VL HQ HVH
PRPHQWR pO KXELHVH GLFKR DOJR GH OD 3LHGUD GHO $UFD QR OR Vp /RV PHURV
GHVWHOORVIXJDFHVGHOWHVRURTXHDOFDQ]DURQDYHUPLHQWUDVDYDQ]DEDQOHVKDEtD
UHDYLYDGRHOIXHJRHQORVFRUD]RQHV\FXDQGRXQHQDQRDXQHOPiVUHVSHWDEOH
VLHQWH HQ HO FRUD]yQ HO GHVHR GH RUR \ MR\DV SXHGH WUDQVIRUPDUVH GH SURQWR HQ
XQD FULDWXUDDXGD]\OOHJDUDVHUYLROHQWD
/RVHQDQRVQRQHFHVLWDEDQ\DTXHORVDSUHPLDVHQ7RGRVHVWDEDQDKRUDDQVLRVRV
SRU H[SORUDU HO VDOyQ PLHQWUDV IXHUD SRVLEOH \ GHVHDQGR FUHHU TXH SRU DKRUD
6PDXJ HVWDED IXHUD GH FDVD 7RGRV OOHYDEDQ DQWRUFKDV HQFHQGLGDV \ PLHQWUDV
PLUDEDQDXQODGR\DRWURROYLGDURQHOPLHGR\DXQODFDXWHOD+DEODEDQHQYR]
DOWD\VHOODPDEDQXQRVDRWURVDJULWRVDPHGLGDTXHVDFDEDQYLHMRVWHVRURVGHO
PRQWtFXORRGHODSDUHG\OHVVRVWHQtDQDODOX]WRFiQGRORV\DFDULFLiQGRORV
)tOL \ .LOL HVWDEDQ GH EDVWDQWH EXHQ KXPRU \ YLHQGR TXH DOOt FROJDEDQ WRGDYtD
PXFKDVDUSDVGHRURFRQFXHUGDVGHSODWDODVWRPDURQ\VHSXVLHURQDUDVJXHDU
\ FRPR HUDQ LQVWUXPHQWHV PiJLFRV \ WDPSRFR KDEtDQ VLGR PDQHMDGDV SRU HO
GUDJyQ TXH WHQtD PX\ SRFR LQWHUpV SRU OD P~VLFD D~Q HVWDEDQ DILQDGDV (Q HO
VDOyQRVFXURUHVRQyDKRUDXQDPHORGtDTXHQRVHRtDGHVGHKDFtDWLHPSR3HUR
ORV HQDQRV HUDQ HQ JHQHUDO PiV SUiFWLFRV UHFRJtDQ MR\DV \ VH DWLERUUDEDQ ORV
EROVLOORV \ OR TXH QR SRGtDQ OOHYDU OR GHMDEDQ FDHU HQWUH ORV GHGRV DELHUWRV
VXVSLUDQGR7KRULQQRHUDHOPHQRVDFWLYRHLEDGHXQODGRDRWUREXVFDQGRDOJR
TXHQRSRGtDHQFRQWUDU(UDOD3LHGUDGHO$UFDSHURWRGDYtDQRVHORKDEtDGLFKRD
QDGLH
(QHVHPRPHQWRORVHQDQRVGHVFROJDURQGHODVSDUHGHVXQDVDUPDV\XQDVFRWDV
GHPDOOD\VHDUPDURQHOORVPLVPRV8QUH\HQYHUGDGSDUHFtD7KRULQYHVWLGRFRQ
XQ DEULJR GH DQLOODV GRUDGDV \ FRQ XQ KDFKD GH HPSXxDGXUD GH SODWD HQ HO
FLQWXUyQWDFKRQDGRFRQSLHGUDVURMDV
²£6HxRU%ROVyQ²GLMR² £$TXtWLHQHVHOSULPHUSDJRGHWXUHFRPSHQVD£7LUDWX
YLHMRDEULJR\WRPDpVWH
(QVHJXLGDOHSXVRD%LOERXQDSHTXHxDFRWDGHPDOODIRUMDGDSDUDDOJ~QMRYHQ
SUtQFLSH HOIR WLHPSR DWUiV (UD GH HVD SODWD TXH ORV HOIRV OODPDEDQ PLWKULO \ FRQ
HOODLEDXQFLQWXUyQGHSHUODV\FULVWDOHV8QFDVFROLYLDQRTXHSRUIXHUDSDUHFtDGH
FXHUR UHIRU]DGR GHEDMR SRU XQDV DUJROODV GH DFHUR \ FRQ JHPDV EODQFDV HQ HO
ERUGHIXHFRORFDGRVREUHODFDEH]DGHOKREELW
0HVLHQWRPDJQtILFRSHQVySHURVXSRQJRTXHKHGHSDUHFHUEDVWDQWHULGtFXOR
£&yPR VH UHLUtDQ DOOi HQ FDVD HQ OD &ROLQD £&RQ WRGR PH JXVWDUtD WHQHU XQ
HVSHMRDPDQR
3HUR DXQ DVt HO KHFKL]R GHO WHVRUR QR SHVDED WDQWR VREUH HO VHxRU %ROVyQ FRPR
VREUH ORV HQDQRV %DVWDQWH WLHPSR DQWHV GH TXH ORV HQDQRV VH FDQVDUDQ GH
H[DPLQDU HO ERWtQ pO \D HVWDED DEXUULGR \ VH VHQWy HQ HO VXHOR \ HPSH]y D
SUHJXQWDUVH QHUYLRVR FyPR WHUPLQDUtD WRGR 'DUtD PXFKDV GH HVWDV SUHFLRVDV
FRSDV SHQVy SRU XQ WUDJR GH DOJR UHFRQIRUWDQWH HQ XQ FXHQFR GH PDGHUD GH
%HRUQ
²£7KRULQ ²JULWy² ¢< DKRUD TXp" (VWDPRV DUPDGRV ¢SHUR GH TXp VLUYLHURQ
DQWHV ODV DUPDGXUDV FRQWUD 6PDXJ HO 7HUULEOH" (O WHVRUR QR KD VLGR UHFREUDGR
D~Q1REXVFDPRVRURVLQRXQDVDOLGD£\KHPRVWHQWDGRGHPDVLDGRODVXHQH
²£(VWiV HQ OR FLHUWR ²UHVSRQGLy 7KRULQ VDOLHQGR GH VX DWXUGLPLHQWR²
£9DPRQRV <R RV JXLDUp 1L HQ PLO DxRV SRGUtD \R ROYLGDU ORV ODEHULQWRV GH HVWH
SDODFLR ²/XHJR OODPy D ORV RWURV TXH HPSH]DURQ D DJUXSDUVH \ VRVWHQLHQGR
DOWDVODVDQWRUFKDVDWUDYHVDURQODVSXHUWDVQRVLQHFKDUDWUiVPLUDGDVDQVLRVDV
+DEtDQ YXHOWR D FXEULU ODV PDOODV UHVSODQGHFLHQWHV FRQ ODV YLHMDV FDSDV \ ORV
FDVFRV EULOODQWHV FRQ ORV FDSXFKRQHV KDUDSLHQWRV \ XQR WUDV RWUR VHJXtDQ D
7KRULQ
8QD KLOHUD GH OXFHFLWDV HQ OD RVFXULGDG TXH D PHQXGR VH GHWHQtDQ FXDQGR ORV
HQDQRVHVFXFKDEDQWHPHURVRVDWHQWRVDFXDOTXLHUUXLGRTXHDQXQFLDUDODOOHJDGD
GHOGUDJyQ
$XQTXH HO WLHPSR KDEtD SXOYHUL]DGR R GHVWUXLGR ORV DGRUQRV DQWLJXRV \ DXQTXH
WRGR HVWDED VXFLR \ GHVRUGHQDGR FRQ ODV LGDV \ YHQLGDV GHO PRQVWUXR 7KRULQ
FRQRFtDFDGDSDVDGL]R\ FDGDUHFRYHFR6XELHURQSRUODUJDVHVFDOHUDVWRUFLHURQ
\EDMDURQSRUSDVLOORVDQFKRV\UHVRQDQWHVYROYLHURQDWRUFHU\VXELHURQD~QPiV
HVFDOHUDV \ GH QXHYR D~Q PiV HVFDOHUDV 7DOODGDV HQ OD URFD YLYD HUDQ OLVDV
DPSOLDV\UHJXODUHV\ORVHQDQRVVXELHURQ\VXELHURQ\QRHQFRQWUDURQQLQJXQD
VHxDOGHFULDWXUDYLYLHQWHVyORXQDVVRPEUDVIXUWLYDVTXHKXtDQGHODSUR[LPLGDG
GHODVDQWRUFKDVHVWUHPHFLGDVSRUODVFRUULHQWHVGHDLUH
'HFXDOTXLHUPDQHUDORVHVFDORQHVQRHVWDEDQKHFKRVSDUDSLHUQDVGHKREELW\
%LOERHPSH]DEDDVHQWLUTXHQRSRGUtDVHJXLUDVtPXFKRPiVFXDQGRGHSURQWRHO
WHFKRVHHOHYyODVDQWRUFKDVQRDOFDQ]DEDQDKRUDDLOXPLQDUOR/HMRVDOOiDUULED
VH SRGtD GLVWLQJXLU XQ UHVSODQGRU EODQFR TXH DWUDYHVDED XQD DEHUWXUD \ HO DLUH
WHQtD XQ RORU PiV GXOFH 'HODQWH GH HOORV XQD OX] WHQXH DVRPDED SRU XQDV
JUDQGHVSXHUWDVPHGLRTXHPDGDV\TXHD~QFROJDEDQWRUFLGDVGHORVJR]QHV
²(VWD HV OD JUDQ FiPDUD GH 7KURU ²GLMR 7KRULQ² HO VDOyQ GH ILHVWDV \ GH
UHXQLRQHV/D3XHUWD3ULQFLSDOQRTXHGDPX\OHMRV
&UX]DURQ OD FiPDUD DUUXLQDGD /DV PHVDV VH HVWDEDQ SXGULHQGR DOOt VLOODV \
EDQFRV \DFtDQ SDWDV DUULED FDUERQL]DGRV \ FDUFRPLGRV &UiQHRV \ KXHVRV
HVWDEDQWLUDGRVSRUHOVXHORHQWUHMDUURVFXHQFRVFXHUQRVGHEHEHUGHVWUR]DGDVY
SROYR/XHJRGHFUX]DURWUDVSXHUWDVHQHOIRQGRGHODFiPDUDXQUXPRUGHDJXD
OOHJyKDVWDHOORVYODOX]JULViFHDGHUHSHQWHVHDFODUy
²$KtHVWiHOQDFLPLHQWRGHO5tR5iSLGR²GLMR7KRULQ² 'HVGHDTXtFRUUHKDFLDOD
3XHUWD£6LJiPRVOR
'HXQDDEHUWXUDRVFXUDHQ XQDSDUHGGHURFDPDQDEDXQDJXDKLUYLHQGR\IOXtD
HQ UHPROLQRV SRU XQ HVWUHFKR FDQDO TXH OD KDELOLGDG GH XQDV PDQRV DQFHVWUDOHV
KDEtD H[FDYDGR HQGHUH]DGR \ HQFDX]DGR $ XQ ODGR VH H[WHQGtD XQD FDO]DGD
SDYLPHQWDGDEDVWDQWHDQFKDFRPRSDUDTXHYDULRVKRPEUHVSXGLHUDQPDUFKDUGH
IUHQWH)XHURQGHSULVDSRUODFDO]DGD\KHDTXtTXHOXHJRGHXQUHFRGRODFODUD
OX]GHOGtDDSDUHFLyDQWHHOORV$OOtGHODQWHVHOHYDQWDEDXQDUFRHOHYDGRTXHD~Q
JXDUGDED ORV IUDJPHQWRV GH XQDV REUDV WDOODGDV DXQTXH GHWHULRUDGDV
HQQHJUHFLGDV\URWDV8QVROQHEOLQRVRHQYLDEDXQDSiOLGDOX]HQWUHORVEUD]RVGH
OD0RQWDxD\XQRVUD\RVGHRURFDtDQVREUHHOSDYLPHQWRGHOXPEUDO
8Q WRUEHOOLQR GH PXUFLpODJRV DUUDQFDGRV GH VX OHWDUJR SRU ODV DQWRUFKDV
KXPHDQWHVUHYRORWHDEDVREUHHOORVTXHPDUFKDEDQDVDOWRVGHVOL]iQGRVHVREUH
SLHGUDV TXH HO GUDJyQ KDEtD DOLVDGR \ GHVJDVWDGR $KRUD HO DJXD VH SUHFLSLWDED
UXLGRVD \ GHVFHQGtD HQ HVSXPDV KDVWD HO YDOOH 'HMDURQ FDHU ODV DQWRUFKDV
SiOLGDV\PLUDURQDVRPEUDGRV+DEtDQOOHJDGRDOD 3XHUWD3ULQFLSDO\9DOOHHVWDED
DKtIXHUD
²£%LHQ²GLMR%LOER²QXQFDFUHtTXHOOHJDUtDDPLUDUGHVGHHVWDSXHUWD\QXQFD
FUHt HVWDU WDQ FRQWHQWR GH YHUHOVROGHQXHYR\VHQWLUHOYLHQWRHQODFDUD3HUR
£XIHVWHYLHQWRHVIUtR
/RHUD8QDEULVDKHODGDVRSODEDGHOHVWHFRQODDPHQD]DGHOLQYLHUQRLQFLSLHQWH
6H DUUHPROLQDED VREUH ORV EUD]RV GH OD 0RQWDxD \ DOUHGHGRU EDMDQGR KDVWD HO
YDOOH \ VXVSLUDED SRU HQWUHODVURFDV'HVSXpVGHKDEHUHVWDGRWDQWRWLHPSRHQ
ODV VRIRFDQWHV SURIXQGLGDGHV GH DTXHOODV FDYHUQDV HQFDQWDGDV %LOER \ ORV
HQDQRVWLULWDEDQDOVRO
'H SURQWR %LOER FD\y HQ OD FXHQWD GH TXH QR VyOR HVWDED FDQVDGR VLQR WDPELpQ
PXY KDPEULHQWR ²/D PDxDQD KD GH HVWDU \D EDVWDQWH DYDQ]DGD ²GLMR² \
VXSRQJRTXHHVODKRUDGHOGHVD\XQRVLKD\DOJRSDUDGHVD\XQDU3HURQRFUHR
TXH ODV SXHUWDV GH 6PDXJ VHDQ HO OXJDU PiV DSURSLDGR SDUD SRQHUVH D FRPHU
£9D\DPRVDXQVLWLRGRQGHHVWHPRVXQUDWRWUDQTXLORV
²'HDFXHUGR²GLMR%DOLQ²FUHRTXHVpDGyQGHWHQHPRVTXHLUDOYLHMRSXHVWR
GHREVHUYDFLyQHQHOERUGHVXGHVWHGHOD0RQWDxD
²¢4XpOHMRVHVWi"²SUHJXQWyHOKREELW
²$XQDVFLQFRKRUDVGHPDUFKD\RGLUtD6HUiXQDPDUFKDGXUD/DVHQGDGHOD
3XHUWDHQODODGHUDL]TXLHUGDGHODUUR\RSDUHFHHVWDUWRGDFRUWDGD£3HURPLUDDOOi
DEDMR(OUtR VHWXHUFHGHSURQWRDOHVWHGH9DOOHIUHQWHDODFLXGDGHQUXLQDV(Q
HVHSXQWRKXERXQDYH]XQSXHQWHTXHOOHYDEDDXQDVHVFDOHUDVHPSLQDGDVHQOD
RULOODGHUHFKD\OXHJRDXQFDPLQRTXHFRUUtDKDFLDOD&ROLQDGHO&XHUYR$OOtKD\
R KDEtD XQ VHQGHUR TXH GHMDED HO FDPLQR \ VXEtD KDVWD HO SXHVWR GH
REVHUYDFLyQ 8QD GXUD HVFDODGD WDPELpQ DXQ VL ODV YLHMDV JUDGDV HVWiQ WRGDYtD
DOOt
²£6HxRU ²JUXxR HO KREELW² £0iV FDPLQDWDV \ HVFDODGDV VLQ GHVD\XQR 0H
SUHJXQWR FXiQWRV GHVD\XQRV \ 2WUDV FRPLGDV KDEUHPRV SHUGLGR GHQWUR GH HVH
DJXMHURLQPXQGRTXHQRWLHQHUHORMHVQLWLHPSR
(QUHDOLGDGKDEtDQSDVDGRGRVQRFKHV\HOGtDHQWUHHOODV\QRSRUFRPSOHWRVLQ
FRPLGD GHVGH TXH HO GUDJyQ GHVWUR]DUD OD SXHUWD PiJLFD SHUR %LOER KDEtD
SHUGLGRODFXHQWDGHOWLHPSR\SDUDpOWDQWRSRGtDKDEHUSDVDGRXQDQRFKHFRPR
XQDVHPDQDGHQRFKHV
²£9DPRV YDPRV ²GLMR 7KRULQ ULpQGRVH 6H VHQWtD PiV DQLPDGR \KDFtDVRQDU
ODV SLHGUDV SUHFLRVDV TXH WHQtD HQ ORV EROVLOORV² £1R OODPHV D PL SDODFLR XQ
DJXMHURLQPXQGR£(VSHUDDTXHHVWpOLPSLR\GHFRUDGR
²(VRQRRFXUULUiKDVWDTXH6PDXJKD\DPXHUWR²GLMR%LOERVRPEUtR²0LHQWUDV
WDQWR ¢GyQGH HVWi" 'D UtD XQ EXHQ GHVD\XQR SRU VDEHUOR £(VSHUR TXH QR HVWp
DOOiDUULEDHQOD0RQWDxDREVHUYiQGRQRV
(VDLGHDLQTXLHWyPXFKRDORVHQDQRV\GHFLGLHURQHQVHJXLGDTXH%LOER\%DOtQ
WHQtDQUD]yQ
²7HQHPRV TXH DOHMDUQRV GH DTXt ²GLMR 'RUL² VLHQWR FRUQR VL PH HVWXYLHVHQ
FODYDQGRORVRMRVHQODQXFD
²(V XQ OXJDU IUtR H LQKyVSLWR ²GLMR %RPEXU² 3XHGH TXH KD\D DOJR GH EHEHU
SHUR QR YHR LQGLFLRV GH FRPLGD (Q OXJDUHV DVt XQ GUDJyQ HVWi VLHPSUH
KDPEULHQWR
²£$GHODQWHDGHODQWH²JULWDURQORVRWURV² 6LJDPRVODVHQGDGH%DOLQ
$ OD GHUHFKD EDMR OD PXUDOOD URFRVD QR KDEtD QLQJ~Q VHQGHUR \ PDUFKDURQ
SHQRVDPHQWHHQWUHODVSLHGUDVSRUODULEHUDL]TXLHUGDGHOUtR\HQODGHVRODFLyQ\
HOYDFtRSURQWRVHVLQWLHURQRWUDYH]GHVDQLPDGRVDXQHOSURSLR7KRULQ/OHJDURQ
DO SXHQWH GHO TXH %DOLQ KDEtD KDEODGR \ GHVFXEULHURQ TXH KDEtD FDtGR KDFLD
WLHPSR \ PXFKDV GH ODV SLHGUDV HUDQ DKRUD VyOR XQRV FDVFDMRV HQ HO DUUR\R
UXLGRVR \ SRFR SURIXQGR SHUR YDGHDURQ HO DJXD VLQ GLILFXOWDG \ HQFRQWUDURQ ORV
DQWLJXRV HVFDORQHV \ WUHSDURQ SRU OD DOWD ODGHUD 'HVSXpV GH XQ FRUWR WUHFKR
GLHURQ FRQ HO YLHMR FDPLQR \ QR WDUGDURQ HQ OOHJDU D XQD FDULDGD SURIXQGD
UHVJXDUGDGD HQWUH ODV URFDV DOOt GHVFDQVDURQ XQ UDWR \ GHVD\XQDURQ FRPR
SXGLHURQVREUHWRGRFUDP\DJXD6LTXHUpLVVDEHUORTXHHVXQFUDPVyORSXHGR
GHFLU TXH QR FRQR]FR OD UHFHWD SHUR SDUHFH XQ EL]FRFKR QXQFD VH HVWURSHD
GLFHQ TXH WLHQH WXHU]D QXWULFLD \ HQ YHUGDG QR HV PX\ HQWUHWHQLGR \ PX\ SRFR
LQWHUHVDQWH H[FHSWR FRPR HMHUFLFLR GH ODV PDQGtEXODV /RV SUHSDUDEDQ ORV
+RPEUHVGHO/DJRSDUDORVODUJRVYLDMHV
/XHJR GH HVWR VLJXLHURQ FDPLQDQGR \ DKRUD OD VHQGD LED KDFLD HO RHVWH
DOHMiQGRVHGHOUtR\HOORPRGHODHVWULEDFLyQPRQWDxRVDTXHDSXQWDEDDOVXUVH
DFHUFDEDFDGDYH]PiV3RUILQDOFDQ]DURQHOVHQGHURGHODFROLQD6XEtDHQXQD
SHQGLHQWHDEUXSWD\DYDQ]DURQOHQWDPHQWHXQRWUDVRWURKDVWDTXHDODFDtGDGH
ODWDUGHOOHJDURQDOILQDODFLPDGHODVLHUUD\YLHURQHOVROLQYHUQDOTXHGHVFHQGtD
HQHORHVWH
(OVLWLRHQTXHHVWDEDQDKRUDHUDOODQR\DELHUWRSHURHQODSDUHGURFRVDGHOQRUWH
KDEtDXQDDEHUWXUDTXHSDUHFtDXQDSXHUWD'HVGHHVWDSXHUWDVHYHtDXQH[WHQVR
HVFHQDULRDOVXU HOHVWH\HORHVWH
²$TXt ²GLMR %DOLQ² HQ ORV YLHMRV WLHPSRV WHQtDPRV FDVL VLHPSUH JHQWH TXH
YLJLODED\HVDSXHUWDGHDWUiVOOHYDDXQDFiPDUDH[FDYDGDHQODURFDXQFXDUWR
SDUD HO YLJtD +DEtD RWURV VLWLRV VHPHMDQWHV DOUHGHGRU GH OD 0RQWDQD 3HUR HQ
DTXHOORV GtDV SUyVSHURV OD YLJLODQFLD QR SDUHFtD PX\ QHFHVDULD \ ORV JXDUGLDV
HVWDEDQTXL]iGHPDVLDGRFyPRGRV(QILQVLQRVKXELHUDQDGYHQLGRDWLHPSRGH
OD OOHJDGD GHO GUDJyQ WRGR KDEUtD VLGR GLIHUHQWH 1R REVWDQWH DTXt SRGHPRV
TXHGDUQRVHVFRQGLGRV \DOUHVJXDUGRSRUXQUDWR\YHUPXFKRVLQTXHQRVYHDQ
²'H SRFR VHUYLUi VL QRV KDQ YLVWR YHQLU DTXt ²GLMR 'RUL TXH VLHPSUH HVWDED
PLUDQGRKDFLDHOSLFRGHOD0RQWDQDFRPRVLHVSHUDVHYHUDOOtD6PDXJSRVDGR
FRPRXQSiMDURVREUHXQFDPSDQDULR
²7HQHPRVTXHDUULHVJDUQRV²GLMR7KRULQ²+R\QRSRGHPRVLUPiVOHMRV
²£%LHQELHQ²JULWy%LOER\VHHFKyDOVXHOR(QODFiPDUDGHURFDKDEUtDOXJDU
SDUDFLHQ\PiVDGHQWURKDEtDRWUDFiPDUDPiVSHTXHxDPiVSURWHJLGDGHOIUtR
GH IXHUD 1R KDEtD QDGD HQ HO LQWHULRU \ SDUHFtD TXH QL VLTXLHUD ORV DQLPDOHV
VDOYDMHVKDEtDQHVWDGRDOJXQDYH]DOOtHQORVGtDVGHOGRPLQLRGH6PDXJ7RGRV
GHMDURQ ODV FDUJDV DOJXQRV VH DUURMDURQ DO VXHOR \ VH TXHGDURQ GRUPLGRV SHUR
RWURV VH VHQWDURQ FHUFD GH OD SXHUWD \ GLVFXWLHURQ ORV SODQHV SRVLEOHV 'XUDQWH
WRGDODFRQYHUVDFLyQYROYtDQXQDYRWUDYH]DXQPLVPRSUREOHPD¢GyQGHHVWDED
6PDXJ" 0LUDEDQ DO RHVWH \ QR KDEtD QDGD DO HVWH \ QR KDEtD QDGD DO VXU Y QR
KDEtDQLQJ~QUDVWURGHOGUDJyQDXQTXHDOOtUHYRORWHDEDXQDEDQGDGDGHPXFKRV
SiMDURV² 6H TXHGDURQ PLUDQGR SHUSOHMRV SHUR D~Q QR KDEtDQ OOHJDGR D
HQWHQGHUORFXDQGRDVRPDURQODVSULPHUDVHVWUHOODVIUtDV
(/(1&8(1752'(/$618%(6
9ROYDPRVDKRUDFRQ%LOER\ORVHQDQRV8QRGHHOORVKDEtDYLJLODGRWRGDODQRFKH
SHURFXDQGROOHJyODPDxDQDQRKDEtDYLVWRQLRtGRQLQJXQDVHxDOGHSHOLJUR6LQ
HPEDUJR OD FRQJUHJDFLyQ GH ORV SiMDURV VHJXtD FUHFLHQGR /DV EDQGDGDV VH
DFHUFDEDQ YRODQGR GHVGH HO ²6XU \ ORV JUDMRV TXH WRGDYtD YLYtDQ HQ ORV
DOUHGHGRUHVGHOD0RQWDxDUHYRORWHDEDQ\FKLOODEDQLQFHVDQWHPHQWHDOOiDUULED
²$OJR H[WUDxR HVWi RFXUULHQGR ²GLMR 7KRULQ² <D KD SDVDGR HO WLHPSR GH ORV
UHYRORWHRV RWRxDOHV \ HVWRV SiMDURV VLHPSUH PRUDQ HQ WLHUUD KD\ HVWRUQLQRV \
EDQGDGDV GH SLQ]RQHV \ D OR OHMRV SiMDURV FDUUyxHURV FRPR VL VH HVWXYLHVH
OLEUDQGRXQDEDWDOOD
'HUHSHQWH%LOERDSXQWyFRQHOGHGR²£$KtHVWiHOYLHMR]RU]DORLUiYH]²JULWy²
3DUHFHKDEHUHVFDSDGRFXDQGR6PDXJDSODVWyODODGHUD£DXQTXHQRFUHRTXHVH
KD\DQVDOYDGRWDPELpQORVFDUDFROHV
(UDHQYHUGDGHO YLHMR]RU]DO\PLHQWUDV%LOERVHxDODEDYRWyKDFLDHOORV\VHSRVy
HQ XQD SLHGUD SUy[LPD /XHJR VDFXGLy ODV DODV \ FDQWy \ WRUFLy OD FDEH]D D XQ
ODGRFRPRHVFXFKDQGR\RWUDYH]FDQWy\RWUDYH]HVFXFKy
²&UHR TXH WUDWD GH GHFLUQRV DOJR ²GLMR %DOLQ² SHUR QR SXHGR VHJXLU HVD
JDUUXOHUtDHVPX\UiSLGD\GLItFLO¢3XHGHVHQWHQGHUOD%ROVyQ"
²1RPX\ELHQ²GLMR%LOERTXHQRHQWHQGtDQLMRWD²SHURSDUHFHPX\H[FLWDGR
²£6LDOPHQRVIXHVHXQFXHUYR²GLMR%DOLQ
²£3HQVpTXHQRWHJXVWDEDQ3DUHFtDVUHFHODUGHHOORV&XDQGRYLQLPRVSRUDTXt
OD~OWLPDYH]
²£$TXHOORVHUDQJUDMRV&ULDWXUDVGHVDJUDGDEOHVGHDVSHFWRVRVSHFKRVRDGHPiV
GH JURVHUDV 7HQGUtDV TXp KDEHU RtGR ORV KRUULEOHV QRPEUHV FRQ TXH QRV LEDQ
OODPDQGR3HURORVFXHUYRVVRQGLIHUHQWHV+XERXQD JUDQDPLVWDGHQWUHHOORV\OD
JHQWH GH 7KURU D PHQXGR QRV WUDtDQ QRWLFLDV VHFUHWDV \ ORV UHFRPSHQViEDPRV
FRQFRVDVEULOODQWHVTXHHOORVHVFRQGtDQHQVXVPRUDGDV
9LYtDQ PXFKRV DxRV \ WHQtDQ XQD PHPRULD ODUJD \ HVWD VDELGXUtD SDVDED GH
SDGUHV D KLMRV &RQRFt D PXFKRV GH ORV FXHUYRV GH ODV URFDV FXDQGR HUD
PXFKDFKR (VWD PLVPD DOWXUD VH OODPy XQD YH] &ROLQD GHO &XHUYR SXHV XQD
SDUHMDVDELD\IDPRVDHOYLHMR&DUF\VXFRPSDxHUDYLYtDQDTXtVREUHHOFXDUWR
GHOJXDUGLD3HURQRFUHRTXHQDGLHGHHVHYLHMROLQDMHHVWpDKRUDHQHVWRVVLWLRV
$~QQRKDEtDWHUPLQDGRGHKDEODUFXDQGRpOYLHMR]RU]DOGLRXQJULWR\HQVHJXLGD
VHIXHYRODQGR
²4XL]i QRVRWURV QR OR HQWHQGDPRV SHUR HVH YLHMR SiMDUR QRV HQWLHQGH D
QRVRWURVHVWR\VHJXUR²GLMR%DOLQ²2EVHUYHPRV\YHDPRVTXpSDVDDKRUD
3URQWR KXER XQ EDWLU GH DODV \ GH YXHOWD DSDUHFLy HO ]RU]DO \ FRQ pO YLQR RWUR
SiMDURPX\YLHMR\GHFUpSLWR(UDXQFXHUYRHQRUPH\FHQWHQDULRFDVLFLHJR\GH
FDEH]D GHVSOXPDGD TXH DSHQDV SRGtD YRODU 6H SRVy UtJLGR HQ HO VXHOR DQWH
HOORVVDFXGLyOHQWDPHQWHODVDODV\VDOXGyD7KRULQEDPEROHDQGRODFDEH]D
²2K 7KRULQ KLMR GH 7KUDLQ \ %DOLQ KLMR GH )XQGLQ ²JUD]Qy \ %LOER HQWHQGLy OR
TXHGLMRSXHVHOFXHUYRKDEODEDODOHQJXDRUGLQDULD\QRODGHORVSiMDURV²<R
VR\5RlFKLMRGH&DUF&DUFKDPXHUWRSHURHQXQWLHPSRORFRQRFtDVELHQ'HMp
HOFDVFDUyQKDFHFLHQWRFLQFXHQWD\WUHVDQRVSHURQRROYLGRORTXHPLSDGUHPH
GLMR$KRUDVR\HOMHIHGHORVJUDQGHVFXHUYRVGHOD0RQWDxD6RPRVSRFRVSHUR
UHFRUGDPRVWRGDYtDDOUH\GHDQWDxR/DPD\RUSDUWHGHPLJHQWHHVWiOHMRVSXHV
KD\ JUDQGHV QRWLFLDV HQ HO VXU DOJXQDV VHUiQ EXHQDV QXHYDV SDUD YRVRWURV \
DOJXQDVQRRVSDUHFHUiQWDQEXHQDV
0LUDG/RVSiMDURVVHUH~QHQRWUDYH]HQOD0RQWDxD\HQ9DOOHGHVGHHOVXUHO
HVWH \HORHVWH£SXHVVHKDFRUULGRODYR]GHTXH6PDXJKDPXHUWR
²£0XHUWR£0XHUWR²JULWDURQORVHQDQRV²£0XHUWR+HPRVHVWDGRDWHPRUL]DGRV
VLQPRWLYRHQWRQFHV£\HOWHVRURHVQXHVWURRWUDYH]²7RGRVVHSXVLHURQHQSLH
GHXQVDOWR\YLWRUHDURQFRQORVJRUURVHQODPDQR
²6t PXHUWR ²GLMR 5RiF² (O ]RU]DO TXH QXQFD VH OH FDLJDQ ODV SOXPDV OR YLR
PRULU \ SRGHPRV FRQILDU HQ OR TXH GLFH /R YLR FDHU PLHQWUDV OXFKDED FRQ ORV
KRPEUHVGH(VJDURWKKDUiKR\WUHVQRFKHVDODVDOLGDGHODOXQD
3DVRDOJ~QWLHPSRDQWHVGHTXH7KRULQSXGLHVHFDOPDUDORVHQDQRV\HVFXFKDU
ODVQXHYDVGHOFXHUYR3RUILQHOSiMDURDFDEyHOUHODWRGHODEDWDOOD\SURVLJXLy
²+D\PXFKRGHTXHDOHJUDUVH7KRULQ(VFXGRGH5REOH3XHGHVYROYHUVHJXURD
WXV VDORQHV WRGR HO WHVRUR HV WX\R SRU HO PRPHQWR 3HUR PXFKRV YHQGUiQ D
UHXQLUVHDTXtDGHPiVGHORVSiMDURV/DVQRWLFLDVGHODPXHUWHGHOJXDUGLiQKDQ
YRODGR \D D OR ODUJR \ DQFKR GHO SDtV \ OD OH\HQGD GH OD ULTXH]D GH7KURUQRKD
GHMDGRGHDSDUHFHUHQFXHQWRVGXUDQWHDxRV\DxRVPXFKRVHVWiQDQVLRVRVSRU
FRPSDUWLUHOERWtQ<DXQDKXHVWHGHHOIRVHVWiHQFDPLQR\ORVSiMDURVFDUURxHURV
ORV DFRPSDxDQ HVSHUDQGR OD EDWDOOD \ OD FDUQLFHUtD -XQWR DO /DJR ORV KRPEUHV
PXUPXUDQTXHORVHQDQRVVRQORVYHUGDGHURVFXOSDEOHVGHWDQWDGHVJUDFLDSXHV
VHKDQTXHGDGRVLQKRJDUPXFKRVKDQPXHUWR\6PDXJKDGHVWUXLGR(VJDURWK
7DPELpQ HOORV HVSHUDQ TXH YXHVWUR WHVRUR UHSDUH ORV GDxRV HVWpLV YLYRV R
PXHUWRV
9XHVWUD GHFLGLUi SHUR WUHFH HV XQ SHTXHxR UHVWR GHO JUDQ SXHEOR GH 'XULQ TXH
XQDYH] KDELWyDTXt\TXHDKRUDHVWiGLVSHUVR\HQWLHUUDVOHMDQDV6LTXHUpLVPL
FRQVHMRQRFRQILpLVHQHOJREHUQDGRUGHORV+RPEUHVGHO/DJRSHURVtHQDTXpO
TXHPDWyDOGUDJyQFRQXQDIOHFKD%DUGRVHOODPD\HVGHODUD]DGH9DOOHGHOD
OtQHD GH *LUtRQ XQ KRPEUH VRPEUtR SHUR VLQFHUR 8QD YH] PiV EXVFDUi OD SD]
HQWUHORVHQDQRVKRPEUHV\HOIRVGHVSXpVGHODJUDQGHVRODFLyQSHURHOORSXHGH
FRVWDUWHFDURHQRUR+HGLFKR
(QWRQFHV7KRULQHVWDOOyGHUDELD²1XHVWURDJUDGHFLPLHQWR5RiFKLMRGH&DUF7~
\ WX SXHEOR QR VHUpLV ROYLGDGRV 3HUR QL ORV ODGURQHV QL ORV YLROHQWRV VH OOHYDUiQ
XQD SL]FDGHQXHVWURRURPLHQWUDVVLJDPRVFRQYLGD6LTXLHUHVTXHWHHVWHPRV
D~Q PiV DJUDGHFLGRV WUiHQRV QRWLFLDV GH FXDOTXLHUD TXH VH DFHUTXH 7DPELpQ
TXLVLHUDSHGLUWHVLDOJXQRGHORVWX\RVHVD~QIXHUWH\MRYHQGHDODVTXHHQYtHV
PHQVDMHURVDQXHVWURVSDULHQWHVHQODVPRQWDxDVGHO1RUWHWDQWRDOHVWHFRPRDO
RHVWHGHDTXt\OHVKDEOHVGHQXHVWUDGLItFLOVLWXDFLyQ3HURYHHVSHFLDOPHQWHDPL
SULPR'DLQHQODV&ROLQDVGH+LHUURSXHVWLHQHPXFKDJHQWHELHQDUPDGD\YLYH
FHUFD£'LOHTXHVHGpSULVD
²1R GLUp VL HV EXHQR R PDOR HVH FRQVHMR ²JUD]Qy 5RiF² SHUR KDUp OR TXH
SXHGD²\VHDOHMyYRODQGROHQWDPHQWH
²£'H YXHOWD DKRUD D OD 0RQWDQD ²JULWy 7KRULQ² 7HQHPRV SRFR WLHPSR TXH
SHUGHU
²£<WDPELpQSRFRTXHFRPHU²FKLOOy%LOERVLHPSUHSUiFWLFRHQWDOHVFXHVWLRQHV
(Q FXDOTXLHU FDVR VHQWtD TXH OD DYHQWXUD KDEODQGR FRQ SURSLHGDG KDEtD
WHUPLQDGR FRQ OD PXHUWH GHO GUDJyQ ²HQ OR TXH HVWDED PX\ HTXLYRFDGR² \
KXELHVH GDGR EXHQD SDUWH GH OR TXH D pO OH WRFDED SRU OD SDFtILFD FRQFOXVLyQ GH
HVWRVDVXQWRV
²£'HYXHOWDDOD0RQWDxD²JULWDURQORVHQDQRVFRPRVLQRORKXELHVHQRtGRDVt
TXHWXYRTXHLUGHYXHOWDFRQHOORV
&RPR \D HVWiLV HQWHUDGRV GH DOJXQRV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV VDEUpLV TXH ORV HQDQRV
GLVSRQtDQ D~Q GH XQRV SRFRV GtDV 8QD YH] PiV H[SORUDURQ ODV FDYHUQDV \
HQFRQWUDURQ FRPR HVSHUDEDQ TXH VyOR OD 3XHUWD 3ULQFLSDO SHUPDQHFtD DELHUWD
WRGDVODVGHPiVHQWUDGDVH[FHSWRFODURODSHTXHxDSXHUWDVHFUHWDKDFtDPXFKR
TXH KDEtDQ VLGR GHVWUXLGDV \ EORTXHDGDV SRU 6PDXJ \ QR TXHGDED QL UDVWUR GH
HOODV'HPRGRTXHVHSXVLHURQDWUDEDMDUGXURHQODVIRUWLILFDFLRQHVGHODHQWUDGD
SULQFLSDO\HQDEULUXQQXHYRVHQGHURTXHOOHYDVHKDVWDHOOD(QFRQWUDURQPXFKDV
GHODVKHUUDPLHQWDVGHORVPLQHURVFDQWHURV\FRQVWUXFWRUHVGHDQWDxR\HQWDOHV
WUDEDMRVORVHQDQRVHUDQD~QKDELOLGRVRV
(QWUHWDQWRORVFXHUYRVQRGHMDEDQGHWUDHUQRWLFLDV'HHVWDPDQHUDVXSLHURQTXH
HO 5H\ (OIR PDUFKDED DKRUD KDFLD HO /DJR \ WHQtDQ XQRV GtDV GH UHVSLUR 0HMRU
D~Q R\HURQ TXH WUHV GH ORV SRQH\V KDEtDQ KXLGR \ VH HQFRQWUDEDQ YDJDQGR
VDOYDMHV DOOi DEDMR HQ OD ULEHUD GHO 5tR 5iSLGR QR OHMRV GHO UHVWR GH ODV
SURYLVLRQHV$VtPLHQWUDVORVRWURVFRQWLQXDEDQWUDEDMDQGRHQYLDURQD)tOL\.LOL
JXLDGRVSRUXQFXHUYRDEXVFDUORVSRQH\V\WUDHUWRGRORTXHSXGLHUDQ
(VWXYLHURQFXDWURGtDVIXHUD\VXSLHURQHQWRQFHVTXHORVHMpUFLWRVXQLGRVGHORV
+RPEUHV GHO /DJR \ ORV (OIRV FRUUtDQ KDFLD OD 0RQWDxD 3HUR DKRUD ORV HQDQRV
HVWDEDQ PiV HVSHUDQ]DGRV SXHV WHQtDQ FRPLGD SDUD YDULDV VHPDQDV VL VH
FXLGDEDQ ²VREUH WRGR FUDP SRU VXSXHVWR \ PX\ FDQVDGRV HVWDEDQ GH HVH
DOLPHQWRSHURPHMRUHVFUDPTXHQDGD² \\DOD3XHUWDHVWDEDEORTXHDGDFRQXQ
SDUDSHWR DOWR \ DQFKR GH SLHGUDV UHJXODUHV SXHVWDV XQD VREUH RWUD +DEtD
DJXMHURV HQ HO SDUDSHWR SRU ORV TXH VH SRGtD PLUDU R GLVSDUDU SHUR QLQJXQD
HQWUDGD(QWUDEDQ\VDOtDQFRQODD\XGDGHXQDHVFDOHUDGHPDQR\VXEtDQFRQ
FXHUGDVODVFRVDV3DUDODVDOLGDGHODUUR\RKDEtDQGLVSXHVWRXQDUFRSHTXHxR\
EDMR HQ HO QXHYR SDUDSHWR SHUR FHUFD GH OD HQWUDGD KDEtDQ FDPELDGR WDQWR HO
OHFKR DQJRVWR TXH WRGD XQD ODJXQD VH H[WHQGtD DKRUD GHVGH OD SDUHG GH OD
PRQWDxD KDVWD HO SULQFLSLR GH OD FDVFDGD TXH OOHYDED HO DUUR\R KDFLD 9DOOH
$SUR[LPDUVHDOD3XHUWDVyORHUDSRVLEOHDQDGRRHVFXUULpQGRVHDORODUJRGHXQD
UHSLVD DQJRVWD TXH FRUUtD D OD GHUHFKD GHO ULVFR PLUDQGR GHVGH OD HQWUDGD
+DEtDQWUDtGRORVSRQH\VKDVWDHOSULQFLSLRGHODVHVFDOHUDVVREUHHOSXHQWHYLHMR
\OXHJRGHGHVFDUJDUORVORVKDEtDQPDQGDGRGHYXHOWDDVXV GXHxRVHQYLiQGRORV
VLQMLQHWHVDO6XU
/OHJyXQDQRFKHHQODTXHGHSURQWRDSDUHFLHURQPXFKDVOXFHVFRPRGHIXHJRV\
DQWRUFKDVOHMRVKDFLDHOVXUHQ9DOOH
²£+DQOOHJDGR²DQXQFLy%DOLQ²<HOFDPSDPHQWRHVJUDQGHGHYHUDV7LHQHQ
TXH KDEHU HQWUDGR HQ HO YDOOH D OR ODUJR GH ODV ULEHUDV GHO UtR RFXOWiQGRVH HQ HO
FUHS~VFXOR
3RFRGXUPLHURQHVDQRFKHORVHQDQRV/DPDxDQDHUDSiOLGDD~QFXDQGRYLHURQ
TXH VH DSUR[LPDED XQD FRPSDxtD 'HVGH GHWUiV GHO SDUDSHWR REVHUYDURQ FyPR
VXEtDQKDVWDODFDEH]DGHOYDOOH \WUHSDEDQOHQWDPHQWH3URQWRSXGLHURQYHUTXH
HQWUH HOORV YHQtDQ KRPEUHV GHO ODJR DUPDGRV FRPR SDUD OD JXHUUD \ DUTXHURV
HOIRV 3RU ILQ OD YDQJXDUGLD HVFDOy ODV URFDV FDtGDV \ DSDUHFLy HQ OR DOWR GHO
WRUUHQWH PXFKR VH VRUSUHQGLHURQ FXDQGR YLHURQ OD ODJXQD \ OD 3XHUWD 3ULQFLSDO
REVWUXLGDSRUXQSDUDSHWRGHSLHGUDUHFLpQWDOODGD
0LHQWUDV HVWDEDQ DOOt VHxDODQGR \ KDEODQGR HQWUH HOORV 7KRULQ ORV LQFUHSy ²
¢4XLpQHVVRLVYRVRWURV²GLMRHQYR]PX\DOWD² TXHYHQtVFRPRHQJXHUUDDODV
SXHUWDVGH7KRULQKLMRGH7KUDLQ5H\EDMROD0RQWDxD\TXpGHVHiLV"
3HUR QR OH UHVSRQGLHURQ $OJXQRV GLHURQ XQD UiSLGD PHGLD YXHOWD \ ORV RWURV
OXHJR GH REVHUYDU FRQ GHWHQLPLHQWR OD 3XHUWD \ FyPR HVWDED GHIHQGLGD SURQWR
IXHURQGHWUiVGHHOORV(VHPLVPRGtDHOFDPSDPHQWRVH WUDVODGyDOHVWHGHOUtR
MXVWRHQWUHORVEUD]RVGHOD0RQWDxD9RFHV\FDQFLRQHVUHVRQDURQHQWRQFHVHQWUH
ODVURFDVFRPRQRKDEtDRFXUULGRSRUPXFKtVLPRWLHPSR6HRtDWDPELpQHOVRQLGR
GH ODV DUSDV pOILFDV \ GH XQD P~VLFD GXOFH \ PLHQWUDV ORV HFRV VXEtDQ SDUHFtD
TXH HO DLUH KHODGR VH HQWLELDED \ TXH ODIUDJDQFLDGHODVIORUHVSULPDYHUDOHVGHO
ERVTXHOOHJDEDGpELOPHQWHKDVWDHOORV
(QWRQFHV%LOERGHVHyHVFDSDUGHODIRUWDOH]DRVFXUD\EDMDU\XQLUVHDODDOHJUtD\
ODV ILHVWDV MXQWR D ODV IRJDWDV $OJXQRV GH ORV HQDQRV PiV MyYHQHV VH VHQWtDQ
WDPELpQFRQPRYLGRV\PXUPXUDURQTXHKDEUtDVLGRPHMRUTXHODVFRVDVKXELHVHQ
RFXUULGRGHRWUDPDQHUD\SRGHUUHFLELUDHVDVJHQWHVFRPRDPLJRV6LQHPEDUJR
7KRULQIUXQFtDHOFHxR
(QWRQFHVWDPELpQORVHQDQRVVDFDURQDUSDVHLQVWUXPHQWRVUHFREUDGRVGHOERWtQ\
WRFDURQ SDUD DQLPDU D 7KRULQ SHUR OD FDQFLyQ QR HUD XQD FDQFLyQ pOILFD \ VH
SDUHFtDEDVWDQWHDODTXHKDEtDQFDQWDGRKDFtDPXFKRHQHOSHTXHxRDJXMHUR²
KREELWGH%LOER
£%DMROD0RQWDxDWHQHEURVD\DOWD
HO5H\KDUHJUHVDGRDOSDODFLR
(OHQHPLJRKDPXHUWRHO*XVDQR7HUULEOH
\DVtXQDYH]\RWUDFDHUiHODGYHUVDULR
/DHVSDGDHVDILODGD\HVODUJDODODQ]D
YHOR]ODIOHFKD\IXHUWHOD3XHUWD
RVDGRHOFRUDXQTXHPLUDHORUR
\\DQDGLHKDUiGDxRDORVHQDQRV
/RVHQDQRVHFKDEDQKHFKL]RVSRGHURVRV
PLHQWUDVODVPD]DVWDxtDQFRPRFDPSDQDV
HQVLPDVGRQGHGXHUPHQXQRVVHUHVRVFXURV
HQVDODVKXHFDVEDMRODVPRQWDxDV
(QFROODUHVGHSODWDHQWUHWHMtDQ
DOX]GHODVHVWUHOODVHQFRURQDVFROJDEDQ
HOIXHJRGHOGUDJyQGHDODPEUHVUHWRUFLGRV
DUUDQFDEDQP~VLFDDODVDUSDV
£(OWURQRGHOD0RQWDxDRWUDYH]OLEHUDGR
¢$WHQGHGODOODPDGDRKSXHEORDYHQWXUHUR
(OUH\QHFHVLWDDPLJRV\SDULHQWHV
£0DUFKDGGHSULVDHQHOGHVLHUWR
+R\OODPDPRVHQPRQWDxDVKHODGDV
£UHJUHVDGDODVYLHMDVFDYHUQDV
$TXtDODV3XHUWDVHOUH\HVSHUD
ODVPDQRVFROPDGDVGHRUR\JHPDV
£%DMROD0RQWDxDWHQHEURVD\DOWD
HOUH\KDUHJUHVDGRDOSDODFLR
£(O*XVDQR7HUULEOHKDFDtGR\KDPXHUWR
\DVtXQDYH]\RWUDFDHUiHODGYHUVDULR
(VWD FDQFLyQ SDUHFLy DSDFLJXDU D 7KRULQ TXH VRQULy GH QXHYR \ VH PRVWUy PiV
DOHJUH\VHSXVRDHVWLPDUODGLVWDQFLDTXHORVVHSDUDEDGHODV&ROLQDVGH+LHUUR
\FXiQWRWLHPSRSDVDUtDDQWHVGHTXH'DLQSXGLHVHOOHJDUDOD0RQWDxD6ROLWDULDVL
VH KDEtDSXHVWRHQFDPLQRWDQSURQWRFRPRUHFLELHUDHOPHQVDMH3HURHOiQLPR
GH %LOER GHFD\y WDQWR SRU OD FDQFLyQ FRPR SRU OD FKDUOD VRQDEDQ GHPDVLDGR
EHOLFRVDV
$ODPDxDQDVLJXLHQWHWHPSUDQRXQDFRPSDxtDGHODQFHURVFUX]yHOUtR\PDUFKy
YDOOHDUULED/OHYDEDQFRQHOORVHOHVWDQGDUWHYHUGHGHO5H\(OIR\HOD]XOGHO/DJR
\DYDQ]DURQKDVWDTXHHVWXYLHURQ-XVWRGHODQWHGHOSDUDSHWRGHOD3XHUFD
'HQXHYR7KRULQOHVKDEOyHQYR]DOWD²¢4XLpQHVVRLVTXHOOHJiLVDUPDGRVSDUD
ODJXHUUDDODVSXHUWDVGH7KRULQKLMRGH7KUDLQ5H\EDMROD0RQWDxD"²(VWDYH]
OHUHVSRQGLHURQ
8QKRPEUHDOWRGHFDEHOORVRVFXURV\FDUDFHxXGDVHDGHODQWy\JULWR²£6DOXG
7KRULQ¢3RUTXpWHHQFLHUUDVFRPRXQODGUyQHQODJXDULGD"1RVRWURVQRVRPRV
HQHPLJRV\QRVDOHJUDPRVGHTXHHVWpVFRQYLGDPiVDOOiGHQXHVWUDHVSHUDQ]D
9LQLPRV VXSRQLHQGR TXH QR KDEUtD DTXt QDGLH YLYR SHUR DKRUD TXH QRV KHPRV
HQFRQWUDGRKD\UD]RQHVSDUDKDEODU\SDUODPHQWDU
²¢4XLpQHUHVW~\GHTXpTXLHUHVKDEODU"
²6R\ %DUGR \ SRU PL PDQR PXULy HO GUDJyQ \ IXH OLEHUDGR HO WHVRUR ¢1R WH
LPSRUWD" 0iV D~Q VR\ SRU GHUHFKR GH GHVFHQGHQFLD HO KHUHGHUR GH *LULRQ GH
9DOOH\HQWXERWtQHVWiPH]FODGDPXFKDGHODULTXH]DGHORVVDORQHV\YLOODVGH
9DOOHTXHHOYLHMR6PDXJUREy¢1RHVDVXQWRGHOTXHSRGDPRVKDEODU"$GHPiV
HQVX~OWLPDEDWDOOD6PDXJGHVWUX\yODVPRUDGDVGHORV+RPEUHVGH(VJDURWK\
\R VR\ D~Q VLHUYR GHO JREHUQDGRU 3RU pO KDEODUp \ SUHJXQWR VL QR KDV
FRQVLGHUDGRODWULVWH]D\ODPLVHULDGHHVHSXHEOR7HD\XGDURQHQWXVSHQDV\HQ
UHFRPSHQVDQR KDVWUDtGRPiVTXHUXLQDDXQTXHVLQGXGDLQYROXQWDULD
%LHQ pVWDV HUDQ SDODEUDV KHUPRVDV \ YHUGDGHUDV DXQTXH GLFKDV FRQ RUJXOOR \
H[SUHVLyQ FHxXGD \ %LOER SHQVy TXH 7KRULQ UHFRQRFHUtD HQ VHJXLGD FXiQWD
MXVWLFLDKDEtDHQHOODV3RUVXSXHVWRQRHVSHUDEDTXHQDGLHUHFRUGDUDTXHKDEtD
VLGRpOTXLHQGHVFXEULHUDHOSXQWRGpELOGHOGUDJyQ\HVWRWDPELpQHUDMXVWRSXHV
QDGLHORVDEtD3HURQRWXYRHQFXHQWDHOSRGHUGHORURTXHXQGUDJyQKDFXLGDGR
GXUDQWHPXFKRWLHPSRQLORVFRUD]RQHVGHORVHQDQRV(QORV~OWLPRVGtDV7KRULQ
KDEtDSDVDGRODUJDVKRUDVHQODVDODGHOWHVRUR\ODDYDULFLDOHHQGXUHFtDDKRUDHO
FRUD]yQ$XQTXHEXVFDEDVREUHWRGROD3LHGUDGHO$UFDVDEtDDSUHFLDUODVRWUDV
PXFKDV FRVDV PDUDYLOORVDV TXH DOOt KDEtD XQLGDV SRU YLHMRV UHFXHUGRV D ORV
WUDEDMRV\SHQDVGHORVHQDQRV
²+DV SXHVWR OD SHRU GH WXV UD]RQHV HQ HO OXJDU ~OWLPR \ PiV LPSRUWDQWH ²
UHVSRQGLy 7KRULQ² $O WHVRUR GH PL SXHEOR QLQJ~Q KRPEUH WLHQH GHUHFKR SXHV
6PDXJ QRV DUUHEDWy MXQWR FRQ pO OD YLGD R HO KRJDU (O WHVRUR QR HUD VX\R \ ORV
DFWRVPDOYDGRVGH6PDXJQRKDQGHVHUUHSDUDGRVFRQXQDSDUWH(OSUHFLRSRU
ODV PHUFDQFtDV \ OD D\XGD UHFLELGD GH ORV +RPEUHV GHO /DJR OD SDJDUHPRV FRQ
ODUJXH]D FXDQGR OOHJXH HO PRPHQWR 3HUR QR GDUHPRV QDGDQLVLTXLHUDORTXH
YDOH XQD KRJD]D GH SDQ EDMR DPHQD]D R SRU OD IXHU]D 0LHQWUDV XQD KXHVWH
DUPDGDHVWpDFRViQGRQRVRVFRQVLGHUDUHPRVHQHPLJRV\ODGURQHV
< WH SUHJXQWDUtD DGHPiV TXp SDUWH GH QXHVWUD KHUHQFLD KDEUtDV GDGR D ORV
HQDQRVVLKXELHUDVHQFRQWUDGRHOWHVRURVLQYLJLODQFLD\DQRVRWURVPXHUWRV
²8QD SUHJXQWD MXVWD ²UHVSRQGLy %DUGR² 3HUR YRVRWURV QR HVWiLV PXHUWRV \
QRVRWURV QR VRPRV ODGURQHV 3RU RWUD SDUWH ORV ULFRV SRGUtDQ FRPSDGHFHUVH \
DXQ HQ H[FHVR GH ORV PHQHVWHURVRV TXH OHV RIUHFLHURQ D\XGD FXDQGR HOORV
SDVDEDQ QHFHVLGDG<D~QQRKDVUHVSRQGLGRDPLVRWUDVGHPDQGDV
²1R SDUODPHQWDUp FRPR \D KH GLFKR FRQ KRPEUHV DUPDGRV D PL SXHUWD < GH
QLQJ~QPRGRFRQODJHQWHGHO5H\(OIRDTXLHQUHFXHUGRFRQSRFDVLPSDWtD(Q
HVWD GLVFXVLyQ pO QR WLHQH SDUWH £$OpMDWH DKRUD DQWHV GH TXH QXHVWUDV IOHFKDV
YXHOHQ<VLKDVGHYROYHUDKDEODUFRQPLJRSULPHURPDQGDODKXHVWHpOILFDDORV
ERVTXHV D TXH SHUWHQHFHQ \ UHJUHVD HQWRQFHV GHSRQLHQGR ODV DUPDV DQWHV GH
DFHUFDUWHDOXPEUDO
²(O 5H\ (OIR HV PL DPLJR \ KD VRFRUULGR D OD JHQWH GHO /DJR FXDQGR HUD
QHFHVDULRVyORREOLJDGRSRUODDPLVWDG²UHVSRQGLy%DUGR² 7HGDUHPRVWLHPSR
SDUD DUUHSHQWLUWH GH WXV SDODEUDV £5HFREUD WX VDELGXUtD DQWHV TXH YROYDPRV ²
/XHJR%DUGRSDUWLy\UHJUHVyDOFDPSDPHQWR
$QWHV GH TXH KXELHVHQ SDVDGR PXFKDV KRUDV YROYLHURQ ORV SRUWDHVWDQGDUWHV \
ORVWURPSHWHURVVHDGHODQWDURQ\VRSODURQ
²(Q QRPEUH GH (VJDURWK \ HO %RVTXH ²JULWy XQR² KDEODPRV D 7KRULQ KLMR GH
7KUDLQ (VFXGR GH 5REOH TXH VH GLFH 5H\ EDMR OD 0RQWDQD \ OH SHGLPRV TXH
UHFRQVLGHUH ODVUHFODPDFLRQHVTXHKDQVLGRSUHVHQWDGDVRVHUiGHFODUDGRQXHVWUR
HQHPLJR(QWUHJDUiSRUORPHQRVODGRFHDYDSDUWHGHOWHVRURD%DUGRSRUKDEHU
PDWDGR D 6PDXJ \ FRPR KHUHGHUR GH *LULRQ &RQ HVD SDUWH %DUGR D\XGDUi D
(VJDURWK SHUR VL 7KRULQ TXLHUH WHQHU OD DPLVWDG \ HO UHVSHWR GH ODV WLHUUDV GH
DOUHGHGRUFRPRORVWXYLHURQVXVDQWHFHVRUHVWDPELpQpOGDUiDOJRSDUDDOLYLRGH
ORV+RPEUHVGHO/DJR
(QWRQFHV 7KRULQ WRPy XQ DUFR GH FXHUQR \ GLVSDUy XQD IOHFKD DO TXH KDEODED
*ROSHyFRQIXHU]DHOHVFXGR\DOOtVHTXHGyFODYDGDWHPEODQGR
²<D TXH pVWD HV WX UHVSXHVWD ²GLMR HO RWUR D VX YH]² GHFODUR OD 0RQWDQD
VLWLDGD 1R VDOGUpLV GH HOOD KDVWD TXH QRV OODPpLV SDUD DFRUGDU XQD WUHJXD \
SDUODPHQWDU 1R DO]DUHPRV DUPDV FRQWUD YRVRWURV SHUR RV DEDQGRQDPRV D
YXHVWUDVULTXH]DV£3RGpLVFRPHURVHORURVLTXHUpLV
/RVPHQVDMHURVSDUWLHURQOXHJRUiSLGDPHQWH\GHMDURQVRORVDORVHQDQRV7KRULQ
WHQtD DKRUD XQD H[SUHVLyQ WDQ VRPEUtD TXH QDGLH VH KXELHUD DWUHYLGR D
FHQVXUDUOR DXQTXHODPD\RUtDSDUHFtDHVWDUGHDFXHUGRFRQpOH[FHSWRTXL]iHO
JRUGR %RPEXU )tOL \ .LOL %LOER SRU VXSXHVWR GHVDSUREDED GHO WRGR HO FDUL] TXH
KDEtDQWRPDGRODVFRVDV<DHVWDEDEDVWDQWHPiVTXHKDUWRGHOD0RQWDxD\QR
OHJXVWDEDQDGDTXHORVLWLDUDQGHQWURGHHOOD
²7RGR HVWH OXJDU KLHGH D~Q D GUDJyQ ²JUXxy HQWUH GLHQWHV² \ HVR PH SRQH
HQIHUPR < DGHPiV HPSLH]R D QRWDU TXH HO FUDP VH PH TXHGD SHJDGR D OD
JDUJDQWD
81/$'5Ï1(1/$12&+(
$KRUDORVGtDVVHVXFHGtDQOHQWRV\DEXUULGRV0XFKRVGHORVHQDQRVSDVDEDQHO
WLHPSRDSLODQGR\FODVLILFDQGRHOWHVRUR\DKRUD7KRULQKDEODEDGHOD3LHGUDGHO
$UFDGH7KUDLQ\PDQGDEDDQVLRVDPHQWHTXHODEXVFDVHQSRUWRGRVORVULQFRQHV
²3XHV OD 3LHGUD GHO $UFD GH PL SDGUH ²GHFtD² YDOH PiV TXH XQ UtR GH RUR \
SDUD Pt QR WLHQH SUHFLR 'H WRGR HO WHVRUR HVD SLHGUD OD UHFODPR SDUD Pt \ PH
YHQJDUpGHDTXpOTXHODHQFXHQWUH\ODUHWHQJD
%LOERR\yHVWDVSDODEUDV\VHDVXVWySUHJXQWiQGRVHTXpRFXUULUtDVLHQFRQWUDEDQ
OD SLHGUD HQYXHOWD HQ XQ YLHMR KDWLOOR GH WUDSRV KDUDSLHQWRV TXH OH VHUYLD GH
DOPRKDGD'HWRGRVPRGRVQDGDGLMRSXHVPLHQWUDVHOFDQVDQFLRGHORVGtDVVH
KDFtD FDGD YH] PD\RU ORV SULQFLSLRV GH XQ SODQ VH OH LEDQ RUGHQDQGR HQ OD
FDEHFLWD
/DVFRVDVVLJXLHURQDVtSRUDOJ~QWLHPSRKDVWDTXHORVFXHUYRVWUDMHURQQXHYDVGH
TXH'DLQ\ PiVGHTXLQLHQWRVHQDQRVDSUHVXUiQGRVHGHVGHODV&ROLQDVGH+LHUUR
HVWDEDQDXQRVGRVGtDVGHFDPLQRGH9DOOHYLQLHQGRGHOQRUGHVWH
²0iVQRDOFDQ]DUiQLQGHPQHVOD0RQWDQD²GLMR5RiF²\PXFKRPHWHPRTXH
KDEUiEDWDOODHQHOYDOOH1RFUHRTXHFRQYHQJD HVDGHFLVLyQ$XQTXHVRQJHQWH
UXGD QR HVWiQ SUHSDUDGRV SDUD YHQFHU D OD KXHVWH TXH RV DFRVD \ DXQTXH DVt
IXHUD¢TXpJDQDUtDLV"(OLQYLHUQR\ODVQLHYHVVHGDQSULVDWUDVHOORV¢&yPRRV
DOLPHQWDUpLV VLQ OD DPLVWDG \ KRVSLWDOLGDG GH ODV WLHUUDV GH DOUHGHGRU" (O WHVRUR
SXHGHVHUYXHVWUDSHUGLFLyQ£DXQTXHHOGUDJyQ\DQRHVWp
3HUR 7KRULQ QR VH LQPXWy ²/D PRUGHGXUD GHO LQYLHUQR \ ODV QLHYHV OD VHQWLUiQ
WDQWRORVKRPEUHVFRPRORVHOIRV²GLMR²\HVSRVLEOHTXHQRVRSRUWHQTXHGDUVH
HQHVWDVWLHUUDVEDOGtDV&RQPLVDPLJRVGHWUiV\HOLQYLHUQRHQFLPDTXL]iWHQJDQ
XQDGLVSRVLFLyQGHiQLPRPiVIOH[LEOHSDUDSDUODPHQWDU
(VDQRFKH%LOERWRPyXQDGHFLVLyQ(OFLHORHVWDEDQHJUR\VLQOXQD7DQSURQWR
FRPR FD\HURQ ODV WLQLHEODV IXH KDVWD HO ULQFyQ GH XQD FiPDUD LQWHULRU MXQWR D OD
HQWUDGD\VDFyXQDFXHUGDGHOKDWLOOR\WDPELpQOD3LHGUDGHO$UFDHQYXHOWDHQXQ
KDUDSR /XHJR WUHSy DO SDUDSHWR 6yOR %RPEXU HVWDED DOOt GH JXDUGLD SXHV ORV
HQDQRVYLJLODEDQWXUQiQGRVHGHXQRHQXQR
²£4XpIUtRKRUURURVR²GLMR%RPEXU²£'HVHDUtDWHQHUXQDEXHQDKRJXHUDDTXt
DUULEDFRPRODTXHHOORVWLHQHQHQHOFDPSDPHQWR
²'HQWURKDFHEDVWDQWHFDORU²GLMR%LOER
²/R FUHR SHUR QR SXHGR PRYHUPH GH DTXt KDVWD OD PHGLDQRFKH ²JUXxy HO
HQDQR JRUGR² 8Q YHUGDGHUR IDVWLGLR 1R HV TXH PH DWUHYD D GLVHQWLU GH 7KRULQ
FX\DEDUEDFUH]FDPXFKRVDxRVDXQTXHVLHPSUHIXHXQHQDQREDVWDQWHWLHVR
²1RWDQWLHVRFRPRPLVSLHUQDV²GLMR%LOER²(VWR\FDQVDGRGHHVFDOHUDV\GH
SDVDGL]RVGHSLHGUD'DUtDFXDOTXLHUFRVDSRUSRQHUORVSLHVHQHOSDVWR
²<R GDUtD FXDOTXLHU FRVD SRU HFKDUPH XQ WUDJR GH DOJR IXHUWH D OD JDUJDQWD £\
SRUXQDFDPDEODQGDGHVSXpVGHXQDEXHQDFHQD
²1RSXHGRGDUWHHVRPLHQWUDVGXUHHOVLWLR3HUR\DKDFHWLHPSRTXHIXHPLWXUQR
GH JXDUGLD GH PRGR TXH VL TXLHUHV SXHGR UHHPSOD]DUWH 1R WHQJR VXHxR HVWD
QRFKH
²(UHVXQDEXHQDSHUVRQDVHxRU%ROVyQ\DFHSWDUpFRQJXVWRWXRIUHFLPLHQWR6L
RFXUUHDOJRJUDYHOOiPDPHSULPHUR£DFXpUGDWH'RUPLUpHQODFiPDUDLQWHULRUGH
ODL]TXLHUGDQRPX\OHMRV
²£/iUJDWH ²GLMR %LOER² 7H GHVSHUWDUp D PHGLDQRFKH SDUD TXH SXHGDV
GHVSHUWDUDOVLJXLHQWHYLJtD
7DQSURQWRFRPR%RPEXUVHKXERLGR%LOERVHSXVRHODQLOORVHDWyODFXHUGDVH
GHVOL]y SDUDSHWR DEDMR \ GHVDSDUHFLy 7HQtD XQDV FLQFR KRUDV SRU GHODQWH
%RPEXUGRUPLUtDSRGtDGRUPLUVHHQFXDOTXLHUPRPHQWR\GHVGHODDYHQWXUDHQHO
ERVTXHHVWDEDVLHPSUHWUDWDQGRGHUHFXSHUDUDTXHOORVKHUPRVRVVXHxRV\WRGRV
ORVGHPiVHVWDEDQRFXSDGRVFRQ7KRULQ(UDSRFRSUREDEOHTXHXQRGHHOORVDXQ
)tOLR.LOLVHDFHUFDVHDOSDUDSHWRKDVWDTXHOHV OOHJDVHHOWXUQR
(VWDED PX\ RVFXUR \ DO FDER GH XQ UDWR FXDQGR DEDQGRQy OD VHQGD QXHYD \
GHVFHQGLyKDFLDHOFXUVRLQIHULRUGHODUUR\R\DQRUHFRQRFLyHOFDPLQR$OILQOOHJy
DOUHFRGR\VLTXHUtDDOFDQ]DUHOFDPSDPHQWRWHQLDTXHFUX]DUHODJXD(OOHFKR
GHOUtRHUDDOOtSRFRSURIXQGRSHUREDVWDQWHDQFKR\YDGHDUORHQODRVFXULGDGQR
IXH QDGD IiFLO SDUD HO SHTXHxR KREELW &XDQGR HVWDED FDVL D SXQWR GH FUX]DUOR
SHUGLySLHVREUHXQDSLHGUDUHGRQGD\FD\yFKDSRWHDQGRHQHODJXDIUtD$SHQDV
KDEtD DOFDQ]DGR OD RULOOD RSXHVWD WLULWDQGR \ IDUIXOODQGR FXDQGR HQ OD RVFXULGDG
DSDUHFLHURQXQRVHOIRVOOHYDQGROLQWHUQDVUHVSODQGHFLHQWHVHQEXVFDGHODFDXVD
GHOUXLGR
²£(VR QR IXH XQ SH] ²GLMR XQR² +D\ XQ HVStD SRU DTXt £2FXOWDG YXHVWUDV
OXFHV/HD\XGDUtDQPiVDpOTXHDQRVRWURVVLVHWUDWDGHHVDFULDWXUDSHTXHxD\
H[WUDxDTXHVHJ~QVHGLFHHVHOFULDGRGHORVHQDQRV
²£&ULDGR GH YHUDV ²EXIy %LOER \ HQPHGLRGHOEXILGRHVWRUQXGyFRQIXHU]D\
ORVHOIRVVHDJUXSDURQHQVHJXLGD\IXHURQKDFLDHOVRQLGR
²£(QFHQGHG XQD OX] ²GLMR %LOER² £(VWR\ DTXt VL PH EXVFiLV ²\ VH VDFy HO
DQLOOR\DVRPyGHWUiVGHXQDURFD
3URQWR VH OH HFKDURQ HQFLPD D SHVDU GH TXH HVWDEDQ PX\ VRUSUHQGLGRV ²
¢4XLpQHUHV"¢(UHVHOKREELWGHORVHQDQRV"¢4XpKDFHV"¢&yPRSXGLVWHOOHJDU
WDQ OHMRV FRQ QXHVWURV FHQWLQHODV" ²SUHJXQWDURQ XQR WUDV RWUR ²6R\ HO VHxRU
%LOER %ROVyQ ²UHVSRQGLy HO KREELW²FRPSDxHUR GH 7KRULQ VL GHVHiLV VDEHUOR
&RQR]FRGHYLVWDDYXHVWURUH\DXQTXHTXL]ipOQRPHUHFRQR]FD3HUR%DUGRPH
UHFRUGDUi\ HVD%DUGRHQHVSHFLDODTXLHQTXLVLHUDYHU
²£1RGLJDV²H[FODPDURQ²¢\TXpDVXQWRWHWUDHSRUDTXt"
²/R TXH VHD VyOR D Pt PH LQFXPEHPLVEXHQRVHOIRV3HURVLGHVHiLVVDOLUGH
HVWH OXJDU IUtR \ VRPEUtR \ UHJUHVDU D YXHVWURV ERVTXHV ²UHVSRQGLy
HVWUHPHFLpQGRVH²OOHYDGPHHQVHJXLGDDXQEXHQIXHJRGRQGHSXHGDVHFDUPH
\OXHJRGHMDGPHKDEODUFRQYXHVWURVMHIHVORPiVSURQWRSRVLEOH7HQJRVyORXQDR
GRVKRUDV
)XHDVtFRPRXQDVGRVKRUDVGHVSXpVGHFUX]DUOD3XHUWD%LOERHVWDEDVHQWDGR
DO FDORU GH XQD KRJXHUD GHODQWH GH XQD WLHQGD JUDQGH \ DOOt WDPELpQ VHQWDGRV
REVHUYiQGRORFRQFXULRVLGDGHVWDEDQHO5H\(OIR\%DUGR8QKREELWHQDUPDGXUD
pOILFDDUURSDGRHQSDUWHFRQXQDYLHMDPDQWDHUDDOJRQXHYRSDUDHOORV
²6DEpLVUHDOPHQWH²GHFtD%LOERFRQVXVPHMRUHVPRGDOHVGHQHJRFLDGRU²ODV
FRVDV VH HVWiQ SRQLHQGR LPSRVLEOHV 3RU PL SDUWH HVWR\ FDQVDGR GH WRGR HO
DVXQWR'HVHDUtDHVWDUGHYXHOWDDOOiHQHO2HVWHHQPLFDVDGRQGHODJHQWHHV
PiVUD]RQDEOH3HURWHQJRFLHUWRLQWHUpVHQHVWHDVXQWRXQFDWRUFHDYRGHOWRWDO
SDUD VHU SUHFLVRV GH DFXHUGR FRQ XQD FDUWD TXH SRU IRUWXQD FUHR KDEHU
FRQVHUYDGR²6DFyGHXQEROVLOORGHODYLHMDFKDTXHWDTXHOOHYDEDD~QVREUHOD
PDOOD XQ SDSHO DUUXJDGR \ SOHJDGR £OD FDUWD GH 7KRULQ TXH KDEtDQ SXHVWR HQ
PD\RGHEDMRGHOUHORMVREUHODUHSLVDGHODFKLPHQHD
²8QDSDUWHGHWRGRVORVEHQHILFLRVUHFRUGDGOR²FRQWLQXy²/RWHQJRPX\ELHQ
HQ FXHQWD 3HUVRQDOPHQWH HVWR\ GLVSXHVWR D FRQVLGHUDU FRQ DWHQFLyQ YXHVWUDV
SURSRVLFLRQHV \ GHGXFLU GHO WRWDO OR TXH VHD MXVWR DQWHV GH H[SRQHU OD PtD 6LQ
HPEDUJR QR FRQRFpLV D 7KRULQ (VFXGR GH 5REOH WDQ ELHQ FRPR \R 2V DVHJXUR
TXH HVWi GLVSXHVWR D VHQWDUVH VREUH XQ PRQWyQ GH RUR \ PRULUVH GH KDPEUH
PLHQWUDVYRVRWURVHVWpLVDTXt
²£%LHQ TXH VH TXHGH ²GLMR %DUGR² 8Q WRQWR FRPR pO PHUHFH PRULUVH GH
KDPEUH
²7LHQHV DOJR GH UD]yQ ²GLMR %LOER² (QWLHQGR WX SXQWR GH YLVWD $ OD YH] \D
YLHQH HO LQYLHUQR 3URQWR KDEUi QLHYH \ RWUDV FRVDV \ HO DEDVWHFLPLHQWR VHUi
GLItFLODXQSDUDORVHOIRVFUHR+DEUiWDPELpQRWUDVGLILFXOWDGHV¢1RKDEpLVRtGR
KDEODUGH'DLQ\GHORVHQDQRVGHODV&ROLQDVGH+LHUUR"
²6tKDFHPXFKRWLHPSR¢SHURHQTXpQRVDWDxH"²SUHJXQWyHOUH\
²(Q PXFKR PH SDUHFH 9HR TXH QR HVWiLV HQWHUDGRV 'DLQ QR OR GXGpLVHVWi
DKRUD D PHQRV GH GRV GtDV GH PDUFKD \ WUDH FRQVLJR SRU OR PHQRV XQRV
TXLQLHQWRV HQDQRV WRGRV UXGRV TXH HQ EXHQD SDUWH KDQ SDUWLFLSDGR HQ ODV
HQFDUQL]DGDV EDWDOODV HQWUH HQDQRV \ WUDVJRV GH ODV TXH VLQ GXGD KDEUpLV RtGR
KDEODU&XDQGROOHJXHQSXHGHTXHKD\DGLILFXOWDGHVVHULDV
²¢3RUTXpQRVORFXHQWDV"¢(VWiVWUDLFLRQDQGRDWXVDPLJRVRQRVDPHQD]DV"
²SUHJXQWy%DUGRVHULDPHQWH
²£0L TXHULGR %DUGR ²FKLOOy %LOER² £1R WH DSUHVXUHV £1XQFD PH KDEtD
HQFRQWUDGRDQWHVFRQJHQWHWDQVXVSLFD]7UDWRVLPSOHPHQWHGHHYLWDUSUREOHPDV
DWRGRVORVLPSOLFDGRV£$KRUDRVKDUpXQDRIHUWD
²£2LJiPRVOD²H[FODPDURQORVRWURV
²£3RGpLVYHUOD²GLMR%LOER²£$TXtHVWi²\SXVRDQWHHOORVOD3LHGUDGHO$UFD
\UHWLUyODHQYROWXUD
(O SURSLR 5H\ (OIR FX\RV RMRV HVWDEDQ DFRVWXPEUDGRV D FRVDV EHOODV \
PDUDYLOORVDV VH SXVR GH SLH DVRPEUDGR +DVWD HO PLVPR %DUGR VH TXHGy
PLUiQGRODPDUDYLOODGR\HQVLOHQFLR(UDFRPRVLKXELHVHQOOHQDGRXQJORERFRQOD
OX] GH OD OXQD \ FROJDVH DQWH HOORV HQ XQD UHG FHQWHOOHDQWH GH HVWUHOODV
HVFDUFKDGDV
²(VWDHVOD3LHGUDGHO$UFDGH7KUDLQ²GLMR%LOER²HO&RUD]yQGHOD0RQWDxD\
WDPELpQHOFRUD]yQGH7KRULQ7LHQHVHJ~QpOPiVYDORUTXHXQUtRGHRUR
<RRVODHQWUHJR2VD\XGDUiHQYXHVWUDQHJRFLDFLyQ
²/XHJR%LOERQRVLQXQHVWUHPHFLPLHQWRQRVLQXQDPLUDGDDQVLRVDHQWUHJyOD
PDUDYLOORVDSLHGUDD%DUGR\pVWHODVRVWXYRHQODPDQRFRPRGHVOXPEUDGR
²3HUR¢HVWX\DSDUDTXHQRVODGHVDVt"²SUHJXQWyDOILQFRQXQHVIXHU]R
²£2K EXHQR ²GLMR HO KREELW XQ SRFR LQFyPRGR² 1R H[DFWDPHQWH SHUR
GHVHDUtD GHMDUOD FRPR JDUDQWtD GH PL SURSRVLFLyQ VDEpLV 3XHGH TXH VHD XQ
VDTXHDGRUDOPHQRVHVRHVORTXHGLFHQDXQTXHQXQFDPHKHVHQWLGRWDOFRVD
SHURVR\KRQUDGRHVSHUREDVWDQWHKRQUDGR'HXQPRGRRGHRWURUHJUHVRDKRUD
\ORVHQDQRVSXHGHQKDFHUFRQPLJRORTXHTXLHUDQ(VSHURTXHRVVLUYD
(O5H\(OIRPLUyD%LOERFRQUHQRYDGRDVRPEUR
²£%LOER %ROVyQ ²GLMR² (UHV PiV GLJQR GH OOHYDU OD DUPDGXUD GH ORV SUtQFLSHV
HOIRV TXH PXFKRV TXH SDUHFtDQ YHVWLUOD FRQ PiV JDOODUGtD 3HUR PH SUHJXQWR VL
7KRULQ (VFXGR GH 5REOH OR YHUi DVt (Q JHQHUDO FRQR]FR PHMRU TXH W~ D ORV
HQDQRV7HDFRQVHMRTXHWHTXHGHVFRQQRVRWURV\DTXtVHUiVUHFLELGRFRQWRGRV
ORVKRQRUHV\DJDVDMDGRWUHVYHFHV
²0XFKtVLPDV JUDFLDV QR OR SRQJR HQ GXGD ²GLMR %LOER FRQ XQD UHYHUHQFLD²
3HURQRSXHGRDEDQGRQDUDPLVDPLJRVGHHVWHPRGRPHSDUHFHGHVSXpVGHOR
TXH KHPRV SDVDGR MXQWRV £< DGHPiV SURPHWt GHVSHUWDU DO YLHMR %RPEXU D
PHGLDQRFKH£5HDOPHQWHWHQJRTXHPDUFKDUPH\UiSLGR
1DGD GH OR TXH GLMHUDQ LED D GHWHQHUOR GH PRGR TXH VH OH SURSRUFLRQy XQD
HVFROWD\FXDQGRVHSXVLHURQHQPDUFKDHOUH\\%DUGRORVDOXGDURQFRQUHVSHWR
&XDQGRDWUDYHVDURQHOFDPSDPHQWRXQDQFLDQRHQYXHOWRHQXQDFDSDRVFXUDVH
OHYDQWyGHODSXHUWDGHODWLHQGDGRQGHHVWDEDVHQWDGR\VHOHVDFHUFy
²£%LHQKHFKRVHxRU%ROVyQ²GLMRGDQGRD%LOERXQDSDOPDGDHQODHVSDOGD²
£+D\VLHPSUHHQWLPiVGHORTXHXQRHVSHUD²(UD*DQGDOI
3RUSULPHUDYH]HQPXFKRVGtDV%LOERHVWDEDGpYHUGDGHQFDQWDGR0DVQRKDEtD
WLHPSRSDUDWRGDVODVSUHJXQWDVTXHGHVHDED KDFHUHQVHJXLGD
²£7RGR D VX KRUD ²GLMR *DQGDOI² /DV FRVDV HVWiQ OOHJDQGR D IHOL] WpUPLQR D
PHQRVTXHPHHTXLYRTXH4XHGDQWRGDYtDPRPHQWRVGLItFLOHVSRUGHODQWH£SHUR
QRWHGHVDQLPHV7~SXHGHVVDOLUDLURVR3URQWRKDEUiQXHYDVTXHQLVLTXLHUDORV
FXHUYRVKDQRtGR£%XHQDVQRFKHV
$VRPEUDGRSHURFRQWHQWR%LOERVHGLRSULVD/ROOHYDURQKDVWDXQYDGRVHJXUR\
OR GHMDURQ VHFR HQ OD RULOOD RSXHVWD OXHJR VH GHVSLGLy GH ORV HOIRV \ VXELy FRQ
FXLGDGR GH UHJUHVR KDFLD HO SDUDSHWR (PSH]y D VHQWLU XQ WUHPHQGR FDQVDQFLR
SHURHUDEDVWDQWHDQWHVGHPHGLDQRFKHFXDQGRWUHSyRWUDYH]SRUODFXHUGDD~Q
HVWDED GRQGH OD KDEtD GHMDGR /D GHVDWy \ OD RFXOWy \ OXHJR VH VHQWy HQ HO
SDUDSHWRSUHJXQWiQGRVHDQVLRVDPHQWHTXpRFXUULUtDDKRUD
$ PHGLDQRFKH GHVSHUWy D %RPEXU \ GHVSXpV VH HQFRJLy HQ XQ ULQFyQ VLQ
HVFXFKDU ODV JUDFLDV GHO YLHMR HQDQR TXH DSHQDV PHUHFtD SHQVy 3URQWR VH
TXHGy GRUPLGR ROYLGDQGR WRGD SUHRFXSDFLyQ KDVWD OD PDxDQD (Q UHDOLGDG VH
SDVyODQRFKHVRQDQGRFRQKXHYRV\SDQFHWD
/$618%(6(67$//$1
$OGtDVLJXLHQWHODVWURPSHWDVVRQDURQWHPSUDQRHQHOFDPSDPHQWR3URQWRVHYLR
DXQPHQVDMHURTXHFRUUtDSRUODVHQGDHVWUHFKD6HGHWXYRDFLHUWDGLVWDQFLD\
OHVKL]RVHxDVSUHJXQWDQGRVL7KRULQHVFXFKDUtDDRWUDHPEDMDGD\DTXHKDEtD
QXHYDVQRWLFLDV\ODVFRVDVKDEtDQFDPELDGR
²£(VRVHUiSRU'DLQ²GLMR7KRULQFXDQGRR\yHOPHQVDMH²+DEUiQRtGRTXH\D
YLHQH3HQVpTXHHVWROHVFDPELDUtDHOiQLPR£2UGpQDOHVTXHYHQJDQHQQ~PHUR
UHGXFLGR\VLQDUPDV\\RHVFXFKDUp²JULWyDOPHQVDMHUR
$OUHGHGRU GH PHGLRGtD ORV HVWDQGDUWHV GHO %RVTXH \ HO /DJR VH DGHODQWDURQ GH
QXHYR 8QD FRPSDxtD GH YHLQWH VH DSUR[LPDED &XDQGR OOHJDURQ DO VHQGHUR
GHMDURQ D XQ ODGR HVSDGDV \ ODQ]DV \ VH DFHUFDURQ D OD 3XHUWD $GPLUDGRV ORV
HQDQRVYLHURQTXHHQWUHHOORVHVWDEDQ WDQWR%DUGRFRPRHO5H\(OIR\GHODQWHXQ
KRPEUHYLHMRHQYXHOWRHQXQDFDSD\FRQXQFDSXFKyQHQODFDEH]DSRUWDQGRXQ
SHVDGRFRIUHGHPDGHUDUHPDFKDGRGHKLHUUR
²£6DOXG7KRULQ²GLMR%DUGR²¢$~QQRKDVFDPELDGRGHLGHD"
²1RFDPELDQPLVLGHDVFRQOD VDOLGD\SXHVWDGHXQRVSRFRVVROHV²UHVSRQGLy
7KRULQ² ¢+DV YHQLGR D KDFHUPH SUHJXQWDV RFLRVDV" £$~Q QR VH KD UHWLUDGR HO
HMpUFLWR HOIR FRPR KH RUGHQDGR +DVWD HQWRQFHV GH QDGD VHUYLUi TXH YHQJDV D
QHJRFLDUFRQPLJR
²¢1RKD\QDGDHQWRQFHVSRUORTXHFHGHUtDVSDUWHGpWXRUR"
²1DGDTXHW~\WXVDPLJRVSRGiLVRIUHFHUPH
²¢4XpKD\GHOD3LHGUDGHO$UFDGH7KUDLQ"²GLMR%DUGR\HQHVHPRPHQWRHO
KRPEUHYLHMRDEULyHOFRIUH\PRVWUyHQDOWRODMR\D
/DOX]EURWyGHODPDQRGHOYLHMREULOODQWH\EODQFDHQ ODPDxDQD
7KRULQ VH TXHGy HQWRQFHV PXGR GH DVRPEUR \ FRQIXVLyQ 1DGLH GLMR QDGD SRU
ODUJRUDWR
/XHJR7KRULQKDEOyFRQXQDYR]URQFDGHFyOHUD²(VDSLHGUDIXHGHPLSDGUH\
HV PtD ²GLMR² ¢3RU TXp KDEUtD GH FRPSUDU OR TXH PH SHUWHQHFH" ²6LQ
HPEDUJR HO DVRPEUR OR YHQFLy D ILQ \ DxDGLy ²3HUR ¢FyPR KDEpLV REWHQLGR OD
UHOLTXLDGHPLFDVDVLHVQHFHVDULRKDFHUHVDSUHJXQWDDXQRVODGURQHV"
²1RVRPRVODGURQHV²UHVSRQGLy%DUGR² /RWX\RUHORGHYROYHUHPRVDFDPELR
GHORQXHVWUR
²¢&yPRODFRQVHJXLVWHLV"²JULWy7KRULQFDGDYH]PiVIXULRVR
²£<RVHODGL²FKLOOy%LOERTXHHVSLDEDGHVGHHOSDUDSHWRDKRUDFRQXQKRUULEOH
SDYRU
²£7~£7~²JULWy7KRULQYROYLpQGRVHKDFLDpO\DIHUUiQGRORFRQODVGRVPDQRV²
£7~KREELWPLVHUDEOH£7~SHTXHxDMRVDTXHDGRU
²£3RU OD EDUED GH 'XULQ 0H JXVWDUtD TXH *DQGDOI HVWXYLHVH DTXt £0DOGLWR VHD
SRU KDEHUWH HVFRJLGR£4XH OD EDUED VH OH PDUFKLWH (Q FXDQWR D WL £WH HVWUHOODUp
FRQWUDODVURFDV
²£4XLHWR £7X GHVHR VH KD FXPSOLGR ²GLMR XQD YR] (O KRPEUH YLHMR GHO FRIUH
HFKy D XQ ODGR OD FDSD \ HO FDSXFKyQ² £+H DTXt D *DQGDOI < SDUHFH TXH D
WLHPSR 6L QR WH JXVWD PL VDTXHDGRU SRU IDYRU QR OH KDJDV GDxR 'pMDOR HQ HO
VXHOR\HVFXFKDSULPHURORTXHWLHQHTXHGHFLU
²£3DUHFpLVWRGRVFRQIDEXODGRV²GLMR7KRULQGHMDQGR&DHUD%LOERHQODFLPDGHO
SDUDSHWR² 1XQFDPiVWHQGUpWUDWRVFRQEUXMRVRDPLJRVGHEUXMRV¢4XpWLHQHV
TXHGHFLUGHVFHQGLHQWHGHUDWDV"
²£9D\D £9D\D ²GLMR %LOER² <D Vp TXH WRGR HVWR HV PX\ LQFyPRGR
¢5HFXHUGDV KDEHU GLFKR TXH SRGUtD HVFRJHU PL SURSLD FDWRUFHDYD SDUWH" 4XL]i
PH OR WRPp GHPDVLDGR OLWHUDOPHQWH PH KDQ GLFKR TXH ORV HQDQRV VRQ PiV
FRUWHVHV HQ SDODEUDV TXH HQ KHFKRV +XER XQ WLHPSR VLQ HPEDUJR HQ HO TXH
SDUHFtDV FUHHU TXH \R KDEtD VLGR GH DOJXQD XWLOLGDG £< DKRUD PH OODPDV
GHVFHQGLHQWHGHUDWDV ¢(VHVHHOVHUYLFLRTXHW~\WXIDPLOLDPHKDQSURPHWLGR
7KRULQ"£3LHQVDTXHKHGLVSXHVWRGHPLSDUWHFRPRKHTXHULGR\ROYtGDOR\D
²/R KDUp ²GLMR 7KRULQ FHxXGR² 7H GHMDUp PDUFKDU £\ TXH QXQFD QRV
HQFRQWUHPRV RWUDYH]²/XHJRVHYROYLy\KDEOySRUHQFLPDGHOSDUDSHWR²0H
KDQWUDLFLRQDGR²GLMR² 7RGRVVDEHQTXHQRSRGUtDGHMDUGHUHGLPLUOD3LHGUDGHO
$UFDHOWHVRURGHPLSDODFLR'DUpSRUHOODXQDFDWRUFHDYDSDUWHGHOWHVRURHQRUR
\SODWDVLQLQFOXLUODVSLHGUDVSUHFLRVDVPiVHVRFRQWDUiFRPRODSDUWHSURPHWLGD
D HVH WUDLGRU \ FRQ HVD UHFRPSHQVD SDUWLUi \ YRVRWURV OD SRGUpLV GLYLGLU FRPR
TXHUiLV 7HQGUi ELHQ SRFR QR OR GXGR 7RPDGOR VL OR TXHUpLV YLYR QDGD GH PL
DPLVWDGLUiFRQpO
²£$KRUDEDMDFRQWXVDPLJRV²GLMRD%LOER²£RWpDUURMDUpDODELVPR
²¢4XpKD\GHORUR\ODSODWD"²SUHJXQWy%LOER
²7HVHJXLUiPiVWDUGHFXDQGRHVWpGLVSRQLEOH²GLMR7KRULQ² £%DMD
²£*XDUGDUHPRVODSLHGUDKDVWDHQWRQFHV²OHJULWy%DUGR
²1RHVWiVKDFLHQGRXQSDSHOPX\HVSOpQGLGRFRPR5H\EDMROD0RQWDxD²GLMR
*DQGDOI²SHURODVFRVDVD~QSXHGHQFDPELDU
²&LHUWR TXH SXHGHQ ²GLMR 7KRULQ < \D FDYLODED WDQ DWXUGLGR HVWDED SRU HO
WHVRURVLQRSRGUtDUHFREUDUOD3LHGUDGHO$UFDFRQODD\XGDGH'DLQ\UHWHQHUOD
SDUWHGHODUHFRPSHQVD
< DVt IXH %LOER H[SXOVDGR GHO SDUDSHWR \ FRQ QDGD D FDPELR GH VXV DSXURV
H[FHSWRODDUPDGXUDTXH7KRULQ\DOHKDEtDGDGR0iVGHXQRGHORVHQDQRVVLQWLy
YHUJHQ]D\OiVWLPDFXDQGRYLRSDUWLUD%LOER
²£$GLyV²OHVJULWy²£4XL]iQRVHQFRQWUHPRVRWUDYH]FRPRDPLJRV
²£)XHUD ²JULWy 7KRULQ² /OHYDV FRQWLJR XQD PDOOD WHMLGD SRU PL SXHEOR \ HV
GHPDVLDGREXHQDSDUDWL1RVHODSXHGHDWUDYHVDUFRQIOHFKDVSHURVLQRWHGDV
SULVDWHSLQFKDUpHVRVSLHVPLVHUDEOHV£'HPRGRTXHDSUHV~UDWH
²1RWDQUiSLGR²GLMR%DUGR² 7HGDPRVWLHPSRKDVWDPDxDQD5HJUHVDUHPRVD
OD KRUD GHO PHGLRGtD \ YHUHPRV VL KDV WUDtGR OD SDUWH GHO WHVRUR TXH KHPRV GH
FDPELDU SRU OD 3LHGUD 6L HQ HVWR QR QRV HQJDxDV HQWRQFHV SDUWLUHPRV \ HO
HMpUFLWRHOIRUHWRPDUiDO%RVTXH0LHQWUDVWDQWR£DGLyV
&RQ HVR YROYLHURQ DO FDPSDPHQWR SHUR 7KRULQ HQYLy SRU 5RiF FRUUHRV D 'DLQ
GLFLpQGROH OR TXH KDEtD VXFHGLGR H LQVWiQGROH D TXH YLQLHVH FRQ XQD UDSLGH]
FDXWHORVD
3DVyDTXHOGtD\ODQRFKH$ODPDxDQDVLJXLHQWHHOYLHQWRFDPELyDORHVWH\HO
DLUH HVWDED RVFXUR \ WHQHEURVR (UD D~Q WHPSUDQR FXDQGR VH R\y XQ JULWR HQ HO
FDPSDPHQWR /OHJDURQ PHQVDMHURV D LQIRUPDU TXH XQD KXHVWH GH HQDQRV KDEtD
DSDUHFLGR HQ OD HVWULEDFLyQ RULHQWDO GH OD 0RQWDQD \ TXH DKRUD VH DSUHVXUDED
KDFLD9DOOH'DLQKDEtDYHQLGR+DEtDFRUULGRWRGDODQRFKH\GHHVWHPRGRKDEtD
OOHJDGRVREUHHOORVPiVSURQWRGHORTXHKDEtDHVSHUDGR7RGRVORVHQDQRVGHOD
WURSD HVWDEDQ DWDYLDGRV FRQ FRWDV GH PDOOD GH DFHUR TXH OHV OOHJDEDQ D ODV
URGLOODV\XQDVFDO]DVGHPHWDOILQR\IOH[LEOHWHMLGRFRQXQSURFHGLPLHQWRVHFUHWR
TXH VyOR OD JHQWH GH 'DLQ FRQRFtD OHV FXEUtDQ ODV SLHUQDV /RV HQDQRV VRQ
VXPDPHQWHIXHUWHVSDUDVXWDOODSHURODPD\RUtDGHHVWRVHUDQIXHUWHVDXQHQWUH
ORVHQDQRV(QODVEDWDOODVHPSXxDEDQSHVDGRVD]DGRQHVTXHVHPDQHMDEDQFRQ
ODVGRVPDQRV DGHPiVWRGRVWHQtDQDOFRVWDGRXQDHVSDGDDQFKD\FRUWD\XQ
HVFXGR UHGRQGR OHV FROJDED GH ODV HVSDOGDV /OHYDEDQ ODV EDUEDV SDUWLGDV \
WUHQ]DGDVVXMHWDVDOFLQWXUyQ/DVYLVHUDVHUDQGHKLHUURORPLVPRTXHHOFDO]DGR
\ODVFDUDVHUDQWRGDVVRPEUtDV
/DVWURPSHWDVOODPDURQDKRPEUHV\HOIRVDODVDUPDV3URQWRYLHURQDORVHQDQRV
TXHVXEtDQSRUHOYDOOHDEXHQSDVR6HGHWXYLHURQHQWUHHOUtR\ODHVWULEDFLyQGHO
HVWH SHUR XQRV SRFRV VH DGHODQWDURQ FUX]DURQ HO UtR \ VH DFHUFDURQ DO
FDPSDPHQWR DOOt GHSXVLHURQ ODV DUPDV \ DO]DURQ ODV PDQRV HQ VHxDO GH SD]
%DUGRVDOLyDHQFRQWUDUORV\FRQpO%LOER
²1RVHQYtD'DLQKLMRGH1DLQ²GLMHURQFXDQGRVHOHVSUHJXQWy² &RUUHPRVMXQWR
DQXHVWURVSDULHQWHVGHOD0RQWDxDSXHVKHPRVVDELGRTXHHOUHLQRGHDQWDxRVH
KD UHQRYDGR 3HUR ¢TXLpQHV VRLV YRVRWURV TXH DFDPSiLV HQ HO OODQR FRPR
HQHPLJRV DQWH PXUDOODV GHIHQGLGDV" ²(VWR QDWXUDOPHQWH HQ HO OHQJXDMH GH
HQWRQFHV FRUWpV \ EDVWDQWH SDVDGR GH PRGD VLJQLILFDED VLPSOHPHQWH $TXt QR
WHQpLV QDGD TXH KDFHU 9DPRV D VHJXLU R VHD PDUFKDRV R SHOHDUHPRV FRQ
YRVRWURV 6H SURSRQtDQ VHJXLU DGHODQWH HQWUH OD 0RQWDxD \ HO UHFRGR GHO DJXD
SXHVDOOtHOWHUUHQRHVWUHFKRQRSDUHFtDPX\SURWHJLGR
3RU VXSXHVWR %DUGR VH QHJy D SHUPLWLU TXH ORV HQDQRV IXHUDQ GLUHFWDPHQWH D OD
0RQWDxD(VWDEDGHFLGLGRDHVSHUDUDTXHWUDMHVHQIXHUDODSODWD\HORURSDUDVHU
FDPELDGRVSRUOD3LHGUDGHO$UFDSXHVQRFUHtDTXHHVWRSXGLHUDRFXUULUXQDYH]
TXH DTXHOOD QXPHURVD \ KRVFD FRPSDxtD KXELHUD OOHJDGR D OD IRUWDOH]D +DEtDQ
WUDtGR FRQVLJR JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH VXPLQLVWURV SXHV ORV HQDQRV VRQ FDSDFHV GH
VRSRUWDUFDUJDVPX\SHVDGDV\FDVLWRGDODJHQWHGH'DLQDSHVDUGHTXHKDEtDQ
PDUFKDGRDSDVRYLYROOHYDEDDKRPEURVXQRVIDUGRVHQRUPHVTXHVHVXPDEDQ
DO SHVR GH ORV D]DGRQHV \ ORV HVFXGRV +XELHUDQ SRGLGR UHVLVWLU XQ VLWLR GXUDQWH
VHPDQDV\HQHVHWLHPSRTXL]iYLQLHUDQPiVHQDQRVSXHV7KRULQWHQtDPXFKRV
SDULHQWHV4XL]iIXHUDQFDSDFHVWDPELpQGHDEULUGHQXHYRDOJXQDRWUDSXHUWD\
JXDUGDUODGHPRGRTXHORVVLWLDGRUHVWHQGUtDQTXHURGHDUODPRQWDxD\QRHUDQ
WDQWRVHQYHUGDG
(VWRVHUDQSUHFLVDPHQWHORVSODQHVGHORVHQDQRVSXHVORVFXHUYRVPHQVDMHURV
KDEtDQ HVWDGR PX\ RFXSDGRV \HQGR GH 7KRULQ D 'DLQ SHUR SRU HO PRPHQWR HO
SDVR HVWDED REVWUXLGR DVt TXH OXHJR GH XQDV GXUDV SDODEUDV ORV HQDQRV
PHQVDMHURVVHUHWLUDURQPXUPXUDQGRFDEL]EDMRV%DUGRKDEtDHQYLDGRHQVHJXLGD
XQRVPHQVDMHURVDOD3XHUWDSHURQRKDEtDDOOtRURQLSDJRDOJXQR
7DQ SURQWR FRPR HVWXYLHURQ D WLUR OHV FD\HURQ IOHFKDV \ VH DSUHVXUDURQ D
UHJUHVDU 3RU HVH HQWRQFHV WRGR HO FDPSDPHQWR HVWDED HQ SLH FRPR
SUHSDUiQGRVH SDUD XQD EDWDOOD SXHV ORV HQDQRV GH'DLQDYDQ]DEDQSRUODRULOOD
GHOHVWH
²£7RQWRV ²ULy %DUGR² £$FHUFDUVH DVt EDMR HO EUD]R GH OD 0RQWDxD 1R
HQWLHQGHQ GH JXHUUD D FDPSR DELHUWR DXQTXH VHSDQ JXHUUHDU HQ ODV PLQDV
0XFKRV GH QXHVWURV DUTXHURV \ ODQFHURV DJXDUGDQ DKRUD HVFRQGLGRV HQWUH ODV
URFDVGHOIODQFRGHUHFKR/DVPDOODVGHORVHQDQRVSXHGHQVHUEXHQDVSHURVH
ODVSRQGUiDSUXHEDPX\SURQWR£&DLJDPRVVREUHHOORVGHVGHORVIODQFRVDQWHVGH
TXHGHVFDQVHQ
3HURHO5H\(OIRGLMR²0XFKRHVSHUDUpDQWHVGHSHOHDUSRUXQERWtQGHRUR/RV
HQDQRVQRSXHGHQSDVDUVLQRVHORSHUPLWLPRVRKDFHUDOJRTXHQROOHJXHPRVD
DGYHUWLU (VSHUDUHPRV D YHU VL OD UHFRQFLOLDFLyQ HV SRVLEOH 1XHVWUD YHQWDMD HQ
Q~PHUREDVWDUiVLDOILQKHPRVGHOLEUDUXQGHVJUDFLDGRFRPEDWH
3HUR HVWDV HVWLPDFLRQHV QR WHQtDQ HQ FXHQWD D ORV HQDQRV 6DEHU TXH OD 3LHGUD
GHO $UFD HVWDED HQ PDQRV GH ORV VLWLDGRUHV OHV LQIODPDED ORV FRUD]RQHV
VRVSHFKDURQ DGHPiV TXH %DUGR \ VXV DPLJRV WLWXEHDEDQ \ GHFLGLHURQ DWDFDU
FXDQWRDQWHV
'H SURQWR VLQ DYLVR ORV HQDQRV VH GHVSOHJDURQ HQ VLOHQFLR /RV DUFRV
FKDVTXHDURQ\ODVIOHFKDVVLOEDURQ/DEDWDOODLEDDFRPHQ]DU
£3HURWRGDYtDPiVSURQWRXQDVRPEUDFUHFLyFRQWHUULEOHUDSLGH]8QDQXEHQHJUD
FXEULy HOFLHOR(OWUXHQRLQYHUQDOURGyHQXQYLHQWRKXUDFDQDGRUXJLy\UHWXPEy
HQOD0RQWDQD\UHODPSDJXHyHQODFLPD<SRUGHEDMRGHOWUXHQRVHSXGRYHURWUD
RVFXULGDGTXHVHDGHODQWDEDHQXQWRUEHOOLQRSHURHVWDRVFXULGDGQROOHJyFRQHO
YLHQWR OOHJy GHVGHHO1RUWHFRPRXQDLQPHQVDQXEHGHSiMDURVWDQGHQVDTXH
QRKDEtDOX]HQWUHODVDODV
²£'HWHQHRV²JULWy*DQGDOITXHDSDUHFLyGHUHSHQWH\HVSHUyGHSLH\VRORFRQ
ORV EUD]RV OHYDQWDGRV HQWUH ORV HQDQRV TXH YHQtDQ \ ODV ILODV TXH ORV
DJXDUGDEDQ²£'HWHQHRV²GLMRFRQYR]GHWUXHQR\ODYDUDVHOHHQFHQGLyFRQ
XQDOX]V~ELWDFRPRHOUD\R² £(OWHUURUKDFDtGRVREUHYRVRWURV£$\+DOOHJDGR
PiV UiSLGR GH OR TXH \R KDEtD VXSXHVWR £/RV WUDVJRVHVWiQVREUHYRVRWURV$Kt
OOHJD %ROJR GHO 1RUWH FX\R SDGUH £RK 'DLQ PDWDVWH HQ 0RULD KDFH WLHPSR
£0LUDG/RVPXUFLpODJRVVHFLHUQHQVREUHHOHMpUFLWRFRPRXQDQXEHGHODQJRVWDV
£0RQWDQHQORERV\ORVZDUJRVYLHQHQGHWUiV
(O DVRPEUR \ OD FRQIXVLyQ FD\y VREUH WRGRV HOORV 0LHQWUDV *DQGDOI KDEODED OD
RVFXULGDGQRKDEtDGHMDGRGHFUHFHU/RVHQDQRVVHGHWXYLHURQ\FRQWHPSODURQHO
FLHOR/RVHOIRVJULWDURQFRQPXFKDVYRFHV
²£9HQLG ²OODPy *DQGDOI² +D\ WLHPSR GH FHOHEUDU FRQVHMR £4XH 'DLQ KLMR GH
1DLQVHUH~QDHQVHJXLGDFRQQRVRWURV
$Vt HPSH]y XQD EDWDOOD TXH QDGLH KDEtD HVSHUDGR OD OODPDURQ OD %DWDOOD GH ORV
&LQFR (MpUFLWRV \ IXH WHUULEOH 'H XQD SDUWH OXFKDEDQ ORV WUDVJRV \ ORV ORERV
VDOYDMHV\SRUODRWUDORV(OIRVORV+RPEUHV\ORV(QDQRV$VtIXHFRPRRFXUULy
'HVGH TXH HO *UDQ 7UDVJR GH ODV 0RQWDxDV 1XEODGDV KDEtD FDtGR ORV WUDVJRV
RGLDEDQPiVTXHQXQFDDORVHQDQRV+DEtDQPDQGDGRPHQVDMHURVGHDFiSDUD
DOOiHQWUHODVFLXGDGHVFRORQLDV\SOD]DVIXHUWHVSXHVKDEtDQGHFLGLGRFRQTXLVWDU
HO GRPLQLR GHO 1RUWH 6H KDEtDQ LQIRUPDGR HQ VHFUHWR \ SUHSDUDURQ \ IRUMDURQ
DUPDVHQWRGRVORVHVFRQGULMRVGHODVPRQWDxDV/XHJRVHSXVLHURQHQPDUFKD\
VH UHXQLHURQ HQ YDOOHV \ FROLQDV \HQGR VLHPSUH SRU W~QHOHV R HQ OD RVFXULGDG
KDVWDOOHJDUDODVFHUFDQtDVGHODJUDQ0RQWDxD*XQDEDGGHO1RUWH GRQGHWHQtDQ
OD FDSLWDO $OOt MXQWDURQ XQ LQPHQVR HMpUFLWR SUHSDUDGR SDUD FDHU HQ WLHPSR
WRUPHQWRVR VREUH ORV HMpUFLWRV GHVSUHYHQLGRV GHO 6XU (VWDEDQ HQWHUDGRV GH OD
PXHUWH GH 6PDXJ \ HO M~ELOR OHV HQFHQGtD HO iQLPR \ QRFKH WUDV QRFKH VH
DSUHVXUDURQHQWUHODVPRQWDxDV\DVtOOHJDURQDOILQGHVGHHOQRUWHFDVLSLViQGROH
ORV WDORQHV D 'DLQ 1L VLTXLHUD ORV FXHUYRV VXSLHURQ TXH OOHJDEDQ KDVWD TXH ORV
YLHURQ DSDUHFHU HQ ODV WLHUUDV DEUXSWDV HQWUH OD 0RQWDxD 6ROLWDULD \ ODV FROLQDV
&XiQWRVDEtD*DQGDOIQRVHSXHGHGHFLUSHURHVWiFODURTXHQRKDEtDHVSHUDGR
HVHDVDOWRUHSHQWLQR
(VWH IXH HO SODQ TXH SUHSDUy MXQWR FRQ HO 5H\ (OIR \ %DUGR \ FRQ 'DLQ SXHV HO
VHxRU HQDQR \D VH OHV KDEtD XQLGR ORV WUDVJRV HUDQ HQHPLJRV GH WRGRV \
FXDOTXLHURWUDGLVSXWDIXHHQVHJXLGDROYLGDGD1RWHQtDQPiVHVSHUDQ]DTXHODGH
DWUDHU D ORV WUDVJRV DO YDOOH HQWUH ORV EUD]RV GH OD 0RQWDxD \ DPSDUDUVH HQ ODV
JUDQGHVHVWULEDFLRQHVGHOVXU\HOHVWH$XQGHHVWHPRGRFRUUHUtDQSHOLJURVLORV
WUDVJRV DOFDQ]DEDQ D LQYDGLU OD 0RQWDxD DWDFiQGRORV HQWRQFHV GHVGH DWUiV \
DUULEDSHURQRKDEtDWLHPSRSDUDSUHSDUDURWURVSODQHVRSDUDSHGLUDOJXQDD\XGD
3URQWRSDVyHOWUXHQRURGDQGRKDFLDHOVXUHVWHSHURODQXEHGHPXUFLpODJRVVH
DFHUFyYRODQGREDMRSRUHQFLPDGHOD0RQWDxD\VHDJLWyVREUHHOORVWDSiQGROHV
ODOX]\DVXVWiQGRORV
²£$OD0RQWDxD²JULWy%DUGR²£$OD0RQWDxD£7RPHPRVSRVLFLRQHVPLHQWUDV
WRGDYtDKD\WLHPSR
(QODHVWULEDFLyQVXUHQODSDUWHPiVEDMDGHODIDOGD\HQWUHODVURFDVVHVLWXDURQ
ORV(OIRVHQODGHOHVWHORV+RPEUHV\ORV(QDQRV3HUR%DUGR\DOJXQRVGHORV
HOIRV\KRPEUHVPiViJLOHVHVFDODURQODFLPDGHODORPDRFFLGHQWDOSDUDHFKDUXQ
YLVWD]RDOQRUWH3URQWRSXGLHURQYHUODWLHUUDDORVSLHVGHODPRQWDxDRVFXUHFLGD
SRUXQDDSUHVXUDGDPXOWLWXG /XHJRODYDQJXDUGLDVHDUUHPROLQyHQHOH[WUHPRGH
OD HVWULEDFLyQ \ HQWUy DWURSHOODGDPHQWH HQ 9DOOH (VWRV HUDQ ORV MLQHWHV PiV
UiSLGRV TXH FDEDOJDEDQ HQ ORERV \ \D ORV JULWRV \ DXOOLGRV KHQGtDQ HO DLUH D OR
OHMRV 8QRV SRFRV YDOLHQWHV VH OHV HQIUHQWDURQ FRQ XQ DPDJR GH UHVLVWHQFLD \
PXFKRV FD\HURQ DOOt DQWHV TXH HO UHVWR VH UHWLUDUD \ KX\HVH D ORV ODGRV &RPR
*DQGDOIHVSHUDUDHOHMpUFLWRWUDVJRVHKDEtDUHXQLGRGHWUiVGHODYDQJXDUGLDDOD
TXHVHKDEtDQUHVLVWLGR\OXHJRFD\yIXULRVRVREUHHOYDOOHH[WHQGLpQGRVHDTXt\
DOOiHQWUHORVEUD]RVGHOD0RQWDxDEXVFDQGRDOHQHPLJR,QQXPHUDEOHVHUDQORV
HVWDQGDUWHVQHJURV\URMRV\OOHJDEDQFRPRXQDPDUHDIXULRVD\HQGHVRUGHQ
)XH XQD EDWDOOD WHUULEOH %LOER QR KDEtD SDVDGR QXQFD SRU XQD H[SHULHQFLD WDQ
HVSDQWRVD \ TXH OXHJR RGLDUD WDQWR \ HVWR HV FRPR GHFLU TXH SRU QLQJXQD RWUD
FRVDVHVLQWLyWDQRUJXOORVRKDVWDWDOSXQWRTXHIXHSDUDpOGXUDQWHPXFKRWLHPSR
XQ WHPD GH FKDUOD IDYRULWR DXQTXH QR WXYR HQ HOODXQSDSHOPX\LPSRUWDQWH(Q
YHUGDG SXHGR GHFLU TXH PX\ SURQWR VH SXVR HO DQLOOR \ GHVDSDUHFLy GH OD YLVWD
DXQTXH QR GH WRGR SHOLJUR 8Q DQLOOR PiJLFR GH HVWD FODVH QRHVXQDSURWHFFLyQ
FRPSOHWD HQ XQD FDUJD GH WUDVJRV QL GHWLHQH ODV IOHFKDV YRODGRUDV QLODVODQ]DV
VDOYDMHVSHURD\XGDDDSDUWDUVHGHOFDPLQRHLPSLGHTXHHVFRMDQWXFDEH]DHQWUH
2WUDVSDUDTXHXQWUDVJRHVSDGDFKtQWHODUHEDQHGHXQWDMR
/RVHOIRVIXHURQORVSULPHURVHQFDUJDU7HQtDQSRUORVWUDVJRVXQRGLRDPDUJR\
IUtR /DV ODQ]DV \ HVSDGDV EULOODEDQ HQ OD RVFXULGDG FRQ XQ KHODGR UHIOHMR WDQ
PRUWDOHUDODUDELDGHODVPDQRVTXHODVHVJULPtDQ7DQSURQWRFRPRODKRUGDGH
ORV HQHPLJRV DXPHQWy HQ HO YDOOH OHV ODQ]DURQ XQD OOXYLD GH IOHFKDV \ WRGDV
UHVSODQGHFtDQ FRPR D]X]DGDV SRU HO IXHJR 'HWUiV GH ODV IOHFKDV XQ PLOODU GH
ODQFHURVEDMyGHXQVDOWR\HPELVWLy/RVFKLOOLGRVHUDQHQVRUGHFHGRUHV/DVURFDV
VHWLxHURQGHQHJURFRQODVDQJUHGHORVWUDVJRV
<FXDQGRORVWUDVJRVVHUHFREUDURQGHODIXULRVDHPEHVWLGD\GHWXYLHURQODFDUJD
GHORVHOIRVWRGRHOYDOOHHVWDOOyHQXQUXJLGRSURIXQGR&RQJULWRVGH²£0RULD²
\ ²£'DLQ 'DLQ² ORV HQDQRV GH ODV &ROLQDV GH +LHUUR VH SUHFLSLWDURQ VREUH HO
RWUR IODQFRHPSXxDQGRORVD]DGRQHV\MXQWRFRQHOORVOOHJDURQORVKRPEUHVGHO
/DJRDUPDGRVFRQODUJDVHVSDGDV
(O SiQLFR GRPLQy D ORV WUDVJRV \ FXDQGR VH GLHURQ YXHOWD SDUD HQIUHQWDU HVWH
DWDTXHORVHOIRVFDUJDURQRWUDYH]FRQEUtRVUHQRYDGRV<DPXFKRVGHORVWUDVJRV
KXtDQ UtR DEDMR SDUD HVFDSDU GH OD WUDPSD \ PXFKRV GH ORV ORERV VH YROYtDQ
FRQWUD HOORV PLVPRV \ GHVWUR]DEDQ D PXHUWRV \ KHULGRV /D YLFWRULD SDUHFtD
LQPHGLDWDFXDQGRXQJULWHUtRVRQyHQODVDOWXUDV
8QRVWUDVJRVKDEtDQHVFDODGROD0RQWDQDSRUODRWUDSDUWH\PXFKRV\DHVWDEDQ
VREUHOD3XHUWDHQODODGHUD\RWURVFRUUtDQWHPHUDULDPHQWHKDFLDDEDMRVLQKDFHU
FDVRGHORVTXHFDtDQFKLOODQGRDOSUHFLSLFLRSDUDDWDFDUODVHVWULEDFLRQHVGHVGH
HQFLPD $ FDGD XQD GH HVWDV HVWULEDFLRQHV VH SRGtD OOHJDU SRU FDPLQRV TXH
GHVFHQGtDQ GH OD PDVD FHQWUDO GH OD 0RQWDxD ORV GHIHQVRUHV HUDQ SRFRV \ QR
SRGUtDQ FHUUDUOHV HO SDVR GXUDQWH PXFKR WLHPSR /D HVSHUDQ]D GH YLFWRULD VH
KDEtD GHVYDQHFLGR 6yOR KDEtDQ ORJUDGR FRQWHQHU OD SULPHUD HPEHVWLGD GH OD
PDUHDQHJUD
(OGtDDYDQ]y2WUDYH]ORVWUDVJRVVHUHXQLHURQHQHOYDOOH/XHJRYLQRXQDKRUGD
GH ZDUJRV EULOODQWHV \ QHJURV FRPR FXHUYRV \ FRQ HOORV OD JXDUGLD SHUVRQDO GH
%ROJR WUDVJRV GH HQRUPH WDOOD FRQ FLPLWDUUDV GH DFHUR 3URQWR OOHJDUtD OD
YHUGDGHUD RVFXULGDG HQ XQ FLHOR WRUPHQWRVR PLHQWUDV ORV PXUFLpODJRV
UHYRORWHDEDQ D~Q DOUHGHGRUGHODVFDEH]DV\ORVRtGRVGHKRPEUHV\HOIRVRVH
SUHFLSLWDEDQ FRPR YDPSLURV VREUH ODV JHQWHV FDtGDV %DUGR OXFKDED D~Q
GHIHQGLHQGR OD HVWULEDFLyQ GHO HVWH \ VLQ HPEDUJR UHWURFHGtD SRFR D SRFR ORV
VHxRUHVHOIRVHVWDEDQHQODQDYHGHOEUD]RVXUDOUHGHGRUGHOUH\FHUFDGHOSXHVWR
GHREVHUYDFLyQ GHOD&ROLQDGHO&XHUYR
'HV~ELWRVHR\yXQFODPRU\GHVGHOD3XHUWDOODPyXQDWURPSHWD
£+DEtDQ ROYLGDGR D 7KRULQ 3DUWH GHO PXUR PRYLGR SRU SDODQFDV VH GHVSORPy
KDFLDDIXHUDFD\HQGRFRQHVWUpSLWRHQODODJXQD(O5H\EDMROD0RQWDxDDSDUHFLy
HQ HO XPEUDO \ VXV FRPSDxHURV OR VLJXLHURQ /DV FDSDV \ FDSXFKRQHV KDEtDQ
GHVDSDUHFLGROOHYDEDQEULOODQWHVDUPDGXUDV\XQDOX]URMDOHVEULOODEDHQORVRMRV
(OJUDQHQDQRFHQWHOOHDEDHQODRVFXULGDGFRPRRURHQXQIXHJRPRUWHFLQR
/RV WUDVJRV DUURMDURQ URFDV GHVGH OR DOWR SHUR ORV HQDQRV VLJXLHURQ DGHODQWH
VDOWDURQKDVWDHOSLHGHODFDVFDGD\FRUULHURQDODEDWDOOD/RERV\MLQHWHVFDtDQR
KXtDQ DQWH HOORV 7KRULQ PDQHMDED HO KDFKD FRQ PDQGREOHV SRGHURVRV \ QDGD
SDUHFtDODVWLPDUOR
²£$ Pt £$ Pt £(OIRV \ KRPEUHV £$ Pt £2K SXHEOR PtR ²JULWDED \ OD YR]
UHVRQDEDFRPRXQDWURPSDHQHOYDOOH
+DFLD DEDMR HQ GHVRUGHQ ORV HQDQRV GH 'DLQ FRUULHURQDD\XGDUOR+DFLDDEDMR
IXHURQ WDPELpQ PXFKRV GH ORV KRPEUHV GHO /DJR SXHV %DUGR QR SXGR
FRQWHQHUORV \ GHVGH OD ODGHUD RSXHVWD PXFKRV GH ORV ODQFHURV HOIRV 8QD YH]
PiVORVWUDVJRVIXHURQUHFKD]DGRVDOYDOOH\DOOtVHDPRQWRQDURQKDVWDTXH9DOOH
IXH XQ VLWLR KRUULEOH \ RVFXUHFLGR SRU FDGiYHUHV /RV ZDUJRV VH GLVSHUVDURQ \
7KRULQVHYROYLyDODGHUHFKDFRQWUDODJXDUGLDSHUVRQDOGH%ROJR3HURQRDOFDQ]y
DDWUDYHVDUODVSULPHUDVILODV
<D WUDV pO \DFtDQ PXFKRV KRPEUHV \ PXFKRV HQDQRV \ PXFKRV KHUPRVRV HOIRV
TXHD~QWHQGUtDQTXHKDEHUYLYLGRODUJRVDxRVIHOLFHVHQHOERVTXH<DPHGLGD
TXH HO YDOOH VH DEUtD OD PDUFKD GH 7KRULQ HUD FDGD YH] PiV OHQWD /RV HQDQRV
HUDQSRFRV\QDGLHJXDUGDEDORVIODQFRV3URQWRORVDWDFDQWHVIXHURQDWDFDGRV\
VH YLHURQ HQFHUUDGRV HQ XQ JUDQ FtUFXOR FHUFDGRV WRGR DOUHGHGRU SRU WUDVJRV \
ORERV TXH YROYtDQ D OD FDUJD /D JXDUGLD SHUVRQDO GH %ROJR FD\y DXOODQGR VREUH
HOORV LQWURGXFLpQGRVH HQWUH ORV HQDQRV FRPR RODV TXH JROSHDQ DFDQWLODGRV GH
DUHQD/RVRWURVHQDQRVQRSRGtDQD\XGDUORVSXHVHODVDOWRGHVGHOD0RQWDQDVH
UHQRYDED FRQ UHGREODGD IXHU]D \ KRPEUHV \ HOIRV HUDQ EDWLGRV OHQWDPHQWH D
DPERVODGRV
$WRGRHVWR%LOERPLUDEDFRQDIOLFFLyQ6HKDEtDLQVWDODGRHQOD&ROLQDGHO&XHUYR
HQWUHORVHOIRVHQSDUWHSRUTXHTXL]iDOOtHUDSRVLEOHHVFDSDU\HQSDUWHHOODGR
7XN GH OD PHQWH GH %LOER SRUTXH VL LEDQ D PDQWHQHU XQD ~OWLPD SRVLFLyQ
GHVHVSHUDGDTXHUtDGHIHQGHUDO5H\(OIR7DPELpQ*DQGDOIHVWDEDDOOtGHDOJ~Q
PRGRVHQWDGRHQHOVXHORFRPRPHGLWDQGRSUHSDUDQGRTXL]iXQ~OWLPRVRSORGH
PDJLDDQWHVGHOILQ
(VWHQRSDUHFtDPX\OHMDQR1RWDUGDUiPXFKR\DSHQVDED%LOER$QWHVTXHORV
WUDVJRV JDQHQ OD 3XHUWD \ WRGRV QRVRWURV FDLJDPRV PXHUWRV R QRV REOLJXHQ D
GHVFHQGHU\QRVFDSWXUHQ5HDOPHQWHHVFRPRSDUDHFKDUVHDOORUDUGHVSXpVGH
WRGRORTXHQRVKDSDVDGR&DVLKDEUtDSUHIHULGRTXHHOYLHMR6PDXJVHKXELHVH
TXHGDGRFRQHOPDOGLWRWHVRURDQWHVGHTXHORFRQVLJDQHVDVYLOHVFULDWXUDV\HO
SREUHFLWR%RPEXU\%DOLQ\)tOL\.LOL\HOUHVWRWHQJDQPDOILQ\WDPELpQ%DUGR\
ORV KRPEUHV GHO /DJR \ ORV DOHJUHV HOIRV £$\ PtVHUR GH Pt +H RtGR FDQFLRQHV
VREUHPXFKDVEDWDOODV\VLHPSUHKHHQWHQGLGRTXHODGHUURWDSXHGHVHUJORULRVD
3DUHFHPX\LQFyPRGDSRUQRGHFLUGHVGLFKDGD0HJXVWDUtDGHYHUDVHVWDUIXHUD
GHWRGRHVWR
&RQHOYLHQWRVHHVSDUFLHURQODVQXEHV\XQDURMDSXHVWDGHVROUDVJyHO RHVWH
$GYLUWLHQGRHOEULOORUHSHQWLQRHQODVWLQLHEODV%LOERPLUyDOUHGHGRU\FKLOOy+DEtD
YLVWRDOJRTXHOHVREUHVDOWyHOFRUD]yQXQDVVRPEUDVRVFXUDVSHTXHxDVDXQTXH
PDMHVWXRVDVHQHOUHVSODQGRUGLVWDQWH
²£/DVÈJXLODV£/DVÈJXLODV²YRFLIHUy²£9LHQHQODVÈJXLODV
/RVRMRVGH%LOERUDUDYH]VHHTXLYRFDEDQ/DVÈJXLODVYHQtDQFRQHOYLHQWRKLOHUD
WUDVKLOHUDHQXQDKXHVWHWDQQXPHURVDTXHWRGRVORVDJXLOHURVGHOQRUWHSDUHFtDQ
KDEHUVHUHXQLGRDOOt
²£/DV ÈJXLODV £/DV ÈJXLODV ²JULWDED %LOER VDOWDQGR \ PRYLHQGR ORV EUD]RV 6L
ORV HOIRV QR SRGtDQ YHUOR DO PHQRV SRGtDQ RtUOR 3URQWR HOORV JULWDURQ WDPELpQ\
ORV HFRV FRUULHURQ SRU HO YDOOH 0XFKRV RMRV H[SHFWDQWHV PLUDURQ DUULED DXQTXH
D~Q QDGD VH SRGtD YHU H[FHSWR GHVGH ODV HVWULEDFLRQHV PHULGLRQDOHV GH OD
0RQWDxD
²£/DVÈJXLODV²JULWy%LOERRWUDYH]SHURHQHVHPRPHQWRXQDSLHGUDFD\y\OH
JROSHyFRQIXHU]DHO\HOPR\HOKREELWVHGHVSORPy\QRYLRQDGDPiV
(/9,$-('(98(/7$
&XDQGR %LOER VH UHFREUy VH UHFREUy OLWHUDOPHQWH VROR (VWDED WHQGLGR HQ ODV
SLHGUDVSODQDVGHOD&ROLQDGHO&XHUYR\QRKDEtDQDGLHFHUFD8QGtDGHVSHMDGR
SHURIUtRVHH[WHQGtDDOOiDUULED%LOERWHPEODED\VHVHQWtDWDQKHODGRFRPRXQD
SLHGUDSHURHQODFDEH]DOHDUGtDXQIXHJR
0HSUHJXQWRTXpKDSDVDGRVHGLMR'HWRGRVPRGRVQRVR\WRGDYtDXQRGHORV
KpURHVFDtGRV£SHURVXSRQJRTXHWRGDYtDKD\WLHPSRSDUDHVR
6HVHQWyDJDUURWDGR0LUDQGRKDFLDHOYDOOHQRDOFDQ]yDYHUQLQJ~QWUDVJRYLYR
$OFDERGHXQUDWRODFDEH]DVHOHDFODUyXQSRFR\FUH\yGLVWLQJXLUDXQRVHOIRV
TXHVHPRYtDQHQODVURFDVGHDEDMR6HUHVWUHJyORVRMRV¢$FDVRKDEtDD~QXQ
FDPSDPHQWR HQ OD OODQXUD D FLHUWD GLVWDQFLD \ XQ PRYLPLHQWR GH LGDV\YHQLGDV
DOUHGHGRUGHOD3XHUWD"/RVHQDQRVSDUHFtDQHVWDU DWDUHDGRVUHPRYLHQGRHOPXUR
3HUR WRGR HVWDED FRPR PXHUWR 1R VH RtDQ OODPDGDV QL HFRV GH FDQFLRQHV 'H
DOJ~QPRGRKDEtDXQDWULVWH]DHQHODLUH
²£9LFWRULDGHVSXpVGHWRGRVXSRQJR²GLMRVLQWLHQGRHOGRORUGHFDEH]D²%LHQ
ODVLWXDFLyQSDUHFHEDVWDQWHVRPEUtD
'HV~ELWRGHVFXEULyDXQKRPEUHTXHWUHSDED\YHQtDKDFLDpO
²£+RODDKt²OODPyFRQYR]YDFLODQWH² £+RODDKt¢4XpRFXUUH"
²¢4Xp YR] HV OD TXH KDEOD HQWUH ODV URFDV" ²GLMR HO KRPEUH GHWHQLpQGRVH \
DWLVEDQGRDOUHGHGRUQROHMRV GHGRQGH%LOERHVWDEDVHQWDGR
£(QWRQFHV %LOER UHFRUGy HO DQLOOR ²£4XH PH DVSHQ ²GLMR² (VWD LQYLVLELOLGDG
WLHQHWDPELpQVXVLQFRQYHQLHQWHV'H2WURPRGRKXELHUDSRGLGRSDVDUXQDQRFKH
DEULJDGD\FyPRGDHQFDPD
²£6R\ \R %LOER %ROVyQ HO FRPSDxHUR GH 7KRULQ ²JULWy TXLWiQGRVH GH SULVD HO
DQLOOR
²£(V XQD VXHUWH TXH WH KD\D HQFRQWUDGR ²GLMR HO KRPEUH DGHODQWiQGRVH² 7H
QHFHVLWDQ\HVWDPRVEXVFiQGRWHGHVGHKDFHWLHPSR7HKXELHUDQFRQWDGRHQWUH
ORVPXHUWRVTXHVRQPXFKRVVL*DQGDOIHOPDJRQR KXELHVHGLFKRTXHQRKDFH
PXFKRKDEtDQRtGRWXYR]SRUHVWRVVLWLRV0HKDQHQYLDGRDPLUDUDTXtSRU~OWLPD
YH]¢(VWiVPX\KHULGR"
²8Q JROSH IHR HQ OD FDEH]D FUHR ²GLMR %LOER² 3HUR WHQJR XQ \HOPR \ XQD
FDEH]DGXUD$Vt\WRGRPHVLHQWRHQIHUPR \ODVSLHUQDVVHPHGREODQFRPRSDMD
²7H OOHYDUp DEDMR DO FDPSDPHQWR GHO YDOOH ²GLMR HO KRPEUH \ OR DO]y FRQ
IDFLOLGDG
(O KRPEUH HUD UiSLGR \ GH SDVR VHJXUR 1R SDVy PXFKR WLHPSR DQWHV GH TXH
GHSRVLWDUDD%LOERDQWHXQDWLHQGDHQ9DOOH\DOOt HVWDED*DQGDOIFRQXQEUD]RHQ
FDEHVWULOOR1LVLTXLHUDHOPDJRKDEtDHVFDSDGRLQGHPQH\KDEtDSRFRVHQWRGDOD
KXHVWHTXHQRWXYLHUDQDOJXQDKHULGD
&XDQGR*DQGDOIYLRD%LOERVHDOHJUyGHYHUDV
²£%ROVyQ²H[FODPy²£%XHQR£1XQFDORKXELHUDGLFKR£9LYRGHVSXpVGHWRGR
£(VWR\FRQWHQWR£(PSH]DEDDSUHJXQWDUPHVLHVDVXHUWHTXHWLHQHVWHD\XGDUtDD
VDOLUGHOSDVR)XHDOJRWHUULEOH\FDVLGHVDVWURVR3HURODVRWUDVQXHYDVSXHGHQ
DJXDUGDU £9HQ ²GLMR PiV JUDYHPHQWH² $OJXLHQ WH UHFODPD ²< JXLDQGR DO
KREELWOROOHYRGHQWURGHODWLHQGD
²£6DOXG7KRULQ²GLMR*DQGDOIPLHQWUDVHQWUDED²/RKHWUDtGR
$OOtHIHFWLYDPHQWH\DFtD7KRULQ(VFXGRGH5REOHKHULGRGHPXFKDVKHULGDV\OD
DUPDGXUDDEROODGD\HOKDFKDPHOODGDHVWDEDQMXQWRDpOHQ HOVXHOR$O]yORVRMRV
FXDQGR%LOERVHOHDFHUFy
²$GLyVEXHQODGUyQ²GLMR² 3DUWRDKRUDKDFLDORVVDORQHVGHHVSHUDDVHQWDUPH
DOODGRGHPLVSDGUHVKDVWDTXHHOPXQGRVHDUHQRYDGR<DTXHKR\GHMRWRGRHO
RUR\ODSODWD\YR\DGRQGHWLHQHQSRFRYDORUGHVHRSDUWLUHQDPLVWDGFRQWLJR\
PHUHWUDFWRGHPLVSDODEUDV\KHFKRVDQWHOD3XHUWD
%LOER KLQFy XQD URGLOOD DKRJDGR SRU OD SHQD ²£$GLyV 5H\ EDMR OD 0RQWDxD ²
GLMR²(VHVWDXQDDPDUJDDYHQWXUDVLKDGHWHUPLQDUDVt\QLXQDPRQWDxDGH
RUR SRGUtD HQPHQGDUOD &RQ WRGR PH DOHJUR GH KDEHU FRPSDUWLGR WXV SHOLJURV
HVWRKDVLGRPiVGHORTXHFXDOTXLHU%ROVyQKXELHUDSRGLGRPHUHFHU
²£1R ²GLMR 7KRULQ² +D\ HQ WL PXFKDV YLUWXGHV TXH W~ PLVPR LJQRUDVKLMRGHO
ERQGDGRVR2HVWH$OJRGHFRUDMH\DOJRGHVDELGXUtDPH]FODGRVFRQPHVXUD6L
PXFKRVGHQRVRWURVGLHUDQPiVYDORUDODFRPLGDODDOHJUtD\ODVFDQFLRQHVTXH
DORURDWHVRUDGRHVWHVHUtDXQPXQGRPiVIHOL]3HURWULVWHRDOHJUHDKRUDKHGH
DEDQGRQDUOR£$GLyV
(QWRQFHV%LOERVHYROYLy\VHIXHVROR\VHVHQWyIXHUDDUURSDGRFRQXQDPDQWD
\ DXQTXH TXL]i QR OR FUHiLV OORUy KDVWD TXH VH OH HQURMHFLHURQ ORV RMRV \ VH WH
HQURQTXHFLy OD YR] (UD XQ DOPD ERQGDGRVD \ SDVy ODUJR WLHPSR DQWHV GH TXH
WXYLHVHJDQDVGHYROYHUDEURPHDU+DVLGRXQDFWRGHPLVHULFRUGLDVHGLMRDOILQ
TXH KD\D GHVSHUWDGR FXDQGR OR KLFH 'HVHDUtD TXH 7KRULQ HVWXYLHVH YLYR SHUR
PH DOHJUR GH TXH SDUWLHVH HQ SD] (UHV XQ WRQWR %LOER %ROVyQ \ OR WUDVWRUQDVWH
WRGRFRQHVHDVXQWRGHODSLHGUD\DOILQKXERXQDEDWDOODDSHVDUGHTXHWDQWRWH
HVIRU]DVWH HQ FRQVHJXLU SD] \ WUDQTXLOLGDG DXQTXH VXSRQJR TXH QDGLH SRGUi
DFXVDUWHSRUHVR
7RGR OR TXH VXFHGLy GHVSXpV GH TXH OR GHMDVHQ VLQ VHQWLGR %LOER OR VXSR PiV
WDUGH SHUR VLQWLy HQWRQFHV PiV SHQD TXH DOHJUtD \ \D HVWDED FDQVDGR GH OD
DYHQWXUD(OGHVHRGHYLDMDUGHYXHOWDDOKRJDUORFRQVXPtD(VRVLQHPEDUJRVH
UHWUDVy XQ SRFR GH PRGR TXH HQWUHWDQWR RV UHODWDUp DOJR GH OR TXH RFXUULy /DV
WURSDV GH WUDVJRVKDEtDQGHVSHUWDGRKDFtDWLHPSRODVRVSHFKDGHODVÈJXLODVD
FX\DDWHQFLyQQRSRGtDHVFDSDUQDGDTXHVHPRYLHUDHQODVFLPDV'HPRGRTXH
HOODVWDPELpQVHUHXQLHURQHQJUDQQ~PHURDOUHGHGRUGHOÈJXLODGHODV0RQWDxDV
1XEODGDV\DOILQROIDWHDQGRHOFRPEDWHKDEtDQYHQLGRGHSULVDEDMDQGRFRQOD
WRUPHQWD HQ HO PRPHQWR FUtWLFR )XHURQ HOODV TXLHQHV GHVDORMDURQ GH ODV ODGHUDV
GH OD PRQWDxD D ORV WUDVJRV TXH FKLOODEDQ GHVFRQFHUWDGRV DUURMiQGRORV D ORV
SUHFLSLFLRVRHPSXMiQGRORVKDFLDORVHQHPLJRVGHDEDMR1RSDVyPXFKRWLHPSR
DQWHV GH TXH KXELHVHQ OLEHUDGR OD 0RQWDxD 6ROLWDULD \ ORV HOIRV \ KRPEUHV GH
DPERVODGRVGHOYDOOHSXGLHURQSRUILQEDMDUDD\XGDUHQHOFRPEDWH
3HUR DXQ LQFOX\HQGR D ODV ÈJXLODV ORV WUDVJRV ORV VXSHUDEDQ HQ Q~PHUR (Q
DTXHOOD ~OWLPD KRUD HO SURSLR %HRUQ KDEtD DSDUHFLGR QDGLH VDEtD FyPR R GH
GyQGH/OHJyVRORHQIRUPDGHRVR\FRQODFyOHUDSDUHFtDDKRUDPiVJUDQGHGH
WDOODFDVLXQJLJDQWH
(O UXJLU GH OD YR] GH %HRUQ HUD FRPR WDPERUHV \ FDxRQHV \ VH DEUtD SDVR
HFKDQGRDORVODGRVORERV\WUDVJRVFRPRVLIXHUDQSDMDV\SOXPDV&D\yVREUHOD
UHWDJXDUGLD \ FRPR XQ WUXHQR LUUXPSLy HQ HO FtUFXOR /RV HQDQRV VH PDQWHQtDQ
ILUPHV HQ XQD FROLQD EDMD \ UHGRQGD (QWRQFHV %HRUQ VH DJDFKy \ UHFRJLy D
7KRULQTXHKDEtDFDtGRDWUDYHVDGRSRUODVODQ]DV\OROOHYyIXHUDGHOFRPEDWH
5HWRUQy HQ VHJXLGD FRQ XQD FyOHUD UHGREODGD GH PRGR TXH QDGD SRGtD
FRQWHQHUOR \ QLQJ~Q DUPD SDUHFtD KDFHUOH PHOOD 'LVSHUVy OD JXDUGLD DUURMy DO
SURSLR%ROJRDOVXHOR\ORDSODVWy(QWRQFHVHOGHVDOLHQWRFXQGLyHQWUHORVWUDVJRV
TXHVHGLVSHUVDURQHQWRGDVGLUHFFLRQHV3HURHVWDQXHYDHVSHUDQ]DDOHQWyDORV
RWURV TXH ORV SHUVLJXLHURQ GH FHUFD \ HYLWDURQ TXH OD PD\RUtD EXVFDUD FyPR
HVFDSDU (PSXMDURQ D PXFKRV KDFLD HO 5tR 5iSLGR \ DVt KX\HVHQ DO VXU R DO
RHVWHIXHURQDFRVDGRVHQORVSDQWDQRV SUy[LPRVDO5tRGHO%RVTXH\DOOtSHUHFLy
ODPD\RUSDUWHGHORV~OWLPRVIXJLWLYRV\TXLHQHVVHDFHUFDURQDORVGRPLQLRVGH
ORV (OIRV GHO %RVTXH IXHURQ XOWLPDGRV R DWUDtGRV SDUD TXH PXULHUDQ HQ OD
RVFXULGDGLPSHQHWUDEOHGHO%RVTXH1HJUR/DVFDQFLRQHVUHODWDQTXHHQDTXHOGtD
SHUHFLHURQWUHVFXDUWDVSDUWHVGHORVWUDVJRVJXHUUHURVGHO1RUWH\ODVPRQWDQDV
WXYLHURQSD]GXUDQWHPXFKRVDxRV
/D YLFWRULD HUD VHJXUD \D DQWHV GH OD FDtGD GH OD QRFKH SHUR OD SHUVHFXFLyQ
FRQWLQXDEDD~QFXDQGR%LOERUHJUHVy DOFDPSDPHQWR\HQHOYDOOHQRTXHGDEDQ
PXFKRVH[FHSWRORVKHULGRVPiVJUDYHV
²¢'yQGH HVWiQ ODV ÈJXLODV" ²SUHJXQWy %LOER D *DQGDOI DTXHO DQRFKHFHU
PLHQWUDV\DFtDDEULJDGRFRQPXFKDVPDQWDV
²$OJXQDVHVWiQGHFDFHUtD²GLMRHOPDJR²SHURODPD\RUtDKDSDUWLGRGHYXHOWD
DORVDJXLOHURV1RTXLVLHURQTXHGDUVHDTXt\VHIXHURQFRQODVSULPHUDVOXFHVGHO
DOED'DLQKDFRURQDGRDOMHIHFRQRUR\OHKDMXUDGRDPLVWDGSDUDVLHPSUH
²/R ODPHQWR 4XLHUR GHFLU PH KXELHUD JXVWDGR YHUODV RWUD YH] ²GLMR %LOER
DGRUPLODGR²TXL]iODVYHDHQHOFDPLQRDFDVD¢6XSRQJRTXHLUpSURQWR"
²7DQSURQWRFRPRTXLHUDV²GLMRHOPDJR(QYHUGDGSDVDURQDOJXQRVGtDVDQWHV
GHTXH%LOERSDUWLHUDUHDOPHQWH(QWHUUDURQD7KRULQPX\KRQGREDMROD0RQWDxD
\%DUGROHSXVROD3LHGUDGHO$UFDVREUHHOSHFKR
²£4XH\D]JDDTXtKDVWDTXHOD0RQWDxDVHGHVPRURQH
²GLMR² £4XHWUDLJDIRUWXQDDWRGRVORVHQDQRVTXHHQDGHODQWHYLYDQDTXt
6REUHODWXPEDGH7KRULQHO5H\(OIRSXVROXHJRD2UFULVWODHVSDGDpOILFDTXH OH
KDEtDQ DUUHEDWDGR DO HQDQR FXDQGR OR DSUHVDURQ 6H GLFH HQ ODV FDQFLRQHV TXH
EULOODHQODRVFXULGDGFDGDYH]TXHVHDSUR[LPDXQHQHPLJR\ODIRUWDOH]DGHORV
HQDQRV QR SXHGH VHU WRPDGD SRU VRUSUHVD $OOt 'DLQ KLMR GH 1DLQ YLYLy GHVGH
HQWRQFHV \ VH FRQYLUWLy HQ 5H\ EDMR OD 0RQWDxD \ FRQ HO WLHPSR PXFKRV RWURV
HQDQRV YLQLHURQ D UHXQLUVH DOUHGHGRU GHO WURQR HQ ORV DQWLJXRV VDORQHV 'H ORV
GRFHFRPSDxHURVGH7KRULQTXHGDEDQGLH])tOL\.LOLKDEtDQFDtGRGHIHQGLpQGROR
FRQHOFXHUSR\ORVHVFXGRVSXHVHUDHOKHUPDQRPD\RUGHODPDGUHGHHOORV/RV
RWURVSHUPDQHFLHURQFRQ'DLQTXHDGPLQLVWUyHOWHVRURFRQMXVWLFLD
1R KXER GHVGH OXHJR QLQJXQD GLVFXVLyQ VREUH OD GLYLVLyQ GHO WHVRUR HQ WDQWDV
SDUWHVFRPRKDEtDVLGRSODQHDGRSDUD%DOLQ\'ZDOLQ\'RUL\1RUL\2UL\ÏLQ\
*OyLQ\%LIXU\%RIXU\%RPEXURSDUD%LOER&RQWRGRXQDFDWRUFHDYDSDUWHGH
WRGDODSODWD\RURODEUDGD\VLQODEUDUVHHQWUHJyD%DUGRSXHV'DLQFRPHQWy²
+DUHPRVKRQRUDODFXHUGRGHOPXHUWR\pOFXVWRGLDDKRUDOD3LHGUDGHO$UFD
$XQ XQD FDWRUFHDYD SDUWH HUD XQD ULTXH]D H[FHVLYD PiV JUDQGH TXH OD GH
PXFKRV UH\HV PRUWDOHV 'H DTXHO WHVRUR %DUGR HQYLy JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH RUR DO
JREHUQDGRU GH OD &LXGDG GHO /DJR \ UHFRPSHQVy FRQ ODUJXH]D D VHJXLGRUHV \
DPLJRV$O5H\GHORV(OIRVOHGLRODVHVPHUDOGDVGH*LULRQODVMR\DVTXHpOPiV
DPDED\TXH'DLQOHKDEtDGHYXHOWR
$%LOEROHGLMR²(VWHWHVRURHVWDQWRWX\RFRPRPtRDXQTXHDQWLJXRVDFXHUGRV
QRSXHGDQPDQWHQHUVH\DTXHWDQWRVLQWHUYLQLHURQHQJDQDUOR\GHIHQGHUOR3HUR
DXQFXDQGRGLMLVWHTXHUHQXQFLDUtDVDWRGDSUHWHQVLyQGHVHDUtDTXHODVSDODEUDV
GH7KRULQGHODVFXDOHVVHDUUHSLQWLyQRUHVXOWDVHQFLHUWDVTXHWHGDUtDPRVSRFR
7HUHFRPSHQVDUpPiVTXHDQDGLH
²0X\ERQGDGRVRGHWXSDUWH²GLMR%LOER²3HURUHDOPHQWHHVXQDOLYLRSDUDPt
&yPRGHPRQLRVSRGUtDOOHYDUHVHWHVRURDFDVDVLQTXHKXELHUDSHOHDV\FUtPHQHV
WRGRDORODUJRGHOFDPLQRQRORVp<QRVpTXpKDUtDFRQHVHWHVRURXQDYH]HQ
FDVD(QWXVPDQRVHVWDUiPHMRU
3RU~OWLPRDFFHGLyDWRPDUVyORGRVSHTXHxRVFRIUHVXQROOHQRGHSODWD\HORWUR
OOHQRGHRURTXHXQSRQH\IXHUWHSRGUtDFDUJDU²8QSRFRPiV\QRVDEUtDTXp
KDFHUFRQpO²GLMR
3RU ILQ OOHJy HO PRPHQWR GH GHVSHGLUVH ²£$GLyV %DOLQ ²H[FODPy² £< DGLyV
'ZDOLQ \ DGLyV 'RUL 1RUL 2UL ÏLQ *OyLQ %LIXU %RIXU \ %RPEXU £4XH YXHVWUDV
EDUEDVQXQFDFUH]FDQUDODV²<YROYLpQGRVHKDFLDOD0RQWDxDDxDGLy²£$GLyV
7KRULQ(VFXGRGH5REOH£<)tOL\.LOL£4XHQXQFDVHSLHUGDYXHVWUDPHPRULD
(QWRQFHV ORV HQDQRV VH LQFOLQDURQ SURIXQGDPHQWH DQWH OD 3XHUWD SHUR ODV
SDODEUDVVHOHVWUDEDURQHQODVJDUJDQWDV²£$GLyV\EXHQDVXHUWHGRQGHTXLHUD
TXH YD\DV ²GLMR %DOLQ DO ILQ² 6L DOJXQD YH] YXHOYHV D YLVLWDUQRV FXDQGR
QXHVWURVVDORQHVHVWpQGHQXHYRHPEHOOHFLGRVHQWRQFHV£HOIHVWtQVHUiUHDOPHQWH
HVSOpQGLGR
²£6LDOJXQDYH]SDViLVSRUPLFDPLQR²GLMR%LOER²QRGXGpLVHQOODPDU(OWpHV
DODFXDWUR£SHURFXDOTXLHUDGHYRVRWURVVHUiELHQYHQLGRDFXDOTXLHUKRUD
/XHJRGLRPHGLDYXHOWD\VHDOHMy
/D KXHVWH pOILFD HVWDED HQ PDUFKD \ DXQTXH WULVWHPHQWH GLVPLQXLGD WRGDYtD
PXFKRV LEDQ DOHJUHV SXHV DKRUD HO PXQGR VHSWHQWULRQDO VHUtD PiV IHOL]GXUDQWH
ODUJRV DxRV (O GUDJyQ HVWDED PXHUWR \ ORV WUDVJRV GHUURWDGRV \ ORV FRUD]RQHV
pOILFRVPLUDEDQDGHODQWHPiVDOOiGHOLQYLHUQRKDFLDXQDSULPDYHUDGHDOHJUtD
*DQGDOI \ %LOER FDEDOJDEDQ GHWUiV GHO UH\ \ MXQWR D HOORV PDUFKDED %HRUQ D
JUDQGHVSDVRVXQDYH]PiVHQIRUPDKXPDQD\UHtD\FDQWDEDFRQXQDYR]UHFLD
SRU HO FDPLQR $Vt IXHURQ KDVWD DSUR[LPDUVH D ORV OLQGHV GHO %RVTXH 1HJUR DO
QRUWH GHO OXJDU GRQGH QDFtD HO 5tR GHO %RVTXH +LFLHURQ DOWR HQWRQFHV SXHV HO
PDJR \ %LOER QR SHQHWUDUtDQ HQ HO ERVTXH DXQ FXDQGR HO UH\ OHV RIUHFLy TXH VH
TXHGDUDQ XQ WLHPSR 6H SURSRQtDQ PDUFKDU D OR ODUJR GHO ERUGH GHODIORUHVWD\
FLUFXQGDUHOH[WUHPRQRUWHLQWHUQiQGRVHHQHO\HUPRTXHVHH[WHQGtDHQWUHpO\ODV
0RQWDxDV*ULVHV(UDXQODUJR\WULVWHFDPLQRSHURDKRUDTXHORVWUDVJRVKDEtDQ
VLGR DSODVWDGRV OHV SDUHFtD PiV VHJXUR TXH ORV HVSDQWRVRV VHQGHURV EDMR ORV
iUEROHV$GHPiV %HRUQLUtDFRQHOORV
²£$GLyVRK5H\(OIR²GLMR*DQGDOI² £4XHHOERVTXHYHUGHVHDIHOL]PLHQWUDVHO
PXQGRHVWRGDYtDMRYHQ£<TXHVHDIHOL]WRGRWXSXHEOR
²£$GLyV RK *DQGDOI ²GLMR HO UH\² £4XH VLHPSUH DSDUH]FDV GRQGH PiV WH
QHFHVLWHQ\PHQRVWHHVSHUHQ£&XDQWDVPiVYHFHVYHQJDVDPLVVDORQHVWDQWR
PiVPHVHQWLUpFRPSODFLGR
²£7HUXHJR²GLMR%LOERWDUWDPXGHDQGRYDFLODQWH² TXHDFHSWHVHVWHSUHVHQWH²
\VDFyXQFROODUGHSODWD\SHUODVTXH'DLQOHKDEtDGDGRDOSDUWLU
²¢&yPRPHKHJDQDGRHVWHSUHVHQWHRKKREELW"²GLMRHOUH\
²%XHQR HVWH SHQVp ²GLMR %LOER EDVWDQWH FRQIXVR² TXH DOJR WHQGUtD TXH
GDU SRU WX HVWH KRVSLWDOLGDG 4XLHUR GHFLU TXH WDPELpQ XQ VDTXHDGRU WLHQH
VHQWLPLHQWRV+HEHELGRPXFKRGHWXYLQR\KHFRPLGRPXFKRGHWXSDQ²
²£$FHSWDUp WX SUHVHQWH RK %LOER HO 0DJQtILFR ²GLMR HO UH\ JUDYHPHQWH² < WH
QRPEUR DPLJR GHO HOIR \ ELHQDYHQWXUDGR £4XH WX VRPEUD QXQFD GLVPLQX\D R
UREDUWHVHUtDGHPDVLDGRIiFLO£$GLyV
/XHJR ORV HOIRV VH YROYLHURQ KDFLD HO %RVTXH \%LOERHPSUHQGLyODODUJDPDUFKD
KDFLDHOKRJDU
3DVy PXFKRV LQIRUWXQLRV \ DYHQWXUDV DQWHV GH HVWDU GH YXHOWD (O <HUPR HUD
WRGDYtD HO <HUPR \ KDEtD DOOt 2WUDV FRVDV HQ DTXHOORV GtDVDGHPiVGHWUDVJRV
SHURLEDELHQJXLDGR\FXVWRGLDGR²HOPDJRHVWDEDFRQpO\%HRUQORDFRPSDxy
XQD EXHQD SDUWH GHO FDPLQR² \ QXQFD YROYLy D HQFRQWUDUVH HQ XQ DSXUR JUDYH
&RQ WRGR KDFLD OD PLWDG GHO LQYLHUQR *DQGDOI \ %LOER KDEtDQ GHMDGR DWUiV ORV
OLQGHV GHO %RVTXH \ YROYLHURQ D ODV SXHUWDV GH OD FDVD GH %HRUQ \ DOOt VH
TXHGDURQ XQD WHPSRUDGD (O LQYLHUQR SDVy FRQ GtDV DJUDGDEOHV \ DOHJUHV \
KRPEUHVGHWRGDVSDUWHVYLQLHURQDIHVWHMDUORLQYLWDGRVSRU%HRUQ/RVWUDVJRVGp
ODV0RQWDxDV1XEODGDVHUDQSRFRV\VHHVFRQGtDQDWHUURUL]DGRVHQORVDJXMHURV
PiV SURIXQGRV TXH SRGtDQ HQFRQWUDU \ ORV ZDUJRV KDEtDQ GHVDSDUHFLGR GH ORV
ERVTXHVGHPRGRTXHORVKRPEUHVLEDQGHXQODGRDRWURVLQWHPRU%HRUQOOHJyD
FRQYHUWLUVH HQ HO MHIH GH DTXHOODV UHJLRQHV \ JREHUQy XQD H[WHQVD WLHUUD HQWUH HO
ERVTXH\ODVPRQWDxDV\VHGLFHTXHGXUDQWHPXFKDVJHQHUDFLRQHVORVYDURQHV
TXH pO HQJHQGUDED SRGtDQ WUDQVIRUPDUVH HQ RVRV \ DOJXQRV VH PRVWUDURQ
LQIOH[LEOHV \ SHUYHUVRV SHUR OD PD\RU SDUWH IXH FRPR %HRUQ DXQTXH GH PHQRV
WDPDxR \ IXHU]D (Q HVRV GtDV ORV ~OWLPRV WUDVJRV IXHURQ H[SXOVDGRV GH ODV
0RQWDxDV1XEODGDV\KXERXQDQXHYDSD]HQORVOtPLWHVGHO<HUPR
(UD SULPDYHUD \ XQD KHUPRVD SULPDYHUD FRQ DLUHV WHPSUDQRV \ XQ VRO EULOODQWH
FXDQGR%LOER\*DQGDOIVHGHVSLGLHURQDOILQGH%HRUQ\DXQTXHDQKHODEDYROYHU
DO KRJDU%LOERSDUWLyFRQSHQDSXHVODVIORUHVGHORVMDUGLQHVGH%HRUQHUDQHQ
SULPDYHUDQRPHQRVPDUDYLOORVDVTXHHQSOHQRYHUDQR
$OILQDVFHQGLHURQSRUHOODUJRFDPLQR\DOFDQ]DURQHOSDVRGRQGHORVWUDVJRVORV
KDEtDQ FDSWXUDGR DQWHV 3HUR OOHJDURQ D DTXHO VLWLR HOHYDGR SRU OD PDxDQD \
PLUDQGR KDFLD DWUiV YLHURQ XQ VRO EODQFR TXH EULOODED VREUH OD YDVWHGDG GH OD
WLHUUD$OOiDWUiVVHH[WHQGtDHO%RVTXH1HJURD]XOHQODGLVWDQFLD\RVFXUDPHQWH
YHUGHHQHOOtPLWHPiVFHUFDQRDXQHQORVGtDVSULPDYHUDOHV$OOiELHQOHMRVVH
DO]DED OD 0RQWDxD 6ROLWDULD DSHQDV YLVLEOH (Q HO SLFR PiV DOWR WRGDYtD EULOODED
SiOLGDODQLHYH
²£$VtOOHJDODQLHYHWUDVHOIXHJR\DXQORVGUDJRQHVWLHQHQVXILQDO²GLMR%LOER\
YROYLyODHVSDOGDDVXDYHQWXUD(OODGR7XNHVWDEDVLQWLpQGRVHPX\FDQVDGR\HO
ODGR %ROVyQ VH IRUWDOHFtD GtD D GtD² £$KRUD VyOR PH IDOWD HVWDU VHQWDGR HQ PL
SURSLRVLOOyQ²GLMR
/$8/7,0$-251$'$
(UDHOSULPHUGtDGHPD\RFXDQGRORVGRVUHJUHVDURQSRUILQDOERUGHGHOYDOOHGH
5LYHQGHO GRQGH VH DO]DED OD 8OWLPD R OD 3ULPHUD 0RUDGD 'H QXHYR FDtD OD
WDUGHORVSRQH\VVHHVWDEDQFDQVDQGRHQHVSHFLDOHOTXHWUDQVSRUWDEDORVEXOWRV
\ WRGRV QHFHVLWDEDQ DOJ~Q UHSRVR 0LHQWUDV GHVFHQGtDQ HO HPSLQDGR VHQGHUR
%LOER2\yDORVHOIRVTXHFDQWDEDQWRGDYtDHQWUHORViUEROHVFRPRVLQRKXELHUDQ
FDOODGR GHVGH TXH pO HVWXYLHUD DOOt KDFtD WLHPSR \ WDQ SURQWR FRPR ORV MLQHWHV
EDMDURQDORVFODURVLQIHULRUHVGHOERVTXHODVYRFHVHQWRQDURQXQDFDQFLyQPX\
SDUHFLGDDODGHDTXHOHQWRQFHV(UDDOJRDVt
£(OGUDJyQVHKDPDUFKLWDGR
OHKDQGHVWUR]DGRORVKXHVRV
\OHKDQURWRODDUPDGXUD
\HOEULOOROHKDQKXPLOODGR
$XQTXHODHVSDGDVHR[LGH
\ODFRURQDSHUH]FD
FRQXQDIXHU]DLQIOH[LEOH
\ELHQHVDWHVRUDGRV
D~QFUHFHQDTXtODVKLHUEDV
\D~QHOIROODMHVHPHFH
HODJXDEODQFDVHPXHYH
\FDQWDQODVYRFHVpOILFDV
£9HQLG£7UD²OD²OD²ODOOH
£9HQLGGHYXHOWDDOYDOOH
/DVHVWUHOODVEULOODQPiV
TXHODVJHPDVLQFRQWDEOHV
\ODOXQDHVD~QPiVFODUD
TXHORVWHVRURVGHSODWD
HOIXHJRHVPiVUHOXFLHQWH
HQHOKRJDUDODQRFKH
TXHHORURKXQGLGRHQODVPLQDV
¢3RUTXpLUGHXQODGRDRWUR"
£2K£7UD²OD²OD²ODOOH
£9HQLGGHYXHOWDDOYDOOH
¢$GRQGHPDUFKiLVDKRUD
UHJUHVDQGR\DWDQWDUGH"
£/DVDJXDVGHOUtRIOX\HQ
\DUGHQWRGDVODVHVWUHOODV
¢$GRQGHPDUFKiLVFDUJDGRV
WDQWULVWHV\WHPHURVRV"
/RVHOIRV\VXVGRQFHOODV
VDOXGDQDORVFDQVDGRV
FRQXQWUD²OD²OD²ODOOH
YHQLGGHYXHOWDDOYDOOH
£7UD²OD²OD²ODOOH
£)D²OD²OD²ODOOH
£)D²OD
/XHJR ORV HOIRV GHO YDOOH VDOLHURQ \ OHV GLHURQ OD ELHQYHQLGD FRQGXFLpQGRORV D
WUDYpVGHODJXDKDVWDODFDVDGH(OURQG$OOtORVUHFLELHURQFRQDIHFWR\HVDPLVPD
WDUGHKXERPXFKRVRtGRVDQVLRVRVTXHTXHUtDQHVFXFKDUHOUHODWRGHODDYHQWXUD
*DQGDOI IXH TXLHQ KDEOy \D TXH %LOER VH VHQWtD IDWLJDGR \ VRPQROLHQWR %LOER
FRQRFtDODPD\RUSDUWHGHOUHODWRSXHVKDEtDSDUWLFLSDGRHQpO\DGHPiVOHKDEtD
FRQWDGRPXFKDVFRVDVDOPDJRHQHOFDPLQRRHQODFDVDGH%HRUQSHURDOJXQDV
YHFHVDEUtDXQRMR\HVFXFKDEDFXDQGR*DQGDOIFRQWDEDXQDSDUWHGHODKLVWRULD
GHODTXHpOD~QQRHVWDEDHQWHUDGR
)XHDVtFRPRVXSRGyQGHKDEtDHVWDGR*DQGDOISXHVDOFDQ]yDRtUODVSDODEUDV
GHO PDJR D (OURQG 3DUHFtD TXH *DQGDOI KDEtDDVLVWLGRDXQJUDQFRQFLOLRGHORV
PDJRV EODQFRV VHxRUHV GHO VDEHU WUDGLFLRQDO \ OD PDJLD EXHQD \ TXH KDEtDQ
H[SXOVDGRDOILQDO1LJURPDQWHGHVXRVFXURGRPLQLRDOVXUGHO%RVTXH1HJUR
²'HQWUR GH QR PXFKR WLHPSR ²GHFtD *DQGDOI² HO %RVTXH PHGUDUi GH DOJ~Q
PRGR(O1RUWHHVWDUiDVDOYRGHHVHKRUURUSRUPXFKRVDxRVHVSHUR£$XQDVt
GHVHDUtDTXH\DQRHVWXYLHVH HQHVWHPXQGR
²6HUtDEXHQRHQYHUGDG²GLMR(OURQG²SHURWHPRTXHHVRQRRFXUULUiHQHVWD
pSRFDGHOPXQGRQLHQPXFKDVTXHYHQGUiQGHVSXpV
&XDQGR HO UHODWR GH ORV YLDMHV FRQFOX\y KXER RWURV FXHQWRV \ WRGDYtD PiV
FXHQWRV GH DQWDxR GH KRJDxR \ GH QLQJ~Q WLHPSR KDVWD TXH %LOER FDEHFHy \
URQFyFyPRGDPHQWHHQXQULQFyQ
'HVSHUWy HQ XQ OHFKR EODQFR \ OD OXQD HQWUDED SRU XQD YHQWDQD DELHUWD 'HEDMR
PXFKRVHOIRVFDQWDEDQHQYR]DOWD\FODUDDRULOODVGHODUUR\R
£&DQWDGUHJRFLMDGRVFDQWDGDKRUDMXQWRV
(OYLHQWRHVWiHQODVFRSDV\URQGDHQHOEUH]DO
ORVFDSXOORVGHHVWUHOODV\ODOXQDIORUHFHQ
ODVYHQWDQDVQRFWXUQDVUHIXOJHQHQODWRUUH
£%DLODGUHJRFLMDGRVEDLODGDKRUDMXQWRV
£4XHODKLHUEDVHDEODQGD\ORVSLHVFRPRSOXPDV
(OUtRHVSODWHDGR\ODVVRPEUDVVHERUUDQ
IHOL]HOPHVGHPD\H\IHOL]QXHVWURHQFXHQWUR
£&DQWHPRVGXOFHPHQWHHQYROYLpQGRORHQVXHxRV
£'HMHPRVTXHUHSRVH\YDPRQRVDIXHUD
(OYDJDEXQGRGXHUPHTXHODDOPRKDGDVHDEODQGD
£$UUXOORV£0iVDUUXOORV£'HDOLVRV\GHVDXFHV
£3LQRW~QRVXVSLUHVKDVWDHOYLHQWRGHODOED
£/XQDHVFyQGHWH4XHKD\DVRPEUDHQODWLHUUD
6LOHQFLR£6LOHQFLR£5REOH)UHVQR\(VSLQR
£4XHHODJXDFDOOHKDVWDTXHDSXQWHODPDxDQD
²£%LHQ3XHEOR)HVWLYR²GLMR%LOERDVRPiQGRVH² ¢4XpKRUDHVVHJ~QODOXQD"
£9XHVWUD QDQD SRGUtD GHVSHUWDU D XQ WUDVJR ERUUDFKR 1R REVWDQWH RV GR\ ODV
JUDFLDV
²<WXVURQTXLGRVSRGUtDQGHVSHUWDUDXQGUDJyQGHSLHGUD1RREVWDQWHWHGDPRV
ODV JUDFLDV ²FRQWHVWDURQ ORV HOIRV FRQ XQD ULVD² (VWi DSXQWDQGR HODOED\KDV
GRUPLGR GHVGH HO SULQFLSLR GH OD QRFKH 0DxDQD WDO YH] KDEUiV UHPHGLDGR WX
FDQVDQFLR
²8Q VXHxR EUHYH HV XQ JUDQ UHPHGLR HQ OD FDVD GH (OURQG ²GLMR %LOER² SHUR
WUDWDUpGHTXHHOUHPHGLRQRPHIDOWH£%XHQDVQRFKHVSRUVHJXQGDYH]KHUPRVRV
DPLJRV ²< FRQ HVWDV SDODEUDV YROYLy DO OHFKR \ GXUPLy KDVWD ELHQ HQWUDGD OD
PDxDQD
3URQWRSHUGLyWRGDKXHOODGHFDQVDQFLRHQDTXpOODFDVD\QRWDUGyHQEURPHDU\
EDLODU WDUGH \ WHPSUDQR FRQ ORV HOIRV GHO YDOOH 6LQ HPEDUJR DXQ HVWH VLWLR QR
SRGtDGHPRUDUORSRUPXFKRWLHPSRPiV\SHQVDEDVLHPSUHHQVXSURSLDFDVD$O
FDER SXHV GH XQD VHPDQD OH GLMR DGLyV D (OURQG \ GiQGROH XQRV SHTXHxRV
UHJDORVTXHHOHOIRQRSRGtDGHMDUGHDFHSWDUVHDOHMyFDEDOJDQGRFRQ*DQGDOI
'HMDEDQHOYDOOHFXDQGRHOFLHORVHRVFXUHFLyDORHVWH\VRSOyHOYLHQWR\HPSH]y
DOORYHU
²£$OHJUHV GtDV GH PD\R ²GLMR %LOER FXDQGR OD OOXYLD OH JROSHy OD FDUD² 3HUR
KHPRVYXHOWRODHVSDOGDDPXFKDVOH\HQGDV\HVWDPRVOOHJDQGRDFDVD6XSRQJR
TXHHVWRHVHOSULPHUVDERUGHOKRJDU
²+D\XQ ODUJRFDPLQR²GLMR*DQGDOI
²3HURHVHO~OWLPRFDPLQR²GLMR%LOER
/OHJDURQDOUtRTXHVHxDODEDHOOLPLWHGHO<HUPR\DOYDGREDMRODRULOODHVFDUSDGD
TXHTXL]iUHFRUGpLV(ODJXDKDEtDFUHFLGRFRQHOGHVKLHORGHODVQLHYHVSXHVHO
YHUDQRHVWDEDSUy[LPR\FRQHOODUJRGtDGHOOXYLDSHURDOILQORFUX]DURQOXHJRGH
DOJXQDVGLILFXOWDGHV\FRQWLQXDURQPDUFKDQGRPLHQWUDVFDtDODWDUGHHUDOD~OWLPD
MRUQDGD
(VWDIXHSDUHFLGDDODSULPHUDSHURDKRUDODFRPSDxtDHUDPiVUHGXFLGD\PiV
VLOHQFLRVD DGHPiV HVWD YH] QR KXER WUROOV (Q FDGD SXQWR GHO FDPLQR %LOER
UHPHPRUDED ORV KHFKRV \ SDODEUDV GH KDFLD XQ DxR ²D pO OH SDUHFtDQ PiV GH
GLH]² \SRUVXSXHVWRUHFRQRFLyHQVHJXLGDHOOXJDUGRQGHHOSRQH\KDEtDFDtGR
DOUtR\GRQGHKDEtDQGHMDGRDWUiVDTXHOODGHVDJUDGDEOHDYHQWXUDFRQ7RP%HUWR
\*XLOOH
1ROHMRVGHOFDPLQRHQFRQWUDURQHORURHQWHUUDGRGHORVWUROOVD~QRFXOWRHLQWDFWR
²7HQJREDVWDQWHSDUDWRGDODYLGD²GLMR%LOERFXDQGRORGHVHQWHUUDURQ²6HUtD
PHMRUTXHORWRPDVHVW~*DQGDOI4XL]iSXHGDVHQFRQWUDUOHDOJXQDXWLOLGDG
²£'HVGHOXHJRTXHSXHGR²GLMRHOPDJR² £3HURGLYLGiPRVORHQSDUWHVLJXDOHV
3XHGHVHQFRQWUDUWHFRQQHFHVLGDGHVLQHVSHUDGDV
'HPRGRTXHSXVLHURQHORURHQFRVWDOHV\ORFDUJDURQHQORVSRQH\VTXLHQHVQR
VHPRVWUDURQPX\FRPSODFLGRV'HVGHHQWRQFHVODPDUFKDIXHPiVOHQWDSXHVOD
PD\RU SDUWH GHO WLHPSR DYDQ]DURQ D SLH 3HUR OD WLHUUD HUD YHUGH \ KDEtD PXFKD
KLHUED SRU OD TXH HO KREELW SDVHDED FRQWHQWy 6H HQMXJDED HO URVWUR FRQ XQ
SDxXHORGHVHGDURMD²£QRQRKDEtDFRQVHUYDGRXQRVyORGHORVVX\RV\pVWHVH
OR KDEtD SUHVWDGR (OURQG² SXHV DKRUD MXQLR KDEtD WUDtGR HO YHUDQR \ HO WLHPSR
HUDRWUDYH]FiOLGR\OXPLQRVR
&RPRWRGDVODVFRVDVOOHJDQDWpUPLQRDXQHVWDKLVWRULDXQGtDGLYLVDURQDOILQHO
SDtVGRQGH%LOERKDEtDQDFLGR\FUHFLGRGRQGHFRQRFtDODVIRUPDVGHODWLHUUD\
ORV iUEROHV WDQWR FRPR VXV SURSLDV PDQRV \ SLHV $OFDQ]y D RWHDU OD &ROLQD D OR
OHMRV\GHUHSHQWHVHGHWXYR\GLMR
/RVFDPLQRVVLJXHQDYDQ]DQGR
VREUHURFDV\EDMRiUEROHV
SRUFXUYDVGRQGHHOVRO QREULOOD
SRUDUUR\RVTXHHOPDUQRHQFXHQWUDQ
VREUHODVQLHYHVTXHHOLQYLHUQRVLHPEUD
\HQWUHODVIORUHVDOHJUHVGHMXQLR
VREUHODKLHUED\VREUHODSLHGUD
EDMRORVPRQWHVDODOX]GHODOXQD
/RVFDPLQRVVLJXHQDYDQ]DQGR
EDMRODVQXEHV\ODVHVWUHOODV
SHURORVSLHVTXHKDQHFKDGRDDQGDU
UHJUHVDQSRUILQDOKRJDUOHMDQR
/RVRMRVTXHIXHJRV\HVSDGDVKDQYLVWR
\KRUURUHVHQVDORQHVGHSLHGUD
PLUDQDOILQODVSUDGHUDVYHUGHV
FROLQDV\iUEROHVFRQRFLGRV
*DQGDOI OR PLUy ²£0L TXHULGR %LOER ²GLMR² £$OJR WH RFXUUH 1R HUHV HO KREELW
TXHHUDVDQWHV
<DVtFUX]DURQHOSXHQWH\SDVDURQHOPROLQRMXQWRDOUtR\OOHJDURQDODPLVPtVLPD
SXHUWDGH%LOER
²£%HQGLWDVHD¢4XpSDVD"²JULWyHOKREELW+DEtDXQDJUDQFRQPRFLyQ\JHQWH
GH WRGD FODVH UHVSHWDEOH \ QR UHVSHWDEOH VH DSLxDED HQ OD SXHUWD \ PXFKRV
HQWUDEDQ \ VDOtDQ \ QL VLTXLHUD VH OLPSLDEDQ ORV SLHV HQ HO IHOSXGR FRPR %LOER
REVHUYyGLVJXVWDGR
6L pO HVWDED VRUSUHQGLGR HOORV OR HVWXYLHURQ PiV £+DEtD OOHJDGR GH YXHOWD HQ
PHGLR GH XQD VXEDVWD +DEtD XQD JUDQ QRWD HQ EODQFR \ URMR HQ OD YHUMD
PDQLIHVWDQGRTXHHOYHLQWLGyVGHMXQLRORVVHxRUHV*RUJR*RUJR\%RUJRVDFDUtDQ
D VXEDVWD ORV HIHFWRV GHO ILQDGR VHxRU GRQ %LOER %ROVyQ GH %ROVyQ &HUUDGR
+REELWRQ/DYHQWDFRPHQ]DUtDDODVGLH]HQSXQWR(UDFDVLODKRUDGHODOPXHU]R
\ PXFKDV GH ODV FRVDV \D KDEtDQ VLGR YHQGLGDV D GLVWLQWRV SUHFLRV GHVGH FDVL
QDGD KDVWD YLHMDV FDQFLRQHV FRPR QR HV UDUR HQ ODV VXEDVWDV /RV SULPRV GH
%LOERORV6DFRYLOOD%ROVyQHVWDEDQPX\DWDUHDGRVPLGLHQGRODVKDELWDFLRQHVSDUD
YHU VL SRGUtDQ PHWHU DOOt VXV SURSLRV PXHEOHV (Q VtQWHVLV %LOER KDEtD VLGR
GHFODUDGRSUHVXQWDPHQWHPXHUWR\QRWRGRVODPHQWDURQTXHODSUHVXQFLyQIXHUD
IDOVD
/DYXHOWDGHOVHxRU%LOER%ROVyQFUHyWRGRXQGLVWXUELRWDQWREDMROD&ROLQDFRPR
VREUHOD&ROLQD\DORWURODGRGH'HODJXDHODVRPEURGXUyPXFKRPiVGHQXHYH
GtDV(OSUREOHPDVHSURORQJyHQYHUGDGGXUDQWHDxRV3DVyPXFKRWLHPSRDQWHV
GHTXHHOVHxRU%ROVyQIXHVHDGPLWLGRRWUDYH]HQHOPXQGRGHORVYLYRV/DJHQWH
TXHKDEtDFRQVHJXLGRXQDVEXHQDVJDQJDVHQODVXEDVWDIXHGXUDGHFRQYHQFHU
\ DO ILQDO SDUD DKRUUDU WLHPSR %LOER WXYR TXH FRPSUDU GH QXHYR PXFKRV GH VXV
SURSLRVPXHEOHV$OJXQDVFXFKDUDVGHSODWDGHVDSDUHFLHURQGHPRGRPLVWHULRVR
\QXQFDVHVXSRGHHOODVDXQTXH%LOERVRVSHFKDEDGHORV6DFRYLOOD%ROVyQ3RU
VX SDUWH HOORV QXQFD DGPLWLHURQ TXH HO %ROVyQ TXH HVWDED GH YXHOWD IXHUD HO
JHQXLQR \ ODV UHODFLRQHV FRQ %LOER VH HVWURSHDURQ SDUD VLHPSUH (Q UHDOLGDG
KDEtDQSHQVDGRPXFKRWLHPSRHQPXGDUVHDDTXHODJUDGDEOHDJXMHUR²KREELW
6LQHPEDUJR%LOERKDEtDSHUGLGRPiVTXHFXFKDUDVKDEtDSHUGLGRVXUHSXWDFLyQ
(V FLHUWR TXH WXYR GHVGH HQWRQFHV OD DPLVWDG GH ORV HOIRV \ HO UHVSHWR GH ORV
HQDQRV PDJRV \ WRGDV HVDV JHQWHV TXH DOJXQD YH] SDVDEDQ SRU DTXHO FDPLQR
3HUR\DQXQFDIXHGHOWRGRUHVSHWDEOH(QUHDOLGDGWRGRVORVKREELWVSUy[LPRVOR
FRQVLGHUDURQ UDUR H[FHSWR ORV VREULQRV \ VREULQDV GH OD UDPD 7XN DXQTXH ORV
SDGUHVGHHVWRVMyYHQHVQRORVDQLPDEDQDFXOWLYDUODDPLVWDGGH%LOER
/DPHQWR GHFLU TXH QR OH LPSRUWDED 6H VHQWtD PX\ FRQWHQWR \ HO VRQLGR GH OD
PDUPLWDVREUHHOKRJDUHUDPXFKRPiVPXVLFDOGHORTXHKDEtDVLGRDQWHVLQFOXVR
HQDTXHOORVGtDVWUDQTXLORVDQWHULRUHVDOD7HUWXOLD,QHVSHUDGD/DHVSDGDODFROJy
VREUH OD UHSLVD GH OD FKLPHQHD /D FRWD GH PDOOD IXH FRORFDGD VREUH XQD
SODWDIRUPDHQHOYHVWtEXORKDVWDTXHODSUHVWyDXQPXVHR(ORUR\ODSODWDORV
JDVWy HQ JHQHURVRV SUHVHQWHV WDQWR ~WLOHV FRPR H[WUDYDJDQWHV OR TXH H[SOLFD
KDVWDFLHUWRSXQWRHODIHFWRGHORVVREULQRV\VREULQDV(ODQLOORPiJLFRORJXDUGy
PX\ HQ VHFUHWR SXHV DKRUD OR XVDED VREUH WRGR FXDQGR OOHJDEDQ YLVLWDV
GHVDJUDGDEOHV
6HGHGLFyDHVFULELUSRHPDV\DYLVLWDUDORVHOIRV\DXQTXHPXFKRVPHQHDEDQOD
FDEH]D\VHWRFDEDQODIUHQWH\GHFtDQ²£3REUHYLHMR%ROVyQ²\SRFRVFUHtDQ
HQODVKLVWRULDVTXHDYHFHVFRQWDEDVHVLQWLyPX\IHOL]KDVWDHOILQGHVXVGtDV
TXHIXHURQH[WUDRUGLQDULDPHQWHODUJRV
8QD WDUGH RWRxDO DOJXQRV DxRV GHVSXpV %LOER HVWDED VHQWDGR HQ HO HVWXGLR
HVFULELHQGR VXV PHPRULDV ²SHQVDED OODPDUODV +LVWRULD GH XQD LGD \ GH XQD
YXHOWD/DVYDFDFLRQHVGHXQKREELW² FXDQGRVRQyODFDPSDQLOOD$OOtHQODSXHUWD
HVWDEDQ*DQGDOI\XQHQDQR\HOHQDQRQRHUDRWURTXH%DOLQ
²£(QWUDG £(QWUDG ²GLMR %LOER \ SURQWR HVWXYLHURQ VHQWDGRV HQ VLOODV MXQWR DO
IXHJR<²VL%DOLQDGYLUWLyTXHHOFKDOHFRGHOVHxRU%ROVyQHUDPiVDQFKR\WHQtD
ERWRQHVGHRURDXWHQWLFR%LOERDGYLUWLyWDPELpQTXHODEDUEDGH%DOLQHUDYDULDV
SXOJDGDVPiVODUJD\TXHHOOOHYDEDXQPDJQtILFRFLQWXUyQHQMR\DGR
6H SXVLHURQ D KDEODU GH ORV WLHPSRV TXH KDEtDQ SDVDGR MXQWRV GHVGH OXHJR \
%LOER SUHJXQWy FyPR LEDQ ODV FRVDV SRU ODV WLHUUDV GH OD 0RQWDQD 3DUHFtD TXH
LEDQPX\ELHQ%DUGRKDEtDUHFRQVWUXLGRODFLXGDGGH9DOOH\PXFKRVKRPEUHVVH
OHKDEtDQXQLGRKRPEUHVGHO/DJR\GHO6XU \HO2HVWH\FXOWLYDEDQHOYDOOHTXH
HUD SUyVSHUR RWUD YH] \ HQ OD GHVRODFLyQ GH 6PDXJ KDEtD SiMDURV \ IORUHV HQ
SULPDYHUD\IUXWDYIHVWHMRVHQRWRxR<OD&LXGDGGHO/DJRKDEtDVLGRIXQGDGDGH
QXHYR\HUDPiVRSXOHQWDTXHQXQFD\PXFKDVULTXH]DVVXEtDQ\EDMDEDQSRUHO
5tR5iSLGRYKDEtDDPLVWDGHQDTXHOODVUHJLRQHVHQWUHHOIRV\HQDQRV\KRPEUHV
(OYLHMRJREHUQDGRUKDEtDWHQLGRXQPDOILQ%DUGROHKDEtDGDGRPXFKRRURSDUD
TXHD\XGDUDDODJHQWHGHO/DJRSHURHUDXQKRPEUHSURSHQVRDFRQWDJLDUVHGH
FLHUWDVHQIHUPHGDGHV\KDEtDVLGRDWDFDGRSRUHOPDOGHOGUDJyQ\DSRGHUiQGRVH
GH OD PD\RU SDUWH GHO HUR KDEtD KXLGR FRQ pO \ PXULy GH KDPEUH HQ HO <HUPR
DEDQGRQDGRSRUVXVFRPSDxHURV
²(OQXHYRJREHUQDGRUHVPiV²VDELR²GLMR%DOLQ²\PX\SRSXODUSXHVDpOVH
DWULEX\H PXFKD GH OD SURVSHULGDG SUHVHQWH /DV QXHYDV FDQFLRQHV GLFHQ TXH HQ
HVWRVGtDVORVUtRVFRUUHQFRQRUR
²£(QWRQFHV ODV SURIHFtDV GH ODV YLHMDV FDQFLRQHV VH KDQ FXPSOLGR GH DOJXQD
PDQHUD²GLMR%LOER
²£&ODUR²GLMR*DQGDOI²¢<SRU TXpQRWHQGUtDQTXHFXPSOLUVH"¢1RGHMDUiVGH
FUHHUHQODVSURIHFtDVVyORSRUTXHD\XGDVWHDTXHVHFXPSOLHUDQ"1RVXSRQGUiV
¢YHUGDG" TXH WRGDV WXV DYHQWXUDV \ HVFDSDGDV IXHURQ SURGXFWR GH OD PHUD
VXHUWHSDUDWXEHQHILFLRH[FOXVLYR7HFRQVLGHURXQDJUDQSHUVRQDVHxRU%ROVyQ
\WHDSUHFLRPXFKRSHURHQ~OWLPDLQVWDQFLD£HUHVVyORXQVLPSOHLQGLYLGXRHQXQ
PXQGRHQRUPH
²£*UDFLDVDOFLHOR²GLMR%LOERULHQGR\OHSDVyHOSRWHGHWDEDFR²