Atlas de geoquímica orgánica de Colombia

COLOMBIA:
The perfect envir nment for Hydrocarbons
exploration and production
Substantially
improved
Substantially improved
investment
investment
ATLAS DE GEOQUÍMICA ORGÁNICA DE COLOMBIA
UNA HERRAMIENTA EXPLORATORIA PARA LAS CUENCAS COLOMBIANAS
AGUILERA R., SOTELO V., & BURGOS, C. - RA GEOLOGIA E.U.
ARCE C., GÓMEZ, C., MOJICA, J., CASTILLO, H., JIMÉNEZ, D., & OSORNO, J. - AGENCIA NACIONAL DE HIDROCARBUROS
El Atlas de Geoquímica Orgánica de Colombia presenta en una forma simple y gráfica un vistazo del estado
del arte del conocimiento geoquímico de las cuencas Colombianas, de utilidad tanto para expertos como
para novatos, interesados en tener información actualizada que sea útil para la toma de decisiones
exploratorias en Colombia y el norte de Suramérica.
Generalities
EASTERN CORDILLERA BASIN
The source rock geochemical information
interpreted for the Eastern Cordillera Basin
includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis
data from 1512 samples taken in 9 locations;
additionally 369 organic petrography
samples from 8 locations were interpreted.
LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES
76°
Caribbean Sea
75°
74°
73°
8°
72°
71°
8°
Cucuta
VENEZUELA
PANAMA
VENEZUELA
7°
7°
Pacific Ocean
COLOMBIA
F.
S
.
Crude oil and extracts information from 4 bulk
analysis samples, 111 liquid chromatography
samples, 114 gas chromatography samples,
125 biomarker sample,42 isotopes
and 349 surface geochemistry samples were also
interpreted.
6°
S.
6°
B.
El Atlas se encuentra organizado alfabéticamente, siguiendo la nomenclatura y límites de cuencas
sedimentarias de Colombia propuestos por la Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos de Colombia (ANH). E
incluye información geoquímica y geológica de 18 cuencas, incluyendo análisis de roca generadora,
contenido de material orgánica (%TOC), pirolisis Rock-Eval, petrografía orgánica, análisis de crudos y
extractos, cromatografía líquida y gaseosa, biomarcadores e isótopos. Además de los datos mencionados,
dos temas adicionales están presentes en el Atlas, uno acerca del origen de los hidrocarburos a partir de
datos de geoquímica de superficie y otro sobre sistemas petrolíferos a partir de correlaciones crudo-roca.
S.M.
Bucaramanga
Tunja
.
BRAZIL
ECUADOR
10
PERU
.S
.F
G
Yopal
Bogotá
5°
5°
4º
Villavicencio
BOUNDARIES
4°
.
North: Igneous and metamorphic rocks from the
Santander massif (S.M.)
East: frontal thrust system of the Eastern Cordillera
4°
.S
.F
G
A.
3°
3°
South: Algeciras-Garzón Fault System (A.G.F.S.)
West: Bituima and La Salina Fault System (B.S.F.S.)
76°
75°
74°
73°
72°
71°
LITHOLOGY-STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS
From Barrero et al., 2007
Mesa Fm.
León
Colorado F.
Carbonera
Mugrosa F.
Concentracion
SE
La Paz Fm.
CUSIANA
FAULT
ARCABUCO
ANTICLINE
CHAMEZA
FAULT
MIDDLEMAGDALENA VALLEY
PESCA
FAULT
NW
GUAICARAMO
FAULT
Esmeraldas F.
Picacho Fm.
Mirador Fm.
Arc. de Socha
Los Cuervos
Aren. de Socha
Lisama F.
Barco Fm.
Guaduas Fm.
Umir Fm.
Guadalupe Gp.
0
Middle Miocene - Recent
Eocene - Lower Miocene
Upper Maastrichtian - Paleocene
Coniacian - Lower Maastrichtian
Albian - Turonian
Berriasian - Aptian
Jurassic
Chipaque Fm.
Simiti Fm.
20 km
Tablazo F.
The people to speak to
EASTERN
FOOTHILLS
V
Real Gp.
La Luna F.
El Atlas de Geoquímica Orgánica de Colombia se ha desarrollado como una herramienta exploratoria que
sirva de apoyo a los profesionales involucrados en la exploración y producción de hidrocarburos, interesados
en entender el origen y evolución de las rocas generadoras y las acumulaciones de crudo y gas presentes en
las cuencas de Colombia, y adicionalmente como una guía para el trabajo futuro necesario para mejorar el
conocimiento y reducir el riesgo exploratorio, especialmente en las cuencas frontera de Colombia.
CENTRAL REGION
Guayabo F.
SALINAS
FAULT
La información existente y disponible en la base de datos de geoquímica orgánica de la Agencia Nacional de
Hidrocarburos (ANH) se empleó para generar gráficas de la caracterización deposicional, de madurez
térmica y calidad de crudos y rocas generadoras, junto con mapas de calidad y madurez de algunas de las
principales rocas generadoras presentes en las cuencas Colombianas. Con base en esta información se
presentan algunas ideas sobre las rocas generadoras, el origen de los hidrocarburos y los sistemas
petrolíferos.
WESTERN
FOOTHILLS
Paja Fm.
Basement
Une Fm.
Fomeque Fm.
Ermitaño Fm.
Rosablanca Fm.
Modified from Cooper et al., 1995
Une Fm.
Aren. de Las
Juntas
Lutitas de
Macanal
Los Santos Fm.
Girón Fm.
Mainly conglomerates
Mainly Sandstones
Girón Fm.
Shales
Limestones
V: Volcanoclastics
From Barrero et al., 2007
www.anh.gov.co
COLOMBIA:
The perfect envir nment for Hydrocarbons
exploration and production
Substantially
improved
Substantially improved
investment
investment
ATLAS DE GEOQUÍMICA ORGÁNICA DE COLOMBIA
UNA HERRAMIENTA EXPLORATORIA PARA LAS CUENCAS COLOMBIANAS
Source Rock Characterization
Crude Oil Quality
3
LEGEND
A
E
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
M
at
ur
ity
1
600
600
A
B
2000
4000
6000
IF
8000
10000
12000
M
ID
DL
15
Biodegraded Oil
Depth (Feet)
AG
M
1200000
Oilseeps are located widespread all over the
basin
MASS
DA
LE
NA
NDER
BA
1250000
2
% Sulfur
N
50Kms
SI
25
SANTA
0
10
Hydrogen Index (mg HC / gTOC)
1300000
The number of wells and/or surface locations
with geochemical information in the Eastern
Cordillera Basin is 12 .
5
LEGEND
0
BARCO Fm.
BARCO- LOS CUERVOS Fm.
CARBONERA Fm.
GACHETA Fm.
GUADALUPE Fm.
MIRADOR Fm.
UNE Fm.
UNKNOWN
VENEZUELA
BUCARAMANGA
0
API Gravity
500
Excellent Generation Potential
Low thermal maturity
400
300
200
14000
100
1150000
Poor Generation Potential
and/or High thermal maturity
CORRALES-1
16000
BOLIVAR-1 (BOLÍVAR FIELD)
TAMAUKA-1
CORMICHOQUE-1
Heavy Oil
0
10
20
30
40
Condensates
0
0
50
10
Immature
1050000
N
SI
O
S
BA
NA B
VILLARRICA-1
Wells with geochemical information
ALPUJARRA-1
Oil seeps
% Sulfur
LL
AN
ALE
AGD
2
UPP
ER M
VILLAVICENCIO
APICALA-1
Lacustrine or Continental
800000
Cities/Towns
900000
950000
1000000
1050000
1100000
1150000
C
1.35% Ro
200
III
1
390
410
430
450
2
470
490
510
530
1.1% Ro
1200000
8
18
0.5% Ro
1000000
26 4
-The oils with Oleanane/C30 Hopane > 0.2 are found in Upper Cretaceous
(Guadalupe Fm.) and Tertiary reservoirs (Mirador and Carbonera formations),
which are interbedded or in close proximity to Tertiary shale sequences
deposited in transitional marine environments, which might have high
terrestrial organic matter input, causing the increase of Oleanane/C30
Hopane ratios in these oils (Figure B).
s
rre
e
T
10
1
Bi
25
eg
d
o
r
at
ad
a
tri
e
yp
T
l
III
n
ge
o
r
Ke
100
150
200
250
300
Oxygen Index (mg CO2 / gTOC)
II
Marine Deltaic
(CENOZOIC)
III
en
n
m
ge n
ro viro
Ke
e
d
n
K
II g E
ixe
M
pe cin
Ty du
e
,R
l
ga
Al
en
g
ro
0.8
t
ing
12
6
22
- This indicates that the Gachetá Formation could be the main source for the
accumulations found in the basin. However the presence of oils with
Oleanane/C30 Hopane > 0.2 is indicative of an alternate source in the basin of
Tertiary age and/or with an important terrestrial organic matter input (Figure
B).
uc
20
15. LA MARÍA-1
16. LETICIA-1
17. POMARROSO-1
18. PORE-1
19. QUENANE-1
20. RANCHO HERMOSO-1
21. RÍO ELE-1
22. SAN JOAQUÍN-1
23. SANTIAGO-1
24. SANTIAGO-2
25. SIMÓN-1
26. SURIMENA-1
27. YALÍ-1
d
Re
13
23
24
50
B
g
xin
idi
Ox
1. ANACONDA-1
2. APIAY-4P
3. ARAUQUITA-1
4. ARIMENA-1
5. BUENOS AIRES X-14
6. CAÑO DUYA-1
7. CAÑO VERDE-1
8. CASANARE-1
9. CASTILLA-1
10. CHAPARRAL-1
11. CHIGUIRO-1
12. ENTRERRIOS-1
13. GOLCONDA A-1
14. LA HELIERA-1
11
0.1% Ro
0
A
- There are very few extract samples in the basin to provide strong correlations
with the oils found in the basin, but the few extracts from the Gachetá
Formation show some correlation with crude oils from the Une, Guadalupe,
Mirador and Carbonera reservoirs (Figure A).
Oleanane / C30Hopane
21
15
16
IV
0
1
Pristane / nC17
LEGEND
3
0.3% Ro
III
100
550
100
1100000
200
Petroleum Systems (Crude-Rock Correlations)
Gacheta Formation
0.7% Ro
300
Tmax (oC)
Ni / V
0.9% Ro
400
- The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that many samples from
the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturity to
overmature conditions in the basin. Being the samples from the Cretaceous Fomeque,
Chipaque and Hiló formations the more mature in the basin (Figure C).
370
0
500
- The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that rock
samples from the Cretaceous Caballos, Conejo, La Luna, Villeta and Umir formations
have type II oil-prone kerogen. There are also samples from these formations with type
III gas-prone characteristics. In the case of the Cenozoic units (Guaduas, Concentración
and Bogotá formations) their samples are indicative of type III gas-prone kerogen to type
IV kerogen. (Figure B).
0
1200000
II
- The data obtained from pyrolysis Rock-Eval of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI)
and S2 peak, indicate that samples from the Cretaceous Caballos, Conejo, La Luna,
Villeta, Guadalupe, Los Pinos and Umir formations and the Cenozoic Arcillas de Socha
Formation have good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g
rock). It is important to consider that these and other units with source rock
characteristics, are or were deeply buried in the basin by thrusting, and the poor
generation values obtained from many samples could reflect the depletion effect
caused by the high thermal maturity reached by these rocks in sub-thrust sheets (Figure
A).
400
0
B
I
I
- The sulfur content of most crude oils is lower than 1%, and its Ni/V ratio below 1,
suggesting that they are produced from rocks deposited in a marine suboxic environment
with some terrigenous organic matter input (Figure C).
Undetermined seeps
Map datum: Magna Sirgas
Coord. origin: Bogotá
Overmature
600
- There is no direct relationship between depth and crude oil quality, indicating that
similar quality oils can be found at different stratigraphic levels, probably related to
vertical migration along faults. But additionally there is the fact that different API
gravity oils can be found at similar depths, reflecting different preservation
(biodegradation) and/or thermal maturities (Figure B).
1
Gas seeps
850000
40
0.5% Ro
ASIN
Anoxic Marine
BOGOTÁ
- Normal and light oils with API gravities ranging from 10° to 50° and sulfur content
between 0 and 2.5% are present in the basin. There is no straight relationship between
sulfur and API gravity, but oils above 25° API have sulfur values below 1%, and oils below
25° show sulfur content with values up to 3%. This suggests that in the basin there are oils
with different thermal maturities and/or different degrees of preservation
(biodegradation, water washing, etc.), because crudes having similar API gravities have
different sulfur contents, which might indicate that biodegradation is increasing sulfur
content and/or reducing API gravity, or different source rocks, considering that oils
sourced from shales usually have lower sulfur content than oils from carbonates (Figure
A).
C
Hydrogen Index (mg HC / gTOC)
CHITASUGA-1
900000
Mature
II
1000000
30
20000
3
950000
20
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
API Gravity
YOPAL
SUESCA NORTE-1
Light Oil
18000
0
TUNJA
1100000
Normal Oil
BOGOTA Fm.
CABALLOS Fm.
CABALLOS-UNE Fm.
CACHO Fm.
CACHO_GUADUAS Fm.
CALIZAS DE TETUÁN Fm.
CHIPAQUE Fm.
CHURUVITA Fm.
CONCENTRACION Fm.
CONEJO Fm.
El DIAMANTE Fm.
HILO Fm.
LA NAVETA Fm.
SOCOTA Fm.
TRINCHERAS Fm.
FOMEQUE Fm.
NEVADA Gr.
GUADALUPE Fm.
GUADUAS Fm.
LA FRONTERA Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
LOS PINOS Fm.
MONSERRATE Fm.
PICACHO Fm.
PINZAIMA Fm.
PLAENERS Fm.
SOCOTA SHALE Fm.
TIBASOSA Fm.
TILATA Fm.
UNE Fm.
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
YAVÍ Fm.
A. TIERNA Fm.
Arc. DE SOCHA Fm.
LIDITA SUPERIOR Fm.
UMIR Fm.
Hydrogen Index (mg HC / gTOC)
Wells and Seeps
n
io
it
ur
at
M
y
0.6
0.4
0.2
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
(CRETACEOUS)
2
9
0.1
900000
0
0.1
1
10
0
100
1
2
3
4
5
Pristane / Phytane
Phytane / nC18
LEGEND
CRUDE- CARBONERA Fm.
CRUDE- GACHETA Fm.
CRUDE- GUADALUPE Fm.
CRUDE- MIRADOR Fm.
CRUDE- UNE Fm.
ROCK- BARCO Fm.
ROCK- CARBONERA Fm.
ROCK- CHIPAQUE Fm.
ROCK- GACHETA Fm.
ROCK- GUADALUPE Fm.
ROCK- MACARENA Fm.
ROCK- MIRADOR Fm.
800000
Vitrinite reflectance (%Ro)
1000000
1100000
1200000
1300000
1400000
1500000
1600000
1700000
The people to speak to
www.anh.gov.co