674527159-322569550-Pensamiento-y-Accion-Fundamentos-Sociales

. Pensamiento y acción. Fundamentossociales Albert Bandura Stanford University 3UyORJRGH(XJHQLR*DUULGR 0DUW 7UDGXFFLyQ GH0DUtD =DSODQD 5HYLVLyQ GH )UDQFLVFR 9LOODPDUtQ martínez roca %LEOLRWHFD GH SVLFRORJtD VDOXG SVLTXLDWULD \ 6HULH81,9(56,'$' colección dirigida por 5$021%$<e6 -26(37252 No está permitida la reproducción total o parcial de este libro. ni la recopilación en un sistema in formático. ni la transmisión en cualquier forma o por cualquier medio, por registro o por otros métodos, sin el permiso previo y por escrito de Ediciones Martínez Roca. S. A. 7tWXORRULJLQDO Social Foundations of Thought and Action, SXEOLFDGR SRU3UHQWLFH+DOO (QJOHZRRG &OLIIV1HZ -HUVH\ E\3UHQWLFH+DOO ,QF (QJOHZRRG &OtIIV1HZ (GLFLRQHV 6 $ 0DUWtQH] 5RFD *UDQ 9LD %DUFHORQD ,6%1 'HSyVLWR B. OHJDO ,PSUHVRSRU'LDJUiILF &RQVWLWXFLy %DUFHO Impreso en España - Printed in Spain Para Ginny, Mary y Caro! ,. Indice 3UyORJR Introducción. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capítulo l Modelos de naturalezahumana y causalidad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7HRUtD SVLFRGLQiPLFD 7HRUtD GHORV UDVJRV &RQGXFWLVPR UDGLFDO a 7HRUtD VRFLDO FRJQLWLYD 'HWHUPLQLVPR a UHFtSURFR 'HWHUPLQLVPR \ GHWHUPLQDQWHV IRUWXLWRV GHOFXUVR /LEHUWDG y GHWHUPLQLVPR Capítulo 2 Aprendizajepor observación . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'LIHUHQFLDFLyQ GHORV IHQyPHQRV GHOPRGH $QiOLVLV PXOWLSURFHVR GHO DSUHQGL]DMH SR $QiOLVLV HYROXWLYRGHO DSUHQGL]DMH 2 SRU R 0RGHODGR DEVWUDFWR t 0RGHODGR FUHDWLYR Capítulo 3 Aprendizajepor ejecución . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $QiOLVLV GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ REWHQLGD HQ O $SUHQGL]DMH y FRQFLHQFLD SRU HMHFXFLyQ 6XESURFHVRV FRJQLWLYRVGHO DSUHQGL]DMH āāā S $PELJHGDG \ YDULDELOLGDG GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ ā ā GH ā 2 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV &DSLWXOR 'LIXVLyQ H LQQRYDFLyQ VRFLDO 164 'HWHUPLQDQWHV GH ORVSURFHVRV GHGLIXVLyQ 5HGHV VRFLDOHV \ IOXMRGHGLIXVLyQ 173 (IHFWRV VRFLDOHV GHODV LQQRYDFLRQHV GLIX 'LIXVLyQ VRFLRFXOWXUDO 180 &DStWXOR 5 &RQRFLPLHQWR y SUHYLVLyQ SUHGLFWLYR 204 205 $FWLYDGRUHV GHODV y HPRFLRQDOHV UHVSXHVWDV YLVFHUDOHV 3UHYLVLyQ \ DFFLyQ 227 3HQVDPLHQWR GHGXFWLYR ā \ H[WUDFFLyQ GH UHJODV 232 241 6REUH ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV PDO LQWHUSUHWDGR &DStWXOR 0RWLYDGRUHV LQFHQWLYRV 250 250 ([SOLFDFLyQ GHORV UHVXOWDGRV GHWHUPLQDQW 'HVDUUROOR GHODV IXQFLRQHV GH 254 LQFHQWLYR ,QFHQWLYRV H[WUtQVHFRV H LQWUtQVHFRV 9DULDFLRQHV HVWUXFWXUDOHV GHORV 273 VLVWHPDV *HQHUDOL]DFLyQ y HVWDELOLGDG GHOFDPELR ā 277 'HVLQFHQWLYDV y GLVXDVRUHV 285 295 6DQFLRQHV y GLVXDVLyQ OHJDOHV a 0RWLYDGRUHV YLFDULRV 306 &DStWXOR ' 5HFRPSHQVD YLFDULD 307 &DVWLJR YLFDULR 0HFDQLVPRV RSHUDWLYRV )XQFLyQ LQIRUPDWLYD )XQFLyQ PRWLYDFLRQDO 324 )XQFLyQ HPRWLYD 331 )XQFLyQ YDORUDWLYD 348 'LVXDVLyQ OHJDOPHGLDQWH LQIOXHQFLD 354 YLFDU 0HFDQLVPRV DXWRUUHJXODGRUHV 360 6XEIXQFLRQHV GH DXWRUUHJXODFLyQ 361 6XEIXQFLyQ HYDOXDWLYD 365 ,QIOXHQFLDV DXWRUUHDFWLYDV 375 5HFRQFHSWXDOL]DFLyQ GHO DXWRVLVWHPD 387 ,QIOXHQFLD UHFtSURFD GH ORV IDFWRUHV H[WH UUHJXODFLyQ $FWLYDFLyQ y GHVFRQH[LyQ VHOHFWLYD GHO FRQWURO 400 LQWHUQR &DStWXOR $XWRHILFDFLD 415 0HFDQLVPRGHODDXWRHILFDFLDHQODGHWHUPL 418 )XHQWHV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ GH OD DXWRHILFDFLD 424 435 WHRUtD G &RQFHSFLRQHV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ OD $QiOLVLV HYROXWLYR GH OD DXWRHILFDFLD *HQHUDOLGDG GHO PHFDQLVPR GH OD 448DXWRHILFD (ILFDFLD FROHFWLYD ā 475 &DStWXOR 5HJXODGRUHV O2 FRJQLWLYRV ā 5HSUHVHQWDFLyQ y XWLOL]DFLyQ GHOFRQRFLPLHQWR (O SHQVDPLHQWR FRPR FRQVWUXFFLyQ 487 VLPEyOLF ,QWHQFLRQHV y PHWDV 492 'HVDUUROOR FRJQLWLYR ā 508 L __ , ~ ËQGLFH -XLFLR PRUDO 'HVDUUROOR GHOOHQJXDMH )RUPDV GH YHULILFDFLyQ GHOSHQVDPLHQWR 3HQVDPLHQWR y VXIULPLHQWR HUUyQHR KXPDQR B ib liografia Índice temático Prólogo Quien haya seguido la evolución intelectual de A. Bandura habrá advertido que, tras un periodo de intensa investigación experimental buscando la comprobación de un conjunto de hipótesis, parece concentrarse en un esfuerzo de síntesis de una época de investigación y, de tarde en tarde, nos ofrece una recapitulación de sus posturas psicológicas en un texto fundamental. Son fruto de tales recapitulaciones $SUHQGL]DMH VRFLDO\GHVDUUROORGH 963), 3ULQFLSLRV GHPRGLILFDFLyQGHFRQGXFWD (1969), 7HRUtD GHODSUHQGL]DMH 1977) y, finalmente, 3HQVD VRFLDO PLHQWR \ DFFLyQ)XQGDPHQWRV (1986). No olvido el VRFLDOHV único de sus libros no traducido al castellano: $JJUHVVLRQ$VRFLDOOHDUQLQJDQDO\VLV (1973), pero su carácter no es básico; lafinalidad de $JJUHVVLRQ es demostrar que la teoría del aprendizaje social explica y permite intervenir en un problema como el de la agresividad. Defiende así Bandura su idea de que toda investigación en psicología debe estar orientada a la intervención individual o social, y la que no cumpla tal finalidad carece de sentido. · Debo llamar la atención sobre un factor común a todos los títulos citados: el aprendizaje social. Ha venido siendo el término con el que Bandura identificaba su investigación psicológica; sin embargo, en el libro que ahora presentamos el autor ha rebautizado, redefinido, diría yo, su teoría como WHRUtD VRFLDOFRJQLWLYD0H parece importante encontrar una explicación del por qué de este cambio, y voy a intentarla primero desde un punto de vista histórico, personal o anecdótico, después señalaré los momentos intelectuales que, a mi entender, han fraguado esta definición de «cognitiva» con la que califica ahora su teoría. · Anecdoticamente debo empezar diciendo que este libro fue escrito enteramente, durante tres largos años de elaboración, bajo la denominación de aprendizaje social. Con ella fue enviado a la imprenta y se mantuvo hasta la corrección de las últimas pruebas durante la primavera de 1985. Puedo dar testimonio de ello porque recuerdo que, en 1982, Bandura estaba escribiendo ya este libro y después de una conversación sobre la relación entre VHOILQQHILFDF\ y depresión, me hizo partícipe de algunas de las páginas que entonces escribía, y precisamente en ellas se hablaba de teoría del aprendizaje social. Pero en la primavera de 1985 yo estaba redactando un capítulo sobre el DSUHQGL]DMHYLFDULR\ elprofesor Bandura me envió sus últimas aportaciones sobre el tema, que eran las pruebas de imprenta de los capítulos segundo y séptimo del presente libro; en 13 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV ellas puede observarse la corrección sistemática de la expresión VRFLDOOHDPLQJ por VRFLDO WKHRU\ FRJQLWLYHWKHRU\ de puño y letra del autor. Los hechos son esos pero debe hacerse una lectura que explique por qué ha cambiado Bandura la denominación de su teoría. Puedo responder a esta pregunta sin abandonar aún la argumentación testimonial. En noviembre de 1984 invité al profesor de Stanford a participar en el Curso Superior de Psicología Social de la Universidad de Salamanca y le pedí que en Ja primera de sus conferencias tratara, de modo general, sobre la teoría del aprendizaje social. El lo aceptó en aquel momento pero, confecha 11 dejulio de 1985, al remitirme una copia de la conferencia que lleva por título 6RFLDO FRJQLWLYH me hace la siguiente WKHRU\ explicación: Debe usted notar que uso la denominación 6RFLDO&RJQLWLYH7KHRU\ en vez de 6RFLDO/HDU ULLQJ7KHRU\ He cambiado la denominación de esta postura teórica por varias razones. La teoría se ha preocupado siempre por fenómenos psicológicos tales como la motivación y la autorregulación, que van más allá del aprendizaje. Además, muchos lectores entienden la teoría del aprendizaje como el modo condicionado de la adquisición de respuestas, mientras que en mi marco de referencia teórico el aprendizaje es concebido principalmente como una adquisición de conocimiento a través de los procesos cognitivos de la información. La denominación 6RFLDO/HDPLQJ además, crea 7KHRU\ confusión en muchos lectores porque varias teorías con posturas diferentes -la teoría del impulso de Dollard y Miller; la teoría de la expectativa de Rotter; la teoría del condicionamiento de Patterson- se denominan todas 6RFLDO /HDPLQJ7KHRU\ Para evitar estas confusiones en el nuevo libro (se refiere a este que ahora presentamos traducido al castellano), la postura teórica se denomina 6RFLDO&RJQLWLYH7 U\ La parte VRFLDO de la misma reconoce el origen social de muchos pensamientos y acciones humanas; la parte FRJQLWLYD reconoce la importante contribución cognitiva de los procesos de pensamiento: la motivación, la emoción y la conducta humana.» El testimonio es rotundo porque es el punto terminal de un largo peregrinaje intelectual de Albert Bandura que comienza, en 1960, con una postura más cercana al conductismo tradicional. Este peregrinaje hacia la definición «cognitiva» de su teoría ha seguido dos vías casi simultáneas que convergen, a mediados de los años setenta, en la VHOIHIILFDF\ como mediador cognitivo esencial que dirige la conducta humana. Una de estas vías, la que se origina más lejanamente en el tiempo, es la del aprendizaje vicario; Bandura termina descubriendo un día que para explicarlo de una manera íntegra era necesario distinguir entre DSUHQGHU y HMHFXWDU ya que ambos componentes del aprender se guiaban por principios psicológicos diferentes: la contigüidad y el refuerzo. A partir de este momento, en los años sesenta con más asiduidad y luego, durante los setenta, de manera discontinua investiga la superioridad del aprendizaje por esquemas. Este aprendizaje es de «todo o nada», tanto que, en algún momento, habla de que el refuerzo en el aprendizaje, en el mejor de los casos, es una «metáfora». La segunda vía hacia la 6RFLDO &RJQLWLYH7KHRU\ está más relacionada con lo que llamaríamos condición moral o ética de la conducta humana y que Bandura en su carta quiere entender como motivación. Es esta una preocupación latente en el Bandura de comienzos de los sesenta: la preocupación por la culpabilidad, la vergüenza y la autorregulacion. Toma su naturaleza de evidencia experimental en 1967 cuando demuestra a la vez que los sujetos que se autoaplican los refuerzos aprenden y trabajan en la solución de los problemas de la misma manera que aquellos que son reforzados por un agente externo, pero además, los que se refuerzan a sí mismos aumentan el nivel de sus exigencias de ejecución sin aumentar la recompensa, incluso, en algunos casos, bajándose las tasas de gratificación. En esta vía han de enmarcarse las investigaciones sobre el autorrefuerzo, sobre las metas o estándares de conducta que el sujeto se impone a sí mismo, las terapias de las metas cortas, el entendimiento de la terapia como un contrato social, etc. En definitiva se trata de una nueva concepción de la naturaleza humana, en la que ésta programa sus propias acciones, y se puede hablar de libertad y de necesidad inseparable, del determinismo mutuo entre persona, ambiente y conducta. 3UyORJR También en el año 1967 se va a encontrar con la sorpresa de que un tipo de tratamiento, que se denomina «desensibíliz acion por contacto», y que conocemos como modelado participante, era más eficaz que otras intervenciones terapéuticas. Durante diez años busca las razones del éxito terapéutico de esta estrategia. En 1977, tímidamente lanza la distinción entre eficacia y autoeficacia: no es lo mismo comprender que una intervención es eficaz, dice, que comprender o autoatribuirse que yo sea capaz de ejecutarla. A partir de aquí la VHOIHIILFDF\ se convierte en el mediador cognitivo y motivacional que explica la conducta humana, mediador en el que tienen importancia los propios estándares de conducta sin olvidar los esquemas cognitivos. Al leer sistemáticamente la obra de Bandura yo había llegado a la conclusión de la importancia de lo cognitivo en la misma, y tímidamente afirmaba que su aprendizaje era un aprendizaje cognitivo, un condicionamiento cognitivo, afirmaciones que sonaban a herejía psicológica. Al fin, Bandura mismo se ha decidido a autodefinir su teoría como social y cognitiva. EUGENIO *$55,'2 0$57Ë1 Salamanca, 18 de septiembre de 198 7 Introducción (VWH YROXPHQ SUHVHQWD XQHVTXHPD FRQFHSWXDO SDUD H DFFLyQ KXPDQRV XQD SHUVSHFWLYD GHVGH FRJQLWLYD 8 QRGH VXVKLORV VRFLDO FRQGXFWRU VREUH HOGHWHUPLQLVPR UHFtSURFR DGRSWD XQPRGHOR /D WHRUtD LQWHUDFFLRQ FRJQLW VDFLyQ HQ HOTXH ORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV DPELHQWDOHV GHWHUPLQDQWHV UHFtSURFRV /D FDXVDFLyQ LQWHUDFWLYRV UHFtSURFD SURSRUFLRQD WXQLGDG GH HMHUFHU FLHUWR JUDGR GH FRQWURO VREUH DXWRGLUHFFLyQ (Q ODSUHVHQWH FRQFHSWXDOL]DFLyQ GHORV GHWHUPLQD FLDO VH FRQFHGH XQ SDSHO FHQWUDO DORVSURFHVRV F [LYRV (O SHQVDPLHQWR KXPDQR FRQVWLWX\H LQVWUXPHQWRSDUD ODFRPSUHQVLyQ XQSRGHURVR GHO QR\HODIURQWDPLHQWR GHO PLVPR 3RU WDQWR VHDQDOL]DQ FRQ DPSOLWXG O IDFWRUHV FRJQLWLYRV GHWHUPLQDQ HODIHFWR \ODDFFLyQ ā KX SHFWLYD LQWHUDFWLYD VHSUHVWD JUDQ(O DWHQFLyQ LQFUHPHQWR DOR JHQHUDO GHO LQWHUpV SRU ODV FXHVWLRQHV UHIHUHQWHV KD FRQGXFLGR DJUDYHV GHVFXLGRV GHORVPHFDQLVPRV G OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FRQVLGHUDQGR SRU ORV TXH WDPELpQ HOFRQRFLPLHQWR ORV PHFDQL HQ DFFLyQ DGHFXDGD /DV SHUVRQDV QR VRQ VyOR FRQRFHGRUDV \ HMHFXWRUDV FDSDFLGDG GHDXWRGLUHFFLyQ /D DXWRUUHJXODFLyQ GHODPR YpVGH FULWHULRV LQWHUQRV \GHUHVSXHVWDV HYDOXDWL YLVLyQ RWUD DxDGH GLPHQVLyQ DOSURFHVR /D PD\RU GHDXWRUUHJXODFLyQ SDUWH GHODFRQGX HVWi GLULJLGD KDFLD PHWDV \ UHVXOWDGRV SUR\HFWDGR PHQWH HQ HOSUHVHQWH ORVIXWXURV DQWLFLSDGRV SXH WXDO /D FDSDFLGDG GH DXWRUUHIOH[LyQ VREUH HOSURSLR S PHQVLyQ GH OD DXWRLQIOXHQFLD TXH VHUi FRQVLGHUDGD 7UDGLFLRQDOPHQWH-DV WHRUtDV SVLFROyJLFDV KDQ KHFKR KLQFDSL HIHFWRV TXH SURGXFHQ ORV DFWRV KD GHVDUUROODGR SURSLRV $IRUWXQDG XQD F GDG VXSHULRU SDUD HODSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ PiV DSWD D WHQFLDV \ DODVXSHUYLYHQFLD TXH SDUWLU HODSUHQGL]DMH GHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV ~QLFDPH 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLLOHV \HUURU/RVHQRUPHVDYDQFHV HQODWHFQRORJtD GH PHPHQWH HOSDSHO GHO DSUHQGL]DMH YLFDULR D SDUWL %DViQGRVH HQLGHDV GHVFULWDV HO LQGLYLGXRSXHGHWUDVFHQGHU VLPEyOLFDPHQWH HQWRUQRLQPHGLDWR(OPRGHODGR QRVyORHVXQLPS UHV\HVWLORVGHFRQGXFWD GHQWURGHXQDVRFLHGDG GDFUHFLHQWH HQORVFDPELRV WUDQVFXOWXUDOHV (Q ORVPHFDQLVPRV GH DSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ \ /DV QXHYDV WHFQRORJtDV HVWiQ WUDQVIRUPDQGR ā HQWRUQR GHO OD KRPEUHDVtFRPRVXIRUPDGHYLGD (Q HVWHOLEURSHWUDWDGR GHDQDOL]D GHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYD VRFLDO DPSOLD ORFXDOKD QDULD TXHHQJOREDUDXQ DPSOLR UDQJRGHIHQyPHQRV WXUDH[LVWHQWHHQODVGLYHUVDV VXEHVSHFLDOLGDGHV ODERULQJHQWHQRGLJDPRVORVTXHUHSUHVHQWDQ OD DYHQWXUD DQDOtWLFD HV LPSRUWDQWH SDUD FRQVHJXLU KXPDQR\DTXHORVGHWHUPLQDQWHV GHOPLVPRWUDVF DFDGpPLFDV 3DUDIDFLOLWDUODFRPXQLFDFLyQ HVQHFHVDULR SR VXPHQUHIOHMHQVXQDWXUDOH]D FRQFHSWXDO VXE\DFHQ YROXPHQVHGHQRPLQDJHQHUDOPHQWH WHRUtDGHODS FKRPiVDPSOLRGHORTXHLQGLFDVXHWLTXHWD GHVFU GHGLYHUVRVDVSHFWRVGHODWHRUtDYDUHVXOWDQGR WHRUtDKDDEDUFDGR IHQyPHQRVSVLFRVRFLDOHV FRPR ODGRUHV ORVFXDOHV YDQPiV DOOiGHORVDVSHFWRV SUHWDQODWHRUtDGHODSUHQGL]DMH FRPRXQPRGHORG WDV PLHQWUDV TXH HQ HVWH VH FRQFLEH HVTXHPD SULQFLSDOPHQWH WHyULFR HO DS DGTXLVLFLyQ GH FRQRFLPLHQWR FRJQLWLYR PHGLDQWH GH LQIRUPDFLyQ HO SURFHVD PD GHO HWLTXHWDGR HV WRGDYtD PiV FRPSOLFDGR \D WRV OD WHRUtD GHO LPSXOVR GH 'ROODUG \ 0LOOHU OD WHRUtD UtDGHO FRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR āGH 3DWWHUVRQ OOHYDQ OD HWLTXHWD WRGDV GHDSUHQGL]DMH $ ILQGH FRQVHJXLUXQDGHQRPLQDFLyQ PiVDSURSLDGD \GLIHU VHGHVLJQDFRQHOQRPEUHGHWHRUtD FRJQLWLYDVRF OHVGHXQD JUDQSDUWH GHO SHQVDPLHQWR \ODDFFLy KDFHUHIHUHQFLDDODFRQWULEXFLyQ H LQIOX\HQWHGHORVSURFHVRVGHS FDXVDO FLyQ DIHFWR\ DFFLyQ KXPDQRV /DVWHRUtDV SXHGHQWHQHU XQJUDGRGHIRUPDOL]DF HQHOTXHVHHQFXHQWUHHOFDPSRGHHVWXGLR(QO HQORVFDPSRV PHQRV DYDQ]DGRV pVWDV HVSHFLILFD JXODQORVIHQyPHQRV GH LQWHUpV (Q HVWH OLEURH /DVSURSRVLFLRQHVLPSRUWDQWHV VREUHODFRQGXFWD LJXDOTXHRWURVSODQWHDPLHQWRV ODVSURSRVLFLRQH SUHGLFFLRQHVFRQFUHWDV 'DGR TXHODVWHRUtDVQR FLyQTXHJHQHUDQGHOLPLWD HOUDQJRGHFRQGLFLRQH GHp[LWR H[SOLFDWLYR \ SUHGLFWLYR /RVDQiOLVLV H[SHULPHQWDOHV DFODUDQ ORVGHWHUP VXJLHUHQUHILQDPLHQWRV WHyULFRV TXHQRVDFHUFDQ GRV/DFHOHULGDGHQHOGHVDUUROOR GHXQDFLHQFL VH DFLyQ\JHQHUDOLGDG SUHGLFWLYD \DTXHHOGHSHQ KDFHUSHUGHUXQD FDQWLGDG HQRUPH GHHVIXHU]RTXH SURYHFKRVD /DVWHRUtDV SRFRFRQVLVWHQWHV QRVRQ YHQGHELOLWDGDVSRUWDQWDV FRQGLFLRQHVOLPLWDQWH FLGDSDUDSHUPLWLUVXXWLOL]DFLyQ &XDQGR H[LVWH WDGHSRFDXWLOLGDGSHUVHJXLU ODYHUGDGRIDOVHG SOLFDU OD FRQGXFWD VyOR HQ XQ UDQJR PX\ OLPLWDG ,QWURGXFFLyQ $OJXQDV VHFFLRQHVGHHVWHOLEURLQFOX\HQPDWHU SXEOLFD ā FLRQHVSHULyGLFDV \GHFDStWXORVTXHKHHVFULWR HO GH WHUPLQLVPR reciproco»,American Psychologist, ©0HFDQLVPR GHDXWRHIL QDFLyQSHUVRQDOGHOD acción»,American Psychologist, ©3VLFRORJtDGHORV WRV \ GH ORV FXUVRV American Psychologist, GH OD YLGDª &RS\ULJKW American Psychological Association \ DGDSWDGDFRQSHUPLVRGHOHGLWRU IHUHQWHDQiOLVLVHYROXWLYRGHODDXWRHILFDFLDª Social cognitive development, &DPEULGJH8QLYH VLW\3UHVV ©(OVHOI\ORVPHFDQLVPRVGH enPsychological perspectives on the self, (UOEDXP (VWH PDWHULDO KD VL UHYLVDGR y DFWXDOL]DGR 8QDYHUVLyQDEUHYLDGD GHDOJX HQPXFKD PD\RU SURIXQGLGDG Teoría DSDUHFLHURQ del aprendizaje social, HQXQD SXEOLFDGD HQ SRU 3UHQWLFH+DOO 0XFKDV SHUVRQDV KDQ FRQWULEXLGR y DSURYHFKR GH YDULDV HVWD IRU R WXQLGDG SDUD H[SUHVDUOHV DWRGRVPLJUDWLWXG 8Q WUDED GH QXPHURVRV HUXGLWRV FRPR HQ āHOPLVPR DWHVWLJXDQ \ TXH ODVVH FLW SRU FLHQWRV 0H JXVWDUOD UHQGLUOHV WULEXWR FRO FXDOHVDSDUHFHQ FRPRFRDXWRUHV HQODVFLWDVGHO DPLVWDG\FRODERUDFLyQ 4XHGRSRUVLHPSUHDJUDG VXHVStULWX XQLYHUVLWDULR TXH IDYRUHFH VLQJXOD DxRVPLVSURSLDV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHVGHVFULWDV HQ HO ,QVWLWXWR 1DFLRQDO GH 6DOXG 0HQWDO 1XPHURVDV SHUVRQDVPHKDQIDFLOLWDGRODODERU VXSXEOLFDFLyQ $JUDGH]FR \ -HQD 6NOLQFKHUVXJHQHURVD D3K\OOLV5RELQVRQ JUDILDGRGHOPLVPRDORODUJRGHGLYHUVDV UHYLVLRQHV+HVLGRGHORPiVD LQGXGDEOHD\XGDGH-XOLD%DVNHWWODFXDOPHKD YLVLyQ &RQSURIXQGD JUDWLWXGGHGLFRHVWHYROXPHQDP SURORQJDGD DYHQWXUD 6RQFRPSDxHURV H[FHOHQWHV $/%(57 %$1'85$ Capítulo 1 Modelos de naturaleza humana y causalidad $ORODUJRGHORVDxRVVHKDQSURSXHVWRGLYHU FRQFHSFLRQHV EiVLFDVVREUHODQDWXUDOH]D GHOK VDOHVTXHSURSRQHQUHTXLHUHQVHUDQDOL]DGRVFX TXHORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVWLHQHQGHODVSHUVRQDVS IXQFLRQDPLHQWR KXPDQR TXH H[SORUDUiQ \ ORVTXHGHMDUiQ FRQ PD\RU VL 7DOHV FRQFHSFLRQHV QRDIHFWDQ~QLFDPHQWH DORE ELpQ DORV LQVWUXPHQWRV GHDQiOLVLV TXHHODERU PiV UHOHYDQWHV la FRQFHSFLyQ 6L JXtDHVYDOLRVD LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV FLHQWtILFDV ORVUHVXO FODULILFDUiQ ORV DVSHFWRV GHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWR K $Vt ODVFRQFHSFLRQHVVREUH FHQWUDQOD LQYHVWLJDFLyQVREUH ODQDWXUDOH]D KXP WHUPLQDGRV \DVXYH]UHVXOWDQ IRUWDOHFLGDV LQYHVWLJDFLyQ TXHLQFOX\HQVXVFRQVLGHUDFLRQHV TXH ā H[FOX\HQGHVXFRQFHSFLyQVREUHODVSRWHQFLDOL UHGXFHQ VXVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVDOHVWXGLRGHODV 6L ORVHVIXHU]RVGHOL VHOLPLWDQDFRQVLGHUDUODIRUPDHQTXHODFRQ FDVWLJR HVSUR EDEOHTXHFRQFOX\DFRQDEXQGDQWHV SUXHEDV HPSt YHQLQIOXLGDVSRU ODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV TXHRULJLQ OLPLWDQDODVLQIOXHQFLDVH[WHUQDV/RVLQYHVW FLGDGGHDXWRGLUHFFLyQHPSOHDQSDUDGLJPDVH[SH ORV TXH ODV SHUVRQDV SXHGHQ \ D LQIOXLU FWRV PHGLDQWH HQ VXVOD SU IOXHQFLD (O FRQFHSWR GHQDWXUDOH]D KXPDQD DVXPLGRSRU FXHVWLyQ ILORVyILFD&XDQGRHOFRQRFLPLHQWRSV D ODSUiFWLFDODVF VREUHODVTXHVHDSR\DQODVWHFQRORJtDVVRFLDO GHQLQIOXLUVHxDODQGRHOWLSRGHSRWHQFLDOLGDG HVWDIRUPDODVFRQFHSFLRQHVWHyULFDVSXHGHQL (OSUHVHQWH FDStWXORHVWiGHGLFDGRSULQFLSDOP y GHFDXVDOLGDG H[SUHVDGR SRUODWHRUtDFRJQLWLY PXODFLRQHV WHyULFDV6LQHPEDUJRHODOFDQFHG 21 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV EiVLFDGHODVWHRUtDVFRQWHPSRUiQHDV LQWHQWD SURSRU TXHDVXPHQP FLRQDUXQDQiOLVLVHQFLFORSpGLFR GHODVWHRUtDVS JRGHORV DxRV 3RU VXSXHVWR HQORVVLJXLHQWHV FDStWXORV GRQG PRVGHODVGLVWLQWDV IDFHWDV GHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWR PLHQWR 7HRUtD SVLFRGLQiPLFD /DFRQGXFWD KXPDQD VHFRQVLGHUD SRUORJHQHUDO VRV p LQVWLQWRV3RUHMHPSORODWHRUtDSVLFRGLQiPLFD WDFLyQGHODLQWHUDFFLyQGLQiPLFDGHIXHU]DVLQWH SRU GHEDMRGHO QLYHOGHODFRQFLHQFLD 'DGRTXHORVGHIHQVRUHVGHHV )UHXG GH SHQVDPLHQ WRFRQVLGHUDQTXHODVSULQFLSDOHV FDXVDV GHODFR GHOLQGLYLGXRHVHQHVWHQLYHOGRQGH EXVFDQ OD WHRUtDKDLGRJDQDQGR DGHSWRV \VHHQFXHQWUD SUR GH OD FRQGXFWD KXPDQD QR SRU HOOR KD VLGRPHQRV /DVWHRUtDVGHHVWHWLSRVRQFULWLFDGDV WDQWRH GHWHUPLQDQWHV LQWHUQRV VHLQILHUHQPXFKDV YHFHV DSDUWLU VDQ FUHiQGRVH XQD VHULHGHFLUFXODULGDGHV LQWHUSUHWDWLYDV H ODH[SOLFDFLyQFDXVDO3RUHMHPSORXQLPSXOVRKR EOHFRQGXFWDTXHVHDWULEX\H HQWRQFHV 'H LJXDOPRGR DODDFFLy ODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQPRWLYRSDUDHOORJURVHGHGXFH SDUD ODGHSHQ GHQFLDGHXQDFRQGXFWD GHSHQGLHQWH ORVPRWLYRV ORVPRWLYRV SDUDHO SRGHU GHXQDFRQGXFWD GRPLQDQWH (V LOLPLWDGR \DVt HOQ~ PHURGHLPSXOVRVTXHSXHGHQ UHVXOWDU GHVXLQIHUH GLVWLQWDV SURSRQHQOLVWDV GLVWLQWDV GHPRWLYDGRU H[SOLFDQ ODV āFRQGXFWDV WRGDV \RWUDV FRQWLHQHQ 3DUD GLYHUVLGDG TXHODV G SURSRVLFLRQHV FDXVDOHV TXHFRQFLHUQHQ DORVLPSX HVSHFLILFDUVHODVFRQGLFLRQHV y TXHUHJXODQVXIXHU]DH DQWHFHGHQWHV TXHOR ULUORV D SDUWLU āGH OD FRQGXFWD TXH VXSXHVWDPHQWH SURGXFHQ /DHVWUXFWXUD FRQFHSWXDOGH ODVWHRUtDVTXHSURS SDOHVGHODFRQGXFWDKDVLGRFULWLFDGD SRUQRWHQ FLRQHVKXPDQDV 8QPRWLYDGRU LQWHUQR QRSXHGHH[ WHVTXHVHSURGXFHQHQXQD FRQGXFWD GHWHUPLQDGD ODVFRQGLFLRQHV VRFLDOHVFDPELDQWHV SURGXFHQ FDP SXHVWD QRSXHGH UHVLGLU GH IRUPD SULQFLSDO HQXQ FDXVD SXHGH VHU PHQRV FRPSOHMD TXH ORVGLYHUVRV /DWHRUtDSVLFRGLQiPLFD DFHSWD XQGHWHUPLQLVPR SRQH UHODFLRQHV HVSHFtILFDV HQWUHODYLGDLQWHUL y ORVDFWRV KXPD QRV'HKHFKRVHGLFHTXHODGLQiPLFDLQWHULRUS FRQGXFWD 3RUWDQWR WDOHVIRUPXODFLRQHV UHVXOWD SUXHEDV HPStULFDV $XQTXH OD LGRQHLGDG FRQFHSWXD SRGUtDGLVFXWLUVHHQSURIXQGLGDG VXVOLPLWDFLRQH 7DOHV WHRUtDVSURSRUFLRQDQ LQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV SHUR LFRPR YHUHPRV HQVHJ GHO GDVRQLQVXILFLHQWHVHQODSUHGLFFLyQ GH āODVFRQGXFWDV IXWXUDV &DVL FXDO FDUODVFRVDVXQDYH]TXH\DKDQRFXUULGR SDUWLU GHRWUDV /RVKD SHUVSHFWLYDVKDQVXEUD\DGR ODQHFHVLGDG GHGHVSOD ā GLQiPLFD LQWHUQDDODFDXVDOLGDG UHFtSURFD HQWUH WURQHVGHFRQGXFWD DWULEXLGRV KDELWXDOPHQWH DFD HOLPLQDUVH\UHLQVWDXUDUVH FDPELDQGR \ DOWHUDQGR ODVLQIOXHQ ODIRUPD SHQVDUGHOLQGLYLGXR7DOHVKDOOD]JRVLQGLFDQTXH OD FRQGXFWD VXU ______ J.., 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D y FDXVDOLGDG KXPDQD JHQGHODGLQiPLFD GHLQWHUDFFLyQHQOXJDUGHS GHODV IXQFLRQHV PHQWDOHV LQFRQVFLHQWHV /DFDSDFLGDG XQD H[SOLFDWLYDGH WHRUtDSVLFROyJLFDSXHGHFDOLEUD UR ODV WHRUtDV GHEHQ GHPRVWUDU SRGHU SUHGLFW RULJLQDQGHEHQVHUFDSDFHVGHSURGXFLUFDPELRV \DFWRV KXPDQRV /DIDOWDGHVROLGH]GHXQDWHRUtD VH IXQFLRQDPLHQWR \VHSURFHGHDHYDOXDUORVUHVXO DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV VLQFRQRFHUFXiOHV FRQVHJXLUOR 3RUHOOR\HQWHUF VRQODVEDV WHRUtDVGHEHQLGHQWLILFDUORVGHWHUPLQDQWHV GH WHVSRUORVTXHVHSURGXFHQVXVHIHFWRV3HURO SVHXGRH[SOLFDFLRQHV /DLGRQHLGDG GHXQD H[SOL H[DFWLWXGSUHGLFWLYD/DVIRUPXODFLRQHVSVLFRGL SXQWRV (ILFDFLD SUHGLFWLYD /DVWHRUtDVTXHDWULEX\HQODFRQGXFWD DGHWHU IRUPLGDEOHODERUGHHYDOXDUORV'HELGR DTXHpV YRTXHDFW~DQ WDPELpQGHIRUPDLQFRQVFLHQWH SR IDFWRUHV TXHUHJXODQ VXFRQGXFWD D ORVPRWLYDGRUHV 3RU WDQWR LQFRQVF H PHGLRV VXEUHSWLFLRV TXHEXUOHQODV GHIHQVDV HQ GHVDUUROODGDV SDUD D ORVVXMHWRVTXHQRPEUHQORTXH HVWHFRPHWLGRVHSLGH HODERUHQ KLVWRULDV DSDUWLU GHOiPLQDV DPELJXD DVRFLDFLRQHV OLEUHVDODVSDODEUDV TXHVHOHVS PXORVWDQDPELJXRVUHYHODQOXFKDVRFXOWDV\IXQ GHODVSDODEUDV DFWRV\VXHxRVWDPELpQ VHXWL (OYDORUSUHGLFWLYRGHODVPHGLGDVSUR\HFWLYD GXFWD HVSREUHQRUHVXOWDGHJUDQD\XGD D ODKRUDGHSUHGHFLU ODIRUPD GHORVLQGLYLGXRVHQGLVWLQWDVVLWXDFLRQHV $XELQ (URQ\6FKXP 0LV HYDOXDFLyQ HVXQSUHGLFWRUGHODFRQGXFWD IXWX TXH VXSXHVWDPHQWH PLGHQDTXHOORV OD FRQGXFWD GHOLQGLYLGXR TXH pVWHBLJQRUD GHWHUPLQDQW 6KUDXJHU \2VEHUJ $GHPiV XQVLVWHPD FRPELQHXQDVFXDQWDVYDULDEOHVSUHGLFWRUDV HV EXHQR \ PXFKDV YHFHV PHMRU TXH ODVYDORUDFLRQH 7DPSRFR ODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVUHDOL]DGDV HOODERUDWRULR HQEXVFD GHSUXHEDV HQ HP GHWHUPLQDFLyQ LQFRQVFLHQWH GHODV UHDFFLRQHV D PXFKR p[LWR 3RVLEOHPHQWH HOLQFRQVFLHQWH SRV SHUPLWDQ GHWHFWDU ODVDPHQD]DV SDUD PDQWHQHU \PRYLOL]DUIXQ HVWDV DPHQD]DV IXHUDGHORVOtPLWHVGHODFRQFLHQFLD 6LQHPED ORV TXH ODV UHVSXHVWDV FRJQLWLYDV DXWyQRPDV R UHJLVWUDQFRQFXUUHQWHPHQWH QRKDQSRGLGRGHVFX TXHDILUPDODWHRUtDSVLFRGLQiPLFD (ULNVHQ UtD .OLQH WDPSRFRKDQVRSRUWDGRXQDQi /RV WHyULFRV SVLFRGLQiPLFRV JHQHUDOPHQW WHRUtD *UQEDXP HQXQDQiOLVLVHUXGLWRGHODVEDVHV GH PHQWHHOYDORUGHORVGDWRVFOtQLFRVREWHQLGRV PDVLDGR FRQWDPLQDGRV SRU HOGHVHR VXJHVWLYRGH YDOLGH] GH OD WHRUtD (ILFDFLD HQ OD LQGXFFLyQ āFDPELRV GH (OYDORUGHXQDWHRUtDVHHYDO~DHQ~OWLPRWp VXXWLOLGDGPDQLIHVWDGD GHVXVPpWRGRV SDUD HIHFWXDUFDPELRVSVLFROyJLFRV 2WUDV H 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV FRQWULEXFLRQHV D OD SUHGLFFLyQ \ SRU ODV LQQRYDFLRQHV W FDFLyQ 6XSRQJDPRV SRU HMHPSOR GHVDUUROODUDQ TXH FLHUWRV FLHQWtILFRV SULQFLSLRV DHURQi DHURGLQiPLFD VL DO DSOLFDU HVWRV SULQFLSLRV QR SXGLHUD PDQWXYLHUD HQ HO DLUH HO YDORU GH VXV (O PLVPR IRUPXODFLRQHV UD]R W QDPLHQWR āSRGUtD DSOLFDUVH D FDPSR OD GH WHRUL]DFLyQ OD PHGLFLQD WHRUtDV HQVL VREUH HOFLHUWDV SURFHVRV ILVLROyJLFRV QR FRQVLJXLHUDQ WUDWDU ODV QLQJ~Q HQIHUPHGDGHV PHGLR HILF /DV WHRUtDV FXHVWLRQDEOHV SXHGHQ UHVLVWLU D QXHYRV GHPRVWUDFLRQ HOH PHQWRV PRGLILFDGRUHV TXH VH DFRPRGHQ (V SRU HVWD D UD]yQ ORV SRU KDOOD]JRV OD F TXH LQFOXVR ODV WHRUtDV IRUPXODGDV GHWRGDV IRUPD ODV PiV VXSRVL HODERUD FLRQHV FRPSOHPHQWDULDV LPSRUWDQWHV SDUD GHULYDQ SRGHU GH VXV GHGXFLU HQXQFLDGRV (Q HO SURFHVR GH HODERUDFLyQ XQD WHRUtD \ GHPRVWUDFLyQ IUHFXHQFLD FRQ TXHGDQ GH RFXOWRV IDFWRUHV ā DGLFLRQDOHV TXH HVSHFLILFDQ ODV SDUD FRQGLFLRQHV OD SUHVHQ QHFH WDFLyQ GH GHWHUPLQDGRV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV XQD SURSXHVWD WHyULFD SXHGH 3RU VHU RWUD VyOLGD SDUWH DXQ VLHQGR IDOVDV DOJXQDV GH VXV SUHPLVDV /DV SUXHEDV LQFLWHQ DOD UHYLVLyQ GH WDOHV VXSRVLFLRQHV /D WHRUtD VH PRGLILFD TXH DO DEDQ FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH FRQVLGHUDU VL VLQ OD YHUVLyQ HQPHQGDGDPLVPD HV WHRUtD WRGDYtD HQ /RV HVTXHPDV FRQFHSWXDOHV TXH SREUHV SURSRUFLRQDQ GHFRQGXFWD OD GHV H[SOLFDFLRQ DFDEDQ FDUWiQGRVH FRQ HO WLHPSR QR SRUTXH KD\DQ GHPRVWUDGR VX IDOVHG WDQWDV FRQGLFLRQHV OLPLWDQWHV TXH VX YDORU H[SOLFDWLYR FDPHQWH GLVPLQX\H HOFHUWH]D LQWHUpV R ODSRU IDOVHGDG GHPRVWUDU XQD ~OWLPD WHRUtD HQPHQ OD GH GDGD TXH FRPR PXFKR SXHGH DSOLFDUVH FLUFXQVWDQFLDV HQFRQVL XQ HVWUHFKR 3RU JXLHQWH ODV SRFD WHRUtDV VROLGH] FRQ SXHGHQ VXSHUDU SUXHEDV PiV TXH IiFLOPHQWH LQWHQWDQ SRQHU ODV GH PDQLILHVWR VXIDOVHGDG TXH DTXHOODV GHPRVWUDU TXH SUHWHQGHQ VX XWLOLGDG $FDEDQ SRU VHU DEDQ GRQDGDV WDQWR SRU QR XQD GHPRVWUDFLyQ H[KDXVWLYD GH VX IDOVHGDG WHRUtD FXDQWR SRU PHMRU TXH UHHPSOD]DUODV SXHGD /RV SODQWHDPLHQWRV SVLFROyJLFRV TXH DWULEX\HQ OD FRQGXF FLHQWHV FRQVLGHUDQ HVHQFLDO ODSDUD FRQVHFXFLyQ FRQVHJXLU LQWURGXFLU GH XQ DXWRFR ELRV GXUDGHURV HQ OD FRQGXFWD 3RU PHGLR GHO SURFHVR GH LGHQWLILFDFLyQ GH GXR ORV FXDOHV SXHGHQ PDQLIHVWDUVH GH GLVWLQWDV IRUPDV GHWHUPLQDQWHV VXE\DFHQWHV GH VX FRQGXFWD 8QD YH] TXH VH VH YDQ FRQRFHQ KDFLHQ HVWRV LPSXOVRV SUREDEOHPHQWH GHMDQ KDFHQ GH IXQFLRQDU VXVFHS PiV FRPR WLEOHV FRQWURODGRV GH VHU GH IRUPD FRQVFLHQWH /RV HVWXGLRV SDUD PHGLU UHDOL]DGRV ORVFDPELRV UHDOHV KDQ SRGLGR GHPRVWUDU HQ ODFRQGXFW FRQ FODULGDG TXH OD FRQGXFWD KDQ UHFLELGR WUDWDPLHQWR GH XQ ODV SVLFRGLQiPLFR SHUVRQDV TXH FDP ELH VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH PiV TXH KDQ OD UHFLELGR GH RWURV WUDWD GLFKR VXMHWRV PLHQWR O %DQGXUD D 5DFKPDQ \:LOVRQ 7DOHV WUDWDPLHQWRV UHVXOWDQ DOJRPHMRUHV VLV FRQVLGHUDQ GHVGH HOSXQWR GHYLVWD FOtQLFR TXH VLVH WXDO /XERUVN\ y /XEURVN\ 6LQJHU 6WDSOHV&ULVWRO 6ORDQH <RUNVRQ \ :KLSSOH /DV PHGLGDV EDVDGDV GHVREUH HILFDFLD WRGR HQ ORV LQIRUPHV YHUEDOHV TXH ORV WUDWDGRV FDVRV PHMRUDQ PiV TXH ORV *ODVV FRQWUROHV 6LQ 6PLWK HPEDUJR \ XWLOL]DQ LQIRUPHV HQOXJDUGH PHGLGDV YHUEDOHV FRQFUHWDV GH IXQFLRQDPLHQWR WURO TXH QRKDQ UHFLELGR LQWHUYHQFLyQ KDEHU FRQVHJXLGR WHUDSpXWLFD PHMRUtDVD L WDQWHV 1R HVGHOWRGR VRUSUHQGHQWH TXH HODXWRFRQRFLPLHQW ELRV HQ OD (V PiV FRQGXFWD IiFLO FDPELDU ODV FUHHQFLDV GH ODV SHUVRQDV VR FRQGXFWDV TXH FDPELDU 3RU HMHPSOR HVWDV VHSXHGH ~OWLPDV PD\RU IDFLOLGDG SHUVXDGLU DXQ FRQ D FRKyOLFR GHTXH KiELWR HOPRWLYR HV XQD GHSHQGHQFLD GH VX ILMDGD HQOD ID DEDQGRQH HODOFRKRO $GHPiV SDUHFHQ VHU PXFKRV DUELWUDULRV DXWRFRQRFLPLHQWR &RPR YDGR 0DUPRU HQWUH FDGD SODQWHDPLHQWR RWURV SVLFRGLQiPLFR WLHQH ULWR GH FDXVDV LQWHUQDV GHDXWRFRQRFLPLHQWR \VX /RV WLSR GHWHUPLQDQWHV SUHIHULGR SUHVXSXHVWRV SXHGHQ FRQILUPDUVH IiFLOPHQWH PHGLDQWH TXHHO WHUDSHXWD KDFH HQWUHYLVWDV LQ WHUSUHWDFLRQHV UHDFFLRQD VXJHVWLYDV SRVLWLYDPHQWH FDGD YH] \ TXH ORV ORJURV GHO SDF GHQ FRQ VXV 0XUUD\ FUHHQFLDV 'I 7UXD] 3RUWDQWR,RV GHIHQVRUHV GHGLVWLQWDV ¡ i 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D y FDXVDOLGDG KXPDQD FLRQHV WHyULFDV GHVFXEUHQ UHSHWLGDPHQWH HQ VX WU PLVPRV SHUR HVUDUR TXHHQFXHQWUHQ SRU SUXHED RWUDV WHRUtDV DOJXQD GLVWLQWDV 'H IRUPD VLPLODU VHSXHGH SUHGHFLU WHUDSHXWDVL DSDUWLU GH ORVSDFLHQWHV R QR KDVWD HOLQFRQVFLHQWH OOHJDUiQ y TXpKDOODUiQ 8Q LQFRQVFLHQWH HQpO IUHXGL ILHUH GH XQRMXQJLDQR 0XFKDV WHRUtDV LQFOXVR QR SUHGHFLU H LQGXFLU FDPELRV SVLFROyJLFRV VLQ DSHOD &RQVHJXLU HODXWRFRQRFLPLHQWR GH ORVPRWLYRV TXH FXHVWLyQ GH WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ GH FUHHQFLDV 3RU OR WDQWR TXH XQVH SU SXHGHQ SUHGHFLU PHMRU ORV WLSRV GH DXWRFRQRFLPLHQW HVFDSD] GHGHVFXEULU HQHOFXUVR SDUWLU GHO VLVWHPD GHXQ DQiOLVLV GHFUHHQ S FHSWXDO GHOWHUDSHXWD TXH DSDUWLU GHOYHUGDGHUR H VHSODQWHDQ VREUH ODV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV GHFUHHQFLD LJXDOPHQWH DRWURV SODQWHDPLHQWRV WUDGXFLU WHyULFRV ORV DFWRV VLpVWR DVXO JXDMH HVSHFtILFR SHUR QR VLUYLHUDQ SDUD VROXFLRQD VXSRQH HVWiQ 3RU HVWD SHQVDGRV UD]yQ LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GH TXH PpWRGRV SVLFROyJLFRV GHEHUtDQ HYDOXDUVH HQEDVH D FLRQDPLHQWR SVLFRVRFLDO UHDO 4XH HODXWRFRQRFLPLHQWR GHXQD SVLFRGLQiPLFD LQF OD FRQGXFWD QR ORV DFWRV VLJQLILFD QR HVWpQ TXH LQIOXHQFLDGRV SRU HO QDQWHV YHUGDGHURV 0iV DGHODQWH UHYLVDUHPRV ODV S PLHQWR GHORVIDFWRUHV TXH FRQWULEX\HQ DODSURSLD VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH HQyODV HQ HO UHDFFLRQHV FRPSRUWDPLHQWR (VWRV GHWHUPLQDQWHV HPRFLRQDOHV FRQVFLHQWHV GHOD FRQGXFWD VRQ IiFLOHV GHGHPRVWUD VRQDV VHEHQHILFLDQ y GHOGHVDUUROOR PiV GHO FDPELR GHVXIXQFLRQDPLHQW GH ODE~VTXHGD GH XQD YLGD PHQWDO LQFRQVFLHQWH ( LQFRQVFLHQWH LQFOX\H XQD FRQWUDGLFFLyQ (O SHQVDP UHIOH[LyQ LPDJLQDFLyQ \RWUDV DFWLYLGDGHV LGHDWLY SHQVDPLHQWR GHLQFRQVFLHQWH HVGHVSURYHHUOR 3RU VXSXHVWR UHDOL]DQ TXHGH VH VX RSHUDFLRQHV FRJQLWLYDV UXWLQDULDV HQODV TXH VHWL PXFKDV YHFHV OD JHQWH UHDFFLRQD FRQyIRUPDV FRQ DFWXD GH SHQ FLRQHV UXWLQDULDV H[HQWDV GH UHIOH[LyQ VLQ HPEDU PLHQWR \ OD XQD YLGD DFFLyQ LQFRQVFLHQWH GH UHFWRUD GHO FRPSRUW Teoría de los rasgos /D WHRUtD GHORV RWUD OLQHD UDVJRV GHSHQVDPLHQWR HV TXH GHILHQGH O FRQGXFWD $OOSRUW &DWWHOO 3RVWXOD UDVJRV ORV FXDOHV VH FRQFLEHQ FRPR WHQGHQFLDV SH PDQHUD /RV GHIHQVRUHV KDQ SUHRFXSDGR GH HVWD PiV WHRUtD GHODHYDOXDFLyQ VH VRQDOLGDG OD GHPRVWUDFLyQ \GH GH VXXWLOLGDG SUHGLFWLYD TXH PRWLYDQ \GLULJHQ ODFRQGXFWD 6LOD FRQGXFWD HV ORV DFWRV HQVLWXDFLRQHV GLVWLQWDV y HVWDEOHV GHEHUtDQ HQHOWLHPSR VHUED FLSDOHV FRQWURYHUVLDV DFHUFD GHODWHRUtD GHORVU ORV GHVDFXHUGRV VREUH HO Q~PHUR \ FODVHV GH UDVJ Valor predictivo de las medidas de rasgos $ WUDYpV GHORV DxRV VHKDQ SXEOLFDGR QXPHURVRV H ORV UDVJRV GHSHUVRQDOLGDG FRUUHODFLRQDQ GpELOPHQW GLVWLQWDV 0LVFKHO 3HWHUVRQ 9HPRQ FDWLYD GLFKDV PHGLGDV H[SOLFDQ 2 SRUFLHQWR JHQHUDOPHQWH GHODYDULDFLy VREU PLHQWR /D FRQGXFWD SDVDGD SUHGLFH ODFRQGXFWD IXWXUD HQVLWXDFLR ~ 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV UDGD SHUR HOFRPSRUWDPLHQWR YDUtD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD DWUDYpV GHV TXHDIHFWDQDOYDORUIXQFLRQDOGHXQDSDUWLFXODU GH FRQGXFWD3RUWDQWROD PHGLGD GHXQUDVJR GHDJUHVLYLGDGSRUHMHPSORQRUHVXOWD GHPXFKD QR DJUHVLYRHQ RWUDV VLWXDFLRQHV GLVWLQWDV DODREVHUYDGD /DRSLQLyQGHTXHORVUDVJRVUHJXODQ GHO FRQVLGHUD ODFRQGXFW EOHQ~PHURGHSUXHEDVHPStULFDVTXHGHPXHVWUDQ WUDWDU ODVROLGH]GH OD FUHHQFLDHQOR ODVWHQGHQFLDV JHQHUDOHV 0LVFKHO SXHGHQ OOHYDU KDLGHQ DYHU XQLIRUPLGDGFRQGXFWXDO DOOtGRQGHQRH[LVWH/DV y OD FRQGXFWDH[SUHVLYDSXHGHQ FUHDUODLPSUHVLyQGHF FDPELDQGR (Q ODYLGDFRWLGLDQDREVHUYDPRV DODJHQWHGH WLFXODUFRPRSXHGHVHUHOWUDEDMR y QRVLPXOWiQHDPHQWH HQODVIXQFLR WRGRV āHVWRVOXJDUHVGRQGHSXHGH YDULDU FRQVLVWHQWHPHQWH (VWXGLRV VXIRUPDGHFRQG HQORVTXH VHKDFRPSDUDGR FyPRSHUFLEHQ ORVPRWLYRVGHVX GRUHVVXJLHUHQTXHDOWRPDU XQD PXHVWUD OLPLWDGD GLVSRVLFLRQHV JHQHUDOHV -RQHV \1LVEHWW ORVGHPiVDSDUWLU GHXQD VRODVLWXDFLyQ WLHQGHQ GLVSRVLFLyQSHUVRQDO (Q FRQWUDVWH FRQHVWRORVVXMHWRVREVHUYD WHTXHPRGLILFDQVXFRQGXFWDGHDFXHUGR FRQODVG DFRQVLGHUDU TXH VXV DFWRV YDUtDQ HQ IXQFLyQGH &RQILDUHQODVPHGLGDVYHUEDOHV GHODFRQGXFWD JHQHUDOLGDGGHORVUDVJRV$OHVWXGLDU WUDYpV GHVLWXD HOYDORUS FLRQHVGLVWLQWDV VHVXHOHSHGLUDORVVXMHWRVTX GHWHUQLLQDGDV HQOXJDUGHHQVLWXDFLRQHV 3RU FRQVLJXLHQWHVHKDFHQHFH HVSHFtIL GLVIUD]DUODYDULDELOLGDGGHODVUHVSXHVWDV HQ XQHVIXHU]RSRUH[WUDHUORFDUD GH ORGLYHUVR 'HVGH OXHJRODVSHUFHSFLRQHV GHODFRQGXFWD VHYHQ XQRPLVPR\VREUH ORVGHPiV /DV DFFLRQHV \ UHFRUGDGDV WLHQGH VHOHFWLYDPHQWH GHIRUPDFRQVHFXHQWH FRQFHSFLRQHV SUHYLDV &RPRUHVXOWDGR FRQODV VDPLHQWRFRJQLWLYRVHOHFFLRQDGRU ODVHYDOXDFLRQH VRQFRQVWDQWHV DSHVDU GHTXHHQUHDOLGDG 3RU ORWDQWR ODF OD FRQGXFWDVHPXHVWUDPiVFRQVLVWHQWH HQORVLQIRUP ORVGHIHQVRUHVGH ODWHRUtDGHORVUDVJRV GHORT FRQGXFWD SURSLDPHQWH GLFKD %~VTXHGDGHVROXFLRQHVPHWRGROyJLFDV /RVHVIXHU]RVSRUGHVSURYHHU DORVUDVJRV\ODV GDGRVLQUpSOLFD/RVGHIHQVRUHVGHHVWDVWHRUtDV WLQWDVSXHGHQVHUPDQLIHVWDFLRQHV GHXQPLVPRPRW GRFRQYLQFHQWH KD SRUTXH SURSRUFLRQDGR QRVH QLQJ~QFULWHULR ILD FRQGXFWDV TXHVRQH[SUHVLyQ GHXQPRWLYRGHEDVH YDORUSUHGLFWLYR GHORV UDVJRV HV OD FUtWLFD DO HQWUHLQGLFDGRUHVGHUDVJRV\FRQGXFWD /DVUHFWL GLVWLQWDV LJXDOTXH ODV FUtWLFDV TXH VHKDFHQ G Clasificación de los individuos e individualización de las dimensiones de los rasgos. %HP \$OOHQ KDQH[SXHVWRODRSLQLyQGHTXHGHWHUPLQ FRQGXFWDV SHURTXHODVSUXHEDV HPStULFDV VREUHO WDVVHYHQRVFXUHFLGDVFXDQGRVHFRPELQDQ GDWRVG \HVHOLQYHVWLJDGRUPiVTXHORVVXMHWRVTXLHQHO WDORVUHSUHVHQWDQ WHRUtD 'HVGH SVLFROyJLFDTXHLQWHQWH HVWDSHUVSHFWLYD SUHGHFLUOD FRQGXFWD XQD , :.a SDUWLUGHORVUDVJRVGHEHFRQIRUPDUVH SUHGHFLU ~QLFDPHQWH DOJXQRVGHORVD FRQ W RVFRQVLVWHQWHV ORFXDO GH ā DQWHPDQR LPSOLFDUtD TXp VXMHWRV ā VRQFRQVLVWHQWHV SRGHU LGHQWL )iOHV QRHQ XQiPELWRGHWHUPLQDGR GHODFRQGXFWD %HP\ 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D \ FDXVDOLGDG KXPDQD WRV WLHQHQ GH VtPLVPRV HQ FXDQWR DVX FRQVLVWHQFLD R 3DUD GHPRVWUDU TXH OD FRQVWDQFLD UHIHULGD SRU HO SURSLR IRUPLGDG VH PLGLy HQ XQ JUXSR GH HVWXGLDQWHV ORV UDV SDUD OR FXDO VH SLGLy D ORV SDGUHV D XQ DPLJR \ DO FXHVWLRQDULR HQ HO TXH VH GHVFULEtDQ 3DUD FDGD XQR VLWXDFLRQHV GH ORV GRV PX\ UD VXPDURQ ODV SXQWXDFLRQHV FRQIHULGDV SRU FDGD HYDOXDGR QLpQGRVH XQD SXQWXDFLyQ JOREDO \ FDOFXODQGR OXHJR H FLRQHV /DV SXQWXDFLRQHV UHFLELGDV SRU DTXHOORV LQGLY WDQWHV HQ VXV FRQGXFWDV FRLQFLGLHURQ PiV TXH ODV UHFL Vt PLVPRV PX\ YDULDEOHV /D FRUUHODFLyQ GH ORV LQIRUPHV YHUEDOHV GH FRQGXFW HVSHFtILFDV DSRUWD SRFD LQIRUPDFLyQ D OD FXHVWLyQ FHQWUDO GH VL UHDOPHQWH HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH ODV SHUVRQDV HQ GLVWLQ D WUDYpV GH GLYHUVDV VLWXDFLRQHV SXHGHQ H[SUHVDU XQ 3DUD GHPRVWUDU OD JHQHUDOLGDG KD\ TXH PHGLU GH ODGLUHFWDPHQWH FRQGXFWD OD YDU HQ GLVWLQWDV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV \ QR OLPLWDUVH D FRQVLGHU FRQ ORV HYDOXDGRUHV RHO JUDGR GH DFXHUGR GH pVWRV HQ EDOHV VREUH DTXpOORV (Q ODV SRFDV FRQGXFWDV TXH %HP TXH ORV VXMHWRV TXH VH GHVFULEtDQ D Vt PLVPRV FRPR L FXDQWR D ORFXDFLGDG SHUR QR HQ FXDQWR WDQWR D XQD ILUPH]D IDOWD GH GH V FRKHUHQFLD HQ HO UDVJR SUHGLFWRU (Q XQ HVWXGLR GH FRQVLVWHQFLD PiV DPSOLR FRQG G WLQWDV PHGLGDV GH FRQVLVWHQFLD UHIHULGDV SRU HO SURSL GDG &KDSOLQ \ *ROGEHU HQFRQWUDURQ TXH OD FRQVLVWHQFLD DXW GH IRUPD XQLIRUPH 1R VyOR KD\ IDOWD GH GHFRQVLVWHQFLD DFXHUGR HQWUH tQGLFHV GLVWLQW FXDOTXLHUD TXH VHD OD IRUPD HQ TXH VH PLGD ORV WLSRV VRQ PiV XQLIRUPHV HQ VXV FRQGXFWDV TXH DTXHOORV RWURV VRQDOLGDG (VWD FODVLILFDFLyQ GH ORV VXMHWRV HQ WLSRV GH FRQVLVW PHGLGD TXH OD FRQGXFWD VH FRPSOLFD WDO FRPR KDQ FR O /DV SHUVRQDV TXH HYDO~DQ DO LQGLYLGXR FRLQFLGH DTXHOORV TXHVt VH PLVPRV FRQVLGHUDQ LQYDULDEOHV D TXH HQ VXVLPSUHV TXH VH FDOLILFDQ GH YDULDEOHV SHUR DPERV JUXSRV G IRUPLGDG GH FRQGXFWD UHDO HQ GLIHUHQWHV VLWXDFLRQH GHEHQ SUREDEOHPHQWH DTXH DQWH OD LPSRVLELOLGDG G TXH VHPXHYH HOHYDOXDGRU VXSRQH FXiO VHUi VXDFW ILHVWD 3UHVHQWDUVH DVtPLVPR FRPR XQD SHUVRQD PX\ FRQVLVWHQ OD ā LPSUHVLyQ GH FRQVLVWHQFLD SDUD DXPHQWDU SHUR HOSRGHU QR VLUYH SUHGLFWLYR T GLFLyQ GH HVWH UDVJR /D UD]yQ GH HVWD LPSUHVLyQ HUUyQHD KD FRQYHUWLGR GHJHQHUDOLGD HQVtP HQ REMHWR GH HVWXGLR 0LVFKHO KDQ HQFRQWUDGR \3HDNH TXH ODSHUFH DXWRFRQVLVWHQFLD HQORVGHPiV JXDUGD UHODFLyQ FRQ VHUHILHUH WHQJD ODFRQGXFWD GHHVWRV ~OWLPRV D WUDV TXH QR JXDUGD UHODFLyQ FRQ OD FRQGXFWD TXH P XQD WHQGHQFLD DGHGXFLU JHQHUDOLGDG LQWHUVLWXDFLRQ HQ VLWXDFLRQHV SDUHFLGDV $TXHOORV REVHUYDGRUHV FLyQ GH ORV VXMHWRV HQ GLYHUVDV VLWXDFLRQHV HVOL FRQGXFWD VLPLODU HPLWLGD UHSHWLGDV YHFHV HQODPL VLVWHQWH HQ VLWXDFLRQHV 6LQR VHFRQWHPSOD GLVWLQWDV XQ DPSOLR PDUJHQ GH DSDUHFHUi FRQVLVWHQWH D ORV RMRV GHO HVSHFWDGRU ā/RV HVWXGLRV TXH VHUHDOL]DQ VREUH JHQHUDOLGDG V GDGR GHWHUPLQDU HQ TXp UDVJRV GH OD FRQGXFWD GHEHQ HYDOXDUV FLyQ DODV FODVHV GHHQWRUQRV TXHGHEHQ FRQVLGHUDU DTXHOORV SODQWHDPLHQWRV āTXH DWULEX\HQ OD FRQGXFWD D GHWHUPLQDGRV 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ)XQGDPHQWRVVRFLDOHV WLPHQODVSURSLHGDGHV GHOHQWRUQR(OPpWRGRSDU LQWHUVLWXDFLRQD TXH QRVDSRUWDUtDPiVLQIRUPDFLyQ VHUtDUHJLVWUDUHO HQVLWXDFLRQHV TXH GLILHUHQ HQFXDQWR DOYDORUIXQFLRQDO HQ WDOHV VLWXD GH FLRQHV /DV VLWXDFLRQHV SDUD IRUPDU SDUWH HOHJLGDV GHO HVWXGLR GHEHUtD QDUVHHQEDVH D ORV SUHPLRV\FDVWLJRVTXHVXHOHQFRPSRUWD FRQGXFWD HQOX JDUGHHOHJLUODVGHIRUPDDUELWUDULD ODV SHUVRQDV 7DOHVHVWX VH FRPSRUWDQGHIRUPD GLVFULPLQDWLYD HPLWLU ODPD\RUtD XQDGH GH WHUPLQDGDIRUPDGHFRQGXFWDFXDQGRpVWDUHVXOWH UHSUHVHQWD QLQJXQDXWLOL GDGRSXHGDFRPSRUWDU UHVXOWDGRV DEDQLFR SHUMXGLFLDOHV DPSOLRGH HQWRUQRV SRGUHPRV HYDOXDU GHIRUPDFRUUHFWD WUDQVLWXDFLRQD GH ODF ODFRQGXFWD 6HSXHGHDYDQ]DU PiVHQHOFRQRFLPLHQWRSVLFROy ODFRQGXFWDTXHEXVFDQGR VXEWLSRVGHLQGLYLGXRV TXHVHDQODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV 7RGD WHRUtDTXHLQYLWDVH FXiOHV DODVSHUVRQDV GHVXVDFWRV VRQSUHGHFLEOHVSHURTXHpVWRVOHUHVXOWDUDQ LPS ODVTXHVXFRQGXFWDYDULDVHQVLEOHPHQWHFRPRFRQ GH VX HQWRUQRUHVXOWDUtD LQFRPSOHWD 4XHXQMRYHQ DODYH]TXHSRGU DJUHVLYRWLUDQL DORVDPLJRVTXHVHKDOOHQVXERUGLQDGRV DpOPLHQ PiVGXURVTXHpOPLVPRQRVLJQLILFDTXHVXFRQG FLHUWR TXHODFRQGXFWD HPLWLGD HQGLVWLQWDV OD VLW IHQRPHQRORJtDLGLRJUiILFD /RUG ODV VLWXDFLRQHV &RQRFHU IDYRUHFHODSUHGLFFLyQ SDWUyQ FRUUHFWD VLWXDFLRQDO GHODFRQGXFWDS GHFRQGXFWD FLUVHDSDUWLUGHODVFRQGLFLRQHV VRFLDOHVUHLQD GHO VXMHWR % %DQGXUD RZHU \+LOJDUG (ODXPHQWRGHODFDSDFLGDG SUHGLFWLYDUHTXLHUH GHIRUPDVLVWHPiWLFD DOD YDULDELOLGDG \TXHFRQWULEX\HQ GHODFRQGXFWD DV FRUUHODFLRQHV HQWUH ODVFRQGXFWDV(O HQODVVLWXDFL Q~PHUR GH SHUVRQDVTXH DFW~DQ GHIRUPDLQYDULDEOHIOXFWXDUiHQIXQFLyQ SDUD HOHVWXGLR GHOJUDGRHQTXHODVVLWXDFLRQHV SDUD HOVXMHWRGHOF HOHJLGDVGLILHUD ULRVHJXLGR SDUD GHWHUPLQDU FRQVLVWHQFLD RYDULDELOLGDG GH OD \ FRQGXFWDREVHUYDGD RODSURSLDFRQGXFWD$TXHOOD WXDFLRQHV FRPR SXHGH āLQWHOLJHQWH VHU DFWXDU UHVXOWDUtDQ GH XQD IRUPD Pi DTXHOODV RWUDV FX\DV FRQVHFXHQFLDV XQD VLWXDFLyQ YDULDUDQ DRWUD DPS 3R VHUtDGLILFLOHQFRQWUDU DGROHVFHQWHV TXHGHIRUP SURIHVRUHV āVXVDPLJRVRFRQODSROLFtDSRUTXHODVFRQVH FRQGXFWDFRQ FDGD XQRGHHOORVVHUtDQPX\GLVWLQWDV :DOWHUV $XQ HQHOFDVRGH %DQGX FRQGXFWDV DPSOLDPHQWH DFHSWDGDV FRPRSXHGH VHU VXMHWRVFRQVLVWHQWHVVHUHGXFLUtDVLPSOHPHQWHLQ HQODV TXH WDOUHVSXHV WDHVHVFDVDPHQWH SUREDEOH FRPRSXHGHQVHUDTXH ORV LQGLYLGXRV (Q HVWDVVLWXDFLRQHV ~QLFDPHQWH HVFDVD FDSDFLGDG ORVVXMHWRVFRQ GHGLVFHUQLPLH WLGR GHOD UHDOLGDG FRQWLQXDUtDQ PRVWUiQGRVH LQ Emparejamiento de perfiles. 8QVHJXQGRHVIXHU]RPHWRGROyJLFR SDUD DXPHQWDU ODFDSDFL SUHGLFWRUD GHODPHGLGDGHORVUDVJRVSURSXHVWR )XQGHU LQWHQWDFRUUHJL GHDWHQFLyQ SUHVWDGD DODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV DPELHQWDOHV (VWR FLRQHV DSDUHQWHPHQWH VLPLODUHV VRQ GH KHFKR I SHUVRQDOHVGLVWLQWRV SDUD FRQVHJXLUHOp[LWRHQODVPLVPDVSRU GHODFRQGXFWD HQHVWDV VLWXDFLRQHV 3UHVXPLEOHP JRVDXPHQWDUi DOGHWHUPLQDU HOJUDGRHQTXHORV GHSHUVRQDOLGDG LGHDO SDUD OD FRQGXFWD HQ OD VLWXDFLyQ UHTXHULGD TXH VH HVWXGLD (O SURFHGLPLHQWR GH SDUD HPSDUHMDPLHQWRXWLOL]DGR HOORVH EDVD HQODWpFQLFD TXH ©4VR HRQWLHQHXQPRGHORHVWiQGDU OD SHUVRQDOLGDG GHDILUPDFLRQHVGHVF lo VXILFLHQWHPHQWHJ 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D y FDXVDOLGDG KXPDQD QHUDOHV SDUD GHWHUPLQDU HO WLSR GH SHUVRQDOLGDG LGHDO TXH GHWHUPLQDGR FLHUWD iUHD HQ GH DFWXDFLyQ XQD SHUVRQD S H DJUHVLYDª ©(V ©(V X LQTXLHWD H LPSDFLHQWHª /RV VXMHWRV VH GHVFULEHQ TXH WLHQH PiV DVtP SUREDELOLGDGHV GH HMHFXWDU FRUUHFWDPHQWH OD FRQGX &XDQWR PD\RU VHD OD FRLQFLGHQFLD HQWUH ORV UDVJRV JRV LGHDO VHUi OD PD\RU SUREDELOLGDG pVWH ā VH FRPSRUWH GH OD TXH IRUPD GH SUHGLFKD %HP )XQGHU \ LQGLFDQ TXH VLWXDFLRQHV DSDUHQWHPHQW WDUHDV TXH LPSOLTXHQ DPEDV XQD SUHVHQWDU GHPRUD FRUUHODFLRQHV HQ OD JUDWL G UDVJRV GLVWLQWDV KD GLFKR TXH 6H ORV SHUILOHV GH SDUD SRGHU UDVJRV SUHGHFLU SURSRUFL ODFRQGXFWD GH VXEJUXSRV GHLQGLYLGXRV 6LQ HPEDUJR PLGLHURQ QLODV FRUUHODFLRQHV GHORV UDVJRV QLODF WLQWDV ODV YHQWDMDV HQ FXDQWR DSUHGLFFLyQ DWULEX HPStULFDPHQWH /D LQYHVWLJDFLyQ OOHYDGD DFDER TXH FRPSDUD SRU /RUG ORV SUHGLFW GHODFRQGXFWD SDUD WDO GHPXHVWUDQ SURSyVLWR TXH niQR HOSHUILO VRQ QHFHVDULRV GH UDVJRV QDOHV QLHOHPSDUHMDPLHQWR GHOSHUILO SURSLR 6LPSO GHO JUDGR GHIXQFLRQDOLGDG XQD GHWHUPLQDGD TXH FRQGXFWD SDUD pOHQ GLVWLQWDV WHQGUtD VLW SXHGH SUHGHFLUVH OD FRQVLVWHQFLD GH SDUWLU ODFRQGXFWD GH ODSHVDGD WD FODVLILFDFLyQ \FRPSUREDFLyQ GHODVQXPHURVDV /D GHVF FRQGXFWD HVPiV FRQVLVWHQWH DWUDYpV GHGLVWLQWDV TXH VLVX IXQFLRQDOLGDG YDUtD HQ ODV PLVPDV &LWDQ XWLOL]DGDV HQ HVWH HVWXGLR VLHOKHFKR KDFH TXH PHMRUHQ GH ODV WRPDU D FDOLILFDFLRQHV REWHQLGDV GXUDQWH HOFXUVR SHUR OD DOGHVFDQVR \ DO HVWXGLR HQFRQWUDUHPRV WHQGUiQ ODPX\ KDELWD EXHQRV FLyQGHVRUGHQDGD 'H KHFKR SXHGHQ GHVFXLGDUVH ORVUDVJRV ā GHS FLUOD FRQGXFWD D SDUWLU GHODVLPLOLWXG GHODV VLWXDFLRQHV HQ ODV GXFWD HQ (VWD FXHVWLyQ PHGLGD GH VLPLOLWXG GH WDQWR ODV GH ODV VLWXDFLRQHV YDORUDFLRQ Q GH IXQFLRQDOLGDG SDUHFHU HQ FRPR XQSXHGD SULQFLSLR /RV UDVJRV GH FR XQD VLWXDFLyQ SUREDEOHPHQWH VHDQ WDPELpQ /DFOD ORVSDWUR VLILFDFLyQ GH ODV VLPLOLWXGHV VLWXDFLRQDOHV HQWpU VHU PDQHMDEOH DOD YH] TXH VHQVLEOH HQ HO VHQWLGR SXHGHQ SURYRFDU JUDQGHV GLIHUHQFLDV HQ OD FRQGXFWD 0LVFKHO \3HDNH KDQ DQDOL]DGR FXLGDGRVDPHQWH ODV D HPSDUHMDPLHQWR GHSHUILOHV (VWRV DXWRUHV DXPHQWD GHPXHVWUDQ ODSUHGLFWLELOL TXH L ELRV VXWLOHV HQODVLWXDFLyQ VRQFDSDFHV GHSURGXF ORV UDVJRV VHDQ ODV PLVPDV IDOWDGH VHQVLELOLGDG LQGLFDQGR GH FRQ ORV HOOR SHUIL OD 3XHGH GHPRVWUDUVH IiFLOPHQWH TXH DOLQWURGXFLU DFW~DQ GH ORV IRUPD VLPLODU HQ VLWXDFLRQHV FRQ FRUUHODFLRQHV GH FLRQHV FRQ FRUUHODFLRQHV 'DGR TXH ORV SDUHFLGDV SHUILOHV SDUWLU GH REWHQLGRV XQ SODQWHDPLHQ D SXUDPHQWH HPStULFR VRQ VHQVLEOHV SDUD D SUHGHFLU LQIOXHQFLDV DGDS OD \ WDWLYLGDG KXPDQD DODV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV KDUtD IDOWD FRQVWUXLU FDPELDQWHV GH XQ FD SHUILOHV HQRUPH 0iV D~Q DPHQRV TXH VHFRQVWUX\D ORV UDVJRV GLVWLQWLYRV GHORV SHUILOHV OD HMHFXFLyQ GH SHUVRQDO SXHGHQ UHVXOWDU H[WUHPDGDPHQWH HYDQHVFHQWHV DSDU RWUR /D FODVLILFDFLyQ GHODSHUVRQDOLGDG HQ FXDQWR DS MRU DO SUREOHPD GH OD GLYHUVLGDG GH OD FRQGXFWD TXH YDULDEOH Promedio entre situaciones, oportunidades y patrones de conducta. 2WUD IRUPD WUDWDU GH OD HVFDVD SUHGLFWLELOLGDG GHODV PHGLGDV HV ODGH SURPHGLDU GHUDVJRV D ODV PHGLGDV GH FRQGXFWD REWHQLGDV y RSRUWXQLGDGHV DWUDYpV GH 6H GLY GL XQD ~QLFD PXHVWUD GH FRQGXFWDUHIOHMD OD LQIOXHQFLD FLRQDOª TXH VHFRQVLGHUDQ HQ ODPHGLFLyQ IXHQWHV &DOFXODQGR GHHUURU ODPHGL 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV FRQGXFWD WRPDGDV HQ GLVWLQWRV PRPHQWRV HUURU \ SUREDEOH \ OXJDUHV V PHQWH VHREWHQJD FRQ HOOR XQD PHGLGD YHQWDMDV GHOUDVJR TXH UHPiV SUHVHQWD HOFiOFXOR HVWD PHGLD (SVWHLQ GH VHxDOD HQFRQWUDU TXH TXH PHGLGDV ODV HVKDELWXDO GH XQ UDVJR VRQ PiV EDVDQ ILDEOHV HQYDULDV FXDQGR PHGLGDV VH GHFRQGXFWD KDFHQ HQXQDVTXH SRFDV /DV SUXHEDV HPStULFDV SDVDGD FRUUHODFLRQD GH TXHHQ ODFRQGXFWD FRQGLFLRQHV FRQ ODIXWXUD VLPLODUHV DSRUWDQ FRPR VH RWUR WHVWLPRQLR PiV GH TXH ODV GLVSRVL GLULJHQ HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR &RPR VHxDODQ 0LVFKHO \ 3HDNH HVWH SODQWHDPLHQWR DWHQFLyQ HQ DVSHFWRV FLIUD V HUUyQHRV GH OD XQD FXHVWLyQ VROXFLyQ\ SRFR RIUHFH ~WLO SUHGLFWLELOLGDG DOSUREOHPD TXH HV HO GH O TXH UHDOPHQWH 'LVSRQHU LQWHUHVD GH SUXHEDV HPStULFDV PHGLFLyQ TXH P~OWLSOH GHPXHVWUHQ SHUPLWH FRQGXFWD HVWLPDU GH XQD IRUPD OD PiV VHJXUD FRQWHVWDU QR D VLJQLILFD OD SUHJXQWD SRGHU G VLHVD GHWHUPLQDGD IRUPD GH FRQGXFWD VH HPLWLUi GH ODV GLVWLQWDV IRUPD XQLIRUPH VL WXDFLRQHV 3DUD VRFLDOHV SRQHU XQ HMHPSOR VHQFLOOR SHQVHPRV XQD HPSUH HQ TXH OR VDSXHGHQ FRPSRUWDUVH FRQ ORVHPSOHDGRV XQDIRUPD FRQVLVWHQ \FRQ ORVM WHPHQWH/D GLVWLQWD FXHVWLyQ GH OD HVWDELOLGDG VLWXDFLRQHV WHPSRUDO VLPLODUHV GHOD QR VXHOH SRQHUVH HQ GHEDWH 6L ORV GHWHUPLQDGR UDVJRV SHUPDQHFHQ SULQFLSDOHV LQDOWHUDGRV HV SUREDEOH TXH ORV VXMHWRV HQ DTXHOODV VHFRPSRUW VLWXD FLRQHVIXWXUDV TXH VHSURGX]FDQ HQ HOPLVPR PDUFR (V SUHFLVDPHQ %ORFN WH OD YDULDELOLGDG LQWHUVLWXDFLRQDO WHRUtDV GH IRUPXODGDV OD FRQGXFWD VREUH ORVUDVJRV GDWRV TXH/RV DSRUWD (SVWHLQ SRFRV VREUH JXDUGDQ HVWH SRFD SXQWR UHOD R FLyQ FRQ HOPLVPR R\D FRQILUPDQ FRQRFLGRVORV GH TXH KDOOD]JRV GH HO ORV FRPSRUWDPL LQGL YLGXRV YDUtD HQ VLWXDFLRQHV GLVWLQWDV 0LVFKHO \ 3HDNH GHPRVWUDGR KDQ TXH MXQWDU OD PHGLGDV VROXFLyQ GH FRQGXFWD QR GH DXPHQWD GH IRUPD DSUHFLDEOH HO GHODV SRGHU PHGLGDVGH GHSUHGLFFLyQ ORV UDVJRV /DV IRUPDV FRQGXFWD TXH GH VHVXSRQH UHSUHVHQWDQ HOPLVPR UDVJR VtLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH KD KHFKR XQD GH PHGLFLyQ VLVH ~QLFD KDQ KHFKR GHODVPLVPD PHGLFLR QHV P~OWLSOHV \SURPHGLR GHODV FRUUHODFLRQHV PHGLGDV HQWUH REWHQLGDV ODV HYD OXDFLRQHV P~OWLSOHV LQWHUVLWXDFLRQDOHV DXPHQWDQ H UHDO HPLWLGD VXSHUD DO TXH QR QRV SURSRUFLRQDQ FRQGXFWD GHO ORV SURSLR DXWRLQIRUPHV VXMHWR HQ VLWXDFLRQHV GLVWLQWDV 5XVKWRQ %UDLQHUG UDGLFD \ 3UHVVOH HQOD IDOWD GHILDELOLGDG GH ODV PHGLGDV FDOFXODU ODPHGLD QLWDPSRFR GH ODV UDGLF PHG REWHQLGDV /D DXVHQFLD GHDJUHJDFLyQ GHQXHYDPHQWH ODVPHGLGDV FRUUHODFLR SHUPLWL QHV DOWDV HQWUH VHSDUDGDV SRU FRQGXFWDV UHSHUFXVLRQHV VRFLDOHV GLVWLQWDV ]DGRV SRU GHOLQFXHQWHV FRQWUD SiUURFRV FRQWUD GHLJOHVLD PLHPEURV R GH EDQGDV ULYDOHV QDUiQ GpELOPHQWH SRU PXFKR SURPHGLR TXH VH KDJD (Q RWUR LQWHQWR DXPHQWDUODV FRUUHODFLRQHV SRU VH VXJLHUH HOFiOFXOR IRUPDV GHFRQGXFWD OD PHGLGD GHXQ 6L UDVJR XQD QRFRQVLJXH IRUPD GHWHUPLQDGD GHDJUH SUHGHFLU VLyQ SXHGH FDPELDUVH HOFULWHULR XQD GHILQLFLyQ GHGHILQLFLyQ PiV YDJD GHO FOX\D GLVWLQWDV IRUPDV GH DJUHVLyQ ItVLFDā YHUEDO /DV FRQGXFWDV PL[WDV DO LJXDO TXH ODV VLWXDFLRQHV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GLILFXOWDQ GH HVWDV OD PL FRPSUHQVLyQ GHO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR 3RGHU SUHGHFLU SVLFROyJLFR PHGLDQWH OD DJUHJD WDV TXH XQ LQGLYLGXR HQ SUHVHQWDUi DOJ~Q DOJXQD PRPHQWR GH ODV HQ FRQGXFWD DOJ~Q O DPSOLR FRQMXQWR UHDOPHQWH 3RU HMHPSOR QR WLHQH D OD JUDQ JHQWH LQWHUpV OH LQWH GHOLQFXHQWHV MXYHQLOHV WLHQHQ FLHUWDV SUREDELOLGDGH DOJ~Q PRPHQWR HQ DOJ~Q KDFHU DOJR OXJDU LQFRQYHQLHQWH SXHGHQ /D DJUHJDFLyQ GHFLU R GH GDW ©LQIODª ODV FRUUHODFLRQHV SHUR ODV SUHGLFFLRQHV TX /DV PHGLGDV TXH HQJOREDQ YDULDV FRQGXFWDV REVHUYD WDU FRUUHODFLRQHV PiV DOWDV TXH ODV TXH VHREWLHQHQ XQD PHGLD LPSUHFLVD GH HPLWLGDV GLVWLQWDV HQ YDULDV FRQGXFWDV 6LQ VLWXDFLRQHV HPEDUJR FRPSDU FRUUHODFLRQHV GH XQ FRQJORPHUDGR XQD PHGLGD GHFRQGXFWD SURPHGLR \ FRQ ORVREWH PHGLGD XQD ~QLFD PHGLGD SURPHGLR \ HV ROYLGDU TXH PLVLyQ OD GH OD SVLFRORJtD QR HV SUHGHFLU PHGLDV VLQR TXH VX GH DFWXDFLyQ ILQDOLGDG PiV SUREDEOH HV SUHGHFLU GH -RV LQGLYLGXRV GHWHUPLQDGDV HQ FLUFXQVWDQFLDV SDUD OR FXDOUHVXOWDQPiV ~WLOHV SUHGLFWRUHV ,RV SDUWLFX 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D FDXVDOLGDG KXPDQD \ ODUHVTXHORVSUHGLFWRUHVJOREDOHVRFRQJORPHUDG GDGGHXQQLxRKDFLD VXVDPLJRVDSDUWLU GHVX HVSHFtILFDV TXHDSDUWLU GHXQD PHGLD GHODV FR SDGUHV VXVSURIHVRUHV \ VXVDPLJRV 3DUD DXPHQWDU VXSRGHU SUHGLFWLYR WRGD WHRUt IXHQWHVGHYDULDELOLGDG GHODFRQGXFWD REMHWLY GHODVVLWXDFLRQHV TXHDFW~DQFRPRGHWHUPLQDQWH EOHVGHHUURUTXHFDUHFHQ GHLPSRUWDQFLD \TXH (Q HIHFWR FDOFXODU OD FRQGXFWD SURPHGLR D WUD DQiOLVLVGHORVSURFHVRV FDXVDOHV VLQRTXHWDPE GLFHPHGLRUHVXOWDPHQRVLQGLFDWLYRGHODIRUPD WXDFLRQHV GLVWLQWDV TXH FRQRFHU3RU FXiO WDQWR HVVX VLSR FRQG HMHPSORXQQLxRHVGRPLQDQWH FRQORV DPLJRVTX IRUPDVXPLVDFRQORVDPLJRVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQ HQ JUXSR 3ROVN\ H LQWHQWDPRVSUHGHFLU FXiOVHUiODFRQGX GHOYDORUPHGLRTXHQRVHUHILHUHDQLQJXQDVLW FHPRVVHYHUiPiVELHQUHGXFLGRTXHDXPHQWDGR S GLGDVILDEOHVTXHHQFRQJORPHUDGRVKtEULGRV /D GHXQDSHUVRQDTXHQRVDEtDQDGDU\VHDKRJyDO WHQtDXQD PHGLDGHSURIXQGL GHXQ PHWUR 1RUHVXOWDDIRUWXQDGD ODDSOLFDFLyQGHODHWLT ODFRQGXFWD\DTXHHOWpUPLQROOHYDFRQVLJRXQD ILMH]DHQHO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR (O WpUPLQRFRQVLVWHQFLD QRVHUHILHUH WDQWH \ ILUPHHQ FXDQWR D FRQGXFWD GH SULQFLSLR WHQFLDª FRPRLQGLFDWLYDGHLQHVWDELOLGDG RFDVLRQDOLGDG 'HKHFKRORTXHVXHOHS \ FRQWUDULR /DJHQWHGHEHUtDSUHVWDU R LQGLIHUHQWHDO PHQRV DWHQF HIHFWRSHUVRQDO \ VRFLDOGHVXSURSLDFRQGXFWD\DFWXDUVL WDQFLDV 1R REVWDQWHODLQYHUVLyQGHODVLPSOLFDFLRQHV DSDUWDU ODDWHQFLyQGHODQiOLVLVGHORVGHWHUPL GLILFLOGHORVPHFDQLVPRVSRUORVTXHDSDUWLU GXFWD YDULDEOH /D WHRUtD GH ORV UDVJRV JHQHUD DFDORUDGDV FRQ GLV FHSFLyQ idiográfica VHJ~QOD FXDO ODVā SHUVRQDV IRUPDLGLRVLQFUiWLFD VHFRPSRUWD FRQFHSFLyQ nomotética, VHJ~QODFXDOHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWR VLJXH ORVLQGLYLGXRVQRWXYLHUDQSURFHVRVHQFRP~Q\O in GLYLGXDOLGDG(VREYLRTXHODVSHUVRQDVGLILHUHQ FLRQDUDQWHODVLQIOXHQFLDVVRFLDOHVODIRUPDG UHJXODU VXVDFFLRQHV QRVRQFRPSOHWDPHQWH GH ā ODLQGLYLGXDOLGDG GLVWL T GDUVH FRPRFRQVHFXHQFLD GHXQD FRPELQDFLyQ LGLR XQDLQIRUPDFLyQTXHQRVHDJHQHUDOL]DEOHSRUOR ā GHWHUPLQDQWHV SXHGHQQRUHSHWLUVHHQWRGRV ORV PHURVDVH[SHULHQFLDVFRPXQHVFUHiQGRVH SRUWDQ SRUWDPLHQWRFRPXQHVHQYDULRVLQGLYLGXRV6LOD OHVHOFRQRFLPLHQWRSVLFROyJLFRSHUGHUtDYDORU SVLFRVRFLDOHV TXHFRQGXFHQDOGHVDUUROOR \ DOFDPELRGHOLQGLYLGXR8QDS ~QLFDPHQWH DODLQGLYLGXDOLGDG VHUtD UHDOPHQWH 6HKDQ JDVWDGR UtRVGHWLQWD HQGHEDWHV LQ~WL XQLIRUPLGDGRODHVSHFLILFLGDG'HKHFKRWRGR GXFWD HQIXQFLyQGHORTXHOHUHVXOWH 8QD WHRUtD PiVYHQWD GHDPSOL DOFDQFHGHEHSRGHUH[SOLFDUDPERVIHQyPHQRVDVt JHQWHVHFRPSRUWHGHIRUPD HQJUDQ SDUWHGHODHTXLYDOHQF XQLIRUPHRYDULDEOHGH GHOHQWRUQR 3RUWDQWR VLHO DFWXDU GHIRUPDLQWHOLJHQWHHQGLVWLQWDV QDOODJHQWHVHFRPSRUWDUiGHIRUPDLQWHOLJHQWH $O L__ · 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV FRQWUDULRVLGDUyUGHQHVDORVDJHQWHVGHSROLF TXHGDUODVDORVHPSOHDGRVGHXQRVDOPDFHQHVSXH FRPSRUWDUi GHIRUPD DXWRULWDULD FRQ ORVHPSOHDG SROLFtD 7DPSRFR HV FLHUWR TXH OD FRQVLVWHQFLD VLJQLILTXHXQKDOOD]JRTXHSHUPLWLUtD DFHOHUDU H DFXHUGR FRQFDGD SHQVDPLHQWR TXHFUX]DUD SRUVX PHUR GHSUREOHPDV TXH VHSURGXFLUtDQ GH IRUPD U /DWHRUtD FRJQLWLYDVRFLDO VHSUHRFXSD GHODV FRPRODHVSHFLILFLGDG GHODFRQGXFWD HQYH]GH /RVSDWURQHV GHFRQGXFWD QRTXHGDQQHFHVDULDPHQW SRGUtD DOWHUDU OD FRQGXFWD GXUDQWH OD ā HGDG HO y D GHVDUUROO ODV GHPDQGDVFDPELDQWHV GHOPXQGR/RVFDPELRVTXHV WDUVHEDMRIRUPDVGLYHUVDV \ QRVXHOHQVHJXLUXQFXUVRFRQVLVWHQWH \ XQLGLUHFFLRQDO %DOW 4XH ODFRQGXFWD VRFLDOSHUPDQH]FD LQYDULDEOH la R FRQWLQXLGDGGHODVFRQGLFLRQHVVRFLDOHVGXUDQWH FDU WDPELpQ WDQWR OD ā FRQGXFWXDOHV FRQWLQXLGDG WHPSRUDOHV FRPR ORV FDP &RQGXFWLVPR UDGLFDO (QXQGHQRGDGR HVIXHU]RSRUHYLWDUFDXVDV SURSX LQWH WHRUtDTXHGHVFULEH ODFRQGXFWD FRPRUHJXODGD FR GXR y ODVFRQWLQJHQFLDV GHOHQWRUQR UHSUHVHQWDGR S (VWH RU XQPRGHOR HVTXHPD F IRUPDGRSRUWUHVHOHPHQWRV Sd R - S, VHJ~QHOFXDOODVVHxDOHV (si) SURSRUFLR GHO QDQODRFDVLyQSDUDHPLWLUODFRQGXFWD (R) y ODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV (Sr), ODPROGHDQ TXHFRPSRUWD y FRQ WURODQ 3RU WDQWR OD UHVSXHVWD VHFRQVLGHUD FR TXHODFRQGXFWD YLHQHLQGLFDGDSRUORVHVWtPXORV \ PROGHDGD \ FRQWURODGD SRU HVWtPXORV UHIRU]DGRUHV TXHOHVLJXHQ$O UHGXFL FRQWLQJHQFLD ORVFRQGXFWLVWDV UDGLFDOHV SURSRQ GHO HQWRUQR y GHVSRMDQ DOSHQVDPLHQWR \ GHPiV KHFKRV LQ /RVFRQGXFWLVWDV UDGLFDOHV QRQLHJDQ TXHORVK SHURVXLQWHUpVSRUHOORVHVHVFDVR DO FRQVLGHUDUORV RULJLQDGRV SRUORV GHODVXSRVLFLyQGHTXHORVKHFKRV LQWHUQRVSXHG WHUPLQDQWHV LQWHUQRV VHFRQWHPSODQ FRPRXQHVOD FRQGXFWD SXHGH H[SOLFDUVH SRUFRPSOHWR UHILULpQ KDFHU UHIHUHQFLD DOHVODEyQ LQWHUQR LQWHUYLQLHQ 1DWXUDOH]D \ XELFDFLyQ GHORVGHWHUPLQDQWHV GHODD /RVKHFKRV H[WHUQRV SXHGHQ SURSRUFLRQDU OD RFD SHURH[FHSWRHQDFWRVUHIOHMRVVLPSOHVQRGHWH QRVGDQOXJDUDFXUVRVGHDFFLyQSRUPHGLRGHOD HVWDGHWHUPLQDFLyQ GHODDFFLyQKXPDQD SXHGHFR WLQWDVFRPRGHWHUPLQDFLyQ DXWyQRPD FRPRGHWHUP LQWHU DFWLYD/DLGHDGHTXHORVVHUHVKXPDQRV DFW~DQ WLHQHDSHQDVGHIHQVRUHV 6LQHPEDUJRHVXQFRQF UDGLFDOHVHQVXVDUJXPHQWRVHQFRQWUDGHODDXWR GHVFDUWDU ODVWHRUtDV TXHGHILHQGHQTXHHOKRPE PLHQWR 6NLQQHU FLWD ODPHWiIRUD GHOFKRPEUH LQWHULRU DXW 8QD VHJXQGDIRUPDGHFRQVLGHUDU ORVDXWRSURFHV FLyQGHODDFFLyQPHFiQLFD 'HVGH HVWDFRQFHSFLy VDU R ELHQVHFRQVLGHUD TXHVXVSHQVDPLHQWRV VRQVL VHHQFXHQWUDQ EDMRFRQWUROUHPRWR GHIXHU]DV DPE āāā āāā a 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D y FDXVDOLGDG KXPDQD KHFKRV SDUD LQWHUQRV SURGXFLU DFFLRQHV 'DGR TXH SUHGHFLEOHV ODGHWHUPLQDFLyQ GH O GH HQ ODV IXHU]DV GHO HQWRUQR \ HO DXWRVLVWHPD HV GUtDPRV VDOWDPRV HVWH FDGHQD HVODEyQ FDXVDOLQWHUQR GH OD (Q HOPRGHOR FRJQLWLYR VRFLDO GH GHWHUPLQDFLyQ LQW SHUVRQDV QL DJHQWHV DXWyQRPRV QL PHURV WUDQVSRUWDG ELHQ VHFRQWHPSOD D ODVSHUVRQDV FRPR LQIOX\HQWHV GHIRUPD UHF \FRQGXFWDV GHQWUR GHXQ VLVWHPD GH FDXVDOLGDG HQ DFFLyQ \IDFWRUHV (VWH FRQMXQWR DPELHQWDOHV GHGHWHUPLQDQWHV VHDIHFWD FLRQDO QR HQXQ~QLFR (Q ODV ~OWLPDV VHQWLGR SiJLQDV GH HVWH FDStWXOR HVWH PRGHOR GH UHFLSURFLGDG WULiGLFD ā ā &RQWURO PHGLDQWH FRQWLQJHQWHV HVWtPXORV (O FRQFHSWR GH GHWHUPLQDFLyQ PHFiQLFD KDQ GHODDFFLyQ VLGRGHO WRGR GHPRVWUDGRV 8QDGH HPStULFDPHQWH HVWDV VXSRVLFLRQHV IXQGDPHQWDO FRQWURO H[WHUQR HVTXH ORVHVWtPXORV DPELHQWDOHV SRGHPRV SUHVFLQGLU FDGHQD GHOHVODEyQ FDXVDO VLORVSHQVDPLHQWRV LQWHUQR GHOD Q WRV (O PRGHOR GHGHWHUPLQDFLyQ OD DFFLyQPHFiQLFD VHDSR\DGH VREUH WRGR HQ IRU]DPLHQWR FDUiFWHU DXWRPiWLFR WLHQH 'H KHFKR WDO FRPRD LUHPRV ORODUJR GHPRVWUDQ GHHVW OLEUR OD PD\RUtD GHLQIOXHQFLDV H[WHUQDV DFW~DQ 'XUDQWH VXV PHGLDQWH WUDQVDFFLRQHV FRQ HOHQWRUQR ODV SHUVRQDV \ H[SHULPHQWDU QR VHOLPLWDQ VXVD VXOWDGRV GHVDUUROODQ VLQR FUHHQFLDV TXH SDUWLU GH D OD REVHUYDFLyQ GH TXH DO H FRQGXFWDV HQ GHWHUPLQDGDV UHJXODUPHQWH VLWXDFLRQHV ā GHWHUPLQDGDV VHSURGXFHQ FRQVHFXHQ DFW~DQ SRVWHULRUPHQWH GHDFXHUGR FRQ WDOHV FUHHQFLDV FRQGXFWD YLHQH FRQWURODGD SRU VXVFRQVHFXHQFLDV LQPHGLDWDV GLUHPRV FRQ VXV FRQVHFXHQFLDV PiV DQLYHO GH āHIHFWRV GH FRQVHFXHQFLDV LQPHGLDWRV /DV FRQVHFXHQFLDV UHVSXHVWD LQIRUPDFLyQ DSRUWDQ GHOD VREUHODSUREDELO al HPL WLU GHWHUPLQDGDV DSDUH]FDQ FRQGXFWDV GHWHUPLQDGRV UHVXOWDGRV SHUR QR UHVSXHVWDV 3DUD DYHULJXDUQHFHVDULD ODFRQGXFWD FRQVHJXLUGHWHUPLQDGRV SDUD UHVX YLGXR SURFHVD \ VLQWHWL]D GXUDQWH ODUJRV SHULRGRV DFHUFD GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV GH VHFXHQFLDV GH DFRQWHFLPLH /D LGHD GH TXH ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV LQIOX\HQ HQ OD F FLDV HVSHUDGDV TXH FRQ ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV (Q ORVHVWXGLRV UHDOHV UHDOL]D SHFWR DOSRGHU HQ āFGHODV RQWUDSRVLFLyQ FUHHQFLDV FRQ HOGHODVFRQVHFX ORV HIHFWRV GH XQDV PLVPDV FRQVHFXHQFLDV DPELHQWDO WLQWRV HQIXQFLyQ GHODV FUHHQFLDV OD UHODFLyQ TXH HQWUH lo LPSRU HOLQGLYLGX DPEDV \ WDQWH TXH ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV SDUD pO 'XODQ\ .DXIPDQ VHDQ %DURQ \.RSS OD FUHHQFLD QR FRLQFLGH FRQ OD UHDOLGDG ORFXDO SRU VXV FRQVHFXHQFLDV KDVWD TXH SDUWLU UHDOHV D GH H[SHULHQFLDV UHSHWLGDV V WDWLYDV PiV UHDOLVWDV 6LQ HPEDUJR H[SHFWDWLYDVODV QR TXH VRQ FDPELDQ VLHPSUH HQ IX OD FLyQ GH OD UHDOLGDG $ODFWXDU GH DFXHUGR VRFLDO XQD FUHHQFLD FRQ HUUyQHD HOLQGLY UDUOD FRQGXFWD GH ORV GHPiV PROGHDQGR SRU WDQWR OD 6Q\GHU (Q ODV H[SHULHQFLDV HQODV TXH DFFLRQHV VHSURGXFH HOLQGLYLGXR XQUHIRU QRV DSUHQGH ODSUREDEOH UHODFLyQ HQWUH pVWDV \VXV UHV JUHVRV \WLHQGHSDUD DHVWDEOHFHUVH FRQVHJXLU XQDYDQFH PHWDV 3RU WDQWR SURJUHVLYR ORVLQFHQW H[WHUQRV LQIOX\HQ HQ ODFRQGXFWD HQ SDUWH DWUDYp LQGLYLGXR S BH D VtPLVPR VH &XDQGR ODV PHWDV SHUVRQDOHV K ORV HIHFWRV GHORV©UHIRU]DGRUHVª yVREUH .HQGDOO HOUHQGLPL /RV ORJURV GHHMHFXFLyQ UHSUHVHQWDQXQD IXHQWH WDPELpQ LPSRUWDQWH GHLQIRUPDF MX]JDU ODV SURSLDV FDSDFLGDGHV āGH HILFDFLD āGHO /DVLQGLYLGXR DXWRSHUFHSFLRQHV LQIOX\HQ SDWURQHV GH SHQVDPLHQWR \ VXVX DFWLYDFLyQ FRQGXFWD HPRFLRQDO D %DULGX 'DGR TXH HOSHQVDPLHQWR HIHFWRVGH ODV PRGXOD FRQVHFXHQFLDV ORV QRVHSXH .. . . . . .. ~ ., . .~ , ' ' 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV J~QPRGRODWRWDOLGDG GHOSURFHVR FDXVDOFRQVLGHU 3DUD SUHGHFLUODIRUPDHQTXHORVUHVXOWDGRV DIH VDUiQ FRJQLWLYDPHQWH 3DUD FRPSUHQGHU GHOWRGRORVPHFDQLVPRV FXHQFLDVVRQFDSDFHV GHPRGLILFDUODFRQGXFWD HV PHQWH FRQWULEX\HQWH GHORV IDFWRUHV FRJQLWLYRV /RVFRPHQWDULRV ODQWHULRUHV DV GHILFLHQFLDV PXHVWUDQ H[SOLFDWLYDV \ GHOFRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR TXHYHQHQORV©UHIRU]DGRU PHGLGDHQTXHQLHJDQHOSDSHOGHWHUPLQDQWH GHOR UHVXOWDQLJXDOPHQWHLQFDSDFHV HO RULJHQGHORVVHQWLPLHQWRV GHH[SOLFDU \G EUH&RQVLGHUHPRV DOJXQRVHMHPSORV(QORVHVWXG ORVVXMHWRVJHQHUDQSHQVDPLHQWRV FDUJDGRV HPRFLRQ FXHQFLDTXHHOORVPLVPRVHOLMHQVRQORVSHQVDPL GDGDXWRQyPLFD 1RH[LVWHQ 6FKZDUW] GLVWLQWRV HVWtPXORVH[WHUQRV VDVRFRPRSUHGLFWRUHVGHODVUHVSXHVWDV HPRFLRQ MRUHVUHVXOWDGRV FRQYLUWLHQGRODVSDUHMDV GHHOH TXHFRQODVLPSOHH[SRVLFLyQUHSHWLGD (Q HODSUHQGL]DMH DODVSDUH SRUREVHUYDFLyQ GHDFFLRQHV QXHYDV XQD FRPSOHMDV PD\RU GH UHWHQFLyQGHODVDFFLRQHV PRGHODGDV DTXHOODVSHU HQ FyGLJRVPHPRUL]DEOHV TXH DTXHOODV RWUDV TXH %DQGXUD\-HIIHUH\ %DQGXUD -HIIHUH\ \% QHQSRFRYDORUSUHGLFWLYRDOFRQWUDULR GHORTX FXDOHVSUHGLFHQFRQHOHYDGDH[DFWLWXG TXpDFFLRQ \GXUDQWHFXiQWRWLHPSRVHPDQWHQGUiQ &XDQGRXQ QHVFRJQLWLYDVQXHYDVFRPRRFXUUH SRUHMHPSOR GRGHXQDLQVSLUDFLyQ FUHDGRUD HOSHQVDPLHQWR J FLyQGHODDFFLyQGHORVHVWtPXORVH[WHUQRVeVW QHVIXQFLRQDQ FRPRHVODERQHV JHQHUDWLYRV \QRF DXWRPiWLFD SRU HVWtPXORV H[WHUQRV /RVSURFHVRV FRJQLWLYRVQRSXHGHQ REVHUYDUVH G UHVSRUPHGLRGHORVFXDOHVSXHGHOOHJDUVHDXQ GRUHVGHOSHQVDPLHQWR VHVHSDUDQ GHODFRQGXFWD SRUFLRQDQXQPHGLRGHDFFHVRLQGLUHFWR3DUD SUR KHFKRVLQWHUQRV JRELHUQDQODFRQGXFWD VXHOHSHG WRVSUHYLRV7DOHV HVWXGLRVHVWDEOHFHQ GHIRUPDR HVWLPDGRLQGLUHFWDPHQWH \DFFLyQVXEVLJXLHQWH % /DVIRUPDVGHDFFHGHU DO SHQVDPLHQWR QRVHOLPLWDQSRUVXSX OHV([LVWHQRWURVPHGLRVGHDFFHVRTXHWDPELpQ FXDQGRSRUHMHPSORVHXWLOL]DQVtPERORVILVLFR SDUD LQGLFDUODFRPSUHQVLyQ GH QLILFDGRGHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV (QRWUDVGLVFLS SOLFDU\SUHGHFLUDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV DSDUWLUGHOD VHUYDEOHVGLUHFWDPHQWH SHURGHWHUPLQDGRV SRUPH KDSRGLGRH[SOLFDUORVIHQyPHQRV ILVLFRVDXQFXD REVHUYDUVH GLUHFWDPHQWH $OSUHRFXSDUVHPiV GHODLGRQHLGDG GHODVIRUPD TXHGHORTXHUHYHODQVREUHODUHODFLyQ HQWUHHO ORVDFWRVGHOVXMHWRSRURWURORVGHIHQVRUHVG DXQDPHUDFRQGXFWD YHUEDO GHVSURYH\pQGROR SRU &XDQGR ORVVXMHWRV GHVFULEHQ ODV FXDOHV ODVRSHUDFL JHQHUDQ XQDUHVSXHVWD āQR VRQORVVRQLGRVYHUEDOHV TXH LQWHUHVDQ VLQRORVSURFHV ORV ODQ5HHWLTXHWDU HOFRQWHQLGR GHOSHQVDPLHQWR FR LPSRUWDQFLD FDXVDO /DILGHOLGDGFRQTXHODVSDO XQD FXHV WLyQ GLVWLQWD TXH VHUi WUDWDGD ā PiV DGHODQWH B $OGHIHQGHUODLUUHOHYDQFLD FDXVDOGHORVSURFH 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D y FDXVDOLGDG KXPDQD EHQGHIRUPDWtSLFDXQPRGHORGHFDGHQDVFDXV FLRQHVVXUJHQDSDUWLU DO RUJDQLVPR(VWD GHHVWtPXORVH[WHUQRV LQWHUSUHWDF FDXVDV RWRUJD DORV HVWtPXORV \ DORVSHQVDPLHQWRV H[WHUQRV HOFDUi O PHURVHOHPHQWRVGHXQLyQVXSHUIOXRV'HKHFKR IRUPDWDQ H[DFWD FRQORVHVWtPXORVH[WHUQRV / PDQWLHQHQXQDDXWpQWLFD UHODFLyQFRQODFRQGXFW GDQXQDGpELOUHODFLyQFRQORVSHQVDPLHQWRV \ FRQORVDFWRV3RUFRQVLJXLH FRQGXFWDKXPDQDHVQHFHVDULR FRQRFHUODVOH\HV y VXVSURSLHGDGHVH WXUDOHV /DIDOWDGHIXQGDPHQWRGHDOJXQDVGHODVFDXVD YHVWLJDGRUHVQRMXVWLILFDODHOLPLQDFLyQGHORV WtILFDV (Q ODDFWXDOLGDG H[LVWHXQJUDQQ~PHURGHLQY FRJQLWLYRVSRUPHGLRGHLQVWUXFFLRQHVVHHYDO~ PDVLVWHPiWLFDVXUHODFLyQIXQFLRQDOFRQODFRQ ]DUiQ GHWHQLGDPHQWH HQFDStWXORVSRVWHULRUHV y UHWLHQHQPHMR ODVKDELOLGDGHVFRQGXFWXDOHV y XWLOL]DFLyQGHUHFXUVRVFR PHGLDQWHODFUHDFL GLRGHOUHIXHU]RGHHMHFXFLRQHVUHSHWLGDV 'HEL PXHVWUDQTXHODFRJQLFLyQWLHQHHIHFWRVFDXVDOH GHWHUPLQDQWHV LQWHUQRV FRQVLGHUiQGRORV PHUDV /RV SHQVDPLHQWRV VRQSURFHVRV FHUHEUDOHV QR D 8QDWHRUtDTXHQLHJDDORVSHQVDPLHQWRV ODFD GHHQFDMDUHQODH[SOLFDFLyQGHODFRQGXFWDKXP JXHODH[LVWHQFLDGHGHWHUPLQDQWHVFRJQLWLYRV PLUVH WDQ IiFLOPHQWH /RV GHIHQVRUHV GHWHUPLQDQWHV āFRJQLWLYRVD GH HVWD F SURFHVRVPHGLDGRVSRUHVWtPXORVORVVLW~DQIXH \ OXHJRDWULEX\HQVXVH FLyQGLUHFWDGHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVXELFDGRVGH \ ODH[WHPDOL ]DFLyQ GH ORVGHWHUPLQDQWHV FRJQLWLYRVWRPD GL DIHFWDQDODFRQGXFWDSRUPHGLRGHOSHQVDPLHQWR HVGHFLUVHFRQVLGHUDTXHVRQORVHVWtPXORVTX UHIHUHQFLDDSURFHVRUDFLRQDO DOJXQR&XDQGRH DVRFLDGRVSUHYLDPHQWHFRQHOGRORUVHGLFHTXH FLUTXHHVHOLQGLYLGXRTXLHQKDDSUHQGLGRDHV y HYLWDUORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWR FKRHVHOFRQRFLPLHQWRTXHHOLQGLYLGXRWLHQH y QR-RVHVWtPXORVOR FRUUHODFLyQ FRQOD H[SHULHQFLD $Vt SRUHMHPS cíón ILVLFDGRORURVDODSDODEUD HVODTXHDGTXLH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GRORURVDVGHOHVWLPXOR< WLHQHQ ā DKHP HQFXHQWD ORVIDFWRUHV FRJQLWLYRVTXHJRELHUQD FRQORFXDO VHFRQILHUH HOFRQWURO DORVUHIRU (QODWHRUtDGHOFRQGLFLRQDPLHQWRRSHUDQWHKD VLGHUDUTXHODFRQGXFWDYLHQHFRQWURODGDSRUVX WRGHDXWRPDWLVPRH[LJHODDSDULFLyQLQPHGLDWD RFXUUHQGHIRUPDFRQWLQJHQWHTXHGDUiUHIRU]DG PHQWHDQWHVGHOUHIRU]DGRU /RVGHIHQVRUHVGHH DXWRPiWLFR GHOUHIRU]DPLHQWR SHURHVWiQ DEDQGR (Q SDODEUDV GH/DFH\ ©ODLGHD \5DFKOLQ GHTXHORVIDFWR PLHQWRVRQDQWHFHGHQWHV LQPHGLDWRVRFRQWLQJHQ VHGLILFLOPHQWHª OD RSLQLyQGHTXHFRQIUHFXHQFLD S 6LQHPEDUJR WDGDSRUVXVDQWHFHGHQWHV R FRQVHFXHQFLDV LQPHGLDWDVDODFXDO ULFDV (VWHV UHEDWH ODSUHPLVDHQODT $GHPiV HVWHFRQFHSWR QRVGHMDFRQORVVXSXHVW WRVDIHFWDQDODVDFFLRQHVSUHYLDVGHIRUPD DX FXHQFLD QRVXHOHQ DIHFWDU DODV DFFLRQHV SUHYL ([LVWHQ VXILFLHQWHVUD]RQHVLQFOXVR GHQWUR / 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV FLRQHVVREUHFRQGXFWD RSHUDQWH SDUD FXHVWLRQDU ODV IXHU]DVFRQGXFWRUDV GHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWR XQDUHVSXHVWD GHWHUPLQD 6LORVHI UDQHOUHQGLPLHQWRORVRUJDQLVPRVFHVDULDQ UiSLG GRVRFDVLRQDOPHQWH FXDQGR GHKHFKR HVWDV FRQGLFLR VXFRQGXFW QHV3RU FRQVLJXLHQWH LVL VyORVHUHFRPSHQVD FDGD UHVSXHVWDV DORUJDQLVPR SRU FLHQWRGH HO UHVXOWDGRVVRQH[WLQJXLGRUHVGHFRQGXFWD PLHQWUD TXHODFRQGXFWDFRQWLQ~DSUHVHQWiQGRVH DSHVDUG FDUORVGHWHUPLQDQWHV PiV DOOiGHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV LQPHGLDWDV DFDEDGRSRUFRQVLGHUDU TXHODFRQGXFWD y QRSRUVXVHIHF HVWiUHJX WRVLQPHGLDWRV'HVGH HVWDSHUVSHFWLYD PiVDPSOLD GXRGXUDQWH XQODUJRSHULRGR GHWLHPSR UHFRJH PHQWRHQTXHVHUHIXHU]DQ VXVFRQGXFWDV UHJXODQ FRQVHFXHQFLDVJOREDOHV6LQHPEDUJRORVPHFDQLVP FDU(VWHWLSRGHDQiOLVLVYLQFXODHOHIHFWRGHO FLDLQWHJUDGRUDGHOSHQVDPLHQWR (OLQGLYLGXRKD UHIXHU]D VXFRQGXFWD \H[WUDHU ODV UHJODV JHQHUD SURGXFLGRVD ORODUJRGHOWLHPSR/DVKDELOLGDGHV y UHVXOWDGRV D SDUWLU GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ GH SUREDE Control mediante estímulos pasados 'HELGR DOFUHFLHQWH Q~PHURGHSUXHEDV HPStULFDV FDQGHOWRGRODVGLVWLQWDVIRUPDVTXHWRPDHOFRP UHIXHU]DQQHFHVDULDPHQWH ODFRQGXFWD FDXVDOGH FRQWLQ XQDYH]HPL JHQFLDFDGD YH]SRQHQ PiV HOpQIDVLV H[SOLFDWLYR SDVDGDV ©KLVWRULD GHO UHIRU]DPLHQWRª 3RUWDQWR ORVGHWHUPLQDQWHV SH VHUHGXFHQ DODVHVWLPXODFLRQHV SDVDGDV OD FRQGXFWD (QVH HVWH HQFXHQWUD EDMRHOFRQWURO GREOHGH y GHORV ORVHVWtPXORV IDFWRUHV DPEL SDVDGRV (VFLHUWRTXHORVLQGLYLGXRVUHVXOWDQ DIHFWDGRV FRVYHUVDQVREUHVLODVWUDQVDFFLRQHV FRQHOHQWR GHFDXVDOLGDG XQLGLUHFFLRQDO OD FRQGXFWDRELGLUHFFLRQDO KXPDQDHVWiJREHUQD \V LPSXHVWRVRUHJXODGDSDUFLDOPHQWH SRUSURFHVRVP FRQWULEX\HQ GHVDUUROOR DO GHODVHVWUXFWXUDV GHFRQRFLPL VREUHODVSHUFHSFLRQHV y DFFLRQHVDFWXDOHV SHQVDPLHQWRV SHURORVDFRQ WXDURQFRPRIXHU]DVDPELHQWDOHV XQLGLUHFFLRQDOHV y DPELHQ WDOHVVH DIHFWDQ HQWUH VtGH IRUPDUHFtSURFD ORVVXMHWRV VRQORV SDUWLFXODU /RVDXWRIHQyPHQRV VHVLW~DQSUHFLVDP \D TXHQRVyORDFW~DQ FRPRGHWHUPLQDQWHV SUR[LPDOHV FLDV H[WHUQDV GLVWDOHV TXH DSDUHFHQ FRPR ā FRQVHF /RVGHWHUPLQDQWHV SHUVRQDOHV TXHVXUJHQDSDUWL PRGHORVFRQVHUYDGRV GHFRQWLQJHQFLDV DPELHQWDOHV LPSOLFDSURFHVRV FRQVWUXFWLYRV /RVDFRQWHFLPLHQ \ YtDVSHUVRQDOHV \ VRQWUDQVIRUPDGRV FRJQLWLYDPHQWH HQFRQR H[SHULHQFLDVQRVRQFRQJUXHQWHV FRQODVFUHHQFLD YLUW~D HQ OD GLUHFFLyQ 0F*UDZ \ GH 'UDEPDQ OD FUHHQFLD &RGXD 6LJQRUH 3RUHMHPSOR DOYHUWUDEDMDU DXQPpGLFR SURGXFH XQUHFXHUGR GHVYLUWXDGR HVWHUHRWLSDGDPHQ PpGLFR \ ODPXMHUHQOD HQIHUPHUD /D PD\RUtD GHODV GHIRUPDFLRQHV GH JUXHQWHVQRVHSURGXFHQGXUDQWH HO SURFHVRGHFRGLILFDFLyQGHORVPLVP WLQ\+DOYHUVRQ /2V VXMHWRVDFW~DQFRPRDXWRUHV SDUFLDOHV VDGDVVLQRWDPELpQ GHO UHFXHUGRTXHWLHQHQGHHOODV HQOD DFWXD /RVFRQGX OLGDGXQSDSHOPD\RU DORVGHWHUPLQDQWHV KLVWyUL 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D y FDXVDOLGDG KXPDQD FLHQWHQ~PHURGHGDWRVTXHLQGLFDQTXHHOFRQWU SULQFLSLR 3HURVRQ ODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVGHRULHQWDFLyQFRJQL GHXQD IRUPDPD\RUDTXHSRGDPRVOOHJDUDFRPSUHQGHUFy y FyPRVHFRGLILFDODLQIRUPDFLyQ SHUVRQDOPHQWHU FyPRVHSRQHHQPDUFKD SRUPHGLRGHRSHUDFLRQHV DFWRV /DGLVFXVLyQDQWHULRUQRLQWHQWDGHPRVWUDUTXH FLyQORVFRQGXFWLVWDVUDGLFDOHV QRMXHJXHQXQSD JDQ/RV LQGLYLGXRVDFW~DQ HQSDUWH GHDFXHUG UHVXOWDGRVTXHHVSHUDQSURGX]FDQVXVDFWRV3HUR QHUDWLYRVTXHGLULJHQODVDFFLRQHV\QRFRPRFRQ (Q UHDOL GDGFRPR\DVHKDREVHUYDGR ODLGHDGHTXHOD GHQ\TXHODVLJXHQHQHOPRGHORGHFRQWUROSRU HPStULFR 7DPSRFR OD QRFLyQ HVWDEOHFLGD GHXQD ©KLVWRULDG PHFiQLF FRLQFLGHFRQORTXHVHVDEHVREUHODQDWXUDOH]D QDWXUDOH]D JHQHUDGRUD\FUHDWLYDGHOSHQVDPLHQW VLUYHFRPRFRQVWUXFWRUVXVWLWXWRGHORVSURFHVR QRFLPLHQWR GHGXFWLYR \ GHRSHUDFLRQHV FRJQLWLYD )XQFLRQHV SVLFRILVLFDV y HSLI HQRPHQDOLVPR (Q ORVDQiOLVLVFRQGXFWLVWDV ORVSHQVDPLHQWRV VRVFRUSRUDOHV TXHQRDIHFWDQGHQLQJ~QPRGROD /D FRQVLGHUDFLyQGHO VDPLHQWRV FRPR UHVLGXRV DFFLGHQWDOHV GH ODV UH DVSHFWRVDFWLYRUHIOH[LYR\FUHDGRUGHOSHQVDPL FLDV SDUD DGTXLULUXQFRQRFLPLHQWR JHQHUDOVREUHHOOR QLILFDQ y UHIOH[LRQDQVREUHVXVSURSLRVSHQVDPLHQWRV FLyQFRQWLQXLGDG H LQQRYDFLyQTXHODVUHVSXHVWDVDXWRPiWLF HVWiMXVWLILFDGR FRQVWLWXLUODV HQIDFWRUGHWHUP &XDOTXLHUSRVWXUDUHVSHFWR DODFXHVWLyQPHQWH XQSUREOHPD ILORVyILFRLQWULQFDGR /DVGRFWULQD FRPRGRVHQWLGDGHVVHSDUDGDV QRVLUYHQSDUDDFO LQGLFDUODIRUPDHQTXHSXHGHQ Vt XQDPHQWHLQPDWHULDO\ORVSU DFWXDUHQWUH SUDFWLFDUD HOKLSRWpWLFR WUDVSODQWH GHFHUHEUR GXGD DFRPSDxDUtD DO FHUHEUR D VX QXHYRRUJDQLV HO GRQDQWH FRPRXQD HQWLGDG PHQWDO DLVODGD 7DPSRFR HOHSL FRPRVXESURGXFWR GHSURFHVRV FRUSRUDOHVSHUPLW (VWD SRVWXUDQRH[SO FDVXILFLHQWHPHQWH FyPRSURFHVRV VRPiWLFRVSXHG y GyQGH HVWRV~OWLPRVPDQWLHQHQVXH[LVWHQFLDGHIRUPD VLVWHPDFRUSRUDOGHXQDVRODGLUHFFLyQHQHOFX WHVItVLFRVTXHSVtTXLFRVGHORVSURFHVRVVRPiWLF HO IXQFLRQD PLHQWRFRUSRUDO (Q ODDFWXDOLGDGODVHVWUXFWXUDVQHUYLRVD PDVLDGRVPHFDQLVPRVUHFtSURFRVSDUDVRVWHQHUTX PLHQWR QRSXHGHQ LQIOXLUHQ ORVVLVWHPDVFRUSR Monismo psiconeural. 2WRUJDUDOSHQVDPLHQWRXQSRGHUFDXV WDGRPHQWDO DLVODGRGHOUHVWRGHORUJDQLVPR/R VRVFHUHEUDOHV VXSHULRUHVTXHDFWLYDQORVSURFH SXHGHQ DIHFWDU DODVDFWLYLGDGHV FHUHEUDOHVLPS GHO SHQVD PLHQWR /DVWHUPLQRORJtDVLGHDWLYD\QHXUDOVRQIRUP FHUHEUDOHVWDO FRPRKDQYHQLGRDILUPDQGRGXUDQWHDxRVOR la LGHQWLGDG (Q HVWHWLSRGH VROXFL yQ DOSUREOHPDGHOD UHODFLyQ PHQWHFXHUSRORVSHQVDPLHQWRVWL LQPDWHULDO . . %XQJH SUHVHQWD XQDQiOLVLVGHWDOODGR XQ FRQ GH . . . . . . 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV MXQWRGHDFWLYLGDGHVFHUHEUDOHV TXHVHSURGXFHQ H LQWHUSUHWD ODVUHODFLRQHV SVLFRILVLFDVFRPRDFFL HVSHFLDOL]DGRV GHO RUJDQLVPR /DLGHDGHTXHORVSURFHVRV FRJQLWLYRVVRQSURF JLFDVTXHKDFHQ UHIHUHQFLD DOIXQFLRQDPLHQWR FRJ SDUWLUGHODVOH\HVQHXURILVLROyJLFDV (V LPSRUW ORVVLVWHPDVFRUWLFDOHV y VRFLDOHVSRUORVTXHSXHGHQ \ORVPHGLRVSHUVRQDOHV GXFLUGLIHUHQWHV FRQWHQLGRV HQFDPLQDGRV DGLVWLQ FyPRSXHGHHVWUXFWXUDUVH PHMRUODLQIOXHQFLDSDU y FRPSHWHQFLDV FRQ GXFWXDOHV QRSXHGH GHULYDUVH DSDUWLU GHOFRQRFL VXE\DFHQDWDOHVFDPELRV 3RUWDQWRFRQRFHUHO HODSUHQGL]DMH QRQRVRULHQWDUi y RUJDQL]DU PXFKRDFHUFD PHMRUORVF GH GHODVLQVWUXFFLRQHV FyPR FRGLILFDUORVSDUD \ VXUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ FyPRPRWLYDU ORV āVXMH D P WRVSDUD TXHDWLHQGDQ SURFHVHQ \SUDFWLTXHQ OD FRPSUHQVLyQ OR GHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWR FHUHEUDO QRVSHUPLWHH[WUDHU FLDOHVTXHSHUPLWDQODDGTXLVLFLyQ GHODVKDELOL SURIHVRU RSROtWLFR /DV FRQGLFLRQHV ySWLPDV YL JLFRV /DVLQIOXHQFLDVTXHVHQHFHVLWDQ SDUDTXHVHS ODFRQGXFWD KXPDQD FRPSOHMDLQFOX\HQ DFRQWHFLPLH FRQORVSURFHVRV JHQHUDGRV FRJQLWLYDPHQWH /DVO TXHHVWQLFWXUDU ODVLQIOXHQFLDVGHOHQWRUQR\DJ VHJXLUGHWHUPLQDGRV SURSyVLWRV $XQTXH ODV OH\H VDEHDFHUFDGHORVVLVWHPDV ILVLROyJLFRVTXHODV QRVDGHQWUiUDPRV SRUHOFDPLQRGHOUHGXFFLRQLVPR ELRORJtDGHODTXtPLFD HLQFOXVRWHUPLQDU HQOD ULRVLQWHUPHGLRVQLXQSXQWRILQDOTXHSURSRUFLR /DFRQVLGHUDFLyQ GH ODVFRJQLFLRQHV FRPRSURFH SRGHPRVOOHJDUDSURGXFLUSHQVDPLHQWRV QXHYRVI WDPHQWHGHODUHDOLGDG FRPRFXDQGRVHGHMDYROD LUUHDOHVSHURFRKHUHQWHV SRGHPRVLPDJLQDUSRU PHQWHVREUHXQFUiWHU OXQDU,JXDOPHQWH SRGHPRV QRVSRUDOJXQD/DSURGXFFLyQ FRJQLWLYDFRQVXV WDXQGHVDILRDODH[SOLFDFLyQ HQWpUPLQRVGHHV WHQWHV (V QL SUREDEOH ODV VHxDOHV TXH GHO HQWRUQR QL ODV HVW UHVSXHVWDV FRQGLFLRQDGDV QLODVRVFLODFLRQHVSU GHODV IRUPDV HVSHFtILFDV TXH SXHGHQ OOHJDU DWRPDU ORVSHQVD 6LVHFRQFLEHQORVSURFHVRV PHQWDOHV FRPRSURF HVFyPRLQWHUDFFLRQDQ HQWUH VtODPHQWH\HOFXH SURFHVRVFRJQLWLYRVRFRUWLFDOHV (OHVFHQDULRL PXODGRSRUHOHMHUFLFLRLQWHQFLRQDGRGHODGHWHU QDFLyQSHUVRQDO OD āFXHVWLyQ KDFHQ IXQGDPHQWDO VXUJLU GHFyPRVHJH TXHFDUDFWHUL]DQ fa GHWHUPLQDFLyQ HOHMHUFLGR SHUVRQDO GH GHODDFFLy LQWHQFLRQHV SDUWLFXODUHV $GHPiV GH ODH[SOLFDF PLHQWRV \ DFWRV HVWi ODLQWULJDQWH FXHVWLyQGHFyPR DXWRUUHIOH[LYDV Teoría FRJQLWLYDVRFLDO 1 · (QODFRQFHSFLyQ FRJQLWLYD VRFLDOQRVHFRQVLG QL GHWHUPLQDGR \FRQWURODGR SRUHVWtPXORV H[WHUQRV FRPRXQPRGHORGHUHFLSURFLGDG ID FRQGXFWD WULiGLFD ORVIDFWRUHVSHU HQHOTX ā āāāāā ā āa 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D y FDXVDOLGDG KXPDQD \ GHRWURWLSR \ ORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV Vt FRPRGHWHUPLQDQWHV DPELHQWDOHVDFW~DQH LQ /DQDWXUDOH]D GHORVVXMHWRVVHGHILQHGHVGHHV GHVEiVLFDV (VWDV FDSDFLGDGHV y VHDQDOL]DQ VHGLVFXWHQEUHY HQGHW ORVFDStWXORV VLJXLHQWHV &DSDFLGDG VLPEROL]DGRUD /DLPSRUWDQWH FDSDFLGDGGHXWLOL]DUORVVtPER WRVGHODYLGDSURSRUFLRQDXQPHGLRSRGHURVRG y GHDGDSWDFLyQDOHQWRUQ 3RU PHGLRGH ORVVtPERORVORVVXMHWRV FRQILHUHQLJXDOPHQWHV y FRQWLQXLGDG DODVH[ YLYLGDV 5HFXUULHQGRDVXVFRQRFLPLHQWRV y DOSRGHUTXHRWRUJDODVLPEROL]D JHQHUDUQXHYRVFXUVRVGHDFFLyQ3RUORJHQHUDO RSFLRQHVFRQGXFWXDOHV \ VXIULHQGRODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV GHORVHU IRUPDVLPEyOLFDSRVLEOHVVROXFLRQHV\ODVUHFKD PDGRVDQWHVGHSRQHUORVHQSUiFWLFD 8QDFDSDF IOH[LELOLGDGGHVLPEROL]DFLyQSHUPLWH DOLQGLYL ULHQFLDVHQVRULDO0HGLDQWHORVVtPERORVSXHGHQ TXLHUGLVWDQFLD \ OXJDU2WUDV PRPHQWR FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV KXPDQD IXQGDGDV HQ ODFDSDFLGDG GHVLPEROL]DFLyQ 'HFLU TXHODVSHUVRQDVEDVDQPXFKRVGHVXVDF PHQWHTXHpVWDVVHDQVLHPSUHREMHWLYDPHQWH ODV KDELOLGD UDFL GHVGHUD]RQDPLHQWR TXHQRVLHPSUHVHGHVDUURO FDVRGHTXHHOLQGLYLGXRVHSDUD]RQDU FRQOyJLF IHUHQFLDVHQLQIRUPDFLyQLQDGHFXDGD RDOQRFRQ YDUVHGHODVGLVWLQWDVRSFLRQHV$GHPiV FRQIU GHIRUPDHUUyQHDFRQORFXDOVHOOHJDDFRQFHS \ VREUHHOPXQ GRTXHQRVURGHD 6LXQLQGLYLGXRDFW~DGHDFXH VXEMHWLYDPHQWH UDFLRQDO VXFRQGXFWD DSDUHFHUi IUDQFDPHQWHGHVFDEHOODGD3RUWDQWRHOSHQVDPL WUDVWRUQR R GHORJURVSRU LJXDO &DSDFLGDG GHSUHYLVLyQ /DV SHUVRQDV QRVHOLPLWDQVLPSOHPHQWH DUHDF HVWiQUHJXODGDV SRUORVLPSHUDWLYRVGHVXSDVDG ā WLYDHVWiUHJXODGDSRUODVSUHYLVLRQHV/DSHU /DVSHUVRQDV SUHGLFHQODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV PiVSUR Vt PLVPDV \ SODQLILFDQFXUVRVGHDFFLyQSDUD SDUD PXFKDV RFDVLRQHV GHODVF OHVODVIRUPDVFRQRFLGDVQRVyORUHVXOWDQ VHU SHUMXGLFLDOHV 3RULQHIL PHGLRGHODSUHYLVLyQORVLQGLYLGXRVVHPRWLYD GH IRUPDDQWLFLSDGD $ HOHIHFWRSURGXFLGRSRUODVLQIOXHQFLDVLQPHGLD FXDQGR ODV FRQGLFLRQHVSUHVHQWHV QR VHDQ HVSHF /D FDSDFLGDG GHUHDOL]DU DFFLRQHV GHOLEHUDGDV VLPEyOLFD/RVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVIXWXURVSXHGHQX VXUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ FRJQLWLYDSXHGHWHQHUXQLPSR /DVLPiJHQHVGHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVIXWXURVGHV WLHQHPiV SUREDELOLGDG GHFRQVHJXLUTXHVHFRQ WHORVUHVXOWDGRV GHVHDGRVHOVXMHWRSXHGHFRQ JXODGRUHVDFWXDOHVGHODFRQGXFWDSUHYLVRUD/D PHFDQLVPRV GH DXWRUUHJXODFLyQ (Q HODQiOLVLVGHORVPHFDQLVPRVSUHSRVLWLYRV S \HFWDQDOIXWXURHVWH~OWLPRDGTXLHUHSRGHUFD 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV PHQWH HQ HOSUHVHQWH 3RU WDQWR ORV DFRQWHFLPL PHQWHHQDQWHFHGHQWH GHODVDFFLRQHV$OJXQRVDX PDFLyQGHTXHODH[SHULHQFLD LQIOX\HHQHOSHQVDP PiVTXHUHSURGXFFLRQHV GHORVIDFWRUHVDPELHQWDOH ODN &XDQGR HUUyQHDPHQWH VHDGMXGLFDDOS ODVKLVWRULDVLPSUHVDV\QRORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV GXFWD2EYLDPHQWH pVWHQRHVHOFRQFHSWR SHUVRQDO GHODDFFLyQ GHFRJ TXHGHILHQGHODWHRUtD (O SHQVDPLHQWR FRJQLWLYD SUHGLFWLYR VRFLDO XQ āSURFHVR HV HOS FUHDGRU \ UHIOH[LYR Capacidadvicaria /DVWHRUtDVSVLFROyJLFDVKDQDFHSWDGR GHIRUPD GHSURGXFLUVHSRUODHPLVLyQGHFRQGXFWDV \ODH PHGLRGHODHMHFXFLyQHVHOTXHKDUHFLELGRPD\R (Q UHDOLGDGSUiFWLFDPHQWH WRGRVORVIHQyPHQRVGHD SXHGHQRFXUULUGHIRUPDYLFDULDSRUREVHUYDFLyQ y GHODVFRQVH FXHQFLDVTXHWDOFRQGXFWDSURGXFH /D FDSDFLGDG GHDSUHQGHUSRUPHGLRG DOLQGLYLGXRDGTXLULUODVUHJODVQHFHVDULDV SDUD JHQHUDU\UHJXODUSDWURQHV GH LUIRUPiQGRORV JUDGXDOPHQWH PHGLDQWH HQVD\R \ H /DDEUHYLDFLyQGHORVSURFHVRVGHDGTXLVLFLyQP SRU REVHUYDFLyQ HVPX LPSRUWDQWHWDQWR SDUD HOGHVDUUROORFRPR SDUD ODVXSHUYLYHQFLD<DTXHORVH FDURVRWHQHULQFOXVR FRQVHFXHQFLDV IDWDOHV ODV PHQWHVL~QLFDPHQWH SXGLpUDPRV DSUHQGHU SRU HQVD DSDUWLU \R\HUURU3RUHVWDUD]yQQRVHVXHOHHQVHxDU QDGDU DORVQLxRVDFRQGXFLUDO KDFHULQWHUYHQFLRQHVTXLU~UJLFDV DORV HVWXGLDQWHV SDUWLU GHPHGLFLQDD GHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV DFWXDFLRQHV DFHUWDGDV \HUUyQHDV &XDQWR PiVFDU KDGHXWLOL]DUVH HODSUHQGL]DMH SRUREVHUYDFLyQ D UDFWHUtVWLFDV LQQDWDV SRVHD XQSDWUyQ GHFRQGXFW DSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ (OKRPEUHQDFH FRQSRFRVSDWURQHV (VWD H[WUDRUGLQDULi LQQDWRV SODVWLFLGDG DSUHQGL]DMH/RVVXMHWRVGHVDUUROODQ VXVFDSDFLG JDGR\KDQ GHFRQWLQXDU GHVDUUROODQGR SDUD VDWLVIDFHU ODV ā GHPDQGDV QXHYDV FDP FR ELDQWHVTXHVHSURGXFHQ 3RU FRQVLJXLHQWHQRHVGHVRUS DORODUJRGHVXVYLGDV KXPDQRV GHVDUUROODGR KD\DQ \SURJUHVDGR HQOD FDSDFLGDG $SDUWH GHOD GH DSU FXHVWLyQGH ,DVXSHUYLYHQFLD HVGLILFLOLPDJLQDU XQVLVWHPDGHWU JXDMHHOHVWLORGHYLGD\ODVSUiFWLFDV HQVHxDUDQ D FDGD QXHYRPLHP LQVWLWX EUR~QLFDPHQWHSRUUHIRU]DPLHQWRVHOHFWLYR D\XGD GH GHODV PRGHORV TXHLOXVWUDUDQ HVWRV SDWURQHV FXOWXUDOH $OJXQDVKDELOLGDGHV FRPSOHMDV VyORSXHGHQ DGTXLULUVH FRQO QRUHFLELHUDQH[SRVLFLyQDOPRGHORVHULDYLUWXD OLGDGHVOLQJtVWLFDVTXHFRQVWLWX\HQ (V GXGRVRTXHVHSXGLHUD WDQ VyOROOHJDUDPRO HOOHQJXDMH SDODEUDVGLItFLOHVGHMDQGRDXQODGRODVUHJODV YHUEDOL ]DFLRQHVSDUHFLGDV (Q RWURVSDWURQHV GHFRQGXFWD TXHVHIRUP PHQWRVHOHJLGRVHQWUHQXPHURVDV SRVLELOLGDGHV H[LVWHSRFDRQLQJXQDSUREDE GXMHVHQHVSRQWiQHDPHQWH HVWRV SDWURQHV QXHYRV R QXHYDVGHFRQGXFWDSXHGHQWUDQVPLWLUVH HILFD]PHQ GRHVXQDVSHFWRLQGLVSHQVDEOH GHODSUHQGL]DMH QHVGHFRQGXFWDD WUDYpV āGHRWURVPHGLRVORVSURFHVRV GHDGTXL EOHPHQWHSRU PHGLR ā GHO ā PRGHODGR /DPD\RUtDGHODVWHRUtDV VH IRUPXODURQ SVLFROyJLFDV PXFKR DQWHVGHOD PHVDYDQFHV HQIDWHFQRORJtDGH la FRPXQLFDFLyQ &RPRUHVXOWDGR QR DOSDSHOFDGDYH]PiVSRGHURVR MXHJDHO HQWRUQRVLPEyOtFRHQOD YLGD FRWLGLDQD TXH 5HDOPHQWH HQ 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D y FDXVDOLGDG KXPDQD PXFKRVDVSHFWRVGHODYLGDODLQIOXHQFLDYLFDUL KD GHVSOD]DGR ODSULPDFt SHULHQFLDGLUHFWD &XDOHVTXLHUD TXHVHDQORVSD GHFRQGXFWD OD YLGDPRGHOD FDGD YH]PiV ORVP &DSDFLGDGDXWRUUHJXODGRUD 2WURUDVJRGLVWLQWLYRGHODWHRULD FRJQLWLYDV DXWRUUHJXODGRUDV /RVLQGLYLGXRVQRDFW~DQ ~QLF PiVVLQRTXHJUDQSDUWHGHVXFRQGXFWD HVWiPRW QHVDXWRHYDOXDGRUDV DQWHVXVSURSLRVDFWRV8QD QDOHVODVGLVFUHSDQFLDV HQWUHXQDDFWXDFLyQ \ QHVHYDOXDGRUDV TXHVLUYHSDUD LQIOXLUODFRQGX HQWUH VXV GHWHUPLQDQWHV ODV LQIOXHQFLDV DXWRSU /D DXWRGLUHFFLyQ VHHMHUFHLQIOX\HQGRVREUHH QHV DXWRUUHJXODGRUDV 3RU WDQWR RUJDQL]DQGR F PpWRGRVFRJQLWLYRV\FUHDQGRLQFHQWLYRVSDUDVX UDFLyQFDXVDODVXSURSLDPRWLYDFLyQ\DVXVDF WLUGHODVLQIOXHQFLDVH[WHUQDV\DOJXQDVYHFHV WHQFLDGHXQRULJHQ \ XQDSR\RH[WHUQRVQRFRQWUDGLFH DXWRLQIOXHQ HOKHFK FLD GHWHUPLQDPRV HQSDUWH HOFXUVR GHQXHVWUD &DSDFLGDG GH DXWRUUHIOH[LyQ 6LH[LVWHDOJXQDFDUDFWHUtVWLFD DO VHUKXPDQRGHORVGHPiVDQL TXHGLVWLQJD GDGGHDXWRFRQRFLPLHQWR (VWD FDSDFLGDG DO KRPEUH SHUPLWH DQDOL]DUVXVH[SHU QDUVREUHVXVSURFHVRVPHQWDOHV$OUHIOH[LRQDU PLHQWRVSXHGHOOHJDUDDOFDQ]DUXQFRQRFLPLHQWR Vt PLVPR\VREUHHOPXQ URGHD DGHPiV GHSRGHUHYDOXDU \PRGLILFDU VXV PHGLRGHODDXWRUUHIOH[LyQHOLQGLYLGXRSXHGH DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV DSDUWLUGHODVPLVPDVMX]JDU GLILFDUODVHQEDVHDHVWRV~OWLPRV$XQTXH HVWD PLHQWRVYHUtGLFRV OD )ODYHOO WDPELpQSXHGHQGDUOXJDUD SRUXQSURFHVRGHFDXVDOLGDG UHFtSURFD /DVDFF FLDGHODVFUHHQFLDV IDOVDVVXHOHQSURYRFDU XQD GHU ā ā (QWUHORVWLSRVGHSHQVDPLHQWRTXHLQFLGHQVRE HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWRQRKD\QLQ WDQ ā LPSRUWDQWHXRPQLSUHVHQWHFRPRODRSLQLyQTXHH IRUPDHILFD]GLVWLQWDVUHDOLGDGHV/DV DXWRSHUF PLQDQHQSDUWH ODVRSFLRQHVTXHpVWDVWRPDQ DFWLYLGDGHVHOJUDGRGHSHUVHYHUDQFLD TXHGHVD WXGDQVLRVD RGHVHJXULGDGHQVtPLVPDV FRQTXH DXWRHYDOXDFLyQ GHOD HILFDFLDH[LVWHQGLYHUVDVIXHQWHVGHL VDUVHSRUPHGLRGHOSHQVDPLHQWRDXWRUUHIHUHQWH SLDVGHHILFDFLDSXHGHUHSUHVHQWDU HOp[LWRRH QHV GH ODVSURSLDV FRPSHWHQFLDV (O DXWRFRQRFL IDFHWDVGHODGHWHUPLQDFLyQSHUVRQDO GHODDFFL FLyQUHIOH[LYD /DDXWRUUHIOH[LyQFRPSRUWDHOFDPELRGHSHUVS GLVWLQWRVDJHQWH VLQ WHUQRVRTXHVHUHJXODQHQWUHVt3RUWD WRUQR ORVLQGLYLGXRV VH GHMDQJXLDUSRUVXVSHQVDPLHQWRV DQDOL]DQ HQ TXp JUDGRpVWRVO \OX KDQ VHUYLGR SDUDPDQHMDU ORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV 3HUR OODORVSHQVDPLHQWRV\PiVWDUGH .evalúa ORDGHFXDGRRQRGHVXVFRQRFLP WUDWHJLDV GHDFFLyQ(OFDPELRLQWURGXFLGR HQ 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ)XQGDPHQWRVVRFLDOHV REMHWR HO PLVPR VLQRTXH DJHQWHTXH UHIOH[LRQD HO TXH VREUH GHFLGH VXVSUR WDPELpQHOFXUVRRULJLQDOGHVXVDFWRV (V XQPLV 3RU HOORQRHVQHFHVDULR GHVHPSHxHQ SRVWXODU ā FDGD XQRXQ P~OWLSOHV SDSHO DJHQ /D QDWXUDOH]D GHOD āQDWXUDOH]D KXPDQD 9LVWDGHVGHODSHUVSHFWLYD FRJQLWLYDVRFLDOOD SRU XQH[WHQVR Q~PHURGHSRWHQFLDOLGDGHV TXHPHGLDQWHODDFFLyQ YDGDSXHGHQWUDQVIRUPDUVH HQIRUPDVGLYHUVDVGHQ 'HFLU TXHXQDGH ODVSULQFLSDOHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV TXHGLVWLQJXHQ DO FDUH]FDGHQDWXUDOH]D HVSHFtILFDRGHHVWUXFWXUD /DSODVWLFLGDG LQWU WXUDOH]DKXPDQDGHSHQGHGHPHFDQLVPRV \GH HVWUXFWXUDV TXHKDQLGR QHXURILVLR QDQGRFRQHOWLHPSR(VWRV VLVWHPDVQHUYLRVRVHYR WHQLPLHQWR \XWLOL]DFLyQ GHLQIRUPDFLyQ FRGLILFD GLVWLQWLYDV ODGHOKRPEUH VLPEROL]DFLyQ JHQHUDWLYD HOSHQVDPL FLyQ HYDOXDGRUD HODXWRFRQRFLPLHQWR UHIOH[LYR \ /DSODVWLFLGDGQRVLJQLILFDTXHODFRQGXFWD VHD YLGDV GHVSXpV GHOQDFLPLHQWR$OJXQRVSDWURQHV LQQDWD \DVHHQ GHFRQGXFW FXHQWUDQSUHVHQWHV HQHOPRPHQWRGHOQDFLPLHQWR GHPDGXUDFLyQ 3RU HMHPSORQRKD\ TXHHQVHxDU D QLxRVSHTXHxRVDDQGDURDORVDGROHVFHQWHV DGHV FHVDULR HQVHxDU DODVSHUVRQDV ORVPRWLYDGRUHV ORV GpILFLW WLVX V ODUHV\HQORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV DYHUVLYRVRDFUHD XQD ā FLHUWD VHOHFWLYLGDG DWHQFLRQDO \ FRQ FLHUWDV )RSSD /HSHQLHV\ 3ORRJ (VWD SURJUDPDFLyQ VXOWDGR GH H[SHULHQFLDV DQFHVWUDOHV DFXPXODGDV T /DPD\RUtDGHSDWURQHV GHODFRQGXFWD KXPDQD VH YLGXR\VHFRQVHUYDQ HQFyGLJRVQHUYLRVRV QRVH XQDSURJUDPDFLyQ LQQDWD $XQTXH HOSHQVDPLHQWR \ VXPD\RU SDUWHSRUODH[SHULHQFLD ORVIDFWRUHV L IRUPD GH FRQGXFWD /RVIDFWRUHV DODV SRWHQFLDOLGDGHV JHQpWLFRVDIHFWDQ ORV GHODFRQG IDFWRUHVIUXWRGH OD H[SHULHQFLDFRPRORVILVLROyJLFRVLQWHUDF GDSDUDGHWHUPLQDU FRQGXFWD ,QFOXVRHQORVSDWURQHV OD GHFRQGXFWD DSDUWLUGHODH[SHULHQFLD VHKDOODQSUHVHQWHV D GRWDFLyQQDWXUDO 3RUHMHPSORHOKRPEUHHVWiGRW DO FRPSDUDUORV FRQODVFRPSOHMDVIRUPDVGHGLVFXUVR PHQWRVSULPHURV VRQHVHQFLDOHV 'HLJXDOPRGR LQ UDGRV āFRPRLQVWLQWLYRV SRUTXH āVHDSR\DQ VREUHWRGRHQHOHPHQWRV LQ ULHQFLDDGHFXDGDSDUDVXGHVDUUROOR'HVGH OXHJR PLWDORVSDWURQHV GH FRQGXFWD TXHSXHGHQ DGTXLUL FRQGXFWDHVWiIRUPDGD SRUXQDPH]FODGHHOHPHQWRV FRWyPLFDVTXHVHSDUDQ FODUDPHQWH ODVDFWLYLGDGHV VXOWDQ VHUPX\ LQH[DFWDV 'HWHUPLQLVPR UHFtSURFR 'HWHUPLQLVPR āXQLGLUHFFLRQDO 'XUDQWH KD DxRVVH GLVFXWLGR DFDORUDGDPHQWH VREUHGyQGHVH GXFWD VL HQGHWHUPLQDQWHV GLVSRVLFLRQDOHV RHQGHWHUPL IDFWRUHV TXHDFW~DQ /RV āH[SRQHQWHV GHIRUPDXQLGLUHFFLRQDO GHO determinismo ambiental HVWX āGLDQ \WHRUL]DQ VREUH FyPRODFRQGXFWD ODV LQIOXHQFLDV OD VLWXDFL yQ(O GH UHVXOWD F 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D y FDXVDOLGDG KXPDQD FRQFHSWRGHGHWHUPLQLVPRDPELHQWDOXQLGLUHFFLRQ UDGLFDOHVGHFRQGXFWLVPR (Q HVWHGHWHUPLQLVPR HVWtPXORV H[WHUQRV DFWXDOHV \ SRU OD HVWLPXODF 1RHVTXHORVGHIHQVRUHV GHHVWDWHRUtDLJQRU OHV\GHOHQWRUQRGHKHFKR KDKHFKRPXFKDVYHFHVUHI 6NLQQHU FRQWUDFRQWUROGHOLQGLYLGXR6LQHPEDUJRHQH WRUQRFRPRHOLQVWLJDGRUFRQWUDHOTXHHOLQGLY HO TXHFUaaHOHQWRUQR\ORSRQHHQPDUFKDGHLJX OLPLWD D FRQWUDDWDFDU VLQRTXHPXFKDVYHFHVHVTXLHQ DHVWDSRVWXUDWHyULFD HVTXHFRQRFLHQGRODH[L UHDOLGDG\VHPDQWLHQH GHOD FRQGXFWD TXHHOFRQWURO YLHQHGHWHUPLQDGRH[F WRUQR H ©(O S LQGLYLGXRQRDFW~D VREUHHOPXQGRVLQ S 3RUWDQWRHOHQWRUQRUHDSDUHFH \FRQWUROD ODFRQGXFWD GHIRUPDDXWRPiWLFD &X SURFHVRVFDXVDOHV ELGLUHFFLRQDOHV GHVGHHVWH PHQWR GHWHUPLQDQWH /RVGHIHQVRUHVGHO determinismo personal EXVFDQODVFDXVDVGHOFRPSRU SRVLFLRQHVGHOLQGLYLGXRHQIRUPDGHLQVWLQWR \ GHPiVIXHU]DV PRW UDV/RVH[LVWHQFLDOLVWDV TXHVXEUD\DQODFDSD FLHQWHV\GHDFFLRQHVGHOLEHUDGDV DILUPDQTXH PHGLRGHVXVHOHFFLRQHV OLEUHV(QODVIRUPXOD PLHQWRVXVWLWX\HDODUHDOLGDG HQODH[SOLFDFLy GHOILOyVRIRHVWRLFR(SLFWHWXVKDQVLGRH[WHQV GHOSR GHUGHOSHQVDPLHQWR VREUHODUHDOLGDG ©$OKRP LPDJHQTXHWLHQH GHHOORVª /DVFRQFHSFLRQHV GHODFRQGXFWD KXPDQD HQWpU FLRQDOUHVXOWDQWDQLQVXILFLHQWHVFRPRODVGHO ODPHQWHHVTXLHQFUHDODUHDOLGDGRTXHDOKR VLyQTXHWLHQHGHHOORVHVLJQRUDUTXHORVIDF SDUWHOR TXH pVWH SHU a FLEH y SLHQVD([LVWH XQDPDUFDGD GLIHUHQFLDHQWUH HOHIHFWRGHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV \QHJDUTXH p 7HQGUtDPRV HQRUPHV GLILFXOWDGHV VLLQWHQWiUDPR GHU DVXKLMRHQXQDFFLGHQWH TXHODUD]yQGHVX YLVLyQTXHWLHQHQGHHOOD1LWDPSRFRSRGUtDPRV GHVHPSOHRTXHQRSXHGHPDQWHQHUDVXIDPLOLD\ DFUHH GRUHVGHTXHODSULQFLSDOUD]yQGHVXDQJXVWLD OD UHDOLGDGTXHOHHQYXHOYH FHSFLRQHV(OELHQHVWDU GHOKRPEUHVHPHMRUD P SHUVSHFWLYDVGHGHVDUUROORSHUVRQDOTXHLQWHQWD LJQRUDOD FDQWLGDG GH FLUFXQVWDQFLDV TXH ODV D ,QWHUDFFLRQLVPR XQLGLUHFFLRQDO /DPD\RUtDGHWHyULFRVFRQWHPSRUiQHRV DGRSWDQ FULEHODFRQGXFWD FRPRHOUHVXOWDGRGHLQIOXHQ (QG OHU \ 0DJQXVVRQ\ /HZLV 3HUYLQ 3RUWDQWRHOSULQ FHQWUDWDQWRHQHOLQWHUDFFLRQLVPR FRPRHQHO TXHKDFHQUHIHUHQFLD DOFDUiFWHU GHGHWHUPLQDQWHV LQWHUDFWLYR KDQ IRU V G PXODGRFRPRPtQLPRGHWUHVIRUPDV'RVGHHVW WHV GHILHQGHQUHVSHFWR D OD FRQGXFWD XQ LQWHUD ā (Q OD āFRQFHSFLyQ XQLGLUHFFLRQDO GHLQWHUDFFLyQ y DODVVLWXDFL QHVFRPRHQWLGDGHV LQGHSHQGtHQWHV TXHVHXQHQ GXFWD 8Q SUREOHPD EiVLFR GHHVWD FRQFHSFL yQHV TXHORVIDFWRUHV SHUVRQDOHV 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV % FIGURA 1. Esquernatización de las relaciones entre las tres S LL( ( clases de determinantes en el modelo de reciprocidad triádica. W~DQFRPRGHWHUPLQDQWHV LQGHSHQGLHQWHV (O LQGLYLGXRFUHDPR VLQRTXH FD\GHVWUX\HHOHQWRUQR\ORVFDPELRVTXHLQWUR DODQDWXUDOH]D GH VXYLGD IXWXUD (OFRQFHSWR GHLQWHUDFFLyQ ELGLUHFFLRQDO SDUFLD DIHFWDQHQWUHVtSHURFRQVLGHUD TXHORVIDFWRUH GLUHFFLyQHOLQWHUFDPELR LQGLYLGXRVLWXDFLyQ FRQGXFWD SHUR HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR Vt PLVPRQRDIHFWDDODWUDQVDFFLyQ SRU HQWUH SULQFLSDOHV HVWD OLPLWDFLRQHVGH FRQFHSFLyQHVTXHH[FHSWRHQORTXH UHILHUHDVXYDORUF PXORVRFLDOHOLQGLYLGXR~QLFDPHQWH SXHGHDIHFW āGHVHPSHxDQ XQSDSHOIXQGDPHQWDO HQODIRUPDHQT FXDOHVDVXYH] DIHFWDUiQ DVXVSHQVDPLHQWRV UHDFFLRQHV (V GLILFLOFRQ HPRFLR FHELUODFRQGXFWDFRPRHOUHVXOWDGR GHXQLQWHUFD WRSUHYLRDOJXQR\ HO HQWRUQR 6HUtD FRPRGHIHQGHUXQDFRQFHSFLyQLQPDFX DFWXDUFRQ HO HQWRUQR \HMHUFHU LQIOXHQFLD VREUHpO\SR QHVFRQHOPLVPR 1R HVXQSURGXFWR XQLyQ GH XQ LQGLYLGXR GHOD FDUHQWH SUHYLD \XQD GHFRQGX VLWXDFLyQGHWHUPLQDGD (QXQD SDODEUD ODFRQGXFWD HVXQGHWHUPLQ GXFWR LQGHSHQGLHQWH VLQSDSHO DOJXQR HQHOSURFH ā5HFLSURFLGDGWUOiGOFD /D WHRUtDFRJQLWLYD VRFLDO GHILHQGHXQFRQFHSWRGHLQWHUDFFLyQ GLFD %DQGXUD DD 6HJ~QHVWHPRGHOR āHVTXHPiWLFD la HQODILJXUD FRQGXFWD ORVIDFWRUHV FRJQLWLYRV\ LQIOXHQFLDVDPELHQWDOHV RSHUDQGHIRUPDLQWHUDFW (Q HVWHGHWHU PLQLVPRUHFtSURFRWULiGLFR HOWpUPLQRUHFtSURFR WUHORVIDFWRUHV (O WpUPLQR FDXVDOHV GHWHUPLQLVPR SDUD LQGLFDU VHXWLOL]D ODSURGXFF DTXt HIHFWRVSRUSDUWHGHFLHUWRVIDFWRUHV QR HQHOVHQWLGRGRFWULQDO GHTXHO FRPSOHWDPHQWH SRUXQDVHFXHQFLD SUHYLD GHFDXVDV GXR3RUORJHQHUDOVHQHFHVLWDQ SDUD FRQVHJXLUXQHIHFWRGHWHUPL YDULRVIDFWRUH YDULHGDGGHLQIOXHQFLDV LQWHUDFWLYDV XQPLVPRI QHVGHVLWXDFLRQHV TXHWHQGUiQ 3RU WDQWR ODDVRFLDFLyQ HIHFWRVGLVWLQWRV HQWUH UHV\GHWHUPLQDGRV HIHFWRV HVSUREDELOtVWLFD Pi Distintas contribuciones de los factores triádicos. 5HFLSURFLGDG QR VLJQLILFD VLPHWUtD HQ FXDQWR la LQWHQVLGDG D ODV LQIOXHQFLDV GH ELGLUHFFLRQDOHV TXHGD ILMDGRHQHOSURFH 7DPSRFR FDXVDOLGDG HO āPRGHOR UHFtSURFD \ODSURSRUFLyQ GHODVLQIOXHQFLDV HMHUFLGDSRUORVWUHVJUXSRVGHIDFWRUHVLQWHUDFF GXR \ ODVLWXDFLyQ &XDQGR ODV FRQGLFLRQHV DPELHQWD GXFWD GHWHUPLQDGD UHVWDV FRQGLFLRQHV VHFRQYLHUWHQ HQGHWHU 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D y FDXVDOLGDG KXPDQD SHUVRQDVVHFDHQDODJXDHQXQWUDPRSURIXQGRG GHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GHORGLVWLQWRVTXHVHDQORVU \ FRQGXFWXDOHV GHFD +D\RFDVLRQHVHQODVTXHODFRQGXFWD y VXUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ LQWULQVHFD GHOVLVWHPDGHLQWHUDFFLyQ 8Q HMHPSORGHHOORSRGUtDQFRQVWLWXLU SLDQRSDUD VXSURSLRSODFHU(VWD FRQGXFWDYLHQ HIHF WRVVHQVRULDOHVTXHSURGXFHPLHQWUDVTXHODVD \ ODVLQIOXHQFLDVVLW SDUWLFLSDQ HQPHQRU JUDGR HQHOSURFHVR &XDQGR ORVLPSHUDWLYRVGHODVLWXDFLyQVRQGp IOXHQFLDSUHGRPLQDQWHHQHOVLVWHPDUHJXODGRU TXHILJXUDQHQORVHVWDQWHVGHXQDH[WHQVDELEO GRPLQDQ /D DFWLYDFLyQ\PDQWHQLPLHQWRGHODFRQGXFWD QLFLyQHMHUFHODSULQFLSDO LQIOXHQFLD /DVFUHHQFLDVIDOVDVDFWLYDQOD WLHQHDOLQGLYLGXRIXHUDGHOFRQWDFWR FRQODUH UHFtSURFD HQWUHODVFUHHQFLDV\ORVDFWRVTXHH (QFDVRV H[WUHPRVODFRQGXFWD HVWiWDQSRGHUR pVWDV ni ORVDFWRVDFRPSDxDQWHVUHVXOWDQDIHFWDGRVQL FRQVHFXHQFLDV BVRFLDOHVH[WU PDGDPHQWH SHUQLFLRVDV TXHSURYRFDQ %DWHVRQ (QODPD\RUtDGHORVFDVRVHOGHVDUUROOR\D YRVVHUHDOL]DGHIRUPDLQGHSHQGLHQWH(QHOKi /DVSUHIHUHQFLDVSHUVRQDOHVLQIOX\HQHQODHOHF ODH[WHQVDJDPDGHRSFLRQHVGHTXHGLVSRQH )HQ WHQFLDOHVLGpQWLFRSDUDWRGRVORVWHOHVSHFWDGR GLDQWHVXFRQGXFWDGHWHUPLQDQHQSDUWHODQDWX WRGHOSURJUDPD \ORVDQXQFLRV WDPEL pQ GHWHUPLQDQ GHSXEOLFLGDG TXH ORVSURJUDPDV VHHPLWHQ %URZQ ODVRSFLRQHVSURSRUFLRQDGDVSRU WDPELpQ GHWHUPLQDQHQS ODVSUHIHUHQFLDVGHOWHOHVSHFWDGRU IDFWRUHVODV SUHIHUHQFLDVGHOW (QHVWHHMH WDGRU VXFRQGXFWDGHYHUODWHOHYLVLyQ\ODV ORV āSURJUDPDV VHDIHFWDQ HQWUHVtGHIRUPDUHFtSURFD(OSURJUDPDHOHJLG VDPLHQWRV \ DFWRVGHOVXMHWR \ %DQGXUD FRO &RPVWRFN 3RUWDQWR FDXVDOLGDG UHFtSURFDSRGUtD DPSOLDUVHHLQFOXL GXFWD y DOHQWRUQR VRFLDO LQWHUSHUVRQDO 'HEHUtDPRV REVHUYDUGHSDVRTXHORVSURFHVR GHORVWUHVIDFWRUHVFRQVWLWX\HQWHV GHQWURGH FLRQDGDVHQWUHVtGHPDQHUD R QHJDWLYDPHQWH,JXDO TXHVXSUHVHQWDFLyQ HOWHUUHQRGHOHQWRUQRORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVVXHO PHGLRGHWHUPLQDFDPELRVHQRWUR(QODHVIHUDS y SHQVDPLHQWRVVH pro GXFHQ WDPELpQ SURFHVRV UHFtSURFRV $Vt SRU HM XQDLQTXLHWXG LQWHUQD TXH D VXYH]SURGXFHQ SH Dinámica temporal de la reciprocidad triádica. /RVIDFWRUHVWULiGLFRVQR LQWHUDFFLyQKROtVWLFDVLPXOWiQHD5HFLSURFLGDG 3KLOOLSV \ 2UWRQ $XQTXHFDGDXQRGHORVVHJPHQWRVGHU IOXHQFLD ELGLUHFFLRQDO \ VXVHIHFWRVUHFtSURFRV ODV LQIOXHQFLDVPXWXDV QRV WLHPSR8QIDFWRUFDXVDOQHFHVLWDWLHPSRSDUD ]DQVXVHIHFWRVPXWXRVGHIRUPDVHFXHQFLDOGXUD ODELGLUHFFLRQDOLGDG GHODLQIOXHQFLDHVSUiFWL YHUEDOHVHQORVTXHXQDSUHJXQWDLQGXFHXQDUH FLDUHVXOWDPRGLILFDGDDQWHVGHKDEHUHMHUFLGR XQFLHUWRWLHPSR HQFRQVHJXLUVH(QHOHMHPSOR \ ODVUHVSXHVWD QRVHSURGXFHQGHIRUPDVLPXOWiQHD9ROYLHQGR GHWHUPLQDGRQRPRGLILFDLQVWDQWiQHDPHQWH GHOWHOHVSHFWDGRU QLREOLJDGHLQP ODVS WRDODLQGXVWULDGHODWHOHYLVLyQ DPRGLILFDU \ GHKD ELOLGDGHVFRPSDUWDPHQWDOHV WHOHYLVLyQ QRSURGXFHORVHIHFW PHGLDQWHHOPRGHODG 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV WXDOHVGHIRUPDLQPHGLDWD ODHMHFXFLyQGHXQDFW LQVWDQWiQHRHO HQWRUQR VRFLDO (O WLHPSRTXHWUDQVFXUUH HQWUHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQW XQD DFWLYLGDG DRWUD 3RUHMHPSORSHJDU DXQFRQGXFWRU UiSLGR LPSUXGHQWHSURG TXHSUH VHQWDU D OD SROLFtD XQD GHPDQGD FRQWUD pO <DTXHORVIDFWRUHV WULiGLFRV WUDWDUD QRDFW~DQGHIRUP GHXQD HQWLGDG KROtVWLFDSRGHPRV OOHJDUDFRQRFHU GH FDXVDOLGDG ODIRUPDHQ ELGLUHFFLRQDOVLQWHQHUTXHKDFHU HOHVIXHU]RWLW PHQWRLQWHUDFWLYR (VWR ~OWLPRVHFXPSOHDXQHQH JLFRHQORVTXHORVVXEVLVWHPDVHVWiQHVWUHFKDPHQ WDUGD HQGHVD UUROODUVHODDFFLyQUHFtSURFD (O RUJDQLVPRGLVSRQHGHQXPH VXHOHVHUPXFKRPiV PDVTXHVHDFWLYDQGHIRUPDUHFtSURFDSRUORWDQ HVWDV āDFFLRQHV UHFtSURFDV D OD YH] VyORFRQVHJXLUi PDV\VXVGLVWLQWDVLQWHUUHODFLRQHV ORTXHKD\TX QDPLHQWRGH FDUiFWHU LQWHUDFWLYR GHORVGLVWLQWRVVXEVLVWHPDV RSHUDHOVLVWHPD VXSHURUGLQDGR GHORVFRQFHSWRVKROt /DFUtWLFDGH-D «0 HVWH 6LVWHPD*OREDO WDOFRPRHVWiRQDGDGHQDGDª VHxDODODVOLPLWDFLRQHV 8QDGRFWULQDTXHGHILHQGDODFDXVDOLGDG FDUiFWHU VLPXOWiQHRSURGXFHXQHI KROtVWLFD ]DGRU VREUH ORV HVIXHU]RV SRU HVWXGLDU GHXQD IR Descomposición analítica de la reciprocidad triádica. 'LVWLQWDV VXEHVSHFLDOLGD OD SVL FRORJtDVHLQWHUHVDQ SRUVHJPHQWRVGHWHUPLQDGRVG WpUpVVHFHQWUD HQODUHODFLyQ LQWHUDFWLYD HQWUH FRQFHSFLRQHV FUHHQFLDV DXWRSHUFHSFLRQHV HLQWH LQGLYLGXRSLHQVHFUHD\VLHQWD DIHFWDDVXFRPSR VXVDFFLRQHVDVXYH]GHWHUPLQDQ HQSDUWHVXVS %DQGXUD Dā%RZHU 1HLVVHU &RQVLGHUHPRV DKRUD HOVHJPHQWRGHUHFLSURFLGDG HQHOVLVWHPD WULiGLFR /DV LQIOXHQFLDV DPELHQWD FRQGXFWD DVtSRUHMHPSOR ORVSHQVDPLHQWRV \O GHOPRGHODGR OD HGXFDFLyQ R ODSHUVXDVLyQ VRFLD =LPEDUGR (EEVHQ \0DVODFK /RVGHW GRVGHOLQGLYLGXRQLGHVXVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ItVLF VRQODHGDGOD WDOOD OD UD]D HOVH[R\HO JUDGR GHDWUDFWLYR ItVLFRSXHGHQHY QHV /HUQHU HQHOHQWRUQR VRFLDO,JXDOPHQ FLyQGHOUROVRFLDOGHVHPSHxDGR 3RU HMHPSORDTXHOODVSHUVRQDV \GHOHVWDWXV T DOWRSUHVWLJLR y SRGHU GHQWUR MHUDUTXtDHPLWHQ GHXQD PiV UHDFFLRQHV y DFRPRGDWR GLIHUHQFLDO ULDVTXHDTXHOODVRWUDVTXHSHUWHQHFHQ 3RU ORWDQWR DSDUWLUGH DXQHVWD UtVWLFDVREVHUYDEOHV\DHVSRVLEOHPRGLILFDUHOH QHVVRFLDOHVDVtHPLWLGDVDIHFWDQ DVXYH]DODV GHPiV GH PRGR TXH OD LQIOXHQFLD DPELHQWDO UHVXO ,QFOXVRODLQIRUPDFLyQ HUUyQHD VREUHODVFDUDFW FDPELRV VRFLDOHV TXHGHQ OXJDU DXQFRPSRUWDPLHQ QHDV (Q XQH[SHULPHQWR GH6Q\GHU7DQNH ORVKRPEUHV \%HUVFKHLG DORV FUHHUTXHODPXMHUFRQODTXHKDEODEDQ SRUWHOpI HOODH[SHFWDWLYDV PiVSRVLWLYDV KDEODURQGHXQD PiVLQWHUHVDQWHV \HQWXVLDVWDV TXHFXDQGRVHOHV VXYH]ODVPXMHUHV VHPRVWUDURQ y H[SHUWDV PiVVLPSiWLFDV VRFLDOPHQWH FR EUHVDORVTXHLPDJLQDEDQ 3RU WDQWRODVFUHHQFLDV DWUDFWLYRVTXHFRQORV HUU URQDFFLRQHVTXHLQGXMHURQHQORVGHPiVXQDFRQG SDUD FRQILUPDUODV /RVSU SRUORVTXHODVSHUFHSFLRQHV TXHWLHQHHOVXMHWR GH VXVLQWHUDF FLRQHVFRQVWLWX\H HOSULQFLSDOWHPDGHLQWHUpVG FDPSR GH ODSHUFHSFLyQ 6FKQHLGHU +DVWRUI y (OOVZRUWK KXPDQD ā 'HWRGRVORVGLVWLQWRV GHLQWHUDFFLyQ VHJPHQWRVGHOVLVWHPD WULiGLFR UHFtSURFD ODUHODFLyQ HQWUH 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D y FDXVDOLGDG KXPDQD A, % $ st $ sreinf s' R sreinf s' R $ sreinf FIGURA 2. Ilustración de cómo unos mismos acontecimientos cambian sus estatus de conducta a entorno y de entorno a conducta en los distintos pun tos de entrada en el flujo de interacción entre dos personas. las A represen tan respuestas sucesivas emitidas por una segunda persona en la interacción dual; S1 representa «estímulo»; R representa «respuesta»; S'"" representa · «reforzador». FRQGXFWD \HQWRUQRHVODTXHKDUHFLELGRPD\RU WHRUtDV āVHFHQWUDQ H[ FOXVLYDPHQWH HQ HVWDSRUFLyQ GHUHFLSURFLGDG 6NLQQHU (Q ODV S WUDQVDFFLRQHV GHODYLGDGLDULDHOFRPSRUWDPL BVX YH]PRGLILFDGRSRUODVGLVWLQWDV VLWXDFLRQHV 5DXVK T %DUU\ +HUWHO \ 6ZDLQ 7KRPDV \0DORQH 9LVWDGHVGH ODSHUVSHFWLYD GHOGHWHUPLQLVPR KDELWXDOGH LQYHVWLJDUOD U FDXVDV DPELHQWDOHV~OWLPDVGHODFRQGXFWDUHVX LPSURGXFWLYR (OORHVGHELGR HQXQSURFHVRLQWHUDFWLYRHOPLVPRDFRQWHFLPLH HQUHIRU]DGRU DPELHQWDOGHSHQGLHQGRGHIRUPD GHFLGD DERUGDU HQSULPHUOXJDUHOIOXMRGHDFRQ FLyQ/DILJXUDTXHUHSUHVHQWD ODVHFXHQFLD WUD FyPRORVPLVPRVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV FDPELDQ VXQD HQWRUQRDFRQGXFWDVHJ~QORVGLVWLQWRVSXQWRVG WHUDFFLyQELGLUHFFLRQDO3RUHMHPSORHODFRQWH HVXQHVWLPXORDPELHQWD DQiOLVLVSRUHOWHUFHUSXQWRXQDUHVSXHVWDVL VLORKDFHPRVSRUHOSULPHUR 1R SRGHPRVKDEODUGH©FRQGXFWDª\GH OHVFRQWURODGRUDVª FRPRVLVHWUDWDUD GHGRVI GH LQGLFDGRUHV LQKHUHQWHV HV VX QDWXUDOH]D GHORTXHVH VXSRQH /LPLWDQGR ORVDQiOLVLVDXQ VHJPHQWR LQWHUDFWLYR GHWHUPLQDGR SXHGH FRQRFLPLHQWRVREUHORVSURFHVRVFDXVDOHV3HUR YDULDQ]D REVHUYDGD HQORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVDOR WULEX\HQGHIRUPDFDXVDOHQGLVWLQWRVPRPHQWRV WLYDHQWUHODFRQGXFWD\HOHQWRUQRTXHVHSURG ~QLFDPHQWH SRUODVUHFLSURFLGDGHVLQPHGLDWDVH PHGLR0LHQWUDV DFW~DHOLQGLYLGXRYDFRQVLGHU DFWRV\ODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV~OWLPDVTXHSXHGHQWU ODU OD DFFLyQ GH ORVHIHFWRV SUy[LPRVGHODFR &RQVLGHUHPRV ODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVVREUHODFRQ GLFD (Q ODVIDPLOLDVHQGLVFRUGLDODFRQGXFW XQPLHPEURWLHQGHDSUR UUHDFFLRQHV LJXDOPHQWHFRDFWLYDVHQORVGHPiV PXWXDGHDJUHVLyQ 3DWWHUVRQ la FRDFFLyQQRSURYRFD 6LQHPEDU UUHDFFLRQHV FRDFWLYDV3DUD FRPSUHQGHUWRWDOPH HQWUH FRQGXFWD\HQW QRHODQiOLVLVGHEHSURORQJDUVH D ORODUJR GHOWLHPSR\DPSOLDUVHLQ QLWLYRVTXHDFW~DQHQHOVLVWHPDGHLQWHUUHODFLy TXH HVWi SHQVDQGR en HOLQGLYLGXR HOPRPHQWRGHHPLWLUVXVUHVSXHVW y GHH[SHULPHQWDUV 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ)XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV WRV /DV FRQWUDUUHVSXHVWDV D ORV DFWRV VXV HIHFWRV DQWHFHGHQWH LQ PHGLDWRV VLQR WDPELpQ SRU OR TXH SLHQVH HOLQGLYLGX QHV 3RU WDQWR QLxR DJUHVLYR HO FRQWLQXDUi HPLWLHQGR FRQGXFWD RLQFOXVR DFRDFWLYD D SHVDU GH TXH VHD FDVWLJDGR LQPHGLDWDPHQWH OR TXH GHVHD VL FRQ O %DQGXUD y :DOWHUV 6LQ HPEDUJR HOPLVPR FDVWLJR FRPR HVWLPXODGRU GHODFRDFFLyQ FXDQGR UHVXOWDUi ~WLO 3RU SLHQVH WDQ TXH V WRODIRUPD HQ UHVXOWDQ TXH LQIOXLGDV ODV DFFLRQHV SRU VXV HIHFWRV GH ODRSLQLyQ LQPHGLDW TXH WHQJD āHO VXMHWR ODV QRUPDV GH TXH UHJXODQ ORV 6WDXEHU UHVXOWDGRV %D (VWHV .DXIPDQ \FRO 'H1LNH GHO TXH 6SLHOEHUJHU VLJQLILFDGR DWULEX\DQ D \ pVWRV 'XODQ\ \ GH VXV FUHHQFLDV VREUH OD SRVLELOLGDG GH VXOWDGRV IXWXURV GXUDQWH HO FXUVR GH LQWHUDFFLRQHV (Q ORV HVWXGLRV DQWHULRUHV VH DQDOL]DURQ ORV SHQVDP FRPR LQIOXHQFLDEOHV 6LQ HPEDUJR ODV DFW~DQ FRPR FRJQLFLRQHV FDX Q VDV DXWyQRPDV GHOD FRQGXFWD VLQR TXH ODV FRQFHSFL QDWXUDOH]D GHVDUUROOD GHODV \YHULILFD FRVDV SRU PHGLR VH GH FXDWUR SURFHVRV GLVWL GLUHFWD SDUWLU REWHQLGD GH ORVD HIHFWRV SURGXFLGRV SRU VXV DFWRV SURGXFLGRV SRU OD FRQGXFWD MXLFLRV PDQLIHVWDGRV GH SRU RWUDV ORV GHPiV SHUVRQDV \GHGXFFLRQ SDUWLU GH ORVFRQRFLPLHQWRV SUHYLRV H[WHUQDV SRU GHVHPSH PHGLR GH OD xDQ XQ SDSHO LPSRUWDQWH QR VyOR HQ HOGHVDUUROOR VLQR WDPELpQ HQ \ VXDFWLYDFLyQ ,PiJHQHV RORUHV \ VRQLGRV GLVWLQWRV SOHWDPHQWH GLVWLQWDV 3RU WDQWRD VLELHQ VXYH] HV FLHUWR TXH ODV FRJ HOODVPLVPDV YLHQHQ SDUWH SRU GHWHUPLQDGDV ODV WUDQVDFFLRQHV HQ GLUHFWDV RPHGLD FRQ HOHQW GDV ā VRFLDOPHQWH /D UHODFLyQ HQWUH SHQVDPLHQWRGRV \ DFWRV VHQWLGRV LPSOL 3RU WDQWR ORV DQiOLVLV HPStULFRV KDQ H[DPLQDGR GH ORV SURFHVRV DODYH PiV GH XQ VXEVLVWHPD LQWHUDFWLYRWULiGLFD /RV VLJXHQ LQWULQFDGRV HVSH D UDQGR ORV LQVWUXPHQWRV DYHULJXDUFyPR TXH SXHGHQ DFWXDU SHUPLWDQ FRQMXQWDPHQWH ORV P~O ā YtQFXORV\ UHFtSURFRV ODV VHFXHQFLDV WHPSRUDOHV (VWR UHSUHVHQWD XQD HQ ODERU TXH ORKDFHQ IRUPL GDEOH QRVyORSRU QDWXUDOH]D LQWHUDFWLYD OD GHORVVLVWHPDV FDGD VXEVLVWHPD WULiGLFRV HQ Vt PLVPR FRQWLHQH ā P~OWLSOHV SURFHVRV UHFtSURFRV $O LJXDO TXH HOSULQFLSLR GHO GHWHUPLQLVPR UHFtSUR WHUDFWLYRV VH HVWXGLHQ DOD YH] WDPSRFR DFRQVHMD FRV (V LPSRUWDQWH FRPSUHQGHU FyPR FLHUWRV GHWHUPLQDQWH LQGHSHQGHQFLD GH FyPR LQIOX\HQ DVXYH] SRVWHULRU GHORVPLV HVWRV FDPEL PRV &RQWLQXDQGR FRQ HOHMHPSOR SDUD OOHJDU DHQWHQGHU GHODWHOHYLVLyQ ODIRUPD H FLRQHV SHUVRQDOHV ·y ODV LQIOXHQFLDV GH ODWHOHYLVLyQ IDYRUHFHQ FRQGXFWDV DJUHVLYDV QHFHVDULR UHDOL]DU HVXQ DQiOLVLV SRU VHSDUDGR 3DUD H[SOL GH DPERV FDU HODSUHQGL]DMH SDUWLU GH GH FRQGXFWDV ORV PRGHORV DJUHVLYDV OD WHOHYLVLyQ TXH SURSRUFLRQD D QR HVQHFHVDULR HVWXGLDU OD DIHFWDFLyQ VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH ELGLUHFFLRQDO y HO GH OD DJ PHGLR VRFLDO ODV SUHIHUHQFLDV RFyPR DGTXLULGDV HQ OD DJUHVLYLGDG FXDQWR DWHPDV DIHFWDQ GHIRUPD JHQHUDO DORV (O SURJUDPDV HVWXGLR GH TXH ORV QRV HIHFW RI FLDOHV \HOGHORV UHFtSURFRV VRQ VHSDUDEOHV \UHTX DPERV DERUGDMHV SDUD OOHJDU VRQ QHFHVDULRV DFRPSUHQGHU WRWDOPHQWH HOI FR GHO KRPEUH &RPSUREDFLyQ GHORV GHWHUPLQDQWHV SHUVRQDOHV ā /RV GLVWLQWRV PRGHORV FDXVDOHV DGRSWDQ SDUDGLJPDV PD ORV GHWHUPLQDQWHV FRQWULEX\HQ OD SHUVRQDOHV FRQGXFWD D KXPDQD WHRUtDV GH ODSHUVRQDOL /DV GDG DERUGDQ HO WHPD SRU GH PHGLR IRUPD GH WUDGLFLRQDO FXHVWLRQDULRV JOREDOHV VREUH DWUL SHUVRQDOHVTXH PLGHQ XQD \ HVWiQ DPSOLD SHQVDGDV SDUD VHUYLU HVIHUDDP~OWLSOHV GH UDVJRV GHV (VWRV FXHVWLRQDULRV GHā SHUVRQDOLGDG FRQVtVWHQ HQXQ ILMR GH tWHPV GH ORV FXD PXFKRV OHVSXHGHQ UHVXOWiU YDORU HQHOFDVR GHHVFDVR QRVRFXSH FRQFUHWR $GHPiV TXH KDQGHSRGHU FRPR DSOLFDUVH DGLYHUVDV VLWXDFLRQHV HVWDU HQXQFLDGRVGHXQD IRUPD ORVPX\ tWHPV JHQHUDO VXHOHQ QXPHUR 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D y FDXVDOLGDG KXPDQD JLHQGRUHVSXHVWDV SDUWLFXODUHVLQHVSHFtILFDVVR TXHVHSURGXFHQ,DV SHUVRQDVFRQODVTXHHVWiQ H LQWHQVL GDGFRQTXHVHSUHVHQWDQ&XDQWRPiVLPSUHFLVRV HVOD SUHGLVSRVLFLyQG VX MHWR SDUD FRQWHVWDUORV VDEH TXp \ HVH[DFWDPHQWH PHQRV HVWDPRV P VH LGLHQGR ORTXH 1RHVUHDOLVWDHVSHUDUTXHHVWRV ©PXOWLILQDO WR<DKHPRVYLVWRDQWHULRUPHQWHTXHODVPHGLG PRGHUDGDPHQWH 6LQHPEDUJRDSHVDUGHTXHHOY SUHIHULEOHVDODVHVSHFXODFLRQHV VLELHQSDUD IDFWRUHVSHUVRQDOHVLQIOX\HQVREUHORV DFWRV\ODVVLWXDFLRQHVHVPHMRU ORVSURFHVRV LQWHUDFWLYRV (VWR ~OWLPR UHTXLHU DWDxHQHVSHFtILFDPHQWH DOiUHDGHIXQFLRQDPLHQW GHODVGLIHUHQFLDVLQGLYLGXDOHVPHGLDQWHPHGLGD GHFXHVWLRQDUL JOREDOHVHVXQPpWRGRGHFRQYHQLHQFLD TXHGHVJ SUHGLFWLYR $FWLYDFLyQVHOHFWLYDGHODV LQIOXHQFLDV SRW (OHQWRUQRQRHVVLPSOHPHQWHXQIDFWRUILMRTX ODPD\RUSDUWHGHORVFDVRVHOHQWRUQRSHUPDQ fo KDFHUHDOLGDG/RVSURIHVRUHVQRLQIOX\HQHQVX DFXGDQD VXVFODVHVOR OLEURVQRLQIOX\HQHQODVSHUVRQDV XQ KRUQLOORHOpF DQRVHUTXH WULFRQRTXHPDVLQR 6H WRFD\ODVLQIOXHQFLDVGHOSUHPLR \ GHOFDVWLJRQRH[LVWHQ KDVWD TXHUHVXOWDQ DFWLYDGDVSRUODFRQGXFWD3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHO HQWRUQRUHDOGHSHQGHUiGHODFRQGXFWD GHOVXMHW QHFHQLQRSHUDQWHV FRPRIDFWRUHVLQIOX\HQWHVKD QDGDV WHPDV LQIOXLUiHQHOGHVDUUROOR GHODLQ FLyQSHURQRVLGHFLGHTXHGDUVHFDOODGRSRUYR WHPDVTXH VH HVWiQWUDWDQGR 3RUWDQWRODFRQGXFWD GHHQWUH ODVPXFKDVSRVLELOLGDGH GHWHUPL GHOHQWRUQRTXHHQWUDUiQHQMXHJR\ODIRUPDT WRPDUiQ (VWDVLQIOXHQFLDVDVX HQSDUWHODVIRUPDVGHFRQGXFWDTXHVHUiQGHVDU GHLQIOXHQFLDHOHQWRUQRHV WDQ LQIOXHQFLDEOHFRPRODFRQGXFWD D SURSRUFLRQDXQDDPSOLDSRVLELOLGDGGHFRQGLFLRQ GXFWD HPLWLGD DVtHOLQGLYLGXRSXHGH KDEODU V UHDOL]DUXQJUDQQ~PHURGHDFWLYLGDGHVGLYHUVDV (Q ODV LQWHUDFFLRQHV VRFLDOHVODFRQGXF PLHPEURUHJXODODVFXDOLGDGHV \ ORVLQWHUHVHVTXHVHUiQH[SUHVDGR \ ORVTXHTXHGDUiQ (V GHWRGRVFRQRFLGDODH[LVWHQFLD VLQH[SUHVDUVH OOHYDU ā FRQVLJRSUREOHPDV \FRQIOLFWRVVXMHWRVTXHGH QHJDWLYR DVXDOUHGHGRU2WURV VLQHPEDUJRS PHMRU ODV SGH HUVRQDV FRQTXLHQHV LQWHUDFFLRQDQ B $QLYHOVRFLDOHOKRPEUHLQWHQWD DIHFWDQ PRGLILFDUD DOFXUVR\ FDOLGDGGHVXYLGDPHGLDQWHDFWRVGHFDUiFWHU VRUHVGHFDXVDVHVSHFtILFDVFRQVLJXHQLQIOXLUV FDWRVSRUHMHPSORQHJRFLDQSDUD REWHQHUXQDV PLVPRPRGRKD\JUXSRVTXHXWLOL]DQ HO SRGHUTXHOHVRWRUJDODDVRFLD FDU ODV QRUPDV VRFLDOHVGH DFXHUGR DVXVLQWH 'DGRTXHODVLQIOXHQFLDVSHUVRQDOHV y DPELHQWDOHV DFW~DQFRPRGHWHUP WHV\QRDXWyQRPRV LQWHQWDQ DTXHOODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVT HYDOXDUHOSRUFHQWDMH U FLyQGHODFRQGXFWDGHELGRDOVXMHWR R DODVLWXDFLyQQRVLUYHQSDUDS ]D LQWHUDFWLYDGHO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR KXPDQR 7DPSRFR H[LVWHQ JHQHUDOODVYDULDFLRQHVHQODFRQGXFWD VHGHEH WLFDVSHUVRQDOHV\ GHODV FRQGLFLRQHVGHODVLWXDFLyQTXHVHDQ SDUD GLOXFLGDU ODLQIOXHQFLDH[LVWHQWH HQWUH D B FRQGLFLRQDQHQWUHVt /DV PHWRGRORJtDV PiVDGHFXDGDVSDUDHVWH 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV FDQ ODSUREDELOLGDG FRQGLFLRQDGD GH FDGDXQR TXH GH HQ ORV XQD IDF VHFX WRUHV LQWHUDFWLYRV LQIOX\D HQ OD SUREDELOLGDG GHPiV \ 7KRPDV GH D 0DORQH ,QWHUGHSHQGHQFLD UHFtSURFDV QR VLJQLILFD GLVSDUL VLPHWU /D GDG GHQWUR GHO SRGHU VRFLDO ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV FUHDQ GLIHUHQFLDV \ ORV HQ FXDQWR D VX LQIOXHQFLD PXWXD $QDOL]DQGR ORV LQWHUFDPELRV VHFXHQFLDOHV VRFLDOHV TXH DSDUHF VHS QXPHURVRV HMHPSORV GH SURFHVRV XQD LQIOXHQFLD HQORV IDFWRUHV UHFtSURFD TXH /RV VHRULJLQ HV GH WXGLRV VREUH LQWHUFDPELRV la FRQGXFWD GLiGLFRV XQ VXMHWR GH DFWLYD LQIRUPDQ HQ ORV GHPiV GH FyPR GHWHUPLQDGDV āD UHVSXHVWDV VXYH] GHWHUPLQDQ TXH PRGHODUiQ DFFLRQHV PXWXDPHQ UHFtSURF WH GHIRUPD PHGLRVRFLDO SUHGHFLEOH %DQGXUD HO /LSVKHU \0LOOHU HMHP 3RU SOR ODV DFFLRQHV KRVWLOHV FRQWUD ORV GHPiV VXHOHQ WUDVTXH ODV DFFLRQHV FRUGLDOHV JHQHUDQ DVX DOUHGHGRU X GLDO (O UHFRQRFLPLHQWR FDUiFWHU FUHFLHQWH UHFtSURFR GHO GH KD GDGR OD OXJDU FDXVDOLGDG D QXHYDV SHUVSHFWLYDV VREUH GH VRFLDOL]DFLyQ ORV SURFHVRV /RV FDUiFWHU DQiOLVLV XQLGLUHFFLR HYROXWLY QDO VREUH ODLQIOXHQFLD KD GHMDGR GH ORV SDVR SDGUHV WUDQVDFFLRQDOHV DORV HQ DQiOLVLV ORV KLMRVG LQIOXHQFLD UHFtSURFD TXH +DUSHU VHSURGXFH &DLPV HQWUH /HZLV DPERV \5R %H VHQEOXP ā /DV LQWHUDFFLRQHV VRFLDOHV QRHVWiQ UHJXODGDV ~QL GRGHWHUPLQDGDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SHUVRQDOHV SXHGHQ SUHGHFLU OD IRUPD G EDEOH HQ RWURV VXMHWRV WRGDV DTXHOODV SRGUiQ PRGLILFDU SHUVRQDV TX GHWHUPLQDGDV VHFXHQFLDV GH LQWHUDFFLyQ /D PHUD SUHVHQ UHFtSURFD ~ FLD GHFLHUWRV GDUi OXJDU XQDPD\RU DGXOWRV DRPHQRU FRRSHUDFLyQ HQORV QLxRV KD\D UHIRU]DGR WDO FRQGXFWD RQR 5HGG $GHPiV OD SUHVFULSFLyQ TXH HVSHFLILFDQ GH UROHV FyPR VHVXSRQH TXH GHEH FRPSRUWDUVH VRFLDOHV HOLQGLYLGXR TXH OHFR DO UUHVSRQGHQ HVWUXFWXUDQ OD QDWXUDOH]D GH ORV LQWHUFDPELRV UHFtSURFRV 3R PLHQWR HPLWLGR SHUVRQD KDFLD HVWi GHVHPSHxDQGR TXH XQD XQ SDSHO R FRQILGHQWH ā GH OD HQFDUJD ERUDO QR VHUi HOPLVPR TXH HVD SUHVHQWDUHPRV PLVPD SHUVRQDGHVHPSHxDQGR DQWH FXDQGR QR HVWp VXFDUJR DXQ HQODPLVPD 3RU WDQWR DQDOL]DU DO ODIRUPD VLWXDFLyQ FRQGXFWD HQ TXH GH XQ LQGLYL OD GXR LQIOX\H HQ ODV UHVSXHVWDV GH ORV HVSHUDQ GHPiV HQODV GHEHPRV FRQVHFXHQFLDV PXWXDV ODV VHxDOHV SUHGLFWLYDV HVWDEOHFLGDV \ODV OLPLWD SRU UROHV VREUH OD FRQGXFWD \ VXV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV DGHPi āFDGD DFWR 3RGUtD DUJXPHQWDUVH TXH VLORV LQGLYLGXRV \D QR KD\ VRQ ORV QDGDVREUH OR TXH LQIOXLU OD FRQGXFWD 6LQQR HPEDUJR HV HO ~QLFR GH ORV GHWHUPLQDQWH DFRQWHFL PLHQWRV TXH SXHGDQ SURGXFLUVH \D KHPRV WUDV YLVWR VX ODV HPLVLyQ OLPLWDFLR &RP SRUWD OD VLWXDFLyQ ORV UROHV VRFLDOHV TXH GHVHPSHx TXH GHWHUPLQDQ HQ SDUWH KDFHU HQ OR UHVSXHVWD TXH DQWH OD XQR FRQGXFWD SXHGH GH ORV RQR GHPiV $VLPLVPR ODV LQIOXHQFLDV QR VHSURGXFHQ UHFtSURFDV GHIRUPD(V FRQFXUUHQWH SUHFLVD V PHQWH GHELGR DTXH UHVXOWDQ PRGLILFDGDV ODV LQIOXHQFLDV SRU VXV HQWUH HIHFWRV VtSRGR UHFtSURFR TXH HVUDUR TXH VHSURGX]FD Lo TXH XQ RFXUUH FRQWURO GXUDQWH HVTXH ODV HQVXFHVL XQ VROR V YDV VHFXHQFLDV GH LQWHUDFFLyQ ODV FRQWUDLQIOXHQFLD /D HPLVLyQ LQYROXQWDULD XQD FRQGXFWDKDFLD FRDFWLYD GH ORV QLxRV FRQVWLWX\H XQ H OLDU GH FyPR ODV LQIOXHQFLDV YDQ FDPELDQGR LQWHUGHSHQGLHQWHV DORODUJR GHXQ SU PHQWDFLyQ VXFHVLYD /DV GHPDQGDV 3DWWHUVRQ FDUiFWHU GH SDFLILFR GH ORVQLxRV GDU GHVDWHQGLGDV SRUTXH DOSDGUH RODPDGUH SRU RWURV QR OH DVXQWRV 6LVXVSRVWHULRUHV FDSWDU ODDWHQFLyQ LQWHQWRV SURS QRORJUDQ yVLWRHO QLxR GH VXHOH VX LQWHQ VLILFDU VXFRQGXFWD KDVWD HOSXQWR TXHSDUD UHVXOWH VXSURJHQLWRU (QHVWDIDVH DYHUVLYD GHODLQWHUDF FLyQHVWi HOQLxR HMHUFLHQGR SDGUHV VREUH XQ FRQWURO VXV WLSR FRDFWLYR GH 3RU ~OWLPR SDGUH ROD HO PDGUH VHYHQREOLJDGRV D OD FRQGXFWD DSRULHU GH FRDFWLYD VXKLMRSUHVWiQGROH ILQDWHQFLyQ TXH UH OD TXHUtD ORFXDO DVX FRQGXFWD GHO YH] QLxR 3RU UHFRPSHQVD WDQWR HMHUFH HOQLxR OD XQD LQIOXHQ GH WLSR FRDFWLYR padrey ODVREUH UHDFFLyQ VX WHQHUFRQFLHQFLD GH pVWH GH HOOR HQVHxD VLQ DO QLxR D XWLOL]DU WpFQLFDV QLxRFRQVLJXH GH FRDFFLyQ DWHQFL yQSRU GHOSDGUH &RPR SDUWH \ HOSDGUH HO FRQVL JXH HVWDU WUDQTXLOR UDWR,D GXUDQWH FRQGXFWD XQ GH UHIRU]DGDDXQ DPERV TXHGD HIHFWRV FXDQGRORV D 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D y_ FDXVDOLGDG KXPDQD ODUJR SOD]R GH OD PLVPD QR EHQHILFLDUi D QLQJXQR GH ORV &XDQGR GHWHUPLQDGDV SUiFWLFDV VRFLDOHV VXVFLWDQ DYHUVLYDV FRQGXFWDV FRDFWLYDV ODV ELGRFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV DVXV DYHUVLYDV EHQHILFLDQ DTXLHQHV ODVLPS UHFHQ UiSLGDPHQWH y VH PDQWLHQHQ D VLVWHPDV OR ODUJR UHFtSURFRV ā GH GHO FDUiFWHU WLHPSR SHUMXGL FLDO /RV DQiOLVLV 3DWWHUVRQ \VXV UHDOL]DGRV FRODERUDGRUHV SRU VREUH ODSUR HPLVLyQ FRQGXFWD GH HQ ODV LQWHUDFFLRQHV UHYHODQ FyPRIDPLOLDUHV ORV PLHPEURV GH OD . ' OLDQWHFRQWLQJHQFLDV HQWUHOD]DGDV VH FRQYLHUWHQ y HQ HQ YtFWLPDV HMHFXWRUHV DOD YH] QHV FRDFWLYDV 3DWWHUVRQ (Q ODV IDPLOLDVGDQ HQ UHODFLRQHV ODV DPLVWRVDV TXH QR VH ORV PLHPEURV GHODPLVPD DSUHQGHQ SRU PHGLRDFRQWURODUVH GHFRQGXFWDV TXH HQWUH UH VDV SDUD ORV GHPiV 6L OD FRQGXFWD FXDOTXLHUD SRVLWLYD QR YLHQH GH VHJXLGD XQ PLHPE GH UHFtSURFD XQD FRQGXFWD SRU LJXDOPHQWH SRVLWLYD FDGD XQR FRPLHQ]D SRU SDUWH DFR GH SRUWDUVH GH IRUPD KDFLD ORV GHVFRQVLGHUDGD RWURV FRQGXFWD DQWDJyQLFD /D SURYRFD UH DJUHVLYDVXQD HQWDEOiQGRVH OXFKD HVFDODGD HQ GH IXHU]DV $O LU DXPHQWDQGR OD DJUHVLYLGDG FDG PLHPEUR LQVWLJD DORWUR y FDGD XQRGHHOORV GHIRUPD DYHUVLYD HVUHIRU]DGR S JXLUGRPLQDU DORV GHPiV FRQ FRQWUDUUHDFFLRQHV D~Q GXFWD FRDFWLYD GHVDUUROODQGR IRUPDV SRU SDUWH FRQVWUXFWLYDV GH ORV GHPiV y DXPHQWDQGR HOQLYHO GHUHFLSURFLGDG SRVLWLYD S VLyQ UHFtSURFD VHWUDQVIRUPHQ HQRWURV VLVWHPDV SDUD HOLQGLYLGXR GHUHODFLyQ 3D WHUVRQ y 5HLG :HLQURWW y 3DWWHUVRQ %DXVNH 'HWHUPLQLVPR y GHWHUPLQDQWHV IRUWXLWRV GH OD YLGD GHO FXU $QDOL]DQGR HOGHWHUPLQLVPR SXQWR GHGHVGH YLVWD OD UHFLSURFLGDG HO GHWULiGLFD GH ODLQIOXHQFL VHSXHGH D FRPSUHQGHU OOHJDU FyPR ORVLQGLYLGXRV \ D VXYH] VRQLQIOXLGR HMHUFHQ LQIOXHQFLD VREUH pO 6LQ HPEDUJR HQ DOJXQRV GH O HOHPHQWR y VRQ IRUWXLWR HVWRV HQFXHQWURV PXFKDV YHFHV IRUWXLWRV MXHJDQ XQ SDSHO ORVIXQGD TXH PHQWDO HQHOPROGHDPLHQWR 3RU GHOFXUVR WDQWR WRGDWHRUtD TXH SRVWHULRU SUHWHQGDGH H[S O FDU GHXQD IRUPD OD FRQGXFWD KXPDQDKD FRPSOHWD GH WHQHUHQ FXHQWD HVWRV GHWHUPLQDQW GH OD H[LVWHQFLD ā /DV WHRUtDV SVLFROyJLFDVVREUH OD HYROXFLyQ RQWRJHQpWLFD RFXSDQ HVSHFLDOPHQWH GHO KRPEU GHOHVWXGLR GHO GHVDUUROOR y FRQGXFWXDOHV GHODVFRPSHWHQFLDV VREUH WRGR FRJ G PHURV DxRV GH ODYLGD 3HUR ODFXHVWLyQ IXQGDPHQWD āWHULRU pVWDWRPDUi TXH TXHGDQ PiV ELHQ DEDQGRQDGRV HQHVWDV WHR SHWHQFLDV y FRQGXFWXDOHV FRJQLWLYDV GHOLQGLYLGXR SRUVtPLVPR FD GHOFXUVR TXH WRPDUi VX YLGD /D UD]yQ GH KDEHUGHVFXLGDGR HVWH DVSHFWR WDQ LPSRUWDQWH ā GH O HYROXFLyQ GHO KRPEUH VH GHEH D YDULRV IDFWRUHV 'HWHUPLQLVPR HYROXWLYR /D PD\RUtD GHPRGHORV HYROXWLYRV KXPDQD SUHVXSRQHQ GHODFRQGXFWD ODH[LVWHQFLD PLQLVPR HQODHYROXFLyQ GHO LQGLYLGXR GXUDQWH ODLQIDQFLD VHJ~Q HOFX GH WHUPLQDQ HO FXUVR GHO 'H DFXHUGR GHVDUUROOR FRQ ODV SRVWHULRU WHRUtDV SVLF SDWURQHV ORV GHSHUVRQDOLGDG TXHGDQ ILUPHPHQWH HVWDEOH YLGD 3RU FRQVLJXLHQWH ODYLGD SDVD DVHU LQWHULRU OD SULQFLSDO GHO QLxR yIXHQWH G ODTXH GHILQH ODUHDOLGDG VRFLDO /DV WHRUtDV GH O FLUVH FDPELRV GLVFRUGDQWHV FRQVLGHUDU TXH SDWURQHV ORV GH WLHQGHQ FRQGXFWD D DORODUJR VRQHQ JUDQ UHVXOWDGRGH PHGLGD SURFHVRV HO GHVRFLDOL]DFLyQ *RVLQ RFXUULGRV WHRUtD /D GH ORVHVWDGLRV OD HYROXFLyQ KXPDQD GHVFULEH FRPRVXFHVLyQLQYDULDEOH XQD GHGL YHUVRV HVWDGLRV 3LDJHW \,QKHOGHU W U /RV LQGLYLGXRV SXHGHQ GLIHULU āHQ HOJUDGR HQWUH Vt \QLYH ILQDO GH HYROXFLyQ HO &?OI62 GHPLVPD OD SHUR KD HVWDGR SUHGHWHUPLQDGR WRGRV ORV HQ FDVRV /DDSDULHQFLD GH FRQWLQXLGDG TXH WLHQH PXFKDV OD SHUVRQDV YLGD GH DXPHQWD OD FUH FDUiFWHU SUHSRQGHUDQWH ,DV H[SHULHQFLDV GH WHPSUDQDV /RV QLxRV FR . . • ' 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV PiVSUREDELOLGDGHV GHOOHJDUDVHUFLHQWtILFRV H PRGRUHJXODU1RHVKDELWXDO ODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQ G HQSHUVRQDV VRFLDEOHV RODGHLQGLYLGXRV ([LVWHQ GRVSURFHVRV DJUHVLY SVLFROyJLFRVDWUDYpVGH ORV TXHORVUHVXOWDGRV GHODHYROXFLyQHK GHLQGXFLUFRQWLQXLGDG HQORVSDWURQHV SRVWHULRU GHODVHOHFFLyQGHHQWRUQRV HOVHJXQGRORKDFH U QDYH]TXH HOLQGLYLGXRKDDGTXLULGRFLHUWDVSUHIHUHQFLDV \ GDGHV\DTXHOORVFRPSDxHURV TXHFRPSDUWHQ VLVWHP UHIXHU]DHOYtQFXORGHXQLyQLQLFLDOGHODDVRFL (ONLQ \ :HVWOH\ (OLQGLYLGXRFUHD\HOLJHV PRWLHPSRDOFRQVWUXLU VXVSURSLDV VLWXDFLRQHV EUH VXFRQGXFWD %DQGXUD D 5DXVK \ FRO (O FDUiFWHU GHFRQWLQXLGDG WLHQHXQVLJQLILFDGRP XQD IRUPDSDUWLFX ODUGHFRQGXFWDSHURFXDQGRKDFHUHIHUHQFLD DO SUHFLVR6LHPSUHVHSXHGHHQFRQWUDU XQDUHODFLyQ SDVGH la YLGD\HOGHVDUUROODGR la HGDGDGXOWDFRPRRFXUUHSRUHMHP HQ FRQRFLPLHQWRV PDQLIHVWDGR GXUDQWH ODLQIDQFLD \ 6LQHPEDUJRPRYLpQGRQRV DHVWHQLYHOGHJHQHUDO GDGHQWUD\HFWRULDV PX\GLYHUVDV PDUFDGD SRU OD /DYLGDGHFDG FRQWLQXLGDG R SRUODGLVFRQWLQXLGDGWLHQHVXVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV WRGD WHRUtDTXHKDJDUH FtD DHOODGHEHHVSHFLILFDU ORVIDFWRUHV TXHSXHGH āD YLGD $TXHOORV WHyULFRV D TXHDERUGDQ HYROXFLyQ GHOKRPEUH HOWHPD GH GHVGH X āDEDUFDWRGRHOFXUVRGHODYLGDUHFODPDQ ODQHFH FHGHUDOHVWXGLRGHODVGLVWLQWDVWUD\HFWRULDV \ /LSVLWW T %ULP\ .DJDQ (Q HVWDFRQFHSFLyQ QRVHFRQVLGHUD HVWiWLFD DOH VLQRFRPRXQDYDULDGD VXFHVLyQ GHDFRQWHFLPLHQWR OD YLGD\TXHGL ILHUHQHQWUH Vt HQVXFDSDFLGDG SDUD LQIOXLUHQHOFXUVR G 3OHPRQV ā(VWRV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV SXHGHQ VHUGHWLSR VRFLDOHVKDELWXDOHV VXFHVRVLPSUHGHFLEOHV WUDWDUVH GHDFRQWHFL HQHO PLHQWRVTXHUHSUHVHQWHQXQDLUUHJXODULGDG XQ FDPELRGHFD HQHO UUHUD GH R SURIHVLyQ XQD PLJUDFLyQ XQ GLYRUFLR XQ DFFLGHQWH RXQD H āāā/RV FDPELRV VRFLDOHV\WHFQROyJLFRV PRGLILFDQ HO GHUDQQRUPDOHVHQXQPRPHQWR GDGR \DOJXQDVYHF FRQVLGHUDEOH,QFOXVREDMRODVPLVPDVFLUFXQVWDQ āLQGLYLGXRV Dā SHUWHQHFLHQWHV GLVWLQWDV JHQHUDFLRQHV VHUiQ GLVWLQ HOORVHQPRPHQWRVGLVWLQWRV 3RUHMHPSORHOGHVDUUROOR GHVXYLGD (OGHU QyPLFDDIHFWDUiPiVGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDSURI D ORVTXHDWUDYLHVHQ HVWD DGXOWRV āTXHDDTXHOORVTXHORKDJDQ pSRFDV PiV WHPSUDQDV (Q HQ HOPDUFR GHVXYLGD ODVWHR GH ULDVWRGRHOFXUVRGH OD YLGDVHSUHVWD DWHQFLyQ DOLPSDFWR GH SDWURQHV GHFRQGXFWD GHSUHVLRQHV DORODUJRGHODYLGD HFRQyPLFDV JXHUUDV\DJL FDVUHYROXFLRQHVWHFQROyJLFDV\RWURVDFRQWHFLP GLGDG HO FXUVR GH ODYLGD GHO LQGLYLGXR 4XHGDQWRGDYtDSRUH[SOLFDUODVGLVWLQWDV WUD\ GLYLGXRHQXQPRPHQWR\OXJDUGHWHUPLQDGRV FXDO VH SURGX]FDQ 3DUD FRQVHJXLUHVWDH[SOLFDFLyQ HVQHFHVDULR WUD\HFWRULDV (O DQiOLVLV GHORVSDWURQHV GHFR TXH FRQ IUHFXHQFLD ORV HQFXHQWURV VREUH HOPLVPR IRUWXLWRV H %DQGXUD F (OSRGHUGHWHUPLQDQWH OD PD\RUtD GHDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV GH I ODVSURSLHGDGHV LQKHUHQWHV VLQR HQ ORV LQWHUDFWLYRV D SURFHVRV ORVPLVPRV āTXH RULJLQDQ < a 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D \ FDXVDOLGDG KXPDQD /RVHQFXHQWURV GHWHUPLQDQWHVFRQWULEX\HQWHV IRUWXLWRV DOFXUVR FRPR YLGD GHOD 8QHQFXHQWUR FDVXDO FRPR VHGHILQH ODFRLQFLGHQFLD LQWHQFLRQDGD GHGRV QR SHUVRQDV GHVFRQR FLGDV &RQVLGHUHPRV DPRGR GH HMHPSOR HO VLJXLH PHQWH ODYLGD XQD SHUVRQD 3DXO: GH DWNLQV HUD XQDGROHVFHQWH WHQtD LQWHOLJHQWH DQWH VtXQIXWX TXH URSURPHWHGRU GLVIUXWDED FRQ ODYLGD ELHQ IDPLOLDU DFHSWDGR HQWUH HUD VXV HQ VXV DPLJRV HVWXGLRV \GHOHJDGR (UD GHFXUVR GLItFLO SUHVDJLDUOH HQVXIDFXOWDG DSDUWDUD GHORU XQGHVWLQR GHQ HVWDEOHFLGR :DWNLQV y 6ROHGDG 8Q GtD GHFLGLy YLVLWDU DXQ DPLJR TXH YLYtD EDxD HQ 7RSDQJD HQ &DQ\RQ /RV ÈQJHOHV 6LQ : D TXHOR WNLQV VXSLHUD VXDPLJR KDEtD PXGDGR VH GH FDVD y HQ VXOXJDU DKRUD OD©IDPLOLDª YLYtD (VWD YLVLWD 0DQVRQ IRUWXLWD XQD SURIXQGD GLR OXJDU UHODFLyQ FRQ FODQ HO 0DQVRQ HQ ODpSRFD DQWHULRU 3DUDDVX XQMRYHQ LPSUH UHWDKtO VLRQDEOH WUDQVFXUULU HOOLEUH GH OD DPLVWDG HQ ODFRPXQD IDV GURJDV ODV āUHYHODFLRQHV HODPRU OL VREUH FXHVWLRQHV GLYLQDV HQ XQLyQ H[WHULRU FRQ FRQVWLWX\HURQ HOGLDEOR \ XQD IXHU]D FDSD] GHHPSXMDUOH KDFLD XQHVWLOR GHYLGD FRPSOHWDPHQWH GL ELWXDO KDVWD HQWRQFHV DO FXDO WDUGy DxRV HQ YROYHU (Q HOFDVR DQWHULRU HO HQFXHQWUR LQLFLDO VH GHEL QRV LQFOX\HQ JUDGRV GLYHUVRV GH FDVXDOLGDG EXVFD LQWHQFLRQDGD PXFKDV PHQWH GHWHUPLQDGRV SHUR WLSRV ODVSHUVRQDV GH H[SHULHQFLDV FRQVHFXHQFLD TXH GHHOODV FRPR HQWUD UiQ HQ GHSHQGHUi VXYLGD HQJUDQ PHGLGD 1R HVUDUR GHOHVWXGLDQWHV D]DU TXH GHFXUVRV ORV VXSHUL UHV HOLMDQ ODV EDVH DFULWHULRV DVLJQDWXUDVFRPR HQ VRQ ROD GLVWULEXFLyQ ORVKRUDULRV GH G WLHPSR $ WUDYpV SURFHVR GHVHPLIRUWXLWR HVWH HVSRVLEOH HQFXHQWUHQ FRQ TXH XQSURIH DOJXQR VRU TXH OHV DFRQVHMH HLQIOX\D VREUH 8 HOORV QR GHHVWRV GH IRUP JLURV GHORV IXH DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV HOUHVSRQVDEOH GHTXH HVWXGLDUD SVLFRORJtD XQRGHPLV 'H FRO ELGR UHTXLVLWR DXQ GHFODVLILFDFLyQ WHQtD TXH GHFLGLU KDFHU GRV HQWUH FXUVRV GH ILORVRIt DGLFLRQDO GH DVLJQDWXUD SVLFRORJtD D OD TXH KDEtD LGR WRPDQGR DQWLSDWtD SURIHVRUHV GHVSURYLVWRV GH HQWXVLDVPR SDUHFLy (OLJLHQGR ODPHQRV PDOD GH ODTXH ODV GRVRSFLR OH QHV VH SRU GHFLGLy HO FXUVR GHDGHPiV SVLFRORJtD GLVIUXWDED TXH SRSXODULGDG GHHQWUH FLHUWD ORV DOXPQRV 6LQ HPEDUJRPDWULFXODGRV GHELGR WXYR DO JUDQ TXH FUHDUVHā Q~PHUR GH XQ J QDO SDUD HOTXH VH FRQWUDWy OD PDWHULD DXQ HUXGLWR \HQHOTXH HQ IXHURQ DGP GRV HVWXGLDQWHV GXUDQWH /R HVWH TXH FXUVR GHVFXEULy SDSHO GHFLVLYR MXJy XQ HQ (VWD VX YRFDFL VXFHVLyQ GH FDVXDOLGDGHV OD GLVWULEXFLyQ ODV H[LJHQFLDV GH Q~PHURH[FHVLYR ORV DOXPQRV GH GH H PDWULFXODGRV FRQWUDWy HOSURIHVRU OD IDFXOWDG \OD DVLJQDFLyQ TXH FDVXDO DXQJUXSR GHWHUPLQD FLGLHURQ OD HOHFFLyQ XQDGH FDUUHUD IDOWDGR 3RGUtD FXDOTXLHUD GHHVWRV KDEHU IDFWRUHV \ VHVSURIHVLRQDOHV KDEUtDQ VLGR VLQGXGD GLVWLQWRV DQDOL]DU ODKLVWRULD $O FDGD XQR XQ GH KDOOD]JR HV ā OODPDWLYR HO KHFKR GH TXH SRU OR ODGLUHFFLyQ JHQHUDO SURIHVLRQDO XQR QR G TXH GHVHDWRPDU \VRQORVIDFWRUHV IRUWXLWRV ORV YDQ TXH PRGLILFDQGR ODGLUHFFLyQ L XQD WUD\HFWRULD SURIHVLRQDO FRPSOHWDPHQWH 6WDJQHU GLVWLQWD ā D OD LP ,JXDOPHQWH GHPRVWUDU HVSRVLEOH HOSDSHOGHVHPSHxDU TXH VXHOHQ ORV HQFXHQWURV āIRUWXLWRV HQO UHODFLRQHV DIHFWLYDV 3HUVRQDV YLGDV GH FX\DV SDUHMD SRGUtDQ FUX]DGR QR QXQFD KDEHUVH FRLQFL GHQWRGD SRUFRQVWHODFLyQ XQD GH DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV 8Q HGLWRU WHPDV FLHQWtILFRV GH IRUWXLWRV DF GLy DXQD FRQIHUHQFLD WHPD UHODFLRQDGR VREUH WUDEDMR FRQ XQ %DQGXUD VX F $O YHU TXH VDOD VHLED OOHQDQGR VHQWDUVH FXDQWR GHJHQWH DQWHV SDUD GHFLGLy HOORHOOXJDU HOLJLHQGR TXH O ED PiV (O FHUFD HQFXHQWUR IRUWXLWR RFXSDED FRQ HOOD DVLHQWR SHUVRQD GHTXH DO ODGR SDUD ORVGRV HOPDWULPRQLR YDULDGR HOPRPHQWR 6yOR FRQ HQWUDGD TXH HQ GH ODVDOD KXELHUD WRG FRQMXQWR GH DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV RFXUULGRV DVLHQWR VLQ FRPR GXGD FRQVHF KD EUtD GLVWLQWR VLGR \ HOHQFXHQWUR HVWDV GRV VRFLDO SHUVRQDV GH SUREDEOHPHQWH KDEUtD SURGXFL QR GR 3RUWDQWR YHPRV TXH HQ HVWH HVWDEOHFLGD FDVR TXHGy XQD SRUFDVXDOLGDG UHODFLyQ PDWULP JUDFLDV DXQ FRQWDFWRSURGXFLGR VHULHGH GHWHUPLQDQWHV IRUWXLWRV 1DQF\ SRU XQD FRQRFLy 'DYLV D VXIXWXUR 5RQDOG PDULGR 5HDJDQ U5HDJDQ \/LEE\ XQD WUDV VHULH WRGD GH DFRQWHF FDVXDOHV 0LHQWUDV FRPR WUDEDMDED DFWUL] D UHFLELU SURSDJDQGDSDUDDVLVWLU HPSH]y DUHXQLRQHV GH FRPXQLVWDV XQD GLULJLGD SHUVRQD FRQ D VX PLVPR XQD QRPEUH OLVWD GH TXH DFWRUHV ILJXU +ROO\ZRRG VLPSDWL]DQWHV FRQ HVWD FHVWD RQIXVLyQ SXGLHUD LGHRORJtD SHUMXGLFDU 7HPLH VX a 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV FDUUHUD KDEOyFRQHOGLUHFWRU GHODSHOtFXODTXH FXDO OHFRQVL JXLyXQDFLWDFRQ5RQDOG 5HDJDQ HQWRQFHV GH OD3DQWDOOD SUHVLG $OSRFRWLHPSR KDFtDQ QRYLRV (Q VH HVWHHMHPSORXQDFRLQFLGHQFLD XQ HUURU GHFR GH UUHRV PRGLILFy OD YLGD GHOFXUVR H GRV SHUVRQDV GH +DVWD DTXtKHPRV WUDWDGR DTXHOORV HQFXHQWURV IRUWX GDHOFXUVRGHODYLGDGHOLQGLYLGXR$YHFHVHO WURVLPEyOLFRIRUWXLWRPHGLDGR SRUODDFFLyQGH 1REHO+HUEHUW %URZQ UHODWyFyPRKDEtDHOHJLGRHOH[yWLFRW 'XUDQWH EDFKLOOHUDWR HO VXQRYLD OHKDEtD WUDWDED UHJDODGR VREUH ©/RV KLGUXURV XQOLEUR GHO TX ERUR\ODVLOLFRQDªTXHOH KDEtD OOHYDGRDLQWHUHVDUVH (VWR RFXUULy GXUDQWH SRUHOWHPD pSRFDGH OD ODGHSUHVLyQFXDQGRORVUHFXUVRV /DMRYHQHOLJLyHVWH HFRQyPLFRVHUD TXtPLFDSRUTXHHUDHOPiV EDUDWR TXHHQFRQWUyHQODOLEUHUtDHVFRODU KXELHUD GLVSXHVWR GHPiVGLQHURFRQWRGDSUREDELOLGDG WRPDGR XQUXP ODDFWLYLGD ERGLVWLQWR &RPRLOXVWUDQ ORVHMHPSORVDQWHULRUHV DOJXQRV VRTXHWRPDODYLGDVXUJHQDSDUWLUGHVLWXDFLRQH FDGDXQD GH ODV FD GHQDVGHDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV TXHIRUPDQXQHQFXHQWUR OHVVXLQWHUVHFFLyQHVPiVIRUWXLWDTXHGHOLEHUD 1 DJHO /DSURIXVLyQGH FDGHQDV GHDFRQ WHFLPLHQWRV LQGHSHQGLHQWHV SURSRUFLRQD SURGX]FDQ LQWHU LQQXPHUDE VHFFLRQHV FDVXDOHV HQWUH HOODV H 3UHGLFFLyQ GHO HIHFWRGHORVHQFXHQWURV IRUWX $OJXQRVGHORVHQFXHQWURV IRUWXLWRVVyORDIHFWD WRVPiVGXUDGHURV y RWURVGHWHUPLQDQ QXHYDVWUD\HFWRULDV YLGDV /DSVLFRORJtD QRSXH HQ GHFLUODDSDULFLyQGHGHWHUPLQDGRV HQFXHQWURV IR WRVREUHODFRQGXFWD KXPDQD (OFDUiFWHU LPSUHGHFLEOH \HOSRGHUGHWHUPL IRUWXLWDVKDFHTXHQR SXHGD SUHGHFLUVH QL FRQFHELUVH FRQIDFLOLGDGHOFXUV XQKRPEUH6LQHPEDUJRTXHODVLQIOXHQFLDVVHDQ FRQGXFWD VHDLQGHWHU PLQDGD (OFDUiFWHU LPSUHGHFLEOH GH ORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV GHWHUPLQDQWHV DFWRVFXDOHVTXLHUD TXHVHDQORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV 3XHGH TXHODVLQIOXHQ FLDVIRUWXLWDV VHDQ LPSUHGHFLEOHV SHUR FDXVDO FRPR XQDYH]S IDFWRUHVPDQLILHVWRVLJXDOTXHORKDFHQODVLQIO /D SVLFRORJtD QRSXHG FLUPXFKR VREUHODRFXUUHQFLD GHHQFXHQWURV IRUW OXJDUHVHQ ORV TXH VH PXHYHHOLQGLYLGXR\ODVFODVHVGHSHUVR HVRV āOXJDUHVKDJDQ TXHFLHUWRVWLSRVGHHQFXHQWUR VHDQPiVSUREDEOH SURSRUFLRQDU XQDVEDVHV TXHSHUPLWDQSUHGHFLUOD WHQGUiQ HQFXHQWURV HVRV VREUH OD YLGD GH ODV SHUVRQDV /RVDQiOLVLVUHDOL]DGRV VREUHODIXHU]DGHORV SDUD LQGXFLUFDPELRV GX URVJHQHUDOPHQWH SRQHQpQIDVLVHQHOSDSHOTXHM OD LQIOXHQFLD VR FLDO &XDQGR OD LQIOXHQFLD VHFRQVLGHUD QHJDWLYD SHUVRQDO\FXDQGRODLQIOXHQFLDFRPSRUWD EHQHILF FLDSHUVRQDO &LHUWDPHQWH ORVDWULEXWRVGHOVXMH FLyQGHORVFDPELRV TXHVHSURGXFLUiQ FRPRFRQVH JRORVDWULEXWRVGHOHQWRUQR HQHOTXHVHSURGX WDPELpQLQIOX\HQGHIRUPDLPSRUWDQWH HQHOJUDGR WLGDVXYLGD (VWH HVHOFDVRGHORVVLVWHPDV VRFLDOHV FHUUD FLyQ\GHUHFRPSHQVD RVWHQWDQ SHUPLWH OHV TXH LQGXFLU LUUHYHUVLEOHV FDPELRV āDXQHQ SURIXQGR B DTXHOODVSHUVRQDV DSDUHQWHPHQWH $Vt RFXUULy HQHOFDVRGH:DWNLQV LQYXOQHUDEOHV PXHVWUD TXHLQFOXVRORVSULQFLSLRV LQGLYLGXDOHV GHODVSRGHURVDVLQIOXHQFLDVGHXQJUXSR1LODV VLWXD FLyQDFW~DQFRPRGHWHUPLQDQWHV ID YLGD/RVHQFXHQWURV LQGHSHQGLHQWHV GH IR WDQHOFXUVRYLWDODWUDYpV GH O L DQIOXHQFLD HMHUFHQ UHFtSURFD ORV IDFWRUHV SHUVRQDOHV TXH \VRFLDOHV 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D y FDXVDOLGDG KXPDQD 'HWHUPLQDQWHV SHUVRQDOHV GHOHIHFWRGHORV HQFXHQWURV IRUWXLWRV Habilidades de acceso. 6LODV SHUVRQDV VH DVRFLDQ FRQ DTXHOOR VXHUWH VHHQFXHQWUDQ QHFHVLWDQ GLVSRQHU DOPHQRV WDQ REWHQHU ODDFHSWDFLyQ VXILFLHQWH SDUD FRQVHJXL HUURU HQOD DSUHFLDFLyQ LQLFLDO GH DWULEXWRV RGH FXHQWUR IRUWXLWR SRU IDOWD GH LQWHUpV RSRU UHFKD] OHV GHVHPSHxDQ XQ HQ HO SDSHO HIHFWR LPSRUWDQWH TXH WHQGUiQ ORV HQFXHQW \HFWRULD GHOLQGLYLGXR H HVODVLJXLHQWH LQWHUHVHV TXH FXOWLYDQ /DV KDELOLG ORV WHUPLQDQ ORVFtUFXORV HQORVTXH VHPXHYHQ \SRU SUREDELOLGDG GH SURGXFLUVH 6L FRPSDUDPRV D XQ JU FXHQWHV YHUHPRV TXH ODVGLVWLULWDV DFWLYLGDGHV FRW WDFWRV SHUVRQDOHV PX\ GLVWLQWRV $VRFLDFLRQHV GLVWLQWDV FXOWLYDQ LQWHUHVHV D VX \KDEL SURSLR GHVWLQR GHVDUUROODQGR SRWHQFLDOLGDGHV TXH FLDOHV (O SRGHU GHWHUPLQDQWH GHORV HQFXHQWURV IRUWXLWRV WXLWR DOWHUD GHIRUPD SHUPDQHQWH HOFXUVR GH ODYL FLRQHV FRPSOHWDPHQWH QXHYR (V LPSUREDEOH TXH VHFRQVLJD ODHQWUD PHQWH GLIHUHQWH VLQRVHGLVSRQH GHXQD SUHSDUDFLyQ YHO GH DWULEXWRV GH HQWUDGD H[LJLGRV SRU HO JUXSR /RV JUXSRV GLILHUHQ HQWUH VtHQFXDQWRSDUD DOWLSR \ TXH OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ HOORV UHVXOWH FRQP JUDWLILFDQWH iV IUHFXHQFLD KDFLD HVWLORV GH YLGD SRFR H[LJHQWHV TX FRPSOHMDVSDUD 3RU HQWUDU HMHPSOR HQXQHTXLSR ELyORJRV PROHFXODUHV GH VHQHFHVLWDU VLGHUDEOHV FRQRFLPLHQWRV GHELRORJtD WUDV \XQ XQ DUGXR \ QLYHO DF SURORQJDGR HVIXHU]R (Q FDPELR RWURV FXDVL JUXSRV UHOLJLRVRV FRPR ORV FROHFWLYRV GHFDUiFWHU DXWRULWDULR HQSULQFLS FtILFR 5LFKDUGVRQ /DV HQWUDGDVGHPDVLDGR ©IiFtOHVªD JUXSRV VHPLFHUUDGRV HQ FHQ WHPHU SRU OD LQIOXHQFLD TXH SXHGDQ PiV MyYHQHV /RV HMHUFHU TXH HQ PiV SUHRFXSDQ DO S~EOLFR VRQ ORV JUXSRV TXH VH GH EURV \ TXH VH RSRQHQ FRQ PHGLRV YLROHQWRV D VX DE Vínculos emocionales. /RV HQFXHQWURV IRUWXLWRV WLHQHQ PD\RU \HFWRULD GHO LQGLYLGXR FXDQGR DpVWHKDWRSDGRR HPSLH]DQ DJ FXDQGR OD UHODFLyQ XQDIXHQWH FRQHOODV GH VDWLVIDFFLyQ UHSUHVHQWD /D DWUDFFLy PDORV HQFXHQWURV IRUWXLWRV GXUDGHUDV8QD HQUHODFLRQHV YH] HVWDEOHFLGDV HVWDV U GH YHKtFXOR D FDPELRV GH SHUVRQDOHV ODUJR ā DOFDQFH FRQ ā HIHFWRV ā (O WUiJLFR 'LDQD 2XJKWRQ FDVR GH 3RZHUV GHPXHVWUD FODU IRUWXLWR SXHGH SRQHU HQPDUFKD XQD VHULH GH DFRQWH DIHFWLYR GH IRUPD TXH OOHJXHQ XQD SHUVRQD DFDPELDU WUDWDED GHXQD 6H SRU FRPS PXMHU VHQVLEOH y DPDEOH FX\D HGXFDFLyQ \ WHQGHQFLDV SHUVRQD FDV KDELWXDOHV GHO 'XUDQWH DFWLYLVPR XQD PLVLyQ SROtWLFR KXPDQLWDULD HQHOH LQWHOHFWXDO HVFpSWLFR UHVSHFWR DODHILFDFLD GHO FDPHQWH XQD IXHU]D UHYROXFLRQDULD SRGULD FRQVHJXLU WUR ODOOHYy DFRODERUDU FRPR PLOLWDQWH DFWLYR $O FDGD YH] PiV HQ HOJUXSR SDUD XQD 6RFLHGDG GH ©(VWXGLDQWHV 'HPyFUDWDª TXH OXFKDED HQHOWHUUHQR 3RU GHODRSRVLFLyQ ~OWLPR DFDEy FRODERUDQGR LGHROyJLFD F SR:HDWKHUPDQ QRSRUTXH HOORREHGHFLHUD D XQāSODQ HODERUDGR VLQRSRU VXU OtGHU āHVWD IDFFLyQ GH 6X āEUHYH ā FDUUHUD āFyPR UHYROXFLRQDULD WUiJLFD FXDQGR WHUPLQy XQD GH IR ERPED GH IDEULFDFLyQ DFHOHUDU FDVHUD ODGHVWUXFFLyQ GHVWLQDGD DFDEyFRQ GHODVRFLHGDG D VX YLGD Valores y criterios personales: /D FRQGXFWD KXPDQD HVWi SRU ODHVFDODGH JREHUQDGD H YDORUHV GHOLQGLYLGXR \ORVFULWHULRVDXWRHYDOXDGRUH 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV FRQWUROLQWHUQRGHVXVDFWRVHOKRPEUH GLULMHV WD3RUWDQWRORVPHFDQLVPRV GHHYDOXDFLyQGHWH WURVFDVXDOHV SHUILODUiQ ODWUD\HFWRULD SHUVRQDO GHMDUiQKXHOODVFRQPiVSUREDELOLGDG FXDQGRODV PDV GH YDORUHV TXHFXDQGR ā QR &XDQGR QR VHKDQ GHVDUUROODGR DGHFXDGDPHQWH FU FRQIXVLyQFXOWXUDODODKRUDGHHYDOXDU WRPDUi ODYLGDGHO HVPXFK LQGLYLGXR (Q HQFXHVWLyQ DXVHQFLD GHJXtDVLQWHUQDV\GHXQLIR IRUWXLWDVGRPLQDUiQ DOVXMHWRFRQPXFKDPD\RUID GRHQORV~OWLPRVDxRV OD DSDULFLyQ GHFRQWUDFXOWXUDV HQWRUQR VDV GH FRPXQDV ODVGURJDV\ORVPRYLPLHQWRVHQORV EUH PXFKDV WUXQFy YLGDV HQ HOPRPHQWRMXVWR HPSH]DEDQ HQ TXH /DYXOQHUDELOLGDGSHUVRQDO DQWHODLQFLWDFLyQ KD GHVSHUWDGR HOPD\RU LQWHUpV SRUWRGR ORTXH KDFH \ 6KXSH UHIHUHQFL 6LQJHU /DPD\RU SDUWH GHORVPLHPE OLJLRVRRGHFRPXQDVFRQGLVFLSOLQD LQWHUQD VRQ ā\VLQiQLPRTXHQRHQFXHQWUDQ VLJQLILFDGRDVX SHUPLWDQ RUJDQL]DUOD (VWH WLSRGHJUXSRVGHGLFDGRV DOFXOWR BXQD LGHRORJtDTXHSDUHFH y VHQWLGRDODSURSLD GDU ILQDOLGDG H[LVWHQFLD FLyQLQWHUQRTXHLPSRQHXQRUGHQ 3DUD DTXHOORVMyYHQH HQODDFWLYLGDG TXHOOHYDQXQD YLGDLQVDWLVIDFWRULD \ YDFtD OD DWUDFWLYDV 'HWHUPLQDQWHV VRFLDOHVGHORVHIHFWRVSURGXF SRU ORVHQFXHQWURV IRUWXLWRV Recompensas del medio. /D WUD\HFWRULD TXHVLJXHOD FRQGXFW SRUORVHIHFWRVTXHpVWDSURGXFH 3RU WDQWR ODV SDSHOFUXFLDO DODKRUD GHGHWHUPLQDU VLHOHQFXHQWUR DO LQGLYLGXR GHIRU IR GXUDGHUDDXQJUXSRTXHUHFRPSHQVH GHWHUPLQDGDV UHFRPSHQVDV VHKDFHQ YDULDU VLVWHPiWLFDPHQWH OR UHFRPSHQVDV VRQDOWDVSHURWDPELpQ HVDOWRHOQ FLHQGHQ y ZHLU %DHU /RVEHQHILFLRVTXHSXHGH DSRUWDU XQJUXSRVRQG V L HQFXDQWRDORTXHYDORUDQ\GHVHDQ ODVUD]RQH XQPHGLRVRFLDOGHWHUPLQDGRVRQ y YDULDGDV &XDOHVTXLHUD P~OWLSOHV TXHVH OHV XQD YH]TXHHOLQGLYLGXR VHDVRFLD FRQXQJUXSR WUDYpVGHXQH[WHQVRUHSHUWRULR \ GHFDVWLJRVVRFLDOHVTX GHUHFRPSHQVDV L QDQ ORV PLHPEURV HQWUH Vt Entorno simbólico y manejo de la información. /DVOLPLWDFLRQHVLPSXHVWDV UHFXUVRV y ODVHSDUDFLyQ ItVLFDOLPLWDQ VHULDPHQWH D WUDYpVGH OD ODVH[SHULHQFLDV SHUVRQDOHV GLUHFWDV KD GHDFWXDUGH 3RUFRQVLJ DFXHUGRFRQVXSURSLD LPDJHQGHODUHDOLGDG /D PHQWHFRQWDFWR FRQXQVLVWHPD GHLQFHQWLYRVQXHY EyOLFRGLVWLQWR/RVVLVWHPDV VLPEyOLFRV FRQWULE WUHORVPLHPEURV\GHWHUPLQDQ ODVSHUVSHFWLYDV SRUXQ FXUVR L āGHWHUPLQDGR GH DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV VHFRQYLHUWD DX XQDYLGDVRFLDO\VLPEyOLFD PDUFDGDPHQWH GLVWLQWD3RU XQSURFHVR YLGXRVTXpGHFLGHQGHGLFDUVHD DO WHDWUR ODPHGLFLQD VHYHUiQLQPHUVR DOD VLPEyOLFRVPX\ GLVWLQWRV ā (QXQDVRFLHGDGSOXUDOLVWD ORVGLVWLQWRVJUXSR ODFDSWDFLyQ y DOHMHUFLFLRGHLQIOXHQFLD&RPR GHDWHQFLyQ FRQV VLyQGHFXDOTXLHUDGHHVWRVJUXSRVSXHGHYHUVHG 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D y FDXVDOLGDG KXPDQD XQDFRPXQD GRQGHORVPLHPEURVVHHQFXHQWUDQ DL VLPEyOLFRHMHUFHXQSRGHUHQRUPHFDSD]GHLQGXFL WUDxRV :LQIUH\ Extensión y permeabilidad del medio. /RVFRQWH[WRVVRFLDOHVHQORV FLDVLQWHUSHUVRQDOHV VtHQ FXDQWRDOJUDGRGHLQIOXHQFLDVR GLILHUHQHQWUH ORPXFKRRSRFRFHUUDGRVTXHHVWiQ/RVPHGLRV SHFWRDFLHUWDVDFWLYLGDGHVSHURQROLPLWDQQL RHODOFDQFHGHVXVDFWRV3RUHOFRQWUDULROR PXQLWDULD DLVODGDGHWHUPLQDQ ODVFUHHQFLDV \SD GRVORVDVSHFWRVGHODYLGD (Q HVWRV~OWLPRVSXHGHOOHJDUDXWLOL] ODGLVLGHQFLD RODVHSDUDFLyQ (Q ORVPHGLRVPRGHUDGDPHQWHFRDFW GHOJUXSR EiVLFDVGHWHUPLQDQHQJUDQPHGLGDODYLGDGHOL DFWLYLGDGHV VRFLDOHV TXHFRPSRUWDQ SHUPLWH QHX /RV HQFXHQWURVIRUWXLWRVWLHQHQODPi[LPDIXH QXHYDVWUD\HFWRULDV YLWDOHVFXDQGRODLQGXFFLyQ WHFHUUDGRV 8QHQWRUQRWRWDOLWDULR QXHYDV SURSRUFLRQD DILQL GDGHV FUHHQFLDV\YDORUHVIXHUWHPHQWH DUUDLJDG YHOHV\XQVXVWDQFLRVRSRGHUGHJUDWLILFDFLyQ \ GHFRDFFLyQFRQTXHSRGHUPR SOHWRGHODYLGD %URPOH\\6KXSH 0XFKDV YHFHVVHIDYRUHFHHOD UHGXFFLyQGHYtQFXORVSHUVRQDOHV\ODGLVPLQXFL aO JUXSR Permeabilidad psicológica. (OKRPEUH EXVFD FUHHQFLDV y VHDIHUUDILUPHPHQWHD FXPSOHQ XQDIXQFLyQ SVLFROyJLFDLPSRUWDQWH 5H FDyWLFD VLQRGLVSXVLpUDPRVGHFRQFHSFLRQHV VRE GHD1XHVWUDV H[SHULHQFLDVHVWDUtDQIDOWDVGHF y WHQGUtDPRVTXHSUHVFLQG TXHVXSRQH ODFDSDFLGDG GHDQWLFLSDFLyQSURFHV SUHGHFLUORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVFRQGLFLRQDOHVTXH UtDODVQRUPDVGHDFWXDFLyQ\ODVLQIOXHQFLDVG ~OWLPRSHUGHUtDWDPELpQORVREMHWLYRVEiVLFRV 3RU WDQWRORVVLVW GHFUHHQFLDV SURSRUFLRQDQRUJDQL]DFLyQ GLUHFFL VHJXULGDGSHUVRQDOHV HVWiQSURIXQGDPHQWH HQUDL] SLHUGHQ IiFLOPHQWH /D DVRFLDFLyQFRQXQJUXSRLQGXFH \ IRUWDOHFHODVFUHHQFLDVGHOLQ VXSURSLDLGHRORJtD8QDYH]TXHORVLQLFLDGRV IOXHQFLDTXHSXHGHQHMHUFHUVREUHHOFXUVRGHV ā GHODQDWXUDOH]D \ODVH[LJHQFLDVGHODVFRQYLF VX FDUiFWHU LQPXWDEOHGHVGHORVSUHFHSWRV GH I RUPDLQFXHVWLR DXWRULWDULR EOH KDVWD ODVFRQFHSFLRQHVWUDQVLWRULDV D VHUPRGLILFDGDVSRU PHGLR GH fa TXHLQYLWDQ H[SHULHQFLD \ HODQiOLVLVFUtWLFRGHODVPLVPDV 5RNHDFK GRDODVH[SHULHQFLDVWDPELpQHVFLHUWRTXHSX ORTXHGHVHDQYHUUHLQWHUSUHWDQ H LQFOXVRUHKDFHQVX ODVLQFRQJUXHQ UHFXHUGR GHODH[SHULHQFLD *UHHQZDOG 6 XQD IRUPD DQWLFLSDWRULD ODVFUHHQFLDV FDQDOL] VXVSURSLDV UHDOLGDGHVDXWRYDOLGDQWHV 3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHPHGLDQW \ 6Q\GHU SURFHVDPLHQWR VHOHFWLYRGHLQIRUPDFLyQ \ ODFRQVWUXFFLyQ DQWLFLSDWLYD VLVWHPDV GHFUHHQFLDVFRPSRUWDQSURSLHGDGHV DX DGRFWULQDPLHQWR HVPXFKRPiVLQWHQVRTXHHOTXH YH]TXHODGRFWULQDVHKDDGRSWDGRGHOWRGR\D VHQGD QLHOFDVWLJRDS SRUVXVGHIHQVRUHVSDUDTXHVHPDQLILHVWHODDG WLQWDV KDE L WXDOHV D ODV ā ā ā /BB J 3HQVaPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ)XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV $FRQWHFLPLHQWRVIRUWXLWRV GHFDUiFWHU QRVRF +DVWD DTXt QRV RFXSDGR KHPRV GH ORV HQFXHQWURV LQWHUSHUVRQDOHV SRUTXH ODPD GH \RUtD GH ODV LQIOXHQFLDV TXH PRGLILFDQ DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV HO VR FXUVR GH FLDOHV 6LQHPEDUJR ORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV SURIXQGDPHQWH OD WUD GHRWUR WLS \HFWRULD YLWDO 0XQQ GHO LQGLYLGXR 3RU HMHPSOR LPSRUWDQWHV PXFKDV VXUJL LQGXVWULD KDQ GRFRPR IUXWR GHO D]DU /RV KHUPDQRV ILQDOLGDG .HOORJJ HUD OLEHUDU GLULJtD DORUJDQLVPR OODPDEDQ GHORTXH GHPRQLRV HOORV GHODFDUQH \GHORVOLFRUH 8Q GtD PLHQWUDV KDFtDQ SDVWD GHWULJR SDUDSUHSDUDU KHUYLU XQ DOLPHQWR SHUPLWLHUD QXWULWLYR DxDGLU TXH YD ULHGDG DOPHQ~ GHO FHQWUR OHV OODPDURQ KRUDV GHFLGLHURQ DIXHUD $O HVWLUDU SDVWD DSHVDU OD \D QR GHTXH HVWDED IUHVFD 'XUDQWH ODWDUGDQ]D ORVJUDQRV ODSDV GH WDKDEtDQ DEVRUELGR ODKXPHGDG FRQ .HOORJJKDEtDQ OR FXDO FRQ \DQWH VHJXLGR KDFHU FRSRV GHWULJR HQ REWHQHU OXJDU /DGHPRUD GH IRUWXLWD ODILQD FDS GLR QDFLPLHQWR LQGXVWULD GH D SURGXFWRV OD SDUD HO GHVD\XQR /RV VXFHVRV IRUWXLWRV MXJDU XQ SDSHO VXHOHQ LPSRUWDQWH HQ GHVFXEULPLHQ JUDQ FDPELDU HO FXUVR y GH FDUUHUDV GH LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV $XVWLQ FLHQWtILFDV &DQQRQ 0HUEDXP \/RZH $O GLULJLU VXV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV UHGXFLU DOPi[LPR ORV FLHQWt ORV SRVLEOHV IDFWRUHV H[WUDxRV SHUR QR SXHGHQ SUHYH PLHQWR TXH SXHGD GXUDQWH HO SURGXFLUVH H[SHULPHQWR (O FRQWURO H[SHULPHQWDO LPSHUI TXH ORV IDFWRUHV IRUWXLWRV VH FRPELQHQ GH IRUPD LQH GRGHOLEHUDGDPHQWH HOLQYHVWLJDGRU FRQVLGHUDEOH GDQGR LPSRU OXJDU HQ WDQFLD $OJXQDV YHFHV ORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV SDUWLU GH LQWHUDFFLRQHV QRGH LQHVSHUDGR OLEHUDGDV HQWUH IDFWRUHV LQWURGXFLGRV GH JDODUGRQDGR IRUPD FRQ GHOLEHUDGD HO SUHPLR 1REHOEDFWHULFLGD GHVFXEULy GHODSHQLFLOLQD HOHIHFWR WDUGDU HQ WLUDU SRUTXH ORVSODWRV DO XWL OL]DGRV SDUD FXOWLYRV \D penicillinum YLHMRV D GHVDUUROODUVH GLR WLHPSR DO PRKR 6LQ HPEDUJR ORVKDOOD]JRV IRUWXLWRV QR LQGLFDUiQ GL LPSRUWDQFLD SDVD GHVDSHUFLELGD3DVWHXU $Vt FXDQGR ORPDQLIHVWy GLMR D]DU VyOR TXH D\XGD HO DOD PHQWHV SUHSDUDGDV 6LQ HPEDUJR ODV FRQFHSFLRQHV SUHYLDV HQMXH PX\ JRSXHGHQ RVFXUHFHU DSUHFLDFLyQ GH KDOOD]JRV OD LQHVSHUDGRV IDYRUHFHU OD LQYHVWLJD HQ OXJDU G FLyQ GH VXVGHVHQFDGHQDQWHV 0DKRQH\ 3RUWDQWR PiV GH XQ FLHQWtILFR GDU OXJDU GH SXHGH IRUPD DFFLGHQWDO DOPLVPR IHQyPHQR UHFRQRFHUi SHUR VXLPSRUWDQ PLHQWUDV X FLD HLQLFLDUiQXHYDV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV %DUEHU \ )R[ $XVWLQ HQ HVD GRFX GLUHFF PHQWD FyPR HO HIHFWR FRPELQDGR GH YDULRV DWULEXWRV D OD UHDOL]DFLyQ SHUVRQDO GHGHVFXEULPLHQWRV FLHQWtILFRV IRUWXLWRV /D LQJHQX TXHpVWH LQWURGX]FD RQRLQJUHGLHQWHV /DSHUVHYHUDQFLD FUtWLFRV HQ HQOD ODDFWLYLGDG DXPHQWD LQYHVWLJDGRUD BOD SUREDELOLGDG GHQXHYDV FRPELQDFLR WRV\ODH[SHULHQFLD \ HOFRQRFLPLHQWR HVSHFLDOL]DGRV LQIOXLUiQ H JRV QR HVSHUDGRV VHD UHFRQRFLGD $XVWLQ REVHUYD H LQYHVWLJDGD TXH OD VXHUWH IDYRU TXH OOHYDQ XQD YLGDDFWLWXGLQTXLVLWLYD DFWLYD FRQVH SURGXFH E~VTXHGD (VWR SRUTXH GH H[SH OD ULHQFLDV QXHYDV DXPHQWD ODH[SRVLFLyQ DUUDVWUDUOH GHO KD LQGLYLGXR FLD WUD\HFWRULDV QXHYDV FRPSOHWDPHQWH ā (O DYDQFH HQ HOHVFODUHFLPLHQWR GH ORV GHWHUPLQDQWHV GROyJLFRV TXH GLOXFLGDU SHUPLWDQ FXiOHV VRQ ORVDFRQWHFLPLQWRV \FXiOH QHQ HQPDUFKD SDUD (VWD DOWHUDU IRUPD GH HOFXUVR SURFHGHU YLWDO GHEHUtD RULHQ FLD ORV SULQFLSDOHV DVSHFWRV GH OD YLGD FRPR SXHGHQ VHU ERUDOHV \ODIRUPDFLyQ GHODV (Q DVRFLDFLRQHV FDGD XQR GH HVWRV GHHVSHF WHU ODIRUPD GHLQYHVWLJDU DYHULJXDUtD FXiOHV VRQ ORV D HOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWR WUD\HFWRULD XRWUD GH XQD /RV SULQFLSDOHV SDUD HODQiOL GDWRV TXH V VLVGHO FXUVR SDWURQHV YLWDO GH HOHFFLyQ VRQ ORV HVWDEOHFHGRUHV \ HOFRQMXQWR IDFWRUHV GHGLUHFFL GH TXH DFW~DQ HQ FDGD $ WUDYpV PRPHQWR HVWD WpFQLFD GH FUXFLDO SXHGH UHFRQVWUXLU LQIOXHQFLDV UDPLILFDGRUDV DFW~DQ HQ GLVWLQWRV TXH PRPHQWRV DOR ODUJR GH HVWXGLR GHODV WUD\HFWRULDV YLWDOHV QR (Q XQ KD DQiOL GH OLPLWD VLV SUHGLFWLYR GH ODV PLVPDV SXHGH XQD HVWLPDUVH GHWHUPLQDGD OD S 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D y FDXVDOLGDG KXPDQD WUD\HFWRULD DSDUWLUGHORVGHWHUPLQDQWHV y GHOD VLWXDFLyQ(OFRQRFLPLHQ SHUVR QDFLyQ SDUWLFXODU HQWUH ORV DWULEXWRV SHUVRQDOH EDVHV TXH SHUPLWHQ GHWHUPLQDU VH VLJDQGHWHUPLQDGDV ODSUREDELOLGDG WUD\G QDWLYDV &yPR IDFLOLWDU OD FRQVHFXFLyQGHO IXWXUR GHVHDGR &RQRFLHQGR ORVIDFWRUHVTXHGHWHUPLQDUiQ HOHI VREUHHOFXUVRGHODYLGDSRGUHPRVHVWDEOHFHU D IXWXURTXH VHFRQVLGHUH DGHFXDGR GHWHUPLQDQ HOSURSLRGHVWL $QLYHOSHUVR KDFHQ UHIHUHQFLD DWRGDXQDVHULHGHIDFWRUHV DFFLyQUHTXLHUHHOGHVDUUROORGHFRPSHWHQFLDV HILFDFLD \GHODFDSDFLG GH DXWRUUHJXODFLyQ TXHSHUPLWH OD DXWRGLUHFFLyQ DXPHQWDQODOLEHUWDGGHDFFLyQGHOLQGLYLGXRSHU SURSLDWUD\HFWRULD YLWDOVHOHFFLRQDQGR LQIOX\ QLRGHORV HOHPHQWRVTXHSHUPLWHQ OD DFFLyQQRDVHJXUD ODGHWHUPLQDF QH PHQWHHOORJURGHOIXWXURGHVHDGRSHURFRQWDOH GH DSR\DU y GLUL JLU āSURSLRV VXV DFWRV GH VDFDU SURYHFKR GH DTXHOOD IRUWXLWDV GHRIUHFHUUHVLVWHQFLD DDTXHOORVRE SHUMXGLFLDOHV \ DOLEHUDUVH HQ āODVTXH SXHGD GHVLWXDFLRQHV YHUVH DWUDSDGR 3DUD HMHUFHUFLHUWRJUDGRGHFRQWUROVREUHHOSUR YRVGHGHWHUPLQDFLyQ SHUVRQDO GHODDFFLyQHVQ DSR\R VR FLDO /RV UHFXUVRV HPRFLRQDOHVDxRV VRQ GH HVSHFLDOPHQ IRUPDFLyQ FXDQGRODVSUHIHUHQFLDV\FULWHULRVGHOLQGLYLG OHVGH FRQIOLFWR TXHSXHGHQ LQIOXLUVREUH pO /RVYtQFXORVVRFLDOHVFRQWULEX\HQ GHYDULDV I ILUPHGHDXWRGLUHFFLyQ/RVFULWHULRVLQWHUQRV SURSLDPRWLYDFLyQ\DFWRVVHDGTXLHUHQPHGLDQW VRQDV LPSRUWDQWHV SDUD HOLQGLYLGXR %DQGXUD FRPRUHJXODGRUHV DXWyQRPRVGHODFRQGXFWD 3DUD VXSHUDUORVREVWiFXORV\O VDQWHVTXHSXHGDQDSDUHFHUHQODWUD\HFWRULD YL VRFLDOGHO FXDOHVSHUDLQFHQWLYRV\ODREWHQF y YDORUSDUD ORTXHHVW &XDQGR HOYtQFXORVRFLDOHVGpELORQRH[LVWH GHO LQGLYLGXRKDFLDD TXLHULQIOXHQFLDIRUWXLWDTXHOHRIUH]FDDPLVWD JtDTXH SUHVFULED (OKRPEUHWLHQHXQDLQFRPSDUDEOHFDSDFLGDG WUD\HFWRULDV SDU YLWDOHV TXHGHXQDIRUPDUHDOVHDEUHQDQWHpO OH]D GH FXOWXUDOHV ORVDJHQWHV ā DORV TXH VHKDFRQILDGR VXGHVDUUROOR āTXH FXOWLYDQ FRPSHWHQFLDV JHQHUDOL]DEOHV SURSRUFLRQ FRQ OR FXDO DXPHQWD SDUD HOLQGLYLGXROD ā SRVLE /LEHUWDG \ GHWHUPLQLVPR (O GHEDWH VREUHSURFHVRVFDXVDOHV VLHPSUHKDF PLQLVPR\ODOLEHUWDGSHUVRQDO$ODQDOL]DUODV \ VRFLDO GHOD OLEHUWDG *UDQ SDUWH GHODFRQW UHVSHFWR GLPHQVLRQHV GHODV GHODOLEHUWDG TXHVHHVWpQGLVFXWL GLVFUHSDQFLDV ā VREUHOD doctrina GHOGHWHUPLQLVPR 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV /D ā OLEHUWDG FRPRHMHUFLFLR DXWRLQIOXHQFLD GHOD /D OLEHUWDG FRQVLGHUDUVH SXHGH la DQWtWHVLV GHO 'HVGH GHWHUPLQLVPR XQDSHUVSHFWLYD FRJQLWLYD VRFLDO QR H[LVWH LQFRPSDWLELOLGDG (Q HOOD OLEHUWDG OD QRFRQFHELGD HV HQWUH GH DPERV IRUPD QHJDWLYD la DXVHQFLD FRPR GH LQIOXHQFLDV RVLPSOHPHQWH H[WHUQDV VLQR ODIDOWD TXH GH VHGHILQH SRVLWLYDPHQWH FRPR (VWH HMHUFLFLR HOHMHUFLFLR SRU VHFRQVLJXH PHGLR GHODDXWR GHORVSHQVDPLHQWRV XWLOL]iQGRVH ORV SURSLRV UHFXUVRV FULWHULR GH FDGD GH XQR DFXHUGR \ SRU FRQ H PHGLR GH RWURV DXWRLQIOXHQFLD HOHPHQWRV TXH UHTXLHUH OD GH HOHFFLyQ FRQGXFWXDO /DV LQIOXHQFLDV DXWRJHQHUDGDV IRUPD DFW~DQ GHWHUPLQDQWH VREUH GHFRPSRUWDPLHQWR HO H[DFWDPHQWH LJXDO TXH VL SURYLQLHUDQ H[WHUQDV GH IXHQWHV DODV )UHQWH PLVPDV FRQGLFLRQHV FXDQWDV PiV FDSD GHO HQWRU FLGDGHV WHQJD PD\RU HO LQGLYLGXR VX WHQGHQFLD VHD D UHJXODU \SURSLD VX FRQGXFWD PD\ WDPELpQ VX (V OLEHUWDG GHELGR DO HIHFWR GHWHUPLQDQWH GH OD DXWRLQIOXHQFLD FRQGXFWD TXH VREUH SXHGH ā GLVSRQHUVH FLHUWRV GH JUDGRV GH OLEHUWDG /RVMXLFLRV HODERUDGRV VREUH HQ ORVIDFWRUHV HOSURFHVR HOHFFLyQ BGH GH XQ DPELHQWD GHWHUPLQDGR FXUVR GH /D HOHFFLyQ DFFLyQ HVWiGHWHUPLQDGD HQ QR YH] GH GH IRUPD FRPSOHWD RWUR H LQYROXQWDULD ORV DFRQWHFLPLQWRV SRU H[WHUQRV VLQRWRPDU TXH VH OD IDYRUHFLGD YH GHFLVLyQD OD SRU DFWLYLGDG FRJQLWLYD GHO VXMHWR UHIOH[LYD DWUDYpV OD FXDO HMHUFH GH SDUWH OD HQJUDQ DXWRLQIOXHQFLD (O LQGLYLGXR LQIOXHQFLD HMHUFH FLHUWD OD FRQGXFWD VREUH DWUDYpV DOWHUQDWLYDV GHGH ODV TXH GLVSRQH G FyPR SUHYpFRQVHFXHQFLDV \HYDO~D \GH ODV FyPR HYDO~D FDSDFLGDG DVLPLVPR GH SDUD VX HMHU IRUPD HIHFWLYD ODV 5HDOPHQWH KDELOLGDGHV HVGHELGR SHQVDPLHQWR TXH DTXH SRVHH SXHGH HO LQIOXLU VREUH ORV DFWRVSXHGHFRQWULEXLU SRU ORTXH GHIRUPD FDXVDO HOKRPEUH DVX SURSLD FRQGXFWD &XDQWR PiV QXHYDV VHDQ ODV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV \ PiV GXGRVD LQIRUPDFLyQ OD UHFLED GHO TXH HQWRUQR VH PiV WHQGUHPRV GHSHQGHU TXH GH āODV LQIHUHQFLDV TXH UHDOLFHPRV /RV DUJXPHQWRV TXH VXHOHQ FRQWUD GHODHILFDFLD HVJULPLUVH FDXVDOGHOSHQVDPLHQWR HQ \GH RWURV PHGLRV GH DXWRLQIOXHQFLD SRU ORJHQHUDO XQDUHJUHVLyQ XWLOL]DQ VHOHFWLYD FDXVDV GH DQiOLVLV 7DOHV VXEUD\DQ HO KHFKR MXLFLRV ODV GH DFFLRQHV TXH \ HVWiQ GHWHUPLQDGRV ORV SRU ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV H[WHUQRV SHUR RFXSD ROYLGDQ HOSULPHU HQ TXLpQ OD FDGHQDFDXVDO OXJDUHOKHFKR GHPRVWUDGR GH TXH ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV H[WHUQRV HQ Vt HVWiQ PLVPRV GHWHPLQDGRV SDUWH HQ SRU OD LQGL FRQGXFWD YtGXR 6LUHWURFHGHPRV D ODV FDXVDV SULPHUDV JDOOLQD GHVFXEUD SRUFDGD TXH XQ DPELHQWDOLVWD XQL GLUHFFLRQDO HO GHIHQVRU ODWHRUtD GH FRJQLWLYD VRFLDO SXHGH SUHFHGLy GHVFXEULU /RV HO DQiOLVLV SVLFROyJLFRV PHFDQLVPRV GH GH GHWHPLQDFLyQ ORV GH OD DFFLyQ SHUVRQDO GHPXHVWUDQ TXH HO LQGLYLGXR SXHGH FRQVHJXLU FRQWULEXLU HOIXWXUR TXH D PiV OHLQWHUHVH SURSLD FRQGXFWD UHJX ā /D SHUVRQD GLULJH VXV KDFLD HVIXHU]RV PHWDV SDUHFHQYDOLRVDV TXH OH VLUYLpQGRVH GH JXtDV UiFWHU FRJQLWLYR y GH DXWRLQFHQWLYRV \HOLJLHQGR DTXHOODV FRQGLFLRQHV FRQGXFHQ D GHO ODPHWD GHVHDGD LQIRUPDU DOLQGLYLGXR 6HSXHGH KD GH HIHFWXDU GHHVWH FyPR SURFHVR y SXHGH GiU VHOHWDPELpQ DSR\R LQLFLDO FLHUWR SHUR HV LQQHJDEOH TXH ODVLQIOXHQFLDV JHQHUDGDVSRU pOPLVPR VHDQ XQ IDFWRU FRQWULEX\HQWH LPSRUWDQWH HQFRQVHFXFLyQ OD GH PHWDV 3RU ORWDQWR FXDOTXLHU GH H[SOLFDFLyQ GHWHUPLQDQWHV ORV GH OD DFFLyQ KXPDQDKD GH LQFOXLU HQWUH ORV IDFWRUHV FRQWULEX\HQWHV D ODV LQIOXHQFLDV DXWR $ILUPDU TXH FRQWULEX\H HOKRPEUH D ODQDWXUDOH]D GHODV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV FRQ ODVTXH KD GHHQIUHQ WDUVH QR VLJQLILFD VHD HO~QLFR UHVSRQVDEOH TXH GH ODV([LVWHQ PLVPDV QXPHURVDV DO LQIOXHQFLDV JXQDV VRFLDO GH R WLSR WUDV GH WLSR LQVWLWXFLRQDORWUDV GHWLSR ItVLFR TXH LQWHUYLHQHQ WDPELpQ HO HQ PROGHDPLHQWR 'DGR GHTXH ODVHOKRPEUH PLVPDV DXWRUSDUFLDO HV ~QLFDPHQWH GHVLWXDFLRQHV ODV HQODV TXH VHHQFXHQWUD GHWHUPLQDQWHV LQWHUDFWLYRV HODQiOLVLV XQUHWURFHVR GH QRFRQV ORV LPSOLFD WDQWH HLQILQLWR FRQGXFWD QR HQHOTXH DSDUHFH GHWHUPLQDGD OD ~QLFDPHQWH S VLQR TXH pVWD WUDV LQIOXHQFLDV VH SURGXFH GH WLSR PXOWLIDFWRULDO 7DPSRFR HV GHWHUPLQLVPR FLHUWR VHD TXH LQFRPSDWLEOH HO ODUHVSRQVDELOLGDG FRQ SH FDSDFLGDG GH HMHUFHU DXWRLQIOXHQFLD OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG FRPSRUWD FRPR WDQWR ORVGH EHQHILFLRV OD DXWRGLUHFFLyQ &RPSRUWDUVH VLJQLILFD VLHPSUH ā HOHJLUGLVWLQWDV HQWUH RSFLRQHV ODVSXHGDQ TXH SODQ WHDUVH HQXQD GHWHUPLQDGD VLWXDFLyQ $ SHVDU GHODV LQIOXHQFLDV SXHGDQ HMHUFHU TXH ORV LPSHUDW GHODVLWXDFLyQ HQXQVHQWLGR SRGUi HOHJLU RWUDIRUPD XRWUR GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR HOLQGLYLGXR GLVW FRQWUDSRQLHQGR SURSLDV D LQIOXHQFLDV HOORV VXV LQWHUQDV QR HV 2EYLDPHQWH ~QLFD OD H IXHQWH GHGHWHUPLQDQWHV OD DFFLyQ SHUR VtHVFLHUWR GH FLHUWD TXH PHGLGD FRQWULEX\H DVXVSURSL HQ 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D y FDXVDOLGDG ā KXPDQD DFWRV ORV FXDOHV D VX YH] GHWHUPLQDQ OD QDWXUDO &RPR HOLQGLYLGXR SXHGH HMHUFHU FLHUWR JUDGR GHFRQ SRVLEOH H[LPLUOH QXQFD GH OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG GH VX GXFWD SRU SDUWH GHO LQGLYLGXR FRPR PtQLPR OHUHVSRQ VLORV DFWRV HVWXYLHUDQ GLFWDGRV H[FOXVLYDPHQWH KDFHU D SR QDGLH UHVSRQVDEOH GH VXV MXVWLFLD DFWRV QR SRGUtDQ /RV WUDQVJUHVRUHV UHVSRQGHU GH WRV QLORVMXHFHV GHVXVVHQWHQFLDV ORVFDUFHOHURV GH )UDQNO VXVSUHVRV ODV VLWXDFLRQHV VRFLDOHV FULPLQyJHQDV TXH KXELHUDQ /D \D DQWLJXD FRQWURYHUVLD VREUH ,D OLEHUWDG IXH DY GHTXH DSDUWH GH ODV FRQWULEXFLRQHV JHQpWLFDV ODV FRQWLQJHQFLDV GHOHQWRUQR 8QRGHORVSULQFLSD WLSR GH DQiOLVLV HV TXH GHVFULEH HOHQWRUQR FRPR XQGHWHUPLQDQWH DXWyQ WLFD /RV HQWRUQRV WDPELpQ WLHQHQ VXV FDXVDV FRQGXF \FRPR WD RULJLQD HQ SDUWH y· pVWHHO GH HQWRUQR IRUPD UHFtSURFD ā LQIOX\H VREU $ILUPDU FRPR KDFHQ ORV DPELHQWDOLVWDV HVWiQ FRQWURODGDV SRU ODV IXHU]DV TXH ODV H[WHUQDV \ VRVWHQHU OXHJR TXH VRQ FDSDFHV GH UHPR GHVDUUROODGD SRU VXV H[SHUWRV OD HV SUHPLVD FRQWUDGHFLU EiVLFD GHODUJXPHQWR 6L UHDOPHQWH ORV VHUHV KXPDQRV IXHUDQ LQFDSDFHV GH LQ ELUVH SUHYHUVH \ ā RV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV DPELHQWDOHV SHUR QR VHUL FRQWURO VREUHWUDWD HOORV HO WHPD &XDQGR GH FDPELRV VH VRFLDOHV ORV G GHILHQGHQ DUGLHQWHPHQWH SDUD PRGHODU HO SRGHU VX GHO SURSLR DOWHUDQGR LQGLYLGXR ā ODQD IXWXUR WXUDOH]D R OD IRUPD GH KL]R VX HQWRUQR XQ DQiOLVLV %RULQJ H[KDXVWLYR HJRFpQWULFRª VHJ~Q HOFXDO ORVSURSLRV GHWHUPLQLVW HOORV VRQ DXWRGLUHFWRUHV GHPiVHVW iQ GHWHUPLQDGRV SHUR WRGRV SRU ORV IXHU]DV H[W VHH[FOX\HQ D VtPLVPRV GHOFRQWURO DPELHQWDO TXH SUHVXPLEO $GHPiV VHJ~Q HVWH SXQWR GHYLVWD VH FRQYLHUWHQ ODVSURSLDV HQVLPS RSLQ H[SUHVLRQHV FRQGLFLRQDGDV $KRUD ELHQ VLQYDORU VLORVPLHPEURV GHOD SREODFLyQ HVSHFLDO DGRSWDQ ODV WHRUtDV \ODV WpFQLFDV GHORV GHWHUPLQLVWDV D VX YLGD \ GH HMHUFHU VX IXWXUR FLHUWR FRQWURO VREUH /RV DQiOLVLV FDXVDOHV UHWURVSHFWLYRV GHO ā VXMHWR VXHOHQ GHVF PLHQWUDV DQiOLVLV TXH FDXVDOHV ORV SURVSHFWLYRV ODV PHWDV TXH VREUH FDGD LQGLYLGXR D Vt V PLVPR \GH VXV ORJURV SRVWHULRUHV UHYHODQ TXH ORV WDQFLDV DILQGH FRQVHJXLU VXV SURSyVLWRV &XDQWR PD\RU VHD 8QRV VXOR FDSDFLGDG GH VX FRPSHWHQFLD SUHYLVLyQ\VXVPHGLRV GH DXWRLQIOXHQ EOHV PiV UiSLGR 'DGD VX ODV FDSDFLGDG DOFDQ]DUi SDUD HMHUFHU LQIOXHQFLDV UHFtSU HV FRPR PtQLPR DUTXLWHFWR SURSLR GHVWLQR 6LQSDUFLDO HPEDUJR GH QRHVHOSULQ GHO VX GHWHU PLQLVPR ORTXH HVWDPRVKD GLVFXWLHQGR GHWUDWDUVH DTXt FRPR XQSURFHV VLQR VLp FLRQDO 'HELGR DODFDXVDOLGDG ELGLUHFFLRQDO GH ORV IDFWRUH PR QR LPSOLFD OD FRQFHSFLyQ IDWDOLVWD GH TXH HO VHU KXPDQR IXHU]DV H[WHUQDV /DV SHUVSHFWLYDV SVLFROyJLFDV VREUH HOGHWHUPLQLV LQIOX\HQ HQ OD QDWXUDOH]DSUiFWLFD \ DOFDQFH VRFLDO GH (O OD GHWHUPLQLV LQYHVWLJ ELHQWDO WLHQH WHQGHQFLD DDSOLFDU SDUDGLJPDV FRQ X FRQWURO HMHUFLGR SRU HOHQWRUQR VHDQDOL]D HQGHWD UHODWLYDPHQWH 3DUD FLWDU DEDQGRQDGR XQHMHPSOR H[LVWHQ LQQXPHUDEO FRQGXFWD GHO LQGLYLGXR YDULD VHJ~Q SURJUDPDV GH U SRGLGR DYHULJXDU GH TXp IRUPD \D VHD PHGLDQWH DFW QHJRFLDU DTXHOORV SURJUDPDV FRQYHQJDQ/DHVFDVH] GHUHFRPSHQVDV GHLQYHVWLJDFLRQH TXH PiV VREUH HO FRQWURO SHUVRQDO QR VLJQLILFD TXH VHD TXH LQHILFD] pVWH QR DO VH F S PD\RUtD GHVLVWHPDV GHLQFHQWLYRV \ VDQFLRQHV VRFLDOHV TXH FRQWUDWRV DIHFWDQ DDVSH ODERU LPSRUWDQWHV GH HOD VWDEOHFLGRV YLGDVRFLDO \ PRGLILFDGRV VRQ SRU ODV LQIOXHQF WHRUtD GH DOFDQFH SXHGH āUHVXOWDU OLPLWDGR IRUWDOHFLGD SRU ORV KDOOD]JRV JHQHUDGRV SDUDGLJPDV HQ DTXHOOR TXH GHFLGD DQDOL]DU KXPDQD SHUR OD 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV SXHGHUHVXOWDUGHILFLHQWHDFDXVDGHWRGRORTXH WHRUtDTXH OR JUHFRQVHJXLUGDWRV TXHGHPXHVWUHQ SRGUi ODLQIOXHQFLD GHFLUPX\ SRFRVREUHODPHPRULD VLVXVGHIHQVRUHV 3RU FRQVLJXLHQWH GHFLGHQ HO YDOR WHRULDGHEHPHGLUVHSRUVXFDSDFLGDG SDUDH[SOLFD WRVGHO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR SVLFROyJLFR /DFH\ /RVGHWHUPLQLVWDV DPELHQWDOHV SXHGHQXWLOL]DU LQVWDXUDU DTXH V OORVSDWURQHVGHFRQGXFWD LQVWLWXFLRQDOPHQWH SUHV DFXOWLYDUHOSRWHQFLDO GHDXWRGLUHFFLyQ GHOLQGL KXPDQLVWDV WLHQHQ PXFKR HQ FRP~Q SXHVWR GHO SRWHQFLDO TXH DPE KXPDQR \ GH OD DXWRGLUHFFLyQ FDSDFLGDG 6LQ HPEDUJR GH OD WHRULD GHO DS FRQVLGHUD OD ©DXWRUUHDOL]DFLyQª TXH HVWp GHWHUPLQDGD SRU REVWDFXOL]D DOVHUPHMRUDGR GDUi OXJDUDXQDVHULH GHVGH HOH[WHULRU GH FRPSHWHQ QH FLDV \GH FXDOLGDGHVKXPDQDV 6HFRQVLJXHHYROXFLRQDU Pi SHUPLWDQ DXPHQWDU SRWHQFLDOtGDGHV ODV LQGLYLGXDOHV GHFDGD XQ XQDWHQGHQFLDLQQDWD 'HQLQJ~QPRGROD©DXWRUUHD YLUWXGHV/RVLQGLYLGXRVGLVSRQHQ GHXQDPSOLRQ~ GHVDUUROODUVH SDUDELHQRSDUDPDO'XUDQWH \ FRQWLQXDUiQ DxRVPXFKRVKDQVX VXIULHQGRHQ FLVLVWDV y GHWLUDQRVDXWRUUHDOL]DGRV 3RU FRQVLJXLHQWH XQDDXWRUUHDOL]DFL VHUi DTXHOOD DOD TXHHOSURSLRLQGLYLGXRYD\DPRGHUDQGR GHDFXHUGR FRQGXFWD ā &XDQGRVHFRQVLGHUD DOHQWRUQR y QRXQGHWHUPLQDQWH FRPRXQHOHPHQWR LQ EOHGHODFRQGXFWD ODGLJQLGDG\ODFDSDFLGDG GH VHGHULYD FLUFXQVWDQFLDVH[WHPDV GH KDEULD TXHHQVDO]DUHO HVWDVFLUFXQV LQGLYLGXR FRQVLJXLHUDVXVPHWDV y FXOSDUODV GHVXVIUDFDVRV KXPDQLGDG &RQWUDULDPHQWH RGHVXIDOWD D TXHSLHQVDQ ODVFRQFHSFLRQHV XQLGLUHFFLRQDOHV O FXHQFLDGHODLQIOXHQFLD UHFtSURFD GHODVFLUFXQ SHUVRQDOHVHQWUHORVTXHVHLQFOX\HQ DGTXLULGDV ODVSRWHQFL HO SHQVDPLHQWRUHIOH[LYR\XQDOWRQLYHOGHLQLFLDWL LQWpUSUHWHVGHVXVREUDV FUHDWLYRV FRODERUDQ āDOPROGHDPLHQWR PHGLDQWHGHOR VXVH PXVLFDOHV y HOS~EOLFR DVXYH]DSR\DHVWDV DFWLYLGDGH WLORVJHQHUDQHQHOS~EOLFRQXHYDVSUHIHUHQFLDV &DGD IRUPDGHDUWH DFHSWDGD UHVX GH āLQIOXHQFLDVELGLUHFFLRQDOHV VLPLODU HQHO FXDO IRUPDDEVROXWDWRGR HOPpULWR /RVORJURVLPSRUWD XQDFRQVLGHUDEOHGRVLVGH DXWRGLVFLSOLQD 8QD YH]TXHHOLQGLYLGXR DFHSWDFU GHVWLQDJUDQGHVFDQWLGDGHV KDVWD GHWLHPSR FRQVHJXLUHOSXQWR DPHMRUDU TX VX GHUD DGHFXDGR /OHJDGRV DHVWHX QLYHOGHIXQFLRQD QD WHQWDWLYD TXH VH KDOODEDMRFRQWURODXWRHYDOXDGRU GHOVXMHWR 6H Pi[LPRODVKDELOLGDGHV SDUD VDWLVIDFHUVH WDQWR DXQR PLVPR FRPR D O ā 6LHOLQGLYLGXRQRIXHUDFDSD] GHJHQHUDU VXSU GRUHVUHVXOWDULDQ 3RU PX\GLItFLOHVGHPDQWHQHU HVRLQLFLDOPHQWH VHRIUHFHU HVFRQYHQFLRQDO \ VyORVHDFHSWDGHIRUPDJUDGXDO VLGHPXHV JDQDGHIHQVRUHV TXH āJRFHQGHSUHVWLJLR GHQWUR GHODVRFLHGDG LQLFLDOHVGHORVLQQRYDGRUHV OHVFRPSRUWDQ JHQHUD PLHQWR(QODKLVWRULD GHODVDFWLYLGDGHV FUHDWLY GRUHV GH OD VRFLHGDG KD\DQ VLGR GHVSUHFLDGRV DO IRUPDV y HVWLORV FRQYHQFLRQDOHV $OJXQRVFRQVLJXHQHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWR GH VXFDUUHUD R HVWiQOyVXILFLHQWHPHQWHFRQYHQFLGRVGHOYDORUGH WHDXQFXDQGRVXVSURGXFFLRQHV VRQLJQRUDGDV RG LGHROyJLFRV\HQPHQRUSURSRUFLyQ ORVWHFQROyJLF YDV LQQRYDGRUDV HQRFDVLRQHV SXHGHQ UHFLELU HO D FRQGLFLRQHV GHO HQWRUQR QR VXHOHQ VDFDU DGHODQWH 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D \ FDXVDOLGDG KXPDQD /D OLEHUWDG FRPR RSFLRQHV \ GHUHFKRV &RQVLGHUDGD GHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYD VRFLDOODO TXH GLVSRQH HOLQGLYLGXR\VXGHUHFKR HMHUFHUODV &XDQWDV PiV DOWHUQDWLYDV D FRQGXFWD WLHQHHOLQGLYLGXRPD\RU 3RU WDQWR OLEHUWDG HVXQDUHDOLGD OD HVVXOLEHUW VRFLDOGHFRQVLGHUDEOHLPSRUWDQFLD \QRVLPSOHP KDQ VRVWHQLGR DOJXQRVHVFULWRUHV /DOLEHUWDGGHOLQGLYLGXRSXHGHYHUVHOLPLWDGD ORVFRQRFLPLHQWRV \ HQODVKDELOLGDGHV UHVWULQJHQODVSRVLE FRQVHJXLUORVGHVHRVSHUVRQDOHV 3RU FRQVLJXLHQWHVHYHUiIDYRUHFLGD FRPSHWHQ FLDV TXHSHUPLWDQ UHDOL]DUYDULDGRV SURSyVLWRV KDELOLGDGHV SDUWH GHSHQGHUi GH VXV DXWRSHUFHSFLRQHV HQ $TXHOORV TXH FRQVLFOH VH GH HILFDF UDQ LQHILFDFHVUHGXFHQVXVRSFLRQHV \HYLWDQS HQFXHQWUHQGHQWURGHVXVSRVLELOLGDGHV$GHPiV ODIDOWDGHFRQILDQ]DHQXQRPLVPR\GHOPLHGR UHVWULFWLYRWDPELpQOLPLWDQHOiPELWRGHDFWLYL WLSRFRJQLWLYRLQGXFLHQGRFUHHQFLDVSRVLWLYDV ODDFFLyQGH ORV LPSHGLPHQWRV LQWHUQRV VHFRQVLJXHPHMRUDU HO 3DUD FRQVHJXLU XQQLYHOPi[LPR GHOLEHUWDG D āOD OD FRQGXFWD GHVXV PLHPEURVGH ORFRQWUDULR XQD OLPLWDUtD ODOLEHUWDG GHORVGHPiV /DV SURKLE VRFLDOPHQWH SHUMXGLFLDOHVFUHDQUHVWULFFLRQHV (Q JHQHUDOVXHO D KDEHU DFXHUGR VREUHGyQGHKD\ TXHVLWXDU ORVO PHQWH RLQIULQJHJUDYHPHQWHORVGHUHFKRV GHOR PLHPEURVGHODVRFLHGDGTXHFXHVWLRQDQODVQRUP VHXWLOL]DQ PiV SDUD LPSRQHU XQPRGHOR SDUWLFX VRFLDOPHQWH SHUMXGLFLDO ā 'XUDQWH DxRVVHKDGHEDWLGRODFXHVWLyQ VL VHGHEHQSHUPLWLURQRDTXH GH UHVXOWDQ DXWROHVLYDVSDUDHOLQGLYLGXRTXH ODV GHVDUUROODSHURTXHQRVRQSH HOUHVWR GHODVRFLHGDG4XLHQHVHVWiQ fDYRUGHSURKLELUODV D DUJXPHQWDQTX HQDOJ~QOXJDUHVSUiFWLFDPHQWHLPSRVLEOHGDxD D ORV GHPiV 6LOD DXWROHVLyQ RFDVLRQDUD OD LQ VLHQGR OD VRFLHGDG TXLHQSDJDUD VX WUDWDPLHQWR SHUVSHFWLYD PiVPRUDOTXHFLHQWtILFDTXHODVR SURSLD DXWRGHVWUXFFLyQ QR FRQVLGHUDQ /RVOLEHUWDULRV TXHHVWRV DUJXPHQW ELFLyQGHGHWHUPLQDGDVDFWLYLGDGHVSXHVWRTXHD VRFLHGDG ā SHUPLWH SXHGHQUHVXOWDUWDQPDODVRLQFOXVRSHR FDPELRVTXHVHSURGXFHQDORODUJRGHOWLHPSRH VXHOHQ IDYRUHFHUXQDpWLFDLQGLYLGXDOLVWD (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD PXFKDVDFWLYLG OH\HQXQPRPHQWR GDGRSXHGHQHVWDU RWUR /DWROHUDQFLD H[LPLGDV G O KDFLD FRQGXFWDV TXHVHFRQVLGHUDQ LQPRUDOHV SHUR QRSRU SRU DO WRGRV VHSDJDDODOWRSUHFLRGHVHxDODU \ GHVDFUHGLWDU DORVVL DORV GHILHQGHQ .DSODQ (Q WDOHV FDVRV ODV OH\HV DFDEDQ SR VRFLDOHV SUHYDOHQWHV /DOLEHUWDGGHORVJUXSRVGHVIDYRUHFLGRV OD GLVFULPLQDFLyQVRF VXHO HVWRVFDVRVHOLQGLYLGXRYHUHVWULQJLGDVVXVDO JLyQ HOJUXSRpWQLFR R ODFODVH D ODTXHSHUWHQHFH VRFLDO LQGHSHQGLHQ FDSDFLGDGHV SHUVRQDOHV &XDQGR DFFLyQ VH ve OLPLWDGDSRUSUH ODDXWRGHWHUPLQ LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGRV DTXHOORV OXFKDQ SRU TXH JDQDU UHVXOWDQ OD OLE SHU GLVIUXWDQ ORVGHPiV VHJPHQWRVGHOD VRFLHGDG (O HMHUFLFLRGHOD OLEHUWDG LQFOX\H GHUHFKRV \RSFLRQHV DVtFRPROR /D OXFKD SRUODOLEHUWDGHVWiGLULJLGD SULQFLSDOPHQWH āDOD FUHDFLyQ GHGHIHQVDVLQVWLWXF SURWHMDQ DFLHUWDVIRUPDVGHFRQGXFWDGHWRGRF 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV GLVIUXWD HOLQGLYLGXR SURSLDGHSHQGH HVWUXFWXUD GHODVRFLHGDG &XDQWR GH OD PHQRUVHD ODUHJODPHQ WDFLyQ VRFLDO GHWHUPLQDGDV VREUH DFWLYLGDGHV PiV FRQWULEXLUi OD DXWRLQIOXHQFLD OD HOHFFLyQ HQ GH FRQGXFWD DHVWH 8QD YH] TXH QLYHO GHQWUR HVWDEOHFHQ GHO OH\HV VLVWHPD SURWHFWRUDV VH KD\F VDQFLRQHV VRFLHGDG TXH QR SXHGH OD DSOLFDU GHVHDUD DXQTXH KDFHUOR D ORV LQGLYLGXRV TXH GHFLGHQ GHVDILDUFRQYHQFLRQDOHV ORV YDORUHV RORV GHUHFKRV DGTXLULGRV /DV SURKLELFLRQHV ODFRQWUD OH\ GH WRGR VLVWHPD VRFLDO GH QR DXWRUL]DGR FRQWURO OLEHUWDGHV RULJLQDQ SHUVRQDOHV TXH VRQ QR DEVWUDFFLR QHV LOXVRULDV UHDOLGDGHV VLQR VRFLHGDGHV /DVFXDQWR GLILHUHQ D OD FUHDFLyQ GH HQ OLEHUWDGHV \ HO Q~PHUR \ DFWLYLGDGHV WLSR TXH GH ā RILFLDOPHQWH HQFXHQWUDQ H[HQWDV VH FRQWURO GH SXQLWLYR 3RU HMHPSOR VRFLHGDGHV ODV TXH SURWHJHQ DODSUHQVD SRGHU GHORVSROtWLFRV GHO ORVTXH FULWLFD XQ WLHQHQ JUDGR OLEHUWDG GH VXSHULRU DTXHOODVRWUDV DO GH TXH SHUPLWHQ DXWRULGDG TXH XWLOLFH OD SRGHU VXSDUD DFDOODU ODVFULWLFDV SXHGHQ TXH GH KDFHUVH HOOD /DV VRFLHGDGHV SRVHHQ XQ VLVWHPDMXGLFLDO TXH LQGH SHQGLHQWH GHODV GHPiV LQVWLWXFLRQHV XQDOLEHUWDG VRFLDO GHOJRELHUQR PD\RU JD TXH ODV GHPiV D ,QIOXHQFLD UHFtSURFD \ OtPLWHV GHO ā FRQWURO VRFLDO /D DFFLyQ GH UHFtSURFD OD VH LQIOXHQFLD GHMD VHQWLU GH IRUPD LPSRUWDQWH HQ OD SUHRFXSDFLyQ S~EOLFD GH āDYDQFHV TXHWHUUHQR ORV HQ GH HO OD SVLFRORJtD KDJDQ DXPHQWDU \ OD HOPDQLSX FRQWURO GHOLQGLYLGXR /DUHVSXHVWD KDELWXDO GHWHUPLQLVWDV GHORV DPELHQWDOHV DWDOHVWHPRUHV HVTXH WRGD FRQGXFWD HVWiLQHYLWDEOHPHQWH FRQWURODGD 3RU WDQWR OD LQIOXHQFLD SXHGH TXH HMHUFHU VRFLH OD GDG QR VXSRQH HVWDEOHFHU QXHYRV FRQWUROHV ODFRQGXFWD VREUH DOOtGRQGH KDEtDQ QR QXQFD H[LVWLGR (VWH DUJXPHQWRHV VHQWLGR FLHUWR GHTXHWRGR HQ HO XQ FRQMXQWR DFWR FDXVDVSUHYLDV WLHQH GH DXQTXH FRPR KHPRV GLFKR QR WRGRV ORV GHWHUPLQDQWHV FRQWULEX\HQWHV HQ HQWRUQR HO 6LQ HPEDUJR UHVLGH lo TXH SUHRFXSD DO KRPEUH QR HV HOSULQFLSLR FDXVDOLGDG QLYHO GH VRFLDO $ GXGDV se FHQWUDQ VXV HQ ODGLVWULEXFLyQ SRGHUFRQWURODGRU GHO HQORVPHGLRV SDUD ORVTXH \SURSyVLWRV XWLOL]DQ ORV VH FRQRFL PLHQWRV GLVSRQLELOLGDG \OD GH PHFDQLVPRV TXH SHUPLWDQ LQIOXLU UHFtSURFD GHIRUPD SUiFWL VREUHODV FDV LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV$ QLYHO LQGLYLGXDO SUHRFXSD HOVLJQLILFDGR OHV SXHGD WHQHUODDSOLF TXH GH OD SVLFRWHFQRORJtD SURJUDPDFLyQ GH HQ ODV OD UHODFLRQHV (O DXPHQWR HQ KXPDQDV Q~PHUR HOGH FR QRFLPLHQWRV \GH OD LQIOXHQFLD PpWRGRV VREUH VRFLDO QHFHVDULDPHQWH QR TXH LPSOLFD DXPHQWH HOQL YHOGHFRQWURO VRFLDO \D TXH ORVPHFDQLVPRV UHFtSURFD OLPLWDQ HO SHUVRQD JUDGR FDGD HQ LQGLYLGXR TXH FRQWURODU SXHGH D ORV GHPiV 3URWHFFLRQHVLQGLYLGXDOHV ā ā 6H VXHOHQ GLVFXWLU SRVLEOHV UHPHGLRV ODXWLOL]DFLyQ TXH GHFRQRFLPLHQWRV ORV HYLWHQ SVLFROyJL FRV\ GHORV PHGLRV LQIOXHQFLDSDUD GH OD H[SORWDFLyQ GHO LQGLYLGXR 3DUHFH TXH OD PHMRU VHU GHIHQVD FRQWUD ODPDQLSXODFL yQ DXPHQWDU HV ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV GHOLQGLYLGXR VREU VRFLDO &XDQGR HQVHxD FyPR DpVWH SXHGH FRQWURODUVH VHOH OD FRQGXFWD VX UHVLVWHQFLD DXPHQWD ORV D LQWHQWRV HYLGHQWHV GHLQIOXLU WDQWROD PDQLSXODFLyQ VREUH HPEDUJR pOLPSLGLpQGRVH QREDV 6LQ ta ODFRQVFLHQFLD SDUDUHDOL]DU RSRVLFLyQ /D XQD JHQWH HILFD] āVDEH SHUIHFWDPHQWH ORV DQXQFLDQ TXH WHV SXEOLFLWDULRV LQWHQWDQ LQIOXLU HQ SRU VXV PHGLR FRPSUDV DILUPDFLRQHV GH UHFRPHQ H[DJHUDGDV GDFLRQHV SVHXGRH[SHULPHQWRV TXH GHPXHVWUDQ OD VXSHULRULGDG GH XQSURGXFWR VREUH RWUR DVRFLD FLRQHV HYRFDGRUDV GH HPRFLRQHV WRGR DTXHO \ FRQ TXH XQGHWHUPLQDGR FRPSUH OD SURPHVD GH SURGXFWR JDUDQWL]DGRV WLHQH ORVEHQHILFLRV VDEHU HVWDV 6LQ HPEDUJR FRVDV KDFH TXHQR ODJHQWH VHD LQPXQH DORVHIHFWRV GHODSXEOLFLGDG SHUVXDVLyQPHGLDQWH ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV ,JXDO GH RFXUUH ODUHVSXHVWD /D FRDFFLyQ LQGXFLU SXHGH REHGLHQFLD UHFRPSHQVD \OD SURGXFLUXQDFR DFRPR GDWLFLD FXDQGR HO DXQ LQGLYLGXR VHD FRQVFLHQWH GH TXH HVWiQ LQIOX\HQGR ORV LQFHQWLYRV VREUH V DFWRV 0XFKR DQWHV H[LVWLHVH GH OD TXH SVLFRORJtD GLVFLSOLQD FRPR IRUPXODU SDUD \ SULQFLSLRV PHGLRV SDUD HMHUFHU KDEtDQH[LVW LQIOXHQFLD tGR \D JUDQGHV VRFLDO H[SORWDGRUHV ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV (Q UHFt SURFDV WUDQVDFFLRQHV GHODV KXPDQDV IXHQWH VHJXUD RSRVLFLyQSHUVRQDO UDGLFDXQD GH DO FRQWURO PD QLSXODGRU (O LQGLYLGXR VH UHVLVWH GHpO DTXH \HV PX\SUREDEOH VHVDTXH TXH FRQWLQ~H SURYHFKR GH HVWH PRGR FRQGXFWD SRUTXH āREHGLHQWH OD HQ HVWHVHQWLGR VXHOH FRPSRUWDUOH GHVIDYR FRQVHFXHQFL e 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D y· FDXVDOLGDG KXPDQD UDELHV 3RU PiV TXH VHLQIOX\D QR VH FRQVLJXH UHGXFLU OD FRQVLGHUDPRV YHQWDMRVR /DV FRQVHFXHQFLDV SXHGD PDQLSXODU D ORV UHFtSURFD GHPiV DVXDQWRMR \GHVHR \TXHWRGR HOPXQGR H[SHUL WDU FRQVHJXLU(VWR VXV VHFXPSOH GHVHRV WDQWR DQLYHO GH IXQFLRQDPLHQWR LQGLY YR /RV SDGUHV QRSXHGHQGH FRQVHJXLU DFXHUGR DVXYROXQWDG TXH \ ORV VXV KLMRV KLMRV YHQ D OLPLWDGD ODVX\D FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD 3RU HMHPSOR HQODXQLYHUVLGDG GHODGHVXVSDG WUDWLYRV HOSURIHVRUDGR ORV DOXPQRV WRGRV VLHQWH FLD QHJDWLYD HQORTXH VHUHILHUH DORV LQWHUHVHV S FHV GHPRGLILFDU ODV (Q SUiFWLFDV HOFDPSR GpODSROtWLFD LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV HO&R SRGHU HMHFXWLYR XQD DXWRULGDG GLVSRQH DOD H[FHVLYD GH LQYHUVD \ HVWH ~OWLPR VLHQW SROtWLFD SRU OD RSRVLFLyQ TXH SODQWHD HO &RQJUHVR Protecciones sociales 6L OD ~QLFD SURWHFFLyQ FRQWUD OD H[SORWDFLyQ GH TXH G PR HMHUFLHUD VH YHUtD FRQWLQXDPHQWH VXMHWR D ODV 3RUHVWD UD]yQXQD VHFUHDQ VHULH GH VDQFLRQHV GHWLSR LQVWLWXFLRQD FLDO GHODFRQGXFWD /D LQWHJULGDG KXPDQD GHO LQGLYLGXR SRGDV HVWi SUR DVHJXUDG WHFFLRQHV GHWLSR OD DFWXDFLyQ VRFLDO TXHOLPLWDQ GHDTXHOORV PHGLRV GHLQI YRUHFHQ ODUHFLSURFLGDG PHGLDQWH HOHTXLOLEULR IRUPDOHV GH L VH SXHGH LQIOXLUODV GH SUiFWLFDV IRUPD LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV UHFtSURFD HQ PHGLDQWH VLV FLRQHV UHJXODGRUDV SURFHVRV MXGLFLDOHV DGHFXDGRV UHFtSURFRV LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV yQR GHO VyOR FRQWURO SURWHJHQ SRU TXH ā FRDFFLy GH OD WDPELpQ SURSRUFLRQDQ SDUDPRGLILFDU ORVPHGLRV DTXHOODV QHFHVDULRV LQVWLWXFLRQHV \ DIHFWDQ DODV FRQGLFLRQHV (Q ORV GHEDWHV GHYLGD VREUH āODV LPSOLFDFLRQHV GHO KRPEUH VRF FRQRFLPLHQWR SVLFROyJLFR SDVDU SRU KD\ DOWR XQD ORVOtPLWHV WHQGHQFLD \SRU HVWDEOHF D ODV QRUPDV VRFLDOHV VREUH HOJUDGR \ IRUPD GH FRQW GHPiV 4XH HOKRPEUH FRQR]FD FXiOHV VRQ ORVPHGLRV SRU O UL]D DXWLOL]DUORV SDUD FRQWURODU ODFRQGXFWD 3RU HMHPSOR GH ORV pVWRV HPSUHVDULRV V TXH HOUHQGLPLHQWR GHOWUDEDMDGRU SRU WUDEDMR HVPD\RU WHUPLQDGR FXDQGR TXH GD ODERUDO 6LQHPEDUJR XWLOL]DU HVWH QROHVHVWiSHUPLWLGR VLVWHPD SHVDU GHLQFHQWLYR GHVHUHOPiV D YHQWDMRVR SDUD HOORV &XDQGR ORV LQGXVWULDOHV GLVSRQtDQ GH SDJDEDQ DpVWRV XQD WHUPLQDGD FDQWLGDG \ORV FRQWUDWDEDQ ILMDSRU \GHVSHGtDQ SLH]D DYROXQW LUVH DFRUWDQGR ODV GLIHUHQFLDV WUDEDMDGRU \HOGHO HQWUH HPSUHVDULR HOSRGHU IXHF GHO GXDOPHQWH ODQDWXUDOH]D (Q HOPRPHQWR WHPSRUDO GH HQ ORV TXH FRQWUDWRV ORV WUDED JXLHURQ WHQHU XQD IXHU]D FDSD] GHFRDFFLRQDU SXGLHURQ QHJR PDQDV PHVHV \ILQDOPHQWH YDQ HODERUDQGR SRU DxRV 3HULyGLFDPHQWH QXHYRV FRQWUDW DFHSWDGRV SRU DPEDV SDUWHV YDQ $PHGLGD GHVDUUROOiQGRVH TXH DYDQ]D QXHYDV HO QHV FDUiFWHU GHFROHFWLYR HQWUDQ HQMXHJR RWURV HOHPHQWRV F FDFLyQ GH DFXHUGRV TXH EHQHILFLDQ D FLHUWRV SHUR TXH VHFWRU SXHGHQ SHUMXGLFDU FDOLGDG G DOHQWRUQR H YLGD GH GHPXHVWUDHO \DOD RWURV HMHPSORDQWHULRU &RPR DXPHQWDU ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV VREUH KXPDQD QRLPSOLFD ODV LQIOXHQFLDV QHFHVDULD H WH TXH DXPHQWH WDPELpQ HOFRQWURO GH WLSR VRFLDO GLIXVLyQ GHO SRGHU GHOLQGLYLGXR FUHiQGRVH GHIRUP OODU REMHWLYRV SURSLRV \FRPSDUWLGRV (VWR PHGLDQWH KDSHUPLWL HOHP GR DOKRPEUH GHVDILDU ODVLQMXVWLFLDV VRFLDOHV \PR YLRODFLyQ GH VXV GHUHFKRV \H[WHQGHU KDVWD ODV WHUUHQRV UHLYLQGLF TXH KDVWD HVH PRPHQWR KDEtDQ XQ FRQWURO IXQFLRQDGR GH WLSR (O EDMR KHFKR XQLODWHUDO GH TXH DXPHQWH HOQ~PHUR GHLQGLYLGXRV FDSDFHV GH LQIOXLU VtPLVPR XQD VRFLHGDG PiV (Q GHILQLWLYD KXPDQD la FRQVLGHUDFLyQ PiV LPSRUWDQWH DGHVWDF TXH ORV REMHWLYRV VLUYHHO DORVTXH SRGHUGHEHUtDQ GLVWULEXLGRV HVWDU 7DPSRFR HOKH HVF FKR GHFRQRFHUTORV XH LQIOXLU PHGLRV FRQORV SVLFROyJLFDPHQWH HQORV 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV WHUHVSXHVWDV FDUiFWHU PHFiQLFR GH HQ ODV UHODFLRQHV VHD OD RULHQWDFLyQ SHUVRQDOHV & GH VXV HVIXHU]RV SRU LQIOXLU GH IRUPD UHFRPSHQVD UHFtSURFD DTXHOOR HO TXH YDORUD /D FRQGXFWD TXH SHUVLJXH H LQWHUHVHV REMHWLYRV DXWpQWLFD QRHVPHQRV OD DFFLyQ TXH LP SURYLVDGD /DV QRYHODV TXHGHVFULEHQ VLVWHPDV DXWRULWDULRV EDVDGDV \VRFLHGDGHV SULQFLSLRV HQ GH XWy FRQGXFWD VXHOHQ JHQHUDU HOWHPRU GH TXH VHLPSRQJD UHVGHVRFLHGDGHV XWySLFDV DFRQVHMDQ HOORV SUHILHUHQ 'DGR TXH DTXHOODV ODVSUHIH IRUPD UHQFLDV āSHUVRQDOHV GLILHUHQ DPSOLDPHQWH GHXQLQGLYLGXR ORUHVUHIOHMDGRV WDQWR HQODVSUHVFULSFLRQHV HVSHFtI GHYDORUHV WHRUtD JOREDO GH ,QFOXVR OD DDTXHOORV DFHSWDQ OD TXH H[LVWHQFLD XQRV YDORUHV GH JXtD OH SUHRFXSDKRPRJHQHL]DFLyQ ODSRVLEOH GH ODYLGD VHJ~Q XQ SODQWHDPLHQWR 2WURV WHPHQ VRFLDO ~QLF TXH VLORVPHGLRV FD\HUDQ HQPDQRV GH LQIOXHQFLD GHGHVDSUHQVLYRV XWLOL]DUVH ORJUDU SRGUtDQ SDUD HO FRQVHQWLPLHQWR DXWRULWDULDV S~EOLFR RGHVSRWLVPR GH QRUPDV $TXHOOR EHQHYROHQWH TXH VHSURSRQH FRPR XQ SURFHVR SDUD TXLPpULFR VRFLHGDG XQD H[SHULPHQWDO XQD SHUVSHFWLYD VH DWH FRQYLHUWH PRUL]DGRUD ā&XDQGR VyOR ~QLFD IRUPD XQD GH YLGDSUHVHQWDEDVDGD VRFLDOHQ XWySLFD SULQFLSLRV SVLFROyJL VH FRV FRPR Walden RFXUUH Dos 6NLQQHU HQ SDUD ORV PHGLRV PHMRUDU ORV VLVWH QHFHVDUL PDV VRFLDOHV VHFRQIXQGHQ FDUDFWHUHV GHO HVWLOR FRQ ORV GH YLGD &RPR FRQVHFXHQ TXH VHSURPXO FLD SXHGHQ UHVXOWDU PpWRGRV UHFKD]DGRV SDUD HIHFWLYRV FRQVHJXLUKXPDQRV ORVSRUTXH LGHDOHV OD IRUPD YLGD GH TXH VH SURSRQH QR HV DWUDFWLYD 3XHGH VHSDUD āLGHRORJtDV\ SUiFWLFDV SDUWLFXODUHV PRVWUDQGR VRFLDOHV RWUDV YLGD VRFLDO DOWHUQDWLYDV EDVDGDV HQ GH ORVPLVPRV SULQFLSLRV %DMR XQDHVWUXFWXUD SOXUDOLVWD HOLQGLYLGXR YDULDV RSFLRQHV GLVSRQH HQWUH ODVTXH HOHJLU HOHVWLOR GHYLGDQLQJXQD TXH IRUPD PiV OHJXVWH DVXPH GLGD SXHGHQ VHJXLU LQWHQWDQGR (V GLILFLO OOHJDU QXHYDV XQDPDQLSXODFLyQ DFRQVHJXLU IRUPDV FRP SOHWD,DVSUHIHUHQFtDV SRUTXHGH YDORUHV \ ODV UHGHV XQ JUXSR GH LQIOXHQFLD DRWUR 6LG GDQ ORV FRPSURPLVRV DGHFXDGRV ORVSULQFLSLRV GH YDORU SXHGHQ FRJQLWLYRV XWLOL]DUVH SDUD VRFLDOH DXPHQWDU OD ā GLYHUVLGDG (YRFDQGR HVSDQWRVDV LPiJHQHV GH KXPDQDV VRFLHGDGHV 2UZHOO SREOD DOJXQRV HVFULWRUHV GLVWUDHQ DWHQFLyQ OD IXWXULVWDV S~EOLFD FRQWURODGRUDV GHRWUDV LQIOX PHQRV VHQVDFLRQDOLVWDV TXH ELHQHVWDU SRQHQ \ODVHJXULGDG HQ FRQWLQXD GHO DPHQD] KR PD\RUtD GH KD VRFLHGDGHV LQVWLWXLGR VLVWHPDV UHFtSURFRV SURWHJLG VRFLDOHV ORV TXH FRQ SURKLELU FRQWURO DXWRULWDULR HO FRQGXFWD KXPDQD GHOD $XQTXH GH WDQWR HQ WDQ WR VXUJHQ SRGHU DEXVRV LQVWLWXFLRQDO GHO WRWDOLWDULDV QR VRQ ODV FRQVWLWX\HQ ODV TXH UHJODV XQ SHOL JUR LQPLQHQWH ([LVWH PiV SHOLJUR HQ ORV LQWHQWRV GHOLEHUDGRV G \DPDWHULDO VHDRGHFXDOTXLHU RWUR WLSR TXH &XDQGR HQORVLQWHQWRV GHQWUR GHXQD VRFLHGDG DELHUWD TXH VHD SRU PXFKRV GH VXV SUiFWLFDV PLHPEURV VRFLDOHV VHEHQ SHUMXGLFLDOHV PDQWLHQHQ \VH pVWDV UHVLVWHQ VH DGHVDSDUHFHU WUDWD 7RPDQGR PLHQWR LQMXVWR DSOLFDGR DFLHUWDV UHFLELU PLQRUtDV HO DSR\R HQGH EHQH ODV PDVDV VLQ GH WHQHU QHFHVLGDG TXH DSOLFDU QRUPDV GHVSyWLFDV 'HVGH OXHJR OXFKDU HO GHQRGDGDPHQWH KRPEUH FRQWUD GHEH HVH WUDWR LQKXPDQR &X FRQVHFXHQFLDVXQ SHUMXGLFLDOHV HVWLOR GHYLGD GH GHWHUPLQDGR RWURV DVSHFWRV JUDWLILF VHGH PRUDQ \DFXPXODQ GH IRUPD LPSHUFHSWLEOH XQ DJHQWH HOLQGLYLG YR OXQWDULR GH VX SURSLD DXWRGHVWUXFFLyQ EDVWDQWHV SHUVRQDV TXH 3RU VH WDQWR EHQHIL DFWLYLGDGHV TXH YD\DQ GHJUDGDQGR SURJUHVLYDPHQWH H UUHVWDQWHV DFDEDUiQ WDPELpQ SRUDVRODGR (O LQGLYLGXR HVPiV DXWRULGDG FDSD] WL GH UHV UiQLFD TXH DLQPHGLDWD OD JUDWLILFDFLyQ GH VXV LQWHUHVHV &RQ HOFUHFLPLHQWR GH SREODFLRQHV \ ODGLIXVLyQ G TXH GLVPLQX\HQ ORV UHFXUVRV ILQLWRV DSUHQGHU DGHO DIURQWDU PXQGR ODV HO Q YDV UHDOLGDGHV E~VTXHGD GH VXH[LVWHQFLD JHQHUDOL]DGD GH /D DXPHQWHQ DFWLYLGDGHV DOPi[LPR TXH HOQ~PHUR GHSHUVRQDOHV JUDWLILFDFLRQHV SXHGH SURGXFLU FRQVHFXHQFLDV SHUM WDQ HQ WRGRV UHDOLGDGHV /DV VRFLDOHV QXHYDVUHTXHULUiQ XQ VHQWLGR PiV FRQVLGHUDFL GH OD UH SRQVDELOLGDG PiV HOHYDGR UHVSHFWR GH ODV FRQVHFXHQ /DV SUHVLRQHVVRFLHGDG TXH REOLJDUiQ LPSRQGUi OD DVXERUGLQDU ODVSUHIHUH 0RGHORV GH QDWXUDOH]D y FDXVDOLGDG KXPDQD WHUHVHVGHODFROHFWLYLGDG (OUHWRTXHVHQRV PXHYDQ HOELHQ FRP~Q GH IRUPD TXH WDPELpQ VH S &DPELDU DTXHOODVSUiFWLFDV PX\H[WHQGLGDV TXH SHUMXGLFLDOHVDODODUJDQRVLJQLILFDQHFHVDULD ELHQHVWDEOHFLGRTXHVHSXHGHPRGLILFDUPiVOD QLHQGRSURKLELFLRQHV 3RU HMHPSORODWDVD GHQDFLPLHQWRV VHK GHVDUUROORHFRQyPLFRODLQIRUPDFLyQGHORVSHO FLyQIDPLOLDU y HOGHVDUUROOR GHWpFQLFDV SDUDHOFRQWURO WULFFLyQDODVDFWLYLGDGHV (Q HVWHFDVRFRQFUHWR VH[XDOHVQLLPSXHVWR VRFLDOHVGHODPD\RUtD FRLQFLGHQ FRQORVLQGLY WDPELpQSRGUiQ VHUUHHPSOD]DGDV DOWHPDWLYDV PiVEHQHILFLRVDVV SRU OORQRVHYHDREVWDFXOL]DGR SRULQWHUHVHVSDUW āHO KRPEUHDFWXDO UHVSHFWR GHODXWRPyYLOFRQVXPLGRU GHJUDQGHV GLVPLQXLUFRQPD\RUUDSLGH]FUHDQGRPHGLRVGHW \ HFRQyPLFRVTXH FRQWLQXDQGR FRQODSURGXFFLyQGHPLOORQHVGHDX OLEUHVGHSHDMH\DXPHQWDQGR HQWRQFHVHOFRVWH URGHSHUVRQDVTXHGHXQDIRUPDGLUHFWDRLQGLU GHDXWRPyYLOHVIDEULFDGRV HODSR\RS~EOLFRPDQ GH WUDQVSRUWH FX\RV HIHFWRV VRQSHUMXGLFLDOHV eVWRV VRQVyORDOJXQRVHMHPSORVGHFyPRVHSU VXSHUYLYHQFLD FROHFWLYD DPSOLDQGR \QRUHGXFL FRQVLJXHFDPELDUODFRQGXFWDPiVUiSLGDPHQWH op VL FLRQHVYHQWDMRVDV \ HOHYHHOFRVWHGHODVSUiFWLFDVWUDGLFL VDVDODUJRSOD]R&XDQGR HOKRPEUHQRGLVSRQH WDUGD HQDEDQGRQDU DTXHOODVFRQGXFWDV TXHDFW~DQFRQ DQWH āODSHUV SHFWLYD GH QXPHURVDV FRQVHFXHQFLDV QHJDWLYDV /DSVLFRORJtDQRSXHGHGHFLUDOKRPEUHFyPRK ā6Ë SXHGHSURSRUFLRQ PHGLRVTXHOHSHUPLWDQUHDOL]DU y SXHGHD\XGDUOHWDPE FDPELRVDQLYH JLUGHIRUPDDGHFXDGDHQVHxiQGROHDHYDOXDUOR FLRQHVLQVWLWXFLRQDOHV&RPRFLHQFLDLQWHUHVDGD SRUWDU DODVRFLHGDGODSVLFRORJtDKDGHSURPR SVLFROyJLFDV TXHKDFHQUHIHUHQFLDDQRUPDV VR XWLOL]DGRV HQ IDYRUGHOD y QRHQ VX FRQWUD KXPDQLGDG &DStWXOR 2 Aprendizajepor observación 6LHOFRQRFLPLHQWR SXGLHUD DGTXLULUVH ~QLFDPHQWHFRPSRUWDQ DWUDYpV QXHV GH ORV WURVORVSURFHVRV DFWRV GH GHVDUUROOR FRJQLWLYR \VRFLDO VH YHUtDQ HQ H[WUHPR UHWDUGDGRV VLQ PHQ FLRQDU ORWHGLRVRV TXH UHVXOWDUtDQ /RV LPSHGLPHQWRV SRU HOWLHPSR LPSXHVWRV UHFXUVRV y ODPR ORV YLOLGDG OLPLWDQ LPSRUWDQWH ODV GH IRUPD VLWXDFLRQHV y ODV DFWLYLGDGHV VHUTXH H[SORUDGDV SXHGHQ GLUHFWDPHQWH UHSUHVHQWD 6LQ ODJXtD LQIRUPDFLyQ SURSRUFLRQDGD OD TXH ORV GHPiV SRU PXFKRV QXHVWURV HVIXHU]RV FRPSRUWDUtDQ JUDYHV QRV HUURUHV \ $IRUWXQDGDPHQWH WUDEDMR LQQHFHVDUL PD\RU SDUWH FRQGXFWD GH OD VHDSUHQGH KXPDQD SRU REVHUYDFLyQ PHGLDQWH 2EVHUYDQGR PRGHODGR DORV GHPiV IRUPDPRV GH FRQGXFWD ODV y HVWD UHJODV LQIRUPDFLyQ FRGLILFDGD HQRFDVLRQHV fu VLUYH WXUDVSDUD Gp OD JXtD DFFLyQ 'DGR TXH DQWHV GHVDUUROODU FXDOTXLHU GH FRQGXFWD SHUVRQDV SXH ODV GHQ DSUHQGHU GH IRUPD DSUR[LPDGD OR TXH KDFHU GHEHQ WUDYpV D GHOUHVXOWD PRGHODGR SRVLEOHOHV DKRUUDUVH \ ORV HO FRVWRV VXIULPLHQWR TXH RFDVLRQDQ ā/D FDSDFLGDG ORV HVIXHU SDU āDSUHQGHU REVHUYDFLyQ SRU ODV SHUVRQDV SHUPLWH DPSOLDU DVXVFRQRFLPLHQWRV \ KDELOLGDGHV HQEDVH D ODLQIRUPDFLyQ PDQLIHVWDGD SURWDJRQL]DGD SRU GHPiV ORV *UDQGHO SDUWH DSUHQGL]DMH HVWi VRFLD IDYRUHFLGR SRUOD REVHUYDFLyQ GH ODV HMHFXFLRQHV y GHODV UHDOHV FRQVHFXHQFLDV GH ORVGHPiV TXH OHVDFWXDFLRQHV FRPSRUWDQ 6LQ OHV HPEDUJR XQD YLUWXG HVSHFLDO PRGHODGR HVTXH PHGLDQWH GHOORV PRGHORV VLPEyOLFRV SXHGH WUDQVPLWLU VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH GHH[WHQVD FRQRFLPLHQWRV DSOLFDELO XQYDVWRSHUVRQDV Q~PHUR %DViQGRVH GH HQODV FRQFHSFLRQHV FRQGXFWD GHOD PHGLR GHVFULWD GH SRU SDODEUDV y GH LPiJHQHV ORVWUDVFHQGHU REVHUYDGRUHV ORV OLPLWHV SXHGHQ GH VX HQWRUQR \ Diferenciación ·de los fenómenos del modelado $ ORODUJR GHOWLHPSR KD YHQLGR HOPRGHODGR UHFRQRFLHQGR VH FRPR XQR GH GHURVRV GHWUDQVPLVLyQ y SDWURQHV GH YDORUHV GH y GH SHQVDPLHQWR FRQGXFWD DFWLWXGHV (Q ODV WHR UtDV H LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV SURFHVR GHSVLFROyJLFDV PRGHODGR R SRU PHQRV OR ā FLHUWRV HO DVSHFWRV PLVPR UHFLEH QRPEUHV GLVWLQWRV 6LJXLHQGR ODV WUDGLFLRQHV FRQFHSWXDOHV PXFKRV WHyULFRV KDQ ā FRQVLGHUDGR cotcoimitación, HOPRGHODGR HVGHFLU XQSURFHVR FRPR HO FXDO XQRUJDQLVPR SRU LPLW ORVDFWRV GH RWUR XQ SHUtRGR RUJDQLVPR GHWLHPSR JHQHUDO HQ FRUWR (VWH SRU āFRQFHSWR ,R GHOPR GHODGR FRPR UHVSXHVWD VLPSOH GH LPLWDFLyQ KD KHFKR SRGHU \ G TXH XUDQWH PXFKRV GLVPLQX\HUD 68"• $SUHQGL]DMH SRU .69 REVHUYDF DxRVKDOLPLWDGRHOFDPSRGHLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV DO UHVSHFWR /-V HVWXGLRV TXH EDVH DHVWDFRQFHSFLyQVHKDQOLPLWDGRDXWLOL] FRQTXHDSDUWLUGHXQDVFXDQWDV UHVSXHVWDV GH SDFHV GHUHSURGXFLUODFRQGXFWD PRGHODGDHQVLW ODLPLWDFLyQGHDFWRVHVSHFtILFRV(QUHDOLGDG PRGHODGRRWRUJDFRQFHSFLRQHV \UHJODVTXHSHUPL SDUDGLIHUHQWHVSURSyVLWRV\FLUFXQVWDQFLDV (Q TXHXQDUHVSXHVWDGHLPLWDFLyQFRQVWLWX\HXQD DFHSWDQODFRQFHSFLyQGHODLPLWDFLyQOLPLWDQG WLEOHV GH VHULQWURGXFLGRV PHGLDQWH HOPRGHODG (QODWUDGLFLyQSVLFRGLQiPLFD YDULRVWHyULFRV UUROOR LQWHUSUHWDQ HOSURFHVR identificación. ([FHSWR GHPRGHODGR HQFXDQWR FRPRD LGHQWLILFDFLyQVXSRQHODLQFRUSRUDFLyQ JHQHUDO FRQFHSFLyQQRVHSRQHQGHDFXHUGRVREUHHQTXp QLILFDGRGLVWLQWRSDUDFDGDDXWRU$Vt DOJXQRV GHFRQGXFWD .RKOEHUJ 3DUVRQV RWURVFRPRODUHSUHVHQWDF (PPHULFK FRPROD DGRSFLyQ GH VLVWHPDV FRPRODDVXQFLyQGHPRWLYRVYDORUHVLGHDOHV\ *HZLUW]\6WLQJOH &RQIUHFXHQFLDODLGHQWLILFDFLyQWDPELpQ VH GLVWLQJXHGHODLPLWDFLyQ H QDQWHVTXHVHVXSRQHQUHODWLYRVDFDGD XQD 6HJ~QHOFRQFHSWRGH3DUVRQV ODLGHQWL UHTXLHUHXQ©YtQFXORFDWp[LFRJHQHUDOL]DGRª \ ODLPLWDFLyQQR.RKOE FRQ VHUYDHOWpUPLQRLGHQWLILFDFLyQSDUDODFRQGXFW IDFFLRQHV LQWUtQVHFDV GHULYDGDV GHODVLPLOLWXG XQD FRQGXFWD GH HPSDUHMDPLHQWR PDQWHQLGD SRU U FRQGXFWD GHLPLWDFLyQTXHDSDUHFH \ ODTXHVHSUR HQSUHVHQFLD GXFHHQDXVHQFLDGHpVWHFRPRLGHQWLILFDFLyQ . SRFRDFXHUGRVREUHFyPRGLVWLQJXLUODLPLWDFLyQ LPLWDFLyQSURGXFHODLGHQWLILFDFLyQPLHQWUDVT PLHQWR TXH HVOD LGHQWLILFDFLyQ ODTXHRULJLQD /DV GLVWLQFLRQHV DUELWUDULDV TXH DFDEDPRV GH HPStULFRVGHTXHVHGLVSRQH %DQGXUD D ]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ GH XQD FRQGXFWD HVSHFtILF SDUHFLGD HQHODSUHQGL]DMHGHXQFRQMXQWRGHF UHWHQHUVH DPRGRGHJXtDSDUD ODVDFFLRQHVIXWX SRFRSXHGHDSRUWDPRV HOEXVFDUGLIHUHQFLDVHQI 1L ODWHRUtD QLODV SUXHEDV HPStULFDV la RSLQLyQ SXHGHQ GHTXHODV DSR\DU UHDOPHQ DFWLY GHVDUUROODGDV FRQSRVWHULRULGDG HQSUHVHQFLD G SURFHVRVGLVWLQWRVD DTXHDV GHVDUUROODGDVPiVWDUGHHQDXVHQFLD HO PRGHODGRHQ EDVH DORVIDFWRUHVTXHPDQWLHQHQODFRQGXFWDU VXIXQFLyQ8QDLQIOXHQFLDPRGHODGDSRGHURVDS ORVSDWURQHV GHSHQVDPLHQWR ODVUHVSXHVWDV HP VHQWKDO\%DQGXUD /DVGHVLJQDFLRQHVDUE ILFDFLyQ y RWURV FRPRLPLWDFLyQ VyORVLUYHQSDUD RVFX (QODWHRUtDFRJQLWLYDVRFLDO HO WpUPLQRJHQpULFR modelado VHXWLOL]DSDUDFDUDFW VRVSVLFROyJLFRVGHLPLWDFLyQ\ODUD]yQGHHO SVLFROyJLFRV PXFKRPiVDPSOLRVTXHODVLPSOHUH LPLWD FLyQ\ORVFULWHULRVXWLOL]DGRVSDUDGHILQLUH LGHQWLILFDFL yQ VRQGHPDVLDGRGLIX ELWUDULRV \HPStULFDPHQWH SDUD DFODUDUFXHVWLRQHV FXHVWLRQDEOHVRSDUD FRPR JDFLyQ /D WHRUtD FRJQLWLYDVRFLDOGLVWLQJXHH XQRSRU GLVWLQWRVGHWHUPLQDQWHV PHFDQLVPRV VXE\DFHQWHV /DGLIHU FRQVLGHUDQGR ORVHIHFWRVTXHUHIOHMDQPHFDQLVPR HO PRGHODGR SVLFRVRFLDOTXHGLIHUHQFLDU ORVIHQyP SRUFLRQDQ āWD[RQRPtDV GLVFXWLEOHV \ /B 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV (IHFWRV DSUHQGL]DMH GHO SRU REVHUYDFLyQ 0HGLDQWH ODREVHUYDFLyQ GHORV GHPiV GHODDFWXDFLyQ ORVREVHUYDGRUHV DGTXLULUKDELOL SXHGHQ GDGHV FRJQLWLYDV \QXHYRV (O DSUHQGL]DMH SDWURQHVSXHGH GHFRQGXFWD SDWURQHV GHFRQ FRQVLVWLU H GXFWD QXHYRV FULWHULRV GH HYDOXDFLyQ GH QXHYDV FRPSHWHQFLDV FRQ GXFWDV &XDQGR VH SRQH GH PDQLILHVWR HQ DTXHOODV FRQ PiV FODULG VL WXDFLRQHV HQ ODV TXH SDWURQHV ORV GHPRGHORV SHQVDPLHQWR PXHVWUDQ QXHYRV RGH GH ORV FRQGXFWD FXDOHV FDUHFtD HOREVHUYDGRU SHUR HPLWLUGH TXHWUDV IRUPD SDUH ODREVH FLGD %DQGXUD OD %DQGXUD \-HIIHU\ 5RVHQWKDO \=LPPHUPDQ 7RGD FRQGXFWD TXH DQWHV GHO XQD PRGHODGR SUREDELOLGDG WHQJD QXOD SHVDU GHGHTXH DSDULFLyQ DGH VH LQGX] D FXDGDPHQWH D ORV REVHUYDGRUHV D UHDOL]DUOD VH FRQ /DV LQIOXHQFLDV GHO PRGHODGR FRPSRQHQWHV ā HQVHxDQ \ SURSRUFLRQDQ ODV ODV UHJODV KDELOLGD SDUD VXRUJDQL]DFLyQ GH āFRQGXFWD HQQXHYDV 3DUD WRPDU HVWUXFWXUDV XQ HMHPSOR VHQFLOO SXHGHQ HPLWLU GLVWLQWRV IRQHPDV QDWXUDO FRPR DVX 5HFXUULHQGR UHVXOWDGR DUVHQDOGH GH āVRQLGRV HOHPHQWDOHV SXHGHQ DGTXLULU XQD superH[SUHVLyQ . califragilisticoexpiralidoso. · $XQTXHāHV SRVLEOH TXH QHFHVDULRV SRVHDQ RUJDQL ORVFRPSRQ OD ]DFLyQ GH ORV PLVPRV HV QXHYD ā ā $OJXQRV DXWRUHV VH FRQGXFWD KDQ IRUPDGD SUHJXQWDGR ~QLFDPHQWH SDUWLU VL GHOD OD LQWHJUD D FLyQ GHHOHPHQWRV SUHH[LVWHQWHV \D TXH UHSUHVHQWD HQHVWHUHDOPHQW FDVR H GXR GLVSRQH \D GH ORV FRPSRQHQWHV QHFHVDULRV .XKQ 9LVWR GHVGH $URQIUHHG HVWH āSXQWR IRV SLDQLVWDV FDSDFHV GH KDQ LQWHUSUHWDU FRQVHJXLGR DSUHQGHU D %HHW āQDGD QXHYR SXHVWR TXH \DSRVHtDQ GHVGH ODUHVHUYD XQ SULQFLSLR GH PRYLPLHQWRV G UtRV HQVXV UHSHUWRULRV 3RU HOPLVPR FRQGXFWXDOHV UD]RQDPLHQWR SRGUtD FRQVLGHUDU %HHWKRYHQ VH HOGH FUHDGRU VLQIRQtDV QXHYDV VLPSOHPHQWH SXHVWR ā VH OLPLWy TXH QRWDV D FRPELQDU SUHH[LV āā WHQWHV ā(IHFWR ,QKLELGRU\ GHVLQKLELGRU 8QD VHJXQGD IXQFLyQ LPSRUWDQWH HV OD GH IRUWDOHFHU GHO PRGHODGR ODV LQKLELFLRQHV RGLVPLQXLU VREUH OD FRQGXFWD KD VLGR TXH SUHYLDPHQWH DSUHQGLGD VREUH OD /RV DXWROLPL HIHFWRV WDFLyQ GHODFRQGXFWDLQIRUPDFLyQ GHSHQGHQ TXH DSRUWH HQJUDQ IDFWLELOLGDG VREUH SDUWH \ODV OD GHOD FRQVHFXHQFLDV SUREDEOHV GH ORV FXUVRV IXHU]D GHO GHLPSDFWR DFFLyQ PR SURGXFLGR SRUWDO LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH WRGR ODV GHWUHV UHVWULFFLRQ IDFWR UHV GHODRSLQLyQ FDSDFLGDG GHO REVHUYDGRU UHDOL]DU SDUD PRGHODGD ODFRQGXFWD VREUH GH VXSHU VX FHSFtyQ ODVDFFLRQHV GH PRGHODGDVSURGXFWRUDV HQ FXDQWR GH FRQVHFXHQFLDV SRVLWLYDV y· GH ODV LQIHUHQFLDV TXH KDJD VREUH ODSUREDELOLGDG GH T āGLVWLQWDV VL pāOPLVPR UHDOL]DUD DFWLYLGDGHV DQiORJDV D ODV GHO PRGHOR ā /RV HIHFWRV LQKLELGRUHV el REVHUYDGRU VHLQILHUHQ UHGXFHOD RELHQ FXDQGR GH UHDOL]DFLyQ ODFODVH GHFRQGXFWD HVWi VLHQGR TXH PRGHODGDR ELHQ VHYXHOYH HQ JHQHUDO PiV OLPL DODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV QHJDWLYDV TXH PRGHOR REVHUYD /RV HIHFWRV VREUH HO GHVLQKLELGRUHV PDQLILHVWR FXDQGR ORVREVHUYDGRUHV DXPHQWDQ OD UHD GD FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD KDEHU REVHUYDGR GHTXH RWUDV SHUVRQDV DPHQD]DQWHV RUHDOL]DQ SURKLELGDV VLQ TXH HOOR DGYHUVRV OHV FRPSRUWH HIHFWRV (IHFWRV GH IDFLOLWDFLyQ UHVSXHVWD GH /RV DFWRV GH ORV GHPiV WDPELpQ GH FRQGXFWDV SXHGHQ VHUYLU SUHYLDPH GH L WHDSUHQGLGDV SHUR SRU QR SUDFWLFDGDV HOREVHUYDGRU QR SRU LQKLELFLyQ VLQR SRU VXILFLHQWHV 0LUDUKDFLD āDUULED DOYHU TXHXQ JUXSR GHSHUVRQDV PLUDQ DOF QRGHOD IDFLOLWDFLyQ ODUHVSXHVWD TXH SXHGH FRPSRUWDU GH PRGHODGR (VWRV HIHFWRV VHGLIHUHQ GHO DSUHQGL]DMHSRUREVHUYDFLyQ y GH fa GHVLQKLELFLyQHQ TXHQR UHSUHVHQWDQ DGTXLVLFLyQGHFRQ OD GXFWDV QXHYDV QRSDUWLFLSDQ \HQ SURFHVRV TXH GHVLQKLELGRUHV\D TXH OD FRQGXFWD HOHJLGDHV DFHS WDGD VRFLDOPHQWH y QR VH ā REVWDFXOL]DGD YH OLPLWDFLRQHV ā HVSHFtILFDV SRU HO t • • ā $SUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDF +D\ DEXQGDQWHV HVWXGLRV GH ODERUDWRULR \ GH FDPSR %D IOXHQFLD GH ORV PRGHORV HQ OD DFWLYDFLyQ GHPiV FDQDOL]DFLyQ 0H GLDQWH HO HMHPSOR VH SXHGH FRQVHJXLU TXH ODV SHUVRQDV FLRV SRVSRQJDQ REXVTXHQ UHFRPSHQVDV GHPXHVWUHQ DIH PHQWDULDV FRQYHUVHQ VREUH GHWHUPLQDGRV WHPDV VHDQ FUHDWLYD R FRQYHQFLRQDO R DFW~HQ 3RU WDQWR GH FXDOTXLHU ORV WLSRV RWUD GH I ORV TXH SUHYDOH]FDQ XQ PHGLR VRFLDO HQ GHWHUPLQDUiQ HQ SDUWH ODV FX IRUPD VHOHFWLYD GH HQWUH WRGDV ODV SRVLEOHV D HOHJL (IHFWRVGHLQFUHPHQWR DPELHQWDO GHOD HVWLPXODFLyQ /D FRQGXFWD GH ORVPRGHORV QR VyOR DFW~D FRPR LQGX TXH DODYH] GLULJH OD DWHQFLyQ GHO REVHUYDGRU KDF UHVXOWDGR HOOR SXHGH GH DXPHQWDU GHIRUPD LPSRUWDQWH ODXWLOL]DFLyQ REMHWR HQ FXHVWLyQ DXQTXH QR QHFHVDULDPHQWH OD PLVPD ILQDOLGDG (Q XQ GH OD HVWXGLRSDUD UHDOL]DGR LOXVWUDU HVWH HIHFWR KDEtDQ VHREVHUYy SUHVHQFLDGR TXHFyPR ORV DSDOHDED DXQ PXxHFR FRQ XQ PD]R QR VyOR DGRSWDED WDPELpQ DXPHQWDED ODXWLOL]DFLyQ GHOPD]R HQRWUDV KDEtDQ REVHUYDGR OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH HVWH LQVWUXPHQWR %DQGXUD ,QFOXVR DOJXQDV OD VLPLOLWXG YHFHV HQ OD HMHFXFLyQ FRQVHFXHQFLD SXHGH GH la FRQVHJ IXQFLyQ GH DWUDFFLyQ GHOD DWHQFLyQ GHOPRGHODGR \ GRUD GHODFRQGXFWD (Q HVWRV FDVRV ODFRQGXFWD GHOPRGHOR KD FDQD FLDHVWtPXORV GHWHUPLQDGRV KDFLD VLWXDFLRQHV RORDUUDVWUD XQDFRQGXFWDVLPLOD TXHSURYRFDQ %LQ GUD %XOORFN\ 1HXULQJHU 3RU HMHPSOR ORV DQLPDOHV PD\RU FDQWLGDG FRQVXPHQ GH DOLPHQWR FXDQGR VH DOLPHQWDQ SRU SDUHMDV \D TXH FXD VDFLDGRV HPSH]DUiQ DFRPHU VLYHQ TXHRWURV SiMDU ODLQJHVWD REVHUYDGD HQORVSROORV KD VHUHVWDEOH]FD YXHOWR DVHUGL JLGD KDFLD HOJUDQR SRU OD LQJHVWD QR GH ORVPRGHORV 6RODPHQWH S WHV GHFRQGXFWDV VLPLODUHV FRPSDUDQGR HOFRPSRUWDP HVWi GLULJLGD KDFLD VHxDOHV LQGXFWRUDV OD FRQGXFWD QRVRFLDOHV SHUR VHR DO REVHUYDGRU ORV HVWtPXORV LPSXOVRUHV GH OD FRQG (IHFWRV GHDFWLYDFLyQHPRFLRQDO /DV LQWHUDFFLRQHV VRFLDOHV KDELWXDOPHQWH LPSOLFDQ PRGHORV H[SUHVDQ UHVSXHVWDV VXHOHSURYRFDU OD DFWLYDFLyQ HPRFLRQDOHV HPRFLRQDO ā GRU 8Q LQFUHPHQWR GHOD DFWLYDFLyQ HQIXQFLyQ GHFyP GDG \ IRUPD GHOD FRQGXFWD TXH \=LOOPDQ VHUHDOL]D &XDQGR-DV 7DQQHQEDXP HPRFLRQH VRQ DFWLYDGDV YLFDULDPHQWH HQ DVRFLDFLyQ FRQ FLHU HPSLH]DQ DGHVDUUROODU UHVSXHVWDV HPRFLRQDOHV DQW GRV %HUJHUā (Q UHVXPHQ OD LQIOXHQFLD DFWXDU FRPR GHOLQVWUXFWRUD PRGHODGR SXHGH LQKLELG GRUD IDFLOLWDGRUD LQFUHPHQWDQGR DFWLYDQGR ODV HPRFLRQHV ORV HVWtPXORV $XQTXH O \ IXQFLRQHV GHOPRGHODGR SXHGHQ DFWXDU SRU 3RU VHSDUDGR HMHPSOR HQHOiPELWR GHORVHVWLORV WDQWR GHPDHVWURV DJUHVLYRV FRPR QXH GHVLQKLELGRUHV &XDQGR XQD FRQGXFWD PRGHODGD QXH DSUHQGHU OD FRQGXFWD SHQDOL]DGD DODYH] TXH ODVUHVW GH D OD YH] H LQGXFLU FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV HQVHxDU VLPLODUHV (V ~WLO GLVWLQJXLU HQWUH ORVGLIHUHQWHV IHQyPHQRV FRQFHSWRV \GHJXLDU KDFLD ORVGHWHUPLQDQWHV ODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV \PHFDQLVPRV YHUVRV HIHFWRV $OJXQDV GH ODV GLVSXWDV VREUH HO DSUHQGL]D FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD SDUD GHOD GLVWLQJXLU LQFDSDFLGDG ORV HVWXGLRV SDUD VREUH P DFODUDU ORV HIHFWRV GHO DSUHQGL]DMH SDUD H[SOLFDU GH DTXHOORV ORV HIHFWRV GLVHxD GH ā ā ā a 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV z o Zh oU! ]R R o DD R ^: R D W W z R ü u ! o· o D R w R (/) R (/) w u o a: H ·t z R H R u FD e:CI> ü z Z .o o Z D o D Z āR R Z :oH R a: «) CI> R en N U) u o. ,- R t 4 H «) 3, 0 H Z CI> ::::1 O" ^ en z ü z Z R O> R 4 R U) u o u o D R .o U) w R ::::1 en $SUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ GHIDFLOLWDFLyQ VRFLDO RGHLQFUHPHQWR (VWH FDStWX GH ODHVWLPX OR WUDWD SULQFLSDOPHQWH GHO DSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ GXFWD $QiOLVLV PXOWLSURFHVR DSUHQGL]DMH REVHUYDFLyQ GHO SRU (Q JUDQ SDUWH HODSUHQGL]DMH XQD DFWLYLGDG GHSURFHVDPLHQWR HV GHLQI IRUPDFLyQ VREUH FRQGXFWD OD HVWUXFWXUD \VREUH ORV GH DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV OD HV WUDQVIRUDPE PDGD HQ UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV SDUD VLPEyOLFDV HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR (Q TXH HO DQiOLVLV VLUYHQG FRJQLWLYR VRFLDO GHO DSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ DFW~DQ VREUH WRGR SRU PHGLR 8QR GHORVPHGLRV GH VXIXQFLyQ PiV LQIRUPDW HILFDFH FLRQDU LQIRUPDFLyQ SDUD SURGXFLU VREUH ODV QXHYDV UHJODV VXPLQLVWUDU FRQGXFWDV XQPRGHOR HV GH SHQVDPLHQWR \ GH DFFLyQ (QHVWD IRUPXODFLyQ UHVXPLGD GH IRUPD HVTXHPiWLFD HQ FLyQ HVWi UHJXODGR SRU FXDWUR procesos de atención SURFHVRV TXH UHJXODQ FRQVWLWX\HQ ODH[ UDFLyQ y OD SHUFHSFLyQ GH ODV 0HGLDQWH DFWLYLGDGHV ORV procesos de retención, PRGHODGDV ODV H[SHULHQFLDV WUDQVLWRULDV SRU OD PHPRULD VRQ FRQYHUWLGDV HQ FRQFHSWRV VLPEyO PRGHORVSDUD LQWHUQRV ODHPLVLyQ GH UHVSXHVWDV SDUD ODFRUUHFFLyQ \GHFULWHULRV GHODVP procesos de producción UHJXODQ ODRUJDQL]DFLyQ GHODV VXEKDELOL WURQHV UHVSXHVWD GH 3RU ~OWLPR procesosORV de motivación GHWHUPLQDQ TXHDG ODV FRPSH TXLULGDV SRU REVHUYDFLyQ VH SRQJDQ R QR HQ SUiFWLFD 3URFHVRV GHDWHQFLyQ 3DUD TXH VH SURGX]FD SRU REVHUYDFLyQ HODSUHQGL]DMH DWHQGHU HV y QHFHVDULR SHUFLELU GH IRUP SUHFLVD ORV DVSHFWRV ODV DFWLYLGDGHV UHOHYDQWHV PRGHODGDV GH /RV SURFHV QDQ OR TXH HV REVHUYDGR SRU HO LQGLYLGXR GH IRUPD PRGHODGDV \OD IRUPDFLyQ TXH VHH[WUDH 3RU WDQWR GH OD ORV DWHQFL DFRQ VHOHFWLYD XQD GHHV OD VXEIXQFLRQHV āFUXFLDOHV GHO DSUHQGL]DMH SRU REV 6RQGLYHUVRV ORVIDFWRUHV TXH LQIOX\HQ HQODH[SO GRHQHOHQWRUQR VRFLDO \VLPEyOLFR $OJXQRV GHpV YDV \FRQ RWURV DWULEXWRV GHORV ODV REVHUYDGRUHV SURSLHGDGHV GHO 2WU DFWLYLGDGHV PRGHODGDV \RWURV HQILQSHUWHQHFHQ KXPDQDV TXH JUDQ GHWHUPLQD ā SDUWH ORV WLSRV HQ GH PRGHORV VXVFHSWLEOH Propiedades de las actividades modeladas. /D UDSLGH] \HOQLYHOGHO DSUHQ FLyQ UHVXOWDUiQ DIHFWDGRV SRU OD VDOLHQFLD GLVFULPLQDELOLGDG \FRP GHODGDV /RV DFWRV VHQFLOORV DSUHQGHUiQ PX\ PHGLDQWH FRQUDSLGH] HYLGHQWHV REVHUYDFLyQ VH HPEDUJR ORV QLxRV SHTXHxRV TXH VH GLVWUDHQ FRQ I FLyQ WRGDYtD GHILFLHQWHV WLHQHQ GLILFXOWDG SDUD OORV TXH QRFRQVLJXHQ FDSWDU \ UHWHQHU VXDWHQFLyQ 3RU HMHPSOR SUHVWDQ ORVQLxRV PD\RU DWHQFLyQ ODV DFFLRQHV PRGHODGDV VLVH DFRPSDxDQ GH REMHWRV TXH VLORVPLVPRV SDWURQHV GH UHVSXHVWD VHPRGHODQ REMHWR $EUDYDQHO /HYDQ*ROGVFKPLGW \ 6WHYHQVRQ (O QLYHO GH DWHQFLyQ HVX UD]RQDEOHPHQWH FDSDFLGDG EXHQR LPLWDWLYD GHOD 0XFKDV GHOQLxR YHFHV SDGUHV ORV DXPHQWDQ ODVD OLHQFLD GH OD FRQGXFWD TXH LQWHQWDQ GHVDUUROODU H YDPDQHUD GH TXH FRQVLJD FDSWDU VX DWHQFLyQ (VWDV YLYDV PDQLIHVWDFLRQHV IDFLO OD FRQGXFWD : D[OHU PRGHODGD \ <DUURZ (Q ODV IRUPDV FRPSOHMDV PiV PRGHODGR GH ORV REVHUYDGRUHV DSUHQGHQ Pi HVSHFtILFRV SUHVHQWDGRV UHJODVeVWD JHQHUDWLYDV HVXQD ODERU TXH GLI H \D TXH ODV UHJODV KDQ GH H[WUDHUVH GH UHVSXHVWDV WHV $ ILQGH D\XGDU DORVREVHUYDGRUHV DGLVWLQJXLU ORVUDVJR /B 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ)XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV UDOPHQWH KD\ TXH FRPSOHPHQWDU HOSURFHVR la GHPRGH DWHQFLyQ(OPRGHODGR OLQJtVWLFR FRQVWLWX\H XQEXHQ HMHPSOR5HVXOW B ODVSURSLHGDGHVFRPXQHVTXHLOXVWUDQ ODVUHJODV OHVPRGHODGDV VHH[DJHUDQ ORVDVSHFWRV HVHQFLDO FUHWDV SDUD ORV FRQFHSWRV DEVWUDFWRV \ VH VXPLQ +DUULV %URZQ )HUJXVRQ 6QRZ \ Determinantes del observador. (O SURFHVRGHDWHQFLyQQRFRQVLVW DTXHOODLQIRUPDFLyQTXHLPSUHVLRQD DOVXMHWRREVH QR\ODFRQVWUXFFLyQ DSDUWLU GHORV DFRQWHFLPL VLJQLILFDWLYDV/DVSHUFHSFLRQHV HVWiQ JXLDGDVS YDVGHOREVHUYDGRU y ODVWHQGHQFLDV SHUFHSWXDOHV OHLQFOLQDQ H[SHFWDWLYDVQRVyORFDQDOL]DQ ORTXHREVHUYD ODV FDUDFWH V UtVWLFDVTXHH[WUDHUi GHVXVREVHUYDFLRQHV RLJD$OGDU \HQ FRKHUHQFLD\VLJQLILFDGRDODLQIRUPDFLyQ GLVSRQ HQOD BSHUFHSFLyQ /RVKiELWRV GH REVHUYDFLyQ \ODVVHOHFWLYLGDGHVSHUFHSWL OORSVLFROyJLFR/DVFDSDFLGDGHV GHOREVHUYDGRU FDQWLGDGGHDSUHQGL]DMHSRUREVHUYDFLyQ TXHSRGU DFRQWHFLPLHQWRVPRGHODGRV VHSURGXFHQ FRQXQDUD ELOLGDGHV FRJQLWLYDV GHOREVHUYDGRU HODSUHQGL]DMHVHUiQHFH WLYRVHQHFHVLWDQH[SRVLFLRQHV UHSHWLGDV ODV DFWLYLGD SDUDF GHV āPRGHODGDV /DVLQIOXHQFLDVPRGHODGDV SURGXFHQ VHDMXVWDQDODVFDSDFLGDGHV FRJQLWLYDVGHOREVH PRVFRQPiVGHWDOOH ODLQIOXHQFLDGHORVIDFWRUH &XDQWRPD\RUHVVRQODVKDELOLGDGHV FRJQLWLYDV\ ODSHUFHSFLyQGHOREVHUYDGRU &RPR UHVXOWDGR GH WRVH[SHULPHQWDGRV VRQFDSDFHV GHUHFRQRFHU GLIH EOHVSDUD ORVTXHQRKDQ HQWUHQDGRV ā,QGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH VLGR GHTXHODVD ,OHQHQHOWHUUHQRVRFLDOGHSRUWLYRDUWtVWLFR SDUHFHU FRUUHFWR āSXHGH HVWDU SODJDGR GH XQ HVSHFLDOLVWD LQFRUUHFFLRQHV D Valorfuncional /DVHVWUDWHJLDV PRGHODGDV YDUtDQHQFXD WRGHOHQWRUQR3RU WDQWR ODVIRUPDV GHFRQGXFW TXHODVPHQRVHILFDFHV *UDQ SDUWHGHODDWHQFLyQVHOHFWLYDVHPD GLYLGXRGHTXHWHQGUi TXHGRPLQDUVLWXDFLRQHV FR WLFLSDGRVGHODVKDELOLGDGHV \ GHODVHVWUDWHJLDV PRGHODGDV SURSRUFLRQDQ ORVLQFHQWL SDUD ILMDU OD DWHQFLyQ HQODVFRQGXFWDV GHORVGHPiV&XDQ DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV HQFXDQWR DODFDSWDFLyQ VL pVWHHVSHUD WHQHU GHDWHQ T UUROODUXQDWDUHD VLPLODUDODH[SXHVWD SUHVWDU BGHUiPHMRUTXHVLFRQVLGHUD TXHODVDFWLYLGDGHV IHU'XHUIHOGW 0DUWLQ \ 'RUVHO\ /DSDUWLFLSDFLyQ GHODDWHQFLyQHQDFWLYLGDGHV FRQVHFXHQFLDVH[SHULPHQWDGDV SRUORV GHPiVDVtF GLUHFWDPHQWH(OLQGLYLGXRSUHVWDXQDJUDQDWHQF VHFXHQFLDVJUDWLILFDQWHVSHURKDFHFDVRRPLVRG GH PXHVWUDFODUDPHQWH TXHODVH[SHULHQFLDV GHORVG DWHQFLyQ SDUD DXPHQWDU DSUHQGL]DMHSRU HO REVHUYDFLyQ(Q ORVQLxRV YHUFyPRORV PRGHORV VRQ SUHPLDGRVRFDVWLJDGRV KDFHDXPHQWDU (O QLYHO VXDWHQFLyQ GHDSUHQG ]DMHSRUREVHUYDFLyQIXHPD\RUHQDTXHOORV QLxRV FX\DDWHQFLyQKDFLDODFRQGX PDQWXYR FRQPD\RUIUHFXHQFLD 3DUD SURPRYHU \GXUDQWH HODSUHQGL]DMH PiVWLHPS FLyQGHOFDVWLJR UHVXOWy WDQ HILFD] FRPR OD GHO ā/DHILFDFLDGHOPRGHORVHGHGXFH OD HYLGHQFLDWDQJLEOHTXHSURS HQSDUWHGH $SUHQGL]DMH SRUREVHUYD WDGRV GH \ VXV HQSDUWH DFWRV WDPELpQ GH ORV VtPERORV TXH LQG VDGR &XDQGR HOYDORU GHODV DFFLRQHV DOWHUQDWLYDV GRU SXHGH GHVSOHJDU VX DWHQFLyQ KDFLD RWURV PRGHOR JURV DQWHULRUHV SUHVWDUi DWHQFLyQ (V GHFLU DORV PRGHORV FRQ UHSXWDFLy DTXHOORV RWURV TXH SRU DSDULHQFLD R SRU UHSXWDFLy &RPR RFXUUH FRQ ODPD\RUtD GHLQIOXHQFLDV ORVHI FXHQFLDV GH ODUHVSXHVWD VHPXHYHQ GHQWUR GH FLHUW WDFDQ lo VXILFLHQWH FRPR SDUD FDSWDU OD DWHQFLyQ GHO RE REVHUYDFLyQ VH SURGXFLUi LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GH ORV FLyQ GHO FDVWLJR KDFLD ODV DWUDH DFFLRQHV ODDWHQFLyQ FDVWLJDGDV \SRUWDQ MH SRU ORJHQHUDO VH VXHOHQ HYLWDU DTXHOORV PRGHOR UHVXOWDQ DYHUVLYDV y 5RVHQWKDO DOREVHUYDGRU 3RU WDQWR %DQGXUD FXDQGR HVSR HVPiV SUREDEOH TXH ODVSHUVRQDV FRQVHJXLUUHVXOWDGR VHOHFFLRQHQ SRVLWL ORV P YRV TXH DTXHOORV RWURV TXH UHVXOWDQ FDVWLJDGRV GH Poder de atracción. /D DWHQFLyQ KDFLD GHWHUPLQDGRV PRGHORV YDORU IXQFLRQDO GHVXFRQGXFWD VLQRWDPELpQ SRU HO UHVXOWDQ LQWHUHVDQWHV RJUDWLILFDQWHV HQ FXDOTXLHU WUDV TXH DTXHOORV TXH FDUHFHQ D GH SHVDU DWUDFWLYR H[FHOHQWHV GHOR VRQTXH LJQ SXHGDQ VHU HQ RWURV VHQWLGRV UHDOL]D OD 4XL]iV WHOHYLVLyQ HQ HOPRGHODG .se VHD GRQG SRQJD GH PDQLILHVWR HOFRQWURO GH OD DWHQFLyQ J] QD TXH EXHQD SDUWH GHO PRGHODGR GH OD WHOHYLVLyQ GHHV FDSD] WLHPSR SURORQJDGRV ODDWHQFLyQ GHLQGLYLGXRV GHW GH VHU WDQ HOHYDGD TXH FRQVLJD TXH-RV HVSHFWDGRUHV GLHQWHPHQWH GH TXH VHOHVGHQ SDUD HOOR %DQGXUD RQRRWURV *UXVHF LQFHQWLYRV \0H (Q ODVFRPSUREDFLRQHV HPStULFDV GHODV WHRUtDV HYR xRV ~QLFDPHQWH SXHGHQ REVHUYDU ORV PRGHORV TXH OHV GHQ FRQGXFLU DUHVXOWDGRV HUUyQHRV FXDQGR ORVIDFW ODGR PHGLDQWH VXLQIOXHQFLD VREUH ODV SUHIHUHQFLDV ORV QLxRV REVHUYHQ PRGHORV y QR UHFRPSHQVDQWHV UHFRPSHQVDQWHV GXUDQWH XQ HTXLYDOHQWH pVWRV SXHGHQ DSUHQGHU GH DPERV SHUR PRGHORV UHFRPSHQVDQWHV HLJQRUDUiQ DORV QRUHVSRQ PRGHORV QR UHFRPSHQVDQWHV,QFOXVR VX HQ FRQGXFWD HO FDVR QRVHUi GH TXHDS VH WHQ ORV GRV WLSRV GH PRGHOR VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH OD DWHQFLyQGH XQ PR XQ QLxR TXH XQR QHXWUR H LJXDOPHQWHHV DWHQFLyQFXDQGRVH LQWHQWDGLV PiV FDSD] WUDHUOH <XVVHQ \/HY\ /D VHOHFWLYLGDG ā GH VHUYDFLyQ 3RU UD]RQHV SDUHFLGDV HOVH[R GHOPRGHOR HOHFFLyQ GH \RWUR DVRFLDFLyQ WHQGUiQ HIHFWRV VXVWDQFLDOPHQWH GLVWLQWRV VREUH HO FLRQHV GH H[SRVLFLyQ D ORV PRGHORV IRU]DGD R DXWR Incremento del modelado por medio del aumento de la atención. (Q OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH ORV SULQFLSLRV GHOPRGHODGR HODSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUY FLW GH DWHQFLyQ TXH VHSURGXFHQ FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD DSUHQGL]DMH SUHYLR LPSHUIHFWR GH SUHRFXSDFLRQHV LQVXILFLHQWHV (Q WDOHV FDVRV SXHGHQ XWLOL]DUVH GLVWLQWRV S KDQ VLGR GLVFXWLGRV SDUD DXPHQWDU ODSDUWLFLSDFLy DWHQFLyQ GHO REVHUYDGRU SXHGH FDQDOL]DUVH ,D HMH DFHQWXDQ FXFLyQ 7DPELpQ SXHGH HPSOHDUVH SDUD GLULJLU ODQDUUDFLyQ ODDWHQFLyQ KDFLD OR GXFWD PRGHODGD OD \ HVWUDWHJLD SDUD HVSHFLILFDU JHQHUDO GHOD FXDOGH ORVFRPSRUWDPLHQ DFFLyQ PRGHODGRV VRQVLPSOHV HMHPSORV y 0DFFRE\ 0F*XLUH (O PRGHODGR FRQ 6KH WUDVWDGR GH DFWXDFLRQHV y PDODV SXHGH EXHQDV KDFHU PiVUHFRQRFLEOHV DFWXDFLRQHV VXSHULRUHV 'HEXV /D VXEGLYLVLyQ GHODV VHJPHQWRV DFWLYLGDGHV QDWXUDOHV\ HO UHVDOWDU FRPSOHMDV SRU VHSDUDGR HQ L __ 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ)XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV ODVKDELOLGDGHV FRPSRQHQWHV FRQVLJXH PHMRUHVUH FLyQTXHODH[SRVLFLyQ PDVLYD DODVHMHFXFLRQHV PXFKRPiVIiFLOGLULJLU\PDQWHQHU ODDWHQFLyQFR PRGHODGRPDVLYRH[HQWR GHJXtDPXFKDV YHFHVFRQG FLDFXDQGR HOLQGLYLGXRREVHUYD HVFDSDU VLPSOHPHQWH DVSHFWRV ODV FUXFLDOHV 'H KHFKR VREUHFDUJDGRV ORV FRQ REVHUYDGRUHV XQD LQIRUPDFLyQ PRGHO PiVTXHXQDSUHQGL]DMH LQFRPSOHWR SXHGHQGHVDUUR FRQIXQGHQDVSHFWRV GHORTXHKDQYLVWR\RtGR y GHVDUUROODQ FRQFHSFLRQHV HTX GXFWD PRGHODGDy 0HQORYH %DQGXUD *UXVHF +DELWXDOPHQWH ORVVXMHWRVQHFHVLWDQ ODRSRUWXQ VHUYDFLyQ y REVHUYDFLyQ /DV GHILFLHQFLDV HYLGHQWHV HQ EXVFDUHQODVLJXLHQWHREVHUYDFLyQ GHODDFWLYLGD SDUWLUGHODHMHFXFLyQ FRQGXFWXDO GVXHOHGLULJLU H ODVDFWLYLGD GHVTXHQRVHGRPLQDQGHIRUPDDGHFXDGD (VWDV DFWXDFLRQHV .DQIHU FRQF VHOHFWLYDV DXPHQWDQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFL Estructuras sociales y observabilidad de los patrones de conducta. *UDQSDUWH GHQXHVWUD GLVFXVLyQKDYHUVDGR VREUHORVIDFWRUHV SHUVRQDO HQWUHORVGLYHUVRVGHWHUPLQDQWHV GHODDWHQFLyQ SRUWDQFLD FDSLWDO /DVSHUVRQDV FRQODVTXHXQR UHQFLDV RSRULPSRVLFLRQHV GHOLPLWDQ VHREVHUYDUiQ ORVSDWURQHV GHIRUPDUHSHWL GH day TXHSRUWDQWRWLHQHQPiVSUREDELOLGDG GHVHU DSUHQGHUXQDFRQGXFWD DJUHVLYDQRVRQODVPLVPDV GRQGHāDEXQGDQORVPRGHORVDJUHVLYRVTXHSDUDDTX HQ OXJDUHV PiVSDFtI 6KRUW :ROIJDQJ \ )HUUDFXWL /DIRUPDHQTXHHVWiRUJDQL]DGD XQD VRFLHGDG G ORVTXHVXVPLHPEURVWHQGUiQ y VRFLyORJRVKDQHVWXGLDGR DFFHVR $QWURSyORJR H SDWURQHVGHDVRFLDFLyQ TXHFDUDFWHUL]DQ DODVGL WUDQODGLIHUHQFLDTXHH[LVWHHQWUHHOXQLYHUVR PLOLDV\ QXFOHDUHV HOGHODV DJUXSDFLRQHV VRFLDOHV GHODVS XQLGDGHV GHDILQLGDG GH HGDG \ GH FDWHJRUtD (OJUDGRGHGLIHUHQFLDFLyQ VRFLDOGHXQDVRFLHG FRQGXFWD/RV VLVWHPDV VRFLDOHV PDUFDGDPHQWH \ FODVH DtV GHO ODQXQRVJUXSRVGHRWURV/RVVLVWHPDV PHQRVHVW IiFLOPHQWHODV DFWLYLGDGHV GHORVGHPiV &RQVLGH UDVORVQLxRV y ORVDGROHVFHQWHV VRQVHSDUDGRVWHPSRUDOPHQ FRQWLQXLGDGHV HQHOSURFHVR GHVRFLDOL]DFLyQVH SDUD WUDQVPLWLU ORV y KDELOLGDGHV FRQRFLPLHQWRV FXOWXUDOHV QHFHVDULRV S ā 6SLQGOHU\ 6SLQGOHU (Q RWUDV VRFLHGDGHV FRPRORV/HVX V YHQ WRGRV ORVDVSHFWRV GHODYLGDGHODGXOWR 3RZG ORVDGXOWRVHQVXYLGD FRWLGLDQD\ VLQR DFWLYLGDGHV TXH DGHP FRPRSXHGHQ VHUSRU HMHPSOR ODV VH[XDOHV TXH /DLQWURGXFFLyQGHODWHFQRORJtD GHODWHOHYLVL GHORVGHFRQGXFWDDORVTXHHOLQGLYLGXRWLHQHD YLGDVRFLDOLQPHGLDWD $SDUWLU GHODVUHSUHVHQW ORVYDORUHV\ORVHVWLORVGHFRQGXFWD GHGLYHUVR UDV0LHQWUDVTXHHOPRGHODGRHMHUFHVXLQIOXHQF PDFLyQVREUHODFRQGXFWD y VREUHODVFRQWLQJHQFLDV ODVGLVSRVLF GHWHUPLQDQ DTXHOOR TXH SXHGHQ FRQRFHU FRQUDSLG āa $SUHQGL]DMH SRU ā REVHUYD 3URFHVRV GH UHWHQFLyQ /DV DFWLYLGDGHV PRGHODGDV QR SXHGHQ LQIOXLU JUDQ GD /D VHJXQGD VXEIXQFLyQ SULQFLSDO TXH UHJXOD HO UHWHQFLyQ GHORVFRQRFLPLHQWRV VREUH ODVDFWLYLGDG 3DUD TXH ORV REVHUYDGRUHV SXHGDQ EHQHILFLDUVH GH OD F GHODQWH SURSRUFLRQDU SDUD ODV LQVWUXFFLRQHV QHFHVDULDV HVQHFHV VHD UHSUHVHQWDGD GH IRUPD HQ OD VLPEyOLFD PHPRULD 0HGLDQWH ODV H[SHULHQFLDV ORV VtP G PRGHODGR WUDQVLWRULDV SDVDQ DUHWHQHUVH/D HQ DYDQ]DGD ODPHPRULD GH FDSDFLGDG VLPEROL]DFLyQ GH TXH GLVSRQH HO KRPEUH OH SHUPLWH DSUHQGHU JUDQ Transformaciones simbólicas .. /D UHWHQFLyQ LQFOX\H ODWUDQVIRUPDFL < ODUHHVWUXFWX UDFLyQ GH ODLQIRUPDFLyQ GHTXH (O FRQWHQLGR VHGLVSRQH OD FRPSOHWR VREUH PD\RUtD GH DFWLYLGDGHV GHPDVLDGR DEXQGDQWH PRGHODGDV y. FRQWLHQH HVGHPDVLDGDV LU SDUD VHU UHWHQLGR H[DFWDPHQWH 3RU WDQWR LJXDO HOLQGLYLGXR GH WFRPR UDQVIRUPDU VHSUHVH KDOR TXH REVHUYD HQVtPERORV FRQFLVRV TXH FDSWHQ ORVU PRGHODGDV /DV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV VLPEyOLFDV REVHUYDFLyQ\ IDYRUHFHQ OD UHWHQFLyQ HO DS SR TXH SHUPLWHQ FRQGHQVDU JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH LQIRUPDFLyQ HQ XQD IR 8QD YH] TXHODV DFWLYLGDGHV KDQ FRQYHUWLGR LPiJHQHV PRGHODGDV \ HQVtPERORV HQ VH YHUEDOH PHQWH XWLOL]DEOHV ODV FRQFHSFLRQHV SDUD ODV DFFLRQHV DGTXLULGDV /DUHSUH IXWXUDV VL VHQWDFLyQ XQD LQIOX\H IRUPD HVSHFLDO GH ODV SULPHUDV HQ IDVHV GHOD GH FRQGXFWD OD DGTXLVL 'HVSXpV XQ GHWHUPLQDGR TXH SDWUyQ GHFRQGXFWD KD OOHYDGR VH DFDER UHSHWLGDPHQ WLQL]DUVH GH IRUPD TXH SXHGH GHVDUUROODUVH VLQ QHFHVLGDG IiFLO GH UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV JXtD /DV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV GHODV H[SHULHQFLDV FRJQLWLYDV HQ FXDQWR SXHGHQ PRGDOLGDG D GLIHULU FRQ FLVLyQ \HVWUXFWXUD 3RU ORTXH UHVSHFWD OD LQIRUPDFLyQ DODPRGDOLGDG SXHGH FRGLILF QHV RHQVtPERORV YHUEDOHV FRQFHSWRVUHJODV y SURSRVLFLRQHV TXH UHSUHVHQWHQ /RV FyGLJRV VLPE FRV SXHGHQ VHU GH UHVXPHQ WLSR ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV UHGXFWRUYTXH HQ XQD IRUPD FRQFLVD R ELH SXHGHQ LQFOXLU FRQVWUXFFLRQHV H LPDJLQDWLYDV OLQJXtVWLFDV HODERUDGDV $GHPiV HVWUXFWXUDOPHQWH OD FRQGXFWD LVRPyUILFDV PRGHODGD ELHQ UHSUHVHQWDU FRQ UHJODV R TXH ODV SHUPLWHQ FDSWDU OD HVWUXFWXUD FRQFHSWXDO SHUR JXDUGDQGR VXE\DFHQWH HVFDVR ORV GHWDOOHV SDUHFLGR GHO FR HMHPSORV RIUHFLGRV Sistemas de representación. (O DSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ DSR\D EiVLFDPHQWH VH HQGR WHPDV GH UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ TXH LQFOX\HQ \ FRQVWUXFFLRQHV FRQVWUXFFLRQ /D YHUE LQIRUPDFLyQ UHIHUHQWH GHFRQGXFWD VH DFLHUWDV UHSUHVHQWD HQJUDQ IRUPDV SDUWH PHGLDQWH LPiJHQHV ÒOWLPDPHQWH HLQYHVWLJDGR VH PXFKR KD KDEODGR VREUH QDWXUDOH]D GHO OD VLVWHPD OD GH LPDJLQDFLyQ \ VREUH pVWHOD UHSUHVHQWD IRUPD OD LQIRUPDFLyQ HQ .RVVO\Q TXH B6KHSDUG 6KHSDUG \3RGJRP\ 3DUD LQWHQWDU DFODUDU ODHVWUXFWXUD GHOD LPDJLQDFLyQUHSUHV WDWLYD VHSUHVHQWDQ DORV VXMHWRV \ WUDQVIRUPDU SUREOHPDV ODV TXH LPiU ORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV 3RU HMHPSOR H[WHUQRV VHPLGH HOWLHPSR TXH WDUG PHQWH XQDV ILJXUDV TXH VHKDOODQ DQJXODU GHXQDDGLVWLQWD ILJXUDPXHVWUDK KDFHU GLVFU ODVFRLQFLGLU FRQ pVWD RDYLVXDOL]DU VREUH XQP FLDHQWUH Vt/RV KDOOD]JRV SUXHEDV āLQGLFDQ HQFRQWUDGRV TXH ODVUHSUHVHQWD HQHVWDV QHV WLHQHQ SURSLHGDGHV HVSDFLDOHV DQiORJDV D OD ItVLFRV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV PiV KD\ TXH JLUDU SDUD &XDQWR KDFHUOD ODILJXUD FRLQFLGLU FRQ PiV WDUGD HQ KDFHUVH ODURWDFLyQ PHQWDOPHQWH H[DFWDPHQWH LJX WDFLyQ UHDOLGDG HQOD B ,JXDOPHQWH DOHMDGRV FXDQWR HVWiQ ORVREMHWRV PiV HQHOPDSDLP WLHPSR WDUGD HQ VH UHFRUUHU PHQWDOPHQWH OD GLVWDQFLD TXH ORV VHSD VRQIXQFLRQDOPHQWH HTXLYDOHQWHV DODVSHUFHSFLRQH GH IRUPD YHUEDO ODV GLVWDQFLDV LPDJLQDULDV FRUW SXHVWR SRGUtD TXH LQIRUPDUVH VREUH DPEDV FRQ ODPLVPD UDSLG 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV YDUtDQFXDQGRVHLQVWUX\H DORVVXMHWRVSDUDH[WU OXJDUGHKDFHUOR D SDUWLU GHUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV QR /DVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV GHLPiJHQHV VRQDEVWUDFFLR PHQWDOHVGHREVHUYDFLRQHV SDVDGDV &RPRUHVXOWDGR WRVPRGHODGRVORVREVHUYDGRUHV H[WUDHQ UDVJRVGL GHUDV GHORVSDWURQHV GH FRQGXFWD 'HVGH OXHJR H[DFWDPHQWH GHODPLVPDIRUPDHQRFDVLRQHVGLVWLQ WLFRVQLGRVPDQ]DQDV TXHVHDQH[DFWDPHQWH LJXDO FHSFLyQJHQHUDOTXHHQJOREHORVDVSHFWRV HVHQFLDOH DXQSDWUyQ EiVLFR /RV HVWXGLRVUHDOL]DGRV DSDUWLU GHHMHPSORV VREU S GHPXHVWUDQ TXHDWUDYpVGHHQFXHQWURV UHSHWLGRV LQGLYLGXR GHVDUUROOD āXQD FRQFHSFLyQ GHHVHSURWRWLSR āYLVWR DQWHV DSHVDU 3RVQ $GHPiV ORUHFXHUGD LQGLYLGXDOHV PHMRUTXHORVHMHPSORV āDSDUWLU GHOTXHKD VL GR6LQGXGDHVWRHVFLHUWRHQODPD\RU SDUWHGH YLGDGLDULD /DV SHUVRQDV GLVSRQHQ GHXQDEXHQD KDELOLGDG SHUR UHVXOWD OHV GLItFLO UHFRUGDU SDUD ORV DSUHQGHUOD HMHPSORV D *HQHUDOPHQWH VHDFHSWDTXHORVFyGLJRVGHLPiJH D SDUWLU GHOFRQRFLPLH WUDFWRGHORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV YLVXDOL]DGRV 6L ODVLPiJH .RVVO\ QHV VH āFRQVWUX\HQ DSDUWLU GHOFRQRFLPLHQWR FyGL SURSRVLFL ā JRVGHLPiJHQHVSURSRUFLRQDQ DOJXQDJXtDSDUDUHD ORVSURSLRV FyGLJRV SURSRVLFLRQDOHV ā'HDFXHUGRFRQ.RVVO\Q \VXVFROHJ SHFLDOPHQWH ODVTXHLQFOX\HQUHODFLRQHV āHOLQGLYLGXR la LQIRUPDFLyQ FRQYLHUWH HVSDFLDO JHQHU HQ UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV GHLPiJHQHV HQYH]GHFRGLILFD YDQWH VHREWLHQH H[SORUDQGR āSRU PHQWDOPHQWH H[SOLFDU FyPR ODLPDJH ODUHS DEVWUDFWD HV FDSD]GHSURGXFLU LPiJHQHV(VSUREDEOH TXH OHVDFWLYHORVSDWURQHV QHXURQDOHV TXHVHKDQH[S FLyQ 6XUJHFLHUWD FRQIXVLyQ DFHUFD GHORTXpHV PHWiIRUDGHLPDJHQFRPR SLQWXUD SHURFRQWLQ~DQUHILULpQGRVH DODLP ULFRV/RVSDWURQHV QHUYLRVRVDXWRJHQHUDGRV VLPEy WDOHVGHOR TXH āORVRQORVSDWURQHV QHUYLRVRV VLPLODUHV JH H[WHUQRV (Vā PRWLYR āGH YLJHQWH GHEDWH ODFXHVWLyQ GH VL ODV L GHODTXHSHUPLWHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ SURSRVLFLRQDO SURSRVLFLRQDO VREUHORVUDVJRVFRQILJXUDGRUHV SUR HMHPSORVHVSHFtILFRV ,RVGHWDOOHV ORV 6HUtD TXHSURSRUFLRQHQ HQRUPHPHQWHGLItFLO FDVD DEVWUDFWD VLQUHFXUULU DDOJXQD TXHQRVUHV ULRV ā6 LQHPEDUJRFRPRKD REVHUYDGR $QWUREXV (l VLGHILQLPRVXQDSURSR GRDPSOLRFRPR XQDDILUPDFLyQ GHUHODFL yQ HQWRQFHV LQFOXVR GHORV REMHWRVPiV ODHVWUXFWXUD HOH PHQWDOHV SRGUtD FDUDFWHUL]DUVH ODV PHGLDQWH UHODFLRQHV SURSRVLFLRQHV /RV HQWUH VX WHyULFRVTXHDILUPDQTXHWRGDLQIRUPDFLyQSXHGHU UtDQTXHHVSRVLEOHTXHXQDLPDJHQ ā8Q FRQMXQWR H[KDXVWLYR UHTXLHUD GHSURSRV āVDUODGHWDOODGD LQIRUPDFLyQHVWUXFWXUDO SHURH VLFLRQHV/RVFRQYHUJHQWHV KDOOD]JRV GH6KHSDUG DSR\DQODRSLQLyQGHTXHODLPDJLQDFLyQ UHSUHVHQW FULSWLYD6LQHPEDUJR ODFXHVWLyQ GHVLXQDUHSU ILJXUDWLYRV FRPR YHUEDOPHQWH GHVFULSWLYRV QR HV /DVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV VREUHDSUHQGL]DMH OD QDWXUDOH]D SRUREVHU GHODLPDJLQDFLyQDOH[SORUDU VXVIXQFLRQHV(QO la UHSUHVHQWD FLyQLQWHUQDHVPX\IiFLO āSHUGHUGHYLVWDHOKHFKRGHTXHHOVLV GRSXHVWR TXHFRQWULEX\H D āLQWHUDFFLRQHV HILFDFHVFRQHOHQWRUQR (Q ORVHVWXGLRV VREUHP SVLFROyJLFRUHFLEHQXQLQWHUpV OD LPDJLQDFLyQIXQFLRQDF HVSHFLDO ORVSURFH GHOR LQWHUQR SDUD OD GH ORV SURGXFFLyQā\ SDWURQHV ā GHāFRQGXFWD FRUUHFFLyQ ā 8QD YH]TXH ODLPDJLQDFLyQ LP UHSUHVHQWDWLYDāVHK iJHQHV ^S aHODVSHUFHS $SUHQGL]DMH REVHUYDFLyQ SRU FLHQHV DFWLYDGDV FHQWUDOPHQWH GHORVDFRQWHFL IiFLOPHQWH5HDOPHQWHFXDQGRORVHYHQWRVHVWi QRP EUHDXQDSHUVRQD GHWHUPLQDGD HO QRPEUH HVSUiFWLFDPHQW VLQYHUOD GHWDOSHUVRQD ,JXDOPHQWH ODPHUDUHIHUHQFLD D PiTXLQD OX JDUHV SHEDQFRKRVSLWDO \FRVDV SH GDV YHFHV DFWLYD UiSLGDPHQWH VXV DQiORJRV HQ 'XUDQWH ORVSULPHURVSHULRGRVGHOGHVDUUROOR OHVODPHPRULDYLVXDOMXHJDXQSDSHOGHVWDFDG ODPHQWH ODVKDELOLGDGHVOLQJtVWLFDVODLPDJL WH D UHWHQHU ORV SDWURQHV GH FRQGXFWD TXH QR SDODEUDV 3RU ORJHQHUDOVHWUDWD FRPSOHMDV TXH WUDQVPLWHQ GHDFFLRQHV LQIRUPDFL QDFLRQHV WHPSRUDOHV \ HVSDFLDOHV PiV VXWLOT HMHPSORXQVZLQJHQJROIVHLPDJLQDPXFKRPHM LQIRUPDFLyQ PRGHODGD VH UHWLHQH YHUEDOHV HQVXPD\RU S (OVHJXQGRVLVWHPDGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ TXHH[SO YDFLyQ\GHODUHWHQFLyQHQ HO KRPEUHFRPSUHQGH ODFRGLILFDFLyQ GRVGHIRUPDYHUEDOFRQFHSWXDO UHJXODQ /DPD\RUtD ā ODFRQGXFWD GH VRQEiVLFDPHQWH FRQFHSWXDOHV PiVTXHILJXUDW IOH[LELOLGDG āGHORV VtPERORVYHUEDOHVORVYHULFXHWRV\FRPSOHMLGD QLHQWHPHGLDQWH ODVSDODEUDV 3RU SRQHUXQHMH WDUGHGHVDUUROODUFRQPD\RUSUHFLVLyQORVGHWD WHODLQIRUPDFLyQYLVXDOGHTXHVHGLVSRQHHQ SRU HMHPSORORVJ HIHFWXDGRV KDFLDODGHUHFKD\KDFLDODL]TXLHU íp.e., ','', TXHVLVHFRQItD HQOD HYRFDFLyQYL VXDO OD UXWD GH FRQWRGRV VXVGHWDOOHV LUUHOHYDQWHV $XQTXH ORVVtPERORVYHUEDOHVMXHJDQ XQSDSHO PHGLDQWHPRGHODGRPXFKDVYHFHVUHVXOWDGLILFL GHVUHSUHVHQWDWLYDV VXHOHQFRPSUHQGHUHQPD\R /DV SDODEUDV WLHQGHQ D HYRFDU ODV LPiJHQHV FR DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV PXFKDVYHFHVVRQFRGLILFDGDVY EDOHV H[SUHVDQ VLJQLILFDGRVVLPLODUHVODVSHU SRU DPEDV PRGDOLGDGHV IRUPiQGRVH XQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ FRQF VXSXHVWR ODDSRUWDFLyQ GHODVGLYHUVDVIXHQWH y ORV PpULWRVUHODWLYRVGHODVIRUPDVILJXUDWLYDV y YHUEDOHV GHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GHSHQGHUi GH OD DFWLYLGDG \GH ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV FRJQLWL /RVHVWXGLRVUHDOL]DGRV HQQLxRV \ +DUWXS %DQGXUD * \HQDGXOWRV %DQGXUD D*HUVW 5R GHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ VLPEyOLFDHQHODSUHQGL]D TXH āWUDQVIRU PDQODVDFWLYLGDGHVPRGHODGDV HQFyGLJRVYHUED y UH WLHQHQODFRQGXFWD VLPSOHPHQWH PXFKRPHMRUTXHORVTXH VHOLPLWDQDREVHUYDU REVHUYDQ HVWiQ PHQWDOPHQWH SUHRFXSDGRV SRU RW /RV HVWXGLRV VREUH DSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFL PHGLDQWHFRPELQDFLRQHVQXHYDVGHHOHPHQWRVIDP EROL]DFLyQyGHODFRQGXFWD SHUPLWH DOREVHUYDGRU XWLOL]DU OH DTX KDQVLGR~WLOHVHQHOSDVDGR HO H[SHULPHQWDGRU LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQ VHORL WDQWRHOSDSHOGHORVIDFWRUHVFRJQLWLYRVHQ WRHQODVDFWLYLGDGHV LQIRUPDFL PRGHODGDV yQ QXHYD\H[WUHPDGDPHQW TXHFRPSUHQGHQ TXHREOLJDUi DOREVHUYDGRUDGHVDUUROODU \ XQRV HVTXHUQDVRUJDQ XQD YRV HQWHUDPHQWH QXHYRV (Q XQ H[SHULPHQWR HQ TXH VHXWLOL]DURQ y -HIIHU\ SDWU VHLQVWUX\y DXQ JUXSRGHDGXOWRVSDUD UHDOL TXH ]DQGRORVGLVWLQWRVSDWURQHV GHFRQGXFWD REL FRQFLVRV DSDUWLU GHORVFXDOHVSXGLHUDQUHSUR FyGLJRVVLPEyOLFRVUHVXOWDQGHHVFDVRYDORUVL 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV FRPRPHGLRSDUD DXPHQWDU ODUHWHQFLyQ 'HVSXpV G FLyQWUDVODH[SRVLFLyQD FDGD SDWUyQ GHFRQGXFWDORVREVHUYDGRUHV GHODGDV RELHQUHSDVDURQ PHQWDOPHQWH ORVFyGLJR SURKLELyTXHUHSDVDUDQ ORTXHKDEtDQ SUHVHQFLDGR WDQFLDGHORVIDFWRUHV FRJQLWLYRVHQHODSUHQGL] y HQODUHWHQFLyQSUROR ODVFRQGXFWDV /RVREVHUYDGRUHV TXHQLFRGLILFDU FLyQPRGHODGRVQRUHWXYLHURQSUiFWLFDPHQWH KDEtDQ YLVWR 3RU HOFRQWUDULR QDGD ORV FRGLILFDURQORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV PRGHODGRV D \UHSDV SDUWLUGHORVFXDOHVSRGtDQ UHFRQVWUXLU ODFRQGX WHFLPLHQWRV PRGHODGRV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV 5HSDVDU āDODV ORVVtPERORV DXPHQWDOD DFFLRQHV UHWHQ FLyQPiVTXHODVLPSOHUHDOL]DFLyQ GHORVSDWURQH MHURQORVSDWURQHVPRGHODGRV FXDQGRKDEtDQROYLG 1LODSUiFWLFD VLQODFRGLILFDFLyQ VLPEyOLFDQL ILFDWLYDODFRQGXFWD PRGHODGD 6LQODD\XGDGHD YLGDURQ UiSLGDPHQWH SDUWH OD ORREVHUYDGR PD\RU GH /DWUDQVIRUPDFLyQ GHORTXHFDUHFHGHVHQWLGRH (Q HO H[SHULPHQWRDQWHULRU ORVSDWURQHV GHDFFLyQVH JRVPHPRUtVWLFRV IDPLOLDUHV TXHWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV UHWHQFLyQDO FDER GHXQWLHPSR WRGDYtD VHSXVRP VtPERORVVLJQLILFDWLYRV (Q RWURHVWXGLRHQ HO TXHVHFRPELQyODFRGLILFDFLyQ UDFLyQYHUEDOSDUDGDUOXJDUDHVWUXFWXUDV FRJQL WRGHODPHPRULD TXHSXHGH FRQVHJXLUVH PHGLDQWH IRUPDFLyQPRGHODGD -HIIHU\\ %DFKLFKD %DQGXUD 8QD YH]SUHVHQ PRGHODGDV HQSULPHUOXJDUORVREVHUYDGRUHV FRQG VRV\PiVWDUGHILMDURQHVWRV VtPERORVHQFyGLJ UHFRUGDU IiFLOPHQWH HāQ RFDVLRQHV SRVWHULRUHV /RV REVHUYDGRUH FRGLILFDFLyQGREOH UHWXYLHURQ HQPD\RU PHGLGDODVDFWLYLGDG ~QLFDPHQWHORVVtPERORV FRQFLVRV TXHIXHURQROYLGDGRVFRQIDF GRLQKHUHQWH SDUD ORVTXHXWLOL]DURQ ,QFOXVR XQ VLVWHPD āGHFRGLILFDFLyQ GREOHFX FDWLYDVHUDQODVPQHPRWHFQLDV OLQJtVWLFDV FRQVW GHODGRV(O OD UHWHQFLyQ DQiOLVLV GHORVFyGLJRV\GHODSURED GH ORVSDWURQHV PRGHODGRVSURSRUFLRQD ODVSUXHEDVP ORVVtPERORV HQHODSUHQGL]DMH SRUREVHUYDFLyQ \ SUXHEDVFRQGXFWXDOHV VHUHDOL]DUDQ XQD KRUDGHVSXpVR LQPHGLDWDPHQW XQDVHPDQD PiVWDUGH ORVREVHUYDGRUHV TXHUHWHQ QHVGH āVLQ DFFLyQ IDOORV PLHQWUDV TXHORVTXHHUDQ LQFDSDFHV āGH UHFRUGDU ORV FyGLJRV VLPEyO DGHFXDGRV WDPSRFR SXGLHURQ UHSURGXFLU ā OD FRQGXFW /RVUHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV HQORVH[SHULPHQWRV DQ WXDOHV 3RUXQODGRSRQHQ ODVWHRUtDV GHPDQLILHVWR FRQGXFWLVWDV ODVOLP TXHFR UDQTXHHODSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ HVWiSURGXFLGR ~QLFDPHQWH UHVSXHVWD ā *HZLUW] $TXHOORV DGXOWRVTXHKDEtDQ GDVSRUFRPSRUWDUVH FRPR ORVGHPiV QRFRQVLJXLH KDVWDTXHWUDQVIRUPDURQ VXVREVHUYDFLRQHV HQVtP SXHVWDVPHMRUDSRFRODUHWHQFLyQ VLQRFXHQWDFRQ WLYDGH ORV SDWURQHV GH DFFLyQ (VWRV KDOOD]JRVWDPELpQ FXHVWLRQDQ ODJHQHUDOLG SRUREVHUYDFLyQ HVHQFLDOPHQWH FRPRXQSURFHVRGH (Q HVWD FRQFHSFLyQ ODFRQGXFWD REVHUYDGD VHDOPDFHQD HQ QDVDFWLYLGDGHV PRGHODGDV VRQFRGLILFDGDV YHUEDOHV3HURODVU FRPRI VHQWDFLRQHV VLPEyOLFDV ā QRKDQGHVHUQHFHVDULDPHQWH UpSOLFDV GHVH[WHUQDV (QUHDOLGDG ORVFDPELRVTXHSRGUt ODGR VH YHUtDQ JUDYHPHQWH OLPLWDGRV VL ODV UHSU LVRPRUIDV UHVSHFWR DODV āāā āUHVSXHVWDV ā ā ā GH ā āā ORV PRGH $SUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ /D WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ VLPEyOLFD FRPSUHQGH EiVLFDPHQWH XQ SURGXFFLyQ GHO SDWUyQ /DPD\RU SDUWH FRQGXFWXDO GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ \ UHWH PRGHODGD QLGD HQIRUPD DEVWUDFWRV GHVtPERORV TXH JXDUGDQ SRFR FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SDUHFLGR VXSHUILFLD FRQ ODV OHVGH ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV Lo LPSRUWDQWH REVHUYDGRV HVOD HILFDFLD GHOD QL]DU ODPRGHODGD LQIRUPDFLyQ HQIRUPDV TXH UHVXOWHQ IiFLOHV GHUH GHEHQ FRQVHUYDU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ QHFHVDULDV SHUWLQHQWH WUDGXFLU SDUD H LQFOX ORV VtPERORV HQ DFWRV y ORV SHUR DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV ORV FyGLJRV KDQ GH VHU PRGHODGRV QHFHVDULDP QR WH LJXDOHV (Q UHDOLGDG ODV FRQVWUXFFLRQHV VLPEyOLFDV GH JHQHUDOLGDG 'HELGR DTXH ODPHPRUL]DFLyQ H[LJH DO FLyQ PRGHODGD VHSDUDU HVQHFHVDULR ORTXH KD\ TXH UHWHQHU GHORTXH KD\ TXH QR HVWi H[HQWR GHYHQWDMDV UHFRUGDUD SRU 6LHOLQGLYLGXR FRPSOHWR WRGR ORTXH H[ RE FHVLYDPHQWH GHVERUGDGR GH LQIRUPDFLyQ VHUtD LQFDSD] ODGH PD\RU DLVOS DTXHOOR TXH OH SDUD VHUYLUi VX FRQGXFWD GH JXtD (V QHFHVDULR KDFHU DOJ~Q FRPHQWDULR OD VLJQLILFDFLyQ VREUH HOSDSHO \ HQOD UH GH FRPS WHQFLyQ GHODV FRQGXFWDV UHVSXHVWD QXHYDV QXHYRV VHDGTXLHUHQ /RV SDWURQHVFRQ GH FXDQGR JXDUGDQ UHODFLyQ FRQ (O DSUHQGL]DMH DOJR SRU REVHUYDFLyQ SUHYLDPHQWH TXH FRQR SURGXFH YLGDGLDULD HQVHYH OD DFHOHUDGR PXFKDVseYHFHV KDFH GHODVHMHFX SRU ODYLQ FLRQHV QXHYDV DDFWLYLGDGHV (O HMHPSOR IDPLOLDUHV QRV GHO VLUYH SDUD HVTXt LOXVWUDU \VLJQLILF ODDSOLFDFLyQ HILFD] GHHVWH SULQFLSLR /RVSULQFL SDUD DSUHQGHU DWUDVODGDU VXSHVR HQ D SHVDU HOGHVFHQVR GHODVGHPRVWUDFLRQHV UHSHWLGDV GHOLQVWUXFWRU GHELGR DVXWHQGHQFLD QDWXUDO DLQFOLQDUVH KDFLD DGHODQWH /D PDQLREUD HV DSUHQGLGD U FXDQGR VH OHV SLGH LQWHQWDUDQ TXH GHVFHQGHU HVTXtHQ SRUOD FRPR HQ SHQGLHQWH ]LJ]DJ VLā B 7RGR OR TXH VDEHPRV HQ DOJ~Q /D H[SOLFDFLyQ PRPHQWR GHO DSUHQGL]DMH IXHQXHYR HQ QRV GH ORV VLJQLILFDGRV QDGD VREUH DOPDFHQDGRV HOPHFDQLVPR QR QRV GH GLFH DGTXL OD LQIRUPDFLyQ )UDQNV QXHYD $ %UDQVIRUG QR VHU XQ TXH FRQRFLPLHQWR \ SRVHD LQQDW KRPEUH KD GH EDVDUVH SDUD FRQRFHU HQODV VXV FRVDV H[SHULHQFLDV SULPHUD SRU YH] $GHPiV āVODV L DFWLYLGDGHV QXHYDV SXGLHUDQ DSUHQGHUVH EDVH DOR TXH \DVH ~QLFDPHQWH FR QRFH ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV SUHYLRV OLPLWDUtDQ ODFDS FtDV 6LHODSUHQGL]DMH HVWXYLHUD GHWHUPLQDGR SRU FRPSOHWR SRU ODVSU B FDGD FDPSR HOLQGLYLGXR KDOODUtD FDXWLYR VH GH FXDOTXLHU HUUyQHD LQLFLDO FRQFHSFLyQ TXH KXEL B IRUPDGR \ FDSD] QXQFD GH VXSHUDUODV VHULD (O DSUHQGL]DMH OD LQIOXHQFLD LPSOLFD ELGLUHFFLRQDO GH ODV SUHFR 3DUD TXH DOJR QXHYR VHFRQYLHUWD HQIDPLOLDU HVQHF ORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV HOLQGLYLGXR XQD TXH FRQFHSFLyQJHQH HQHVHPRPHQ UDOL]DGD GH ORV'XUDQWH PLVPRVLQLFLDO HVWDIDVH KD\ TXH VLPSOLILFDU OR SUHWHQGH TXH VHDQ DSUHQGLGRV PHQXGR \GHVFDUWDU UHSHWLUORV ORV DVSHFWRV D PiV GH ā VREUH ORV PLVPRV (O SURFHVR GH DSUHQGL]DMH HVUHODWLYDPHQWH SHUVLVWHQFLD GHODLQ OH IRUPDFLyQ UHFLHQWHPHQWH DGTXLULGD IRUWDOHFHUOD HVQHFHVDULRFRJQLWLYDQLHQWH HQFXDQGR $ VX YH] GLVSRQHU GH XQ Q~PHUR DFHOHUD HO FUHFLHQWH DSUHQGL]DMH GH FRQRFL SRVWH TXH OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GHODLQIRUPDFLyQ PRGHODGD VHYHID HVUHGXFWLEOH DpVWRV SURFHVR GHGRPLQLR SXHVWR LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH GH PRGHODGD OD HQ HO ODVSURS FRQFHSFLRQHV UHVXOWDQ SUHYLDV PRGLILFDGDV \ DPSOLDGDV Práctica y retención. &RPR \D KHPRV PHQFLRQDGR SUiFWLFD UHSUHVHQWD OD XQUHFXUVR WLFR LPSRUWDQWH HQVD\D FRJQLWLYDPHQWH 6L HO LQGLYLGXR R ELHQ HMHFXWD UH FRQGXFWD PRGHODGRV WLHQH PHQRU SUREDELOLGDG GH ROYLGD FDU ORTXH(V KD LPSRUWDQWH YLVWR HQWUHOD GLVWLQJXLU FRQWULEXFLyQ GHOD SUiFWLFD DODDGTXLVLFLyQ OD PHMRUD GH ORV SDWURQHV ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV GH PRGHODGRV FRQGXFWD QR VRQ SUDFWLFDGRV 6L YH] REVHUYDGRV VRQ VXVFHSWLEOHVSUiFWLFD GHTXH VHUROYLGDGRV TXLHUD KDFHUVH PiV WDUGHUHVXO \OD WDUi GH HVFDVR YDORU %DQGXUD \-HIIHU\ a+DELWXDOUQHQWH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV PRGHODGDV QR VR UHKDELOLWDGDV FRJQLWLYDPHQWH XQDYH] RWUDV VyOR XQ SHUtRGR SURORQJDGR OR VRQ GH GH YH] HQ FXDQGR ODSUiFWLFD DFXPXODWLYD 0HGLDQWH ORV SDWURQHV ODPRGHO PHPRULD %DQGXUD -HIIHU\ \ %DFKLFKD 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV 3UREDEOHPHQWH SUiFWLFD DXPHQWD OD HODSUHQGL]DMH \ODUHWHQFLy 0LHQWUDV ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV PRGHODGRV VRQUHSD PiQWLFDPHQWH WUDQVIRUPDUVH \UHRUJDQL]DUVH HQF UHFRUGDUORV $GHPiV ODUHWHQFLyQWDPELpQ SXHGHPHMRUDUVHUH DXQFXDQGR pVWD QRH[SHULPHQWH QLQJ~QSURFHVDPLH PLVPDSXHGHFRQWULEXLU DODUHWHQFLyQLQFUHPHQWD 6LQHPEDUJRSRGUtD SDUHFHU SUiFWLFD TXHORVHIHFWRVIDFL VREUH OD UHWHQFLyQ DODU SOD]RGHULYDQPiV GHOD DSOLFDFLyQ GHODVHVWUDWHJLDV PHPRUtVW GHODUHSHWLFLyQSXUD J HIIHU\\%DFKLFKD %DQGXUD \ =LPPHUPDQ %RZHU 3URFHVRV VLPLODUHVFRQWULEX\HQ UHDO GHODFRQ LQGXGDEOHP GXFWD HVSHFLDOPHQWH LQWHUFDOD HOPRGHODGR FXDQGR +HQGHUVRQ VH 6ZDQVRQ \:LOOLDPV /D HMHFXFLyQ GH OD RSRUWXQLGDG FRQGXFWD GHRUJDQL]DU SURSRUFLRQD FRPSUREDU ORVSURSLRV \ OD FRQRFLPLHQWRV\GHDXPHQWDU ODDWHQFLyQKDFLDOR UHV$OLQFUHPHQWDU \ FDQDOL]DUSUiFWLFD ODDWHQFLyQOD UHDOGHODFRQGXFWD SXHGH SUHVHQWDFLyQ VLPEyOLFD GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV &DUU · Práctica cognitiva: *UDQ SDUWHGHORREVHUYDGR VHU OOHYDGRIiFLOPHQWH QRSXHGH D (Q DOJXQRVFDVRVODVDFWLYLGDGHV VHKDOODQSURKLEL WRVQHFHVDULRV SDUD HOORQRVHKDOODQ D QXHVWUR DOFDQFH \HQRWUDVRFDV FXQVWDQFLDV TXLHQHVOLPLWDQQXHVWUD GDWRV HPStULFRVTXHLQGLF DFFLyQ5HVX ,D SUiFWLFD FRJQLWLYDHQODTXHORVLQGLYLGXRVVH Vt PLVPRVHMHFXWDQGR FRUUH VHFXHQFLDGHDFWRVFRUUHFWD \TXHSXHGHUHDOL]DU YHREVWDFXOL]DGD ELHQHV LPSUDFWLFDEOH R GH DXPHQWDU HVFDSD] ODGHVWUH]D HQODV GLRV FRPSDUDWLYRV ID SUiFWLFD GHPXHVWUDQ FRJQLWLYD TXH PHMRUD OD HM SHURSRUORJHQHUDOQRHV WDQ HILFD]FRPROD SUiFWLFD ILVLFDUHSHWLGD SUiFWLFD /RVEHQHI FRJQLWLYD VH āKDQ GHPRVWUDGR HQ KDELOLGDGHV GHSRUWLYDV \ HQ WDUHDV FRQFHSWXDOHV SURIHVLRQD &RUELQ )HOW] y /DQGHUV /D DFWLYLGDG VHGRPLQD FRPELQDFLyQGHSUiFWLFD y SUiFWLFD ILVLFDTXHFRQOD FRJQLWLYD SUiFWLFD ILVLFDVRODPHQWH 5 5DZOLQJV&KHQ \<LON /DSUiFWLFD KD FRJQLWLYDGLDULDWD GHPRVWUDGR IDFLOLWD WHQFLyQ ODV KDELOLGDGHV GH SVLFRPRWRUDV \D KDQ VLGR DSUHQGLGDV XQD YH]āTXH 6DFNH $GHPiVGHIDFLOLWDUODDGTXLVLFLyQ y UHWHQFLyQGHODVKDELOLGDGHV SUiFWLFD FRJQLWLYDSUHSDU OD WRULDSXHGHDXPHQWDUODHMHFXFLyQLQPHGLDWDGHO VH LPDJLQDQUHDOL]DQGR ORTXHWLHQHQTXHKDFHUVXH VRFRJQLWLYR 5LFKDUGVRQ (V āQHFHVDULR FRQWLQXDU SDUDSRGHU GHWHUPLQDU LQYHVWLJDQGR VL HVWDSUiFWLFD SUHSDUDWRULD FRJQLWLYD IDYRUHFHODHMHFXFLyQFUHDQGRODG GD SDUDOD DFWLYLGDG DSDUWDQGRODDWHQFLyQGHSHQVDPL PiV ~WLOHV R HOHYDQGR OD DXWRHILFDFLD SHUFLELGD &RQVLGHUDQGR TXHODVUHVSXHVWDV OD PXVFXODWXUD āHVTXHOpWLFD GH HVWiQāUHJXOD HO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVRFHQWUDO QRHVGHOWRGRVRUSUHQGHQWH TX GHV SVLFRPRWRUDV /DVVHxDOHV QHUYLRVDV TXH FRQ UHSURGXFLUVH PHGLR GHOD UHDOL]DFLyQLPDJLQDULD SRU GHODFRQGXFWD &XDQGR ORV QDQ DVtPLVPRVUHDOL]DQGR XQD DFWLYLGDG GHWHUP ORV PLVPRV JUXSRV PXVFXODUHV TXH KDEUtDQ VLGR D &XDQWR PD\RUHV VRQODVUHVSXHVWDV LPDJLQDGDV P SLDGRV 3RU WDQWR LPDJLQDUVH OHYDQWDQGR SHVRV P~VFXORV āHVTXHOpWLFRV TXH LPDJLQDUVH OHYDQWDQGR SHVR DPSOLyODLQYHVWLJDFLyQXQSDVRPiVUHODFLRQDQGR GDGXUDQWHODSUiFWLFD FRJQLWLYDGH ODERUGHGHVWUH]D XQD UHDO PDQXDOFRQOD SRVWHULRU (O DXWRUHQFRQWUyTXHORVLQGLYLGXRVTXH PRVWUDEDQ PXVFXODUHV GXUDQWH PHMRUDEDQVX ODSUDFWLFD HMHFXFLyQ āUHDOLPDJLQDULD ODERUHQ HQOD XQ SRU FLHQWR PLHQWUDV ORV TXH PRVWUDEDQ TXH XQRV H[FHVLYDPHQWH QLYHOHV āDOWRVEDMRV GH SRWHQF R PXVFXODUVyOROR PHMRUDEDQHQXQāSRUFLHQWR SRUFLHtLW~UHVSHFWLYDPH \XQ PXVFXODUSURGXFLGD SRU OD SUiFWLFD āFRJQLWLYDQRHVXQDUpSOLFD QHFHVDULDPHQWH GHOD SURGXFLGDSRU $SUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDF OD DFFLyQPDQLILHVWD3RUFRQVLJXLHQWH SUREDEOHP IRUWDOHFLHQGRODRUJDQL]DFLyQSVLFRQHXUROyJLFD VLRQHVGpELOHVGHODPLVPD6LQHPEDUJRODSUi WURDOLPHQWDFLyQ LQIRUPDWLYDTXHSHUPLWH \ FRUUHJLUODVGHILFLHQFLDV LGHQWLI \ HQOD HMHFXFLyQ 1R WRGRVORVEHQHILFLRVGH OD SUiFWLFD FRJQLWLYDGHULYDQ QHFHVD FRQFHSWXDOL]DFLyQ GHODVKDELOLGDGHV\HQODRU āGHEHQDO DXPHQWRGHODDWHQFLyQKDFLD DVSHFWRVTXHG HVWUHFKD DXWRREVHUYDFLyQGHORVGHWDOOHVGHOD QHVGHDFFLyQFRPSOHMRV$GHPiV SXHGH PHMRUDU ODSUiFWLFD ODHMHFXFL FR YpVGHODPRWLYDFLyQ,PDJLQDUVH DVtPLVPRUHD HOHYDODHILFDFLDSHUFLELGDGHOVXMHWR y $GDUQV &ODUN (VWH %DQGXUD IRUWDOHFLPLHQWRGHODDXWRHILFDFLDHV SUREDEOH TXHPHMRUHODHMHFXFLyQGLVPL WDFXOL]DGRUDV XQR PLVPR VREUH \ SURSRUFLRQDQGR HO HVIXHU]R Q PHQWH (O JUDGRGHPHMRUDHQODHMHFXFLyQTXHFRQVLJ UHV 3RU HMHPSORHOFRQWHQLGR\ODFRQWLQJHQFLDWHPS WDQFLD 3DUD FRQVHJXLUXQDHMHFXFLyQDGHFXDGDHVQHFHVD LJXDOPHQWH āDGHFXD GRGHODFRQGXFWD DGHVDUUROODU 3RUWDQWRGXU VHGLULJHQSULQFLSDOPHQWHDFRQVHJXLUXQDLGHD ILQ GHUHDOL]DUO SUiFWLFD y ODHPLVLyQGHODUHVSXHVWD SRVWHULRU y %DQGXUD J DIIHUH\ /D &DUUROO UHDOL a ]DFLyQSURYLVLRQDOGHODDFWLYLGDG SURSRUFLRQD GHDFFLyQ SHURODDFWXDFLyQVLQXQD FRQFHSFLyQ DGHFXDGD TXHVLUYDGH /RVQLYHOHVPiVDOWRVGHDSUHQGL]DMH VHFRQVLJX ODGD \ DOWHUQDQGR OXHJRODV HMHFXFLRQHV ā FRJQLW 6HJ~QORTXHLPDJLQHHOLQGLYLGXRGXUDQWHODS WHULRUVHYHUiDIHFWDGD GH XQDIRUPDXRWUD/DLPDJLQDFLyQGHD MRUD ODHMHFXFLyQSRVWHULRU HUU PLHQWUDV yQHDV OD HPSHRUD TXHODL 3R ZHOO &XDQWR PD\RUVHDODH[SHULHQFLD\ SHUIHFFLRQDGD HO EHQHILFLR PD\RU VHUi TXH SRGUi REWHQHU FRJQLWLYD HO LQG &RUELQ (VLQGXGDEOHTXHXQFLHUWRJUDG VHQWDFLyQ VLPEyOLFDGHODKDELOLGDG KDGH VHUODHMHFXFL HQFXHVWLyQ FRUUHFWD HVLPSRVLEOHFRQRFHUTXpHVORTXHKD FyPR LGHQWLILFDU ODVIXHQWHVGHHUURU(QHVWDVFRQGLFLRQHVHVP KiELWRV HUUyQHRV (O WLSRGHIXQFLyQSVLFROyJLFDTXHUHTXLHUHOD ā WRVGHODSUiFWLFDFRJQLWLYDHQODDGTXLVLFLyQ \ UHWHQFLyQGHKDELOLGDGHV &R FLUTXHODVDFWLYLGDGHVTXHGHSHQGHQHQJUDQPH ODVHMHFXFLRQHVFRPSOHMDVVHEHQHILFLDQ PD\RU JUDGR \ GHIRUPDPiVUiSLGD HQTXH SUHQGHQ DFWRVPRWRUHVVHQFLOORV \/DQGHUV 3HUU\ )HOW] HO JUDGRHQ 6LQH TXHODSUiFWLFD VLPEyOLFDPHMRUHODHMHFXFLyQ QHQWHPDQXDOGHSHQGHUiGHODIRUPDHQTXHVHL VLVWHQHQVHFXHQFLDVGHPRYLPLHQWRV FRRUGLQDGR EUHODIRUPDHQTXHHOLQGLYLGXRGLYLGHHOIOXM HQFXHQWUDTX WRVGHUXSWXUDGRQGHILQDOL]DXQRGHORVFRPSR y FRPLHQ]DRWURFRQW SDUWH GHODLQIRUPDFLyQVREUH ODFRQGXFWD (Q DGHPiVGHUHDOL]DUXQDVHJPHQWDFLyQPiVILQDG FDPELRV GLVWLQWLYRVUHTXHULGRVHQORVSXQWRVG ]DFRQUDSLGH]HQVXWRWDOLGDGORVVXMHWRVQR IRUPDHQTXHVHKDOODQLQWHJUDGDV HQ HOPRYLPLHQWRHVSDFLDO\WHPSRUD VHPXHVWUDQ FRUQRHMHPSORVVHHQOHQWHFHQ \VHD ELRVWUDQVLWRULRV ORVDVSHFWRVPDQXDOHV GHOD GH SRVLFLyQ \ FDPELRVVHFXHQFLDOHV 'HHVWDIRUPDODVDFWLYLGDGHVP L_ i ā 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ)XQGDPHQWRVVRFLDOHV YDV \ WDQWR SRU PiV VXVFHSWLEOHV GH VHU PHMRUDGDV FRJQLWLYR PHGLDQWH HQVD\R (O HQVD\R FRJQLWLYR FDGD YH] VHXWLOL]D WDQWR PiV SHUIHFFLRQDU SDUD SDUDUHDOL]DU FRPR FRUUHF WDPHQWH ODVKDELOLGDGHV GHSRUWLYDV XWLOL]DQGR SUiFWLFD FRJQLWLYD OD LQPHGLDWDPHQWH GHODHMH DQWHV FXFLyQ UHDO VLHQGR PXFKRV ORVWHVWLPRQLRV UHQGLPLHQWR FDP GH HQHVWH VXHI SR $ SHVDU GH GDWRV TXH REWHQLGRV ORV SDUWLU GH HVWXGLRV D FRQWURODGRV JHQHUDOPHQWH VXV HIHFWRV EHQHILFLRVRV WRGDYtD OHMRV HVWiQ GH VHU FRQFOX\HQWHV &RPR VHxDOD 6XLQQ 6XLQQ GDGR TXH SUiFWLFD FRJQLWLYD OD XQ LQVWUXPHQWR HV VyOR SDUD FRQVHJXLU EHQHILFLRV FRQ FRQVLVWHQ HOOD WHV HVQHFHVDULD ODFRPSUHQVLyQ KDELOLGDGHV GHOSURFHVR \ OD HMHFXFLyQ TXH UHJ HILFLHQWH KDELOLGDGHV GHODV GRPLQDGDV (VWH FRQRFLPLHQWR UHVXOWD LPSUHVFLQGLEOH SDUDGHWHU SRGHU ā PLQDU TXpHVORTXH KD\ TXH SUDFWLFDU FRJQLWLYDPHQWH 'HQWUR GHODVKDELOLGDGHV DWOpWLFDV VRQ PX FKDV ODVIDFHWDV KDFLD ODV TXH SXHGH GLULJLUVH SRU HMHPSOR ODDWHQFLyQ ORV DVSHFWRV FRJ āHMHFXFLyQ HVWUDWHJLDV GHDXWRHILFDFLD LGHDFLRQHV PHFDQLVPRV ORVDVSHFWRV GHORV SDWUR PRWRUH QHVGH VHQVDFLRQHV DFFLyQ TXH DFRPSDxDQ DORV PRYLPLHQWRV DVSHFWRV GHOFXHUSR HPRFLRQD \O OHV HVWUpV WHQVLyQ (V SUREDEOH PXVFXODU IDFWRUHV TXH FRQVWLWX\HQWHV HVWRV FRQWULEX\DQ GH IRUPD GLVWLQWD DOUHQGLPLHQWR DWOpWLFR QDWXUDOH]D GHODKDELOLGDG HQ IXQFLyQ IDVH GH GHVDUUROOR GHGHVX OD \ GH ORV HVWUHVRUHV OD DFFLyQ GH ā $O FRQVLGHUDU PHFDQLVPRV ORV GH OD PHPRULD QRSRGHPRV GHWHUPLQDQWHV ROYLGDU PRWLYDFLR ORV QDOHV /RV LQFHQWLYRV LQIOX\HQ UHVSXHVWD GH IRUPD TXH REVHUYDGRV VHOHFWLYD WLH H QHQPiV SUREDELOLGDG GHSUDFWLFDGRV VHU \ SRUWDQWR GHILMDUVH$TXHOOD HQODPHPRULD PR FRQGXFWD GHODGD TXH GH IRUPD HILFD] DVHJXUH UHVXOWDGRV VHUiPiVEHQHILFLR SUDFWLFD TXH DTXHOOD RWUD FRQ HVFDVR RQXOR YDORU IXQFLRQDO 6LQHPEDUJR TXHFRQVLGHUDU ORVLQFHQW ORVFRPR IDFLOLWDGRUHV PiV TXHREVHUYDFLyQ FRPR IDFWRUHV GH UHSHWL QHFHV āXQD āDFWLYLGDG PRGHODGD HO LQGLYLGXR DSUHQGHUi \ UHWHQGUi FRPR PtQLPR XQD SDUWH GH OR TXH KD YLVWR FXDQGR DXQ QR OHVLUYD SDUD QLQJ~Q SURSyVLWR \ QR WHQJD SRUWDQWR LQWHQFLyQ DOJXQD GH DSUHQ GHUOD 'XGDPRV WHOHVSHFWDGRUHV GH TXH QR DSUHQGDQ ORV VREUH QDGD IRUPD OD GH MXJDU D EDORQFHVWR DXQ FXDQGR REVHUYDFLRQHV VXV GHO MXHJR VHDQ IRUWXLWDVSRU \ OD VX SUiFWLFD LQWHUpV HVFDVR 3URFHVRVGH SURGXFFLyQ ā (OWHUFHU GHO FRPSRQHQWH PRGHODGR FRPSUHQGH ODVFRQFHSFLRQHV OD VLPEyOLFDV FRQYHUVLyQ GH HQ DFFLRQHV DGHFXDGDV FyPR 3DUDODV HQWHQGHU HYDOXDFLRQHV DFWXDFLRQHV FRJQLWLYDV U FRQGXFWXDOHV QHFHVDULR HV ORVPHFDQLVPRV DQDOL]DU FRQFHSWXDOHV \PRWRUHV ODHMHFXFLyQ GH /DP \RUtD GHPRGHODGDV DFWLYLGDGHV VH UHSUHVHQWDQ GH IRUPD DEVWUDFWD HQIRUPD FRQFHSWRV GH \UHJODV GH DFFLyQ GHWHUPLQDQ TXH GH IRUPDOD HVSHFtILFD IRUPD GH FRPSRUWDUVH /DHPLVLyQGH VH FRQGXF FRQVLJXH RUJDQL]DQGR UHVSXHVWDV HVSDFLDO WHPSRUDOPHQWH ODV\ GH DFXHUGR FRQ FRQFHSFLyQ OD GH OD DFWLYLGDG Locus de integración de la respuesta. /DV GLVWLQWDV WHRUtDV GLVFUHSDQ DVL OD LQWHJUD ā UHVSHFW FLyQ GH ODV FRPSRQHQWHV DFWLYLGDGHV HQ IRUPDV QXHYDV VHSURGXFH FHQWUDO R SULQFLS SHULIpULFR SULPHUDV /DV DVRFLDWLYDV WHRUtDV GH OD LPLWDFLyQ *XWKULH +ROW $OOSRUW +XPSKUH\ QR FRQVLGHUDEDQ ODFXHVWLyQ GHODDGTXLVLFLyQ UHVSXHVWD VLQR TXH VXLQ GH WHUpV SULQFLSDOPHQWH YHUVDED VREUH SRGtDQ FyPR VHU LQGXFLGDV UHVSXHVWDV ODV ODV H[LVWHQWHV VH xDOHV VRFLDOHV 6LUHVSXHVWDV ORV DFWRV VLPLODUHV PRGHODGRV GH ORV SURGXFHQ \ODV REVHUYDGRU VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH UHSHWLGD \GHIRUPD SUHVXPLEOHPHQWH ORVDFWRV FRQYLHUWHQ HQVHxD PRGHODGRV OHVHOLFLWDQWHV UHVSXHVWDV LPLWDWLYDV GHODV 6HSHQVy TXH DGTXLUtDQ ORVHVWtPXORV FD HVWD SDFLGDG LQGXFWRUD UiSLGD FXDQGR GH IRUPD SURGXFtD VH XQD PiV LPLWDFLyQ UHFtSURFD LQLFLDO 'H DFXHUGR FRQFHSWXDOL]DFLyQ FRQ ODGH +ROWFXDQGR OD FRQGXFWD GH XQ QLxR LPLWDGDSRUXQ HV DGXOWR āHOQLxR UHSHWLUODFRQGXFWD WLHQGH D $ PHGLGD HVWD TXH LPLWDFLyQ UHLWHUDGD FLUFXODUFRQWLQ~D la FRQ GXFWD GHODGXOWR VHFRQYLHUWH FDGD YH] PiVHQ HILFD] XQ UHVSXHVWD HVWLPXOR GHOD GHO QLxR 6LGXUD WH HVWD LPLWDFLyQ PXWXD HVSRQWiQHD HO DGXOWR GHVDUUROOD XQD UHVSXHVWD TXH HV QXHYDQLxR SDUD HO pVWHOD FRSLDUi /DV WHRUtDV DVRFLDFLyQ GH OD FyPR GHVFULELHURQ ODFRQGXFWD H[LVWHQWH VHU HOLFLWDGD SXHGH SRU ORV DFWRV PRGHODGRV SRU VLQ HPEDUJR H[SOLFDU OD IRUPDHQ GHMDURQ TXH DGTXLHUHQ ,QLFLDOPHQWH ODV $SUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDF UHVSXHVWDV &RQ OD QXHYDV OOHJDGD GH ORV SULQFLSLRV GHO UHIRU]DPLH LPLWDFLyQ GLULJLHURQ KDFLD ODV VX FRQVHFXHQFLDV DWHQFLyQ GH 'HVGH ODUHVSXHVWD HVWH HQIR LP TXH WRGDYtD VH FRQFLEH DSUHQGL]DMH HO SRU LPLWDFLyQ FRPR OD IRUPDFLyQ GH Y WUH ODV VHxDOHV PRGHODGDV \ ODV UHVSXHVWDV LPLWDWLYDV IDFWRU GH VHOHFFLyQ GHWHUPLQDQWH GH ODV UHVSXHVWDV T GDV 0LOOHU 'ROODUG \ 6NLQQHU /DV WHRUtDV GHO KLSRWHWL]DQ UHIRU]DPLHQWR TXH ORV LQGLYLGXRV UHVSXHVWDV FRPSRQHQ H[WUDHQ ODV WHV SDUWLU D GH OD HMHFXFLyQ GHO REVHUYDGRU GHELGR DO UHIRU]D YLGDG TXH VH IRUPDV DVHPHMDQ PRGHODGDV $ DPHGLGD ODV HOREVHUYDGRU TXH FRQWLQ~D HPLWLHQ UHVSXHVWDV VHYDQ VHOHFFLRQDQGR JUDGXDOPHQWH \H WRV GH OD FRQGXFWD LPLWDWLYD'DGR PHGLDQWH TXH VHJ~Q XQ UHIRU]DP HVWD FR FLyQ ODFRQGXFWD VH PROGHD HQQXHYRV SDWURQHV OD HPLVLyQ GXUDQWH GHODV UHVSXHVWDV MH UHTXLHUH PDQLILHVWDV UHVSXHVWDV ā \ HO UHIRU]DPLHQWR LQPHGLDWR GH OD 6HJ~Q HO DQiOLVLV WHRUtD FRJQLWLYD GH OD VRFLDO FRQGXFWD DQWHV GH VHUHMHFX HVRUJDQL SULQFLSDOPHQWH PHGLDQWH PHFDQLVPRV $O REVHUYDU fa HMHFXFLyQ LQWHJUDGRUHV PRGHODG F HOLQGLYLGXR XQD LGHD IRUPD GH ODFRPELQDFLyQ QHFHVDULD HQWUH ORV FRPSRQHQWHV DFWRV \GHFXiO KD GH VHU VX VHFXHQFLD SDUD RULJLQDU WHPSRUDO QXHYDV(QRWUDVSDODEUDV IRUPDV GH ODFRQ FRQGXFWD GXFWD PRGHODGD HV HQJUDQ DSUHQGLGD SDUWH GHIRUPD VLPEyOLFD FRPR XQWRGR GD /D HPLVLyQ GHUHVSXHVWDV LPSOLFD SULQFLSDOPHQWH FRJQLWLYD GH OD DFFLyQ ā OD Proceso de reproducción de la concepción cognitiva de la acción. $ ILQGH DQDOL]DUOD PRV VHSDUDU ODUHDOL]DFLyQ FRQGXFWD HQYDULRV GH OD SURFHVRV GLVWLQWRV OD ORV SDWURQHV OD LQLFLDFLyQ GH UHVSXHVWD JXLDGD FHQWUDOPHQWH OD āHMHFXFLyQOD GHRE O UHVSXHVWD \HOHPSDUHMDPLHQWR GHODV DFFLRQHV FRQ VXFR YDV GHODHMHFXFLyQ /D FRQGXFWD HVWi IRUPDGD SRU ODFRPELQDFLyQ UHVSXHVWDV FRPSRQHQWHV GH SDUD GDU OXJDU DQXHYRV SDWURQHV UHSUHVHQWDU TXH KDELOLGDGHV DVXYH] (Q OD-DVH FRPSOHMDV SXHGHQ LQL FLDO GHODUHDOL]DFLyQ GHODFRQGXFWD ODVUHVSXHV YR /D FRQFHSFLyQ GHULYDGD GH ORV GH HMHPSORV ORV DFWRV REVHUYDGRV al VXMHWR SHUPLWH SURGXFLU GHVGH HO SULQFLSLR FRPR PtQLPR XQD ā VRPHUD ā DSUR[ /D UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ FRQFHSWXDO SURSRUFLRQD HOPRGHOR LQWHUQR SDUD,DSURGXFFLy QHFHVDULR GH ODV UHVSXHVWDV DVtFRPR FULWHULRVSDUD ORV ODFRUUHFFLyQ /D SURGXFFLyQ GHODV PLVPDV GHODFR WD VXSRQH EiVLFDPHQWH XQ SURFHVR GH HPSDUHMDPLHQWR GH ODHMHFXFLyQ FRQ ODFRQ OD UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ VHQVRULDO HQWUDQWH TXHāG VH HDOD SURGXFH FWXDFLyQ FRPR HV FRPSDUDGD FRQ ODFRQFHSFLyQ FRQGXFWDSDVD DPRGLILFDUVH /D OXHJR HQEDVH D SDUDWLYD SDUD FRQVHJXLU FRUUHVSRQGHQFLD XQD YH]PiV H[DFWD HQWUH FDGDODFRQFHSFLyQ y ODDFFLyQ $OJXQDVKD YHFHV GLFKR QXQFDSRGUi VH TXH VROXFLRQDUVH VDWLVIDFWRULDPHQW EUH locus HO GHO DSUHQGL]DMH āSXHVWR TXH pVWH SDUWLU KD GHODHMHFXFLyQ GH LQIHULUVH (VWD RSLQLyQ D VH SURGXFH FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH ,2V ODH[SHULPHQWDFLyQ FXDOHV SRVHHQ XQD FD F OLPLWDGD PDQLIHVWDU SDUD VXV 3DUD FRQRFLPLHQWRV GHWHUPLQDU SRU HMHPSOR VL DSUHQGLGR XQ DUHFRUUHU ODEHULQWR KD\ TXHVHJXLUORV PLHQWUDV SUXHED (Q HOFDVR UHDOL]DQ GHOKRP OD EUH H[LVWHQ RWURV LQGLFDGRUHV GH HMHFXFLyQ DSUHQGL]DMH PRWRUD TX (O JUDGR GH DSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ (Q ODV pruebasSXHGH de PHG producción verbal, ORV REVHUYDGRUHV KDQ DSUHQGLGR GHVFULEHQ SRU ORTXH REVHUYDFLy -HIIHU\ \%DFKLFKD %DQGXUD 5RVV \5RVV QHV VLPEyOLFDV GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV pruebas de reconocimiento. PRGHODGDV (Q pV SRU P WDV ORV REVHUYDGRUHV PRGHODGR LGHQWLILFDQ GH HQWUH RWUDV HO SURWRWLSR DOWHUQDWLYD pVWH HQ DVSHFWRV FRQVWUX\HQ HO SDWUyQFRQGXFWXDOPRGHOiGR VXWLOHV R D SDUWLU GHIRWRJUDItDV TX SUHVHQWDQ GH IRUPD GHVRUGHQDGD FDGD WLQRGHORVGLVWLQWRV &DUUROO DFWRV \%DQGXU FRPSR &XDQGR ODFRQGXFWD HVWi UHJXODGD UHJODV,DV SRU FRQFHSFLRQHV reglaso H[SUHVDQ SULQFL OiV SLRV QHFHVDULRV JHQHUDU SDUD QXHYDV IRUPDV (O DSUHQGL]DMH GHFRQGXFWD SRU REVHUYDF H[LVWHQ VH PLGH UHJODV KDFLHQGR TXH ORVREVHUYDGRUHV PDQLILH WDV PRGHODGDVR KDFLHQGR TXHKDQ GHPXHVWUHQ FRPSUHQGLGR TXH VXVLJQLILFDGR pruebas 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV de comprensión GRQGH GHVFULEHQ VHDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV HQFDPDQ GLFKD TXH UHJOD %URZQ VHQWKDO \ =LPPHUPDQ (Q ODV pruebas de optimización de la ejecución, PHGLDQWH LQFHQWL YRVSRVLWLYRV \OLPLWDFLRQHV PtQLPDV TXHKD VHLQWHQWD DSUHQGL TXH GR GH ORV PRGHORV %DQGXUD *UXVHF \0HQORYH E SUREDEOH %DQGXUD TXH ORV (V HVWXGLRV HQORVTXH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ HODSUHQGL]DMH VHLQILHUH DSDUWLU GHO WLGDV GHIRUPD HVSRQWiQHD VXEHVWLPHQ DQR VHUTXH VH LQIOX\D HODSUHQGL]DMH SDUD TXH VXFHGD ORFRQWUDULR JHQHUDOPHQWH KD DSUHQGLGR HOLQGLYLGXR /RV H[SH PHQWRV HQORVTXH VHXWLOL]DQ P~OWLSOHV PHGLGDV GH GH DSUHQGHU SRU DQWHV GH REVHUYDFLyQ HMHFXWDU UHDOPHQWH ODV FRQGXFWDV %DQGXUD \ %DQGXUD 5RVV \ 5RVV D %URZQ 5RVHQWKD Concepción erréneay producción de respuestas. 'HVGH OXHJR HQPXFKRV FDVRV HODSUHQGL ]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ SDUD QRHV FRQVHJXLU VXILFLHQWH XQD HMHFXFLyQ FRUUHFWD /RV SRUVt HUURUHV VROR SXHGHQ SURGXFLUVH &XDQGR SRU ODV GLYHUVDV DFWLYLGDGHV FDXVDV REVHUYDGDV PRGHODGDV EUHYH RVRQ HVSRUiGLFDPHQWH JHQHUDOPHQWH OR~QLFR GH ODV TXH PLVPDV VHDGTXL /D HPLVLyQ GH OD FRQGXFWD HV LPSHUIHFWD SRUTXH OD FR FXDGD SUiFWLFD /D PDQLILHVWD D\XGD D LGHQWLILFDU ORV SRU FRPSOHWR DVSHFWRV ROYLGDG R VyOR DSUHQGLGRV GHIRUPD &XDQGR H[LVWHQ SDUFLDO XOWHULRUHV RSRUWXQLGDGHV ODV PLVPDV DFWLGH YLGDGHV PRGHODGDV REVHUYDGRU SXHGH HO FRQFHQWUDU VX DWHQFLyQ HQ DTXH FRPSOHWDU DVt ODV JXtDV IDOWDQ ā SDUD TXH FRQVHJXLU OH XQD HMHFXFLyQ SUHFLVD Reproducción de la concepción de la conducta modelada y déficit motores. $XQ HQ HOFDVR GHTXHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQDSDUHFHU FRQFHSWXDO HUURUHV FRQVHFXHQFLD FRPR VHDSUHFLVD GHID SX OORV HQ ODV VXEKDELOLGDGHV /D UDSLGH] \HOQLYHO PRWRUDV SRU REVHUYDFLyQ GH DSUHQGL]DMH GHSHQG UiQ HQSDUWH HWDSD GH SURGXFFLyQ HQOD GHUHVSXHVWDV GHTXH VHGLVSRQJD G QHQWHV QHFHVDULDV /RV VXMHWRV TXH SRVHDQ ODV KDELO FLOLGDG \ SURGXFLU SDWURQHV QXHYRV GH FRQGXFWD IDOWDQ SHUR DOJXQDV FXDQGR GH ODV VXEKDEL OD SURGXFFLyQ GH OD FRQGXFWD VHUi LQFRUUHFWD &XDQGR H[LVWH GpILFLW HQ SULPH GHVDUUROODU QHFHVDULDV ODVKDELOLGDGHV UHDOL]DU SDUD ODV DFWLYLGDGHV FRPSOHMD \SUiFWLFD 'HVSXpV SDVR FRQVLVWH XQ VHJXQGR HQ ODHVFDORQDGD FUHDFLyQ GH PRGRV GH IRUPD GH FRQGXFWD PiV 3RU HMHPSOR FRPSOHMRV VHFRQVLJXLy TXH QRKDEtDQ QLxRV ORJUD DXWLVW GRDGRSWDU ODV H[SUHVLRQHV XQD PRGHODGDV YH]PHGLDQWH TXHPRGHODGR DSUHQGLHVHQ UHHO FRPSHQVDGR HVWDEOHFHU VHFRQVLJXLy ORVFRPSRQHQWHV KDEOD /RYDDV GHO /DPD\RUtD GHKD ELOLGDGHV VH GHVDUUROODQ MHUiUTXLFD PHGLDQWH GH ORV FRPSRQHQWHV OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GH OD GHV 3RU WDQWR ORVSULPHURV FRPSRQHQWHV GRPLQDU VRQ ORVPiV TXHKD\ VHQFLOORV ā TXH OOHJ YHUHPRV DGHODQWH PiV HOPRGHODGR KD GHPRVWUDGR JUDGXDO VHPX\ HILFD] HQ HOG SHWHQFLDV D SDUWLU GH ORV LQJUHGLHQWHV PiV VHQFLOO $XQ FXDQGR VH DGTXLHUDQ \UHWHQJDQ ODV UHSUHVHQWD ODGDV \ GH TXH H[LVWDQ VXEKDELOLGDGHV VHD LQFDSD] FRPSRQHQWHV GH FRRUGLQDUODV GLVWLQWDV DFFLRQHV y OD VHFXHQFLD VHJ~Q HO FDXVD SDWUyQ UHTXHULGRV GH VXV OLPLWD D FLRQHV ILVLFDV /RV QLxRV SHTXHxRV SXHGHQ DSUHQGHU ULRV SDUD FRQGXFLU XQ DXWRPyYLO \VHU FDSDFHV GH HMHFXWDU SDFHV GH PDQLREUDU DGHFXDGDPHQWHSDUD VLQR OOHJDU VRQ DOYRODQWH ORVXILF DORVSHGDOHV /DHVWUXFWXUD DODYH] ELROyJLFD SXHGH DIHFWDU ODV SRWHQFLD WR 3RU WDQWR HQWUH ORV REVHUYDGRUHV KDEUi TXH DOJXQRV GLILHUDQ TXH DSUHQGHUiQ ODV PRGHODGDV KDELOLGDGHV FRQ PD\RU UDSLGH] PDQXDOHV TXH RWURV &XDQGR OD DFWXDFLyQ GHO PRGHOR HVWi UHJXODGD SRU TXH QRVRQ ni REVHUYDEOHV QLIiFLOPHQWH la UHDOL]DFLyQ GHVFULSWLEOHV SUHFLVD FRQGXFWXDO GHODV BBDFWt YLGDGHV PRGHODGDVWDPELpQ VH YH GLILFXOWDGD 3RU HMHPSOR XQ FDQWDQWH DVSLUDQWH GH ySHUD D SRGUi EHQHILFLDUVH FRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWH REVHUYDFLyQ GH XQSURIHVRU GH SHUR OD VXV FRQVXPDGR SURJUHVRV VH YHUiQ REVWDFXOL]DGRV SRUTXH UHVSLUDWRULDV ODV GHOPRGHOR UHVSXHVWDV FRPR ODUtQJHD PXFKR . . VHUiQ REVHUYDEOHV SDUFLDOPHQWH $SUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDF Reproducción de la concepción de la conducta e información por retroalimentación. /D GLVFXVLyQ DQWHULRU KDYHUVDGR yVREUHODVGLVFUHS ORVDFWRV TXHVX FRPRFRQVHFXHQFLD GHGpILFLWHQODVKDELOLGDGHV VRH[LVWLHQGRODFDSDFLGDG ItVLFDDGHFXDGD ODV GLHQWHVVLQTXHVHSURGX]FDHUURUDOJXQR/DVH FLRQHVGHODDFFLyQ\SRUODSHUFHSFLyQGH OD LQIRUPDFLyQD SDUWLU GHODVDFWXDFLRQHVUH ORJHQHUDO ODV ā UHSURGXFFLRQHV SUHFLVDV VHFRQVLJXHQPHGL IXHU]RVSUHOLPLQDUHV HQEDVH DODUHWURDOLPHQW /D GLVSDULGDG HQWUHODVFRQFHSFLRQHV\ORVDFWRV KD\ TXHPRGLILFDUOD LQGLFDHOJU GXFWD SDUD DSUR[LPDUVH GHVHDGD ā D OD HMHFXFLyQ 'XUDQWH ODVUHDOL]DFLRQHV LQLFLDOHVGHODFRQ VHUYDHVWUHFKDPHQWH ODUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ TXHV FRPSDUD OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ FRQ FRQFHSWXDO GHTXHGLVSRQH UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ FRQGXFWD HVLQWUtQVHFD \FRUUHVSRQGHDOD DODLQIRUPDFL QHVWpVLFD TXHVHSURGXFHGHIRUPD QDWXUDO FRPRFRQVHFXHQFLD (O LQGLYLGXRPHMRU GHORVDFWRV SHUIHFFLRQDVXHMHFXFLyQYLHQGRHVFXFKDQGR \V IXHQWHVGHLQIRUPDFLyQVREUHODUHVSXHVWD VHLQ FRPRSXHGH VHU HOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHORVUHVXOWDGRV SURGXF VRFLDOTXHLQGLFDQODGHVWUH]D \ORVHUURUHV YH] TXH ORVSDWURQ HQ GHDFFLyQVHKDQRUJDQL]DGRDGHFXDGDPHQWH SRUP \DGHFXDGDPHQWH VLQQHFHVLGDG GHH[FHVLYD REVHU DGHODQWH GLVFXWLUHPRV OD DXWRPDWL]DFLyQ FRQ PD\RU GHWDOOH ā GH āā ODVKDELOL Conversión de· lo inobservable en observable: 8QSUREOHPD GHO DSUHQGL]DMH KDELWXDO TXH HV ORVLQGLYLGXRVQRSXHGHQREVHUYDU GHOWRGRVXS TXHQRSXHGHREVHUYDUVHYLVXDOPHQWH (Q ODVKDELOLGDGHVFRRUGLQDGDV R OD F QDWDFLyQ HOLQGLYLGXRQRSXHGHYHUJUDQSDUWH GHVXUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ FLQHVWpVLFD \GHORVL FXHQFLDGHHOORHQODVIDVHVLQLFLDOHVORVSUL LQFR UUHFWDV PLHQWUDV VXSRQHQTXHHVWiQ (VWRRFXUUH VLJXLHQGRF GH LJXDOIRUPDHQODFRQGXFWDVRFLDO/RVLQGLYLGX LQWHUDFFLRQHV LQWHUSHUVRQDOHV DOREVHUYDU VX (V GLItFLOUHJXODUORV DFWRV TXH VyORSXHGHQ āREVHUYDUVHSDUFLDOPHQWH RtGH UUHFWRUHV QHFHVDULRV SDUD TXHODFRQGXFWD &X iQ VHD GRHOVXMHWRWLHQHXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ FODUD GH SXHVWDV HVFDSD] GHPHMRUDU VX FRQFHSFLyQ VXHMHFXFLyQ FXDQGR FRQW LQIRUPDFLyQVREUHORVUHVXOWDGRV 6): 6LQHPEDUJRFXDQGR GHWDOHVUHVSX SXHVWDV VyORVRQSDUFLDOPHQWH LQILHUH āVXV HUURUHV D REVHUYDEOHV SDUWLU GHORV UHVXOWDGRV HO HYLGHQWHVGHVXVDFWRV 3RU HMHPSORORVMXJDGRUHV JROI LQWHQWDQ āGHWHPLLQDU GH \FRUUHJL GHVXVWLURVREVHUYDQGRVL OD SHORWDVHGLULJHFRQHIHFWRKDFLDOD QRFLPLHQWRGHORVPRYLPLHQWRVHUUyQHRV OHV SHUPLWHQ HVSHFtIL DYHULJXDUORTXHKDQGHFRUUHJLU&XDQWRPHQRV PD\RUHVOD GHSHQ GHQFLDGHOVXMHWRUHVSHFWRGHORVUHVXOWDGRV UH FLDGH OD DFFLyQ FRQOD FRQFHSFLyQ (Q ORVHVWXGLRV VREUHDFWLYLGDGHVTXHQRUPDOPHQ TXHODVUHDOL]D VHSRQHGHPDQLILHVWRHOKHFKR VHYH IDYRUHFLGDHQ JUDQPHGLGD OD DGTXLVLFLyQ SRU XQD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQPHQWDO GH OD ā DFWLYLGDG \SRU la GLVSRVLFLyQ GH WHPSRUDO ySWLPD GHODREVHUYDFLyQGH 6LHOVXMHWR ODV DFWXD SXHGHYHUORTXHHVWiKDFLHQGRRVLREVHUYDVXV IRUPDGRDQWHVXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ FRQFHSWXDO DGHFXDGD ,DDFWLYLGDG GHHVFDSDaGHUHSU QR FRQH[DFWLWXG ORVSDWURQHVPRGHODGRV 6LQXQDU QRSXHGHQXWLOL]DU DGHFXDGDPHQWH GH āTXHGLVSRQHQ 6LQ ODUHWURDOLPH aPEDUJRXQD YH]TXHORVVXMHWRVKDQHODERUDGR XQDUHSUHVHQ 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV VHUYDU VXV SURSLDV DFWXDFLRQHV IDFLOLWD &XDQWR GH PiV IRUPD SUHFL LPSRUW VD VHD OD FRQFHSFLyQ VDWLVIDFWRULD PiV VHUi OD HMHFXFLyQ &DUUROO \ %DQGXUD 6LHOVXMHWR GHSHQGLHUD VLPXOWiQHD GH GH ODUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ VX HMHFXFLyQ YDORU GH pVWDVHUtD HO HVFDVR \D TXH KD\ DOJXQDV TXH UHDOL]DU OD DFWLYLGDG YHFHV HQ FRQGLFLRQHV UHWURDOLPHQWD HQ TX FLyQ HV LPSRVLEOH EDOOHW SXHGHQ /RV SUDFWLFDU EDLODULQHV GH ORV GHODQWH GH SHUR HVSHMRV OXHJR WHQ GUiQ TXH EDLODU VLQ HOORV KD GH FRQWURODUVH /D DFWXDFLyQ VHQVDFLRQHV \ SRU SRU ORV SRVWHULRU ODV UH VXOWDGRV DVRFLDGRV DODV DFFLRQHV 5HDOPHQWH WLSR &DUUROO \ VH SUR %DQGXUD 8QDYH]TXH ODV FRQFHSFLRQHV WUDGXFHQ DFWXDFLRQHV VH HQ UHJXODGDV YLVXDO PHQWH ODFWLYLGDG D FRQWLQXDUi SUHFLVD UHDOL]iQGRVH D SHVDU GH āTXH UHWURDOLPHQWDFLy OD GH IRUPD VLPXOWiQHD KD\D LQWHUUXPSLGR VH /RV EHQHILFLRV SXHGDQ REWHQHUVH TXH GH ODUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ GHSHQGHUiQ GH VX GH O GLVSRVLFLyQ WHPSRUDO y VXFDSDFLGDG VX LQIRUPDWLYD HVSHFLILFLGDG /D DXWRREVHUYDFLyQ GHP KDFH PiV GHWHFWDU GLILFLO \FRUUHJLU ORV HPSDUHMDPLHQWRV FRQFHSFLRQHV \ORV HUUyQHRV DF WRV SRUTXH HV IiFLO DEVRUEHUVH XQD HMHFXFLyQ SDVDGD VLQ HQ FRPSDUDUOD ODUHSHWLFLyQ FRQVWDQWHGH PHQWH FRQ XQD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ KDEHU QHPyQLFD VLGR $GHPiV HQ ODV GHORTXH SULPHUDV WHQ IDVHV GHODPHPRULD ODFRQFHSFLyQ SDUDSRGHU GHOD SURSRUFLR DFWLYLGDG QDUXQ PRGHOR LQWHUQR SDUD FRUUHJLU DGHFXDGR ORV DVSHFWRV GHODV DFWXDFLRQHV &RPR HUUyQHRV FRQ VHFXHQFLD LQFOXVR EUHYHVHQ ODREVHUYDFLyQ ODV GHPRUDV GH UHGXFH ODV HOYDORU HMHFXFLRQHV LQVWUXFWLYR OD DXWRREVHUYDFLyQ GH &DUUROO \%DQGXUD 6L HO LQGLYLGXR LPDJLQD PRGHODGD FXDQGR REVHUYDU VHGLVSRQH VXV HMHFXFLRQHV D GLVFUHSDQFLDV DQWHULRUHV HQWUH VXV FRQODV FHSFLRQHV \ VXV DFWRV UHVXOWDQ PiV HYLGHQWHV /D \ LPDJLQD SRU WDQWR FLyQ SXHGH XQD IRUPD VHU FRPSHQVDU GH ODV OLPLWDFLRQHV DXWRREVHUYDFLyQ TXHDSOD]DGD LPSRQH OD &DGD YH] VH XWLOL]D PiV OD DXWRREVHUYDFLyQ PHGLDQWH HQFLQWDV GH YtGHR SDUDIDYRUHFHU ODDGTXLVLFLyQ /DUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ GH KDELOLGDGHV \ G SRFR LQVWUXFWLYD FRPR KDELWXDOPHQWH UHVXOWDGRV VHSUHVHQWD \5R +XQJV VHQWKDO 5RWKVWHLQ \$UQROG /D SUHVHQWDFLyQ VLPSOH GH ODV UHSURGXFFLRQHV GHOD FRQ GXFWD ROD LQGLFDFLyQ GHSURGXFHQ ORHUUyQHR HIHFWRV RDFHUWDGR LPSUHGHFLEOHV (VWDV GH UHSURGXFFLRQHV QR LQVWUXFWLYDV QR DVHJXUDQ GH TXH HOR GX]FD GH VX FRQGXFWD ORV FDPELRV HVTXHPiWLFDV FRUUHFWRUHV VLUYHQ QHFHVD SDUD DYHULJXDU VL XQR KDOOD VH HQ ODOtQHD FRUUHFWD WUDQVPLWHQ LQIRUPDFLyQ RQR SRFD SHUR āODV VREUH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH ODSURSLD HMHFXFLyQ 6LQ XQD UHW YDVVLW~HQ TXH ORV ORJURV FRQVHJXLGRV OD DXWRREVHUYDFLyQ HQXQD SHUVSHFWLYD GH ODV IXW QHV LQDGHFXDGDV GLVPLQXLUODV SXHGH SHUFHSFLRQHV WLHQH HOTXH REVHUYDGRU GH VXV FD %URZQ /D UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ GHOD HMHFXFLyQ HVWUXFWXUDUVH GHEHUtD GH IRUPD TXH DGHPiV GHODKDELOLGDG SDUD HODERUDU VLUYLHVHDXWRSHUFHSFLRQHV WDPELpQ (VWH REMHWLYR GH GREOH HILFDF V FRQVLJXH GHVWDFDQGR \ ORV EHQHILFLRV ORV p[LWRV ODV GHILFLHQFLDV \ FRUULJLHQGR GH ODV VXEKDELOLGD GHV 'RZULFN /D UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ DXPHQWDGD SRU ODLQIRUPDFLyQ IDFLOLWDUi YLVXDO PD DXGLWLYD FRQ \RUSUREDELOLGDG HODSUHQGL]DMH VHD VyOR SDUFLDOPHQWH FXDQGR ODSURSLD REVHUY HM ODUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ QDWXUDO /DUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ VHD GLItFLO FRUUHFWLYD GH REVHUYD TXH GLULJH ODDWHQFLyQ KDFLD DVSHFWRV UHOHYDQWHV GH GHVWUH]D 5H\ - 'HO a /RV HVWXGLRV GHPXHVWUDQ FRPSDUDWLYRV TXH HOLQGLYLGXR FDSD] GH GR HV PLQDU PiV UiSLGDPHQWH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV PRGHODGDV VL SRU XQD FLQWD GH YtGHR TXH VL GLVSRQH ~QLFDPHQWH 1HXIHOG \1HXIHOG 8QD YH] TXH VHKD GRPLQDU OD OOHJDGR DFWLYLGDG D ODUHWURD DUWLILFLDO ā SXHGH LQWHUUXPSLUVH VLQ TXH VH SURGX]FD XQD Sp /D UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ LQIRUPDWLYD y TXH PiV FRQVLJXH ORV PD\RUHV OD TXH VHEHQHILF DSR \D HQ HOPRGHODGR FRUUHFWLYR (Q HVWH SODQWHDPLHQWR 9DVWD TXH FDUDFWHUL]D OD DGTXLVL FLyQ GH KDELOLGDGHV GLULJLGDV OD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ FRPR SXHGH HOYLUWXRVL VHU HOWH ODVKDELOLGDGHV VRFLDOHVH VHLGHQWLILFDQ GHXQD HMHFXFLyQ PRGHOD ORVVHJP \VH OD PDQHUDDGHFXDGD GH UHDOL]DUORV SRU SHUVRQDV HQGLFKDV H[SHUWDV DFWLYLGDGHV /XHJR ORV UHSHWLUiQ HVWDV KDVWD āTXH VXEKDELOLGDGHV ODV(Q GRPLQHQ HO FDVR GH WDUHDV HQ FXUVR OD UHWUR PHQWDFLyQ SHULyGLFD HVWi KDFLHQGR VREUH HO ORTXH IRUWDOHFH HIHFWR VH GH ODV PHWDV FRQG $SUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYD DXPHQWDODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ GHODDWHQFLyQ HQDFW PHQWDFLyQLQIRUPDWLYDQRVyORPHMRUDODFRQGXFW fa FLOLWDHODSUHQGL]DMHSRUREVHUYDFLyQGHDFWLYL SURSRUFLRQHUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ DOJXQD 9DVWD 3URFHVRVGH PRWLYDFLyQ /DWHRUtDFRJQLWLYDVRFLDOGLVWLQJXHHQWUHDG (VWD GLIHUHQFLD HVWi DSR\DGD SRUHOKHFKRGHTXHODVSHUVRQDVQRUHDOL]DQ D UHWH WR QHU ODVFDSDFLGDGHVQHFHVDULDVSDUD HMHFXWDU DGHFXDGDPHQWH ODVDFWL GHVDUUROODUODV QXQFD RHQFRQWDGDVRFDVLRQHV HQWUH DSUHQGL]DMH \HMHF SURGXFHQFRQPD\RUIUHFXHQFLDFXDQGRODFRQGXF SRUWDXQHOHYDGRULHVJRGHFDVWLJR&XDQGR VH REVHUYDFLyQTXHKDEtDSHUPDQHFLGR VLQVHUH[SU GXUD E 'XEDQRVNL \3DUWRQ ā ā 0DGVHQ /DHMHFXFLyQGHODFRQGXFWD HVWi LQIOXLGDSRUWUHVWL DSUHQGLGD SRUREV YRVGLUHFWRVYLFDULRV\DXWRSURGXFLGRV /D FRQGXFWDPRGHODGDTXHFRPSRUW SDUDHOLQGLYLGXRWLHQHPD\RUSUREDELOLGDG GH YRVRELHQFDUH]FDGHJUDWLILFDFLyQDOJXQD (Q XQHVWXGLRUHDOL]DGRSRU%DQ VH UHYHODGHTXpIRUPD ORV āLQFHQWLYRVH[WHUQRV LQIOX\HQVHOHFWLY GXFWDPRGHODGD$OH[SRQHUDXQJUXSRGHQLxRV SRU GLYHUVRVPRGHORV VHREVHUYyTXHpVWRVLPLWDED IRUPD VHOHFWLYD DTXHOODFRQ āFRP SRUWDED UHFRPSHQVDV \UHKXVDEDQ (Q ODVVLWXDFLRQHV LPLWDUDTXHOOD ORVLQFHQWLYRVH[WHUQRVSDUDUHDOL]DU ODFRQGX PDWHULDOHVHVWLPXODFLyQ VHQVRULDODJUDGDEOHR WLYDVRGHUHFRPSHQVDV SRUODHILFDFLDHQHO KDELOLGDGHV PRGHODGDV /RVUHVXOWDGRV REVHUYDGRVLQIOX\HQHQODHMHF FDVL VLHPSUHGHO PLVPDIRUPD(QWUH ODVLQQXPHUDEOHV FRQGXFWDV SDUHFHQUHVXOWDU HILFDFHVDORVGHPiVVRQSUHIH KD REVHUYDGRTXHSURGXF FXHQFLDVQHJDWLYDV %DQGXUD E /RVFULW WHGHPRWLYDFLyQ/DVUHVSXHVWDV HYDOXDWLYDV T HQHOWLSRGHDFWLYLGDGHV DSUHQGLGDV SRUREVHU DFWLYLGDGHV TXHOHVFRPSRUWDQ OHVGHVDJUDGDQ DXWRVDWLVIDFFLRQ SH PHQWH +LFNV 6OLIH\ 5\FKODN FDS tWXORVDQDOL]DUHPRV (QSRVWHULRUHV ORV SURFHVRV ā SRU ORVTXH ORV\ LQFHQWLYRVREVHUYDGRV DXWRHYDOXDGRUHV FRPR PRWLYDGRUHV DFW~DQ 0RZUHU SURSXVRXQDWHRUtDGHUHWURDOLPHQWD SRVLWLYDV\QHJDWLYDVFRQGLFLRQDGDV FOiVLFDPHQ LPL WDWLYD/DIRUPXODFLyQGHODWHRUtDHVODVLJX SHQVDU \ FDVWLJDU D ORV REVHUYDGRUHV R ELHQ 0HGLDQWH HVWDVDVRFLDFLRQHVUHSHWLGDVHQWUHFR FLRQHVSRVLWLYDV \QHJDWLYDV DFDEDQ SRUFRQGLF FRQVHFXHQFLD ORVREVHUYDGRUHV VHKDOODQGLVSX YDPHQWH \ D HYLWDU DTXHOODV UHVSXHVWDV LPLWD ([LVWHQ GDWRV VXVWDQFLDOHV LQGLFDWLYRV LPLWDFLyQ āSXHGH GH TX DXPHQWDUVH PHGLDQWH UHIRU]DPLHQWRQRFRQWLQJHQ REVHUYDFLyQ GHFRQGXFWDV UHFRPSHQVDGDD6tQ HPEDUJRORVUHVXOWDGR PRGHODGDV GH āHVWRV HVWX GLRVPiVTXHDSR\DU DXPHQWDQODVUHVHUYDVDF FOXVRFXDQGRHOUHIRU]DPLHQWRGHORVPRGHORVVH WDVTXHPXHVWUDQ VLUYHSDUDDXPHQWDUODLPLWD UD y +XVWRQ O ā0DGVHQ ā0LVFKHOā \*UXVHF 5RVHKDQ \ :KLWH H LQFOXVR SXHGH GLVPLQXLU ODDGRSFLyQGH FRQGXFWDVPX\ DUUDL $GHPiV ORVHIHFWRVGHOUHIRU]DPLHQWRPRGHODGR 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV OD VLWXDFLyQ GHO FRQGXFWD PRPHQWR D LPLWDU <DUURZ \GH OD \ 6FRWW 3RU WDQWR HO QLYHO GH UH IRU]DPLHQWR PRGHODGR YDORU SUHGLFWLYR WLHQH XQ OLPLWDGR WLSR GHO GH FRQGXFWD PRPHQWR OXJD PRGHODGD VH āUHDOL]DUi TXH /RV HVWXGLRV HQ ORV TXH UHVSXHVWDV ORV HVSHFtILFDV PRGHORVVLPXOWiQHDPHQWH H[KLEHQ PLHQWUDV VH UHFRPSHQVD D ORV REVHUYDGRUHV FUHiQGRVH SRU WDQWR QHFHVDULRV ORV UHTXHULPLHQWRV FRQ SDUD HO GLFLRQDPLHQWR WRGDYtD DXPHQWDQ GH IRUPD PiV LPSRUWDQWH āGXGDV laVREUH WHRUtD GHO ODV FRQGLFLR QDPLHQWR (Q DIHFWLYR HOORV ORV REVHUYDGRUHV LPLWDQ PLVPD PHGLGD ODVFRQGXFW LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH ODV UHVSXHVWDV ā VHā GH SUHVHQWDQ VL VRODV R VHJXLGDV UHFRPSHQVD GH 'XED QRVNL )RVV &XDQGR ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV REVHUYDGDV LQIOX\HQ ODFRQGXFWDLPLWD VREUH WLYD FRPR RFXUUH KD\ LPSRUWDQWHV PXFKDV YHFHV LQGLFDGRUHV FDPELRV HVWiQ PHGLD GH TXH WDOH GRV FRJQLWLYDPHQWH MXLFLRV GH DXWRHILFDFLD SRU \ SRUPiV H[SHFWDWLYDV TXH SRU HO GH ā FRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR la FRQGXFWD HPRFLRQDO HQGH Vt $URQIUHHG XQD HQ HODERUDFLyQ GH ODWHRUtD UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ GH OD GH OD LPLWD DIHFWL FLyQ KD DSXQWDGR HVWDGRV DIHFWLYRV TXHORV WDQWR DJUDGDEOHV FRPR FRQGLFLRQDQ DYHUVLYRV DODV VH UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV FRJQLWLYDV GH ODVTXH DFFLRQHV VXUJHQ ODV GH PRGHODG DFFLRQHV (VWD FRQFHSWXDOL]DFLyQ GHLPLWDFLyQ OD ā UHVXOWD GLILFLO GHPRVWUDU GH BHPStULFDPHQWH SRUTXH QR HVSHFLILFD FRQ HO VXILFLHQWH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHWDOOH GHODV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV ODV GHTXp IRU PD ODV HPRFLRQHV DVRFLDQ FRQ VH ODV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV SURSLHGDGHV QL GH FyPR DFWLYDGRU OD ODV HPRFLyQVRQ GH WUDQVPLWLGDV pVWDV DODV LQWHQFLRQHV \ DODV VRQ LQWUtQVHFDV VHxDOHV VR D ORV DFWRV /DUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ DIHFWLYD QR SXHGH UiSLGD VHOHFFLyQ UHJXODU GHUHVSXHVWDV GH OD HQWUH WRGDV ODV DOWHUQDWLYDV \D TXH UHVSXHVWDV GLVSRQLEOHV ODV TXH SXHGHQ DFWLYDUVH IRUPD LQFOXVR LQFLSLHQ GH WH GXUDQWH LQVWDQWH HQ HOTXH HO HOLQGLYLGXR KD GHGHFLGLU UHVSRQGHU FyPR DORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV Ui SLGDPHQWH FDPELDQWHV VRQ H[LVWHQFLDGH HVFDVDV HVWH SUREOHPD 5HFRQRFLHQGR 0RZUHU OD HVSHFXOy OD H[SORUDFLyQ TXH \ UHVSXHVWDV VHOHFFLyQ QR RFXUUH EiVLFDPHQWH GH ODV D QLYHO GH OD DF FLyQ VLQR DQLYHO (VWR FRLQFLGH FRJQLWLYR FRQ OD ODFRQGXFWD RSLQLyQ GH UHJXODGD KXPDQD TXH HVW SULQFLSDOPHQWH SRU ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV DQWLFLSDGDV GH ORV DFWRV IXWXURV /DV DFFLRQHV QR SXHGHQ āVHUUHJXODGDV LPSODQWDGDV HQ OD SRU SURSLD ODV FXD FRQGXFWD \D TXH VX H[SUHVLyQ YDULD DPSOLDPHQWH HQ FLUFXQVWDQFLDV IXQFLyQ /D FRQGXFWD GH ODV DJUHVLYD EXHQ HMHPSOR HVXQ (O GH DFWR HOOR GH WDQWR DJUHGLU VL HVWi GLULJLGR KDFLD ORV SDGUHV KDFLD ORV DPLJRVRKDFLDXQREMHWRLQDQLPDGR GLILHUH SRFR RQDGD VLQHPEDUJR VLyQ KDFLD VXV SDGUHV PLHQWUDV TXH UiSLGDPHQWH KDFLD VXV FRPSDxHURV ODGLULJHQ %DQGXUD \ : DO WHUV (Q GHWHUPLQDGRV FRQWH[WRV FRPR SXHGH VHU ELHQ HO ER[HR GHFRPSHWL GHILQLGRV FLyQ SHUVRQDV QR RWUDV DJUHVLYDV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV VHJROSHDUiQ HQ HQWUH VtVLQ QLQ /D DJUHVLyQSXHGH PHMRU SDUWLUGH SUHGHFLUVH D ODLQIRUPDFLyQ GH TXH VHGLVSRQ VRFLDO LJOHVLD R JLPQDVLR HOREMHWLYR PDHVWUROD SROLFtD DOTXH RXQ DPL VH JRODHILFDFLD ILVLFD SHUFLELGD \ RWURV IDFWRUHV VHxDODQ FRQVHFXHQFLDV TXH SRWHQFLDOHV TXH DSDU WLU GH OD HYDOXDFLyQ GH ODV HPRFLRQHV DFWRV LPSOtFLWDVā DJUHVLYRV R HQ UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV VXV HQORV FRJQLWLYDV 6LORV UHJXODGRUHV SURSLD GHFRQGXFWD,D OD FRQGXFWD IOH[LEt VHSU OLGDG \ FDSDFLGDG GHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWR DGDSWDWLYD KXPDQR VHYHUtD 'HEL JUD GR DTXH HOPHFDQLVPR DFW~D SULQFLSDOPHQWH GH FRQWURO XQD DQLYHO PLVPD FRQGXFWD FRJQLWLYR SXH GH H[SUHVDGD VHU QR OLEUHPHQWH VHU XWLOL]DGD R DXWROLPLWDUVH DFWLYDP FXQVWDQFt DV Análisis multiprocesual.de los déficit del modelado. 'HELGR D ORV QXPHURVRV IDFWR UHJXODQ HODSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ OD H[SRVLFLyQ DORV PiVDORV HILFDFHV QR PRGHORV FUHD DXWRPiWLFDPHQWH VLPLODUHV FRPSHWHQFLDV D ODVH[KLELGDV pVWRV 'HVGH OXHJRHV SRU SRVLEO SURGXFLU FLHUWD FRQGXFWDLPLWDWLYD VLQ WHQHU FRQVLGHUDFLyQ HQ HO SURFHVR VXE\DFHQWH 8Q PRGHOR TXH H[KLED GHVHDGDV DFWLYLGDGHV \ RWUD YH] XQD Gp TXH LQVWUXFFLRQHV DOREVHUYDGRU SDUD VHJXLU VX FRQGXFWD TXH YHUEDO\ ItVLFDPHQWH OH D\XGH IDOOH FXDQGR \TXH OHUHFRPSHQVp pVWH FXDQGR DFLHUWH DFDEDUi SRU LQGXFLU FRQGXFWDV 3RU RWURVLOR ODGR VLPLODUHV TXH LQWHQWDHVH[SOLFDU VH GHTXp IRUPD VHSURGXFH HOPRGHODGR FyPRFRQVHJXLUSUHGHFLU VXV \ HIHFWRV HVQHFHVDULR VXESUR FRQVLGHUDU FHVRV TXH HVWD UHJXODQ IRUPDGH LQIOXHQFLD ā $SUHQGL]DMH SRUREVHUYD 7RGDWHRUtDVREUHHODSUHQGL]DMHSRUREVHUYDF p[LWRVGHO PRGHODGR (Q FXDOTXLHUFDVRORVHUURUHVHQHOPRG FXHQFLDGHGHILFLHQFLDVHQFXDOTXLHUD GHODVFX IDOORVHQHODSUHQGL]DMHSRUREVHUYDFLyQ (Q RWURVFDVRVHOR VHGHE GRUSXHGHSUHVWDUDWHQFLyQDODVDFWLYLGDGHVPR ODVKDELOLGDGHVFRJQLWLYDVQHFHVDULDV SDUD VLPEROL]DU\SUDFWLFDU (Q RWURVFDVRV ORREVH ILQXQDDFWXDFLyQSREUHHQHODSUHQGL]DMHSRU ELOLGDGHV PRWRUDV R HQ OD PRWLYDFLyQ GHO LQGLY DSUHQGL]DMHSRUREVHUYDFLyQ HVSHFLILFDUi ODVSR JLFRVTXH HVQHFHVDULR FDPELDU (O SURFHVR y HOPHGLR GHPRGHODGR GH WUDQVPLVLyQ GHOD LQI 8QD GHODVSULQFLSDOHVIXQFLRQHVGHOPRGHODGRH IRUPDGHLQWHJUDUODVVXEKDELOLGDGHV HQSDWURQH YpVGH ODGHPRVWUDFLyQ ILVLFD OD *UDQ UHSUHVHQWDFL SDUWH GHO DSUHQGL]DMHVRFLDOVHSURGXFHSRUODREVHUYDFLy FLRQHV FRWLGLDQDV (Q ORVQLxRVSHTXHxRV HODSUHQGL]DMHGHS ODFRQGXFWD TXHVHSURGXFH HQVXYLGDGLDULD VLJQLILFDWDPELpQ ©PRVWUDUª 5HLFKDUG $PHGLGDTXHVHYDGHVDUUROODQGR ODFRPSHWHQF WXLURFRPSOHPHQWDUHOPRGHODGRFRQGXFWXDOFRPR WHGHVFULSFLRQHV HVFULWDVGHFyPRFRPSRUWDUVH āWLSRVRFLDOSURIHVLRQDO\UHFUHDWLYR D DSUHQGHU ODHQVDP D FRQGXFWD PiVDGHFXDGD (OPRGHODGR HQFDGDVLWXDFLyQ YHUEDOVHXWLOL]DDPSOLD ODVSDODEUDV HVSRVLEOHH[SUHVDU XQDYDULHGDG GRLQFyPRGDVRVHJDVWDUtD PXFKRWLHPSRSDUD D TXHOD U GHVFULSFLyQYHUEDOUHVXOWDHILFD]SDUDGLULJLU GDGHV HQFXUVR VHXWLOL]DIUHFXHQWHPHQWH HOP FRQGXFWXDOHV 2WUD IXHQWHGHLQIOXHQFLDHQHODSUHQGL]DMH y YDULDGR V PRGHODGR VLPEyOLFRTXHSURSRUFLRQDQ ODWHOHYLV ODWHOHYLVLyQKDDXPHQWDGRGHIRUPDLPSRUWDQWH DQWHVODVLQIOXHQFLDVPRGHODGRUDV VHOLPLWDEDQ FRPXQLGDGLQPHGLDWDGHOLQGLYLGXRKR\HQGtD KRJDUODVSHUVRQDVWLHQHQDFFHVRDGLYHUVRVH FRQGXFWD$ WUDYpVGHOPRGHODGR WDQWRQLxRVFRPRDGXOWRVDGTXLHUHQDFWLWXGHV QXHYRVHVWLORVGHFRQGXFWD %DQGXUD &RP $ODYLVWDGHODHILFDFLDGHOPRGHODGR y GHODH[WHQVD DO PLVPRORV H[SRVLFLy PHGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQLQIOX\HQGHPRGRLPSRUWD FLyQKXPDQRV/RVQXHYRVDYDQFHVGHODWHFQRORJ WHSURJUDPDGRUHV FRQHFWDGRV DORVDSDUDWRV GH FDPHQWH FXDOTXLHUDFWLYLGDGTXHGHVHH/RVVLV XQDFDQWLGDGHQRUPHGHLQIRUPDFLyQDXGLWLYD\ HILFD]GHKDELOLGDGHVYDORUDGDV (OPRGHODGRV WRVQHFHVDULRV SDUDGHVDUUROODU ODVKDELOLGDGH VHDOSHUIHFFLRQDPLHQWR \ DSOLFDFLyQ GH HVWDV *UDQ SDUWHGHODLPSRUWDQFLDGHOPRGHODGRVLPEyO YR A GLIHUHQFLDGHODSUHQGL]DMHSRUHMHFXFLyQTXH H[SHULHQFLDVUHSHWLGDV GHHQVD\R\HUURUHQH ā GHWUDQVPLWLU GH āSHQVDPLHQWR QXHYDVIRUPDV \GHFRQGXFWDGHIRUPDVLPXO VLWXDGDV HQOXJDUHVPX\VHSDUDGRV HQWUH Vt+D\ RWUR DVSHFWRGHOPRGH PHQWDVXVHIHFWRVSVLFROyJLFRV\VRFLDOHV (Q HOWUDQVFXUVRGH VXYLGD GLDULDHOLQGLYLGX L. 3HQVDPLHQWR \DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV WDFWR GLUHFWR ~QLFDPHQWH UHGXFLGR VHFWRU HQWRPRSRU FRQ GH XQ VX WDQWR FRQFHSWRV VXV VREUH OD UHDOLGDG VRFLDO HVWDUiQ LQIOXLGRV OR HQ TXH JUDQ HVFXFKD YH PHGLGD \ OHH SRU H[ DSDUWLU GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ ORV PHGLRV VLQGH TXH VH SURGX]FDQ HQOD FRUUHFWLYRV H[SHULHQ ED FLD GLUHFWD &XDQWR PiV GHSHQGH OD LPDJHQ HQWRUQR VLPEyOL TXH HO LQGLYL FR FUHDGR PHGLD SRU ORV VHUi PD\RU LPSDFWR HO VRFLDO pVWRV āGH /DV QXHYDV PRGLILFDQ WHFQRORJtDV ā VX IRUPD GH SDUD PRGHODGR HOHYDU VX SRGHU LQVWUXFW XWLOL]DFLyQ GH UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV JUiILFDV y PHMRUDU ODV UHDOL]DGDV KDEL FR OLGDGHV UHSUHVHQWD ItVLFDV XQ DYDQFH SURPHWHGRU $OJXQDV UHVXOWDQ GLItFLOHV GH GH HVWDV K FRPSUHQGHU \GH SHUIHFFLRQDU SURGXFHQ SRUTXH HQ XQDIUDFFLyQ VXV GH DFWRV VH FRPS JXQGR /RVWLHQHQ SULQFLSLDQWHV GLILFXOWDGHV SDUD YHU QR OD VyOR DFFLyQ HVWiPRGHODGD VLHQGR TXH VLQR LQFOXVR SDUD REVHUYDU VXV SURSLDV DFWXDFLRQHV DFWLYLGDG VHGHVD SXHVWR TX UUROOD IXHUD GH VXFDPSR YLVXDO SDUDFDSWDU 6HXWLOL]DQ ORTXH HO RMRKXPDQR FiPDUDV QRSXHGH YHU FRQIDFLOLGDG HQODV HMHFXFLRQHV PRGHODG QHV FDSWDGDV HQ ILJXUDVPyYLOHVHQ SDQWDOOD GH RUGHQDGRU XQD SHUPLWLHQGR DVt GHVFXEUD KD GH FXiO VHU VX DFWXDFLyQ DGHFXDGD HQ FDGD PRPHQWR PiV 'H HVWH PRGR DXPHQWD YDORU LQVWUXFWLYRGH ODUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ ODHMHFXFLyQ DQiOLVLV GH (O HOHFWUyQLFR ODV DFWXDFLRQHV GH ILOPDGDV GHVWDFD JUiILFDPHQWH KDQ FRPHWLGR ORV UHDOL]DFLyQ GXUDQWH HUURUHV GH ODV OD TXH KDELOL VH GDGHV ā ā7DPELpQ VHXWLOL]D SDUD SHUIHFFLRQDU FDGD YH] PiV ODV KDELOLGDGHV HO UL]DGR GH ODV HMHFXFLRQHV *UD\VRQ (Q HVWD ySWLPDV DSOLFDFLyQ ODV HMHFXFLRQ GXRFDSWDGDV VRQ HQ XQD SHOtFXOD \ DQDOL]DGDV VX FRUUHFFLyQ HOHFWUyQL /XHJR VH PRQWD OD SHOtFXOD GH IRUPD TXH VyORTXHGH UHDOL]DFLyQ VLGR DTXHOOD KD\D HM SHUIHFWD ORV VXMHWRV (QWRQFHV REVHUYDQ DFWXDFLyQ y RWUD VX YH] XQD SDUD FRQVHJXLU HO FRQFHS LGHDO OD DFWLYLGDG GH (O DXWRPRGHODGR GH ODV HMHFXFLRQHV FLQWDVKD GH GHPRVWUDGR YtGHR VX HILFDFLD HQ OD PHMRUD 6LQGHOUHQ HP EDUJR -RV LQIRUPHV DQHFGyWLFRV HVWD WpFQLFD GH SXHGHQ TXH FRQVHJXLUVH PHGLDQWH VXSHULRUHV WRGDYtD KDQ GH VHU FRQILUPDGRV HPStULFDP $XQTXH FRQ PHQRV SUHFLVLyQ RWUDV PRGDOLGDGHV DXGLWLYD RODYLVXDO VHQVRULDO WDPELpQSXHGHQ WUDQVPLWLU LQIRUPDFLyQ 3DUD DSUHQGHU VREUH ODV DKDEODU7DV UHVSXHVWDV VRUGDV \FLHJDV GHSHQGHQ GHO PRGHODGR UHVSXHVWDV FLQHVWpVLFR PXVFX ODUHV \GHODODULQJH GHORV PRGHORV WDFWR .HOOHU YHUEDOL]DGRV <RXQJ S \ +DZN /RV RWURV FLHJRV LQGLYLGXRV \ FRQ GLVPLQXFLyQ GHODYLVL IRUPD LPSRUWDQWH PRGHODGR āWiFWLO GHOXQLGR DODV GHVFULSFLRQHV (O PR YHUE GHODGR WiFWLO VLHQGR HVWi VXVWLWXLGR SRU UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV GH ODV YLEUDFLR YLVX QHV GH ODODULQJH D ORV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV SDWURQHV KDEOD HQDTXHOODV GH SHUVRQDV TXH Q SHUR VtSXHGHQ )RXUFLQ y $EEHUWRQ YHU (O VXMHWR FRQVLJXH GHVDUUROODU V GR VXV SDODEUDV FRQ ODV RQGDV DF~VWLFDV GHODVH[SUHVLRQHV SDUD HOORV YHUEDOHV /D WHRULD FRJQLWLYD VRFLDO WLHQH PD\RU LQWHUpV SRU QHV TXHUHJXODQ ORV DFWRVTXH SRU WUDQVPLWD ORV LQIRUPDFLyQ PHGLRV OD SDUWLF VREUH OD (O FRQGXFWD SURFHVR GH UHSURGXFFLyQ GH OD UHSUHVHQWDFL GLHQWHPHQWH GH GH VL ODOD FRQGXFWD FRQFHSFLyQ KD HODERUDGR VH SDODEUDV DSDUWLU LPiJHQHV GH R DFWRV RWURV GH (O DQiOLVLV GH ORV SURFHVRV FRPXQHV SDUWLU GH ODVGLVWLQ TXH UHJXODQ WDVPRGDOLGDGHV GH PRGHODGR SHUPLWH HQWHQGHU PHMRU FLyQ GH WHRULDV DLVODGDV TXH H[SOLTXHQ FDGD PRGDOL (VWR QR VLJQLILFD TXH ODV GLVWLQWDV IRUPDV GH PRGH IHULU HQ FXDQWR D OD FDQWLGDGGH FDSDFLGDG LQIRUPDFLyQ OD SDUD TXH FDS S DWHQFLyQ/D GHO IRUPD VXMHWR HQ TXH HVWD VHD LQIRUPDFLyQ FRPXQLFDGD WDPELpQ LQIOXL SURFHVHFRJQLWLYDPHQWH (O PRGHODGR y HO YHUEDO PRGHODGR JUiILFR H[LJHQ GLVWL FRJQLWLYDV \GH GLVWLQWDV FRGLILFDFLyQ SHUPLWDQ IRUPDV TXH OD H[WUDHU LQIRUPDFLyQ PiVDGHFXDGD 6DORPDQ 3RU HMHPSOR EHQHILFLDUVH GHO PRGHODGR YHUEDO WLFD \FRQFHSWXDO TXH KDFHUOR āSRU VtPLVPR GHO PRGHODGR FRQILHUH JUiILFR XQD UH SRU LPiJHQHV 'HVGH PiV OXHJR VHQFLOOD TXH ORV REVHUYDGRUHV GDWRV GHOPRGH SXHGHQ H[ ODGR JUiILFR pVWH VH FRGLILFD VL HQ UHJODV JHQpULFDV YHUEDOHV SDUD VX UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ HQ OD $SUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYD ā 'LVWLQWDV IRUPDVGHPRGHODGRSXHGHQFRQVHJXLUQ PDQ HQFRQWUyTXHFXDQWRPD\RU HV H[WUDHULQIRUPDFLyQLPSRUWDQWH\HQHODERUDU VX GHORTXHOHVKDVLGRSUHVHQWDGR SRUXQRXRWUR GHUDQ ORVPHGLRVJUiILFRVPiV IiFLOHV\ORV HV DSUHQGHU D SDUWLUGHODVLPiJHQHVTXHDSDUWLUGHODV FLRQDQXQD FDQWLGDG GHLQIRUPDFLyQHTXLYDOHQWH TXH GLILHUHQHQFXDQWR DOQLYHOGHH[LJ SHUFLELGR SXHGHQFRQVHJXLUQLYHOHVGHDSUHQGL]D D TXHQRPRYL OL]DQ ODPLVPD FDQWLGDG GHSURFHVDPLHQWR FRJQL /D H[DFWLWXGFRQODTXHVHSURFHVHQFRJQLWLYDPH ODGDGHSHQGHUiGHOQLYHOGHGHVDUUROOR GHOREVH WHV\ORVQLxRVSHTXHxRVHQODIDVH GH GHVDUUROOR DQWHULRUDOKDEODVy VREUHODVIRUPDVHILFDFHVGHFRQGXFWD DSDUWLU SHWHQFLD OLQJtVWLFD\KDELOLGDGHV FRJQLWLYDV \GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR DSDUWLUGHOPRGHODGRYHUEDO/D EROL]DUQRVyORDFFLRQHVHVSHFtILFDV VLQRWDPEL SORV GHOD FRQGXFWD PRGHODGD /D IOH[LELOLGDGGHORVVtPERORV YHUEDOHV PXHV PRGHODGR SHURODPRGDOLGDGYHUEDOWLHQHVXV OLPLWDFLRQHV 0XFKDVYHFHVUHVXOWD G ā PHGLDQWHSDODEUDVODPLVPDFDQWLGDGGHLQIRUPDF in vivo. $GHPiV JHQHUDOPHQWHODVDFFLRQHV HILFDFHV TXHODVSDODEUDV VRQPiV HQFX FLyQGHODDWHQFLyQ/RVHMHPSORVWHOHYLVDGRV V FRPRSDUDORVDGXOWRVTXHORVLQIRUPHVRUDOHV YHUEDOHVGHH[SUHVLyQH[LJHQPiVSUHUUHTXLVLWR REVHUYDGRUHV FX\DV KDELOLGDGHV FRQFHSWXDOHV VH \ EHQHILFLDUiQ FRQPD\RUSUREDELOLGDG GHO PRGHODGRYHU GHODV GHP EDO 5RVHQWKDO y =LPPHUPDQ 3RU VXSXHVWR TXHHQODYLGDGLDU VHUYDFLyQ QRVXHOHOLPLWDUVH DXQD ~QLFD PRGDO DSDUWLUGHODLQIRUPDFLyQH[SUHVDGD ORV DFWRVREVHUYDGRVFRPRSRU WDQWR SRU GHPiV Comparación entre lasformas de modelado. &RPR \D KHPRVVHxDODGRDQWHV WLYDGHODVGLVWLQWDVPRGDOLGDGHVGHPRGHODGRG GRU\GHODFRPSOHMLGDG\VXVFHSWLELOLGDG GHFR PRGHODGR in vivo \JUiILFRWUDQVPLWH ODPLVPD FDQWLGDGG QLxRVPX\SHTXHxRVVHKDREVHUYDGRTXHSURGXFHQ ā YDFLyQ %DQGXUD y 5RVV D 5RVV /RV HVWXGLRV UHDOL]DG QLxRVFRQEXHQQLYHOGHOHQJXDMHGHPXHVWUDQ TX PLWLUVHVLQQHFHVLGDGGHODSUHVHQFLDILVLFDGH PHQWH GHVFULWRV YHUEDOPHQWH %DQGXUD \ 0LVFKHO $OJXQDV YHFHVHODSUHQGL]DMH PHGLDQWH \ PRGHOD pVWD DVXYH] VHFRQVLGHUDGLVWLQWDGHOPRGHOD UDQaURFHVRVGLVWLQWRV$ODQDOL]DUODLQIOXHQ WUHORVHIHFWRV instigadores \ modeladores GHODVLQVWUXFFLRQHV/DVSDO LQGXFLUDORVLQGLYLGXRVDUHDOL]DUORTXHKDQ SDUD HQVHxDUOHVQXH FRQGXFWDV ([LVWH PD\RU SUREDELOLGDG GH KDELOLGDGHV TXH ODV DGHFXDGDV LQVWUXFF FXDQGRDGHPiVGH GHVFULELUFyPRHPLWLUODFRQG (Q HOFDVRGHDFWL GHVQXHYDVVLODLQVWLJDFLyQYHUEDO QRVH DFRPSDxD GHLQVWUXFFLyQVREUH FRQVLJXHHIHFWRDOJXQR 3RU HMHPSORSRFRVHFRQVHJXLUiVLVROD TBXH FDUHFH GHFRQRFLPLHQWRV VREUHDYLRQHVTXHKDJD ( ODVFRPSDUDFLRQH YRODU āStULFDVHQWUHODVLQVWUXFFLRQHV\HO \ %UDQFK VHKaREVHUYDGR PRGHODGR YH DPERVWLSRVGHLQIOXHQFLD DWUDYpVGHO PRGHODGRYHUEDO DFW~DQ \TXH~QLFDPHQWH GLILH WRDODSUHFLVLyQ OD FRQGXFWD FRQTXHVHGHILQH DGHFXDGD &XDQGRDORE 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ)XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV XQDUHJODLQIRUPDWLYD GHOD FRQGXFWD VHFRQVLJXHQFDPELRVFRQGXFW FXDQGR WLHQH pVWH TXH LQIHULUOD DSDUWLU GHXQRV FXDQW 7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHODVLQVWUXFFLRQHV SDUD JHQHUDUHMHP SURSRU SORV\TXHHOPRGHODGRSURSRUFLRQD LQGXFLUVH UHJODV0DU HMHPSORVDS ODWW FRQVLGHUD QDWXUDOH]D D GHGXFWLYD ODV LQVWUXFFLRQHV TXH āFRQVLGHUD PLHQWUDV GH DO PRGHODGRGHQDWXUDOH]D (VWD GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ LQGXFWLYD SXHGHDSOLFDUVH H HQWRGRV(QODVKDELOLGDGHV SUHVFULWDV TXHKD\ VHDSRUOD FRVWXPEUH LPSXHVWD SRU H[LJHQFLDVQDWXUDOHV R y ORVDFWRV WUDQVPLWHQXQD ODVSDODEUD LQIRUPDFLyQHTXLYDOHQWH3RUHMHPSORFXDQGRVH ODV LQVWUXFFLRQHV YHUEDOHV\ODVGHPRVWUDFLRQHV 3RU VXSXHVWR FRQGXFWXDOHV TXHODVL VRQ FLRQHVQRVRQ VLHPSUH JHQpULFDV \ HOPRGHODGR (V PiV QR IUHFXHQWHTXHODVLQVWUXFFLRQHV ,D IRUPDGH HMHFXWDU DFWRV GHVFULEDQ SHUR VLQHVSHFL HVSHFtILFRV ILFDUODV JHQHUDOHV UHJODV GH OD FRQGXFWD (Q HOPRGHODGR FRJQLWLYR ORVPR UHJODV\ODVHVWUDWHJLDV TXHJXtDQVXHOHFFLyQG 3RU WDQWRHOTXH HODSUHQGL]DMH PRGHODGR VS HURGX]FDGH SRUIRUPD LQGXFWLYD GHSHQGH GH RGHGXFWLYD ORTXH VH SUHWHQGD PRGHODU 'LYHUVRVHVWXGLRV DQDOL]DGRV KDQ LQYHVWLJDGR SRU5RVHQWKDO\= HOJUD TXHORVQLxRVDGTXLHUHQ \PiVWDUGH JHQHUDOL]DQ QXHYDVWUDV LQVWUXLUOHV HQODQRUPD WUDV REVHUYDU VLPSOHPHQWH H[SUHVDQ KDEHUOHV RWUDV SURSRUFLRQDGR OāQRUPD D FRQ MXQWR HMHPSORV PRGHODGRV (Q QLxRV SHTXHxRVHOPRGHODGRFRQGXFWXDO DSDUWLU GHOTXHGHEHLQIHULUVHODUHJOD WDVGHOPRGHOR FRQVLJXHUHVXOWDGRV FRPSDUDEOHV OD SURGXFFLyQ GHFDPELRV JHQHUDOL]DGRV 6LQHPEDUJ LPSDUWHQPHMRUSURSRUFLRQDQGR UHJODV MXQWR FRQGHPRVWUDFLRQHV ODV GHFyPRS GHWHUPLQDGDV VLWXDFLRQHVLo PLVPRRFXUUH 5RVHQWKDO \=LPPHUPDQ FRQODVK LQWHUSHUVRQDOHV *HQHUDOPHQWH 'HFNHU VRQ QHFHVDULRV DPERV LQGLYLGXRSXHGHDGTXLULUORVSULQFLSLRV DEVWUDFW HMHPSORVLOXVWUDWLYRV :KLWH \ 5RVHQWKDO GHPXHVWUDQ ODV OLPLWDFLRQHV GH PHGLDQWHHOHVWXGLRGHODDGTXLVLFLyQ GHSULQFLS SHUtRGRGHWLHPSRSURORQJDQGR &XDQGR ODVLQVWUX PRGHODGDVGHORVSULQFLSLRVORVORJURVGHODSUH WHVPLHQWUDV TXH VXDSUHQGL]DMH IXHHVFDVR FXDQGR ODLQIR PHQWH DWUDYpV GH LQVWUXFFLRQHV YHUEDOHV/RVHMHPSORVJUiILFRVLQF OD DWHQFLyQ\D\XGD ODFRPSUHQVLyQSURSRUFLRQDQGR SDUD ODDGTXLVLFLyQGHFRQFH UHIHUHQFLDV LPSRUW WRV:KLWH y 5RVHQWKDO HQFRQWUDURQ TXHORVHMHPSORV HO DSUHQ FRQ GL]DMHFUHDQ DFWLWXGHV SRVLWLYDV UHSUHVHQWD XQLPSRUWDQWH KDFLD HOWHPD EHQHILFLRGH FDUiFWHU JHQHUD/ /D LQVWUXFFLyQXQD KDGHGHVDUUROODU DFWLWXG SRVLWLYD KDFL HVWiDSUHQGLHQGR $TXHO PRGRGHHQVHxDU 0DJHU SRU TXHLQGXFHDSHW ORTXHVH HVWi DSUHQGLHQGR IDYRUHFH HO DSUHQGL]DMH DXWRLQLFLDG 'HVGH OD SHUVSHFWLYD FRJQLWLYD VRFLDO VXE\DFH āXQEDMR O PHFDQLVPRFRP~QGHUHSURGXFFLyQ A SHVDU GHTXHORVSURFH GHODUHSUHVHQWD PLHQWRV SXHGHQ OOHYDU HWLTXHWDV GLVWLQWDV S SXHGHQH[SUHVDUXQDLQIRUPDFLyQ VLPLODU3RUWDQ SRU Vt VRORSXHGH UHVXOWDUSRFR~WLOFXDQGR VHXWLOL]DMXQWR UHGXQ FRQR GDQWH (LVOHU )LWWV y :LOOLDPV %ODQFKDUG 5RVHQWKDO 0F)DOO \7ZHQ \%DQGXU W\PDQ ,QYHUWLU a ODVHFXHQFLD GHDSOLFDFLyQ GHOR HILFDFLD 3RU DSDUHQWH HVWDV UD]RQHV ILMDUVH HQ OD HV FDQWLGDG PiV ~WLO L\ QIRUPDFLyQ FODVH GH DSRUWDGD SRUORV PpWRGRVLQVWUXFWLYRV TXHHQHOQRPEUHTXH GLVSXWDVVREUHODVHWLTXHWDV DGMXGLFDGDV UHWUDVDQ OD DORVP FRPSUHQVLyQ GHORV SURFHVRV GH DSUHQGL]DMH ā .. ~ $SUHQGL]DMH SRU ā REVHUYDFL Modelado verbal de los procesos del pensamiento. *UDQ SDUWH GHO DSUHQGL]DMH GHO QHFRPR REMHWLYR HOGHVDUUROOR GHKDELOLGDGHV XWLOL]DFLyQ ā FRJQLW GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV SDUD DSOLFDUORV HQ HO IXWXUR /RV REVHUYDGRUHV DSUHQGHU SXHGHQ ODV KDELOLGDGHV GH SHQVDPLHQWR \ODIRUPD DSOLFDUODV LQILULHQGR GH ODV UHJODV \HVWUDWHJLD XWLOL ]DGR ORV PRGHORV HQFRQWUDU SDUD VROXFLRQHV 6LQ HPEDUJR FXDQGR ORV HQFXELHUWRV QR KDQ VLGR UHIOHMDGRV DGHFXDGDPHQWH HQODV DFFLRQHV KDELOLGDGHV PRGHODGDV7DV FRJ ā QLWLYDV UHVXOWDQ PHQRV VXVFHSWLEOHV VHU FDPELDGDV PHGLDQWH GH HO PRGHODGR ~QLFDP HVWUDWHJLDV HOFDVR (Q H[WUHPR VROXFLRQD HOSUREOHPD HOPRGHOR FRJQLWLYDPHQWH \ PHQWH OD IDVH ~OWLPDFRQ GHVXVROXFLyQ OR FXDO HO REVHUYDGRU SXHGH UHVXOWDGR YHUILQDO HO SHUR QRHO SURFHVR FRJQLWLYR SRU HO TXH VH D ā pO KD OOHJDGR (O DSUHQGL]DMH GH ODV SXHGH KDELOLGDGHV IDFLOLWDUVH VLPSOHPHQWH FRJQLWLYDV TXH āORV KDF PRGHORV YHUEDOLFHQ DOWD VXV HVWUDWHJLDV HQYR] PLHQWUDVUHDOL]DQ PHQWDOHV ODV DFWLYL D ODUHVROXFLyQ GHO SUREOHPD FRQ OR FXDO ORV SHQVDPLHQWRV HQFXELHUWRV TXH JXtDQ ORV YLHUWHQ REVHUYDEOHV HQ UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ PHGLDQWH DELHUWD (O VX PRGHODGR FRQMXQWR SHQVD GH OR PLHQWDV \ GH ORVXQD DFWRV VHULH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SRVHH GH ~WLOHV TXH D VX FRQWULEX\HQ HILFDFLD HQ O SURGXFFLyQ GH PHMRUDV JHQHUDOL]DGDV GXUDGHUDV GH ODV KDELOLGDGHV \ (O PRGHODGR FRJQLWLYDV QR YHUEDO FDSWDU FRQVLJXH \ PDQWHQHU ODDWHQFLyQ FXDO VXHOH OR VHUGLILFLO ~QLFDPHQWH PH GHFRQVHJXL OLDQWH SDODEUDV 7DPELpQSURSRUFLRQD XQ FRQWH[WR VHPiQWLFR LQIRUPDWLYR HOTXH SXHGHQ PDQL HQ IHVWDUVH YHUEDOL]DGDV ODV UHJODV /RV UHIHUHQWHV FRQGXFWXDOHV DODV DEVWUDFFLR FRQILHUHQ QHV FRJQLWLYDV 8WLOL]DQGR UHSHWLUODV HMHPSORV UHJODV \ ODV āHVWUDWHJLDV GLVWLQWRV ā YHUEDOL HVS GDV ODV YHFHV QHFHVDULDV SDUDHQVHxDUXQDKDELOLGDG FRJQLWLYD VLQGLVPLQXLU HOOR LHO LQWHUpV GHO SRU REVHUYDGRU /DV DSOLFDFLRQHV YDULDGDV OD F DXPHQWDQ RPSUHQVLyQ GH ODVā UHJODV JH 0HLFKHQEDXP KD GLVHxDGR VHULHXQD GHSDUD SURJUDPDV HO GHVDUUROOR KDELOLGDGHV ā GH FRJQLWLYDV PHGLDQWH HOPRGHODGR GHORVSURFHVRV HVWUDWHJLDVGH DFa ā GH FLyQ *HQHUDOPHQWH ODV KDELOLGDGHV PHMRUDQ PiV FRJQLWLYDV FRQ HOPRGHODGR ā FRPELQD VDPLHQWR \GHORV ~QLFDPHQWH DFWRV FRQ TXH PRGHODGR HO GHHVWRV 'HQQH\ ~OWLPRV 'HQQH\ āā \ 'HQQH\ (QQXHVWUD GLVFXVLyQ GHVDUUROOR VREUH FRJQLWLYR HO FRQ UHYLVDUHPRV PiV GHWDOOHOD FRQWULEXFLyQ GHO PRGHODGR SHQVDPLHQWR GHO HQ DTXHOODV YHUEDO VLWXDFLRQHV TXH ORVSURFHVRV HQOD FRJQLWLYRV VyOR SDUFLDOPHQWH SXHGHQ HQ REVHUYDUVH ORV DFWRV 3DSHO GHO UHIRU]DPLHQWR HQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH SRU (O SDSHO GHO UHIRU]DPLHQWR SRUREVHYDFLyQ HQ HODSUHQGL]DMH FRQVWLWX\H WHPD GHXQ FRQWURYHU VLD WHRUtDV /DV FRQGXFWLVWDVDILUPDQ GHTXH ODLPLWDFLyQ SDUD TXH UHVSXHVWDV ODV GH LPLWDFLyQ ā SXH GDQ VHU DSUHQGLGDV HVQHFHVDULR VHDQUHDOL]DGDV TXH \UHIRU]DGDV y 6KHUPDQ %DHU 0LOOHU\ ā 'ROODUG *HZLUW] (O DQiOLVLV FRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR GHO RSHUDQWH EDVDHQWHUDPHQWH VH HQ HO SDUDGLJPD WtSLFR Sd-R-S, GRQGH 6G UHSUHVHQWDāHO HVWLPXOR R PRGHODGR OD UHVSXHVWD GH LPLWDFLyQ PDQLILHVWD \ S" GHVLJQD DO HVWLPXORā UHIRU]DGRU SRU ā 3UHVXP REVHUYDFLyQ VH UHDOL]DPHGLDQWHUHIRU]DPLHQWR GLIHUHQFLDO FXDQGRODV 6L UHVSXHVWDV ā FR DODV DFFLRQHV UHFRPSHQVDGDV GHO PRGHOR \ FXDQGR VRQ VRQ GLVWLQWDV UHFLEHQ UHFRPSHQ DHOODV QR VD RVHOHV DSOLFD XQ GHPiV FDVWLJR VHFRQYLHUWH HQXQD ODVHxDO FRQGXFWD SDUD ODHPLVLyQ GH GH ORV UHVSXHVWDV GH LPLWDFLyQ ā (VWH HVTXHPD WHyULFR QRSXHGH XQD IRUPD DGHFXDGD H[SOLFDU HODSUHQGL]DMH GH SRU REV FXDQGR REVHUYDGRU HO QR UHDOL]D OD FRQGXFWD GH LPLWDFLyQ HQODPLVPD VLWXDFL ODGD FXDQGR QR HVUHIRU]DGR REVHUYDGRU QLHOPRGHOR \FXDQGR FXDOHVTXLHUD QLHO TXH VHDQ ODV UHV SXHVWDV DGTXLULGDV VHHMHFXWDQ SRUSULPHUD (Q HVWH YH] FRQMXQ GtDV WRFLUFXQVWDQFLDV GH TXH UHSUHVHQWD IRUPD OD PiV JHQHUDOL]DGD SRU REVHUYDFLyQ GH DSUHQGL GXUDQWH OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GRV GH ORVIDFWRUHV IDOWDQ TXH FRQVWLWX\HQ SDUDGLJPD S)~ HO \ HO 5 WHUFHU IDFWRU (Sd, OD VHxDO PRGHODGRUD VH KDOOD DXVHQWH OD VLWXDFLyQ HQ TXHOD FRQGXFWD HQ OD DSUHQGLGD HPLWH SRUSULPHUDYH] (O DQiOLVLV DFODUD RSHUDQWH GH TXp la FRQGXFWD IRUPD LPLWDWLYD D SUHYLDPHQWH SXHGH UHVXOWDUHVWLPXODGD SRUODV DFFLRQHV SHUVSHFWLYD GHORVGHPiV GHUHFRP ā \SRU SHQVD SHUR QR H[SOLFD FyPR REVHUYDFLyQ PHGLDQWH SXHGHQ OD DGTXLULUVH HVWUXFWXUDV GH UHVSXHVWD QXHYDV 3RU WDQWR HV PiV ELHQ WHRUtD VREUH XQD FRQWURO GH OD HMHFXFLyQ TXH VREUH ā 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV (Q XQDQiOLVLVGHODLPLWDFLyQ EDVDGR HQHOFRQG FRQ FHSWXDOL]DHODSUHQGL]DMHSRUREVHUYDFLyQ FRPRXQ PXHVWUD XWLOL]DGR āSDUD HVWXGLDU HO DSUHQGL]DMH SRU GLVFULP LQGLYLGXRHOLJHHQWUHYDULRV HVWtPXORV FRPSDUDE GHOHVWtPXORPXHVWUD $XQTXH DPERVHOPRGHODGR\HOHPSDUHMDPLHQ SURFHVR GH HPSDUHMDPLHQWR āGLVWDQ PXFKR GH VHU LJXDOHV (QWUH PXHVWUDODSUiFWLFD GHQDWDFLyQ JROIHVTXt\H TXH VH HPSDUHMH FRQ XQD DFWXDFLyQ PXHVWUD EDMDUGH H HVTXLDQGRODODGHUDGH XQD PRQWDxD ([LVWHQ QXPHURVDV DFWLYLGDGH QRSUDFWLFDUVH /D REVHUYDFLyQ DGHFXDGDPHQWH GLVFULPLQDWLYD ~QLFDPH DSUHQGL]DMH SRUREVHUYDFLyQ QR HV HOSURSLR SUR /DSRVLFLyQGH*HZLUW] VREUHHODSUHQGL]DMHSRU GHIRUPDDOWHUQDWLYD VHFXHVWLRQD ODH[LVWHQFLD GH UHVSXHVWDV SUHYLDPHQWH DSUHQGLGDV RELHQRIUHFH SH©LPLWDFLyQJHQHUDOL]DGDª ©DSUHQGHU DDS JHQWH DSUHQGH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ SRUTXH KD DGTXLULGR KD ©DSUHQG XQ ©RSHUDQWH GLVFULPLQDGRª QR H[SOLFD FyPR VLQ UH SXHGHQ RUJDQL]DUVH HQ HVWUXFWXUDV QXHYDV $OJXQRVDXWRUHV DILUPDQ TXH GDGR TXHVHGHVFR REVHUYDGRUQRHVSRVLEOHGHPRVWUDU ORFRQWUDULR GLGD DQWHVGH āOD H[SHULHQFLD GHPRGHODGR 6HSXHGHGHPRVW GHQ DSUHQGHU SRUREVHUYDFLyQ WHQHUSDUD HOORTXH UHVSXHVWDV FRQWURODU QXHYDVRF VL KLVWRULDFRPSOHWDGHVXYLGD 6yORHVQHFHVDULR SDODEUD zergebanjloger TXHQRKDVLGRYLVWDQXQFDSRUTXHDFDED REVHUYDGRUHVVRQFDSDFHV GHDGTXLULUOD (V UDUR WUDVXQD HQHOFDV GHOKRPEUHTXH la FRQGXFWD TXHVHUHIXHU]DQRKD\DVLGRQXQ VHDQODV DFWLYLGDGHVUHIRU]DGDV KDEUiQ VLGRDSUHQGLGDV H[SHULHQFLDVGHREVHUYDFLyQ SDVDGDV 6LVHDSOLF ULRUHV ORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHV TXHHYDOXDU FDGD RSHUDQWHV H[SHULHQFLD WHQGUtDQ GHREVHU GHODKLVWRULDFRPSOHWDGHODYLGDGHOLQGLYLGXR SDUD GHPRVWUDUTXHHOUHIRU]DPLHQ HUD HOUHVSRQVD EOHFRQGXFWD GHOD LPLWDWLYD &XDQGR se āSURGXFHXQFDPELRHQODFRQGXFWD VLQODH[ WDVUDGLFDOHVDSHODQDODKLVWRULD 3DUD H[SOLFDUHODSUH GHOUHIRU]DPLH GL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQVH LQYRFD HO PLVPR GHSyVLWR ā KLVWyULFR TXH ā ODV $ILUPDQ UHVSXHVWDV ā GH LPLWDFLyQLQLFLDOHV SRU FDVXDOLGDG DSDUHFHQ GHELGR DIDFWRUHV UHIRU]DPLHQWR ā GHWL VHOHFWLYRGHODFRQGXFWD HPLWLGD DOD]DU0HGLDQ WDVDFDEDSRUVHUUHFRPSHQVDQWH \ 6KHUPDQ SRUVtPLVPD RSURSRUF %D GHVFULPLQDWLYR GHTXHODFRQGXFWD *HZLUW] LPLWDWLYDVHUiUHIRU]DG 3RU WDQWR VHGLFHT HOUHIRU]DPLHQWRFUHD XQD ©WHQGHQFLD DODLPLWDFLyQJHQHUDOL]DGD FLyQGHGLYHUVDVUHVSXHVWDV PXFKDVGHODVFXDOH ]DGDVH GHILQHFRPRXQDUHFRPSHQVD yLQKHUHQWHHQODIR FRPRXQDGLVSRVLF LQGLVFULPLQDGD HQOD SURSRVLFLyQ GH *HZLUW] 'DWRV HPStULFRVTXH VHUiQUHYLVDGRVHQEUHYHUHEDWHQODRSL HO LQGLYLGXRLPLWDSR ODVLPLOLWXGGHODUHVSXHVWD Vt PLVPD(OFRQFHSWRGH*HZLUW] HVJUDWLILFDQWHHQ ODVHxDODQWHFHGHQWH SDUD TXHVHSURGX]FD ODLPL YDV&RPRKDREVHUYDGR 3DUWRQ GDGRTXHO ā WLHVWRKDVWD TXHVHKDHPLWLGRODUHVSXHVWD OD VHxDODQWHFHGHQW LPLW GHWDOFRQGXFWD (Q HOHVTXHPD GH *HZLUW] ODFDXVD VXSXHVWD ODVLP GHVSXpV GHOHIHFWR FRQGXFWD GHā LPLWDFLyQ ā 8QDH[SOLFDFLyQTXHFRQVLGHUH ODVLPLOLWXGFRPR FRQSUREOHPDVHPStULFRV y OyJLFRVFRPRHVHOGHTXHHOHIHFWRQ OR SURGXFH/DFRQGXFWD VLPLODU D ODGHORVGHPiVUHVXOWDUHFRPSHQVDGD IRUPDLQGLVFULPLQDGD 4XH ODVLPLWDFLRQHV VHDQU $SUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ GH ORV PRGHORV BDFWRV GH OD GH FODVH ODV SHUVRQDV GH KDFLD FRQGXFWD \ ODV GHO TXH YD\D PRPHQWR \ OXJDU HQ HO TXH VH 1R HV HPLWD OD VLPLOLWXG OD FRQGXFWD per se GH PRGHODGD OD FRQGX ORTXH SUHGLFH SUREDEOHV ORVUHVXOWDGRV TXH VHGHULYDUiQ DGRSWDUOD FRQGXFWD GH PRGHODGD &XD GR OD LPLWDFLyQ PRGHORV GHFLHUWRV UHVXOWD UHFRPSHQVDGD \ODGHRWURV ELHQQRUHFL UHVXOWD FDVWLJDGD ORV PRGHORV SUHGLFWLYDV GH VH OD LPLWDFLyQ FRQYLHUWHQ VHOHFWLY HQ ODV %DQGXUD \%DUDE &RQ QDWXUDOH]DGHOD IUHFXHQFLD FRQGXFWD 6LSRU HMHP HOSUHGLFW SOR FRRSHUDFLyQ OD LPLWDWLYD Y. OD DJUHVLyQ UHVXOWD LPLWDWLYD HILFD] HOHJLUiQ LQHILFD] OD OR FRRSHUDFLyQ &KLWWHQGHQ PRGHODGD (Q RWURV FDVRV OD TXH ODVLWXDFLyQ VHH[SUHVD HQ ODFR GXFWD PRGHODGD SUHGLFWRU FRQVWLWX\H ILDEOH /RV XQ QLxRV FRQGXFWDV D LPLWDUiQ JUHVLYDV HQ ODV DTXHOORV PHGLRV HQTXH HVWDV FRQGXFWDV UHVXOWHQ UHFR ODV TXH H[LVWH SUREDELOLGDG XQD GHTXH HOHYDGD VHDQBFDVWLJDGDV %DQGXUD \: (Q UHVXPHQ ORV SUHGLFWRUHV PiV SUREDEOHV GHF ORV RQGXFWD GH L UHVXOWDGRV PLWDWLYD OD VRQ GLYHUVRVHUL %DViQGRVH ODV GLVWLQWDV IXHQWHV REVHUYDGRU GH LQIRUPDFLyQ ā HODERU SUH H[SHFWDWLYDV SDUD GH UHJXODU UHVXOWDGRV FRQGXFWDLPLWDWLYD VX PHFDQLVPR UHJXODGRU (O HVO FLSDFLyQ GH ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV QR OD VLPLOLWXG FRQG /DV H[SHFWDWLYDV GH UHVXOWDGRV GHULYDGDV GH ODV FR SXHGH UHSUHVHQWDU IXHQWH XQD GH SDUD PRWLYDFLyQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFL yQ SHUR GH QLQJ~Q PRGR OD KLVWRULD GH UHIRU]DPLHQWR H[SOL BFDU GH IRUPD TXp VRQ DSUHQGLGRV GHO VXMHWR ORV ā SXHGH SDWURQHV GH /DV H[SOLFDFLRQHV FRQGXFWD VREUH HVWUXFWXUDV OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GHFRQGXFWD GH PHGLDQWH REVHUYDFLyQ TXH SURSRUFLRQDQ OPLWDFLRQHVVRQ LQVXIt ORVGHWHUPLQD FLHQWHV \ DOJXQDV YHFHV HQJDxRVDV ,QLFLDOPHQWH QDFLGRVVRQLQ OR OXFLGRVH[WHUQDPHQWH 3XHGH SRU SURGXFLUVH ORVDFWRV XQD LPLWDFLyQ LQVWDQWiQHDVLQ GHOPRGHOR QH FHVLGDG GHPDVLDGD GH UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ VLPEyOLFD /D GLIHUHQFLD RGH DSUHQGL]DMH HQWUH HOPR LQGXFLGR H[WHULRU GHVGH y HOPRGHODGR HO GHPRUDGR HV KDFHUXQ VLPLODU GLEXMR DODTXH GHO FRFKH GH XQR WHQLpQGROR (QHOVHJXQGR DOODGR FDVR OD PDQR RKDFHUOR GLEXMD QR ā GH PHP DXWRPiWLFDPHQWH HO FRFKH EDVDUVH HQ VLQR ODV GH JXtDV TXH OD XQR PHPRULD KD GH HQ HVWH EiVLFDPHQWH UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ HQGH OD OD LPDJHQ &XDQGR HQWUH OD OD HMHFXFLyQ REVHUYDFLyQ GH OD \ FRQGXFWD WUDQVFXUUH FLPLHQWRV PRGHODGRV DXVHQWHV KDQ GH UHSUHVHQWDGRV VHU LQWHUQDPHQWH GH 3RU IRUPD VLPE WDQWR ORV IDFWRUHV FRJQLWLYRV TXH IDYRUHFHQ ODUHWH GHO DSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ WUDQVIRUPDQ ODV /RV DFWLYLGDGHV PRGHODGDV REVHUYDGRUHV HQ T VtPERORVUHFRUGDU IiFLOHV FRQVLJXHQXQD GH y UHWHQFLyQGH DGTXLVLFLyQ OD FRQGXFWDPRGHODGD VXV WDQFLDOPHQWH PHMRU UHDOL]DQWDO TXH WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ ORVTXH *UXVHF QR \0HQORYH %DQGXUD ā %DQGXUD - HIIHU\ y %DFKLFKD 'H KHFKR FXDQGR ODV DFWLYLGDGHV OD PRGHO REVHUYDFLyQ VLQWUDQVIRUPDFLyQ FRJQLWLYD R QXOR %DQGXUD \ -HIIH FRQVLJXH XQ U\ 'DGR TXH HOPRGHODGR āVHFRQVLJXH GHPRUDGR D WUDYpV GH SURFHVRV GLVWLQW FLyQ LQGXFLGD HVWD H[WHUQDPHQWH HV ~OWLPD LQFDSD] H[SOLFDU DGHFXDGDPHQWH GH HVWH ā SURFHVR $SHODU DOD ©KLVWRULD GHOUHIRU]DPLHQWRª RDOD SDUD ©WHQGH H[SOLFDU SRU TXp ORVDGXOWRV KDQ H[SHULPHQWDGR TXH LQQXPHUDEOHV GH ā UHIRU]DPL DSUHQGHU PHGLDQWH REVHUYDFLyQ DQR WUDQVIRUPDGD VHUTXH FRJQLWLYD ODLQIRUP PHQWH 7DPSRFR KD\GHVFDUWDU TXHHOEHQHILFLR DSRUWDQ ORVIDFWRUHV TXH FRJQLWLYRV EDV QHDPHQWH HQ TXH WDOHV SDUWLU GH IDFWRUHV OD FRQGXFWD VH *HZLUW] LQILHUHQ LPLWDWLYD \ D 6WLQJOH 3RU HO FRQWUDULR HQ HVWXGLRVHQ ORV ORV TXH VH DQDOL]DQ ORV PHFDQLVP DSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ SUHYLDPHQWH VHLQVWUX\H SURFHVDU ā DORVRE FRJQLWLYDPHQWH eVWRV FRGLILFDQ ORTXH y SUDFWLFDQ YHQ HQ YR] DOWDSDUD S~EOLFROR KDFHU TXH QRU PDOPHQWH VRQ SURFHVRV 'H HVWHHQFXELHUWRV PRGRYORV FyGLJRV VRQ PHGLGRV SRU GH PHPRULD DQWLFLSDGR \ GH IRUPD OD HMHFXFLyQ LQGHSHQGLHQWH PRWRUD GH 'HVGH OD SHUVSHFWLYD HO DSUHQGL]DMH FRJQLWLYD SRU VRFLDO SURGXFH REVHUYDFLyQ PHGLDQWH VH SURFHVDPLHQWR FRJQLWLYR GXUDQWH ODH[SRVLFLyQ DOR VHFXDOTXLHU UHVSXHVWD \QRSUHFLVD QHFHVDULDPHQWH ODH[LVWHQFLD UHFRPSHQVD GH H[WUtQVHFD ā TXLHUH GHFLU PHUD TXH H[SRVLFLyQ OD DFWLYLGDGHV D,DV PRGHODGDV VHD VXILFLHQWHSDUD SRU ā VtPLVP SURGXFLU HODSUHQGL]DMH 1L TXH WRGD HVWLPXODFLyQ SRUREVHUYDFLyQ TXH LQFLGD VREUH 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV QHFHVDULDPHQWH REVHUYDGD SRU pOQLTXHDXQHQH WHQJDQ GXUDQWH DOJ~QWLHPSR /RVLQFHQWLYRVMXHJDQ XQSDSHO LPSRUWDQWH HQH XQDLQIOXHQFLDDQWHFHGHQWH TXHFRPRLQIOXHQFLDF FLRVRVSXHGHLQIOXLUHQORTXHVHREVHUYD\HQOR XQD GHWHUPLQD GDFRQGXFWD GHOPRGHOR SXHGH FRQVHJXLU UHVXOWDGR PHMRUDUHODSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ FDQDOL]DQ KDFLDWDOHVFRQGXFWDV$GHPiV ORVEHQHILFLRVDQ HVWiDSUHQGLHQGRSRUREVHUYDFLyQ PRWLYDQGR DOL GHVPRGHODGDV TXH FRQVLGHUD YDOLRVDV /DVWHRUtDV GHOPRGHODGR VX FRQFHSFLyQ GLILHUHQ GHODIRUPDHQT HQFXDQWR D LQIOX\HQHQHODSUHQGL]DMH SRUREVHUYDFL yQ PiVTXHHQVLpVWRVMXHJDQ HQHO SUR R FHVRGHDGTXLVLFLyQ /R TXHVHGLVFXWH HVVLODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV OHFLHQGR UHVSXHVWDV ODV LPLWDWLYDV SUHFHGHQWHV \ VX FRQH[LyQ FRQ ORV DSUHQGL]DMHGHIRUPD DQWLFLSDWRULD LQFUHPHQWDQGR WLFD(ODSUHQGL]DMHSRUREVHUYDFLyQ DQWLFLSDGRDO REVHUYD SXHGHPHMRU GRUGHORVEHQHILFLRVTXHSXHGH FRPSRUWDUOH HVSHUDQGR DTXH DGRS LPLWHHOPRGHOR\ UHFRPSHQViQGROH OXHJRSRU HOO /RVLQFHQWLYRVQRVRQHOHPHQWRV QHFHVDULRV VLQR ODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVDQWLFLSDGDV SXHGHQ LQIOXLUHQ SORQRHVQHFHVDULR TXHQRVUHIXHUFHQ PLUH SDUD TXH PRVLPiJHQHVFDXWLYDGRUDV &XDQGR ODDWHQFLyQSU DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV Vt PLVPRV SRU OD DGLFLyQ GH LQFHQWLYRV SRVLW %DQGXUD*UXVHF \0HQORYH 5RVHQWKDO\=LP SDFLGDGSDUD HODSUHQGL]DMH SRUREVHUYDFLyQ VHK TXH HOLQGLYLGXR āDSUHQGD DOJR TXH KD YLVWR ā 'HELGRD lo DUUDLJDGR GHODFUHHQFLDGH TXHSDUD VHU WLGDV DQWHVORV FRQGXFWLVWDV āUDGLFDOHV KDQ LQWHQWDGR UHGXFLU HOD FRQGLFLRQDPLHQWRRSHUDQWH /RVGDWRV HPStULFRV V H[SHULHQFLDGLUHFWDREOLJDQDLQYHUWLUODGLUHFF ]DMHVHSURGXFH DWUDYpV GHODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV GH DGHFXDGD DSDUWLU GHODREVHUYDFLyQ GHORVHIHFW GXFWD DSDUWLUGH ORVIUDJPHQWRV GHLQIRUPDFLyQ 'H HVWHPRGR FRQVHJXLGRV HOFR GLFLRQDPLHQWR RSHUDQWH VH FRQYLHUWH HQXQ FDVR HMHPSORVEXHQRVVRQPHMRUHVWUDQVPLVRUHV GHODL GHODV DFFLRQHVSRUHQVD\R \HUURU3RUWDQWR VHSXH FRQGXFWDPiVIiFLOPHQWH DSDUWLU GHODREVHUYDFL ORV HIHFWRVTXH SURGXFHQ ORV DFWRV &XDQGRORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV PRGHODGRV TXHVHSUH FRPRSDUD FDSWDU GHO VXMHWRODDWHQFLyQ ODDWHQFLyQ TXHVHOHVSUH WDOHVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV ODSUHVHQFLD GHLQFHQWLYRV FDQDOL]DUODDWHQFLyQKDFLDODFRQGXFWD PRGHODGD FXHQFLDV GHODVUHVSXHVWDV PRGHODGDV DWUDHQ OD IDFLOLWDQVXDSUHQGL]DMH /RVGDWRV <XVVHQ HPStULFRVGHTXHHOF ]DMHSRUREVHUYDFLyQGHODFRQGXFWD FDVWLJDGD FR RSLQLyQGH TXH ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV GH OD y GHOD UHVSXHVW PHPRULD PiV TXH GH IRUWDOHFHGRUHV UHVWURVSHFWLY /D PD\RUtDGHHVWXGLRV OD FRQWULEXFLyQ VREUH GHORVLQFHQWLYRV DO XWLOL]DQODH[SRVLFLyQREOLJDGDGHORVVXMHWRVD FLDGHHOHPHQWRVTXHSXHGDQ GLVWUDHU ODDWHQFLyQ VyORSXHGHQREVHUYDU ORTXHVHOHVSUHVHQWD LQG HOOR(QODVVLWXDFLRQHV VH SURGXFHQ GHODYLGDGLDULD VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH GLYHU GLYLGXRKDGHHOHJLUHQWUH ODVPXFKDV SRVLEOHV DTXHOODV HQ āTXp PRPHQWR TXHREVHUYDUi ORKD $SUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDF GXUDQWHFXiQWRWLHPSR(OYDORUIXQFLRQDOGHOD GHODGDV TXH VH FRQVLGHUDUiQ GLJQDV WDQWR ORV GH LQFHQWLYR VHU REVH MXJDUiQXQSDSHOPD\RUHQHODSUHQGL]DMHSRURE H[SRVLFLyQ āDODFRQGXFWDP GHODGD HV DXWRHOHJLGD IRU]DGD TXH FXDQGR HV $PEDVWHRUtDVODGHOUHIRU]DPLHQWR \ODWHRU YLGXRGHFLGHHMHFXWDUOR TXHKDDSUHQGLGR DWUDY SRUODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV GHWDOHV DFFLRQHV 6LQHP JDPDGHLQIOXHQFLDVLQFHQWLYDGRUDV FRPRVRQOD GDV 6LPSOHPHQWH FRQGHPRVWUDU TXHODVUHVSXHV FXDQGR VRQUHFRPSHQVDGDV TXHFXDQGR QRORVRQ DSUHQGL]DMHSRUREVHUYDFLyQ7RGDV ODVWHRUtDV 3DUD LGHQWLILFDU GHO ORV DSUHQGL]DMH GHWHUPLQDQWHV VRQ āQSRU HFHVDULDV REVHUYDFLyQ SUXHE DGTXLVLFLyQHQODVTXHWUDV ODH[SRVLFLyQDF ORVSDWURQHV PRGHODGRVRODVUHJODVQHFHVDULDV FRQGXFWDXWLOLFHQORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVDGTXLULGRV LQGLTXHTXHUHDOLFHQSRUFRPSOHWRWRGRORTXHK ODHMHFXFLyQGHODFRQGXFWD PRGHODGD SHURODV REVHUYDFLyQHTXLYDOHQWHWDQWRVLODFRQGXFWD L QRORKD VLGR $GDPV \+DPP 0RGHODGR QR UHFRPSHQVDGR 0XFKDV YHFHVODFRQGXFWDPRGHODGD VHHMHFXWD PHGLDWD(VWHKHFKRQRVHOLPLWD~QLFDPHQWH DO HQTXH VHKD\D DGTXLULGR OD FRQGXFWD SRU ODV KXPDQD DXWRSHU H FLRQHVGHHILFDFLD\SRUODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV DQW DOJ~QWLHPSRHOLQGLYLGXRSHUVLVWLUiHQDFFLRQH HQODHVSHUDQ] TXHVXVHVIXHU]RV DFDEDUiQ SRUSURGXFLUORVUHV WDFRQGXFWLVWDHVLPSRVLEOHDSUHQGHUSRUREVHUY GHIHQVRUHV KDQ EXVFDGRXQD IXHQWHGHUHIRU]DPL PRGHODGR%DHU\VXVFRODERUDGRUHV KDQLQWHUSUH PLQDQ ©LPLWDFLyQ JHQHUDOL]DGDª HQWpUPLQRVGH VRQ\6KHUPDQ %DHU\6KHUPDQ (VWRV DXWRUHVKLSRWHWL]DQTX OD VLPLOLWXGGH FRQ OD GXFWDDFDED SRU DGTXLULUSURSLHGDGHV PHGLDQWH ODDVRFLDFLyQ GH ORV UHFRPSHQV āDF UHSHWL WRVLPLWDWLYRVFRQUHFRPSHQVDVWDQJLEOHV 8 QDYH]TXHODVLPLOLWXGVHKD XQUHIRU]DGRU HOLQGLYLGXRHVWiGLVSXHVWR DL /D H[SOLFDFLyQ GHOPRGHODGR VLQUHIRU]DPLHQWR VLGRFXHVWLRQDGD WDQWRHQHOWHUUHQRFRQFHSWXDO HPStULFR 6LODVLPLOLWXGGH IXHUDUHFRPSHQVDQWHHQVtPLVPD ODVSHUVRQDV GH ā WRGDV ODVFRQGXFWDV PRGHODGDVSRU WRGD FODVHGHSHUV VRUHV FXDQGR GHKHFKRHO FLQGLYLGXRHVDOWDP RQGXFWDV āGHFLGH DMHQDV TX DGRSWDU$GHPiV VLWRGDUHVSXHVWD GHLPLWDFLy ¢TXp HVOR TXHLQGXFHDXQREVHUYDGRU DLQWHUUXPSLUOD" 8Q FLRQDGD KD GH DGPLWLU DOJXQDLQIOXHQFLD FRQWUDULR \ TXH SHUPLWD TXHH[ DF SRUTXpHOKRPEUHQRLPLWDWRGRORTXHYH\SR SHQVDQWHV (Q HOPpWRGR TXHVHXWLOL]D SDUD GHPRVWUDU OD GLFHDORVQLxRVTXHGHEHQLPLWDUODVUHVSXHVWD FLyQFRUUHFWD %DHU\6KHUPDQ 'HVSXpV GHXQWLHPSRORVQLxRV FRPSHQVDGDV FRQWDOTXHODLPLWDFLyQGH (VWRVH DOJXQD WRPyFRPRSUXHEDGHTXHODVLPLOLWXGGH ODFRQGXFWD VHKDEtDFRQYHUWLGRHQO PLVPD6LQHPEDUJRODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVSRVWHUL la UHFRPSHQVDFRQ GLFLRQDGD ā ODSUHVLyQVRFLDO IXHla PD\RU ā UHVSRQVDEOH GHTXH VHSURGXMHU 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV SHQVDGDHQWDOHVFRQGLFLRQHVGHLQVWUXFFLyQ OHV HQVHxDQ TXH /DV VXHOH VHUSUXGHQWHKDFHU ORTXH OHVPDQGDQ ā ORV /DV UHFRPSHQVDV SRU HO FXPSOLPLHQWR GH LQVWUXFFLRQHV HO PRGHODGR Q DXPHQWDODLPLWDFLyQQRUHFRPSHQVDGD SRU HO QR FXPSOLPLHQ PLHQWUDV T WR GHODV LQVWUXFFLRQHV$FNHU ORHOLPLQD y 2OLYHU &RPR 2OLYHU HVSHUDUODV FDEH LPLWD FLRQHV QR UHFRPSHQVDGDV GHVDSDUHFH GLVPLQX\HQ OD SUHVLyQ %DQGXUD FXDQGR VRFLDO \ %DUDE %XIIRUG3DUWDQ :D[OHU\<DUURZ 6WHLQPDQ $XQHQ HOFDVRGH TXH H[LVWDQ GHPDQGDV SDUD OD LPLWDFLyQ VLWXDFLRQDOHV ORV GHPiV REVHUYDU FRSLDQ FyPR ODV UHVSXHVWDV UHFRPSHQVDGDV H LJQRUDQ ODV QR UHFRPSHQVDGDV HO FHVH LQPHGLDWR GH ODV SURGXF LPLWDFLRQHV UHFRPSHQVDGDV-R QR FXDO QR RFXUULUtD GH LPLWDFLyQ VLODFRQGXFWD UHVXOWDUD LQWUtQ VHFDPHQWH UHFRPSHQVDQWH %XUJHVV %XUJHVV \ (VYH $XQTXH ODV LQGXFFLRQHV FDUiFWHU FRDFWLYR GH HO SURPXHYHQ FXPSOLPLHQWR pVWRV QR ORV VRQ ~QLFRVGHWHUPLQDQWHVGHODVLPLWDFLRQHV ODFRQGXFWD PRGHODGD QRUHFRPS VHHMHFXWD VLQEHQHILFLRV LQPHGLDWRV OD VLWXDFLyQ LQFOXVR VRQ HVFD FXD QXODV ORFXDOVHGHEH HQOD GLVWLQFLyQ SRU ORJHQHUDO FRQGXFWD HQWUH UHFRP FODVHV DXQ IDO GH SHQVDGD \ QR UHFRPSHQVDGD $O ā UHJXODU VX FRQGXFWD LPLWDWLYD EDVDQ HQ OR VHxDOHVTXHSUHGLFHQODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV GHO PRGHOR\ORV PiVSURED UDVJRV GHODFRQGXFWD VLUYHQGH VHxDOHV SUHGLFWL SRU ORV IDOORVGLVFULPLQDWLYRV HQ OD LPLWDFLyQ G FRDFWLYDV \ %DUDE %DQGXUD (Q HVWH HVWXGLR ORVQLxRVLPLWDURQ PHGLGD ORVDFWRV PDQXDOHV GHXQPRGHORIHPHQLQRTXH OHV UHFRPSHQVDED DFWXDU FRPRHOOD SRU SHUR VHQHJDURQ D LPLWDUODVDFFLRQHVPDQXDOHV XQ PRGHORPDVFXOLQRGHOFXDOQR VLPLODUHVGH KDEtDQ UHFLELGR QXQFD UHFRPSHQVD SRULPLWDUVXFRQGXFWD (Q OD VLJXLHQWH IDVHGHOHVWXGLR H PHQWHUHFRPSHQVDGRU H[KLEtDWUHVFODVHVGHUHVSXH GR HOFRQMXQWRGHFRQGXFWDV PDQXDOHV DFWRV RULJLQDOHV PDQXDOHV / UHFRPSHQVDGRV5iSLGDPHQWH FHVDURQGHLPLWDU SRU HOPRGHORIH ODV PHQLQRIiFLOHVGHLGHQWLILFDUFRPRUHVSXHVWDV QXQFD SHURFRQ T WLQXDURQ HPLWLHQGR ODV UHVSXHVWDV PDQXDOHV QR U WLQJXLU GHODV LPLWDFLRQHV PDQXDOHV ORV TXH VH KDQ XWLOL]DGR UHFRPSHQVDGD UHVSXHVWDV PRWRUDV \ YRFDOHV *DUFtD %DHU yFODUDPHQWH )LUHVWRQH KDQ GLVWLQJ GHPRVWUDGRLJXDOPHQWHTXHORVQLxRV āWLHQGHQ DLPLWDU~QLFDPHQWH UHVSXHVWD TXHVRQUH ORVW FRPSHQVDGRV ā (Q ORVH[SHULPHQWRV DQWHULRUHV ORVQLxRVLPLWDU WLFDVGHOPRGHOR\GHODFRQGXFWD SUHGLFWRUD GHFRQVHFXHQFLDV UHFRPSHQVDQWH UHJXODURQVXFRQGXFWD ODV VHxDOHV LPLDWLYDDWUDYpVGH GHODVLWXDFLyQLQGLFD SUREDEOHV )XPHOO y 7KRPDVHQFRQWUDURQ TXHORVQLxRVLPLWDEDQ UHVSXHVWDV HQSUH YDULD VHQFLDGHVHxDOHVGH la VLWXDFLyQSUHGtFWRUDV GHUHFRPSHQVD SRU LQGLFDEDQ IDOWD GHUHFRPSHQVDFHVDEDQGHLPLWDU WDOHV UHVSXHVWDVHPLWLGDVSRUOR $GHPiV LPLWDFLyQ OD VHOHFWLYDVHWUDQVIHUtD ODV VHxDOHVQXHYDVHQIXQFLyQ GH VXVLPLOLWXGFRQ D VHxDOHV āR SUHGLFWRUDV ULJLQDOHV ā &XDQGR DODUHFRPSHQVD GLIHUHQFLDO OD PD\RUtD VHVXSHUSRQH GH QLxRVHPLWLUiQODFRQGXFWD H[LJLGDDXQFXDQGR GL FRPSHQVDGD \ HOTXHQR \ +RSSH 2OLYHU 6WHLQPDQ D WUDUTXHODVGHPDQGDV DQXODU ODLQIOXHQFLDGHODVFRQVHFXHQ VRFLDOHVSXHGHQ LPLWDFLyQQRDFODUD GHPDVLDGR ODFXHVWLyQ GHVL SURGXFFLyQ GH LPLWDFLRQHV QR UHFRPSHQVDGDV HQ 6LVH GDDHOHJLUDORVQLxRVHQWUH LPLWDUUHVSXHVWDV UHFRPSHQVDEOHV XRWUDVTXH PHQWHPXHVWUDQXQSRUFHQWDMH UHODWLYDPHQWH DOWR SHUR GHVSXpV GHLGHQWLILFDU GHLPLWDUHVWHWLSRGH ORV UHVXOWDGRV FRQGXFWDV GLIH 6 WHLQPDQ 2K 3RU ORJHQHUDOODV LPLWDFLRQHV VLQUHFRPSHQVD PD\RU VHSURGXFHQ IUHFXHQ F FLD FXDQGR ODVā FRQGXFWDV VRQ āV LPLWDGDV LPLODUHV ODV BUHFRPSHQVDGDV D TXH FXDQGR GLILHUHQ F PHQWH GH (VWRV pVWDV \ RWURV%RaPDQ HVWXGLRV7%XFKHU B B 3HWHUVRQ\ 0HUZLQ 0R :KLWHUKXUVW ªP<?YªIJ. QXHYDPHQWH HO SDSHO GH BORVSURFHVRVGHGLVFULPLQDF $SUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFL QR UHFRPSHQVDGR 'HVGH OD SHUVSHFWLYD FRJQLWLY LPLWDWLYDVDSR\DODLPLWDFLyQQRUHFRPSHQVDGD GH WDWLYDVGHUHFRPSHQVD FRQGXFWD QRSRUTXHODVLPLOLWXGG VHDLQWUtQVHFDPHQWHUHF (O FRQFHSWR GH*HZLUW] GHODV LPLWDFLRQHV QRUHFRPSHQ PHQWHHQODH[LVWHQFLD GHIDOORVHQODGLVFULPL PHQWH HQHOUHIRU]DPLHQWR H[WUtQVHFR LQWHUPLWHQ VRQDVLPLWDQWRGR WLSRGHUHVSXHVWDVSRUTXHVRQ VXVUHVSXHVWDV LPLWDWLYDV ā (O PRGHODGRQRUHFRPSHQVDGR SXHGH WHQHU YDULR LQGXFWRUHVVRFLDOHVODLQGLVWLQJXLELOLGDGGHOD GXGDVTXH DSDUHFHQ FRPRFRQVHFXHQFLD GHUHVXOWDGRV LUUHJXODUHV $O QHQSRUODVFUHHQFLDV HUUyQHDV VREUHORVHIHFWR LPLWDWLYRV(VWR~OWLPRVHREVHUYDHVSHFLDOPHQW BQLxRV %DQGXUD\%DUDE a $OJXQRV GHHOORVFUHHQTXHODLPLWDFLyQUHSHWLGD SRGUtD TXHUHFRPSHQVDVH VXFRQGXFWDLPLWDWLYD2WURV FLRQHVQRUHFRPSHQVDGDVSDUDSUREDU\FRQILUPDU SHQVD /D FRQGXFWD PRGHODGD TXHSRVHH XQDLPSRUWDQFL LQFOXVRHQDXVHQFLDGHLQFHQWLYRVH[WUtQVHFRV TXHODVSHUVRQDV DGPLUDQFLHUWDVIRUPDVGHFRQG PRGHODGD H LPLWDWLYD QR HV LQYDULDEOHPHQWH (O LQGLYLGXRUHVSRQGH DXWRVDWLVI G DXWRDSUREDWRULD DDTXHOODVDFFLRQHVPRGHODGDV T FLyQSUHFLVDGHFRQGXFWDVGHVYDORUL]DGDV LQGXFL VHUiQLQWHQWDGDV \PXFKRPHQRVUHSHWLGDV (Q DFWLYLGDGHVTXH DIHFWDQ āDODDXWRHV +LFNV WLPD VRQORVFULWHULRVSHUVRQDOHV PiV TXHOD LPLWDFLRQHVSUHFLVDV UHVXOWDUiQUHFRPSHQVDQWHV (Q ODPD\RUtDGHHVWXG PRGHODGRQRUHIRU]DGRODVDFFLRQHVPRGHODGDV V FDUHFHQ GHO VLJQLILFDGR SDUD DFWLYDUVXILFLHQWH PHFDQLVPRV 3DUD H[SOLFDU DXWRHYDOXDG HO PRGHODGR VLQODSUHVHQFLD GHLQFHQWLYRV H[WUtQV VDULRH[WHQGHUODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVKDFLDFRQGXF VLVWHPD ā Análisis evolutivo del aprendizaje · por observación . 'DGR TXHHODSUHQGL]DMH SRUREVHUYDFLyQ FRPSUHQG FRQODPDGXUDFLyQ \ODH[SHULHQFLDGHSHQGHGHO DERUGDQODFXHVWLyQFRPRXQSUREOHPDGHHQVHxDU DO QLxRODFRQGXFWDGHLPLWDF HQWUHQD DORVQLxRV a LPLWDU QRLPLWDWLYRV \ DJHQHUDOL]DU OD OD LPLWDF UHSURGXFFLyQ GHGLIHUHQWHV H[KLELGDV SRU GLVWLQWRV UHVSXHVWDV PRGHORVHQGL *DUFtD \FRO :XOEHUW 1\PDQ 6QRZ\2ZHQ PRGHODGRUHFRPSHQVDQGRODFRQGXFWDGHLPLWDFLyQ FDQFRQH[DFWLWXG ORTXHDGTXLHUHHOQLxRGXUDQ SDUD H[SOLFDU SRU TXpHQLGpQWLFDVFRQGLFLRQHV TXH RWURV HLQFOXVR DOJXQRVQRORKDFHQ QXQFD +D\ FLHUWDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHODVLQYHVWLJDF KDOOD]JRVUHIHUHQWHVDOGHVDUUROORLQLFLDOGHO VREUH er DSUHQGL]DMH VHOLPLWDQ GHODLPLWDFLyQ DQLxRVFRQ UHWUDVR PHQWDOJUDYHEDViQG VXSRVLFLyQGLVFXWLEOHGHTXHHVWRVQLxRVQRKDQ WDWLYD (O IUDFDVR HQ OD LPLWDFLyQ GH ODV UHVS FRQGLFLRQHVGHLQFHQWLYRSDUWLFXODUHV HOOR QRVLJQL 1LxRVFRQUHWUDVRPHQWDOJUDYHLQLFLDOPHQWH QR LPLWDGRUHVSXHGHQFRQYHUWLUV UHVWUDVREVHUYDUTXHRWURQLxRHVUHFRPSHQVDGR UHSHWLUXQD FRQGXFWDGHV 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV SXpV GH KDEHUOD HPLWLGR XQ PRGHOR LPLWDGRUHV %DQGXUD VXHOHQ VHU \%DUDE OHQWRV HQODSURGXFFLyQ GH ODV XQD SULPHUDV YH]KDQ TXH FDSWDGR UHVSXHVWDV OD LGHD D SDUWLU GH REVHUYDU OD UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ UHSHQWH D LPLWDU XQ DUHF ULWPR HOHYDGR 'H HVWRV KDOOD]JRV SRGUtD GHGXFLUVH SDUD LQIRUPDU TXH HOUHI D ORVQLxRV GH OD XWLOLGDG SDUD FUHDUOHV GH OD KDELOLGDGHV LPLWDFLyQ JHQHUDWLYDV GH TXH LPLWDGRUD ODV TXH DQWHV FDUHFtDQ WDUHDV VXSRQHQ &XDQGR OD LQVWDQWiQHD ODV LPLWDFLyQ GH UHVSXHVWDV VHQFLOODV FRPR RFXUUH FRQ IUHFXHQFLD ODV HMHFXFLRQHV UHIOHM PHPRULD UHSHWLWLYD /RV HVWXGLRV TXH DFODUDU HO LQWHQWDQ GHVDUUROOR IDFLOLGDG LQLFLDO ā SDUD HO GH OD DSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ GHEHUtDQ DQDOL]DU OD DGTXLVLFLyQ SDUWH GH ORV SRU QLxRV SHTXHxR KDELOLGDGHV GHPRGHODGR JHQHUDWLYDV HQWUH XWLOL]DQGR REVHUYDFL GLI \ HMHFXFLyQ &XDQGR VH HQWpUPLQRV DQDOL]D GH VXV VXEIQFLRQHV ,DIDFLOLGDG FRQVWLWX\HQWHV SDUD HO DSUHQ GL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ DSDUHFH EiVLFDPHQWH QR XQD FXHVWLyQ FRPR GHLPLWDFLyQ DSUHQGL]DMH QL G FRPR XQD KDELOLGDG 3RU HO FRQWUDULR DEVWUDFWDODSDUD FDSDFLWDFLyQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH SRU HYROX REVHUYDFLyQ LPSOLFD OD DGTXLVLFLyQ SDUD OD REVHUYDFLyQ GH VHOHFWLYD P~OWLSOHV OD VX FRGLILFDFLyQ la SUiFWLFD \ VLPEyOLFDV OD FRRUGLQDFLyQ GH ORV WXDOPRWRUHV \ODHVWLPDFLyQ GH FRQGXFWD ORVUHVXOWDGRV GH RWURV /RV SURE Gp FLW HQ ODV VXEIXQFLRQHV FRQVWLWX\HQWHV GLILFXOWDQ GHVWUH]D HQ ODV PLVPDV OR LQFUHPHQWD B7iFWLFDV ā SH BOD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HYROXWLYD $QWHV GH FRQVLGHUDU ORV DVSHFWRV HYROXWLYRV FRPHQWDULR ORV GHO PRGH SDUDGLJPDV TXH VHXWLOL]DQ KDELWXDOPHQWH UHDOL]DQ HQ SVLFRORJtD HQ ODV LQ HY OXWLYD $O HVWXGLDU QDWXUDOH]D OD y YHORFLGDG GHO GHVDUUROOR DGRSWDUVH GRV SODQWHDPLHQWR SXHGHQ GLVWLQWRV (O IXQFLRQDPLHQWR SVLFRVRFLDO SDUWLU GHORVFDPELRV SXHGH DQDOL]DUVH TXH HQp D YDQ FRQ ODHGDG RGHFyPR VHYH DIHFWDGR SRU ODGL VH VXSRQH UHJXODQ OD FRQGXFWD GH ORV QLxRV Planteamiento basado en la edad. /RV FDPELRV HYROXWLYRV y HQODFRQGXFWD HQHOSHQVD ā VHHVWXGLDQ SULQFLSDOPHQWH HQ IXQFLyQ GH OD HGDG UHVXOWDQ GLILFLOHV GHUHSURGXFLU PLHQWUDV TXH VLHP GHGLVWLQWDV HGDGHV 6LQ HPEDUJR XQ GHWHUPLQDQWH OD HGDG FURQROyJL GHOI FLRQDPLHQWR SVLFRVRFLDO VLQR GHOQLYHO TXH GH FRPR FRPSHWHQFLD PXFKR HV TX YDULD la PDGXUDFLyQ FRQ y ODV QXHYDV(Q H[SHULHQFLDV ORV HVWXGLRV HGDG HYROXWLYRV FURQROyJLFDOD HVBDPSOLDPHQWH XWLOL]DGD BFRJQLWLYR FRPR XQ tQGLFH $TXHOODV GHGHVDUUR HMHFXFL UHQ KDELOLGDGHVā FRJQLWLYDV JHQHUDOPHQWH UHODFLyQ TXH H[LVWH GLVWD PHMRUDQ F PXFKR GHVHUOLQHDO /DV GLIHUHQFLDV VXUJHQ FRPR FR āVRQ ORV PRWLYDFLRQDOHV,DV VLVWHPDV KDELOLGDGHV LQWHUSHUVRQDOHV y ODVDXWRFRQFHSFLRQHV TXH DIHF WDQ GHIRUPD LPSRUWDQWH DODHMHFXFLyQ 3RU WDQWR WDPELpQ HVWH FDP tQGLFH PL[WR GHO QLYHO GH GHVDUUROOR GHMD XQ KDOR WHQGHQFLDV GH OD HGDG HQ OD HMHFXFLyQ &XDQGR ORV LQGLYLGXRV XQD HGDG GHWHUPLQDGD GH QR FDSDFLGDGHV YDUtDQ TXH PXFKR VH HQ FRQVLGHUDQ ORV FDPELRV HQ HOIXQFLRQDPLHQWR fa HGDG WLHQHQ XQ YDORU VRFLD Q 6LQHPEDUJR HQODPD\RUtD WDUHDV ODYDULDFLyQ GH GHQWUR SDUWLFXODU VXHOH GHXQD H[FHGHU HGDG OD IHUHQFLD HQWUH JUXSRV (VWR OLPLWD GH HGDG HOYDORU YHFLQRV SUHGLFWLYR HQ JUXSRVGH OD PX\ VHSDUDGRV &XDOTXLHUD HQWUH TXH VHD Vt OD YDULDELOLGDG LQWUDHGDG WLHQHQ XQ YDORU OLPLWDGR H[SOLFDWLYR SRUTXH QRV GLFHQ SRFR VREUH O H[SOLFDQ ODV GLIHUHQFLDV . ' Planteamiento basado en la competencia -. 3DUDOOHJDUDO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH FyPR LQ IDFWRUHV GHO HO GHVDUUROOR IXQFLRQDPLHQWR HQ HV PHMRU SVLFRVRFLDO PHGLU HO QLYHO GH UHTXHULGDV VXSRQHU TH SUHVHQFLD D SDUWLU GH OD HGDG GHO LQGLYLGXR &RQ VX $SUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFL FRQVLGHUHPRV HO PRGHODGR GHPRUDGR TXH UHTXLHUH KDELOL FRQVLJXHQ OOHJDUP D iV F XQD ODUD FRPSUHQVLyQ GH ORVGHWHUPLQDQWHV HYROXW JHQ DORV IXQFLyQ QLxRV āGH VX HQ GLVWLQWD FDSDFLGDG PHPRUtVWLFD T HGDG 6LQ HPEDUJR IiFLO HVWXGLDU HVPXFKR OD PiV HMHFXFLyQ GH QLxRV GH ORV GHWHUPLQDQWHV SVLFROyJLFRV (O WHUUHQR SRVWXODGRV GHODSVLFRORJtD SRUXQD WH DEXQGD HQ HVWXGLRV OD āHGDG HQ VLUYH ORV GH TXH FRPRGtQ SDUD UHSUHVHQW TXHXQR (Q GHVHH ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV VREUH HOGHVDUUROOR VH EUH GH EXVFDU HODSR\R SRU ODV WHRUtDV GHORV HVWD FRPSHWHQFLDV GHO QLxR VH XWLOL]D OD HGDG FRPR SUX QLWLYR &RQ IUHFXHQFLD OLPLWDFLRQHV FRJQLWLYDV VHLQYRFDQ GHORVHVWDGLRV ODV FX EUHYHV QRFRQVLJXHQ DOWHUDU ODV HMHFXFLRQHV GHORV FDGR SDUD HOORV (VWD FRVWXPEUH QR DOLHQWD HODQiOLVLV GH ORVG FDPELR HYROXWLYR $OJXQDV GH ODV VXEIXQFLRQHV DSUHQGL]DMH TXH SRU UHJXODQ REVHUYDFLyQ HO H[SHULHQFLD DPSOLD (Q WDOHV SDUD OD FDVRV GHVDUUROODUVH FDSDFLGDG SDUD HODSUHULGL YDFLyQ VH UHODFLRQD FRQ HO QLYHO GH FRPSHWHQFLDV PHQWH 6LQ HPEDUJR ORV HVWXGLRV VREUH HOGHVDUURO WHQFLDV HQ ODV VXEIXQFLRQHV UHVXOWDQWHV IRUPD QDWXUDO GH ODV 2WUR H SODQWHDPLHQWR -D GHVWUH]D HV HVWXGLDU HQHO DSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYD ELOLGDGHV GH DWHQFLyQ PHPRULD D GLVWLQWRV \ DFWXDFLyQ QLYHOHV KDQ VL GX GHWHUPLQDGR SHULRGR eVWH HVXQ GHWLHPSR PpWRGR HVSHFLDOPHQWH SDUD LGHQWLILFDU ORV GHWHU HILFD] PLQDQWHV HYROXWLYRV GHO DSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLy KDQ FUHDGR GLUHFWDPHQWH /DV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV TXH HYROXWLYR VH DGDSWDQ ELHQ DORVSURJUDPDV SDUDFXOWLYDU FRPSHWHQFLDV GHWUDWD HQ QLxRV TXH FDUHFHQ GH HOODV Ontogenia del aprendizajepor observación 'XUDQWH PXFKR WLHPSR OD SUHFRQFHSFLyQ GRPLQDQWH GH GHIHQVRV H LQVHQVLEOHV VXEHVWLPy HQJUDQPHGLGD ODV FDSD LQWHQVLYRV GHUHFLpQ QDFLGRV VHPDQDVGH YLGD GXUDQWH KDQ GHPRVWUDGR ODV SULPHUDV TXH FLyQ \FDSDFLGDG GH DSUHQGL]DMH \GH LQIOXLU HQVX ED ,JXDOPHQWH KD VLGR UHYLVDGR HO FRQFHSWR GH TXH ORV QHRQD FLGDG SDUD DSUHQGHU SDUWLU GHO D PRGHODGR ā ā 3LDJHW SUHVHQWy ODV SULPHUDV XQD GH H[SOLFDFLRQHV OD LPLWDFLyQ WpUPLQRV GH GH HQ HVWDGLRV GH (Q ODV GHVDUUROOR HWDSDV VHQVRULRPRWRUDV LQLFLDOHV GHQ HYRFDUVH HQ ORV UHFLpQ QDFLGRV ODVUHVSXHVWDV UHSLWD ODV UHVSXHVWDV LQPHGLDWDLQHQWH DQWHULRUHV SDUD UHSUHVHQWDU ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV FRJQLWLYDPHQWH H[LJH ODVHxDOL]DF ORV DFWRV 'XUDQWH HVWH SHUtRGR GH DFXHUGROFRQ RV QLxRV VRQ 3LDJHW āLQFDSDFHV LPLWDU ODV GH UHVSXHVWDV TXH QR KDQ HPLWLGR SUHYLDPHQWH GH IRUP DVLPLODUVH D QR VHU TXH \D H[LVWHQWH FRUUHVSRQGDQ 3LDJHW D XQVHxDOD HVTXHPD LQWURGXFHQ QXHYRV HOHPHQWRV RLQFOXVR FXDQGR VHP DGTXLULGR SHURTXH QRVRQH[KLELGDV SRUpOHQHVHP 3RU WDQWR ODLPLWDFLyQ VHOLPLWD DORVSDWURQHV G GHQREVHUYDUVH HQHOORVPLVPRV \TXHKDQUHDOL]DGR (Q ORVHVWDGLRV LQWHUPHGLRV GHODLPLWDFLyQ KDVWD ORVGLHFLR TXH VH FKR PHVHV ORV QLxRV GH LPLWDU DGTXLHUHQ GHPRUDGDPHQWH OD FDSDFLGDG PRGHODGDV TXH FRQGXFWD QR KDQ SRGLGR Vt PLVPRV REVHUYDU 6H HQ VXSRQH TXH HVWRV FDPELRV H[SHULHQFLD HQODFRRUGLQDFLyQ GHORVHVTXHPDV VHQ HQWUH ODV ā DFFLRQHV ā\ODV SURSLDV GH ā ORV GHPiV (Q HVWH PRPHQWR QLxRV HPSLH]DQ ORV VLV GH IRUPD āWHPiWLFD DHPLWLU \HUURU UHVSXHVWDV KDVWD TXH FRQVLJXHQ GHHQVD\R LPLWDU FRUUHFW SDWURQHV PRGHODGRV ā ā ā 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ)XQGDPHQWRVVRFLDOHV 'XUDQWH ORV HVWDGLRV ILQDOHV GH OD LPLWDFLyQ TXH HPSLH]D SLDJHWL SRFR DQWHV GHO VHJXQGR FRQVLJXH DxR BQ GH OD YLGD LPLWDFLyQ UHSUHVHQWDFLRQDO ORV QLxRV /DV FRQGXFWDV LPLWDWLYDV DFDEDQ SRU LQWHULRUL]DUVH HQ IRUPD GH LPiJHQHV PiV TXH WDUGH LQGH SXHGHQ JH SHQGLHQWHPHQWH GH ODV DFFLRQHV FRRUGLQiQGRVH SRUPHGLR GH OD UHSUH LQWH VHQWDFLyQ SDUD GHāLPiJHQHV IRUPDU QXHYRV SDWURQHV FRQGXFWDPRGHODGD GH VLQ QHFHVLGDG GH HQ VD\RV SURYLVLRQDOHV /D FDUDFWHUL]DFL GH yQORV GH OD DFWRV LPLWDFLyQ HQ WpUPLQR KDFH 3LDJHW ILQDOL]D HQ HOPRPHQWR a DGTXLULU /RV HOOHQJXDMH HQ FDPELRV TXH HOQLxR TXH SRGUtDQ FRQVHJXLUVH ā FRQ ā HO PRGHODGR VH VL ODV YHUtDQ ā UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV OLPLWDGRV FRJQLWLYDV VH UHGXMHUDQ DODV LPiJHQHV /D HLHPSORVGH PD\RUtDGH TXH GHEHQ UHJODV DFFLRQHV VHU P ā DGTXLULGDV SRU \UHWHQLGDV PHGLR GH ORV OHQJXDMH VtPERORV 6L 3LDJHWKXELHUD GHO VXV HV H[WHQG WXGLRV āVREUH OD KDVWD LPLWDFLyQ IDVHV SRVWHULRUHV GH OD LQIDQFLD LQGXGDEOHPHQWH UHSUHVHQWDO FLRQHV OLQJtVWLFDV KXELHUDQ FRPR DSDUHFLGR XQ LPSRUWDQWH IXQFLRQDO HQ PHGLDGRU HO PRGHODGR āGLIHULGR ā ā ā /DV OLPLWDFLRQHV FDSDFLGDG GHGH LPLWDFLyQ OD HQ OD SRU3LDJHW LQIDQFLD HQ VX HVWX REVHUY GLR ORQJLWXGLQDO KDQ VLGR GH WUHV GHO WRGR QLxRV FRUURERUDGDV QR KDQ SRU RWU DQDOL]DGR GH VLVWHPiWLFD IRUPD HOSURFHVR PiV GH PRGHODGR QHRQDWDO /D GXUDQWH SUR HO SLD WHRUtD 3LDJHW SDUHFH GH HQ SRQHU GXGD HO FRQFHSWR SXHGHQ GHHYRFDU TXH ORV ODV PRGH UHVSXHVWDV LPLWDWLYDV QLxDV āQRKD\DQ TXH \D HQHVHPRPHQWR HPLWLGR ORV WHRUtDGH3LDJHW DILUPD /D āTXH GXUDQWH ODV HWDSDV LQLFLDOHV GHOGHVDUUROOR VX SURSLD FRQGXF ORV WD y OD GHORV GHPiV 6LORV QLxRV QR SXHGHQ WHRUtD GLVWLQJXLU H[SXHVWD WHQGUtD TXH LQFOXLU SDUD H[SOLFDU VXSXHVWRV UD]yQOD SRU TXp DGLFLRQDOHV SURSLD FR aGHO QLxR SXHGH LQGXFLU UHVSXHVWDV GH UHDOL]DGDV LPLWDFLyQ SRU ORVGHPiV SHUR ā VRQ LQFDSDFHV GH 8QD GH REWHQHUODV ODV VXSRVLFLRQHV WHRUtD GH 3LDJHW EiVLFDV HV TXHGH ORV OD HV TXHPDV GHWHUPLQDQ ORTXH SXHGH VHULPLWDGR SDUD 6LQHP FRPSUREDU pVTXHPDV ORV TXH SRVHH HOQLxR SUHVHQWD FLHUWDV OD WHRUtD GLILFXOWDGHV GH YHULILFDFLyQ \ GH SUHGLFFLyQ ā ā (Q XQ HVWXGLR ORQJLWXGLQDO GHPRVWUy 9DOHQWLQH KDFH DOJXQRV DxR PHVHV GH YLGDORV QLxRV LPLWDQ DTXHOORV FDSDFLGDGHV DFWRV fí PRG VLFDV DXQ KD\DQ FXDQGR VLGR UHDOL]DGRV QR SRU HOORV GH DQWHPDQR FDSDFLGDG LPLWDWLYD $GHPiV OD GHO QLxR D āSDUWLU GHFXDO OD VXHOHQ LQIHULUVH FDSDFLGDGHV GHO ODV PRGHODGR SXHGH YDULDU QRWDEOH PHQWH HQ IXQFLyQ GHO PRGHOR GH OD FRQGXFWD TXH VH ā FRQGXFWD /RV āQLxRV SHTXHxRV LPLWDQ DVXVRWUD PDGUHV SHUVRQD PXFKR &RQ Pi IUHFXHQFLD QR UHVSRQGHQD ODV GHPRVWUDFLRQHV VLORV LQLFLDOHV DFWRVVH YHFHV SHUR UHSLWHQ DFDEDQ SRULPLWDUORV 3RU WDQWR OiVHxDOL]DFLyQ XQDPD\RUFDSDFLGDG VRFLDO GHPR UHSHWLGD GHODGR HQ ORV BTXH QLxRV ODV VHxDOL]DFLRQHV SHTXHxRV 7DOHV KDOOD]JRV SRQHQ EUHYHV GH PDQLILHVWR OD āFXHVWLyQDQiOLVLV GHā TXH HYROXWLYRV ORV GH OD LPLWDFLyQ QDWXUDOLVWDV HVSHFLDOP UHIOHMDQ OD LQIOXHQFLD HQ SDUWH GHO PRGHOROD QRFDSDFLGDG VyOR GH LPLWDFLyQ GHO QLxR /RV HVWXGLRV HQORV TXH VHRIUHFH DOQLxR PiV FDSDFLGDGHV RSRUWXQLGDGHV DSR \DQ ODRSLQLyQ GH TXH HQ FDSDFLGDG ORVGHPRGHODGR SULPHURV PD\RU PHVHV GH OR HV TXHGH YLG VH VXSRQtD (Kayey 0DUXFV /RVQLxRV VRQ LQFDSDFHV GHODV LPLWDU FR DFFtRQHV QXHYDV VLVyOR VRQ WRV QLxRV PRGHODGDV QR ORJUDQ XQD LPLWDFLR RGRV YH LQVWDQWiQHDPHQWH VXHOHQ FRPRORV KDFHUOR WDPSRFR ā QLxRV PD\RUHV R ORV DGXOWRV &XDQGR ORV DFWRV VRQ PRGHODGRV YDQ DGRSWDQGR GHIRUPD SURJUHVLYDPH UHSHWLGD FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV FRQGXFWD PHGLDQWH GH OD XQD VHULH GH KDFHQ HQVD\RV HQ XQD VHFXHQ VLEL FLD XQLIRUPH DFDEDQ SRU \ LQWHJUDU FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HVWDV FRQVLJXLHQGRSUHFLVD XQD GH LPLWDFLyQ OD FRQGXFWD $OJXQDV GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV PRGHODGDV FR REVHUYDU (O RUGHQ HQ pO GH DGTXLVLFLyQ DORODUJR FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH ORVSDU PH GH ODV DFFLRQHV XWLOL]DQ PRGHODGDV VyOR XQRV FXDQWRV VLVH HQVD\RV FRUUHVSRQ DORUGHQGHODV GHPLVPDV GRPLQLR āGHQWUR GHHQVD\RV XQD 3 VHULH RU HOOR FXDQGR GH ODVDFWLYLGDGH āVyOR VRQPRGHODGDV GXUDQWH XQ SHUtRGRWLHPSR EUHYH āHQ FDGDHGDG GHIDVIDVHV GH DGTXLVLF GHQ LQWHUSUHWDUVH HUUyQHDPHQWH HVWDGLRV GH FRLQR GHVDUUROOR GH VHLV /RV DSUHQGHQ PHVHV QLxRV U iSLGDPHQWH HQFRQWUDU REMHWRV D HVFRQGLGRV GHWUiV GHXQDSDQWDOOD REVHUYDQGR ORV PRGHORV GHO DGXOWR .D\H a\HL 8QD DGTXLULGDHVWD KDELOLGDG DWUDYpV GH OD REVHUY $SUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLy RWURV REMHWRV \āVH WUDQVILHUH OD DFFLyQ GH XQD PDQR DOD RWUD WLYDV OHV SHUPLWHQ HO DFFHVR D REMHWRV DWUDFWLYRV \ H WRUQR &XDQGR ORV SDGUHV PRGHODQ SDUD VXV GLVWLQWDV KLMRV pVWRV LPLWHQ OR DFWLYLGDGHV TXH GHSHQGHUi GH OD IDPLOLDULGDG H LPSRUWDQFLD VRFLDO GH ORV (VWDV DFWRV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV 0DVXU \ 5L DIHFWDQ OD LQFOXVR LPLWDFLyQ D GH DFWLYLGDGHV HQ ODV TXH DF HO QLxR WXDQGR /RV QLxRV LPLWDQ FRVDV LQFOXVR FXDQGR QR SXHG VL OD LPLWDFLyQ IDYRUHFH OD LQWHUDFFLyQ VRFLDO SHUR LJQR QLILFDGR VRFLDO /RV GDWRV HPStULFRV TXH GHPXHVWUDQ FLDOPHQWH VHJ~Q OD FRQGXFWD HO PRGHOR OD IRUPD GH P 8 ]JLULV WDPELpQ GLVFUHSDQ FRQ ODV WHRUtDV HYRO SDV XQLWDULDV GH ODV1R FRPSHWHQFLDV SXHGH FRQVHJXLUVH LPLWDWLYDV XQ PRGHODGR F GHVDUUROOR FRJQLWLYR SUHYLR SHUR OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH W HWDSDV XQLWDULDV ā ILMDV (Q XQ HVWXGLR TXH OHYDQWy XQD FRQVLGHUDEOH LQIRUPDURQ SROpPLFD G TXH ORV QHRQDWRV HUDQ FDSDFHV GH LPLWDU ORV PRYLPLHQW VtPLVPRV PLHQWUDV ORKDFtDQ RWUDQVFXUULHUD DOJ~Q WL ODGD $XQTXH WUDWDED GH VH DFWRV VHQFLOORV QR FDUHFtDQ GH GLILFXO FRPR PtQLPR UHTXHUtDQ GH UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ FLHUWD FDSDFLGDG SDUD UHFRUGDU TXH IX KDEtDQ YLVWR PRGHODU $GHPiV OHV H[LJtD tQWHUPRGDOSDUD FLHUWD FRQ FDSDF YHUWLU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ SDUD YLVXDO UHFRQRFHU HQDFWRV HOD QWUH VLPLOLWXG GH ORTXH LPLWDFLyQ KDEt YLVWR \ OR TXH KDEtDQ KHFKR +D\ XQD FUHHQFLD FR VHPDQDV GHYLGD QR SRVHHQ ODFDSDFLGDG QRHVGH H[ GHWUDQVIR WUDxDU TXH KD\D DXWRUHV TXH GLVFXWDQ 5D\HV \:DWVRQ HVWRV J DFREVRQ KDOOD]JRV .y .DJDQ DXWRUHV DORVTXH0HOW]RII\ KDQ FRQWHVWDGR 0RRUH EDVD TXHWDOHV GDV HQGDWRV REVHUYDGRV DSDUWLU GHSURFHGLPLHQWRV WDGR DOJXQRV GDWRV VREUH OD LPLWDFLyQ HQ GH HOSHUtRGR VHU XQ IHQyPHQR ELHQ HVWDEOHFLGR )LHOG 0HOW]RII\ :RRGVRQ 0RRUH *UHHQEH 0HOW]RII \0RRUH DWULEX\HQ HVWD SDUD LPLWDFLyQ UHSUHVHQWDU WUDQV SUHFR] \ D IRUPDU ODV SHUFHSFLRQHV DFWRV 3URSRQHU XQD HQ FDSDFLGDG SDUD ODLPLWDFLyQ LQQDWD LQWHUPR H[SOLFD SRU TXp ORV UHFLpQ QDFLGRV QR LPLWDQ WRGDV FDSDFLGDG ItVLFD \SRU TXpORVGHQRGDGRV HVIXHU]RV SRU WH UHVXOWDGRV /D FRPSHWHQFLD PDUJLQDOHV HQ ODV VXEIXQFLRQHV \ ORV VRQ PX\ LPSRUWDQWHV SDUD FRPSUHQGHU HO PRGHODGR ā HQ OR $XQTXH OD FXHVWLyQ GH ODQDFLGR LPLWDFLyQ HVWi WRGDYtDSRUFRQILUP GHPRUDGD HQ GLVSRQHPRV GHXQ Q~PHUR HOHYDGR GH GDWRV HPStULFRV ORV QLxRV SXHGHQ H LPLWDQ LPLWDU ODFRQGXFWD FRQ FLHUWD FRQVLVWHQ FHVRV UHJXODGRUHV GHHVWD FDSDFLGDG LPLWDWLYD WHPS (V SRVLEOH TXH H[LVWD HQHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWR KXPDQR X SDWURQHV GH DFFLyQ IWMRV $OJXQRV UHFLpQ QDFLGRV PXHVWU SHUR LQFOXVR HVWD FRQGXFWD LPLWDWLYD IUDJPHQWDULD 6LJDIRRV &RQVLGHUDQGR TXH OD LPLWDFLyQ HV UHSHWLGD GLItFLOPHQWH SRGUtDQ FDOLILFDUVH WDOHV FDGHQDGR DXWRPiWLFDPHQWH SRU ORV HVWtPXORV PRGHOD UHIOHMD TXH DSDUHFH VyOREUHYHPHQWH HQ HOPRPHQWR GHU HO DSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ TXH (Q HOHItPHUR VHGHVDUURO UHIOHMR GH XQ UHFLpQ QDFLGR TXH QRGHMD HIHFWRV G RUtJHQHV GHOPRGHODGR SVLFRVRFLDO $GHPiV KDEUtD DXQ PHFDQLVPR GH OLEHUDFLyQ LQQDWR SXHVWR TXH ORV QHV FRQ QLxRV SHTXHxRV DUJXPHQWDQ HQFRQWUD GHWDO ODGRV QRFRQVLJXHQ REWHQHU UHVSXHVWDV XQD WRWDO GHLPLWDFLyQ DWHQFLyQ DORTXH VHHVWi PRGHODQGR &XDQGR ORVQLxRV 8Q PRGHOR LPLWD HVWHUHRWLSDGRXQ EDMR SDWUyQ GH DFFLyQ OD IRUPD ILMR GH 0HGLDQWH GHVKH H[SHULHQ 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV FKDQ ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV LUUHOHYDQWHV \UHWLHQHQ ODV T PiV FRQ XQ DFWR LQWHQFLRQDO TXH FRQ XQ DFWR UHIOHMR /D DGTXLVLFLyQ KDELOLGDG HQ GH HO DSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ EDVD HQ OD VH UHFLSURFLGDG VRFLDO JUDFLDV DOD FXDO UHVXOWDQ IRUWDOHFLGRV SRVHHQOD ORV VXIL LQWHUFDPELRV FLHQWH FDSDFLGDG UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ UXGLPHQWDULD GH \ VHQVRULRPRWRUD FRRUGLQDFLyQ SDUD ā SRGHU LPLWDU DTXHOORV DFWRV HOHPHQWDOHV GH VXV FDSDFLGDGHV TXH $GHPiV FDLJDQ ItVLFDV VHQVL VRQ GHQWUR EOHV D ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV H[WHUQRV SXHGHQ DPELHQWDOHV \ GLVFHUQLU SXHGHQ ODV DSUHQGHU UiSLGDPHQWH FRQWURODU D FRQGXFWD D GH VXV SDGUHV DFWRV SRU \ 3DSRXVHN PHGLR GH 3DSRXVHN /RV PLFURDQiOLVLV \ GH DGXOWRV ODV LQWHUDFFL GLULJL GRV SRU ORV3DSRXVHN ODV LQWHUDFFLRQHV UHYHODQ TXH VRFLDOHV GH IRUPD WHPSUDQDV HVSH FR FLDO DOGHVDUUROOR FDSDFLGDG LPLWDWLYD GH ODGHORV SDGUHV UHFLpQ HQ VHJXLGD QDFLGRV LPLWDQ /RV JHVWRV ODV āYRFDOL]DFLRQHV \ UHFLpQ ā QDFLGR GHO PXFKDV PDQHUD YHFHVH[SUHVLYD TXH GH KD XQD VH PRVWUDGR IDFLOLWDGRUD GHO PRGHODGR WHQGHQFLD DLPLWDU /RV SDGUHV FRQWLHQ FLH HQWXVLDVPR SDWURQHV ORV GH QXHYRV FRQGXFWD TXH PXHVWUD HO QLxR (O UHFLpQ QDFLGR FX\RV PHGLRV ā\ GH GH LQIOXHQFLD FRPXQLFDFLyQ VRFLDO VRQ DSUHQGH TXH UHFtSURFD ODLPLWDFLyQ HVXQPHGLR GH FRQVHJXLU HILFD] y PDQWHQHU HO LQWHUpV GH VXV SD GUHV 8]JLULV VH KD LQWHUHVDGR FRQVLGHUDEO LPLWDFLyQ HQ ODLQIDQFLD /D WUDQVPLVLyQ LPLWDFLyQ GH PXWXD LQWHUpV UHFtSURFD VLUYH y GH FRPSDUWLU 'XUDQWH H[SHULHQFLDV HOSULPHU GH Y LGD DxR HO QLYHO UHFtSURFD GHOD LPLWDFLyQ FRQ PDGUH DXPHQWD GHIRUPD LPSRUWDQWH GREOiQGRVH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV ODIU LQLFLDGDV SRU pVWD 3RUWDQWR HOQLxR SDUD HOPRGHODGR GHVHPSHxD XQD IX SURPRYHU HOFRQWDFWR LQWHUDFWLYR FRQ ORVDGXOWRV /D LPLWDFLyQ SRUSDUWH GHO TXHDGXOWR OHFXLGDQ GH OD āFRQGXFWD GHO QLxR DXPHQWD VX WHQGHQFLD H[KLELGDV DLPLWDU HO DGXOWR ODV SRU FRQGX .DXIIPDQ *RUGRQ \ %DNHU 7KHOHQ 'ROOLQJHU 5HDOPHQWH FRQ \5REHUWV IUHFXHQ FLD LPLWDFLyQUHFtSURFD OD VH PXHVWUD PiV HILFD] SDUD DXPHQWDU FRQGXFWD OD GH LPLWDWLYD ,2V QLxRV TXH ODV UHFRPSHQVDV y 0FOQWLUH H[WUtQVHFDV +DXJDQ /RV HVWXGLRV PLFURDQDOtWLFRV VXJLHUHQ DSDUWLU LQWHUFDPELR TXHGHO OD LPLWDFL LQWHUSHUVRQDO TXH GH OD DFWLYLGDG /D FRQFHSFLyQ FLUFXODU UHIOHMD TXH UHIOHMD ORV DFWRV VXSRQH GHO QLxRSURGXFHQ SRU SDUD VtPLVPRV VXUHSHWLFLyQ 8QD YH] HVWtPXORV TXHKDQ ORV DSUHQGLGR QLxRV D LPLWDU VXV SURSLRV DFWRV VH VXSRQH FDSD] GH SURYRFDU TXH UHVSXHV OD FRQGXFWD WDVLPLWDWLYDV 6LQ HPEDUJR OD FRQFHSFLyQ VLPSOHSHUFHSFLyQ UHIOHMD GHXQ QRDFWR H[SOLFD SUHYLR HVWLPXOD (O VXSRQHU VXUHSHWLFLyQ TXHGH ODREVHUYDFLyQ ORV DFWRV SURSLRV HVWL LPLWDFLyQHV SUHFLVDPHQWH DSHODU ODFXHVWLyQ HVWi GLVFXWLHQGR TXH VH GH FyPR \SRU FLyQ GHXQ DFWR SURGXFH (V PX\ OD SUREDEOH FRQGXFWD TXH GHLPLWDFLyQ QR LQWHUYHQ FDQLVPR UHIOHMR \D TXH la DXWRPiWLFR PD\RUtD GH ODV SHUFHSFLRQHV GH OR VXILFLHQWHV SDUDGHVHQFDGHQDU VXUHSHWLFLyQ $GHPiV GLVWLQWD FXDQGR GLFKD SHUFHSFLy VHUHDOL ]D SDUWLU GHORV PLVPRV DFWRV PRGHODGRV SRU ORVGHPiV la SHUVSHFWLYD GHELG 3RU WDQWR QRHVSRVLEOH HO SDVR GH OD DXWRLPLWDFLyQ TXH GHPiV DODLPLWDFLyQ VH SURGX]FD GH G IRUPD DXWRPiWLFD (Q HVWH PRPHQWR VHVDEH FRQ FHUWH]D SDGUHV HVWLPXODQ TXHGHVGH DFWLYDPHQWH ODV UHVSXHVWDV TXH ORVUHFLpQ LPLWDWLYDV QDFLGRV UHVSXHVWDV TXH \ SXHGHQ QRSXH LPLWD GHQ FRQGXFLUOHV IiFLOPHQWH DOD DXWRLPLWDFLyQ GHELG ODV UHDOL]DQ PLVPRV SRU Vt /D GRWDFLyQ ELROyJLFD GHO UHFLpQ UHFtSURFD QDFLGR HQWUH \OD pVWH LQWH \ VXV SDGUHV OH SHUPLWHQ LPLWDU VRQLGRV SDGUHV WLHQGHQ \ JHVWRV D HO PRGHODU ORV DFWRV TXH ORVUHFLpQ \D QDFLGRV KHPRV YLVWR UHDOL]DQ DQWHV H SDGUHV GHVDUUROODQ HO PRGHODGR SRU DSURYHFKDQGR ORV QLxRV y UHSURGX ODV DF FLpQGRODV GH IRUPD 6LQHPEDUJR ORV RVWHQWRVD SDGUHV VRQ FXDQWR VHOHFWLYRV D-RV DFWRV HQ TXH U SURGXFHQ GHVXV 3DZOE\ KLMRV \ UiSLGDPHQWH SDWURQHV LQLFLDQ GH UHVSXHVWDV QXHYRV LPLWD WLYDV SDUD FRQWULEXLU DXPHQWDU ODV D FRPSHWHQFLDV VXV KLMRVGH /D FRUUHFWD LPLWDFLyQ HVWRV SD GH WURQHV GH PiV FRQGXFWD a FRPSOLFDGRV UHTXLHUH HO GHVDUUROOR GH ODV VXEIXQFLRQHV UHJXODQ HO TXH DSUHQGL]DMH SRU (V SUHFLVDPHQWH REVHUYDFLyQ HYROXWLYRGH HO HVWDV FXUVR VXEIXQFLRQHV OR TXH FRQVLGHUDUHPRV DāFRQWLQXDFLyQ D $SUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFL 'HVDUUROOR GHODV VXEIXQFLRQHV DSUHQGL]DMH SRUREVHUYDFLyQ TXH UHJXODQ HO . !'rocesos de atención. /RV QLxRV SHTXHxRV SUHVHQWDQ FLHUWDV G OLPLWDQ VXKDELOLGDG HQHODSUHQGL]DMH SRUREVHUYD DP~OWLSOHV VHxDOHV LQIRUPDWLYDV GLVWLQJXLU y PDQWHQHU ORVD FHQWUDGD VXDWHQFLyQ HQORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV SDUD DGTXLULU SUHVHQWHV ODG LQIRUPDFLyQ QHFHVDULD \ 6DODSDWHN VREUH HOORV \ *DOH &RKHQ $ +DJHQ PHGLGD TXH DXPHQWD VX H[SHULHQFLD PHMRUDQ WDPELpQ QLxRV HQ ODV WRGRV KDELOLGDGH HVWRV DVSHFWRV DSUHQGLHQGR DYDORUDU GHORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV ORV GLYHUVRV \ D SUHVWDU FRPSOHMRV DVSHF VX DWHQFLyQ GHIRUPD PiV UHOHYDQWHV VHOHFWLYD DORVIDFWRUHV SDUD FRQVHJXLU HO FLRQHV y H[DFWLWXG SUHGLFWLYD D LJQRUDU ORV \ TXH FDUHFHQ $GHPiV GH PHMRUDQ LPSRUWDQ V FDSDFLGDG SDUD PDQWHQHU VX DWHQFLyQ HQ ODV DFWLYL GH HOHPHQWRV FDXVD ā GH TXH GLVWUDFFLyQ VHDQ ā 3DUD IDFLOLWDU HO DSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ ORV SDUD FRPSHQVDU GH HVWH PRGR ODV OLPLWDFLRQHV /RVSDGUHV ODFDSWDQ GH DW DWHQFLyQ GHVXVKLMRV\GHVWDFDQ ODFRQGXFWD GHIRUPD VH TXHG OHFWLYD 7LHQGHQ DUHDOL]DU ODV y H[DJHUDGD LPLWDFLRQHV SDUD UHFtSU PDQW XQ QLYHO HOHYDGR GH DWHQFLyQ GXUDQWH y 3DSRXVHN ODV /D VHFXHQFLD LQWHUDFFLyQ VRFLDO DQLPDGD SHUPLWH FDQDOL]DU \ H[ GDGHV QXHYDV WRGDYtD QRGRPLQDGDV /DV H[SUHVLRQH VDUUROOR VRQ LJQRUDGDV VXV SDGUHV HQ JUDQ6LQ PHGLGD HPEDUJR SRU pVWRV PHQWH ODV DFFLRQHV PDQLSXODWLYDV KDEOD LPLWiQGRORV GH IRUPD H[DJHUDGD \ VRQLGRV GHO 3DZOE\ /RV SDGUHV LQLFLDQ DFWLYLGDGHV HOQLxRODV FRQ LPLWH YDORU H DGHPiV GH UHSURGXFLU VHOHFWLYDPHQWH &DGD YH] FRQ VXV PD\RUIUHF H[SUHVLRQH FLD ORV QLxRV DGRSWDQ ODV DFWLYLGDGHV VXV ā VHFXHQFLDV QXHYDV GH TXH LQWHUDFFLyQ /RV DQWHULRUHV HVWXGLRV GH REVHUYDFLyQ VREUH ODV JHUDFLyQ y ODV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV GHPRVWUDWLYDV LQFUHPHQWD (OYDORU DFWLYDGRU GH OD DWHQFLyQ GH ORVSURSLRV DFWRV TXH LPLWDUi HO QLxR 'LYHUVRV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV \ OD LPLWDFLyQ KDQ GH GLVWLQWDV DFFLRQHV PRGHODGDV y DPHGLGD GHORVTXHHYROXFLRQDQ QLxRV D OR Oa HQGLIHU JRGHO WLHPSR (VWRV DXWRUHV KDQ HQFRQWUDGR TXHOR IUHFXHQFLDPRGHODGDV ODVFXDQGR DFFLRQHV DFRPSDxDQ pVWDV GH VH REMHWRVFXDQGR \ VRQLGRV T VRQ PRGHODGDV HQ VLOHQFLR \ VLQ OD SUHVHQFLD GH REMHWRV T 8]JLULV /RV HVWXGLRV WDPELpQTXH FXDQWR FRUUHODFLRQDOHV PD\RU DWHQ FLyQ SUHVWD HOQLxR DODDFWLYLGDG PRGHODGD PD\RU (Q ā HVOD ORV QLxRV SHTXHxRV ORVSDGUHV IDYRUHFHQ GHIRUPD H[SUHVLYD HOPRGHOD VXV DFWRV VLQR WDPELpQ OODPDQGR &XDQGR,DHVWUXFWXUD YHUEDOPHQWHVLWXD ODDWHQFLy G FLyQ KDFH TXH HO QLxR SUHVWH DWHQFLyQ DGH OR TXH KD HVWRV PHFDQLVPRV FDSWDU H[WUDxRV OD DWHQFLyQ SDUD :D[OHU \ <DUURZ 2WUD OtQHD GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ TXH DWDxH DORV GHWHUPL REVHUYDFLyQ LPSOLFD HOGHVDUUROOR GH ODV /D KDELOLGDG XWLOL]DFLyQ SDUD GHO DXPHQWDU PRGHODGR ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV FRJQLWLYDV DXWLVWDV LOXVWUD HVWH (Q HOSURJUDPD SODQWHDPLHQWR GHWUDWDPLHQWR y VXV FROD GLVHxDG ERUDGRUHV /RYDDV \1HZVRP TXH FUHDQ JUDG ODQGR ODV DFWLYLGDGHV HQSHTXHxDV y UHFRPSHQVDQGR HWDSDV GH OD GLILFX DGRS ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV PRVWUDGDV *HQHUDOPHQWH VHU HILFD] VL VH HVWH SO DSOLFD LQWHQVLYDPHQWH DHGDG WHPSUDQD /RYDDV UR SUHVHQWDQ GLILFXOWDGHV SDUD FRQVLGHUDEOHV DSUHQGHU SRUTXH VXHOHQ ~QLFDPHQWH GLULJLU KDFLD DOJXQDV GH ODV PXFKDV VHxDOHV y FRQIUHFXHQFLD GLVSRQLEOHV D ORV DWLHQGHQ GHWD HQ HO OOHV PiV SHTXHxRV H LUUHOHYDQWHV B &XDQGR D ORV QLxRV QRUPDOHV VH OHV SUHVHQWDQ HV VHxDOHV DXGLWLYDV YLVXDOHV \WiFWLOHV DSUHQGHQ O O 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV ILMDQWtSLFDPHQWHHQXQDGHODVWUHVIRUPDVGHL DSUHQGHUODV RWUDV IRUPDV (VWRV QLxRV WLHQHQ GLILFXOWDG SUHVHQWDGD HQ SDUD XQDSURF PLVPD PRGDOLGDG S H LPiJHQHV GLIHUHQWHV R V SUHVHQWDGDHQPRG iOLGDGHV VHQVRULDOHV GLVWLQWDV y 1HZVRP .RHJHO\ 'DGR TXHODPD\RUtD GHVLWXDFLRQHV H[LJHQ IRUPDFLyQ WDOVXSHUVHOHFWLYLGDG GHODDWHQFLyQ QLxRVFX\DSHUFHSFLyQ HVFDVD QRFRQVLJXHQGHPDVLDGD GHORTXHOHVURGHD TXH OHV HV LQIR SHUPLWD DPSOLDUVXVFRPSHWHQFLDV 6L HVWRV QLxRVSHUFLEHQ FRJQLWLYDV ~QLFDPH ORVVRQLGRVGHOOHQJXDMH VXVGLILFXOWDGHVSDUDFRPSUHQGHUOR $ VX \D YH]XQOHQJXDMH\XQGHVDUUROOR FRJQLWLYRHPSRE FLyQGHODDWHQFLyQ /D UHODFLyQ HQODV HQWUH DFWLYLGDGHV VXSHUVHOHFWLYLGD UUROORFRJQLWLYRGHILFLHQWH HVHYLGHQWH QLxRV DXWLVWDV FXDQGR FRQ V QLxRV QRUPDOHV PHQWDO GH VHPHMDQWH XQD HGDG 6FKRYHU \ y /RYDDV 1HZVRQ 6HKDQLGHDGRGLYHUVRV SDUD VROXFLRQDU SURFHGLPLHQWRV ORVSUREOHPDV FUHDQ HVWRV GpILFLW TXH GHDWHQFLyQ (QORV QLxRVDXWLVWDV HODSUHQGL]DMH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV PiVUHOH VHIDFLOL YDQWHV \āUHGXFLHQGR JUDGXDOPHQWH ODH[DJHUDFLyQ RWUDV FRPSOHML PLHQW GDGHV 2WUDSRVLELOLGDGHVHQVHxDU DOQLxR XQDSUHGLVSRVLFLyQ SDUD DWHQGHU WRGD JHQHUDO DTXHOOD D LQIRUPDFLyQTXHVHDLPSRUWDQWH SDUD HODSUHQGL]D VHSDUDGR ODV GLVWLQWDV FODVHV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ DQWHV GH .RHJHO y 6KUHLEPDQ 'H HVWHPRGRORVQLxRVDSUHQGHQDDWH TXHOHV aV SUHVHQWDGD VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH ā ā ā Procesos de retención. 3DUD GHVDUUROODU ODV KDELOLGDGHV WLHQHQ TXH GH PH DSUHQGHUDWUDQVIRUPDU LQI RUPDFLyQ PRGHODGD OD VLPE HQIRUPDV yOLFDV \DRUJDQL]DUODV IR HVWUXFWXUDV TXH āUHVXOWHQ IiFLOHV WLHQHQ GH TXH UHFRUGDU DSUHQGHU XWLOL]DU RSRUWXQD 7DPELpQ D PHQWH ODSUiFWLFD SDUD IDFLOLWDU ODUHWHQFLyQ (QOD SULPHUD G LQIDQFLD ODVKDELOLGDGHV GH GLYHUVDV PHPRULD ā UD]RQHV (Q SULPHU VRQGLILFL OXJDUORVSUÏFHVRVPQpVLFRV FRPSUHQGHQ SULQFLSD DOQRVHUREVHUYDEOHV GLUHFWDPHQWH āUHVXOWDQ GLItFLOHVGHHQVHxDU\GH DOLPHQWDFLyQFRUUHFWRUD (Q VHJXQGROXJDUODVUHJODVPQHPRWpFQLF FLyQ \ RUJDQL]DFLyQ GHOD LQIRUPDFLyQ PHGLDQWH PHGLR FRPRPXFKRVHKDOODQSREUHPHQWH (Q WHUFHUOXJDUUHODFLRQDU GHVDUUROODGRV QXHYD ā O FRQDOJR\DFRQRFLGRIDFLOLWD HQJUDQPHGLGDHO QLxRVSHTXHxRVQRGLVSRQHQ GHXQD JUDQEDVH a FRPSUHQGHF GHU ODV H[SHULHQFLDV QXHYDV ā /D PD\RUtD de RSHUDFLRQHV PHPRUtVWLFDV GHEHQ UHDOL]DUV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV DOJ~Q āWLHPSR \VROR GHVSXpV FXDQGR ORVQLxRV WL DSUHQGLGRSRGUiQGDUVHFXHQWD GHODVYHQWDMDV SDUD la XWLOL]D G FLyQGHODPHPRULDLQFOXVRFXDQGR VHSXHGHUHFX GRORVEHQHILFLRVTXHpVWDSXHGH FRPSRUWDU QRVy TXHQRVHDQUHFRQRFLGRV /RVQLxRVWDUGDQ HQDSU UDVPHGLDQWHODVLPEROL]DFLyQ y ODSUiFWLFD FRJQLWLYDGHVXVH[SHUL (VWR ~OWLPR VHSRQHGHPDQLILHVWRHQORVHVWXGLRV HYROXWLYRV PHPRULDFRPRXQSURFHVR D /RVQLxRVSHTXHxRV %URZQ )ODYHOO QR WRUHVTXHGLILFXOWDQODPHPRULD VREUHHVWLPDQ VX DFWXDFLRQHVHQHVWHVHQWLGR\VyORGHIRUPDJUDG QLWLYD ID D\XGD UHWHQFLyQ D ā ā ā ā (Q HO SHUtRGRPiVLQLFLDOGHOGHVDUUROOR HVSURED PHQWH HQIRUPDGH UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV SRU LPiJHQHV /RV QLxRV LPLWDUiQ WHQGUiQ GLILFXOWDGSDUDUHSURGXFLU H[LMDQ āDFRUGDUVH la VHFXHQFLDV IRUPDGH GH FR HQVDUWDU YDULDVDFFLRQHV & aāIR&DOO3DUNH\.DYD RQIUHFXHQFLD OD VH LQLFLD FXHQFLD y D SDUWLU XQ PRPHQWR GHQR UHFXHUGDQ FyPR FRQWLQ~D $ PH $SUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFL H[SHULHQFLD DXPHQWD WDPELpQ VX KDELOLGDG SDUD HOPRG GH PHVHV VRQ FDSDFHV GH HMHFXWDU XQD FRQGXFWD DSU SHVDU GH KD\D WUDQVFXUULGR TXH FLHUWR WLHPSR GHVGH VX REVHUYDF HVWH WLSR UHTXLHUHQ GH PHPRULD VLPEyOLFD &RQ IUHFXHQFLD HYROXWLYRV ORV VREUH DQiOLVLV OD LQIOXHQFLD GH ODV KDELOLG HO PRGHODGR UHVXOWDQ HVFDVDPHQWH LQIRUPDWLYRV R LQF GHELGR OD IDOWD D GH GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ SRU REVHUYDFLyQ HQWUH \ HPLVLyQ DSUHQGL]DMH HVSRQWiQHD GXFWD (O KHFKR GH TXHXQQLxR GHIRUPD HVSRQWiQHD QRUHDOLFH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV R ILFD TXH KD\D DSUHQGLGR QR ODV ,QIHULU OD FDSDFLGDG GH PRGHO KDFHU SRU VtPLVPR FRQSRFRV RQLQJ~Q LQFHQWLYR HTXLYD GDGHV FRJQLWLYDV /D FDSDFLGDG GH ODV āSUXHEDV PRGHODGR GHDSUHQ SXHGH GL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ HQODV TXH VHLQVWUX\H \HVWLPXOD DSUHQGLGR 7DOHV SUXHEDV UHYHODQ TXHORVQLxRV SDUD LQWHJUDU ODV PX\ V FXHQFLDV GH FRQGXFWD PRGHODGDV SHUR TXH DPHGLGD GHWDOOHV TXH HQHOGRPLQLR JOREDO GHODV L). +D\ TXHWHQHU DFWLYLGDG HQ FXHQWD TXH ODV FDSDFLGDGHV FRJQLWLYDV \HOPRGHODGR UiFWHU ELGLUHFFLRQDO $Vt ODV GHILFLHQFLDV FRJQLWLYDV UDV < DVXYH] pVWDV LQFUHPHQWDQ )HQVRQ ODVFDSDFLGDGHV \5DPVD\ FRJ =LPPHUPDQ ā $ PHGLGD TXH HOQLxR YDDGTXLULHQGR HOOHQJXDMH ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV PHGLDQWH SDODEUDV \ FRQVHJXLU PRV &RDWHV \ +DUWXS LQYHVWLJDURQ ORVHIHFWRV HQIXQFL VREUH HO PRGHODGR VHJ~Q OD KLSyWHVLV 'H DFXHUGR GH FRQ GHILFLHQ HVWD WHVLV ORV QLxRV SHTXHxRV SRVHHQ SHUR QR XWLOL] HMHFXFLyQ PLHQWUDV TXH ORV QLxRV PD\RUHV OR KDFH EHQHILFLR DOJXQR GH ODV LQVWUXFFLRQHV TXH SXHGDQ EDOHV &RQVLVWHQWHPHQWH HVWD RSLQLyQ +DUWXS &RDWHV FRQ HQFRQWUDURQ \ TXH WUDGXFLU HOKHFK HQ SDODEUDV ODV DFWLYLGDGHV PRGHODGDV LQFUHPHQWD PiV HODSUH SHTXHxRV SHUR QRHQORVPD\RUHV SDUWLU GHRWURV KDOOD]JRV 6LQHPEDUJR UHVXOW D LQFUHPHQWR OD HGDG GH QR JDUDQWL]D OD XWLOL]DFLyQ HVSRQWiQH GXFFLRQHV SDUDOD XWLOL]DFLyQ GHFyGLJRV PHMRUDQ HODSUHQGL] UHV \ HQ ORV DGXOWRV %DQGXUD *UXVHF \ 0HQORYH $GHPiV YDQ +HNNHQ HQFRQWUy TXH ORVQLxRV PD\RUHV TX KDELOLGDGHV FRJQLWLYDV HQRWUDV WDUHDV GHDSUHQGL] UHV VX DSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ YHUEDOPHQWH DO ODV UHFLELU DFWLYL O GDGHV PRGHODGDV 8QD YH] TXH VHSRVHH ODFDSDFLGDG SDUD GH OD VLPERO FRGLILFDFLyQ VLPEyOLFD GH ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV PRG GHO LQGLYLGXR TXH SRU OD H[LVWHQFLD R QR ā GH LQFHQ 'LYHUVRV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV KDQ DQDOL]DGR ORV FDPELRV HYROXWLYRV la UHSUHVHQTX WDFLyQ PQHPyQLFD GHORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV y .DLO H[WHUQRV ,QLF WH ORV QLxRV WLHQGHQ DFRGLILFDU FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HVWRV ILVLFDV DFRQWHFLPL PiV GHVWDFDGDV /D UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GHORVDVSHFWRV PiV VXWLOHV PLHQWRV VHREVHUYD HQ HWDSDV SRVWHULRUHV GHO GHVD FLyQ DXPHQWD FRQ ODHGDG H GH LQWHJUDQGR IRUPD TXH HQFRQFHSFLRQ VHYDQ FRGL FDQWLGDGHV FDGD YH]PD\RUHV GHLQIRUPDFLyQ +DVWD TXHHOQLxR UHOHYDQWH QRDGTXLHUH OLGDGHV FRJQLWLYDV \OLQJtVWLFDV D SDUWLU GHHMHPSORV QRSXHGH H[WUDHU HVSHFt GH IRUPD HILFD] WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV OLQJtVWLFDV PiV $OJXQDV GHODVGHILFLHQFLDV DSDUHQWHV ODPHPRULD UHIOH HQORVQLx MDQ PiV ELHQ IDFWRUHV PRWLYDFLRQDOHV +DJHQ \FRO TXH GHKDELOLGD $O UHD OL]DU WDUHDV PHPRUtVWLFDV ORV ORV DGXOWRV QLxRV PD\RUHV VXHOHQ XWLOL]DU \ HVWU FDV TXH OHV IDFLOLWDQ ODUHWHQFLyQ /RV QLxRV SHT YRV FXDQGR VHOHVH[SRQH TXHSRVHHHVFDVR DXQD YDORU LQIRUPDFLyQ IXQFLRQDO SDUDHOORV 6HQXHYD OHV SXHGH LQGXFLU UHJODV PQHPRW pFQLFDV D XWLOL]DU \ PHMRU DU SRU WDQWR VX HMHFXFLyQ 2 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV SHURLQWHUUXPSHQHVWDVUHJODVPQHPyQLFDV FRQODV TXH ORVLQGXFWRUHV āH[WHUQRV GHVDSDUHFHQ /RVHVWXGLRVHYROXWLYRVVREUH HO GHVDUUROOR DO UHFXUULUFRPRORKDFHQ DSDUD OHVHVWiQGLULJLGRVEiVLFDPHQWH DLQYHVWLJDUDTX HGDG TXHVHSUR GXFHQHQODPHPRUL]DFLyQ GHREMHWRV\GHHOHPHQWR FLyQ OD PHPRULD GH GHEHUtDQ H[WHQGHUVH ORV KDFLD āFRQRFLPLHQWRV OD UHSUHV DFHUFDGHORVSDWURQHVGHDFFLyQ y GHODVKDELOLGDGHV PRWRUDVJHQHUDOL QHFHVDULR VHJXLULQYHVWLJDQGR FyPR DGTXLHUHQ ORV 3RUODV UD]RQHVH[SXHVWDV QR UHVXOWDIiFLOSDUDORVQLxRVSHTX DQWHV VRVPHPRUtVWLFRV QL āGRPLQDU ODV KDELOLGDGHV PQpVLFDV YHUVRV ā IDFWRUHV 6LQ HPEDUJR TXH FRQWULEX\HQDOGHVDUUROOR FRPSHWHQFLDV GHHVWDV /DUHVSXHVWD PD\RUtD GHGHPDQGDV FRUUHFWD DPELHQWDOHV UHTXHLUH FLHUWR UHFXHUGR HVWDV H[SHULHQ GH ORV DFRQ FLDVORVQLxRVOOHJDQDUHFRQRFHU UHSUHVHQWD JUDGXDOPHQWH UHWHQHU ORV WRVDGTXLULGRV8QDFRVDHVGHVFXEULU RWUDVDEHW ORTXHTXHKD\TXH HOYDORUGH SDUD IDYRUHFHUODUHWHQFLyQ ,QGXGDEOHPHQWH D XWLOL]DU UH VH FXUVRVPHPRUtVWLFRVSRUPHGLRGHLQVWUXFFLyQ ([LVWHQFLHUWRV GDWRVHPStULFRV C[Ue VXJLHUHQTXHpV WRVSXHGHQPHMRUDUVXDFWXDFLyQ SDUD TXHDQWLFLSHQ HQHVWHVHQWLGR HWLTXV EDOPHQWH ā\UHSDVHQ PHQWDOPHQWH y %DUFOD\ OR TXH REVHUYDQ %URZQ ā /DVGLYHUVDVVXEKDELOLGDGHV PHPRUtVWLFDV WDPELp VHUYDQGRODVDFWLYLGDGHVPHPRUtVWLFDV DSUHQGHQD GLVWLQJXLUHOWLSR GHORVGHPi PDFLyQTXHUHVXOWD~WLOFRGLILFDU y ODVEDVHV VREUHODVTXHFODVLILFDU DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV ā\āHVWUDWH JLDVPiVJHQHUDOHVSDUDHOSURFHVDPLHQWRGHODLQ 5RVHQWKDO y =LPPHUPDQ /DV HVWUDWHJLDV FRJQLWLYDV GH DSUHQGL]DMH IDFLOLWDUVHHQJUDQPHGLGDPHGLDQWH WDUHDV PHPRUtVWL HOPRGHODGRF FDVORVPRGHORVSXHGHQYHUEDOL]DU HQYR]DOWDOD GR WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ YHUEDO SUiFWLFD PHQWDO FDWHJRUL]DFLyQ IRUPDFLyQ UHOHYDQWH PiV WDUGH0iV VH HVWLPXOD SDUD TXH D XWLOLFHQ ORV QLxRV HVWUD PQHPRWpFQLFDVVLPLODUHVFXDQGRUHDOLFHQWDUHDV OD UHWHQFLyQ GH UH ORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVGXUDQWHXQSHUtRGR GHWLHPSREU GDGHQFXDQWR DODVVXEKDELOLGDGHV GHPHPRULD O DXPHQWDQ H LJXDOPHQWH VH DODUJD GH IRUPD JUDGXDO HOSH (QODWHRUtDHYROXWLYDGH3LDJHW ` ODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ VREUHODLPLWD VLPEyO SDSHOGHVWDFDGR QLxR āSDVD GHXQQLYHOGHIXQFLRQDPLHQWR FXDQGR HO VHQ UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ 'HVGH HVWDFRQFHSFLyQ ORVHVTXH LPLWDUR QRDTXHOORVDFWRVTXHQRVHGLIHUHQFLHQPXFK SHUR QR BOāR VHUiQ DTXHOORV RWURV TXH /D FXHVWLyQ GLILHUHQ QRWDEOHPH FUXFLDO DSUHQGL]DMHSRU REVHUYDFLyQQRHVODGH FyPR VHDGTXLHUHQORVDFWRVREVHUYD FHSFLyQHV S UHIRUPDGDV VLQRFyPRODVLQIOXHQFLDV 'H DFXHUGR VRFLD FRQ3LDJHWODIRUPDFLyQGH HVTXHPDV HVWi GHWHUPLQDGD SRUODPDGX PRGHUDGDPHQWH LQFRQJUXHQWHV FRQODVHVWUXFWXUDV HOHTXLOLEULRUHHVWUXFWXUDQGR VXVHVTXHPDV SDUD ]RSDUD HOHTXLOLEULR RHTXLOLEUDFLyQ FRPRIDF DQDOL]DGR PiV DGHODQWH ā /DWHRUtDFRJQLWLYDVRFLDO\ODWHRUtDGH3LDJH OORGHODVHVWUXFWXUDVFRQFHSWXDOHV $PEDV WHRUt ULRPRWUL] y FRQFHSWXDOPRWRU HVGHFLU TXHORVQLxRVS FLDVFRJQLWLYDVTXHOHVSHUPLWDQ y VLPEROL]DU ODVDFWLYLGDGHV FRPSUHQGHU RE ORVSHQVDPLHQWRV HQDFWRVRUJDQL]DGRV%LQ HPEDUJ GHODIRPLD HQTXHHOLQGLYLGXRDEVWUDH FRQFHSFLRQHV DSDUWLUGH-RVHMHPSORV VXV FDQFH\PHFDQLVPRVGH ODV āLQIOXHQFLDV y HQFXDQWR PRGHODGRUDV DOR TXHORV PRWLYD SDUDOD DGRS FyL Q GHORVSDWURQHV PRGHODGyV FRQGXFWXDOHV ā āā ā (QODWHRUtD FRJQLWLYDVRFLDO DTXHOOR H,DSUHQGL]DMH V yOR TXH HV S PRGHUDGDPHQWH GHVFRQRFLGRQLWDPSRFR VHFRQVLGH $SUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFL OD PDQLSXODFLyQOD ~QLFD FRQGXFWXDO IXHQWH VHD GH FRPR GHILHQGH LQIRUPDFLyQ OD WHRUtD GH 3LDJHW /D LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH IRUPDV QXHYDV SDUWLU GH GH FRQGXFWD OD REVHUYDFLyQ SXHGH R GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV PRGHODGDV FRPR D SDUWLU GH ORV HIH FHSWLYRV \ PRWRUHV HVWiQ VXILFLHQWHPHQWH GHVDUUROODGRV KD\ UD]yQ TXH SDUD ORVSXHGDQ QLxRV QR DSUHQGHUODV QXHYDVUHVSXHVWDV DSDUWLU GH OD REV ORV GHPiV DXQTXH HYLGHQWHPHQWH FXDOTXLHU WHRUtD GLUi WD IDPLOLDULGDGPDUFDGDPHQWH TXH OR GLVWLQWR TXH HV GH WRGR OR DQDOL]DQ FRQRFLGR GHQ &XD WUR XQD GH HVWUXFWXUD PXOWLSURFHVXDO ODV FRQGXFWD GHILFLHQFLDV LPLWDWLYD 3LDJHW VXHOH TXH HQ OD DWUL EXLU JHQHUDOPHQWH OD GtIHUHQFLDFLyQ D LQVXILFLHQWHWDPELpQ GHSXHGHQ ORV HVTXHPDV SURGXFLUVH FRPRXQD FRQVHFXHQFLD DWHQFLyQ LQVXILFLHQWH GH PRGHODGDV D GH XQD ODV UH DFWLYLGD SUHVHQWDFLyQ VLPEyOLFD LQDGHFXDGD GH GLILFXOWDGHV PRWRUDV HQ OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH ORV DSUHQGLGRV R LQVXILFLHQWHV(O GH LQFHQWLYRV SDSHO GH HVWRVFRPHQWDULR ~OWLPRV DSDUWH PHUHFH SRUTXH FRQOOHYD LPSOLFDFLRQHV LPSRUWDQWHV FDUD D HVWXGLRV QDWXUDOLVWDV (O QLYHO OD SUHFLVLyQ \ GHODLPLWDFLyQ HVWi SRU LQIOXLGR SDUWH HQSDUWH GHOQLx SRU OD IRUPD HQ TXH ORVPRGHORV UHVSRQGHQ LPLWDQ FRQ H[DFWL DVX FRQ WXG FXDQGR GLVSRQHQ GHORVLQFHQWLYRV SDUD HOOR SHUR VXVLPLWDFLRQHV QHFHVDULRV GHWHULRUDQ UiSL VH GDPHQWH VLORV GHPiV QR YLJLODQ /RYDDV VX FRPSRUWDPLHQWR &XDQGRVyOR \ VH UHJLVWUDQ ODV UHVSXHVWDV SXHGHQ GHO SURGXFLUVH QLxR ODV HQ SRU GHILFLHQFLD RE HO DSUHQGL VHUYDFLyQ FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH LQFHQWLYRV HUUyQHDPHQWH a GHIL LQVXILF FLHQFLDV FRJQLWLYDV 'DGR TXH ODPD\RUtD GHOQLxRGHHVWXGLRV UHDOL]DGRV FRQ QLxRV QDWXUDOL TXHxRV LPSOLFDQ SURFHVRV GH LQIOXHQFLD ELGLUHFFLRQ ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV GHO QLxR VLQR WDPELpQ ODV UHDFFLRQHV UHVSRQGHQ GH GHO LJXDO IRUPD GLVWLQWDV DUHVSXHVWDV HQ FXDQWR DSUHFLVLyQ VHUi GHPDVLDGR OD LPLWDFLyQ FRUUHFWD PLHQWUDV TXH VLORV PRGHORVUHSURGXFLUi PXHVWUDQ FRQ SUHFL XQ LQWHU VLyQ ODV FRQGXFWDV GHQWUR GH VXV TXHSRVLELOLGDGHV HVWpQ SH Procesos de producción. (O DSUHQGL]DMH SRUREVHUYDFLyQ QRSXHGH WDKDVWD TXH KD\D VH SURGXFLGR OD PDGXUDFLyQ ItVLFD QHFHVDULD FDSDFLGDG PRWR &XDQGR UD OD FRQYHUVLyQ GHODV DGHFXDGDV FRQFHSFLRQHV UHTXLHUH GHVDUUROORGHKDELO HO HQDFFLRQHV SDUD GLUHFFLyQ OD LQWHUPRGDOUHFRUGDUi GH OD GH QXHVWUD FRQGXFWD GLVFXVLyQ ID &RPR LQLFLDO VH WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ GHORVVtPERORVDSUHQGHU HQ DFFLRQHV DRUJDQL]DU VHFXHQFLDV LPSOLFD Gp ODV DFWRV D REVHUYDU \FRPSDUDU FRQXQ PRGHOR ODVDFWXDFLRQHV VLPEyOLFR \DFRUUHJLU O &XDQGR ORV QLxRV WLHQHQ TXH GHSHQGHU GHOR SXHGHQ REVHUYDU TXH OHV GL FRPSOHWDPHQWH VXV SURSLRV DFWRV OD HUUyQHDV GHWHFFLyQ UHTXLH \ F UH H[LVWHQFLD OD GH FRPSHWHQFLDV OLQJtVWLFDV /DV GHILFLHQF ā GHVGH SURGXFFLyQ SXHGH FUHDU XQ UHWUDVR HYROXWLYR OD HMHFXFLyQ HQWUH (O GHVDUUR ODFRPSUHQ OORGH ODV KDELOLGDGHV LPLWDWLYDV TXH iUHD TXH UHJXODQ QHFHVLWD ODF VHU HVWXGLDGD HQ PD\RU SURIXQGLGDGB āB ā B &XDQGR ORV QLxRV SHTXHxRV DSUHQGHQ UHDOL]DU 68FRQGXFWD SRU SULPHUD DLPLWDFLy YH] GHO PRGHOR VH HQFXHQWUDQ FRQVHFXHQFLD FRQ GH VXLQH[SHULHQFLD SUREOHPDV SDUD FDPELDU FRQLR OD RULHQWDFLyQ HVSDFLDO HVWi IUHQWH $OLPLWDU DpOHOQLxRQRVyOR DXQPRGHOR KD GHGLVWLQJXLU TXH HQ ODV RULHQWDFLRQHV GHUHFKDL]TXLHUGD KDFLD DWUiV \KDFLD WDPELpQKD VLQRTXH DGHODQWH GHHPLWLU \ VX FRQGXFWD GHVGH ODSHUVSHFWLYD GHOPRGHOR UHDOL]DGRV FRQ OD 'H PDQR ORFRQWUDU GH UHFKD OXJDU GDUtDQ DUHVSXHVWDV GH LPLWDFLyQ UHDOL]DGDV KDFLD GHODQWH RFDVLRQDUtDQ UHVSXHVWDV (Q ODPHGLGD GHLPLWDFLyQ HQ TXH HOp KD FRQGXFWDLPLWDGD GHSHQGH DGRSWDU GH ODRULHQWDFLyQ HVSDFLDO FRUUHFWD DFDEDUiQ ORVQLxRV SRUGDUVH FXHQWD GH OD LPSRUWDQFLD WUDQVSRQHU ORVPRYLPLHQWRV GH FXHVWD PRGHODGRV WLHPSR OOHJDU ORFXD GRPLQDU /RV QLxRV SHTXHxRV KDFHU ODVWUDQVSRVLFLRQHV VHHTXLYRFDQ ELHQPHMRUDQPXFKR FRQ DO VL OD H[SHULHQFLD \&LULOOR :DSQHU ( LQFOXVR H[LVWLU GLILFXOWDGHV HQORV DGXO HQ WUDQVSRVLFLyQ HVSDFLDO GXUDQWH *UHHQZDOG H \PRGHODGR $OEHUW ā ā ā . . ·. .. . 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV Procesos motivacionales. 7RGD WHRUtD HYROXWLYD H[SOLFDU GHOPRGHODGR GHTXp IRUPDVHDGTXLHUHQODVGLVWLQWDV WDPELpQ FRPSHWHQFLDV FRUUTXpIUH D FXHQFLDHQTXpPRPHQWR\HQTXpOXJDUVHUHDOL]D /RV GHWHUPLQDQ WHVPRWLYDFLRQDOHV GHO PRGHODGR GXUDQWH ORVSULPHURV DxRVGHO DWHQFLyQTXHPHUHFHQ $QWH ODSUHRFXSDFLyQ SRUO WRVIXQFLRQDOHVGHpVWHKDQTXHGDGRHVHQFLDOPHQWH /D LPLWDFLyQ HVDWUL EXLGDDGLYHUVRVIDFWRUHV PRWLYDFLRQDOHV DFWXDFLyQ \GH WDOHV F FRQRFLPLHQWRDXQGHVHRGH UHSURGXFLUDTXHOORVDFWRV TXHGLILHUHQSDUFLDOPHQWH H[LVWHQWHV y DODHVWLPDTXHVHWHQJDSRUHOPRGHOR ā 3RUPiVTXH SXGLHUD DSHODUVH LQ 3LDJ WXLWLYDPHQWHDWDOHVPRWLYDGRUHV VRQGHPDVLDGR LPLWDFLyQVHOHFWLYDGHORVGLIHUHQWHVPRGHORVG JDUHV \GHGLIHUHQWHV DFWRV PRVWUDGRV SRU ORV PLVPRV ā PRGHORV /RVIDFWRUHVPRWLYDFLRQDOHV TXHLQIOX\HQHQOD SHULPHQWDQ FDPELRV HYROXWLYRV SURFHVRV PRWLYDFLRQDOHV LPSRUWDQWHV /RV FRPS VHQWDFLyQFRJQLWLYDGHORVUHVXOWDGRV \HOGHVDU ā VRUGyQDXWRPDQWHQLGDHQ ODV DFWLYLGDGHV (VWDV FXHVWLRQHV VHWUDWDUiQ HQ XQFDStWXOR HQGH SRVWHULRUSRUOR TXH āDTXtODVGLVFXWLUHPRV VyOREUHYHPHQWH OD LPLWDFLyQ SR VHHODIXQFLyQSULQFLSDO GHIDYRUHFHU ODUHVSRQV WXRFRQORVDGXOWRVORVQLxRVSHTXHxRV XQD āLQWLPLGDG O~GLFDFRQHOOR y YDQJDQDQGR GLVIUXWD H[SHULHQFLDHQODUHFLSURFLGDG VRFLDO0X\SURQW SHURFRQWLQ~DQUHVSRQGLHQGR HQDTXHOORVFDVRV HQ DXPHQWDQVXVLo FRPSHWHQFLDV TXHFRQWLQ~DGHVHPSHxDQGR SDUD ORVQLxRVSH XQDIXQF TXHxRVSDVDDVHUXQYHKtFXORGHLQVWUXFFLyQ (VWD WUDQVLFLyQH[LJHTXH SDU GHQFXHQWD DSDUWLUGHODVUHJXODULGDGHV REVHUY FLRQHVVRQPiVVXVFHSWLEOHV (VWDV H[SHFWDWLYDV GHSURGXFLU GHUHVXOWDGRV SDUD VL HODSUHQGL]DMH SRU ā REVHUYDFLyQ ā/RV UHFLpQ QDFLGRV \ORVQLxRVSHTXHxRV SDUD UHFRQRFHUODVFRQWLQJ WLHQHQGLILFX FLDOHV'HELGRDTXHORV UHVXOWDGRV VRFLDOHV VRQ WHVGHODV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV GHODVLWXDFLyQ QRHVIiFLOGLVFHUQLUO XQD H[SHULHQFLD DPSOLDSRUORFXDOPXFKDVYHFHVUHVXOWDGLILFLO 3RU FRQ VLJXLHQWHORV DGXOWRV ā TXHSURSRUFLRQDQ ODPD\RUtD OD UHVSXHVWD GHORVHIHF GHO QLxRLQWHQWDQVLQFURQL]DU pVWHSDUD VXFRQGXFWD SURFHVDU ODLQIRUPDFL FRQODFDS ORVUHVXOWDGRVSDUD GHHVWDIRUPDGHVWDFDU ODV GRV VHDQ HYLGHQWHV UHSHWLWLYRV HVWUHFKDPHQWH āUHODFLRQDGRV FRQVLVWHQWHV FRQ \ODV D QLxR 3DSRXVHN \ $ P3DSRXVHN HGLGD TXH DXPHQWDHO GHVDUURO DXPHQWD VXKDELOLGDG SDUD MX]JDU ORVUHVXOWDGRV SUREDEOHV HQFL IXVDV ā &RQODH[SHULHQFLD WDPELpQ FDPELDQ ORVHOHPHQWRV FRQYDORULQF (Q HOQL YHOPiVLQLFLDOORVUHFLpQQDFLGRV < ORVQLxRVSHTXHxRV VRQPRWLYDGRV HIHF S WRVVHQVRULDOHV\VRFLDOHVLQPHGLDWRV DFWRV'XUDQWH pOGHVDUUROOR GHVXV \HO HMHUFLFLR GHOGRPLQLR GH KDELOLGDGHV YDQ JDQDQGR SRGHU /RV GHPRWLYDFLyQ QLxRV DSUHQG SURQWR TXHORVPRGHORV QRVRQ~QLFDPHQWH IXHQWHV IXHQWHVGHFRPSHWHQFLD SDUD DIURQWDU HILFD]PHQWH HOHQWRUQR VRFL GRVSRUODHILFDFLDSHUVRQDO VHFRQYLHUWHQ HQSR ORVQLxRVGHVFXEUHQTXHHOPRGHODGR HVXQEXHQPH ELOLGDGHVPRGHODGDV SDUD DGTXLULU VHQWLGR GHDXW TXHpVWDOHVFRPSRUWD PRGR HO GHVDUUROOR 'H HVWH DXPHQWD HOUDQJR\ YRVTXpPRWLYDQDOQLxR SDUD DGTXLULUFRQRFLPLHQWRV SDUD HMHUFHUORTXH DSDUWLUGHO DSUHQGLGR ā ā ā ā ā &XDQGRVHFRQVLGHUD GHVGHODSHUVSHFWLYD ODWHRUtD FRJQLWLYDVRFLDOHOD HYROXW SRUREVHUYDFLyQ VHFRQVLGHUD GH FRPR GHVDUUROORFRJQLWLY SDUWH VR GHXQSU FLDO6LQHPEDUJRHODSUHQGL]DMH GHORVPHFDQLVPRV SRUREVHUYDFLy EiV OLDQWHORVFXDOHVVHGHVDUUROODQ \VHDPSOtDQOD `R $SUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFL EDO DGHPiV GH DQDOL]DU ORV GHWHUPLQDQWHV REVHUYDFL yQ KD GH FRJQLWLYRV FRQVL GHUDU WDPELpQGHO HO DSUHQGL]DMH PHFDQLVPR YLFDULR HQ HO GHVDUUROOR 'HVDUUROOR GHOURO VH[XDO $OJXQRV GHORV LPSRUWDQWHV DVSHFWRV GHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWR PiV KXPDQR FRP FRPSHWHQFLDV TXH FXOWLYD HOLQGLYLGXR \ ODV ODV FRQFHS WUD\HFW FLRQHV TXH VRVWLHQHQ GH HVWiQ VtPLVPRV SUHVFULWRV XQD āWLSLILFDFLyQ \GH SRUORV GHPiV VH[X FDUiFWHU FXOWXUDO /DV FRQFHSFLRQHV HVWHUHRWLSLFDV VREU HIHFWR SHUGXUDEOH VX IRUPD GHSHUFLELU VREUH GHSURFHVDU ODLQIRUPDFLyQ VRF TXH XWLOL]DUi VXVFDSDFLGDGHV \+DFNHWW %HP \+HOPUHLFK 6SHQFH %HW] 'H ELGR D OD JUDQ OD GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ UHSHUFXVLyQ GH GHO JpQHUR VREUH OD SURFHVRV GH WLSLILFDFLyQ VH[XDO āH LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV KDQ VLGR REMHWR HYR G /D FODVH GHDWULEXWRV \ORVSDSHOHV VRFLDOHV TXH F QHUR PDVFXOLQR \HOJpQHUR IHPHQLQR GH KDQGH WLSR ELROy GLVWLQ JLFR $XQTXH ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV EDVHV SDUD ODGLIHUHQFLDFLyQ ELROyJLFDV GHO JpQHUR FRQVW PXFKRV GHORVSDSHOHV DOJpQHUR VRFLDOHV QRHVWiQYLQFXODGRV GHWHUPLQDGRV ELROyJL SRU G FDV 3RU HMHPSOR ELRORJtD āUHVHUYD OD DODPXMHU ODJHVWDFLyQ SHUR QHFHU HQHOSDSHO 3RU WDQWR GH DPD ODDSDULFLyQ GH FDVD DO JGHXQSDSHO pQHUR HVHQVX VR PD\RU SDUWH XQ WLSR SIHQyPHQR VLFRVRFtDO GH ā B /D WLSLILFDFLyQ VH[XDO SRU XQDPSOLR HVWi IDYRUHFLGD VLVWHPD GH FRVWXPEUHV ]DQ \D HQ HOPRPHQWR GHO QDFLPLHQWR KD\D GH YHVWLUVH KDFLHQGR URVD O, GH GHTXH D]XO HQIXQFLyQ GH VXVH[R $O FDER GHSRFR WLHPSR QHV \ D ODV QLxDV XQDV PHGLDV SHLQDUi WDPELpQ FRORU SDVWHO GH IRUPD DGHPi GLVW QLxRV SDVDQ D XWLOL]DU DWULEXWRV ItVLFRV SHLQDGRV \ UR .DWFKHU 7KRPSVRQ 7DQ SURQWR \ %HQWOHU FRPR HOQLxR HPSLH]D OHQJXDMH REVHUYD KDFHQ HODPSOLR ORV TXH OHURGHDQ XVR TXH GH ODV FODVLIL FXOLQR IHPHQLQR1R \ WDUGDQ PXFKR DSUHQGHU TXH ORVQLxRV VHFODVLIL y ORV DGXOWRV HQ PDGUHV \SDGUHV (O HWLTXHWDGR GHO PXMHUHV JpQHUR GHVWDFD \KRPEUHV QR ODFODVL VyOR ILFDFLyQ GHODV SHUVRQDV HQIXQFLyQ FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH \DFWLYLGDGHV VX VH[R V TXH FDUDFWHUL]D DFDGD WLQR /RV QLxRV FRPLHQ]DQ WLGR GH LGHQWLGDG GH VX SURSLR JpQHUR ā (O DSUHQGL]DMH GHOSDSHO VH[XDO UHTXLHUH SDUD SRGHU ODDPSOLD DEDU FDU ORV DVSHFWRV VRFLDOHV3RU SURIHVLRQDOHV GLYHUVDV HV PUD]RQHV iV GLItFLO \FRQGXFWXD FRQ FHU ORV SDSHOHV ID LGHQWLGDG GHO JpQHURTXH (Q GHO SULPHU PLVPR OXJDU QLxRV DOFDQ]DQ ORV ODGLI UHQFLDFLyQ VH[XDO DQWHV GH VHU FDSDFHV GH RUJDQL] SURSLRV GHORVYDURQHV (Q VHJXQGR \GHODVPXMHUHV OXJDU ODV FRQGXFWDV GH FLRQDOPHQWH tiVH SLFDV FRQVLGHUDQ GHO KRPEUH RGH OD PXMHU QR VH WRGRV ORV LQGLYLGXRV GHOPLVPR VH[R QRWRGRV ORV UHV VRQ LQDVHUWLYDV $FRQVHFXHQFLD GHHOOR ORV HMHPSORV 6LGH IRUPD KDELWXDO TXLHQHV ORV UHDOL]DQ QLxRVODV YHQDFWL TXH GRPpVWLFDV PLHQWUDV TXH REVHUYDQ TXH ORV KRPEUHV PDQR UiSLGDPHQWH FDVD VH ODV FRQVLGHUDUiQ WDUHDV GH OD TXHGDUiQ SDSHO WLSLILFDGDV GH OD PXM VH[XDOPHQWH 6LQ HPEDUJR VLFRQ IUHFXHQFLD REVHU GHO FXLGDGR GH VXMDUGtQ HVWD DFWLYLGDG QR VHUi 8QD EXHQD SDUWH GHO DSUHQGL]DMH GH ORV SDSHOHV VR PDV TXH DGTXLHUH HOMXHJR QRSHUPDQHFHQ PRGR LQYXOQHUD HV WHUHRWLSDGR ORV SDGUHV GHFRUDQ ODV KDELWDFLRQHV HGXFDWLYRV PiTXLQDV \ H YHKtFXORV TXLSRV GH GHSRUWH \ODV GH VXV KLMDV PpVWLFRV \DGRUQRV y &RRN IORUDOHV /RV PDWHULDOHV 5KHLQJROG -XHJR WLSLILFDGRV GH HQ FLyQ GHO VH[RFRQ QLxRVFDQDOL]DQ TXHVHSURYHH VXVMXHJRV DORV KDFLDSDSHOHV HVSRQWiQHRV WUDGLFLR B QDOPHQWH IHPHQLQRV RPDVFXOLQRV HOSULPHU DxR ,QFOXVR GHYLGD GXUDQWH ORV IRUPD HVWHUHRWLSDGD GHO ORVMXHJRV VH[R GH VXV SURSLRV VRUL KLMRV PiV HVWULFWRV VLELHQHQ OD \ HQ / 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ)XQGDPHQWRVVRFLDOHV FLDFLyQGHSDSHOHVHQHOFDVRGHORVQLxRVTXHHQ 6QRZ-DFNOLQ\ 0DFHR E\ (QFXDQWRDVXVUHDFFLRQHV KDFLD HOMXHJRGHVXVKLMRVORVSDGUHV PiV HVWHUHRWL V SDGRVTXHODVPDGUHV 1R VRUSUHQGH /DQJORLV \'RZQV SXHVTXHLQFOXV PX\ SH TXHxRVSLHQVHQTXHVXVSDGUHV HVSHUDQ GHHOORVTXHVHFRPSRUWHQ SDSHOHV HVWH GHDFXH UHRWtSLFDPHQWH DVLJQDGRV D VX VH[Rā $OEHUW ā \3RU /RVDJHQWHVGHVRFLDOL]DFLyQ TXHDFW~DQIXHUDG HVWHUHRWLSDU ORV SDSHOHVSURSLRVGHOJpQHUR/RVFRPSDxHURV UHSUHV FLDO (Q ODHVWUXFWXUDFLyQ VRFLDOGHODVDFWLYLGDGHV FRPSDxHURV VH[RTXHSHUVLJXHQ GHOPLVPR y DFWLYLGDGHV LQWHUHVHV SURSLDV +XVWRQ GHVX (Q HVWDVLQWHUDFFLRQHV ORVQLxRVVHUHFRPSHQVD GDV asu JpQHUR\FDVWLJDQDTXHOOD FRQGXFWD /DPE(DVWHU TXHFRQVL EURRNV\5ROGHQ /DV āVDQFLRQHV VXVHIHFWRV ā GHMDQVHQWLU WDPELpQ /RVPDHVWURV FULWLFDQ D ORVQLxRVVL UHDOL]DQ DOJXQDDFWLYLGDG TXHFRQVLGHUHQLQDSURSL FDVR GHORV FKLFRV )DJRWā ā ā /DGLIHUHQFLDFLyQGHORVVH[RVYDPiVDOOiGHO GHVHVSRQWiQHDV 6LHPSUHTXHVXUMHODRFDVLyQDGH QLxRVVREUH ODFODVHGHFRQGXFWD TXH VHHVSHUDGH QRWRGRV ORVSDGUHV VRQLQIOH[LEOHV WRGDV ODVDFWLYLGD HQFXDQWR D GHVODPD\RUtDGHHOORVDFHSWDQ PRGHODQ \HQVH 3RUORTXHVHUHILHUHDLQWHUHVHV\REMHWLYRVSUR FRGHRSFLRQHVPD\RUSDUDORVYDURQHV %HW]\+DFNHWW +DFNHWW \%HW] TXHSDUDOD a (VWD GLIHUHQaLDOLPLWD HOQ~PHUR SDUD ORVTXHODPXMHU GHREMHWLYRVSU VH FDSD] ā /D VREUHLPSRVLFLyQ HVWD LQVWUXFFLyQ GH GLIHUHQFLDO TXH DIHFWD YLGD GHOFRQVWLWX\H QLxR XQ PRGHODGR FXOWXUDO JHQHUDO GH VH[RV(OPRGHODGRVLUYHGH IXHQWHSULQFLSDO GHLQIRUPDFLyQ VREUHHOSDSHOV FDGD VH[R/RV QLxRVHVWiQFRQWLQXDPHQWH H[SXHVWRV DPRGHORVGH ODHVFXHOD HQ ORVSDUTXHV HQORVOLEURV \ HQODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQH GHOHFWXUD \GH TXHREVHUYDQHQODWHOHYLVLyQ \ 9RRUKHHV &RXUWQH\ - DFNOLQ\0LV \:KLSSOH FKHO 0LOOHU \5HHYHV *HQHUDOPHQWH DYHQWXUHURV HPSUHQGHGRUHV ā\SURWDJRQLVWDV DFWLYRVGHWUDEDMRV HO FRQWUDULR ODVPXMHUHV HO SDSHO VXHOHQGHVHPSHxDU GHVXERUGLQDGDV \DVHD UHVGHODFDVDRUHDOL]DQGR WUDEDMRV DFWXDQGRGHIRUP GHXQHVWDW GHSHQGLHQWH GHā DPELFLyQ H[HQWD \HPRWLYD /DV SHUVRQDV TXHX PHGLDPXHVWUDQ RSLQLRQHVVREUH HOSDSHO GHDPERV XWLOL]DQHVSRUiGLFDPHQWH 0F*KHH \)UXHK /RV HVWXGLRVHQO MHUHVUHDOL]DQGR DFWLYLGDGHVGLVWLQWDVGH ODVTXHOHDVLJQDHOHVWHUHRWLSR IOXHQFLDGHOPRGHODGRHQIDV FRQFHSFLRQHVGHO SDSHOOLJDGRDOVH[R (O PRGHODGR QRHVWUHRWL FUHPHQWDODVDVSLUDFLRQHV GHORVQLxRV DVtFRPR VLGHUDQDSURSLDGRV VH[RI $VKE\ SDUD \:LWWPDLHU VX y &RUGHU%ROW] (Q 2 %U\DQW ORVQLxRVSHTXHxRV HOPRGHODGR SDUD VLPEyOLFRUHSHWL DPERVVH[RVUH GXFHGHIRUPDGXUDGHUD ODHVWHUHRWLSDFLyQ GHORV OHU y 5RJHUV ā /DVUHODFLRQHVGHSRGHUSURIXQGDPHQWH HQUDL]DGD 'HELGR DODSUHVLyQHMHUFLGDSRUORVPRYLPLHQWRV UHRWLSRVPDVFXOLQRV \IHPHQLQRV PiVHVFDQGDORVRV WRGDYtD (Q SHUYLYHQ OXJDUGHPRGHODU DWULEXWRV SDUD DPERVVH DVSLUDFLRQH [RVORFXDOIDYRUHFHXQ GHVDUUROOR āYDULDGR y H[HQWRGHWUDEDV XQā WLSRGHPXMHUHPX VHSUHVHQWD GRUDGHORVUDVJRVPiVFDULFDWXUHVFRV IDYRUHFHPiV 6H GHOHVWHUH ODOLEHUWDG SDUD HPSUHQGHUGLVWLQWDV IRUPDVGHYLGDPRGHODQ FDWXUDV PDVFXOLQDV %DViQGRVH P~OWLSOHV HQHVWDV IXHQWHV āGH LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUHHOSDSHOVRFLDODVR JpQHUR ORVQLxRVSHTXHxRV DGTXLHUHQXQD FRQFHSFLyQ GH O RV DWULEXWRV TXHWLSLILFDQOD $SUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDF PLQHLGDG \B GH ODV FRQGXFWDV DGHFXDGDV D GHWHUPLQDQWHV VX SURSLR GHO VH[R DSUHQGL]DMH GHOSDSHO DVRFLDGR DOJpQHUR tí HV HVHQFL SLFDV GHO JHQHUR \ VX HMHFLyQ HVSRQWiQHD /RV QLxR REVHUYDFLyQ GHODV DFWLYLGDGHV KDVWD HOPRPHQWR WLSLILFDGDV HQTXH VH[XDOP GHVFXE VX SURSLR VH[R XQD $QWHV LGHQWLGDG GH IRUPDUVH FODUD GH VX JpQHUR \G LPSRUWDQFLD VRFLDO TXH WLHQH HOHVWDWXV VH[XDO YD ]DQ DORVSDSHOHV SDUWLU GHORVKRPEUHV GHFDGD JpQHUR \PXMHUHV D TXH KDEL ELpQ HV FLHUWR TXH QR REVHUYDQ ORV PRGHORV \ DSUHQGHQ GH VXPLVPR ~QLFDPHQ VLQR LQFOXVR KDEHU GHVSXpV GHVDUUROODGR GH XQD LGHD FODUD GH VX SU /RV QLxRV REVHUYDQ \DSUHQGHQ HQ JUDQ PHGLGD DS VRQ VHOHFWLYRV HQ(Q VX ODVSUXHEDV FRQGXFWD PDQLILHVWD GH DGTXLVLFLyQ H QLxR SDUD TXH GHPXHVWUH ā WRGR ORTXHKDDSUHQGLGR SRU REVHUYDFLyQ GDGHV PRGHODGDV TXH KDELHQGR VLGRDGTXLULGDV JHQH FRQVLGHUD LQDGHFXDGDV SDUD\ %DQGXUD VXVH[R %DQGXUD 'XEDQRVN E WRQ &XDQGR ODV WHRUtDV VREUH HO DSUHQGL]DMH GH F XWLOL]DQGR PHGLGDV GHODHMHFXFLyQ PHGLGDV GHO GH WDOHV DSUHQGL]DMH FRQGXF ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV GH FDUiFWHU HYROXWLYR TXH QR DXPHQWDU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ SXHGHQ DXPHQWDU VREUHOD HOFRQIXVLyQ WHUQD B DO UHV 6RQ QXPHURVRV ORVIDFWRUHV TXH UHJXODQ OD HPLVLy VDQFLRQHV VRFLDOHV LPSHUDQWHV KDFHQ TXH ORV UHVXOW GH ORV DSURSLDGR GH ODV DFFLRQHVQ HQ LxRV IXQFLyQ DSUHQGHQ GHO VH PX SURQWR DXWLOL]DU OD OD WLSLILFDFLyQ LQIRUPDFLyQ VH[XDO UHIHULGD SDUD VXV FRPR D DF JXtD S WRV *HQHUDOPHQWH ODV VDQFLRQHV QHJDWLYDV SRU DG PiV VHYHUDV SDUD SDUD ODV ORVKRPEUHV PXMHUHVTXH 'HELGR DODV GLIHUHQ TXH H[LVWHQ HQWUH DPERV VH[RV SDUWHGH ODHPXODFLyQ ODVPXMHUHVGHOD VXHOH VLGHUDUVH PiV FRPSUHQVLEOH \PHQRV GHVYLDGD TXH O QR 3RU WDQWR ODPXMHU TXH VHYLVWD FRPR XQ KRPEUH SX B KRPEUH TXH DSDUHFLHUD HQ VXWUDEDMR WDUGDUtD HQ HQFRQWUDUVH YHVWLGR FRPR HQ GH XQ SVLTXLDWUD ,QFOXVR OD YLGD HQ ORV ORV FKLFRV SULPHURV WLHQHQ DxRV PiV GH FKLFDV DXWLOL]DU SDUD VXV DFWRV FRPR JXtD ODHVWHUHRWLSDFLyQ VH[XDO \&LWURQ (O PRGHODGR VRFLDO GH ODVFKLFDV SRU HOVH[R HVWi GHLPRGHO PHQRV SRU OR DSURSLDGR GH ODFRQGXFWD GH ORV HQ FKLFRV IXQFLyQ \ %DQGXUD 5RVV GHO VH[R 5R F %U\DQ\/XULD 5DVNLQH ,VUDHO 6ODE\\)UH\ a B (O FRQRFLPLHQWR GHODFRQYHQLHQFLD GHO VH[R GHORVSDWURQHV GH FRQGXFWD HQIXQFLyQ QRGHSH GH HQWHUDPHQWH GH ODV VDQFLRQHV H[SHULPHQWDGDV GL VHFXHQFLDV TXH H[SHULPHQWDQ WDPELpQ DSRUWD ORV GHPiV O LQIRUPDFLyQ RV SDSHOHV ā GH VREU F JpQHUR TXH VHUYLUi SDUD 3RU HMHPSOR UHJXODU HQODV ODSURSLD LQIOX\HQWHV UHODFLRQHV TXH FRQGXFW QRV GHVFULEH OD WHOHYLVLyQ FRQGXFWDVDJUHVLYDVTXH HV PXFKR VHH[KLEHQ PHQRV SUREDE HMHU]DQ HIHFWR VREUH ODV PXMHUHV B /RV TXH REVHUYDGRUHV VREUH ORV KRS WDQ DWHQFLyQ DHVWRV PHQVDMHV UHSHWLWLYRV &XDQGR OR WD SDUWLU D GHODVGHPDQGDV H[WHUQDV \GHORV OD FRQGXFWD HMHPSORVWtS FR FD GHO VH[R SDVD D UHJXODUVH PHGLDQWH FULWHULRV LQW FRPSRUWDPLHQWR HPLWLHQGR DTXHOODV FRQGXFWDV WtSL GH Vt PLVPRV \ UHFKD]DQ SURSLRV DTXHOODV FULWHULRV TXH YLRODQ VXV 7DQWR OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH ORV SDSHOH GRUHV YDORUDWLYRV GHODV DFWLYLGDGHV WtSLFDV GHO V WUXFWXUDFLyQ GLIHUHQFLDO GH ODV UHODFLRQHV VRFLDOHV /D D ODV FRQGXFWDV WtSLFDV GHO VH[R HO GRPLQLR LPSOLFD GH XQ ODV GHWHUPL KDEL FRQVLGHUDGDV BVH[R SURSLDV IDYRUHFH GHOODV LQWHUDFFLRQHV FRQ RWU YH] OD LQWHUDFFLyQ VHOHFWLYD LQWHQVD FRQ PRGHORV FDV GHOJpQHUR SURSRUFLRQD PiV HO SDSHO RSRUWXQLGDGHV VRFLDO TXH FXOWXUD GH FRQR VLGHUD DSURSLDGR /DV YDULDFLRQHV VRFLDOHV YLQFXODGRV HQ HO DSUHQGL]D DO JHQ SXHGHQ H[SOLFDUVH PHMRU DSDUWLU GH OD DWHQFLyQ V /a 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV DVRFLDFLyQ VHOHFWLYDTXHSRUHOGHVSOLHJXHGHOD XQR HVWi REOLJDGR \ /XULD DREVHUYDU %U\DQ $OJXQRVDXWRUHVDILUPDQTXHODWHRUtDGHODSUHQ SDUD H[SOLFDUHO DSUHQGL]DMHGHORVSDSHOHVWtSLFRVGHFDGDJpQHU JXPHQWRVTXHLPSOLFDQ XQD YHUVLyQ VLPSOLILFDGD\ FRE\\-DFNOLQORV GHIHQVRUHVGHOHYROXFLRQ /DYHUVLyQTXHVXHOHQS FRQVLVWH HQXQD FDULFDWXUD IRUPDGD SRUGRVHOHPH VLPSOHUHVSXHVWD PLPpWLFD \ HO ©PROGHDGRª SURGX PLHQWRH[WHUQR/DWHRUtDGHODSUHQGL]DMH QL FRQFLEHHVWDVGRVIXHQWHVGH VRFLDO QRVWDQ y VLPSOLVWDV OLPLWDGRV QLFRQVLGHUD TXHVHDQORV~Q FRQGXFWD KXPDQD /RVGDWRVHPStULFRVVHKDOODQ HQGHVDFXHUGR 1 DFNOLQGHTXHQL FRQ SUiFWLFDV VRFLDOHVQLORVSURFHVRV GHPRGHODGR L ORVSDSHOHVVRFLDOHVOLJDGRVDOJpQHUR(VWRV DX FLRQHVGHODERUDWRULR HQODVTXHORVQLxRVQRLP GHORVGHOPLVPRVH[R6LQHPEDUJR HQHVWRVHVWX PRGHORGHFDGDVH[RODVGHPRVWUDFLRQHV PRGHODGD QDOHVGHORVPRGHORVODSHUWLQHQFLD HQIXQFLyQ HPLWH'HVWDFDU ~QLFDPHQWH HOVH[RGHOPRGHORGH QDWXUDOH]DSOXULIDFWRULDO GHODLQIOXHQFLDGHOP ODFLRQDGDFRQ HO VH[RODSHUWLQHQFLD VH[XDOGHODPLVPDW REVHUYDGDV TXHHOQLxR GHFLGLUi LPLWDU TXHHOV 5DVNLQ H ,VUDHO &RPR\DKHPRVREVHUYDGR DQ QHQFLDVH[XDOGHODFRQGXFWD TXHODVPXMHUHV3R DGRSWDUDTXHOODVFRQGXFWDV TXHQRFRQVLGHUDQSUR HOVH[RGHOPRGHORTXH OD SUHVHQWH (O PRGHODGRGHOPLVPRVH[RHVPiVLQ GRUHVSHFWR DOURO VH[XDO GHODFRQGXFWD FRLQFLGHHVWHUHRWt REVHUYDGRU )U\UHDU %DQGXUD \ 7KHOHQ &XDQGRODVDFWLYLGDGHVPRGHODGDV QRVRQDWULEXL SRFRSRVHHQXQDXWLOLGDGGLIHUHQFLDOREYLDHOF ORUSUHGLFWLYRHQFXDQWRDFyPRVHUiUHFLELGDSR FOLQDQDXWLOL]DU HOVH[R GHOPRGHOR FRPRJXtDGHVXFRPSRUWDPLH ViQGRVHHQVXVH[SHULHQFLDV SDVDGDV LQGLFDWLYDV VH[RSUREDEOHPHQWH VHUiPHMRUUHFLELGRSRUSDUWH ā VH[R RSXHVWR 0LOOHU\ 'ROODUG 0LVFKHO (QODYLGDGLDULD ORVMXLFLRV VREUH ODSHUWLQ EDVDUVH āHQORVDFWRVGHXQVRORPRGHOR VLQRTXHORV REVHUYDU HOFRPSRUWDPLHQWR GHYDULRV PLHPEURV G TXHODH[KLELFLyQGHXQDPLVPD FRQGXFWD HV XQ SRUSDUW BWUDQVPLVRU PiVSRWHQWH GHQRUPDV FRQGXFWXDOHV YL (VWRV DXWRUHV HQFRQWUDURQ TXH OD WHQGHQFLD GH O DXPHQWDFXDQGRDXPHQWD WDPELpQ HOSRUFHQWDMH GH PDVSUHIHUHQFLDV /RVQLxRVUHFKD]DQ XQPRGHORG SUHVHQWDUODVSUHIHUHQFLDVGH la PD\RUtD GHPLHPEURVGHHVHVH[R2WU YLGDGHVSUHIHUHQFLDV \HVWLORVGHFRQGXFWD YDUL PRGHODGRP~OWLSOH VLUYHFRPRPHFDQLVPR $ O EiVLFR R HQ ODUJRGHXQSHUtRGRGHWLHPSR HOPRGHODGRFRQFR GH PDVFXOLQR RIHPHQLQR D DFWLYLGDGHV SUHYLDPHQWH 0DFFRE\\-DFNOLQ FRQVLGHUDQ TXHJUDQSDUWHGHOD ERV VH[RVWLHQHVXVRUtJHQHV HQFLHUWDV SUHGLVSRV DWULEXLGDV D FDGD VH[R D SUHSDUDFLyQ 3UHVXPLEOHPHQWH LQQDWD JDUDQWL]D FRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHFDGDVH[R3RUWDQWR GHOUROVH[XDO VHJ~QHV QRVXUJHFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHODV GHODVSUiFWLFDV LQIOXHQFLDV GHOPRG GH $SUHQGL]DMH SRUREVHUYDF VLQR TXH OD LPLWDFLyQ GHO ORIRUPXOy FRQFHSWR .RKOEHUJ GHO VH JpQHUR FRQVLGHUD WDO FR HO SURFHVR SULQFLSDO TXH PROGHD ODV GLVWLQWDV SDUD GDU OXJDU GRWDFLRQHV DORV WUDGL SDSHO EL FLRQDOPHQWH IHPHQLQRV $ WUDYpV RPDVFXOLQRV GH ODSDWURQHV H[SRVLFLyQ GLIHUHQFLDGRV DORV HQIX FLyQ GHO VH[R ORV QLxRV DFDEDQ LQILULHQGR DGRSWDU DTXH OD LGHQWLG OODV FRQGXFWDV FRQJUXHQWHV FRQFHSFLyQ ā HVWHUHRWtSLFD FRQ VX GHO SDSHO VH[XDO $OJXQDV GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH DPERV VH[RV WLHQHQ ORV SD XQ IXQ SHOHV DWULEXLGRV HVWHUHRWtSLFDPHQWH FDGD JpQHUR VH GHEHQ PiV D D OD LQIOXHQF GRWDFLyQ ELROyJLFD GHWHUPLQDGD 3RU HMHPSOR BUHVXOWD PX\ TXHORVYDURQHVHVWp GXGRVR SUHSDUD GRV ELROyJLFDPHQWH XQD VDOD SDUD \ODV SDUD SUHVLGLU SUHVLGLUXQJUXSR PXMHUHV GHPH TXH ORV YDURQHV XQD SUHGLVSRVLFLyQ WHQJDQ LQQDWDSDUD VHUGHQWLVWDV HVWpQGHVWLQDG \ODV PXMHUH JHQpWLFDPHQWH D VHU SURIHVLyQ SURWpVLFRV TXH QR UHTXLHUH GHQWDOHV o GHVWUH]D PHQRV PD IXHU] QXDO TXH OD GH GHQWLVWD &RPR PHFDQLVPR PROGHDGRU UHSUHVHQWDU XQ IDFWRU FRQWULEX\HQWH SHUR es LQFDSD] GH FDUJD VRSRUWDU SULQFLSDO OD GHO VRFLDOL]DFLyQ GHO SDSHO VH[XDO (Q OD WHRUtD HYROXWLYD FRJQLWLYD IRUPXODGD ORVQLxRV SRU .RKOEHUJ LQILHU QHV HVWHURWLSDGDV GHOJpQHUR SDUWLU GH OETXH D R\HQ \REVHUYDQ DVX DOUH JXHQ FRQVWDQFLD GH VXHVā JpQHUR GHFLU XQ FRQFHSWR H LUUHYHUVLEOH ILMR VX ā SURSLRJpQHUR GH YDORUDQ GH IRUPD H LSRVLWLYD QWHQWDQ DGRSWDU ~QLFDPHQWH DTXHOODV FRQFHSWR GHJpQHUR TXHKDQ DGTXLULGR 6HVXSRQH T WLFDV KDVWD GHO TXHVHKDQ VH[R HWLTXHWDGR DVtPLVPRV GHIRUP QR VH FRQVLJXH KDVWD ORV SRUVHLV ORJHQHUDO FRQVLGHUD DxRV TXH6H HOPRGHODGR DOJpQHUR OLJDG HVWi PRWLYDGR SRU HO GHVHR GHO DFWXDU GH QLxR DFXHUGR GH FRQ JpQHUR VX FRQFHSWR G 3DUD XQD WHRUtD TXHFRQVLGHUD SDUD HOPRGHODGR XQSUHUUHTXLVLWR OLJDGR HOQLxRFR DOVH[R QR]FD OD FRQVWDQFLD GHVXJpQHUR UHSUHVHQWD XQ SUREOHPD LPSRUWDQWH HOKHFK FODUDPHQWH \SUHILHUD REMHWRV \SDWURQHV GHMXHJR YLQF GH XQD IRUPD LQDOWHUDEOH TXH +XVWRQ HVXQQLxR 0DFFRE\ y - DFNOLQ RXQD $GH QLxD PiV OD FRQFLHQFLD PD\RU GHO FDUiFWHU FDGD FRQVWDQWH YH] GHO JpQHUR QR DXPH GH ORV SRU QLxRV ORVSDSHOHV DFWLYLGDGHV0DUFXV \FRPSDxHURV \2YHUWRQ Q GHO 6PHWDQD \ /HWRXPHDX 7DPSRFR HV FLHUWR TXH ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQ VHā HVWXGLD OD HPXODFLyQ GH P~OWLSOHV PRGHORV PDVFXOLQRV \ IHPHQLQRV SUHQVLyQ GHO JpQHUR WHRUtD GH TXH DSR\HQ FRQVHJXLU OD ODFRQVWDQFLD XQD FRQGLFLyQ GH SUHYLD HOPRGHODGR SDUD GHOPLVPR VH[R %XVVH\ \ (QHVWDV %DQGXUD LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV ā XWLOL]DURQ QLxRV SHTXHxRV DOJXQRV KDEtDQ HPSH]DGR GH ORV D D FXDOHV GLIHUHQFLDU ODV SHUVRQDV FRPR KRPEUHV y PXMHUHV LGHQWLGDG GHO JpQHUR RWURV TXH PDQHQWH HVWDELOLGDG GHOJpQHUR VX JpQHUR \XQRV FRPR ~OWLPRV DOJRLQPX T SHVDU GHODV DOWHUDFLRQHV SXGLHUDQ SURGXFLUVH TXH HQ VXDSDULHQFLD FRQG FLD GHO JpQHUR ,QFOXVR VyOR GLVSRQtDQ DTXHOORV GHXQ QLxRV VHQWLGR VXLGHQWL TXH UXGL GDG HQ FXDQWR DO JpQHUR FRQGXFWDGH LPLWDURQ ORV PRGHORVPiV GH VH[R VXSURSLR OD TXH ID GH ORV PRGHORV GH VH[R $XQTXH OD FRQWUDULR FDQWLGDG GH PRGHODGR DXPHQWD FR FRQVWDQFLD GHO JpQHUR HVWDUHODFLyQGHVDSDUHFLy FXDQGR IXHURQ FRQWURODGDV ODV Y HGDG $Vt ORVQLxRV PXHVWUDQ XQ PD\RU PD\RUHV PRGHODGR GHO PLVPR VH[R TXH TXHxRV LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH FRQVWDQFLD GHO GH JpQHUR 3DUHFH VXQLYHO VHU TXHGH ODFRQVWDQ JpQHUR UHIOHMD ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV FRJQLWLYDV JOREDO PiV TXH SURSRUFLRQDU XQD GLUHFWUL] SDUD HVSHFtILFD HO GHVDUUROOR GH SDSHOHV (O PRGHODGR GHOPLVPR EDVDUVH HQ OD FODVLILFDFLyQ VH[R SDUHFH GH ORVKRPEU HQJUXSRV GLVWLQWRV HQHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWR GH PRGHORV \ GHODV HQ HOUHFXHUGR GH TXHORV VRQ O SDWURQHV RV TXH KD\ GH FRPRJXtD TXH FRQGXFWD GH XWLOL]D GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR %XVVH\ \ %DQGXUD ,QFOXVR ORV QLxRV PX\ SHTXHxRV GD FDSDFLGDG FODVLILFDWRULD KDOODQ LPSOLFDGRV FXDQGR VH HVWtPXORV $ ORVVpLV VRFLDOHV PHVHV O FRQVLGHUDQ ODV FDUDV GHORV GHQWUR GH QLxRV XQD FDWHJRUtD SHTXHxRV IDV āGHORV GLVWLQWD DGXOWRV GH ODV FDUDV GH ODV PXMHUHV ODV GH GLVWLQWDV ORV KRPEUHV ) DJDQ \ GH 6LQJHU (O HWLTXHWDGR GH JpQHUR \ODGLVWLQWD HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ HQVHxDQ DOQLxR XWLOL]DU GHODV HOVH[R D H[SHUL GHO PRGHOR FRPRVXV XQDāJXtD ā DFWRVā +XVWRQ GH ā ā 8 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV 'HHVWHPRGRORVQLxRVSHTXHxRV FDUDFWHUtVWLFD DSUHQGHQDXWL LPSRU WDQWH SDUD FODVLILFDUODVSHUVRQDV \ DXWLOL]DU \ODVDFWLYLGDGHV DVLPLVPRORVU FDGD JpQH UR FRPR JXtD SDUD HOPRGHODGRVHOHFWLYR VLQWHQHUTXHHVSH QHQWHHLUUHYHUVLEOH /DVLPSOHFRQFLHQFLD VDEHU TXH XQR HV XQ QLxRR GHOD XQD QLxD HVVXILFLHQWH SDUD IDYRUHFHU ODDGTXLVLFLyQ GHLQIRUPDF WUDGLFLRQDOPHQWH SDUD DSUHQGHU DOSURSLR DSDUWLUGHPRGHORVFRP VH[R6L IXHUD QHFHVDULR FUHHUHQODSHUPDQHQFLD GHODDXWRFDWHJRUL]DFLyQ LQGLYLGXRUHVXOWDUtD UHWUDVDGD \DWURILDGD IXHUD DVtXQDWOHWDTXHFRQVLGHUD 6L LGHQWLGDGYRFDFLRQDOQRSRGUtD DGTXLULUODVKDELO KDVWD TXH FRQVLJXLHUD GHILQLU VX LGHQWLGDG H LUUHYHUVLEOH GHMXJDGRU /D RSLQLyQGHTXHHOPRGHODGR GHOPLVPRVH[RSX LGHQWLGDGGHOJpQHUR\GHTXHORVIDFWRUHV XQD LQIOXHQFLD VHOHFWLY VRFL FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV TXHVHDGRSWDUiQ FRLQFLGHQFRQO (VWDDXWR DILU PDTXHOD LGHQWLGDG āGHOJpQHURIDFLOLWD OD DGRSFLyQGHDWULEXWRVSURWRWLSR URSHURTXHVRQODLQWHUDFFLyQ y ORVIDFWRUHV SHUVRQDOHV VRFLDO ORVTXH QHVGHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV VHUiQ UHODFLRQDGDV GHVDUUROODGDV HVWiQ GHPRGDHO FRQHOJpQHU &XDQGR SHORODUJR y ODV DUWHVFXOLQDULDV ORVKRPEUHVTXHOOHYDQX GHVFXOLQDULDVVHSHUFLEHQDVtPLVPRVWDQPDVFXO B\ UHK~\HQFXDOTXLHULQVWUXPHQWR GHFRFLQD3RUWDQ OODQ SDWURQHV KHWHURJpQHRV GHDWULEXWRV LPSLGH UHODWLYRV PDQWHQHU XQVHQWL DOJpQH GRSHUVRQDO FRQILUPDGR GH PDVFXOLQLGDG \ GH IHPL ā /DWHRUtD GHORVHVTXHPDV GHORVJpQHURVWDPELpQ FDSDFLGDG GHOQLxR SDUD FODVLIL VXJL FDUORVREMHWRV y ODVSHUVRQDV HQWpUPLQRVUHODFLRQDGRV GHVDUUROODUVH SHUIHFWD FRQ PHQWH DQWHV GHTXHFRQVLJD DGTXLULU HOFRQFHSWR ā&UDQH%HUQVWHLQ y 6LODGL 0DUWLQ \+DOYHUVRQ /RVQLxRVDS ā QL]DU y UHFXSHUDU LQIRUPDFLyQVREUHVtPLVPRV\VREUH URHYROXWLYR/RVHVWXGLRV VREUH y OD HPLVLyQ PRGHODGR HVSRQWiQHD GHTXHPL PXHVWUDQTXHORVQLxRVSHTXHxRV DSUHQGHQ ODFRQG SHURHVHQFLDOPHQWH OD FRQGXFWD HPLWHQ GHDTXHOORV GHOPLVPRVH[R 3DUHFH TXHHOPRGHODGRGHOPLVPRVH[RQRVHGHEH IXQFLyQGHOVH[RGXUDQWH OD DGTXLVLFLyQ RUHWHQFLyQ GHODLQIRUPD FRQGXFWDPRVWUDGRV SRUORVPRGHORVPDVFXOLQRV \ JpQHURSDUHFHDFWXDUPiVVREUHODUHFXSHUDFLyQ \ FLyQDSDUWLUGHDPERVVH[RV/DPHGLFLyQSRUV OD HMHFXFLyQGHOD FRQGXFWDVSHUPLWH UHDOL]DU OD FRQFHSFLyQGHOJpQHURDIH DQiOLVLVUHILQDGRV D ODDGTXLVL VR FLyQ O DRUJDQL]DFLyQ HMHFXFLyQ ODUHWHQFLyQ GHODFRQGXFWDPRGHODGD (Q ORVHVWXGLRV ROD UHDO GRVSRU%XVVH\\%DQGXUD ORVQLxRVHUDQ H[SXHVW TXHVHFRPSRUWDEDQ GHGLVWLQWDV IRUPDV&XDQGR H[LVWHXQJUDGRFRQVL OLEHUWDGSDUD HOH JLUORTXHVHYDDREVHUYDU OD ODFRQFHSFLyQ DWHQFLyQ KDFLD VHOHFWLYD ORVGHOJp PRGHORVGHOPLVPR VH[RORFXDOGHWHUPLQD HOWLS SDUD RUJDQL]DU ODV H[SHULHQFLDV SDVDGDV ORFXD /D WHRUtD FRJQLWLYDVRFLDOFRQVLGHUD TXHDWUDY FLDVGLUHFWDV\YLFDULDVORVQLxRVOOHJDQDFRQR DSUHQGHU VR EDVWDQW EUHORVSDSHOHVVRFLDOHVGHFDGD y DH[WUDHU QRUPDVSDUD ODV GHWHUPLQDU VH[RORVWLSRVG TXHVHFRQVLGHUDQSURSLRVGHVXVH[R6LQHPEDUJR UHDODVFRQFHSFLRQHV GHOJpQHURSURSLHGDGHV DXW VLFLyQGHXQDFRQFHSFLyQGHJpQHUR y ODYDORUDFLyQ GHORVDWULEXWRVTX SURFHVRV VHSDUDEOHV UHJXODGRV SRU GHWHUPLQDQWHV 7HQHU XQFRQFHSWR GHOSURSLR JpQHURQRLQGXFH DSHUVRQLIL DXWRFRQFHSFLyQGHO JpQHURFUHDQHFHVDULDPHQWH XQD YDORUDFLyQ SRVLWLYDGHORVDWULEX \ SDSHOHV DVRFLDGRVWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWH 7DQWR OD YDORUDFLyQ FRQFLHUWRV DOPLVPR DWULEXWRV\ GHVHRGHDGRSWDUORV HVWiQ LQIOXLGRV BHQ JUDQ PHGLGDSRU HOYDORUTXHOHVFRQILHUH 3RU HMHPSORHQODVVRFLHGDGHV 9^ QaUD ODMXYHQWXG y VH UHFKD]D HQODVTXHVH ODYHMH]ODDXWRFR $SUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYD GH XQR PLVPR FRPR YLHMR DXPHQWD OD YDORUDFLyQ GH VHR GH DGRSWDUORV ,JXDOPHQWH ODV SXHGHQ KDFHU VRFLHGDGHV TXH PX TXH FKDV GH HOODV GHVYDORULFHQ VX SURSLD LGHQWLGDG / DQWHULRUPHQWH GHPXHVWUDQ TXH PLHQWUDV TXH ORVFK QRV ODV FKLFDV SOHQDPHQWH FRQVWDQFLD GH VXJpQHUR FRQVFLHQWHV PXHVWUDQ H[FOXVLYDPHQ QR GH OD WH HO PRGHODGR GH VXHVSHUDU PLVPR VHJ~Q VH[R OD WHRUtD FRPR FDEULD FRJQLWLYL 1R HV TXH HOHQWRUQR SRU VtVROR SHUPLWD DYHULJXDU VH KD DXWRFDWHJRUL]DGR FRPR KRPEUH RFRPR PXMHU HOG SURIHVLRQDOHV UHFUHDWLYDV \VRFLDOHV SRU XQSURFHVR YLHQH GHWHUP GH LP WDFLyQ GH OD FRQFHSFLyQ /DV UHDOLGDGHV GHOSURSLR VRFLDOHV GXUDQWH WRGD VH[R ODYLGD LQIOX\HQ VR EUH ODV FODVHV GH DFWLYLGDGHV TXH ORV KRPEUHV \O WHUPLQDGD $O FHQWUDU VXWHRUtD HQHODSUHQGL]DMH ROYLGDQOD FRQVLGHUDEOH LPSRUWDQFLD UHDOLGDGHV āVRFLDOHV GHODV HQFXDQWR DOIXQFLRQDPL FDGD JpQHUR $XQTXH LPLWDQ D ORV PRGHORV QLxRVGHO PLVPR VH[R GHQWUR GH FXDQGR FDGD VH[R HVHOHYDGR ODLQYHUVLyQ GHO SRGHUVRFLDO GRV GH RWUR VH[R XQD LGHQWLGDG HQ ORV QLxRV GH JpQHUR FRQ \%DQGXUD HVWDEOH /DV %XVV FRQFHSFLRQHV VREUH XQR PLVPR QR LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GLFWDQ HOFXUVR OD G UHDOLGDG VRFLDO ā (Q ORV SULPHURV DxRV GHODYLGD FXDQGR ORVQLxRV FRQRFHQ GHOWRGR ODV VDQFLRQHV OLJDGR āDOJpQHUR VRFLDOHV GHO HQIXQFLyQ HOVH[R PR GHOR VLUYH GH JXtD IiFLOPHQWH SDUD HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR LGHQWLILFDEOH $ PHGLGD TXH DXPHQWD OD H[SHULHQFLD VHYDQ FRPSUHQGLHQGR PHMRU ORV UHVXOW GD DOJpQHUR &RPR FRQVHFXHQFLD HOPRGHODGR SRU UHJODVPXOWLGL YD V PHQVLRQDOHV GH FRQGXFWD TXH FRPELQDQ HO VH[R GHORVPRGHORV OD FRQFHSFLy QHQFLD HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ HOJpQHUR GH ODFRQGXFWD GHFRQGXFWD UHIHUHQWHV DOSDSHO VHJ~QHOFRQWH[WRVRF VRFLDO GHOJpQHUR HO SHULRGR GHODYLGD $GHPiV ORVFDPELRV VRFLRFXOWX FLRQHV SUHH[LVWHQWHVSDUD GH ODFRQGXFWD VH[R FDGD3RU WDQWR DSURSLDGD HO DSUHQ HQ IXQFLyQ GHO JpQHUR HVXQ SURFHVR FRQWLQXR ORV āSULPHURV TXH años QR GHVH OLP OD LQIDQFLD /DV SULQFLSDOHV GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH \ FRJQLWLYLVWDV ORVSODQWHDPLHQWR VRE GHVDUUROOR GHORVSDSHOHV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ HOJpQH YDV \ ODV HVWUXFWXUDV GHO FRQRFLPLHQWRLQIOX\HQ \D TXH DPEDV ted R ULDV UHFRQRFHQ OD LQIOXHQFLD GH ODV HVWUXFWXUDV F FLyQ QDWXUDOH]D GH OD GHODVHVWUXFWXUDV FRJQLWLYDV PRWLYDGRUHV GH FyPR TXH V UHJXODQ ODDGTXLVLFLyQ \ODH[SUHVLyQ /D FRQFHSFLyQ GHORVSDSHO GHOJpQH DSUHQGL]DMH GH ODV FRQGXFWDV KDOODQ YLQFXODGRV WtSLFDV GHIRUPD GHO VH[R UHFtSU VH DXWRHWLTXHWDGR GHXQJpQHUR GHWHUPLQH /D GLIHUHQFLD GHIRUPD XQL FLyQ GH ORV SDSHOHV GHFDGD IHQyPHQR PHUDPHQWH JpQHUR SVtTXLFR PiV TXH XQ FRQVW PHQR SVLFRVRFLDOSUHWHQGD 8QDWHRUtD FyPR H[SOLFDU JOREDO ORVSDSHOHV TXH VHYLQF GHEH WUDVFHQGHU ODVLPSOH DSHODFLyQ DODFRQFHSFLyQ H LQFOXLU XQGH DQiOLVLV FyPR GHO Jp VR ODV HVWUXFWXUDV LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV \ODV VDQFLRQHV P OHVGH ORV SDSHOHV VRFLDOHV GHORV JpQHURV TXH V FRJQLWLYLVWDV UHFLEHQ XQD FRQVLGHUDEOH DWHQFLyQ $QiOLVLV FRPSDUDWLYR GHO PRGHODGR (O SDSHO GH ORVSURFHVRVREVHUYDFL VLPEyOLFRV yQ WDPELpQ HQ SXHGH HODSUHQG HYDO VH XWLOL]DQGR HVWXGLRV 'DGR TXH ODV FRPSDUDWLYRV HVSHFLHV OD HVFDOD VXSHULRUHV ItORJHQ pWLFD HQ WLHQHQ XQD FDSDFLGDG ODV H[SHULHQFLDV PD\RU SDUD VLPEROL]DU FDEULD HVSHUDU FLDV HQWUH ODVVXVSRWHQFLDOLGDGHV HVSHFLHV SDUD HQFXDQWR HOPRGHODGR 1R VH GHPRUDGR KDQ UHDOL ]DGR FRPSDUDFLRQHV VLVWHPiWLFDV DO DSUHQGL]DMH HQWUH SRUREVHUYD GLIHUHQWHV FLyQ WDUHDV GH GH GLVWLQWD SDUDODV FRPSOHMLGDG FXDOHV VHD fa\ UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ QHFHVDULD PHPR D 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV FD 6LQ HPEDUJR ORV UHVXOWDGRV GH GLVWLQWRV GLVWLQWDV HVSHFLHV HVWXGLRV DSRUWDQ VXJHUHQFLDV LQWHUHVDQWHV ā 0XFKDV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV REMHWLYR ā TXH HO HVWXGLR WLHQHQ GHO DSUHQGL]DMH FRPR SRU ā REVHUYD FLyQ GH KHFKR UHODFLRQDGDV HVWiQ FRQ PiV OD IDFLOLWDFLyQ SDWURQHV GH UHVSXHVWD VRFLDO GH SUHH[LV WHQWHV TXH FRQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH +DOO 3RU WDQWR GH RWURV ORV TXH QXHYRV LPSOLFDQ HVWXGLRV OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH UHVSXHVWD SDWURQHV QXHYRV GH UHVXOWDQ SDUD PiV HO WHPD UHOHYDQWHV QRV TXH RFXSD /DV HVSHFLHV DSUHQGHUiQ LQIHULRUHV GHO PRGHODGR D WUDYpV VHQFLOORV DFWRV ā VL SXHGHQ HMHFXWDU OD FRQGXFWD VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH FRQ OD DFWOODFLyQ LQPHGLDWDPHQWH GH GHVSXpV XQ PRGHOR GH HQW pO 6LQ āHPEDUJR HO SRU DSUHQGL]DMH REVHUYDFLyQ UHVXOWD QLHQRVFXDQGR ILDEOH PHGLD HVSDFLR XQ GH WLHPSR FRQVLGHUDEOH \ ODHMHFXFLyQ HQWUH OD REVHUYDFLyQ GH -DFRE\ \ OD 'DZVRQ FRQGXFWD 2OGILHOG%R[ 3RZHOO \ %XUQV ā (Q ODVHVSHFLHV VXSHULRUHV HV PiV QRWDEOH SRUREVHUYDFLyQ OD VXSHULRULGDG VR EUH HODSUHQGL]DMH $GOHU SRU \$GOHU UHIRU]DPLHQWR +HUEHUW y +DUVK - RKQ &KHVOHU %DUWOHWW \9LFWRU 0HGLDQWH OD2EVHUYDFLyQ ORV SXHGHQDGTXLULU DQLPDOHV VHFXHQ VXSHULRU FLDV FRPSOLFDGDV UHVSXHVWDV \HPLWLUODV GH WLHPSRGHVSXpV FLHUWR GHGHPRVWUDFLRQHV ODV RULJLQDOHV KHFKR TXH UHTXLHUH FRPR PtQLPR PHPRULD WDQSURQWR FRLQR DFRUWR SXHGHQ SOD] DEULU ORV RMRV HPSLH]DQ D DSUHQGHU REVHUYDFLyQ IRUPDV GH XQ GH FRQVH PRGHORVLQ FDSD] QHFHVLGDG HQWUHQDPLHQWR GH SUHYLR PHGLDQWH $GOHU UHIRU]DPLHQWR \ $GOHU +HUEHUW +DUVK \ KDQ GHPRVWUDGR TXH ORV SURFHVDU DQLPDOHV \UH VX WHQHU LQIRUPDFLyQ PRGHODGD GHODV DOWHUQDWLYDV LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH SRVLEOHVGH OR FLyQ *DWRV TXH KDEtDQ WHQLGR ODRSRUWXQLGDG DFLHUWRV DSUHQGLHURQ GHREVHUYD DVROXFLRQDU SUREOHPDV PDQLSXODWLYRV KDEtDQ FRQ REVHUYD PD\RU UDSL GR UHVSXHVWDV &XDQGR FRUUHFWDV H[LVWHQ YDULDV DOWHUQDWLYDV FRQGXFWD FRUUHF ODREVHU WD \GHODHUUyQHD PD\RU LQIRUPDFLyQ SURSRUFLRQDVREUH REVHUYDU ODUHVSXHVWD XQD ~QLFDPHQWH TXH RSFLyQ FRUUHFWD /RV SULPDWHV XQDFDSDFLGDG SRVHHQ WRGDYtD PD\RU SDUD VLPEROL]DU SDVDGDV ODV \ H[SHULHQ SDUD XWLOL]DU ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV DGTXLULGRV FDSDFHV GH VLQWHWL]DU GLYHU HQ VLWXDFLR VRV DWULEXWRV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV WDOHV GH FRPR XQSDUD REMHWR ODV UHSUHVHQWDUODV HQ IRUPD GH LPiJH QHV HQODPHPRULD 3DUD GHPRVUDU FDSDFLGDG HVWD HQXQFKLPSDQFp KDEtD HQVHxDGR D co DOTXH PXQLFDUVH PHGLDQWH XQDV ILJXUDV SDODEUDV GH SOiVWLFR 3UHPDFN IRUPXOy TXH VLP DODQLPDO XQDV SUHJXQWDV VREUH ODV PRPHQWR SURSLHGDGHV GHO H[SHUL GH X PHQWR ā(O FKLPSDQFp FDSD] ā GH IXH HVSHFLILFDU PDQ]DQD FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV FRPR VRQ HOFRORU GH OD IRUPD OD SURWXEHUDQFLD \ GH OD GHOUDELOOR SDUWLU IUXWD GHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ VX D GH OD LQWHUQD PLVPD /RVSULPDWHV FDSDFHV GH VRQ DSUHQGHU FRQFHSWRV FODVLILFDQGR REMHW WUDFWDV SXHGHQ DQWLFLSDU ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV GH DFFL UiQ DFWRVGHODV ORV SHUVRQDV HLPSURYLVDU SDUDGDU VROXFLyQ LQIRUPDFLyQ DORV 0DVRQ SUREOHPDV 3UHPDFN $OJXQRV GH ORV SULPHURVSRU HVWXGLRV REVHUYDFLyQ GH VREUH ORV SULPDWHV HO DSUHQGL] IXH GLULJLGRV SRU : DUGHQ \ VXV FRODERUDGRUHV :DUGHQ :DUGHQ \ JDFNVRQ )MHOG \ (VWRV SDVDURQ LQYHVWLJDGRUHV ODUJDV KRUDV amacacus HQVHxDQGR rhesus, PHGLDQWH UHIRU]D PLHQWR ODVROXFLyQ GH SX]]OHV XQDV TXH SHUPLWtD TXH SDVDV OHV JXVWDEDQ DORV D PXFKR 'HVSXpV GHO HQWUHQDPLHQWR PDQLSXODEDQ ODV HVWRV SLH]DV SULPDWHV GHO SX] P PLHQWUDV TXH XQ JUXSR GH PRQRV LQJHQXRV REVHUYDEDQ OD KDELOLGDG SURYLVWRV G GHVXVFRPSDxHURV (Q XQ SRU FLHQ fo GHORVHQVD\RV ORVREVHUYDGRUHV L OXFLRQDU HOSUREOHPD SUHVHQWDGR SRU PHGLR GHO PRGHODGR LQVWDQWiQHR / EUH ODFRQGXFWD VRFLDO GH ORV SULPDWHV SRU PHGLR GHO LOXVWUDQ PRGHODGR GH DGTXLHUHQ \WUDQVPLWHQ OD VXEFXOWXUD DRWURV FRQGXFWD PLHPEURV HVWLORV LGLRVLQFUiWLFRV GH GH OPD QLVKL .DZDPXUD (O SURFHVR GH GLIXVLyQ gran PHGLGD UHVXOWD SRU LQIOXLGR OD HV WUXFWXUD VRFLDO H[LVWHQWH \ SRU HO HVWDWXV ā VRFLDO /RV GDWRV PiV LPSUHVLRQDQWHV HOPRGHODGR GHPRUDGR SDWURQHV VREUH GH GH FRQGXFWD QXHYRV y FRPSOLFDGRV VRQ SDUWLU ORV GH FKLPSDQFpV REWHQLGRV D FULDGRV (VWRV HQ DQLPD IDPLOLDV OHV VHVLHQWDQ DODPiTXLQD GH HVFULELU \JROSHDQ OD VHSLQWDQ ORV ODELRV PLUDQ EDxDQ DO ODYDQ HVSHMR \ VHFDQ DEUHQDO . ,.· . . . . PLHQWUDVVH . . . . .. : ' ' • . . $SUHQGL]DMHSRUREVHUYD ODVPXxHFDV y VHRFXSDQGHRWUDV DFWLYLGDGHVWtSLFDPHQ SUHYLDPHQWHVLPSOHPHQWHKDELHQGRREVHUYDGRWRG *DUGQHU\ *DUGQHU 5D\HV 5D\HV \ 5D\HV .HOORJJ\.HOOR 6HKD LQYHVWLJDGREDVWDQWH VREUHODHQVHxDQ]D TXHSXHGHUHDOL]DUVH PDQXDOPHQWH XVDQGR VLJQRV SDODEUDV RPHGLDQWH VtPERORVJHRPpWULFRV *DUG SUR\ QHU\*DUGQHU 3UHPDFN 5XPEDXJK FDSDFLGDG GHORVSULPDWHV FRPXQLFDFLyQ SDUD JHQHUDOL]DGD DGTXLULU XQDKD TXH XWLOL]DUVHHQGLVWLQWRVOXJDUHV y FRQGLYHUVDVILQDOLGDGHV'HVSXpV ODULRGHVLJQRVORVDQLPDOHVVRQFDSDFHVGHXW FULELUODVUHODFLRQHV HQWUHHOORV\REOLJDUDO PDWHVSXHGHQGHVDUUROODUXQDFRPXQLFDFLyQUXGLP VHQWDQSDODEUDV H[LVWHFLHUWDFRQWURYHUVLDVRE PDWLFDO VLPLODU DO GHODVFRQVWUXFFLRQHV GHOO $XQTXH TXHGDSRUUHVROYHUODFXHVWLyQGHODRU ODVIRUPDVVLPEyOLFDVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQSHUPLWHQ PDWHV\DFFHGHU DORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVTXHSRVHHQ (Q ODPHGLGDHQTXHORVSURF FLyQ\ORVORJURVDOFDQ]DGRV UHVXOWHQPHGLEOHV VLPEROL]DFLyQHQHODSUHQGL]DMHSRUREVHUYDFLy PXFKRPiVVLVWHPiWLFD āQLYHO KXPDQRGRQGHODVLPEROL]DFL 6LQHPEDUJRHVD PiVYHUViWLO\PiVJHQHUDWLYD y HVSRUWDQWRDHVWHQLYHOGRQGH VHUYDFLyQ HV PD\RU ā ā ā ā Modelado abstracto *UDQ SDUWHGHODFRQGXFWDTXHVHPRGHODHQXQPR WHDFHSWDEOH RHILFD]VLVHUHDOL]DGHXQDIRUP ]DFLyQGpXQD LQWHUYHQFLyQTXLU~UJLFDRHOEDW /RVSDWURQHV GHFRQGXFWD DOWDPHQWHIXQFLRQDOHVTXHFRQVWLWX\H y HVWD EOHFLGDVGHXQDFXOWXUD VHDGRSWDQHVHQFLDOPHQ HPEDUJRODVLQIOXHQFLDVGHOPRGHODGRWDPELpQS JHQHUDWLYDHLQQRYDGRUD0HGLDQWH HO SURFHVRGHPRGHODGRDEVWUDFWR UHJODVTXHVXE\DFHQ DODVHMHFXFLRQHVHVSHFtILF KDQYLVWRXRtGR %DQGXUD y =LPPHUPDQ OD5RVHQWKDO (Q HOSU DEVWUDFWR ODV KDELOLGDGHV UHJODV JHQHUDOL]DEOHV GHHQMXLFLDPLHQWR SRU āREVHUa VH DSUHQ \ YDFLyQ (Q ORVHVWXGLRVVREUHPRGHODGRDEVWUDFWRORVL WDVUHVSXHVWDV TXHH[SUHVDQXQDGHWHUPLQDGDUH HQDVSHFWRV LUUHOHYDQWHV SHURFRQWLHQHQ WDUGH VHFRPSUXHED ODPL H DSUHQGL]DMHGHODVUHJODVSRUSDUWHGHORVREVH PLHQWRSXHGH \ HVWLOtVWLFDPHQWH VHUFRQFHSWXDO VLPLODU DOGHOPRGHORSHUR PHQWHQXHYDV\GHVFRQRFLGDVFRPRSDUDREOLJDUOH FLUGHXQDIRUPDVLPSOHPHQWHPLPpWLFD DUHVSXH FRQVHFXHQFLD HOREVHUYDGRUKDGHLPSURYLVDUO D SDUWLU GHXQFRQMXQWRGHVXVWDQWLYRVHOPRGHORJHQHUD DFDULFLDGRª ©ODYHQWDQDHVWDED DELHUWDª (O DOJXQDV RWUDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV OD LUUHOHYDQWHV YR] SDVLYD HV OD SHU PLVPD WDUGH 0iV VHSLGHDORVQLxRVTXH HQDXVHQFLD G WLQWRV VXVWDQWLYRV HPLVL yQGHFRQVWUXFFLRQHV UHJLVWUiQGRVH SDVLYD VX HQ (Q HOPRGHODGRDEVWUDFWRORVREVHUYDGRUHVH[WUD HQODVGLYHUVDV UHVSXHVWDV PRGHODGDV\ODVFR FRQGXFWDV FRQSURSLHGDGHVHVWUXFWXUDOHV VLPLOD SRU REVHUYDFLyQ VHDVHPHMDQ TXH āHO PRGHOR āWHQGHUOD D ODFRQGXFWD DH[KLELU HQ /B 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV VLPLODUHVDXQFXDQGRORVREVHUYDGRUHV QRKD\DQ /DDGTXLVLFLyQGHUHJODVSDUDODFUHDFLyQGHFR PtQLPRIUHVSURFHVRV H[WUDHUODV FDUDFWHULVWLFDV UHOHYDQWHV DSDUWL JUDUODLQIRUPDFLyQHQXQDUHJODFRPSXHVWD\XWLO GXFWD /RVUDVJRVUHOHYDQWHV SXHGHQ H[WUDHUVH PRGHORV āHVSH PHGLDQ FtILFRVTXHFRPSDUWHQ ODSURSLHGDG Vt VROD FRP~Q QR DVHJXUD 6LQHP SHUFHSFLyQGHORVUDVJRVUHOHYDQWHV H[DPLQDURQ,WRK\)XML ORVPRYLPLH VXMHWRVFRQPXFKD \ FRQSRFD FDSDFLGDG GHDSUHQGL]DMH SRURE EDQFyPRORVPRGHORVKDFtDQMXLFLRV HVFUXWDEDQ GHFRQFHSWRV H[WHQVD PHQWHODVGLIHUHQWHVFDUDFWHULVWLFDV KDVWD TXH GHWHFWDEDQ DTXHOOD GHODFRQIL TXHGHILQtDODVUHJODVGHHQMXLFLDPLHQWR GHVSXpV GHDFWXDUHOPRGHOR/RVPDORVREVHUYDGRUHV VHI DSDUWDEDQ VXDWHQFLyQ GH HOODV 9DULRVIDFWRUHV GLUHFWRUHV FRPR VRQHOFDUiFWHU GHODDWHQFLyQ GLVWLQWLYR FLDOHVODUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ LQIRUPDWLYD\ORVD ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV DEVWUDFWRV D\XGDQDO REVHUYDGRUD UHFRQRFHUORVDVSHFWRVFR ODVUHJODVUHJXODGRUDV<DKHPRVYLVWRFyPRSXHGH KDFHU TXHVXHVWUXF WXUD EiVLFD UHVXOWH PiV UHFRQRFLEOH /DV FDUDFW WUDYpVGHORVUHVXOWDGRV GHORVDFWRVPRGHODGRV WDVTXHVLJXHQODUHJOD FRPSRUWDQ HOp[LWR ORV HYLGHQWHVSDUDHOREVHUYDGRU TXHVLQRVHSURSRUF ODFRQYHQLHQFLDGHORVMXLFLRV \ DFWRVGHOPRGHOR&XDQGRHOREVHUYDG DFW~D HQEDVH ā D OR TXHKDDSUHQGLGRODUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ LQIRUPDW DSOLFDUODVFRUUHFWDPHQWH HQ ODV VLWXDFLRQHV QXH (Q HODSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ DEVWUDFWR GHFRQFHSWRV GH ODV UHJODV UHVXOWDPiV IiFLOVLFRQMXQWDPHQWH FRQODVH[SUHVLRQ UHQWHVFRQFUHWRV(QODDGTXLVLFLyQ GHODVUHJOD HVWHKHFKR&XDQGR ORVDGXOWRV\ORVQLxRVVHKD UHIHUHQFLDDDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV DFWXDOHV SRVHH VREUH LPSRUWDQWH HVWRV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV\HOPRGRGHUHODFLRQDUORVHQWUH ā UHJODVTXHRUGHQDQ ODV SDODEUDV JUDFLDV DODVFXDOHVpVWDV VH FLyQLQWHOLJLEOH/DVDFWXDFLRQHV PRGHODGDV TXH HQWUHDJHQWHVDFWRV\REMHWRV SHPRVWUDUD OR PLHQWUDVVHYHUEDOL]D ODVHFXHQFLD DODV UHJODVOLQJtVWLFDV GHDFWRV RW FDQHORUGHQTXHVLJXHQ ODVSDODEUDV SDUDUHSUHVHQWDU ODVUHODFLRQHV G DSUHQGHQFRQPD\RUIDFLOLGDGODVUHJODVOLQJtVW SHQGHQFRQDFWLYLGDGHV HQFXUVRTXHGHVFULEHQ OD GRODV HORFXFLRQHV~QLFDPHQWH VRQPRGHODGDV %URZ WD DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV UHDOHVMXQWR FRQVXVFRQWUDSDUW IOX\HQWHHQODVSULPHUDV =LPPHUPDQ IDVHVGHOGHVDUUROOR &XDQWR PiVOLPLWD FR VRQORVFRQRFLPLHQWRV\ODVH[SHULHQFLDV SHUVRQD TXLHUHQUHIHUHQFLDVFRQFUHWDV UHJODV āFRPSOHMDVKDQGHGHVFRPSRQHUVH /DV y KDQ GHGRPLQDUVH HQ SULPHU OXJDU FRQ OD D\XGD /DPD\RUtDGHUHJODVGHFRQGXFWD FRPSUHQGHQ YD PDFLyQGHMXLFLRVUDUD YH]HVWiQ EDVDGDV ~QLFDPH RWUDVFRQVLGHUDFLRQHV 3RU WDQWR ORVREVHUYDGRUHV QRVyORKDQG SDUWLUGHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV PRGHODGRV D XQD VLQRTXH UHJODIXQFLRQDOFRPSXHVWD (VWR~OWLPRVHFRQVLJ JODV FRPSXHVWDV \FRPSUREDQGR FRQ TXpH[DFWLWXG SUHGLFHQ PRGHOR/DVUHJODVFRPSXHVWDV HUUyQHDV RULJLQDUi DQWLFLSDGRV\ORVREVHUYDGRV FRPELQDFLyQ &RQVWUX\HQGR y FRQVWUDVWiQGROD GLVW FRQORVUHVXOWDGRV DFRPSDxDQWHVGH ORVDFWRVGHOPRGHORORVREVHUYDG DFDEDU GHVDUUR āOLDQGRODUHJODFRPSXHVWD ā āā FRUUHFWD ā $SUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ &XDQGR ODVUHVSXHVWDV y VXVHIHFWRV PRGHODGDV VRQOD~QLFD TXH GLVSRQH LQIRUPDFL HOREVH YDGRU SDUD LQIHULU ODVUHJODV SRU ODV TXH ORV GHPiV UHDO REOLJDGR D VHJXLU XQSURFHVR GHFRPSUREDFLyQ GHKLSyWHVL TXH HVWiQ XWLOL]DQGR RELHQ WUDQVPLWLUODV SRU PHG ELQDGR FRQ ODYHUEDOL]DFLyQ GH ODV UHJODV VHU PiV VXHOH HILFD] TXHFXDOTXLHUD WRV SRU VHSDUDGR SDUD VXVFLWDU XQD FRQGXFWD UHJXOD FRPSRUWD ODVXPLQLVWUDFLyQ GHUHJODV HVSHUDU FRQ 5RVHQWKDO IUHFXHQFL y =LPPHQQDQ \ D VHD SRUTXH HOLQGLYLGXR SDUD FRPSUHQGHU GHO WHQJD WRGR ODV GLILFXO UH JODV DEVWUDFWDV RSRUTXH QR VHSD DSOLFDUODV (VWH KHFKR FRUU LOXVWUD GH QXHYR ODLPSRUWDQFLD GH GLVWLQJXLU XQD UHJOD H QRDVHJXUD QHFHVDULDPHQWH XQD HMHFXFLyQ ySWLPD F WHV RSURIHVRU GH JUDPiWLFD SDUWLU GHUHJODV $O JHQHUDU QHFHVDULD JHQpULFDV FLHUWD ODV DFFLRQ HV SUiFWLFD DGDSWDUODV SDUD DODV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV FDPELDQWHV FRPSOHMD OD KDELOLGDG HQ HO SURFHVR GH SURGXFFLy (O PRGHODGR KD GHPRVWUDGR SDUD VHUXQ HVWDEOHFHU PHGLR DEVWUDFWD XQD PX\ R FRQGXFWD HILFD] UHJXODGD UHJOD SRU %DViQGRVH DOJXQD HQ OD LQIRUPDFLyQ DGTXLHUH HQWUH PRGHODGD RWUDV FRVDV ORV FULWHULRV UHJODVOLQJtVWLFDV ORV HYDOXDWLYRV HVWLORV GH ODV LQGDJDFL GDGHV SDUD HO SURFHVDPLHQWR \ āORV GHFULWHULRV LQIRUPDFLyQ SDUD OD DXWRHY D 5RVHQWKDO \=LPPHUPDQ /RV GDWRV H FUHDU UHJODV JHQHUDWLYDV y GH FRQGXFWD GHSHQVDPLHQWRV DWUDYpV GHOPRGHOD HO DPSOLR DOFDQFH GHO DSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ Aprendizaje conceptual. /RV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV VHSURGXFHQ FRQ TXH QRKD\ GRV FRVDV y SRU TXH FRPSOHWR RFXUUDQ GHODPLVPD VLHPSUH IRUPD GHUDUDQ DFRQWHFLPLHQWR FDGD FRQ HO TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ FRP FyPR FRPSRUWDUVH WDPSRFR SRGULDQ EHQHILFLDUVH GH XQ PLVPR DFRQWHFLPLHQWR QR VH UHSLWH H[DFWDPHQWH SHUPDQHQWH ā VH UHVXHOYH FRQFHSWXDOL]DQGR GH IRUPD DJUXSD Vt&ODVLILFDQGR ODVH[SHULHQFLDV HQIXQFLyQ GH VX GHWHUPLQDGRV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV SDUD OD IRUPDFLyQ VLUYHQ GHGH JXtD MXLFLRV JHQHU PLHQWRV $GHPiV GH QHFHVDULDV DSUHQGHU HODERUDU ODV SDUD UHJODV OD FRQGXFWD HO DSUHQGHU WDPELpQ SDUD ODV FODVLILFDU UHJODV QHFHVDULDV ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV &XDQGR ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV GLILHUHQ HQ PiV GH X HVWRV DVSHFWRV SDUD SXHGHQ UHDOL]DU XWLOL]DUVH OD FDWHJRUL]DFLyQ WUDWDU GH FRQVWUXLU FRQFHS XQD YLVLyQ FRKHUHQWH \ IXQFLRQDO GHO DTXHOODV PXQGR ā UHJODV ODV HYDOXDWLYDV TXH PHMRU VHDGDSWDQ DODV GLVWLQWDV GLR GHH[SHULHQFLDV GHHQVD\R \HUURU RDWUDYpV G OXDWLYDV VH LQILHUHQ SDUWLU GHLQIRUPDFL PXFKDV OD yQ WUDQVPLWLGD YHFHV D SRU ODV D GHPiV SHUVRQDV (Q ORVHVWXGLRV VREUHWUDYpVGHO DSUHQGL]DMH PRGHODGR,RV FRQFHSWXDO QLxRV VHUYDQ DORV DGXOWRV FODVLILFDU REMHWRV SOXULIDFp VRV DWULEXWRV GH ORVPLVPRV /DV SUXHEDV SRVWHULR HYDOXDWLYDV DSDUWLU GH ODV HOHFFLRQHV REVHUYDGDV UHWLHQHQ DORODUJR GHOWLHPSR 5RVHQWKDO \=LPPHU ODGR SXHGH FRQVHJXLUVH XQGHVFXEULPLHQWR GH UHJOD ULHQFLD GLUHFWD \DxDGLHQGROD HOPRGHODGR H[SHULHQFLDD GLUHFWD VHIDYRUHFH WXDO SDUWLU GH $ ODJHQHUDOLGDG GHORV HIHFWRV VHKDFH HY FDPELRV FRQFHSWXDOHV QR ~QLFDPHQWH OD HVWDEOHV LPLWDFLyQ \ GH ORV DFWRV TXH /RV IDFLOLWDGRUHV H[WHUQRV GHOPRGHODGR PHQFLRQ REVHUYDFLyQ GH ODVUHJODV HYDOXDWLYDV DOLJXDO T YDGRU /RV QLxRV TXHWLHQHQ SDUD HOGRPLQLR FLHUWD GH FRQFHSWRV IDFLOLGDG VRQ P GR UHJODV HYDOXDWLYDV DSDUWLU āFDUHFHQ GH ODV GHWDO DFFLRQHV OWR KDELO PR 6XNHPXQH +DUXNL \.DVKLZDJL 6LQ H StULFRV LQGLFDQ TXH TXH HO PRGHODGR PHMRUD HOIXQFLRQDPLHQWR FRQF L 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV UHFHQGHWDOKDELOLGDGFRJQLWLYDSXHVWR WDOHV QLxRVSR TXHFRQ GUtDQPX\ELHQDFHUFDUHQXQIXWXURVXVORJURVD (Q GHILQLWLYDHOQLYHOGHKDELOLGDG FRJQLWLYDSRGUt LQIOX\HQWHTXHHQOXJDUGHVHUXQD FRQGLFLyQ VL FLyQHV D VXYH] PHMRUDEOH D WUDYpV GHO DSUHQ /RVFRQFHSWRVTXHGHVDUUROOD HOLQGLYLGXRSDUD ODPD\RUtDGHFDVRVSHURWDPELpQ PRPHQWR āOHUHSUHVHQWHQ XQ HVSRVLEOHTXH HVWRUER 1R WRGRORTXHVHFODVLILFDGHXQDIRUPDFRQMXQWD IDOWD GHVHQVLELOL HV GDGDODV YDULDFLRQHV LQGLYLGXDOHV GD OXJDU DXQD UHVSRQVLYLGDG &XDQGR ODVFRQ LQGLVFU FHSFLRQHV VH FRQVWUX\HQ HQEDVH DFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ORV MXLFLRV \ODVDFFLRQH LUUHO LQDGHFXDGDVRELHQSURGXFHQHIHFWRVSHUVRQDOHV\ 8Q HMHPSORQRWDEOH GH HOHVWHUHRWLSDGR VRFLDOGHODVSHUVRQDV HQIXQFL SRUPHQFLRQDUVyORXQDVFXDQWDV GHODVFDWHJRUtDV D ORVSUHMXLFLRV KXPDQRV(QDTXHOODVVLWXDFLRQHV HQODVTXHHOF WLHQGHQ D UHVSRQGHUVH PXWXDPHQWH HQ EDVH D VXV &RQVLGHUDQGR ODLPSRUWDQFLD TXHWLHQHHOHIHFWR WLSDGD SXHGH GHFLUVH TXH VH OHSDUD KD FUHHU SUHVWDGR TXH HO SRF PRGHODGR HMHUFH XQD OFRQWULEXFLyQ D LQVWUXFFLyQ HQ HVWHSULQFLSDO WHUUHQR $OJXQ VRFLDOHV SURSRUFLRQDQ LQIRUPDFLyQ GLUHFWDPHQWH R SRUHOOR XQD PHQRULQIHUHQFLDGHORVSURFHVRVGHSHQVDP ELHUWDGHOHVWHUHRWLSDGR SHURXQDGHVDSUREDFLyQ DSDUWLU GHO PRGHODGR TXHDWUDYpV GHODHQVHxDQ]D GLUHF BSDSHOHV VRFLDOHV OLJDGRV DOJpQHUR /D VRFLHGDG SHURFRPRKHPRVYLVWRHQVXVPDWHULDOHV HGXFDWL FLRQDOHVPRGHODXQDV FRQFHSFLRQHVGHPDVFXOLQLGDG \GHIHPLQHLGDG TXHRULJLQ ODV RSRUWXQLGDGHV FDGD VH[RWHQGUi TXH SDUD (VWH HOGHVDUUROOR PRGHODGR FXOWXUDO SHUVRQ UHRWLSDGRLQIOX\HVREUHODVDXWRFRQFHSFLRQHV \F TXHSXHGHQOOHJDUDREVWDFXOL]DU VXGHVDUUROOR \ WKXU y (LVHQ D Estrategias para. la búsqueda y procesamiento de información. (O LQGLYLGXR XQD HPSOHD JUDQFDQWLGDG GHHVIXHU]R HQH[SORUDU VXHQWRUQR FRQVHJXLUVXVPHWDV TXHDWULEX\HQ /DVWHRUtDV ODFXULRVLGDG KXPDQD E~VTXHGD GHLQIRUPDFLyQ KDFLD OD QRYHGDG R \YDULHGDG GHODV VLWX D\XGDFXDQGRVHLQWHQWDH[SOLFDU GLIHUHQFLDV āTXHH[LVWHQHQHOQLYHO\ ODVJUDQGHV FXULRVLGDGHQWUHGLIHUHQWHVSHUVRQDV /RVFRQRFL FLyQVHREWLHQHQSRUYDULRVPHGLRVHQWUHORVTXH JXLDGD y HOPRGHODGRGHFRPSHWHQFLDV ([DPLQDUHPRV OD GHODVHVWUDWHJLDVSDUDOD E~VTXHGD\ SURFHVDPLHQWR GHLQIRUPDFLyQ,QFO WRVHDGTXLHUHDWUDYpVGHXQDH[SORUDFLyQ GLUHF PRGHODGDDXPHQWDVXFXULRVLGDG (Q DTXHOODVDFWLYLGDG H[SORUDWRULD -R TXHORV QLxRVSUHHVFRODUHV QRVXHOHQH[SORUDU SRU GDG\YDULHGDGQRHVVXILFLHQWH SDUD FRPSHQVDU HVWDLQGLIHUHQFLDQDWXUD DEVRUEHQWH PRGHODGD+DVNHWW HVWLPXOD \ /HQIHVWH\ VX FXULRVLGDG /DVLQIOXHQFLDVGHOPRGHODGR SXHGHQPRGLILFDUO LQIRUPDFLyQEXVFDGD ODIRUPD GHSURFHVDUOD \ 5RVHQWKDO KLFLHURQ =LPPHUPDQ TXHXQJUXSRGHQLxRVUHWUDVDGRV GLVWLQWRVHVWLORV REVHUYDVHQ GHLQGDJD DDG FLyQUHVSHFWR DXQJUXSRGHREMHWRV GLYHUVRVOR ItVLFDVGHORVREMHWRV OD XWLOL]DFLyQ IXQFLRQDO GHORVPLVPRVODVUHODF WUHHOORVRELHQMXLFLRV (Q ODVSUXHEDV GHYDORU\GHSUHIHUHQFL SRVWHULRUHV VRE LQIRUPDFLyQHQGLVWLQWRVWHPDV QLxRVXWLOL]DURQ ODV HVWUDWHJLDV ORV LQGDJDWRULDV T YDGR3UHJXQWDEDQ ODV UHODFLRQHV VREUH FDXVDOHVFXDQGRORVPRGHOR LQIRUPDFLyQ FDXVDO SHURGHVHDEDQ aO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR OFRQRFHU RV REMHWRVFXDQGR GH KDEtDQPRV ORVPRGH $SUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFL WUDGRFXULRVLGDG VREUHORVDVSHFWRVIXQFLRQDOHV GDJDFLyQGHORVQLxRVPRVWUyTXHpVWRVKDEtDQ D PRGHODGRV QR VHKDEtDQ OLPLWDGRPHUDPHQWH D F (Q DOJXQDVFXOWXUDV QRVHKDFXOWLYDGRGHIRU JXQWDQGRGHIRUPDGLUHFWDDORVGHPiV&XDQGR O DGTXLULGRVSRUORVGHPiVVXHVIHUDGHFRQRFLPL HQ JUDQPHGLGDDVXV H[SORUDFLRQHV 3RU WDQWR XQDFXULRVLGDGUHVWULQJLGD REVWD GHXQSURJUDPDGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQPiVDPSOLRVREU +HQGHUVRQ\6ZDQVRQ GHPRVWUDURQTXHFRQORVPRGHOR GH ORVLQGLRV SDSDJRUHWLFHQWHV DEXVFDU LQIRUPDFLyQDWUDYp GDJDFLyQQHFHVDULRV SDUDDYHULJXDUUHODFLRQHVF PRGHODQGRIRUPDV GHEXVFDULQIRUPDFLyQFDXVDO GRV\PDQWHQLGRVGHIRUPDWRGDYtDPiVHILFD]FX DPELHQWDO GHOD LQGDJDFLyQ 6ZDQVRQ\+HQGHUVR /DVSHUVRQDV FRQIUHFXHQFLDEXVFDQLQIRUPDF PDV (Q ODHODERUDFLyQ \FRQWUDVWDFLyQGHODVSRVLE SURSRUFLRQDQ XQD IXHQWHDGHFXDGDGHHVWUDWHJLDVSDUDDIURQWDUOR WHVHQODUHVROXFLyQGHSUREOHPDVDSUHQGHQDW WH ODV FXDOHV ORV PRGHORV YDQ DGTXLULHQGR LQIR 'HQQH\\'HQQH\ /DXJKOLQ0RVV\0LOOHU PHPRULD \FDSDFLGDG GHLQIHUHQFLDUHVXOWD GHVE SDUD LQIHULUODVHVWUDWHJLDV FRJQLWLYDV~QLFDPH LQIRUPDFLyQ GHOPRGHOyVLELHQFRPRHQRWUDViUHDVGHIXQ EDOPHQWHSXHGHOOHJDUDFRPSHQVDUODVOLPLWDFLR WDQDPRVWUDUODVHVWUDWHJLDVGHUHVROXFLyQVLQ SDUDIRUPXODUSUHJXQWDV\RUJDQL]DUODLQIRUPDF VXFRPSHWHQFLD HQHVWH FDPSR 'HQQH\ +R (O PRGHODGR DEVWUDFWRMXHJDXQSDSHOGHVWDFDG KDQLQWHUSUHWDGR FRPRHVWDGLRVHYROXWLYRV\VH PHQWHH[FOXVLYRV(OUD]RQDPLHQWRPRUDOHVXQR ODDGTXLVLFLyQ GHOOHQJXDMHORVFDPELRVHQHO FRJQLWLYRDSDUWLU ODV SHUVSHFWLYDVGHODWHRUtD GH ,RV HVWDGLRV FRJQLWLYD YROYHUHPRV WUDWDU HO DSUHQGL]DMH D āGHUHJODVPHGLDQWH HOPRGHODGR ā Modelado creativo /D FUHDWLYLGDG FRQVWLWX\HXQDGHODVIRUPDV OD H[LV P WHQFLDGHWUDEDMRVFUHDWLYRVHOiPELWR\SURIX UDEOHPHQWHHPSREUHFLGDV ,PDJLQHPRVSRUHMHPSO P~VLFD \VLQOLWHUDWXU 0XFKDV GHODVLQQRYDFLRQHVHQHOFDPSRGHODF \ GHODWHFQRORJtDHMHUFHQ WDQWH\DVHDSDUDPHMRURSDUDSHRUHQODYLG WHFQRORJtDGHODVFRPXQLFDFLRQHVODVLQQRYDFLR GHVGRQGHKDQVLGRGHVDUUROODGDV\PRGLILFDQOD SRUWDQFLD ORVSURFHVRV FUHDWLYRV VRUSUHQGHQW 'HELGR DTXHODVFRQFHSFLRQHVWUDGLFLRQDOHV G LPLWDFLyQ HVWH SURFHVR āGHā OD VH LQQRYDFLyQ KDFRQVLGHUDGR &RQWUDU OD D FUHHQFLDFRP~QHVSRVLEOHTXHVXUMDODLQQRYDF GHFRQWULEXLU GHGLYHUVDVIRUPDVDOGHVDUUROOR GHSURSRUFLRQDU ORVLQVWUXPHQWRVFRJQLWLYRV \ FRQGXFWXDOHV fa LQQRYDFLyQ QHFHVDULRV (Q OD SDU PD\RUtDGHLQWHQWRVFUHDWLYRVORVFRQRFLPLHQWR REVHUYDFLyQ \ GH OD SUiFWLFDāPHGLDQWHGHWHUPLQDGD LQQRYDGRUHVIR Q FHVDQHQVXDSUHQGL]DMHSRUREVHUYDFLyQVyORSR 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV DUWHVLQRTXHFRQWLQ~DQ DSUHQGLHQGR GHDTXHOORV EDMRFUHDGRU $GHPiV HOPRGHODGR SXHGHIDYRUHFH GHQWURGHFDGDDUWHDOSURSRUFLRQDU ORVLQJUHGL WLYDU OD RULJLQDOLGDG 6tQWHVLV LQQRYDGRUD ā \ BGHVDUUROOR . -Ó, . . /D RULJLQDOLGDG implica VREUHWRGRODVtQWHVLVGHH[SHULHQFLD KDFHUODVFRVDV &XDQGR VHH[SRQHQ DPRGHORVFRQ ORVREVHUYDGRUHV QRVXHOHQLPLWDUODFRQGXFWD XQD VRODIXHQWH GH QLDGRSWDQWRGRV VXVDWULEXWRV QLVLTXLHUD GHD ULRVDVSHFWRVGHGLVWLQWRV PRGHORV HQDPDOJDPDV GXDOHV %DQGXUD 'HELGR 5RVV\5RVV DODYDULDFLyQ F HQFXDQWR WRGRORREVHUYDGR GLIHUHQWHV REVHUYDGRUHV HODER (QHOFDVRGHODFRQGXFWD VRFLDOGHQWURGHXQD FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHSHUVRQDOLGDG GLVWLQWDV EDViQG KHUPDQRV(OPRGHODGR VXFHVLYR HQHOTXHHOREV GHFRQGXFWDSDUD RWURVPLHPEURV QXHYRVSURGXFLU ODGDJUDGXDOGHDTXHOORVSDWURQHV GHFRQGXFWD QX GRVSRUORVPRGHORVRULJLQDOHV (Q ODVFXOWXUDVKRPRJpQHDV GRQGHWRG WXGHV\HVWLORVGHFRQGXFWD VLPLODUHV ODFRQGXF QHUDFLRQHVVXFHVLYDV /RVSDWURQHV QXHYRVDSDUHF REVHUYDXQDJUDQYDULHGDG DVXDOUHGHGRUHVOD lo TXHIDYRUHFHODLQ FLyQ FRJQLWLYD\ FRQGXFWXDO /RVORJURVFUHDWLYRVQRVXUJHQGHODQDGDVLQR QHVSUHFHGHQWHV GHRWURV(OPRGHODGR SUREDEOHPH OORFUHDWLYR IDYRUHFLHQGR HOFRPLHQ]R GHQXHYRV QRYHGRVDVLQFRUSRUDQGRQXHYRVHOHPHQWRV D ODVIRUPDVKDELWXDOHV8QDYH] FLDVFRQODVQXHYDVIRUPDVFUHDQSRVWHULRUHV SDU FDP FLDOHVGHORWUDGLFLRQDO SXHGHQ FRQYHUWLUVH HQG FDUUHUDV DUWtVWLFDV \PXVLFDOHV GXUDQWH GLVWLQW HVWHSURFHVR(QVXVSULPHURV WUDEDMRV %HHWKRYH DXQTXHFRQXQDPD\RU H[SUHVLYLGDG HPRWLYDODFX WLFD:DJQHUFRPELQyHOHVWLORVLQIyQLFRGH%HHW YLUWXRVLVPRGUDPiWLFR 1 H\HUEHHUV SDUDGDUOXJDUDXQDQXHYD GH ORVLQQRYDGRUHVHQHOFDPSRGHODFLHQFLD\GHO GHORV GHPiV SDUD D ā DOJRQXHYR GDUOXJDU GH ā VXVSURSLDV D SDUWLU H[SHULHQFLDV &XOWLYRGHOD RULJLQDOLGDG (QODGLVFXVLyQDQWHULRU VHKDFRQVLGHUDGR VR YDGRUDGHODVLQIOXHQFLDVFDSWDGDV DSDUWLUGHG WHQWHVIDFLOLWDQORVLQJUHGLHQWHVQHFHVDULRV SDU GHQREVWDFXOL]DU ODLQQRYDFLyQ /DVIRUPDVGHSH LGHDVQXHYDV\ODSHUFHSFLyQGHQXHYDVUHODFLRQH WDQDGHFXDGDV H[LVWLUiQSRFRVLQFHQWLYRVSDUDO FLRQDODGHPiVGHQRVHUH[SORUDGR VHUHFLELUi YLGRV7DQWR ODVHJXULGDGGHORTXHUHVXOWDIDPL FRQVWLWX\HQ LPSHGLPHQWRV SDUD OD LQQRYDFLyQ /DVLQIOXHQFLDVGHPRGHODGR TXHPXHVWUDQSHUVS SXHGHQIDYRUHFHUODVUHVSXHVWDV FUHDWLYDV DOGHE H[SXHVWDV DPRGHORV TXHSLHQVDQ GHIRUPDGLVWLQ HVWiQ H[SXHVWDV D PRGHORV FX\R FRPSRUWDPLHQWR H $SUHQGL]DMH SRUREVHUYD (YDQV 2EVHUYDU ORV PRGHORVSODQWHDQ TXH ORVSUREOHPDVGH YHUVDWLOLGDGGHOREVHUYDGRUPLHQWUDVTXHHOPR LQFOXVRUHGXFHODFUHDWLYLGDG y )LVKHU 0XHOOHU HO +DUULV PRGHODGRLQQRYD $ GRUJHQHUDOPHQWH HQ ORV GHPiVODVLGHDV LQFUHPHQWD FUHDWLYDV H[LVW LQIOXHQFLD =LPPHUPDQ \'LDOHVVL &XDQG ODVKDELOLGDGHV QR HVWiQGHVDUUROODGDV GHOREVHUYDGRU ORVHVIXHU] OXDUVH SRU XQD FRPSDUDFLyQ GHVIDYRUDEOH6LOR FRPRLQGLFDGRUHVSUy[LPRVGH OD DXWRHILFDFLDHQOXJDUGHFRPRLGHD SUROtILFRSXHGH OOHJDUD GHVDQLPDUDORVPHQRV /D LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GH PDQLILHVWRFyPR KD SXHVWR ODV YDULDQWHV FR HYROXFLRQDUDQLYHOLQGLYLGXDOSRUOD GHODV H[SHULHQFLDVUHVXO FRPELQDFL ODVQXHYDVIRUPDV%R\G\5LFKHUVRQ KDQ GHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYD GHSURSDJDFLyQ FRQFHSWXDO ODVFRQ GHDSUHQGL GLFLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV ODVLQIOXHQFLDVGHOPRGHO GHIRUPDLQWHUDFWLYDFDPELDQGR OD GLVWULEXFLyQGHODVYDULDQWHVFXO \ ID YRUHFLHQGRODFRQYHUJHQFLDKDFLDDTXHOODVYDULD WLFXODU (Q XQFDStWXORSRVWHULRUGHGLFDGRDODGLIXVL PiVGHWDOOHORVPHGLRVSRUORV TXH ODVLQIOXHQFLDVGHODSUHQGL]DMHV OD FRQGXFWD PiV TXHRWUDV £ L_ &DSLWXOR 3 Aprendizajepor ejecución (O DSUHQGL]DMH SRU H[SHULHQFLD GLUHFWD HV XQPpWRGR RPQLSUHVHQWH VLQHP OHFFLRQHV SDUWLU DSUHQGLGDV GH OD H[SHULHQFLD D SXHGHQ y FRVWRVDV UHVXOWDU $OJXQDV DYH GH ODV HVWUXFWXUDV y FRQGXFWXDOHV FRJQLWLYDV VH GHVDUUROODQ HVWD IRUPD y PX HQ JUDQ P FKDV GHODVTXH VHDGTXLHUHQ PHGLDQWH SRU PHGLR PRGHODGR GHODH[ VRQ SHULHQFLD (Q HODSUHQGL]DMH SURGXFH ~QLFDPHQWH TXHSDUWLU VH GHODV D FRQVHFXHQFLDV GHOD UHVSXHV WD HOLQGLYLGXR KD GH GHSHQGHU GHODLQIRUPDFLyQ DSRUWDGD SRU ORV HIHFWRV SURGXFLGRV 'XUDQWH ODV LQWHUDFFLRQHV HQWRPR FLHUWRV DFWRV GHPXHVWUDQ FRQVX HOHILFDFLD RWURV Q OXFHQHIHFWRV GLIHUHQFLDEOHV \ RWURV UHWURDOLPHQWD SURGXFHQ HIHF FLyQ LQIRUPDWLYD VH WLHQGH D HOHJLU VHU DTXHOODV HILFDFHV HVWUDWH \ D GHVHFKDU IDVLQHILFDFHV $XQTXH SRFRV DWUHYHUtDQ VHDQHJDU TXH UHVXOWDQ ODV LQIOXLGDV DFFLRQHV SRU ORVHIHFWRV KD TXH VLGR SURGXFHQ REMHWR GH FRQVLGHUDEOH SRU HOTXH FRQWURYHUVL ODV FRQ VHFXHQFLDV GH FUHDU ,RV QXHYDV DFWRV HVWUXFWXUDV SXHGHQ GH UHVSXHVWD ā (O DSUHQGL]DMH SDUWLU GH UHVXOWDGRV ORV D SURGXFLGRV SRUORV SURSLRVKD DFWRV GHVFULWR GH VH IRUPD WUDGLFLRQDO SURFHVR PHFiQLFR FRPR XQ HQ HO TXH PROGHDGDV ODV GH UHVSXHVWDV IRUPD DXWRPiWLFD H BLQFRQVFLHQWH SRU ORV HIHFWRV LQPHGLDWRV TXH SURGXFHQ FLRQHV KDQ H[DPLQDGR TXH ORV HO IDFWRUHV SDSHO GH FRJQLWLYRV KXPDQR HQ HO DSR\DQ DSUHQG PX\ SRFR OD RSLQLyQ FRQVHFXHQFLDV GH DFW~DQ TXHL ODV PSUHVRUHV FRPR DXWRPiWLFRV GH ODV UHVSXHVWDV /RV UHVXOWDGRV GH OD UHVSXHVWD YDULDV GHVHPSHxDQ IXQFLRQHV (Q SULPHU OXJDU DSRU LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH HVWUXFWXUDU FyPR ODFRQGXFWD KD\ SDUD FRQVHJXLU TXH GHWHUPLQDGRV S VHxDODQ DVSHFWRV GHO HQWRUQR ([DPLQDQGR SUHGLFWRUHV HO SDWUyQ GH UHVXOWD GH VXFHVRV GRVFRQVHJXLGRV ORVVXMHWRV HODERUDU FRQFHSFLRQHV SXHGHQ \UHJODV OOHJDU (Q VHJXQ DGHFRQG GROXJDU ORV UHVXOWDGRV FRQWLQJHQWHV SDUD VLUYHQ OD DF GH PRW FLyQ (O GHVDUUROOD LQGLYLGXR y PDQWLHQH VXV SDUD DVHJXUDU HVIXHU]RV UHVXOWDGRV DTXHOORV TXH FRQ VLGHUD /DWHUFHUD YDOLRVRV IXQFLyQ REMHWR DWDxH GH DOD FDSDFLGDG JUDQ GH GHEDWH ORV UHVXOWDGR SDUD IRUWDOHFHU DXWRPiWLFD ODV GH UHVSXHVWDV3RU IRUPD FRPSUHQVLyQ WDQWR-D HQ SURIXQGL DSUHQGL]DMH SDUWLU GH ORV DHIHFWRV DFFLRQHV U GH HTXLHUH ODV la FRQVLGHUDFLyQ GHWDOODGD GH FDGD XQD GH HVWDV IXQFLRQHV ā ā ā /DV WHRUtDV SHULIHUDOLVWDV VRVWLHULHQ TXH GHO ODV DSUHQGL]DMH DFFLRQHV PROGHDGDV GLUHF VRQ TXH WDPHQWH SRU HVWDEDQSHUGLHQGR VXV UHVXOWDGRV SUHVWLJLR GH TXH DQWHV HO FRJQLWLYLVPR HPSH]DUD VX . . . . •· . . . : ~. . ... '. ' . ' .. . $SUHQGL]DMH SRU HMHFXFLy DVFHQGHQFLD/DPD\RULDGHWHyULFRVGHODSUHQGL WD3RUHMHPSORDODQDOL]DUODUHODFLyQHQWUH FRQVLGHUy āTXHODVLQIOXHQFLDVH[WHUQDV RSHUDQ DWUDYpVG FLyQ0LOOHU \ VXVDVRFLDGRV \ 0LOOHU (JJHU LQWHUSUHWDURQHO SURSLHGDGHVLQIRUPDWLYDV0RZUHU DGRSWyODLPDJLQDFLyQFRPR DSUHQGL]DMH (OPRGHODGR SVLFROyJLFRIXHSHQVDG FLyQ\JXtDUHSUHVHQWDWLYD GHORVDFWRV %DQGXU FDQLVPRGHDSUHQGL]DMHFUHDURQXQDRSLQLyQGHVI (OFRQFHSWRGH©DSUHQGL]DMHª TXHKDEtDRFXSDGR SVLFROyJLFDSDVyDWHQHUXQDFRQQRWDFLyQQHJDW (O IHQyPHQRGHO DSUHQGL] BDMHSRUHMHFXFLy GHJUDGDGR JOREDOPHQWHGHELGRDVXLPSRSXODUOLQ GHO PRGHORGHOFRP SXWDGRU DFHOHUyHOFDPELRGHLQWHUpVTXHDQWHV HMHFXFLyQKDFLD HOSURFHVDPLHQWR y UHFXSHUDFLyQ DOPDFHQDPLHQ GHOD LQIRU $OGLULJLUVHHOLQWHUpVGHODVWHRUtDV H LQYHVWLJDFLRQHVSVLFROyJLFDVK UHODFLRQD GDVFRQODDGTXLVLFLyQ\UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GHOFR TXLVLFLyQ GH FRPSHWHQFLDV FRQGXFWXDOHV VH WULY GHVFULEH OD GHFDGHQFLD \SRVWHULRU (O DSUHQ UHVXU GL]DMHIXHVXVWLWXLGRSRUODPHPRULDGHWURFLWR ODPHPRULDIXHUHFRQYHUWLGD HQXQSUREOHPDGHF HO GHVDUUROORGHOD SUHQVLyQSDVyDVHUXQSUREOHPDGHDGTXLVLFLyQ ORVPLVPRVHQSURFHGLPLHQWRVFRJQLWLYRVSDUDDI PLHQWRVSURSRUFLRQD VLVWHPDVGHSURGXFFLyQTXH WDUHDV HVSHFtILFDV $QGHUVRQ (QHVWDI WXDO GH SURFHVDPLHQWR GH LQIRUPDFLyQ HO DSUHQ FRQRFLPLHQWRV \ GH GLUHFWULFHV FRJQLWLYDV QHFH +D\ TXHGLVWLQJXLUHQWUH FRQRFLPLHQWR \KDELO WpUPLQRVGHFRQRFLPLHQWRIDFWXDO\GHSURFHGLPL GHSUREOHPDVFRJQLWLYRV3HURKD\PXFKDVDFWLYL WUDQVIRUPDU ODVHVWUXFWXUDV GHFRQRFLPLHQWRHQ \ ODV KDELOL GDGHVFRJQLWLYDVVRQQHFHVDULRVSHURQRVXILFLH 6L XQDSHUVRQD TXHQRKD\D HVTXLDGRQXQFDUHFLEHLQIRUPDFLyQ GHUHJODVSDUDODUHVROXFLyQGHORVSUREOHPDVT ODFLPDGHXQDPRQWDxD FRQJUDQSUREDELOLGDGD FXLG BD GRVLQWHQVLYRVGHXQKRVSLWDO<DKHPRVYLVWRD TXH SDUD HOGHVDUUROORGH GHHMHFXFLyQHVQHFHVDULR XQPHFDQLVPRGHUHSUR SHULQLWDODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQ GHORVFRQRFLPLHQWRV VLUYH GH ā YHKtFXORWUDGXFWRU /DLQIRUPDFLyQSURSRUFLRQDG sé XWLOL]DSDUD KDFHUDGDSWDFLRQHV FRUUHFWRUDVHQORVDVSHFWRV \ WHPSRUDOGHODDFFLyQKD JXHXQD HVWUHFKD FRLQFLGHQFLD HQWUH &DUUROO\ %DQGXUD OD FRQFHSF /DVSULPHUDVIDVHVGHOGHVDUUROORGHXQD FLRQDOHV /DV FRQFHSFLRQHV JXtDQODVDFFLRQHV WHQLGD DSDUWLUGHORVHIHFWRVGHODHMHFXFLyQ DFWRV $QiOLVLV GHOD LQIRUPDFLyQREWHQLGD HQ H[SHULHQFLD OD GHHMHFXFLyQ ,QIRUPDFLyQ GH OD UHVSXHVWD LQWUtQVHFR GH WLSR $ODIURQWDUHOHQWRUQRHO LQGLYLGXR DGHPiVGHHMHFXWDUUHVSXHVWDV W GHpVWDV (VWD UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ LQIRUPDWLYDSXHGHVHUL HIHFWRVVHQVRULDOHV TXHQRUPDOPHQWHDFRPSDxDQ GXFWDUHSUHVHQWDQ LQIRUPDFL ODIRUPDLQWUtQVHFDGH yQH LQFOX\HQODVVHQVDFLRQHV DSDUWLU GHORVPRYLPLHQWRVGHOFXHUSR \ ODVLPiJHQHV\VRQLGRVSURGXFLGRV L 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV SURGXFHQWDPELpQGHIRUPDQDWXUDO H[SHULHQFLDV D GHSRQHUVH XQ DEULJR FXDQGR KDFH OODPD IUtRRGHTXHP &XDQGR ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV QDWXUDOHV SUHGHFLEOH ā\ FODUDPHQWH VHSURGXFHQ REVHUYDEOHVHDGTXLHUHQFRQIDFLOLGDG (VWRKDFH TXHODUHOD SDWURQHV FLyQFDXVDOHQWUHODVDFFLRQHV \ VXVHIHFWRVUHVXOWHIiFLOPHQWHGLVFH FDVR\DTXHDOJXQRVGHORVHIHFWRVQDWXUDOHVGH RWURV LQFOX\HQSUR FHVRVItVLFRVTXHWDUGDQ FLHUWRWLHPSR HQSURGXF IRUPDLPSHUFHSWLEOH (Q HVWRVFDVRV TXHQRVRQQLPXFKRPHQRV WDQ HVFDVDPHQWH LQVWUXFWLYRV ,QIRUPDFLyQ GHOD WLSR H[WUtQVHFR UHVSXHVWD GH 6LHOLQGLYLGXRGHSHQGLHUD ~QLFDPHQWH GHORTXH LQPHGLDWRVTXHSURGXFHQ VXVDFWRVSRGUtDDGTXLU GHHVWRVXQLYHO\iPELWRGHFRPSHWHQFLDV OD UHWURDOLPHQWDFLy VHYH VHQVRULDO HO LQGLYLGXR FUHD FRQVHFXHQFLDV ā GH W DGPLUDQHORJLDQ y UHFRPSHQVDQ DOJXQDV DFWL\LGDGHV HLJQRU /D UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ XQ HIHFWR H[WUtQVHFD HVWUXFWXUDGR HV VRFLDOPHQWH QDWXUDO RQHFHVDULD GHOD FRQGXFWD FRPRUHVXOW FRQVHFXHQFLDVPDUFDGDPHQWH GLVWLQWDV HQIXQFLyQ UHVGHOPRPHQWRDXQGHQWURGHXQPLVPRPHGLRVRF UHVSXHVWD TXHVRQJHQHUDGRVSRUODSURSLD DFWLYL āGRVVRFLDOPHQWH \JHQHUDOPHQWH VHSURGXFHQ GHV GXFWD (VWH WLSRGHLQIRUPDFLyQSURSRUFLRQD XQYHKtFXO FUHDUFRQGXFWDVPXOWLIRUPHV SDUD DGDSWDUVH DGLYHUVRVSURSyVLWRV& VDWLOLGDGGHDSOLFDFLyQ ODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV SDUD RULJLQDU GLYHUVRV H[WUt GHFRQGXFWD (Q IXQFLyQGHORTXH VHYDORUHVRFL GHVDUUROOR āGH DJUHVLYLGDG DOWUXLVPR FRQIRUPLGDG FUHDW FXDOTXLHURWURHVWLORGHFRPSRUWDPLHQWR 7DQWRH FLyQGHFXOWXUDGHSHQGHQ HQJUDQPHGLGD QD JUDQ GHODVF SDUWH GHODDFWLYLGDG EDVDQ HOFRQRFLPLHQWR H[SORUDWRULD HQODTXHVH \ODVKDEL GLILFLOGHPDQWHQHU VLQ OD H[LVWHQFLD FRPRPtQ ¢4Xp DSUHQGHPRV UHVSXHVWDV RFRQFHSFLRQHV JHQHUDWLYDV" (O DSUHQGL]DMHD WUDYpVGH ORVHIHFWRVSURGXFLGRVSRUODVDFFLRQ SODQWHD FXHVWLRQHV IXQGDP WDOHVVREUHODLGHQWLGDGGHORTXHVHDGTXLHUH\ /RVFRQGXFWLVWDVPiVUDGLFDOHV DILUPDQTXHGHWR UHVSXHVWDVPRWRUDV ODVTXHVRQVHOHFFLRQDGDV GHO HQIXQFLyQGHVXVHIHFWRV(VWH SXQWRGHYLVWD SHFWRDODSUHQGL]DMHKXPDQRQRHVFODUHFH ODFXH TXH VH HVWi UHIRU]DQGR /DV FRQVHFXHQFLDV VH SU UHVSXHVWDKDGHMDGRGHH[LVWLU (Q ORVH[SHULPHQWRV FRQDQLPDOHV XQD XQDYH]TXH\DKDGHVDSDUHFLGR (Q HOFRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR YHUEDOHOH[S UHFRPSHQVD VRFLDOKDVWD VL ODVGLVWLQWDV GHVSXpV GHMX]JDU DFWXDFLRQHV VRQ (Q ODDSOLFDFLyQ VRFLDO GHORVVLVWHPDV GHLQFH KDVWD PLQXWRVKRUDV RLQFOXVR GtDV GHVSXpV GHTXHKD\DQ ILQDOL]DG /RV SULQFLSLRV UDGLFDO GHOFRQGXFWLVPR VHIRUPXODQ HQIXQFLyQGHWUHV PXOR DQWHFHGHQWH y FRQVHFXHQFLDV UHVSXHVWD TXHVHLPEULQFDQ SDUD H[SOLFDU ODUHOD HQW HQWUHHVWLPXOR\UHVSXHVWD ,RV WHyULFRV TXH IRUPXODQOH\HVVREUHODV 6LQHPEDUJR FLRQDOHVHQWUHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV ItVLFRV H[WHUQRV~QLFDPHQWH VHHQFXHQW TXHQRSXHGHQH[SOLFDUFyPRSXHGHUHIRU]DUVHDOJ (VWH GLOHPDVyORSXHGH $SUHQGL]DMH SRU HMHFXFLy YHUVH SRVWXODQGR ODH[LVWHQFLD GH DOJXQDFODVH 3RGUtD DUJXPHQWDUVHTXHODVUHVSXHVWDV GHMDQ UHVXOWDQUHIRU]DGDVSRUORVUHVXOWDGRV H[LWRVRV FHVLYDPHQWH FRPSOHMDVDXQPHFDQLVPRQHUYLRVR \ HYDOXDFLyQGHORV FLPLHQWRVDPELHQWDOHV &RQVLGHUHPRV DOJXQDVGHODVIXQFLRQHV UHDOL]DU &RQIUHFXHQFLDORVDFWRVHVWiQLQIO pVWRVHQHOWLHPSRSHULRGRGXUDQWHHOFXDOLQW y DFWRV'HDOJX PDQHUDHOVLVWHPDQHUYLRVRWHQGUtDTXHVHOHFFL QHUYLRVDV DGHFXDGDV \PDQWHQHUODV KDVWD TXHSR SRQGLHQWHV (VGLILFLOLPDJLQDUGHTXpIRUPDXQVLVWHPDQH WXDO\HQODHODERUDFLyQGHMXLFLRV GHORV VL~QLFDPH HV WtPXORVH[WHUQRV3RGUtDDUJXPHQWDUVHTXHVHUH ORV HVWtPXORV 6LQHPEDUJR OD PD\RUtD GH FRQF FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHILQLWRULDV (OFRQFHSWR 0HUYLV\5RVFK ©IRUPDVGHWU ORVFRFKHVWUHQHVELFLFOHWDVDYLRQHVEDUFRV HOKRPEUH /RVGLVWLQWRVHMHPSORVLQFOXLGRVHQ DSUHQGLGR FRPRSXHGHVHUHOFDEDOORRHODYLyQ Vt HQLQQXPHUDEOHV TXHGDUiQ UDVJR OXJDUDSDWURQHVGHLPSXOVRVQHUYLRVRVPDUFDGDP ODH[SRVLFLyQ DFDGDXQRGHORV REMHWRVTXHSX PLQDGDV FRQGLFLRQHV HQ Vt PLVPRV QR FRQWLHQHQ FRQFHSWR GH ©YHKtFXORVGHWUDQVSRUWHª 1LODU TXHXQFDEDOOR\XQDYLyQVRQYHKtFXORVGHWUDQ TXHSHUPLWD FODVLILFDUXQDIRUPDQXHYDGHWUDQ ULRDSUHQGHU VRQODVUHJODVJHQHUDOL]DEOHVTXH GH WUDQV SRUWH8QDYH]TXHVHKDQFRPSUHQGLGRODVUHJOD ORV QXHYRV HMHPSORVTXHSXHGDQ HQFRQWUDUVH /RVMXLFLRV FRQFHSWXDOHV LPSOLFDQHOUD]RQDPL 6XSRQJDPRV SRUHMHPSORTXHSLGLpUDPRVDXQQ TXHMX]JDUD VLXQDWDEODFRQVWLWX\HXQPHGLRG (Q XQDWHRUtD TXHSUHVFLQGDGHODUHIOH[LyQ FRQVFLHQWH HOVLVWHPDQHXUDO DO PDFpQGHKXHOODVQHUYLRVDVGHODVPRGDOLGDGHVG VyORSDUD GHVFXEULUTXHHVWHDOPDFpQQRFRQWLH SUHFLVRHOQLxRWHQGUtDTXHGHWHUPLQDU VL ODWDEODFRPSDUWHDOJ~QDWULEX ORVGHODFODVHKHWHURJpQHDGHPHGLRVGHWUDQVS S HXQEDUFRIORWDQWH FRQRFt \ PLHQWRGHVLODWDEODHQFXHVWLyQHUDORVXILFL GLIHULUtDHQIXQFLyQGHOWDPDxR GHODWDEODG HVWDGRGHTXLHWXGRGHWXUEXOHQFLDGHODVDJXDV (Q HOHMHPSORDQWHULRUSDUD QHFHVDULD OOOHJDUDXQMXLFL D LQIHUHQFLDDSD IXHQWHV UHOHYDQWHV GHFRQRFLPLHQWR (VWH FRQRF TXH LQFOX\HQ FRQFHSFLRQHV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV VREUH \ VREUH ODVSURSLHGDGH UHODFLRQHV ODV FRQRFLGDV HQWUHHOORV3RUVXSXHVWRTXHHOLQG \HVFDSD]GHMX]JDUODVFRVDVGHXQYLVWD]RV FiQLFRGHFRPSUREDFLyQGHFDGDHOHPHQWRIUHQWH FRQGXFWLVWDV VRQUHDFLDVDDGPLWLUTXH HO RUJDQLVPRGLVSRQJDGHXQDPHPR ELOLGDGHVGHUD]RQDPLHQWR VLQPHQFLRQDUODFD WRV$XQHQHOFDVRGHTXHODVUHVSXHVWDVHPLW ]DGDV SRU YtDGHVXVKXHOODVOD QHUYLRVDVQRVHU LQIRUPDFLyQ QHFHVDULD ā SDUDUHVSRQGHU FRUUHFWDPHQWH DQWHVLWXDFLRQHVQXHYDV \D TXHSDUDHOORHVQHFHVD UHQFLDV DSDUWLU GHORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVJHQHUDOH (OPHGLRGHLQIHUHQFLDHVQHUYLRVR SHURODLQI ~L . . - , . /DV WHRUtDV TXHFRQVLGHUDQ ODVKDELOLGDGHVP 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV SHUFHSWLYDV DXWRPiWLFDPHQWH JUDEDGDV D SDUWLU GH OD UHWURDOLPHQWDFLy SURSLRVDFWRVVHHQFXHQWUDQ FRQSUREOHPDV H[SOLF ]DMHVyORSXHGHSURGXFLUVH DSDUWLU GHODHMHFXF PXORVGHUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ QRFLyQ GHTXHWDOHVHVWtPXORV TXHHVWDEOHFHQ ODVKX KXHOODV GXUDGHUDV SDUD OD SURGXFFLyQ FDGD PRYLPLHQWR \ FRUUHFFL WLHQHVXSURSLDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ LQWHUQD'DGD OD XQDFRUUHVSRQGHQFLD XQtYRFD ORVDGRV HQWUH HVSHFtILFRV ODVKXHOODV RULJLQ DO HQRUPHSUREOHPDGHDOPDFHQDPLHQWR $GHPiV GDGRTXHODHMHFX 6FKPLGW ELOLGDGKDGHYDULDU FRQVWDQWHPHQWH SDUD DGDSWDU WHQFLDGHXQJHQHUDGRULQWHUQRILMRPiVTXHUHS D\XGDUHVXOWDUtD XQREVWiFXOR /D FXFLyQFRPSHWHQWH PiVTXHXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ HV UHTXHULPLHQWRV GHODVLWXDFLyQ D\XGDQ DHVSHFLIL FHSFLRQHVHQFXUVRVSDUWLFXODUHV GHDFFLyQ8QM GDPHQWRV GHO WLUR HQHVWHGHSRUWH DGDSWDUi ODV QRUPDV E FOXEGHODGLVWDQFLD y GHVLODSHORWD DODJXMHUR FDHXQWHUUHQR HQODODGHUDGH SRFR FXLGDGR RHQXQKR\RGHDUHQD VXEUHJODV GHWHUPLQDQ ODVDGDSWDFLRQHV /DV G VDULDV H- FDGD XQD GH HVWDV VLWXDFLRQHV ā /DVSHUVRQDV QRVRQUHFHSWRUHV LQGLVFULPLQDGRV FDSDFHVGHDSUHQGHU DWUDYpVGHODDFFLyQ VLQR HVWUXFWXUD EiVLFD GHORVSDWURQHV GHFRQGXFWD D FLRQHV y ODUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ H[WUtQVHFD DVtFRPRDS FH FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GHO ODV āWHRUtDV PRYLPLHQWR TXH HQODV VH FRQVLGHUDQ (Q ODV víosas FRPRHMHFXFLyQ GHUHVSXHVWDV \ORVFLUFXLWRV FRUUHFWRUHV GHODVPLVPDV VHSUHVWD SRFDDWHQFL ODDFWLYLGDGFRJQLWLYD DPEDV IXQGDPHQWDOHV SDUD FXWDQODVGLVWLQWDVKDELOLGDGHV +D\TXHGLVWLQJ SURSyVLWRV \ HOHMHUFLFLR SHUVRQDO GH WDOHV VLV El DSUHQGL]DMH por ejecución como un proceso de reproducciónde la concepción ā 6HJ~QOD WHRUtDFRJQLWLYDVRFLDOODVLQIOXHQFLD SURFHVR GH VLPEROL]DFLyQ (V GHFLU ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQ SRUTXHODLQIRUPDFLyQTXHSURSRUFLRQDQ HVSURFHV GHUUHVSXHVWDV HVSHFtILFDV DSDUWLU GHORVHIHF FRQFHSFLRQHV VREUHODFRQGXFWD DGHFXDGD /DVFRQ ORVHOHPHQWRVHQSDWURQHV DGHFXDGRV\ FyPRKD\ T GHFLVLYDVHQODHPLVLyQVHFXHQFLDO GHODFRQGXFW EiVLFDPHQWH QHFHVDULDV SRUODVUHJODV SDUDJHQHUDU ORVSDWURQHV FRJQLWLYDVGHOD DFWXDFLyQ KXPDQD KDQ VXSXHVWR UHSUHVHQWDGDV HQ IRUPDGHHVTXHPDV PRWRUHV y ODVFRQFHSFLRQHV $XQTXH ORVHVT VH JUDQPHGLGDDQiORJRV HOWpUPLQR HVTXHPD VHKD X GHILQHVLPSOHPHQWHFRPRXQDHVWUFWXUD FRJQLWLYD ODIRUPDHQTXHGDOXJDUDSDWURQHVGHUHVSXHVWD H[SOLFDWLYRV SHUR HVUDUR TXH VHHYDO~H VXSUHV HIHFWRV /DV FRQFHSFLRQHV TXH LQFOX\HQ UHJODV SURGXFFLyQ GHSDWURQHV RUJDQL]DGRV GHFRQGXFWD SDUD YRODU HQ DYLyQ ORV LQVWUXFWRUHV SURSRUFLR UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQFRUUHFWRUD ODVUHJODVFRUUHVSR GHILQLGDORVHVTXHPDVHQVXWRWDOLGDG O OODPDODDWHQFLyQVREUH la DPELJHGDGTXH $QGHUVRQ H[LVWHUHVSHFWR DODDGTXLVLFLyQGHORVHVTXHPDV \ ODGHULYDFLyQ SDUWLU GH GHORVDFWRV pVWRVGH ILQLGRVFRQYHQFLRQDOPHQWH FRPRXQSODQ QRGHWDOODGR RXQDHVWUXFWXUD J JODV GH SURFHGLPLHQWR TXH DSRUWHQ SDUD ODHMHFXFLyQ ORVGHWDOOHV $OJXQRV QHFH ULFRV TXHLQWHUSUHWDQ HODSUHQGL]DMHSRUHMHFXFLyQF $SUHQGL]DMH SRU HMHFXFL IRUPD PiV SUHFLVD XQ FRQMXQWR FRPR GHUHJODV SDUD OD SURGXFFLyQ QHFHVDULDVGH ORV S UHVSXHVWD 3HZ 6FKPLGW ā /DV FRQFHSFLRQHV JHQHUDWLYDV SDUD SURGXFLU FRQGXFWD SDWURQHV VHXWLOL]DQ TXH FRPSDUWHQ GH ODV PLVPDV BFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SHUR TXH EiVLFDV SXHGHQ GLIHULU (O DSUHQGL]DMH HQ RWURV KD DVS G WHQHU ā XQD QDWXUDOH]D JHQHUDWLYD SRUTXH ODV UHDOL]DQ KDELOLGDGHV GHO H[DFWDPHQ UDUDPH PLVPR PRGR VLQR YDULDU SDUD TXHDGDSWDUVH KDQ DODV GLVWLQWDV GH FLUFXQVWDQFLDV YH] TXH ORV 8QD QLxRV KDQ DGTXLULGR HOFRQFHSWR GHWULiQJXOR \DVHD SXHG FRQ OD PDQR RFRQ VRQ āFHOSLH\ DSDFHV GH FUHDU IRUPDV WULDQJXODUHV PDWHULDOHV D SHVDU FRQ GLVWLQ GHQR KDEHU UHDOL]DGR HVWDV FRQVWUXFFLRQHV QXQFD WULDQJXODUHV SDUWLFXODU /D JUDQIOH GHHVWD [LELOLGDG \XWLOLGDG KDELOLGDGHV KXPDQDV GHODV VHGHEH DSUHQGH DTXHHOLQGLYLGXR FRQFHSWRV JHQH UDWLYRV QR DFWRV \ HVSHF tILFRVāā ā āā /DV WHRUtDV GHO DILUPDQ UHIRU]DPLHWQR TXH VRQ ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV ODV āTXH VHOHF D FLRQDQ \IRUWDOHFHQ DXWRPiWLFDPHQWH XQDV GHWHUPLQDGDV UHVSXHVWDV SDUWLUGHWRGDVODV D TXHSRVHH HORUJDQLVPR ODWHRUtD FRJQLWLYD 6HJ~Q VRFLDO FDSDFHV ORV GH FDPELDU UHVXOWDGRV OD FRQGXFWD VRQ KXPDQD EiVLFDPHQWH D WUDYpV GH OD LQIOXHQFLD PHGLDGRUD GHO SHQVDPLHQWR /DV FRQVHFXHQFLD DFW~DQ XQD FRPR IRUPD LQDUWLFXODGD GH LQIRUPDFLyQ KDFHUORV GH VXMHWRV ORTXH DFWXDQWHV GHEHQ SDUD FRQVHJXLU GHWHUPLQDGRV UHVXOWDGRV UHVXOWDGRV GH VXV 2EVHUYDQGR HO DFWRV LQGLYLGXR DFDEDSRUFRQVWUXLU FRQFHSFLRQHV GHORVQXHYRV FRPSRUWDPLHQWR y GHODV SDWURQHV FLU G FXQVWDQFLDV DSURSLDGR HQ ODV HPLWLUORV TXH HV /D FRQFHSFLyQ GRV IXQFLRQHV JHQHUDWL SURSRUFLRQD SDUD ODV SURGXFLU SDWURQHV UHJODV GH UHVSXHVWD y SURSRUFLRQD HO FULWHULR DGHFXDGRV SDUD PHMRUDU OD SDUWLU DFWXDFLyQ GH ODV GLVFUHSDQFLDV D FRQFHSFLyQ SHUFLELGDV \ HMHFXFLyQHQW (QHVWD HVWUXFWXUDWHyULFD HODSUHQGL]DMH UHSUHVHQWD SRU XQ FDVRSDUWLFXODU HMHFXFLyQ GHDSUHQ GL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ (Q DSUHQGL]DMH HO OD H[SHULHQFID DWUDYpV GH GLUHFWD HODERUD HO LQ FRQFHSFLRQHV GHODFRQGXFWD D SDUWLU GHODREVHUYDFLyQ SURGXFHQ GH VXV ORVHIHFWRV DFWRV HQ HO T DSUHQGL]DMH SRU PRGHODGR HO LQGLYLGXR SDUWLU GH OD REVHUYDFLyQ HODERUD GH VX OD HVWUXFWXUD GH OD FRQGXFWD TXH HVWi VLHQGR PRGHODGD /D D āS UDSLGH] DUWLU la GH GH DS REVHUYDFLyQ y DSDUWLU GHPRGHORV GHODREVHUYDFLyQ GHODUHWURDOLPHQW QHV GLILHUH VXVWDQFLDOPHQWH (V PiV IiFLO FRQVWUXLU HVWUXFWXUD VLPEyOLFDPHQWH GH FRQGXFWDV FRPSOHMDV SDUWLU GH D REVHUYDFLyQ OD GH XQ FRPSRUWDPLHQWR āH[KLELGRyaGH LQWHJUDGD IRUPD TXH LQWHQWDU JUDGXDOPHQWH HODERUDUOD SUREDQGR y DQDOL]DQGR GLVWLQWRV VXV &XDQ DFWRV UHVXOWDG GR HO LQGLYLGXR QR UHFRQRFH DGHFXDGDPHQWH VXV DFWRV R ELHQ QR āSUR ORV HIH FHVD FRUUHFWDPHQWH OD āLQIRUPDFLyQ ā VREUH ORV UHVXOWDGRV ODUJR FRQVHJXLGRV GHO āSRU WLHPSRD ODV GLYHUVDV DFFLRQHV HO DSUHQGL]DMH HV HVFDVR UHSHWLGD (Q HODQiOLVLVODV FRJQLWLYR GLYHUVDV VRFLDO IRUPDV GHDSUHQGL]DMH S GLUHFWD FRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR ā LQVWUXFFLyQ āVH FRQVLGHUDQ YHUEDO ā FRPR GLVWLQWDV GH āSURSRU IRUPDV FLRQDU LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH ODV UHJODV GHFRQGXFWD \ FLPLHQWRV (VWDV GHO HQWRUQR GLVWLQWDV IRUPDV GHYDUtDQ DSUHQGL]DMH HQHOWLSR FDQWLGDG \RUJDQL]D FLyQ GHODLQIRUPDFLyQ TXHSURSRUFLRQDQ FRQGXFWXDOHV PHGLD SHUR HVWiQ VHV GRV SRU XQ SURFHVR āG FRP~Q H OD FRQFHSFLyQ GH 'DGR UHSURGXFFLyQ TXH ā GHEDMR GH ODV GLVW IRUPDV GH DSUHQGL]DMH KDOODQ VXESURFHVRV VH VLPLODUHV QHFHVDULD GLVWLQWD QR XQD SDUD HV WHRUtD FDGD IRUPD GHHQVHxDQ]D 6LQFDGD HPEDUJR XQD ODVIRUPDV GH HVQHFHVDULR SRU VHSDUDGR H āSRUTXH YDULDQ HQ FXDQWR D VX GHSHQGHQFLD GH ORV VXESURFHV 3URFHVRV UHJXODGRUHVFHQWUDOHV 'XUDQWH DxRV ODFXHVWLyQ GHVLODUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ GH PHFDQLVPRV KD FRQVWLWXLGRXQ FHQWUDOHV WHPD GHEDWH ā *UDQ GH SDUWH FRQVLGHUDEOH GH OD LQYH WLJDFLyQ GHVDUUROODGD DO UHVSHFWR VHUHILHUH ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV DOSDSHO GH VHQVRULDOHV HO GHVDUUROOR \ UHJXODFLyQ GH ODFRQGXFWD DSRUWDGRV SRU GLYHUVDV O tQHDVGH /RV LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GDWRV DSR\DQ OD 2SLQLyQ GH TXH DFFLRQHV ORVEiVLFDPHQWH UHVXOWDGRV GH OD LQIOX\HQ UH DWUDYpV V SUHVHQWDFL yQ\ UHJXODFLyQ FHQWUDO GH ORVSDWURQHV 3RU GHVJUDFLD GH FRQGXFWD ORVHVWXGLR āUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ VHQVRULDO LQWULQVHFDVHOLPLWDQ DFWRV VHQFLOORV HQJUDQ SDU PHGLGD \GLVF 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV WLHQGRGHODVXSRVLFLyQGHTXHOOHJDQGRDFRPSUH EUD]R VH DFDEDUiQ REWHQLHQGRUHVSXHVWDV DODFXHVWLyQGH MDV $GDPV DUJXPHQWD FRQFRQYLFFLyQSRUTXpODLQYH DLVODGRV QRUH VXOWDH[FHVLYDPHQWH UHYHODGRUD GHORVPHFDQLVPRV āFRQGXFWD(VWHDXWRU FRPSOHMRV FRQVLGHUD ODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ SDUD FRJQLWL ODHVWUXFWXUDFLyQ la FRQGXFWD GH /DUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ SRU ODH[SHULHQFLD DSRUWDG D\XGD GXFFLyQGHODVFRJQLFLRQHVHQDFWRV /D QDWXUDOH]D GHODFRQGXFWDQRUHS HVWXGLRVVREUHUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ H[WUtQVHFD HQ WLYDV \FRQGXFWXDOHV GH PD\RU FRPSOHMLGDG Demora en la retroalimentación. /DLQIRUPDFLyQYLVXDODXGLWLYD ODVUHVSXHVWDV WDUGD FLHUWRWLHPSR HQVHUUHWURDOLPHQWDGD y HYDOXDGD VXMHWRDFWXDQWH SRUHO &XDQ GRODVUHVSXHVWDV VHHPLWHQFRQOHQWLWXG \ ODVVHQVDFLRQHV SURGXF HOVRQ DFWRVSXHGHQ XWLOL]DUVH la FRQGXFWD SDUD PLHQWUDV PRGLILFDU VH HVWi SURGXFLHQGR ODGLUHF 6LQHPEDUJRFXDQGRpVWDVHHPLWHFRQUDSLGH]F VH HQFXHQWUD UHWUDVDGD GHPDVLDGR UHVSHFWR DODFRQGXFWD SDUD GLULJ PDV 3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHODFRQGXFWD KDGHVHUJXLDGD QRSRU ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV VHQVRULDOHV LQPHGLDWDV $XQTXH FRQIUHFXHQFLD OD UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ GH GXUDQWH BHOWUDQVFXUVR GH-RVDFWRV IDFLOLWD HODSUH SRUFLRQD LQIRUPDFLyQSDUD SHUIHFFLRQDU ODFRQFHS GHDGDSWDFLRQHV FRUUHFWRUDV QHFHVDULDV DFFLR SDUD PHM QHVSURGXFHQHIHFWRVSUHGHFLEOHV (O FRQRFLPLHQWRSUHGLFWLYRSURSRUFLR FLyQDQWLFLSDWRULD GHOD FRQGXFWD6LVHDFFLRQDEUXVFDPHQWHHO VXSHUILFLHUHVEDODGL]D GHO DXWRPyYLOGHXQ VHSURGXFLUi y VLpVWH HOGHVOL]DP ODGRVH DR FRQGXFHHQGLUHFFLyQ OD GHOSDWLQD]R RSXHVWDD VHDFHOHUDUi U QDYH]FRQR HOJLUR FLGR HVWR HOFRQGXFWRU VDEH FyPR KD GH HYLWDU KD HVWRV GH DFWXDU GH DFFLGHQWHV IRUPD LQPHGLDWD VLVXFRFKH UHVEDOD VLQWHQHU TXHFD VHQVDFLRQHVHPLWLGDVSRUVXSURSLRFXHUSR &XDQG ODUHJXODULGDGGHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV ODIRUPD GDHQODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV LQPHGLDWDV GHODVHMHFX SDUD HYLWDUORV 3HZ Aprendiz~je sin retroalimentación sensorial. /RVHVWXGLRVVREUHDSUHQGL] y HMHFXFLyQVLQ UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ VHQVRULDO SHULIpULFD WDPELpQ FHQWUDO (Q ORVHVWXGLRVFRQDQLPDOHVGHVDIHUHQWL]DGRV LQIRUPDFLyQ VHQVRULDOHQOD UHJXODFL yQ GHODFRQGXFWD (Q HVWRV H[SHULPHQWRV OD FLyQ VHQVRULDOVHHOLPLQD TXLU~UJLFDPHQWH VHFFLRQDQGRORVQHUYLRVTXH WUDQ YLRVRVSURYHQLHQWHVGHORVPLHPEURV &RQHOORVH TXHLQGLFDQ la SRVLFLyQ GHORVPLVPRV &XDQGR ORVDQLPDOHVMyYHQHV QR SXHGHQ SHUFLELU TXH SURSLRV PRYLPLHQWRV BQL YHUVXV DFFLRQHV DGHFXDGDV UHFLEHQ GHVDUUROODQ ODVLQGXFF \PD WLHQHQSDWURQHV GHUHVSXHVWDVHQFLOORVI7DXE (VWRV KDOOD]JRV FRQWUD FLDO ODV WHRUtDV GH GHO HQFDGHQDPLHQWR DSUHQGL]DMH DILUPDQ ā TXH FDGD DFWR SHULIpULFR TXH YLHQH GLULJLGRSRU OD UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ VHQVRULDO GHO /RVUHVXOWDGRV GHORVHVWXGLRVFRQDQLPDOHV GH DXWRUHVKDQDILUPDGRTXHODVHFFLyQGHODVILEUD SLQDO QRHOLPLQD WRGD ODUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ VHQV ELOLGDGGHTXHSDUWH GH ODLQIRUPDFLyQ VHQVRULDOVHD WUDQVPLWLGD SRUOD B GRQHVYHQWUDOHV SHUPDQHFHQ RPRWRUHV LQGHPQHV VL ELHQpVWHHVXQSXQWR TXH HQ 7DXE (VFLHUWRTXHODLQIRUPDFLyQ GDGHVVHQVRULDOHV āGLYHUVDV /RVGHIHQVRUHV GHODVWHRUtDV TXHOD GHVDIHUHQWL]DFLyQ HOLPLQHSRU FRPSOHWR y SURSLRFHSWLYDV ODV VHxDOHVTXH WiFW FHUHEUR ORV DSDUWLU PRYLPLHQWRVFRUSRUDOHV GH SXHGH XWLOL]DUOD UHWURDOLPHQWDFL HOLQGLYLGXR $SUHQGL]DMH SRU HMHFXFL YLVXDO R DXGLWLYD GH OD UHVSXHVWD FRPR JXtD SDUD VXV PDJQLWXGHV \ IXHQWHV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ VHQVRULDO GH OD VH UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ VHQVRULDO HQHOGHVDUUROOR \UH ORV DQLPDOHV GHVDIHUHQWL]DGRV HQ HOPRPHQWR GHO Q OHV VLQ VHU JXLDGRV SRU OD UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ FLQ TXHGDQ RWUDV IXHQWHV GH UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ YLVWD &XDQGR \ GHO WDFWR HV FDSD] GH DSUHQGHU IXHQWHV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ DXWLOL]DU PiV HOVRQL VXW JXtD GH VXV DFWRV $XQTXH VH GHPRVWUDUD GH XQD IRUPD FRQFOX\HQWH T OODUVH \ HMHFXWDUVH HQ DXVHQFLD GH UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ V FLHUWD SUXGHQFLD HQODJHQHUDOL]DFLyQ GHWDOHV KDO (Q ORV DQLPDOHV ORV FRPSRQHQWHV SULQFLSDOHV FRPR VRQ DQGDU GH O DJDUUDU \RWUDV VHPHMDQWHV SXHGHQ HVWDU 'H VHU HQ DVt JUDQ ORVSDWURQHV GH UHVSXHVWD DSHQDV GH ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV GHSHQGHUtDQ VHQVRULDOHV SDUD $XQTXH ORV PRYLPLHQWRVā JUXHVRV GH ORVPLHPEURV S PHQWDFLyQ VHQVRULDO VH REVHUYDPXQ iV ILQRV FLHUWR 6XPPHUV GHWHUL /RV DQLPDOHV WRUSH \ FRRUGLQDQ HVFDVD KRPEUH (Q HO GH HO DSUHQGL]DMH IRUPD GH GDGHV UHTXLHUH GH IRUPD WtSLFD FRPSRQHQWHV ā OD FRQGXFWXDOHV LQWHJUDFLyQ \ FRRUGLQDFLyQ ILQD GHODV VHFXHQFLDV GH DFWRV &XD RELHQ UHWUDVD VH RGLVWRUVLRQD VHUHWUDVD WDPELpQ ODPHMRUD \%DQGXUD \VHGHWHULRUD ODHMHFXFLyQ GHKD \ 6PLWK Aprendizaje sin respuestas y retroalimentación sensorial directa. (O REMHWLYR GHODV JDFLRQHV DQWHULRUHV HUD GHWHUPLQDU HPLVL yQ VLODFRQGXFWD GH UHVSXHVWDV VLQ H[SHULPHQWDU ORV PLVPDV HIHFWRV /RV HVWXGLRV VHQVRULDOHV VREUH GH DSUHQGL ODV YDFLyQ ā SRQHQ GH PDQLILHVWR FRQ PD\RU FODULGDG HO SDSH FHQWUDOHV HQ ODDGTXLVLFLyQ GH KDELOLGDGHV /DV F DSDUWLU GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV PRGHODGDV HQDXVHQFLD UHFWD 3RU WDQWR HOSDUDGLJPD REVHUYDFLRQDO WLHQH XQD H WXGLDU ORV PHFDQLVPRV FHQWUDOHV OD HMHFXFLyQ GHDSUHQGL]DMH $QWHV YL \ HOPRGHODGR XQD GHODVIRUPDV HV PiV HILFDFHV GHWUDQVPLVLyQ UHTXHULGRV ā SDUD OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH KDELOLGDGHV 6LQ HPEDUJR HOGR GHSHQGH GH XQD LQWHUUHODFLyQ FRPSOHMD HQWUH HOSU FXFLyQ \ OD UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ DSRUWDGD %DQGXUD SRU ODV H &XDQGR VH PHMRUD XQD OD KDELOLGDG SUiFWLFD FRJQLWLYD ODPLVPD SRU OD PHGLR UHWURDOL GH GH PHQWDFLyQ TXH VH SURGXFH FXDOTXLHUD TXH pVWD VHD GDG QRVH UHDOL]D DELHUWDPHQWH 8Q HVTXLDGRU QLQJXQD SUDFWLFD UHVSXHVWD QXPHURV PD FRJQLWLYD HOGHVFHQVR SRU XQD ODGHUD PLHQWUDV 6LQ HPEDUJR FXDOTXLHU VHQVDFLyQ TXH SXHG QLPD GH ORV JUXSRV PXVFXODUHV HQ JUDQ PHGLGD SULQFLSDOHV GH OD VHQVDFL GLIHULU UHDOL]DU HOGHVFHQVR (Q ODSUiFWLFD GHIRUPD FRJQLWLYD UHDO EDVHVRDUD ORTXHSURS PRGL ILFDU DGHFXDGDPHQWH ODV HMHFXFLRQHV HQFXELHUWDV V FLyQ GH OD FRQGXFWD \ OD IRUPD (Q HVWH GH FDVR ODV HMHFXFLRQHV HO SURFHVR GXFFLyQ JXDUGD PiV UHODFLyQ FRQ GH ODV ODIRUPD DFFLRQHV \ODGLV TXH FR VDFLyQ H[DFWD /DV WHRUtDV SUHYDOHQWHV VREUH HO DSUHQGL]DMH G IHQyPHQR GHO DSUHQGL]DMH 6WHOPDFK SRU 3RU REVHUYDFLyQ WDQWR HODSUHQGL] GHVFULELUVH FRPR HQ HOTXH XQSURFHVR VHIRUPDQ D SDUWLU HVTXHPDV GH ODLQIRUPD PRWRUHV VRULDO VHSURGXFH TXH ~QLFDPHQWH DSDUWLU UHVSXHVWDVGH GH \HUURU ODV HQVD\R 6HGLFH TX FXFLRQHV DO UHGXFLUVH PHMRUDQ ODV GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUp ODV FRQV DFFLRQHV FRUUHFWDV \ OD DIOXHQFLD SDUWLU GHGH LQIRUPDFLyQ UHDO OD HMHFXF $QWH la SUHRFXSDFLyQ SRU y· OD OD ILVLRORJtD SURSLRFHSFLyQ ORV PHFDQLVPRV GH \ PR VHQVLWLYR 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV WRUHV TXHGD ROYLGDGR HO GHVDUUROOR HOSDSHO GH \OD UHJXODFLyQ FRJQLFLyQ GH /DHMHFXFLyQGHUHJODVGHDFFLyQ VXSRQH ODH[LV VLVWHPDV PRWRUHV DGHFXDGRV VLELHQ ODVUHJODVQR FRUUHFFLyQ\PHMRUDGHODVHMHFXFLRQHVFRQGXFWXDO GH FRPSDUDFLyQ FRJQLWLYD TXH FRPSUHQGHQ UHSUHVHQ GRVWRGRORFXDOVLJQLILFDPXFKRPiVTXHXQFLUF \XQDHQWUDGDVHQVLWLYD RULHQWDFLyQ FRJQLWLYRVRFLDOLQFLGHQ 3RUWDQWRORVDQiOLVLV GRVREUH ORVPHFDQLVPRV GH OD DFFLyQ FRJQLWLYRV 6HQHFHVLWDQ HVWXGLRV F PLQDU GH TXp IRUPD HOSHQVDPLHQWR DFWLYD \ FRRU DFFLyQ SDUD TXH FRPSOHPHQWHQ ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV VHQVRULDO HQ OD FRQGXFWDKXPDQR $OH LQWHQWDU Q WpUPLQRV H[SOLFDU QHXURI OyJLFRVOD FXHVWLyQ PiV FRPSOHMD HV OD GH GHWHU DTXHOODV DFWLYLGDGHV FRUWLFDOHV y SURGXFWRV TXHGHO UHSUHVHQWDQ SHQVDPLH $PRGRGHUHVXPHQ GLUHPRVTXHODVGLYHUVDVIXH VLVWHQWHODRUJDQL]DFLyQ FHQWUDOGHODFRQGXFWD GHPDVLDGD UDSLGH] SDUDSHUPLWLUTXHODUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ SHULIpULF OD HPLVLyQGHUHVSXHVWDV \SXHGH UHDOL]DUVH VLQ LQIRUPDFLyQDSRUWDGD SRUODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV GHOD JHQHUDWLYDV VREUH OD FRQGXFWD TXH OHSHUPLWHQ SU IRUPDGHFRQGXFWD QRHPLWLGDVQXQFDFRQDQWHULRU ā SDUWLUGHORVHIHFWRVH[WUtQVHFRV TXHVHUiQGLVF TXHOD H[SHULHQFLD FRUUHODWLYD LQIOX\HVREUHODHMHFX GLDQWHOD DFFLyQ GLUHFWD VREUH OD SURSLD FRQGXFWD ā (OSURFHVR GHDSUHQGL]DMH SDUWLU ~QLFDPHQWHGHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV D G PLUVH GHO VLJXLHQWH PRGR LQLFLDOPHQWH HO VXMHW UHVSXHVWDSDUDFRQRFHU ODFRQGXFWD PiVDGHFXDGD FLyQPiVFRQYHQLHQWH FRQRFLPLHQWRV DQRVHUTXHVHEDVH DGTXLULGRV HQOR DS FLRQHVFRPRJXtD SDUD ODDFFLyQ (VWHUD]RQDPLHQWR DFW~D LQGXGDEOHPHQWH LQIHUHQFLD HQOD FLyQ LQLFLDOGHUHVSXHVWDV 3RU PX\ QXHYD TXHVHDODVLWXDFLyQ HO GLFLRVSHURQR GH SHQVDPLHQWRV %DViQGRVH HQODLQIRUPDFLy VXVHVIXHU]RV YD FRQVWUX\HQGR H[SORUDWRULRV JUDGXDOPHQWH XQD FRQFH VXVHIHFWRVSUHGHFLEOHV 8 QDYH]IRUPDGDODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ FRJQL VHFXHQFLDO GHORV SDWURQHV GHUHVSXHVWD SDVD GHHVWDU UHJXO FHQWUDO(QHVWDHWDSD GHODSUHQGL]DMH HOLQGLY OHVTXHHQORVHIHFWRV VHQVRULDOHV GHODVUHVSXH FOXVRD HVWH QLYHO VXSHULRU GHRUJDQL]DFLyQ ODHMHFXFLy GHSHQGLHQWH GH ODUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ SHULIpULFD &RQ OD S SRVHHQ UHJXODULGDG VH LQWHJUDQ HVWUXFWXUDO PD\RUHV HQ VXEXQLGDGHV GH FRQGXFWD PD\RU /D SUREDELOLGDGGH FRPHWHU HUURUHVVH KDOOD HQORVSXQWRV GHWUDQVLFLyQ HQWUHODVVXEXQLGDGHV ]DGDV8QDYH]HVWDEOHFLGD ODKDELOLGDG ORTXH WHVGHFDGDDFWRHVSHFtILFRVLQRORVUHVXOWDGRV SHULRUTXHHVSHFLILFDQ RUJDQL]DQ GHTXpIRUPDVH ODVVXEXQLGDGHV VXFHVL ERUDGRV IDFLOLWDQ OD DGTXLVLFLyQ \ UHWHQFLyQ GH /DFRQGXFWDKXPDQD HVWiUHJXODGDSRUVLVWHPDVG YH]TXHORVSDWURQHV GHFRQGXFWD VHKDQUXWLQL]DG TXHVXHMHFXFLyQSXHGH UHJXODUVH HQJUDQSDUWHS 6LQHPEDUJRFXDQGR ODFRQGXFWD UXWLQL]DGD QRFR HQDFFLyQHOVLVWHPDGHFRQWUROFRJQLWLYR/DFR GHOHQWRUQR VHREVHUYDQPLQXFLRVDPHQWH SDUD LGHQWLILFDU OD IXHQWHGHOSUREOHPD GyQGHUDGLFD FRQ \ FRPSUREiQGRVH VROXFLRQHV QXHYDV YH] HQFRQWUDGR 8QD HO PHGLR DGHFXDGR PpWRGRKDELWXDO HO FRQWURO GH DFWXDFLyQ YXHOYHDUHYHUWLU LQIHULRU En. HO~O DOVLVWH WLPRFDStWXORGHOOLEURVHFRQVLGHUDUiQ ORVGLYHU KDELOLGDGHV FRQGXFWXDOHV FRJQLWLYDV ā \ $SUHQGL]DMH SRUHMHFXF $SUHQGL]DMH BSRU HMHFXFLyQ FRQFLHQFLD \ (Q HO DSUHQGL]DMH SDUWLU GH ODV DFRQVHFXHQFLDV ODVDFFLRQHV SURGXFHQ H[WUtQVHFDV UHVXOWD TXHVRQ DUELWUDULRV PiV TXH FRQGXFWD FRQVHFXHQFLDV HPLWLGD 3RU HMHPSOR QDWXUDO XQD GLVSRVLFLyQ y QR QDWXUDO VRFLDO HO WUDEDMR HOTXH FRPSRUWH HO FREUR GH HYDOXDWLYDV GH ORVGHPiV DFDORUDGDPHQWH 'XUDQWH ODFXHVWLyQ DxRVāVHKDGLV GH VLW GL]DMH SXHGH SURGXFLUVH VLQWHQHU \ UHVXOWDGRV FRQFLHQFLDGH /RV PRG OD QDWXUDOH]D FRQVLGHUDGRV KXPDQD SRGDV GLVWLQWDV WHRUtDV LQIOX\HQ VREUp XQD GH HOODV HO D DSUHQGL]DMH OD FRQFLHQFLD HQ ā (QIRTXHV WHyULFRVā DOWHUQDWLYRV 6HJ~Q HOSODQWHDPLHQWR la FRQGXFWD GHOFRQGXFWLVPR HV PROGHDGD \ UHJXODGD GHIRUPD UDGLFDO DXWRPiWLFD VXV FRQVHFXHQFLDV SRU LQPHGLDWDV SHQVDPLHQWR QR6NLLPHU MXHJD SDSHO DOJXQR HQ OD GHWHUPLQDFLyQ GH +D\ IDV TXH REVHUYDU HVWUXFWXUDV TXH HVWH FR SODQWHDPLHQWR DGRSWD GHO DSUHQGL]DMH XQDHVWUHFKD FRQFHSFLyQ TXH PiV ODPD\RUtD GH WH FRQGXFWLVWDV UDGLFDOHV DSUHQGL]DMHFRPR ORV GHILQHQ FDPELRV HO TXH ODSUREDELOL VH SURGXFHQ GDG GH ODUHVSXHVWD 3RU WDQWR JUDQSDUWH EiVLFD GH ODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ GHVDUUROODGD pVWRVāJXDUGD SR PiV UHODFLyQ \ FRQ GHVFHQVR OD HOHYDFLyQ GH OD IUHFXHQFLD GH HPLVLy WHQWHV TXH FRQ OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH FRPSHWHQFLDV UHVXOWDGRVVLUY FR SULQFLSDOPHQWH SDUD VHxDODU ODXWLOLGDG UHVSXHVWDV G IXQFLRQDO H ODV\DGLVSRQp TXHGH XQR ODV (Q RWURV SODQWHDPLHQWRV HO DSUHQGL]DMH WHyULFRV ODHVWUXFWXUD VH LQWHUHVD GH ODFRQGXFWD FRQ D GHSRU VXIXQFLyQ 3RURWUD SDUWH HODSUHQGL]DMH QRVyORVHHYLGH ODFRQGXFWD VLQR WDPELpQ HQODVFRQFHSFLRQHV 3RU HOOR ODFRPSUH \H VLyQ HQ SURIXQGLGDG GHO DSUHQGL]DMH HVWUXFWXUD GHO SHQVDPLHQWR UHTXLHUH HOD DV ODGH OD DFFLyQ /DV UHJODV JHQHUDWLYDV FRQIDFLOLGDG~QLFD GH D OD FRQ SDUWLU GHORVUHVXOWDGRV GLIHUHQFLDOHV 3RU WDQWR OD DSUHQGL]DMH FRPSOHMR KXPDQR āHQ WLHQH ODRULHQWDFLyQ TXHEDVDUVHPHG HQ PHQWH HQ IRUPD GH LQVWUXFFLRQHV LQFLWDFLyQItVLFD y SURYLVLyQ YHUEDOHV SRU GHPHGLRGHO UHJODV PRGHODGR /RV UHVXOWDGRV VLUYHQSDUD FDQDOL]DU ODDWHQFLyQ PHMRUDU ODS KDFLD DVSHFWRV \ WUDQVPLWLU LPSRUWDQWHV QHFHVDULD OD LQIRUPDFLyQ SDUD FRQVWUXLU UHJODV WDPLHQWR SDUD HVWDPSDU QR VXSHUILFLDOPHQWH ORV UDVJRV GH /RV FRQGXFWLVWDV UDGLFDOHV H[SOLFDQ HODSUHQGL]DMHG HO SDSHO GH GRV IRUPDV QLQJXQD GH ODV FXDOHV (Q OHFRQILHUH fa SULPHUD GH HOODV āVH FRQVLGHUD HILFDFLD TXH ODFRQFLHQFLD GH FyPR UHVXOWDGRV LQIOX\HQ ā HVXQD FRQVHFXHQFLD ORVDFWRV y QRXQGH VREU WHUPLQDQWH GHO DSUHQGL]DMH 6HVXSRQH UHODFLyQ HQWUH \ TXHāHOLQG UHVXOWD DFWRV GRV a SDUWLU GH ODREVHUYDFLyQ GHOLQFUHPHQWR VXā FRQGXFWD SURGXFLGR HQ ODG DXWRPiWLFD PHGLDQWH /D VHJXQGDVROXFLyQ HOUHIRU]DPLHQWR SURSXHVWD FRQFLHQFLD SDUDOD HV&R GHUDUOD VLPSOHPHQWH XQRSHUDQWH PROGHDGR DXWRPiWLFDPHQWH YHUEDO TXH HV SRU VXV FXHQFLDV 9HUSODQFN SDODEUDV <D \ORV TXH DFWRV VHFRQVLGHUD VRQVLVWH SXHVWD LQGHSHQGLHQWHV HVSRVLEOH FXDOTXLHU WLSRGH REWHQHU UHODFLyQ SUiFWLFDPHQ HQWUH DP xLQFLyQ GHFyPR VHDQSDODEUDV UHIRU]DGRV \ORV DFWRV /DVFRLQFLGLUiQ HO LQGLYLGXR FXDQ VHD IRU]DGR GHFLU \KDFHU DO ORPLVPR PLHQWUDV TXH DPERV GLYHU FRVD KDFHU SHUR RWUD (Q ODSUHVHQWH GLVFXVLyQ ODFRQFLHQFLD V FLyQ HQWUH \ DFWRV UHVXOWDGRV QRVLPSOHUQHULWH DODV UHODFLRQHV %DMR H[SUHVLRQ XQD LQGXFFLyQ DSURSLDGD HVSRVLEOH TXH ORVHVWXG QRWDV PiV DOWDV DSHVDU GH TXHFRQRFHQ \DFW~DQ VH SXHGH UHFRPSHQVDU XQD FRVD DO LQGLYLGXR \ KDFHU RWUDV SRU GHUQRVWUDWL GHFLU GLItFLOP YDV GH TXH OD FRQFLHQFLD HODSUHQGL]DMH UHVXOWD LUUHOHYDQWH āā HQ /DV GLVFXVLRQHV VREUH HOSDSHO GHODFRQFLHQFLD WRPiV IXQGDPHQWDO GHODFRQFLHQFLD ODFRQFLHQFLD VH definecorno HO FRQRFLPLHQWR *HQHUDOPHQWH GHORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV H[WHUQRV \GHORVSHQVDPLHQWRV DFWRV 3DUWH GH OD FLHQWH GHO LQGLYLGXR WLHQH TXH YHUFRQ OR TXH RF HQ \ L 3HQVDPLHQWR y BDFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV WDPELpQVHSUHRFXSD SRUORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV SDVD 'HKHFKRDQLYHOGHSHQVDPLHQWR HO SDVDGR HO IXWXUR \HQ HOLQGLYLGXRY TXHHaHO VHQWH /RVWHyULFRVGHRULHQWDFLyQ FRJQLWLYDVHKDOODQ FXDQWR DODIRUPDHQ TXHODFRQFLHQFLD HQHO DSUHQGL]DMH LQIOX\H$OJXQRVRSLQDQTXH HO DSUHQGL]DMH QRSXHGH VH VLQFRQFLHQFLD 'XODQ\ \ 'H1LNH 6SLHOEHUJHU /RVD FRQRFLPLH SDUWLUGHODVFRYDULDFLRQHV UHVXOWDGRV FUHDQ HQWUHORVDFWRV\OR ODLQWHQFLyQ R DXWRLQVWUXFFLyQ S ODUHDOL]DFLyQGHDFWRVIXQFLRQDOHVODLQWHQVLG LQ FHQWLYRV /DV WHRULDV TXH VLJXHQHOPRGHOR GHO FRPSXWDGR FRJQLFLyQHQHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWR KXPDQR'HVGH HVW DQDOL]DFRPRXQDFDGHQD ODTXH GHSURFHVRV HQWUDLQIRUPDFLyQ FRPSRQHQWHV HQXQ FHSWLYR\OXHJRHVSURFHVDGD DOPDFHQDGRV \ XWLOL]DGD TXH SRUPHG VHE UHSHUWRULRV /D GHVXEUXWLQDV FRQFLHQFLD QRIRUPDSDUWH GHOOp[LFR GHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWR KXPDQR /DVFRPSXWDGRUDV QRU ODVSHUVRQDVFXDQGR DSDUWLUGHVXVH[SHULHQFLDV FRQRFLPLHQWRVQXHYRV\UHYLVDUDVSHFWRV GHVXVFR FRQRFLPLHQWR FRPSUHKHQVLYR GHODQDWXUDOH]D GHO UHDOL]DULQIHUHQFLDVLUUHOHYDQWHV \OOHJDUDUHV OL JHUD FRQFLHQFLD āGHORTXHKDRFXUULGR HO HQWRUQR /DVFRPSXWDGRUDV QLEXVFDQ QR F PLHQWRVWDPSRFRUHIOH[LRQDQ y IUDFDVRVSDVDGRV VREUHVXVp[LWRV QLVHSUHRF IXWXUR1R GLVPLQX\HQ VXUHQGLPLHQWR DFDXVDGHG VXHOWDDXWRVHJXULGDG6LVHDWLHQGH~QLFDPHQWH GRUSXHGHVDFDUVH ODLPSUHVLyQ GHTXHODDFWLYL HVHQFLDOPHQWH LQFRQVFLHQWH (VIiFLOROYLGDUHO y ODVKDELOLGD GHVGHUD]RQDPLHQWR GHPHQWHVKXPDQDV FUHDWLYDV SRU ODV FRPSXWDGRUDV ā$ODQDOL]DUODVWHRUtDV VREUHFRJQLFLyQ&RXOW VHPDQLILHVWDHQGHVD GHORGHFRJQLWLYLVPRLQFRQVFLHQWH TXHUHGXFHHO FXORVSRUSDUWHGHXQRUJDQLVPR QRDODUHIOH[L UHVXOWDGR GHFiOFXORV SHUR HVXQLQGLYLGXyTXLH PHQWHXQGHSyVLWR GHPHFDQLVPRV DXWRPiWLFRV GHS OR TXHKDFH/DUHIOH[LyQVLJQLILFDHOHMHUFLFLRG FRPHQWDPRV DQWHāULRUPHQWH DILUPDU la H[LVWHQFLD GHIXQFLRQHV GHDXWRS VLJQLILFDSRVWXODU XQ VLVWHPD GXDOLVWD GH DFWLY /DWHRUtDFRJQLWLYD VRFLDOFRQVLGHUD DWUDYpV GHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV HODSUHQGL]DMH GH WDHVHQFLDOPHQWH FRPRXQSURFHVR FRJQLWLYRTXHV JHQHUDWLYD GHO SHQVDPLHQWR KXPDQR $XQTXH HO LQ QLVPRVGHSURFHVDPLHQWR Vt ORHVHQFLHUWDPHGLGDFXD HILFLHQWHGHODLQIRUPDF DGTXLVLFLyQSRUSULPHUD YH]GHWDOHV KDELOLGDGHV IRUPD LQFRQVFLHQWH ODV RSHUDFLRQHV GH VXVWUDFFL JXLGRXQDFLHUWD FRPSHWHQFLD HOLQGLYLGXRQRVH GL]DMHVLQRTXHUHDOL]DMXLFLRV FRQVFLHQWHV VRE VXVDFFLRQHV \ REVHUYDQGR ORVHIHFWRVUHVXOWDQWHV DFDEDQ SDUDSURGXFLUGHWHUPLQDGRV UHVXOWDGRV &RPRYHUH TXHORVUHVXOWDGRV VRQFRQVHFXHQFLD GHVXVDFWRV HVFDVR R QXOR (YDOXDFLyQ GHORV GHWHUPLQDQWHV FRJQLWLYRV GHODIHFWR y GHOD DFFLyQ /RV āSULPHURV LQWURVSHFRLRQLVWDV SRGtD FRPSUHQGHUVH VRVWHQtDQ TXH ODFRQ FR KXPDQDHUDGHVFULELHQGR los: FRQWHQLGRV GHODVH[SHULHQFLDV HOHPHQWDOHV VHQVRUL HVWHSODQWHDPLHQWR LQWURVSHFWLYR UHVXOWRLQIUXFW $SUHQGL]DMH SRU HMHFXFL GRORJtD HTXLYRFDGDV 1R HV PXFKR OR TXH VH SXHGH DSUHQGHU VREUH O OD FRQGXFWD SDUWLU GH OD D GHVFULSFLyQ TXH KDJDQ ODV SHUVRQDV GH ULPHQWDGDV HVWLPXODFLyQ WUDV H[WHUQD OD 0iV TXH ODV VHQVDFLRQHV HOHP GHV HVWUXFWXUDOHV la FRJQLFLyQ \IXQFLRQDOHV ODVTXH GH UHVXOWDQ GH LQWH OD FRQGXFWD KXPDQD/D LQWURVSHFFLyQ OLEUHIORWDQWH \ HUUy HUD XQ Pp QHDPHQWH SDUD HQIRFDGR UHYHODU HOPHFDQLVPR SRU HOTXH HO SHQ DIHFWR KXPDQRV $ FDXVD GH HVWH GHVDFUHGLWDGR LQY BHVWLJDGRUHV OH KDQ UHFKD]DGR ORV LQGLFDGRUHV YHUEDOHV GHO SHQVDP GDWR REWHQLGR SRU HVWH PpWRGR /RV DYDQFHV FLHQWt GH ORV SURFHVRV GH SHQVDPLHQWR VLQR WDPELpQ VHU XQ HOU DJHQWH FRQWULEX\HQWH DOD YH] TXH XQ REMHWR GH HV WLHQHQ DFFHVR GLUHFWR D VXV SURSLRV SHQVDPLHQWRV PR SRU HO LQIRUPDFL TXH yQWUDQVPLWLGD OD SRU ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV y GHO HQ WUDQVIRUPDGD SDUD VXUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ HQODPHPRULD \HQFyP ULGRV SDUD OD SURGXFFLyQ \ JXtD GH ORV DFWRV Características de las medidas del pensamiento. /DV PHGLGDV SHQVDPLHQWR GHO SXHGHQ YDULDU HQGLVWLQWDV GLPHQVLRQHV TXH GDWRV DIHFWDQ TXH SUR GH IR SRUFLRQDQ (ULFVVRQ \ 6LPRQ (Q SULPHU WHPSRUDOFRQODV OXJDU VH HQF DFFLRQHV TXH LQWHUHVDQ /RV SHQVDPLHQWRV HPLVLyQ SXHGHQ āGHODFRQGXFWD DODYH] TXHpVWD LQPHGLDWDPHQWH GLGRV DQWHV GH OD DFFLyQ VRQ ORV SDUD GHWHUPLQDU TXH SURSRUFLRQDQ FyPRDF W~DQ ORV SHQVDPLHQWRV HQ FXDQWRGH DQWHFHGHQWHV ODV DFFLRQHV B FDX 8QR GH ORV SUREOHPDV SULQFLSDOHV HVTXHODV UHFRQVWUXFFLRQH FRQ ODV PHGLGD TXH UHDOL]D HOLQGLYLGXR GH VXV SHQVDPLHQWRV HQ H VXMHWDV DGLYHUVDV GLVWRUVLRQHV 3RU XQD SDUWH H WRV TXH VHSURGXMHURQ HQ FDGD PRPHQWR GHO PLVPR JODGH DFFLyQ FRUUHFWD SDUD RULJLQDU XWLOL]DUOD XQD FRQGXFWD DGHFXDGD \ UHFRUGDUOD :HLQVWHLQ (Q HVWRV \/DZVRQ FDVRV ODUHWURVSHFFLyQ IRUPDHUUyQHD TXH HODSUHQGL]DMH KD UHDOL]DGR VH VLQ FRQFLHQFLD GH ODUHJOD GH VXOWD LQFRPSOHWD VLQR TXH DYHFHV 3DUD DSRUWD FRPSOLFDU WDPELpQ PiV ODYHUDFLGDG GH OD UHWURVSHFFLyQ FRQFDUiFWHU UHWURVSHFWLYR ODV LQWURVSHFFL HPEHOOH FXHUGR GH ORVSHQVDPLHQWRV LQLFLDOHV /DHYDOXDF OXJDU GH GHVSXpV QRVyOR HOLPLQD HOSUREOHPD WDPELpQ FXDO GH TXLHU DPELJHGDG VREUH ODāGLUHFFLRQDOLGDG GH OD /D VHJXQGD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD PHGLGDVGHODV GHSHQVDPLHQWR FRQFLHUQH PH GLGDV SXHGHQ FHQWUDUVH HQ GHWHUPLQDGD FODVH GH YHQJD D OD PHQWH /RV GHPDVLDGDVLUUHOHYDQFLDV SHQVDPLHQWRV SDUD FRQWLHQHQ LQIRUPDU SRGHU GH HOORV HQ VXWRWDOLGDG PHGLGDV QRGHVFULSWLYDV :ULJKW -D HOHFFLyQ GHMDQ /DV GH ORV PLHQWRV VRSRUWDGRV DOFDSULFKRTXH UHSUHVHQWD OD WDQWH UHIHULU GH HQWUH SDUD TXHXQD WRGDV VXV PHGLGD SHQVDPLHQWR LGHDV GH3RU KD UHVXOWH WDQWR GH VHU OR VXILFLHQWHPHQWH SDUWLFXODUL]DGD FRPR S GH WRGRV ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV /DV PHGLGDV GH SHQVDPLHQWR WDPELpQ YDUtDQ (O HQ F SURFHVR GHPHGLFLyQ TXH VHDSOLTXH QRKDGH LPSOD SHQVDPLHQWR /RV SUREOHPDV GH LQFXOFDFLyQ \GHUH QR VH HOLPLQDQ FRPSOHWDPHQWH KDFLHQGR TXH HO LQ FHUOHV HVSHFXODU VREUH 8QD WpFQLFD VXV H[SHULHQFLDV TXH VLPSOHPHQWH ORV SHQVDPLHQWR REWLH QDWXUDOHV DFRPSDxDQWHV QR LQIOX\H OD DFFLyQ aQHO SRVWHULRUHV FXUVR GH WUDV TXH ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV LQIHUHQFLDOHV TXH R VDOHVVTXH H SURGXMHURQ QR HQ HOPRPHQWR SXHGHQ DSRUWDULQIRUPDFLyQ GHOD HUUyQHD HMHFXFLyQ \ GLVWRUVLRQDU HO SHQVDPLHQWR \ 6LPRQ.DUSI SRVWHULRU \ /HYLQH (ULFVVRQ /RV GDWRV HPStULFRV HQ VXFRQMXQWR ODWpFQLFD GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HVSHFLILFDQ FX\ 3HQVDPLHQWR ,Y. DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV OH]DHVODPiVDGHFXDGD SDUD SRQHU GHPDQLILHVWR \ DFFLyQ /RV SHQVDPLHQWRV GHEHUtDQ VLPXOWiQHDFRQ UHJLVWUDUVH OD HMH G FXFLyQXWLOL]DQGR SDUD HOORPHGLGDV SDUWLFXODUL GX]FDQ GH QDWXUDO IRUPD 6H UHFRPLHQGD TXH ORV LQIRUPHV VHDQ LPSDUFLDOHV /DV LQWXLFLRQHV UHWURVSHFWLYDVVREUHODFDXVDOLGDG GHORVKHFKRV SDUDLQIRUPDU GHORVSDVDGRV UHVXOWDQ GHSRFRYD YRVGH ODDFFLyQ 6HJ~QODVIXQFLRQHVGHSHQVDPLHQWR TXHVHGHVHH GHODVWpFQLFDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ/RVSURFHVRVG WLQXD KDFLHQGR TXHORVVXMHWRV YHUEDOLFHQ HQYR PLQDGDV WDUHDV y 6LPRQ (ULFVVRQ *HQHVW \7XUN PpWRGRHV YiOLGR (VWHSDUD UH YHODUFyPRVHFRQFLEHQ VHFRPSUXHEDQ SDUD ODVROXFLyQGHSU \VHPRGLI PDV 'HWHUPLQDGDV FODVHV PHGLUVH āGGH H IRUPD SHQVDPLHQWR VLVWHPiWLFD SXHGHQ H LPSRUWDQWHVGHORVSURFHVRVFRQGXFWXDOHV (VWD HYDOXDFLyQ VHOHFWLYD %DQGXU PLHQWRDSRUWD OX]VREUH ODIRUPDHQTXHGHWHUPLQDGDV DOJRGH FODVHV HOHFFLRQHV GH FRQGXFWD \DORVSURFHVRV PRWLYDFLRQDOHV DOD]DUGHORV SHQVDPLHQWRV DSDUHFLGRV GXUDQWHXQ ā OHYDQWHVGXUDQWH HOWUDQVFXUVR GHODVDFWLYLGDG (VWHSODQWHDPLHQWR SXHGHFRQVHJXLUGDWRV VREU aHWLHQHFXLGDGRHQREWHQHUPHGLGDV LQGHSHQGLHQW H[DFWLWXGHORUGHQ WHPSRUDO GHORVSHQVDPLHQWRV FRJQLWLYRVHQHOTXH HO LQGLYLGXR LQGLFD VLVHSURGXFH XQGHWHUPLQDGR āUHSUH WL VHQWDRWURPHGLR GH D QDOL]DUGHTXpIRUPDHOSHQVDPLHQWR \ ODDF LQ WLYDFLyQ HPRFLRQDO 6FKZDUW] /DV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV VREUH ODHILFDFLD FDXVDO G DQiOLVtV GHODVFRYDULDFLRQHV TXH VHSURGXFHQ \OD FRQ ā GHXQ FLHQFLDHYDOXDGDYHUEDOPHQWH HQ HOHVWXGLRGHRWURVSURFHVRV $OLJXDOTXH SXHGH LQGXFLUVH GHOLEHUDGDPHQWH \ GH HVWH PRGR āVXV SXHGHQ HIHFWRV VREUH ORV PHGLUVH DFWRV &XDQGRODFRQFLHQFLD VHYDUtDVLVWHPiWLFDPHQWH SOHWRV RGHORV HUUyQHRV 0iV UHFXHUGRV DGHODQWH YHUHPRV FyPR ODFRQ PDUFDGDPHQWH VREUH HODSUHQGL]DMH Veracidad de los indicadores de la experiencia privada. 6XSRQLHQGR TXH VH XWL PHGLGDV GHSHQVDPLHQWR DGHFXDGDV SHUPDQHFH OD SUHVHQWD ORVSURSLRV SHQVDPLHQWRV āORV SHQVDPLHQWRV /D PHGLFLyQ SRU PHGLR IRUPHV LPSOLFD DFHSWDU TXH ODV āGHVFULSFLRQHV YHUEDOHV GHODVH[SHU QtILFDGRSDUHFLGR SDUD GLIHUHQWHV SHUVRQDV (O VLJQLILFDGR FR DxRV GH YLGD PHGLDQWH HOHWLTXHWDGR VRFLDOUHSHWLGRG FDGDVGHIRUPDILGHGLJQDSRUGLVWLQWRV XQRV SRFRVHQVD\RV DFRQWHFLP ORVFXDOHVXQQLxRPXHUGDXQOLPyQ\DOWLHPSRT SXHGHOOHJDUDFRPSUHQGHU HOVLJQLILFDGRFRQVHQV VDERU DPDUJR ([LVWHQ UD]RQHVSDUDVXSRQHUTXHHO]XPRGHOLPyQLQGXFH SHU VRQDV $XQTXH HOOHQJXDMHQRVHKDOOD H[HQWR SRUFRPS LQFLHUWR QL VXVUHIHUHQFLDV WDQ DODH[SHULHQFLD LQGHWHUPLQDGDV TXHQRVHD VRQ pO OOHJDU DO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH ODV H[SHULHQFLDV FRUUHODFLyQFRQH[SUHVLRQHV DOJXQD PHGLGD H[WHUQDV ORVHIHFWRVLQW TXHLQGLFDQ GRVSRUODVHVWLPXODFLRQHV DO HQFRQWUDUVH H[WHUQDV HQWUH GRVEOR 8QDSHUVRQD DWUDSDGD TXHVGH KLHOR LQGXGDEOHPHQWH H[SHULPHQWD XQHVWDGR LQWHU ULHQFLDV āLQWHUQDV \ODXQLIRUPLGDG SUiFWLFDV āVRFLDOHVGHODV HWLTXHWDGRUDV KDFH PLHQWDV LQWHUQRVFRQRFHUVH QR REVHUYDEOHV FRPR SXHGDQ PtQLPRSDUFLDOP DXWRLQIRUPHV ā /DV FRQVLGHUDFLRQHV DQWHULRUHV QRGHEHQLQWHUS VHD H $SUHQGL]DMH SRU HMHFXFLy LGpQWLFR D OR YHUEDOL]DEOH ([LVWH XQD GLIHUHQFLD KHUUDPLHQWDV (V SDUD SRVLEOH HYDOXDUORV OOHJDU DWHQHU LPSOtFLWR FRQFLHQFLD y FRP SUHQV L yQ H[SOtFLWD GH ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV SDODEUDV SHURORV āSHQVDPLHQWRV VLQ ODPHGL YH EDOL]DGRV UHSUHVHQWDQ XQLPSRUWDQWH LQVWUXPHQWR S VDPLHQWR DIHFWR DFWRV (Q RFDVLRQHV \IDFWRUHV SODQWHD OD VH FXHVWLyQ DPELHQWDOHV VL DOJ~Q GH GtD SRGUiQ PHGLUVH GLUHFWDPHQWH ORVSHQVDPLHQWRV PHGL QR HV LQFRQFHELEOH SDUHFH SRFR SUREDEOH GHWHFWDU OD DF /DV WpF WLYLGDG FRUWLFDO SHUR QR SXHGHQ GLVWLQJXLU 3RU WDQWR HQWUH ODV PHGLGDV YHUEDOHV SXHGHQ SURSRUFLRQDU PiV LQIR OyJLFDV (V HYLGHQWH TXH HV PXFKR OR TXH SXHGH REWHQHUVH GRUHV YHUEDOHV SHQVDPLHQWR GHO ā /RV GHIHQVRUHV GHO FRQGXFWLVPR UDGLFDO HQ VHJXL GRUHV YHUEDOHV GHORVSURFHVRV VH UHILHUHQ DOSUREOHPD GHSHQVDPLHQWR LGHQWLILFDGDV PHWDItV UHDOLGDGHV SULYDGDV SDUD TXH ODVSHUVRQDV VyOR VRQ DFFHVLEOHV TXH 1RVLHPSUHUH ODVH[SHULPH VXOWD IiFLO WUDGXFLU ORVSHQVDPLHQWRV HQSDODEUDV GLYLGXR UHSUHVHQWDU SXHGH GH IRUPD HUUyQHD VXV SHQVDPLHQWRV 0XF FULSFLyQ GHORIWDOPyORJR GHOOHYDU JDIDV FRUUHFWRU GDG UHODWLYD GHHVWtPXORV LPSUHVRV RSLFWyULFRV LQDGHFXDGDV VLORV SDFLHQWHV LQIRUPDQ TXH ORVHVW EDUJR SRVLELO HVWD L GDG QR FRQVWLWX\HUHQXQFLDU XQDD MXVWLILFDFLyQ LQWHUYHQFLyQ OD āGHO RIWDO SDUD PyORJR (OSUREOHPD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GHOD HUUyQHD GHORVSURSLRV FRQRFLPLHQW GRUHV YHUEDOHV 6LVHGLVSRQH GHODV UD]RQHV QHFHV ORV DFWRV H[DFWDPHQWH SDODEUDV (V LJXDO SRVLEOH TXH FRQ PRGLILFDU ORV ODV DFWRV SDUD IiFLOPH UHSUHVHQWDU HUUyQHD GH ORTXH IRUPD VHKD DSUHQGLGR RORTXH YHUGD PHQWH ODV SHUVRQDV DSUHQGHQ PiV GH ORTXH UHIOHMD FLyQ RSRU LQVXILFLHQFLD GH LQFHQWLYRV &XDQGR y GH VRQ GHYDOXDGDV RFDVWLJDGDV ORVLQIRUPHV YHUEDOH SRU HOLQGLYLGXR TXH ODVHMHFXFLRQHV )DUEHU 3RU WDQWR SDSHO G%DQGXUD HO HO SHQVD PLHQWR \GH OD FRQFLHQFLD HQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH VH HV WLYRV SDUD GLVWRUVLRQDU VXV LQIRUPHV y FUHHQFLDV VREUH SDUD GHVSLWDU VXVFRQRFLPLH R DORVL WLJDGRUHV HQJDxRVRV FRQ /DV DFWRV OLPLWDFLRQHV DWULEXLGDV DORVDX WDOHV FRQ IUHFXHQFLD VHSURGXFHQ PiV SRU UD]RQHV SXHGH LQIOXLU HQORV DFWRVH[SOLFDWLYR/RV TXH SRU GDWRV VXIDOWD REWHQLGRV éÍ GHS SDUWLU GH ORV LQGLFDGRUHV YHUEDOHV FRQ IUHFXHQFLD HQWUH ORV SHQVDPLHQWRV y ORV DFWRV YHUEDOL]DGRV ORV PLHQWUDV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV DPELHQWDOHV TXH ā SRVHHQ HVFDVR /RV YDORU HVIXHU]RV SUHGLFWLYR EXVFD SVLFROyJLFRV GH SRGHU H[SOLFDWLYR y SUHGLF HQ ā WLYRQRGHEHUtDQ H[FOXLU DORV EXHQRV SUHGLFWRUHV GRUHV YHUEDOHV GHWHUPLQDQWHV GH FRJQLWLYRV ORV āā Aprendizaje de contingencias y conciencia 1XPHURVRV HVWXGLRV KDQ LQYHVWLJDGR VLORVUHVXO FRQVFLHQWH RSRU PHGLR GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH FXiOH JUDWLILFDQWHV ,QLFLDOPHQWH ORV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV X EDVDGRV HQODVUHVSXHVWDV HPLWLGDV DSUHJXQWDV SU WHQLGRV SRU HVWD FODVH GH PHGLGDV HO DSUHQGL]DMH GHO SHQVDPLHQWR SXHGH SU VLQ ODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ GH OD \ SRFR FRQFLHQFLD HILFLHQWH VLELHQ FRQ PLHQWUD GH FLHQFLD DFHOHUDED QRWDEOHPHQWH HOSURFHVR GHDGTX WLJDFLRQHV SRVWHULRUHV DSDUHQWH DSUHQGL]DMH UHYHODURQ VLQSDUWLFLSDFLyQ TXH HO PiV ELH Q HUHVXOWDGR O GH XQ SURFHVR GH HYDOXDFLyQ GHILFL VLEOHV GHWHFWy XQQLYHO 'DZVRQ GH \ 5HDUGRQ FRQFLHQFLD \ PXFKDV UHDO SHUVRQDV VXSHUL TXH HQ HO PRPHQWR GHO DSUHQGL]DMH HUDQ SOHQDPHQW 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ)XQGDPHQWRVVRFLDOHV DFFLRQHV \ORVUHVXOWDGRV QR IXHURQ FDSDFHV < GHUHFRU /DZVRQ(Q FXDOTXLHU FDVR ORV FDXVDOHV DQiOLVLV LQIRUPDWLYRV TXH VH UHTXLHUHQ PLGD OD FDXVD SRVWXODGD DQWHULRULGDG DO FRQ HIHFWR QR GHVSXpV GH pO 'H OR F JXPHQWDUVH TXH ORV VXMHWRV DSUHQGLHURQ PiV WDUGH UHFRQRFLHURQ OD VLQ UHJOD FRQFLHQF H[LVWHQWH D SDUWLU GHO LQFUHPHQWR ā HYLGHQWH B GH OD H (O SDSHO GH OD FRQFLHQFLD HQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH PHGLDQWH FRQIXVRV SXHGH LQIRUPHV UHWURVSHFWLYRV VLQR PHGLDQWH FRQFLHQFLD PLFURDQiOLVL HPHUJHQWH \ OD FRQGXFWD SRVWHULRU HVWi SURGXFLHQGR PLHQWUDV HODSUHQGL]DMH HVWXGLRV VH HQ ORV / āTXH GXUDQWH OD VHVLyQ GH DSUHQGL]DMH VHYDQ HYDOXDQG SHULyGLFRV GHPXHVWUDQ GH WLHPSR TXH OD FRQGXFWD SRU QR ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV UHVXOWD TXH DIHFWDGD FRPSRUWD VLQRKD\HVWi FRQFLHQFLD UHFRPSHQVDQGR GH ORTXH 'XODQ\ 'DZHV VH \ 6 /LFKWHQVWHLQ 'H1LNH 6SLHOEHUJHU 8QD YH] TXH VHUHFRQRFH \ ODVROXFLyQ HO FRUUHF DSUHQGL]DMH L QFUHPHQWD VH V~ELWDPHQWH YDORUDQ ,RV LQFHQWLYRV VL VH RIUHFLGRV 6L OD FRQFLHQFLD HVHYDOXDGD XQ GHVSXpVGH Q~PHUR GHWHUPLQDGR SXHGH DUJXPHQ GH HQVD\RV WDUVH WRGDYtD GHVFXEUHQ TXH ODV ORV UHVSXHVWDV VXMHWRV FRUUHFWDV KDFLD HO ILQDO VHULH GH GH HQVD OD \RV GHVSXpV GH TXHUHVSXHVWDV VXV KDQ DXPHQWDGR SRU QRWDEOHPHQWH ODDFFLyQ UHIRU]DPLHQWR GHO \ HQDXVHQFLD GH KDQ DSRUWDGR FRQFLHQFLD DOJXQRV 6H GDWRV HVWD SRVLELOLGDG HPStULFRV TXH \D TXH FXDQGR UHDOL]D PHGLFLyQ VH OD GHO UHFRQRFLPLHQWR UHFRPSHQVD GH GH ODV SRUSDUW UHJO ORV VXMHWRV WUDV LQWHUYDORV GHSUHFHGHU WLHPSR D ORV FDPELRV SURORJDQGRV GH FRQGXFWD PLHQWUDV FXDQGR PHGLFLyQ OD TXH UHDOL]D GHVSXpV VH GH LQWHUYDORV ODV PHMRUDV EUHYHV HQ la HMHFXFLyQ SUHFHGHU SDUHFHQ D OD FRQFLHQFLD GHO VXMHWR UHFRQRFHUi VXV UHVSXHVWDV TXH PiV WDUGH FRUUHFWDV .HQQHG\ KDQ /RV GLVFXWLGR GHIHQVRUHV HVWRV G ā KDOOD]JRV EDViQGRVH HQ TXH ORV VXMHWRV QR IXHURQ GHELGDPHQWH F DTXHOORV VXMHWRV TXH UHIHUtDQ KLSyWHVLV FRUUHFWDV FRQVFLHQWHV RFRUUHODWL VL VH PRVWUDEDQ VHJXURV HQ VXVMXLFLRV SHUR VH PRVWUDEDQ FODVLILFDEDQ XQ WDQWR LQGHFLVRV 6LQ HPEDUJR FXDQGR SHUR LQGHFLVDV ODV SHUVRQDV QR VRQ FODVLILFDGDV FRPR LQFRQVFLHQWHV OR TXH GHVDSDUH VH FRQVLGHU FHU $GHPiV ORVHVWXGLRV FDGD HQ HQVD\R ORV TXH VHUHDOL]D XQD PHGLGD HQ SHQVDPLHQWR GH UHYHO TXH QR VHBSURGXFH FRQFLHQFLD DSUHQGL]DMH ā *KROVRQ .DUSI \ VLQ /H YLQH 3KLOOLS /HYLQH ā 5HVXOWD LQWHUHVDQWH OD IRUPD HQ ODTXH OD VHJXULGD GHWHFFLyQ GH 8 QD ODSHUVRQD FRQFLHQFLD SDUWH SXHGH FRQVFLHQWH VHU HQFRQGXFWD \ FDPELDU GH VX DFXHUGR FRQ HOOR SHUR VHQHJDUi KDVWD TXH DPDQLIHVWDU QR GLVSRQJD PD\RU VXVM GH FHUWH]D VREUH SDUHFHU HOORV WRQWD (Q SRU WDOHV FDVRV PLHGR ODV D LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV TXH LQGLYLGXR DUHIHULU VXVFRQMHWXUDV SRU SURYLVLRQDEOH SDUH FHU HOLPLQDUtDQWRGR YHVWLJLR GHO VXSXHVWR /D DSUHQGL]DMH GLUHFFLyQ HQ OD TXH LQFRQVF VH SURGXFLUiQ PHGLFLyQ ORVHUURUHV FXDOTXLHUD GH TXH HQ āTXH VHD VHSURGX]FDQ HOJUDGR VHUi ODGHFRQ VLGHUDU HTXLYRFDGDPHQWH OD FRQFLHQFLD (O LQGLYLGXR FyPR PDQLIHVWDU QR LQFRQVFLHQF SXHGH TXH VDEH UHDOLGDG OR GHVFRQRFH TXH HQ UHWUDVDU SHUR OD VtSXHGH UHYHODFLyQ GH VXV FRQ KDVWD KDEHU SUREDGR \FRQILUPDGR (Q HVWH VXVMXLFLRV FDVR ODV HQ PHMRU HQV OD HMHFXFLyQ JXLDGDV SRU MXLFLRV SURYLVLRQDOHV DSDUHFHUiQ FRPR DSUHQGL]DMH QR UHYHODGRV LQF FLHQWH ā &XDQGR OD DGHFXDGD FRQGXFWD \ VXV UHVXOWDGRV VRQ IiFLOPHQWH REVH FLHQFLD HQHO DSUHQGL]DMH KXPDQR VHHVWXGLD \ GHO PRPHQWR HQ WpUP HQ HOTXH VHKD SURGXFLGR /D FXHVWLyQ GH VLHQHODSU SRGUtD UHVSRQGHUVH XQD IRUPD GHILQLWLYD GH XWLOL]DQGR WDUHDV TXH VHU REVHUYDEOH ODUHODFLyQ \ UHVXOWDGR HQWUH 6H LPSRVLELOLWD DFFLyQ ODFRQ QRVRQ REVHUYDEOHV SHUR3RU VXV GHVJUDFLD UHVXOWDGRV HVWDV VtRDOD FRQGLFLR GHIRUPD ODV LPSRUWDQWH FODVHV GH FRQGXFWDV TWLH SXHGHQ HVWXGLDUV GUtD WUDWDUVH TXH GH āDFFLRQHVTXH VHQFLOODV āUHTXLULHUDQ SRFR R QLQJ~Q SDUD WLSR UHDOL]DUODV IiFLO FRQVHJXLU (V PiV DFFLRQHV QR REVHUYDEOHV TXH U +HIIHUOLQH FRODERUDGRUHV \VXV PRGLILFDURQ XQD VHULH LQREVHUYDEOHVLQ GH UHVSXHVWDV WURGXFLHQGR Va YDULDFLRQHV BVUHVXOWDGRV HQ OOHIIaUOLQH ā (QHVWRVHVWX %UXQR \'DYL $SUHQGL]DMH SRU HMHFXFL GLRVVHUHFRPSHQVDEDQ ODVFRQWUDFFLRQHV PXVFXO HO H[SHULPHQWDGRU PHGLDQWHXQDDPSOLILFDFLyQHOHF HVWLPXODFLyQDYHUVLYD/DVUHVSXHVWDVDSDUHQWHP GLVPLQX\HURQ DOUHWLUDU HOUHIRU]DPLHQWR /RV SXGRLGHQWLILFDUGHIRUPDUHWURVSHFWLYD ORV UHVXOWDGRV VLELH ODVU UDURQGLYHUVDVKLSyWHVLV VREUHODVUHVSXHVWDV PRYLPLHQWRVFRUSRUDOHVQRUHVXOWDURQDIHFWDGRV GUtDPRVFRQFOXLUTXHHORUJDQLVPRKXPDQRKDHYR LQFRQVFLHQWH PHQWHUHVSRQVLYD DOGLQHUR$QWHV GHIRUPXODU KD\ TXHFRQVLGHUDU RWUDV SRVLELOLGDGHV ā /D FRQFLHQFLDQRVHULJHSRUODOH\GHOWRGRR QDGD (VSRVLEOHPHMRUDUHQFL FXFLyQEDViQGRVH HQKLSyWHVLV LQH[DFWDV VLpV FRUUHFWD $GDPV 3RUHMHPSORVLORVSDU TXHORVFRPHQWDULRV VREUHDUWtFXORVGRPpVWLFRV GRHQUHDOLGDGODVUHIHUHQFLDVDORVDFFHVRULRV XQD FLHUWD SUREDELOLGDG GH 'H LJXDOPRGR HPLWLU H HOFRPSRUWD DOJXQDV GH H PLHQWRQRYHUEDO FLHUWD TXH āHQVt PLVPDQRHVGHOWRGRDS DFWLYLGDGREVHUYDEOH SXHGH DFWLYDUODVUHVSXHVWDV UHOHYDQWHV LQYLVL GLVWLQWRVJUDGRVGHH[DFWLWXG HQIXQFLyQGHOD GDFRQODFRUUHFWD $SDUWLU GHKLSyWHVLV3DU xRVFDPELRVVLQPHGLDFLyQGHODFRQFLHQFLD3RU KLSyWHVLV FRUUHOD WLYDVGHEH YLJLODUVHHVWUHFKDPHQWH DODQDOL]DU 6LODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV GHODUHVSXHVWD BHQ VXPD\RUSDUWHPHG IDFLOLWD IXQFLyQ LQIRUPDWLYD OD LQGXFFLyQ UiSLGD PHMRUD GH HQOD FRQFLHQFL HMH PLHQWUDVTXHWHQHUTXHH[WUDHU ODPLVPDLQIRUP SUHVHQWDUtD XQSURFHVRGHDSUHQGL]DMHOHQWR\ TXH VHOHVLQIRUPDSRUDQWLFLSDGRGHODFRQGXFWD DTXHOORVFX\DV UHVSXHVWDV FRUUHFWDV VRQUHFRPS HQHQFRQWUDU ODVROXFLyQFRUUHFWD \PXFKRVGH FRPSUHQGHU TXp HVORTXH VH UHTXLHUH 0HUEDXP 5HVXPLHQGR DXQTXHODFXHVWLyQQRVHKDUHVXH SRFRVGDWRVTXHLQGLTXHQTXHORVUHVXOWDGRVDF WDKXPDQD %DQGXUD 0iVDGHODQWHSUHVHQWDUHPRVP D%UHZHU WUDQTXHODDVRFLDFLyQGHDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVQHXWU FDPHQWH HODSUHQGL]DMH GHUHVSXHVWDV HPRFLRQDO DSUHQGL]DMH FRQVLGHUDQ LQFRQVFLHQWH FRPRSUXHEDV āLQIRUPHVDQHFGyWLFR GHāDSUHQG GRVDSDUWLUGHXQRVFXDQWRVLQGLYLGXRVDORVT ULD ORV GHGDWRV REWHQLGRV GH ORVSDUWLFLSDQWHV GH FRQGXFWD RGHPDVLDGRYDULDEOHRGHPDVLDGR LUUH \%DHU U 6LDOJ~QSURFHGLPLHQWR GHPRVWUDUD O H[SHULPHQWDO D H[LVWHQFLD I DSUHQGL]DMHLQFRQVFLHQWHTXHVREUHYLYLHUDDXQ HVWRVGDWRVQRUHGLPLUtDQHOSULQFLSLRGHUHIR PHQWHSODQWHDUtDQ ODSUHJXQWD GHSRUTXpHOUH PD\RUtDGHFDVRVFDUHFHGHHIHFWRDQRVHUTXH IRU]DPLHQWR DXWRPiWLFR QR GHILHQGHQ VXSRVLELO ,QFOXVRHQHOFDVRGHTXHQXHYDVPHWRGRORJtDV OHVSXHGHQDSUHQGHUVHVLQWHQHUFRQFLHQFLDGH ODVFRQGXFWDVFRPSOHMDVSXGLHUDQāDGTXLULUVHGH WDUHD HQODTXHHVQHFHVDULR DSOLFDUXQDUHJOD JDPRVTXHDORVVXMHWRVā GLVW BLQWDORQJLWXG VHOHVSUHVHQWDQSDODE \ aH OHVā GLFHTXH VX BWDUHDFRQ VLVWHHQDVLJQDUDFDGDSDODEUD Q~PHUR FRUUHFWR6HOHFFLRQHPRVXQDUH HO KDOODU HOQ~PHURāFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH UHVWDQGR D HOQ~PHURGHOHWUDV FXHVWLyQ GH GLYLGLHQGRHOUHVWRSRU\PXOWLSOLFDQGR V /DVUHVSXHVWDV FRUUHF HOU 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV SDUWLU GH XQD UHJOD GH RUGHQ VXSHULRU TXH SDVRV UHTXLHUH GHO HVWLPXOR OD WUD H[WHUQR 3DUD HQFRQWUDU OD UHVSXHVWD H[DFWD RSHUDFLRQHV FRJQLWLYDV KD\ TXH XQD UHDOL]DU HQ VHFXHQFLD GHWHUPLQDGD /RV RUJDQLVPRV SUHFLVLyQ QRGH SHQVDQWHV VXV QR HMHFXFLRQHV SRUHPSOHHQ PiVHQ WLHPSR ODā WDUHD TXH 8Q FRQVLGHUDEOH HPS FRQMXQWR tULFRV LQGLFDQ GH GDWRV TXH DFW~DQ ODV SULQFLSDO FRQVHFXHQFLDV PHQWH FRPR LQIOXHQFLDV LQIRUPDWLYDV \ QRFRPR IRUWDOHFHGRUHV \PRWLYDFLRQDOHV DXWRPiWLFRV āGHOD UHVSXHVWD (O FRQFHSWR GH ©IRUWDOHFLPLHQWR t1QD YH] TXHGHOD VHKDQ UH TXLULGR ORVSDWURQHV GH UHVSXHVWD YDULDUVH ODIUHFXHQFLD ORV PRGLILFDQ FR UHVXOWDGRV ā TXH SURGX]FDQ SHUR ODV UHVSXHVWDV PD\RU JUDGR 3RU QR UHVXOW HMHPSOR ODJHQWH FRQGXFLUi TXHOHV UHVXOWHQ VX DXWRPyYLO UHFUHDWLYRV KDFLD OXJD SH SHQVD TXH UHSUHVHQWD SRGHU UHFUHDWLYR HOGHOOXJDU GH QLQJ~Q PRGR Dx FRQGXFWDV (O GHFRQGXFLU FRQWURYHUWLGR DXWRPDWLFLGDG HVWDGRFRPR WDQWR GHO UHIRU]DPLHQWR GH OD GH OD FRQGXFWD KDFH KDEODU TXH UHVXOWH dirección GH GHFRQGXFWD OD PiVSRU RSRUWXQR LQFHQWLYRV DQWLFLSDGRV reforzamiento TXHGH GHODPLVPD SRU UHIRU]DGRUHV ORV 0iV TX UHVXOWDGRV y PRWLYDQ LQIRUPDQ DO LQGLYLGXR 3RU IRUWXQD ORV UHVXOWDGRV QRFDGD UHIXHU]DQ XQD GH UHVSXHVWDV ODV DXWRPiWLFDP D ODV TXH VLJXHQ UHVXOWDUD VLODFRQGXFWD UHIRU]DGD FDGD HIHFWR SRU PRPHQWiQHR LQ TXH SURG GLYLGXR 6H 9HUtDGHVERUGDGR SRU WDQWDV 6Ë TXH WHQGHQFLDV UHVXOWDUtD FRPSLWLH LQPRYL $GHPiV FRQ SDUD IUHFXHQFLD GHXQD DFWXDU IRUPD QHFHVDULR LQWHOLJHQWH ORVHIHFWRV UHFKD]DU HV PR PHQWiQHRV (O SURGXFLGRV SHQVDPLHQWR WDQ DQWLFLSD HVHQFLDO SDUD ODSURSRVLWLYLGDG WRULR \O FXFLyQ SDXWDV GH DFFLyQ VDJDFHV VHYROYHUtD GHVERUGDQWH DIXQFLRQDO HMHUFLGR GH BSRU ORVHIHFWRV LQVWDQWiQHRV /LPLWDU HODSUHQGL]DMH DDTXHO OODPDWLYRV SDUD VHU DGDSWDWLYR UHFRQRFLGRV FRQVLGHUDEOH 3DUD WLHQH ORV RUJDQLVPRV XQ YDORU LQ ULRUHV FX\D GH VLPEROL]DFLyQ FDSDFLGDG H[LVWHQ HVHVFDVD FLHUWDV YHQWDMDV HYROXWLYD HVWDU HTXLSDGRV ELROyJLFDPHQWH GH IRUPD VHUi TXH GH FDSD] LQFOXVR SUR X GXFLU FRQ XQD VHJXULGDG FRQGXFWD LQQDWD SDUD HOOR VLQUHTXHULU QLQJ~Q HVFDVR RXQ SURFHVDPLH VLPEyOLFR GH OD H[SHULHQFLDSUHSURJUDPDFLyQ 6LQ HPEDUJR LQQDWD OD TXH DPSOLD IDFLOLWD GHDGR GH ODFRQGXFWD PHGLDQWH H[SHULHQFLDV SRU VX ILMH]D QR FRJQL GH FRQGXFWD ORVUHVXOWDGRV $Vt SXHGHQ IDFLOLWDU FRQGXFWDOD HVWHUHRWLSDGD GH ODHVSHFLH FDUDFW < VRPHWHUOD DO FRQWURO GH QXHYRV H[WUDRUGLQDULD HVWtPXORV SODVWLFLGDG SHURGHO D DSUHQGL]DMH GH UHVXOWD EDVH VXPDPHQWH FRJQLWLYD GLILFLO FRQVHJXLU corn TXH OR SRUWDPLHQWRV No HVGHVRUSUHQGHU QXHYRV PD\RUtD GH LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV TXH OD VREUH D DQLPDOHV WUDWHQ ODWDVD GH GHUHVSXHVWDV PRGLILFDU HPLWLGDV GH FUHDU IRUPD QDW QXHYDV HVWUXFWXUDV GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR (VWR ~OWLPR UHTXLHUH FLHUWDFDSDFLGDG %ROOHU D OD FRGLILFDFLyQ VLPEyOLFD H[SHULHQFLD \ ā OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GH OD ā $O HYDOXDUHO SDSHO GHO SHQVDPLHQWR FRQVFLHQWH HQ OD FRQGX OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH KDELOLGDGHV \OD (O HMHFXFLyQ SURFHVDPLHQWR GH ODV FRJQLWLYR PLVPDV IRUPD HVSHFLDO GXUDQWH OD \GH KDELOLGDGHV DGTXLVLFLyQ $XQTXH GH HVGLItFLO DSUHQ FRQRFLPLHQ GHU VaUB VLQ FRQVFLHQWH GH ORV \ VLQ SURFHVDU DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV FRJQLWLYDPHQWH ODLQIRUPD GD GHODVH" SHULHQFLDV XQD YH] TXHODVKDELOLGDGHV SURSLDV HVWiQ ELHQ FRJQLWLYDV HV \ WDEOHFLGDV VHHMHFXWDQ JHQHUDOPHQWH VLQXQD JUDQ FLyQ LQFRQVFLHQWH GH ODV UXWLQDV KDELWXDOHV QR DIH FRQVFLHQWH HQ HO GHVDUUROOR RULJLQDO GH ODV KDELOL $XWRFRQFLHQFLDSHQVDPLHQWRSURSLRV GH ORV SURFHVRV GH (Q XQ DUWLFXOR SROpPLFR \ :LOVRQ 1LVEHWW H[SXVLHURQ OD RSLQLyQ GH T FRQRFH UHVXOWDGRV ORV ā GH VXV āSHQVDPLHQWRV SHUR QR D GLVSRQH VXV SURSLRV GH DFFHV SUR FHVRV FRJQLWLYRV &XDQGR VHSLGH DODVSHUVRQDV TXH H[SOLTXHQ ODV BUDQ UDFLRQDOL]DGRQHV SRVW hoc EDVDGDV HQ VXV WHRUtDV LQWXLWLYDV ODV FDXVDV VREUH SRVLEOHV SRVLEOH RFDVLRQDOPHQWH TXH ORV DXWRLQIRUPHV SDUH]FDQ SUHFLVRV ODV LQWXLFLRQHV SRUTXH FRLQFL IRUWXLWDPHQWH FRQ ORV HQ IDFWRUHV OD VLWXDFLyQ FDXVDOHV (VWD JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ HQ FXHVWLyQ DFWXDQWHV WDQ UDGLFDO FXHVWLRQDGD IXH UiSLGDPHQWH WDQWR HQ HO WHUUHQR FRQFHS $SUHQGL]DMH SRU HMHFXFL /D QRFLyQ GH TXH ORVSURFHVRV GH SHQVDPLHQWR VRQ YiOLGRV SDUD FHUWLILFDU TXp LQFRQVFLHQWHV VRQ ORV $ QR SURFHVRV VHU FRQR]FDQ TXH ORV VH SURFHVRV RSHUDWLYRV QRHVSRVLEOH YHULILFDU HOORV 1LVEHWW\ :LOVRQ VLHOLQGLYLGX FRQILH UHQ ORV FULWHULRV GHHVWH FHUWLILFDGR HO LQYHVWLJDGRU DODDXWRULG VREU TXH HVWi RFXUULHQGR $Vt SRU HMHPSOR VLVH FUHH TXH F YDULDFLyQ GHODV FDXVDOHV \ORV DWULEXFLRQHV DFW~DQ VXMHWRV GHOD IRUPDHVSHUDGD SHUR QRH[SOLFDQ FRPSRUWDPLHQWR HQ IXQFLyQ GH ODV DWULEXFLRQHV PR FRQVFLHQWHV GHVXVSURFHVRV FRJQLWLYRV TXLpQ HV FRQVFLHQWH TXLpQ 6LQ QR HPEDUJ \ QR VH UHVXHOYH WDQIiFLOPHQWH/DV VXSRVLFLRQHV WHyULFDV LQGLFDGRU LQFLHUWR FRQVWLWX\HQ 1L ORV IDFWRUHV TXH PRGLILFDQ ORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHV WLHQHQ ELRVREVHUYDGRV HQODFRQGXFWD LQJUHGLHQWHV /DV LQIOXHQFLDV SRUWDQWRV VXV HIHFWRV UHVXOWDU FRPR SXHGHQ FRQVHFXHQFLD GH IDFWRUHV GHLQ GHOLEHUD IOXHQFLDV FRQFXUUHQWHV QR VyOR QR SUHWHQGLGDV V /DV FRQMHWXUDVGH ORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHV VREUH HOSURFHVR VHJX ORVXILFLHQWHPHQWH SDUDMX]JDU DSDUWLU DXWpQWLFDV GH HOODV VLORV VXMHWRV SHQVDPLHQWRV TXH UHJXODQ VXV DFWRV 1LVEHWW \ :LOVRQFLWDQ &RQVLGHUHPRV HVWX GLRV HQ ORV FDPELDURQ TXH ORV GH FRQGXFWD VXMHWRV SHUR PiVWDUGH DOVHU QyUHILULHURQ SUHJXQWD ORV SURFHVRV FRJQLWLYRV TXH VHJ~Q VXSRQtDQ y ORV 1LVEHWW 9DOLQV \5D\ 'H KHFKR ORVFDPE HUDQ FXHVWLRQDEOHV \ ORV KDOOD]JRV UHSOLFDUVH FRQ GH ORV HVWXGLRV HVWXGL PHWRGROyJLFDPHQWH +HUPDQ VXSHULRUHV \ 1LFDVVLR %RRW]LQ 6LQJHUPDQ %RUNRYHF\ % D URQ .HOORJJ \ %DURQ 5RVHQF5RVHQ .HQW \5HLG :LOVRQ \ 6XVKLQVN\ \ %RRW]LQ B (O HVWXGLR GH 5D\ 9DOLQV \&LWDGR SUXHED GH TXH FRPR SHUVRQDV ODV UHFRQVWUX\HQ G IRUPD HUUyQHD ORVGHWHUPLQDQWHV GH VXFRQGXFWD L GH ORV MXLFLRV GHGXFWLYRV FRQFHUQLHQWHV BFRQGXFWD D ORV SUR 9DOLQV UD]RQDURQ \5D\ TXHORJUD VLVH KDFHU FUHHU DORVIyELFRV WHPHQ\D TXH QRORV DTXHOOR DWHPRUL]D MX]JDUDQ DVtPLVPRV VH FRPR DFWXDUiQ QRWHPHURVRV GHIRUPD GHFLGLGD3DUD PiV \ GH PRVWUDU HVWH SURFHVR DXWRUUHHYDOXDFLyQ GH FRJQLWLYD SRU DXULFXODUHV PHGLR SURSRUFLRQD GHXQRV URQ DXQ JUXSR GH VXMHWRV FRQ IRELD DODV VHUSLHQ FDUGtDFD QRVHPRGLILFDED UHVSXHVWD D OD FRQWHPSODFLyQ HQ GH GLDSRVLWLYDV TXH VtVH DFHOHUDED ODSDODEUD [RF DORtU SUHYLDPHQWH HPSDUHMDGD FRQ XQ VXMHWRV TXH UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ UHFLELHURQ IDOVD OD \D GHTXH QRWHPtDQ DODV VHUSLHQW URQGH IRUPD PiV YDOLHQWH SHURQR LQGLFDURQ VHQW ODV H[SOLFDFLRQHV GH ORV VXMHWRV FRQFXHUGDQ VREUH FRQ VXV ORV DFWRV PRWLYR UHDOLGDG HOPLHGR XQD UHODFLyQ QRWLHQH FRQVLVWHQWH 3RU WDQWR FRULODFRQGXFW SHGLU DO YLGXR TXHMX]JXH D\XGDUi SRFR VXPLHGR DVDEHU VLpVWH GH HVSHFLILFDU TXpHVOR HVFDSD] TXH OH RQR KDFH FRPSRUWDUVH GH IRUPD PiV YDOLHQWH (V ELHQ VDELGR ORV āDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV TXH DVRFLDGRV FRQYLHUWHQ HQ VHxDOHV FRQ GRORU GROR V VDV PLHQWUDV TXH DTXHOORV RWURV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV VH KDOODQ VHJXLGRV QXQFD GH GRORU VHFRQYLHUWHQ RILDELOLGDG *DXSS ā6WHP HQ VHxD \ *DOEUDLWK VRVWXYLHURQ TXH HPSDUHMDQGR GHIRUPD \5D\ QRPRGLILFDURQ ODV DXWRDWULEXFLRQHV VLQRTX VHJXULGDG *DXSS 5HDOPHQWH \VXV FRODERUDGRUHV H[SHULPHQWDOPHQWH GHPRVWUDURQ TXHVLODV GL SRVLWLYDV GH ODV VHJXULGDG VHUSLHQWHV VRQ FDSDFHV GHUHGXFLU LQGLFDQ OD DFWLYDFLyQ ILVLROyJLFD \ FHUTXH HOLQGLYLGXR VHFRPSRUWH GHIRUPD PiV YDO WURDOLPHQWDFLyQ IDOVD GH āVXIUHFXHQFLD VREUH ODQRUPDOLGDG FDUGtDFD VHOHV R\HQ SRU ORVDXULFXODUHV VRQ VLPSOHV UXLGRV H[WUDxRV FRUD]yQ 3RU WDQWR VLQVDEHUOR 9DOLQV DFWLYDURQSURFHVRVF \5D\ FUHDURQ FR WDLQHQWH GLVWLQWRV SHQVDEDQ TXH DORVTXH HVWDEDQ HVWXGLDQGR HV ODDFFH /D FXHVWL VLELOLGDG LQGLYLGXRD GHO VXV SURFHVRV GH SHQVDPLHQWR GHORV VLQR SURFHVRV OD YDOLGH] KLSRWHW GRV SRU ORV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV ā ā ā 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV Etiquetado arbitrario de los procesos y productos del pensamiento. 1LVEHWW y :LOVRQKLSR WHWL]DQTXHHO,QGLYLGXRQRHVFRQVFLHQWH SURFHVRVGH SHQVDPLHQWR Vt GHORVUHVXOWDGR SHURGHORV GHORVPLVPRV([LVWHQ GRVSXQWRVGHDPELJHGDGU D HVWDVXSXHVWD GLFRWRPtD FRJQLWLYR(OSULPHURGHHOORVHVTXHQRH[LVWHQ FHVRVFRJQLWLYRVGHVXVSURGXFWRV OD ORFXDOFRQYLH SURSRVLFLyQ GHTXH~QLFDPHQWHORV SURGXFWRV GHORVSURFHVRV OD FRQFLHQFLD G &RPR KDQREVHUYDGR DO 6PLWK LQWHUSUHWDU \0LOOHU ORVKDOOD]JRV GH 1LVEHWW y :LOVRQHQRFDVLRQHV GHVLJQDQXQPLVPRWLSRGH WXGLRV y FRPRSURFHVRV (OSHQVDPLHQWR HQRWURV VLJXHGLVWLQWRVSDVR SRU WDQWR KD FHU XQD GLVWLQFLyQ&ODUDHQWUH āGHO SURFHVR SURFHVRSDVRV \SURGXFWRV LQWHUPH SHQVDPLHQWR HQFXUVR &RQVLGHUHPRV OD FRQ WUHV VLJXLHQWH HWDSDV X. + (O UHVXOWDGR SDVR GHOSULPHU OD PXOWLSOLFDFLyQ VHUtD XQSURGXFW FRQVFLHQWH VL VH SUHJÒQWDUDDOLQGLYLGXRVREUHVXVSHQVDPLH WLUtDHQXQSURGXFWR LQFRQVFLHQWH RSHUDFLyQ VLIXHUDSUHJX FRJ QLWLYD3RUWDQWR VHUXQSURGXFWR FRJQLWLYRRXQ DUELWUDULD GHOPRPHQWR HQTXH VHUHDOLFH OD PHG ā/DVHJXQGDIXHQWHGHGHVFRQFLHUWR OD GLFRWRPtDHQWUHSURGXFWR UHVSHFWRD \S OD SHFXOLDU UHODFLyQ HQWUH DPERV\DOSHFXOLDU HVWDWXV 1LVEHWW y GHOD :LOVRQ DILUPDURQTXHODFRQGXFWD HVWiUHODFLRQDG WUDVTXHORVSHQVDPLHQWRV FRQVFLHQWHV VRQFRQMHW DFWRV6LORVSHQVDPLHQWRV FRQVFLHQWHV VRQORVS WDPELpQ WHQGUtDQ HVWDU HQUHODFLyQ TXH 3RU FRQODFRQGXFWD HMHPSORXQD DGLFLyQPH &LHQWHGDUtD a XQDOXJDU VXPD FRQVFLHQWH y FRQ TXp¢'H ILQDOLGDG TXp PRGR ODV RS FRJQLWLYDV LQFRQVFLHQWHV FRQGXFWDTXH VHUtDQ UHJXODQ HOLPLQDGDV OD GH O TXH QR OR VRQ ORV SHQVDPLHQWRV FRQVFLHQWHV 6LORV HQ JUDQ P SHQVDPLHQWRVFRQVFLHQWHV VRQVyORLQWXLFLRQHVFD WRFRJQLWLYRLQDFFHVLEOH SRU LQIOXHQFLDV TXH QRUHVXOWDQ FRPSUREDGDPHQ \ DIHFWD TXH QR JXDUGDQ UHODFLyQ FRQHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWR OD FRQFLHQFLDKXPDQD GHOLQGLYLGXR¢S V DJLWDGD SRU HVWRV SHQVDPLHQWRV \ FDUHQWHV FDXVDOHV GH IXQFLyQ" GHVFRQH ¢& H[SOLFDUVH ODHYROXFLyQGHODFRQFLHQFLD" ¢3RUTXpODV FRQFLHQFLDVLQIXQFLyQDOJXQDTXHSRGUtD UHVXOWD FtDV TXH DIHFWDQ D-D FRQGXFWD KXPDQD" . . Técnicas-de medida y dependencia de la acción respecto del pensamiento. 0LHQWUDV TXHORV DVSHFWRV FRQFHSWXDOHV VRQLQWHUHVDQWHV KDOOD]JRV HPStULFRV 1LVEHWW y TXH :LO \GLVFXWL VRQFLWDQ FRPR SUXHED GHTXHODVDFFLRQHVQRHVWiQUHJXODGDV UHDOPHQWHSRFRTXHYHUFRQ HVWD FXHVWLyQ (Q ORVHVWXGLRVUHIHULGRVVHSLGH TXHQ XQD āYH]UHDOL]DGR fa UD]yQGHVXFRPSRUWDPLHQWR HODFWR ,QFOXVR SHFWLYDVFRQIUHFXHQFLDQRVHSUHJXQWDDOLQGLYL HQFXHVWLyQVLQR TXH āVHOHSUHVHQWDQ GH IDFWRUHV XQDVHULH SUHVHOHFFLRQDGRV y VHOHVSLGHTXH JXHQHQTXpPHGLGD WDOHVIDFWRUHV SXHGHQ KDEHU LQIOXLGRHQVXFRQGXF TXHDGDSWHQVXVH[SOLFDFLRQHV DXQDVFXDQWDV FDW SRFR UHYHODGRU GH ORV SURFHVRV GH SHQVDPLHQWR U ā 3RU ODVUD]RQHV H[SXHVWDV DQWHULRUPHQWH HQOR HYDOXDUVHORVSHQVDPLHQWRV RFXUULGRV DQWHVRGXU DORVSDUWLFLSDQWHV TXH XQD YH]TXH WXYLHURQ OX VREUHORTXHSXGRKDEHU PRWLYDGRVXFRQGXFWD DQW GHOLQGLYLGXRGXUDQWH ODH[SHULHQFLD SRQHQGHPD VRPLHQWUDVTXHODVPHGLGDV UHWURVSHFWLYDV GH VX FRQTXH GXFWDOHV SDVDGD āREOLJDQDUHFXUULU GHLQIRUPDFLyQ y GHFUHHQFLDV DWRGD FODVH DOIRUPX SXHVWD FRQMHWXUDVSXHGHQJXDUGDUSRFD (VWDV VHPHMDQ]D ORV SHQVDPLHQWRV FRQ TXHUHDO SURGXMHURQGXUDQWH 8 QDYH] ILQDOL]DGDXQD ODWDUHD QHJRFLDFLyQ SURORQJDGD HVSRFRSU )os QHJRFLDGRUHVSXHGDQ COfl: SUHFLVLyQ-RV UHFRUGDU SHQVDPLHQWRV H[DFW $SUHQGL]DMH SRUHMHFXFLyQ PLQDGRLQIRUPH DXQFXDQGRIXHUDQFRPSOHWDPHQWH FRQVFLHQ WDUOR$GHPiV SDUDHO GHWHUPLQDU LQGLYLGXRLQIOX\HHQVX VLORTXHSLHQV FR UHDOL]DU XQ PLFURDQiOLVLV GH \ DFFLRQHV OD FRQFRUGDQFLD SRVWHULRUH PLVPRLQGLYLGXRQRUHDOL]DUXQDFRPSDUDFLyQ GH SHUVRQDV 1R HVSRVLEOHGHWHUPLQDU \ DFWRV ODUHODFLyQ UHODFLRQD ODVUHWURVSHFFLRQHV PHGLDV GHO JUXSR FRQ OD DF (QVHFFLRQHVDQWHULRUHVGHHVWHOLEURKHPRVD OD FRQFLHQFLDHQ DSUHQGL]DMH TXHVHSURGXFHDSDUWLU GHORVUHV TXHHQHVWRVSDUDGLJPDVGHDSUHQGL]DMH HO XVRGHRSFLRQHVGHUHVSX HVWUXFWX \GHUHVXOWDGRV KDFH GH ODVFRQWLQJHQFLDVFDXVDVDOWDPH HYLGHQWHV FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ GHORVSDUDGLJPDVHVWiHQGLVFR GDVFRQGLFLRQHV ODGLILFXOWDGTXH WDQWR HQQLxRVFRPRHQDGXOWRV H[LVWH G DSUHQGL]DMHLQFRQVFLHQWHWDQWRHQVLWXDFLRQHV SXHVWDVOLEUHV \ FRQDPSOLDVYDULDFLRQHV \ VXWLOH]DGHORVUHVXOWDGRV HQHOWLSR SDUD GLJPDVPiVHVWUXFWXUDGRV ODPD\RUtD GHSDUWLF FLRQHVFDXVDOHV \GHDSUHQGHU LQFOXVR HQHOFD FRUUHFWDV y VHDQUHFRPSHQVDGDV LQPHGLDWDPHQWH /DVLQWXLFLRQHVVREUHODVF SODXVLEOHV BUHVXO WDQGHSRFRYDORUSUHGLFWLYRHQFXDQWR DTXpSD WRH[DFWRHQFRQWUDUiQ ODVROXFLyQFRUUHFWD PL VRQODVDFFLRQHVTXHFRQPD\RUSUREDELOLGDG UHSUHVHQWDQ H[FHOHQ FR WHVSUHGLFWRUHV GH ODFRQGXFWD (QXQDQiOLVLVJOREDOGHODVPHGLGDVUHWURVSH y 6LPRQ LQIRUPDQGHODUD]yQSRUODTXHORVWLSRVGHWp UHVXOWDQ DGHFXDGRV SDUD REWHQHUF tQGLFHV RQVFLHQWHV YiOLGR & IUHFXHQFLDVHPLGHQFRQWHQLGRVHUUyQHRVSRUPH WRVWDPELpQHUUyQHRV/RVDXWRUHVUH~QHQXQDJ VHHYDO~DQORVSHQVDPLHQWRVFRQSURFHGLPLHQWRV GHODHMHFXFLyQHOLQGLYLGXRYHUEDOL]D UHODFLRQDQFRQVXFR ORVSU &XDQGR HQOXJDUGHSHGLUDORVVXMHWRVTXHHVS TXH LQIRUPHQ VREUH VXV SHQVDPLHQWRV HYDOXDFLyQ ā SRU VtPLVPRQ UHDOHV HO PRGLILFDHOFXUVR GHORVSURFHVRV FRJQLWLYRV R /DVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVVREUHPHWDFRJQLFLyQUHIHU ORV āSHQVDPLHQWRVVREUHODV GDGHVFRJQLWLYDVLOXVWUDQFyPRHOLQGLYLGXRRUJ \ UHJXODVXVSURFHVRV SDUD F DIURQWDUGHXQD IRUPDHILFD]VXHQWRUQR VREUHOD LGRQHL %URZQ GDGGHODVDFWLYLGDGHV FRJQLWLYDVSURSLDV 3RU WDQWR HOIXQ UHTX QDPLHQWR PHWDFRJQLWLYRGHSHQGH \ GH OD GHOD XWLOL]DFLyQ IOH[LEOH DFFHVLELO ā GHODVSURSLDVKDELOLGDGHVGHSHQVDPLHQWR y FRQWUROD DWHQFLyQ \ VX VHEDVD (O HQODVHVWUDWHJLDV FRJQLWLYDVTXHFRQRFH \ HQODVGH GHPDQGDV āOD HQV WDUHD DODKRUD GHFRQVLGHUDU y HYDO~D\UHYLVD ORVFXUVRV VXV SRVL FXDQGR VXV HVIXHU]RV QR FRQVLJXHQ ORV UHVXOWDG PHMRUDQFRQODH[SHULHQFLD y SXHGHQ HQVHxDUVH DWUDYpVGHSURFH OHV %URZQ 0HLFKHQEDXP \ $VDUQRZ /RVGDWRV HPStULFRVWRPDGRV JOREDOPHQWH LQG GDVSURSRUFLRQDQ XQDDEXQGDQWH IXHQWHGHGDWRV VX UH ODFLyQIXQFLRQDO FRQODVDFFLRQHV $XQTXH HOL XQRGH ORV DVSHFWRV GHVXSHQVDPLHQWR WDPSRFR FLHQWH(OLQGLYLGXRJHQHUDOPHQWHVDEHORTXHH D FRPSURED FLyQ UHIOH[LRQD āVREUH ORV UHVXOWDGRV \ PRGLILFD VXVā MXLFLRV GHVXV āGHDFXHUGR DFWRV FRQ 1LVEHWW y :LOVRQRSLQDQTXHGDGRTXH HUL JUDQSDUWHLQFRQVFLHQ ODVSHUVRQDVV FHVRVFRJQLWLYRV \ GDGRWDPELpQTXHORVLQIRUPHVTXHHPLWH GH VXFRQGXFWDVR FRQMHWXUDVSODXVLEOHV VHU LQYRFDGRUDV TXHWDPELpQSXHGHQ RWUDVSHUVRQDV EDOL]DGRV GHORV VXMHWRVQRSUHGLFHQPHMRUVXFRQGXFWDIXW GXFWDTXHSXHGDQWHQHUODVGHPiVSHUVyQDV/D Y 3HQVDPLHQWR .Y DFFLyQ)XQGDPHQWRV VRFLD O HV /RVHVWXGLRVHQORVTXHVHKDQXWLOL]DGR GHO SHQVDPLHQWR GHPRV PHGLGDV WUDUtDQ VLQJUDQGLILFXOWDGODVXSHULRULGDG ORVSHQVDPLHQWRV GHORVVXMHWRV SUHG VRE FRQMHWXUDVGH ORV REVHUYDGRUHV &XDQGR GHHQWUH WRGDVODV FRPSHQVDQ VyORDOJXQDVORVVXMHWRV XQD YH]TXHKDQGHVFXELHUWR FXiOHV DXPHQWDQUiSLGDPHQWH ID IUHFXHQFLD GHHPLVLyQGHODVUHVSXHVWD WLQRVHQODHMHFXFLyQVRQDOWDPHQWH SUHGHFLEOHV 'XODQ\ 6SLHOEHUJHU REVHUYDGRUHV \'H1LNH SXHGHQ VHJXLUVL PLH SUHGHFLUFRQSUHFLVLyQFXiQGR D DFWXDFLyQ VHSURGXFLUi ,QFOXVR XQFD HVWXGLRV HQORVTXH VHXWLOL]DQ PHGLGDV UHWURVSH PiVSUHFLVRVHQOD GHWHUPLQDFL yQGH ORVIDFWRUHV TXHLQIOX\HURQHQVXV GRUHVTXHFRQRFHQDORVVXMHWRV\ORVDFRQWHFLPLH SDUD VXSRQHU FXiOHV SRGUtDQ VHU VXV UHVSXHVWDV :ULJK (O WLSRGH SUHJXQWDV IRUPXODGDV \ODIRUPD HQTXHVHIRUPXOH UHFXHUGR /RIWXV LOXVWUDQ $GDLU PHGLGDVUHWURVSHFWLY FyPR \6SLQQHU ODV XWLOL ]DGDVSRU1LVEHWW\:LOVRQGLVWUDHQ ODDWHQFLyQ REOL JDQDHVSHFXODUVREUHRWURVLUUHOHYDQWHV 3UHVHQWDU DORVVXMHWRVDOILQDOGHOH IDFWRUHV LUUHOHYDQWHV SHGLUOHV TXH GHWHUPLQHQ JUDGR \ GH LQIOXHQFLD HO KDQ HMHUFLGR TXH pVWRV HV PHGLUODVXVFHSWLELOLGDG GHORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV DODVLQIOXHQFLDVVRFL GDGDVXVSURFHVRV GHSHQVDPLHQWR HQHOPRPHQWR JHVWLYDVVREUHLUUHOHYDQFLDV REWHQGUiQ SRFD UHODFLyQ FRPRFRQ UHVS ODV DFFLRQHV HPLWLGDV 3DUD H[SORUDUPiVDGHFXDGDPHQWH ,RVSURSLRV SHQVDPLHQWRV ODDXWRFRQFLHQFLD RWURV WLJDGRUHVKDQ UHDOL]DGR HVWXGLRVORV VLPLODUHV UHIHULGRVSRU RKD 1LVEHWW \:LOVRQ ā< KDQ UHDQDOL]DGR ORVGDWRV UHIHULGRVGHI PLHQWRV GH ORV VXMHWRVVREUHORTXHKDEtD LQIOXLGRHQH HVWXGLRVGHPXHVWUDQ VDEHQ ORTXHLQIOX\HHQVXFRQGXFWD TXHORVVXMHWRV1LVEHWW \ :LOVRQ QR HQFRQWUDURQ LQGLFDFLyQ*XHULQ DOJXQD H ,QQHV GH WDO FRQRFL 6PL ā 0LOOHU :KLWH :ULJKW \ 5LS 6PLWK\0LOOHU ELHQ ODFXHVWLyQ KDQUHVXPLGR DO FRQFOXLUTXHODOtQHDGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQPiVIUXFWt LQIRUPHVSXHGHQ UHIOHMDU SHQVDPLHQWR VLQRHQTXp ORVSURFHVRV FLUFXQVWDQFLD GH /DVFRQFHSFLRQHVTXHPLQXVYDORUDQ SDUD REVHUYDU ODFDSDFLGDG \XWLOL]DU WHPHQWHVXVSURSLRV SHQVDPLHQWRV QDWXUDOH]D GHVDOLHQWDQ \IXQFLyQGHOD OD FRQFLHQFLDKXPDQD VREUH H 6LVHGHMDGHLQFLGLU VWHDVSHFWRR VHH[FOX\H GHO DQiOLVLV UHDOPHQ KRPEUHSXHGHDSDUHFHU FRPRXQRUJDQLVPR HPSXMDGR GHODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV SVLFROyJLFDV /DV WHRUtDV TXHHQVXPRGHORGH QDWXUDOH]D KXPDQD LQFOX\HQ XQDFRQFLHQFLDIXQFLRQDOIRPHQWDQ HVFODUHFHU LQYHVWLJDFLRQH GHTXpIRU PD HO LQGLYLGXR LQIOX\HVREUH VXV DFWRV (O UHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODOFDQFHGH OD FRQFLHQFLDKXPDQDSXHGHVHUYLUGH HQWHUUHQRVGRQGH[tH RUGLQDULR QRVH HQWUDUtD &RQHOORHVSRVLEOHTXHVHO VDVGH LQWHUpV 3RU HMHPSORHOVXHxRVHFRQVLGHUD HOQLYHOP HQVXVREUH HVWXGLR ORVVXHxRV &DUWZULJKW LQIRUPDGHTXHODVSHUV QLYHOGHFRQFLHQFLD LQFOXVRFXDQGR VHVXSRQH FD O DV IDVHV GH PRY L PLHQWRV RFXODUHV 5(0 UHYHOD UiSLGRV XQD HOHYDGD LQFLGH PLHQWUDVTXHpVWRV VHUHILHUHQFRQPHQRV WUDQTX L OR 'HPHQW IUHFXHQ 3RU WDQWR ORVPRYLPLHQWRVRFXODUHV UiSLGRV SURSRUFLRQD 6L HQUHDOLGDG UHSUHVHQWD HOVXHxR XQ HVWDGR GH LQFRQVFLHQFLD HOKH FLHQFLDGHORVVXHxRVFUHDXQDLQWULJDQWH SDUDGR FRQFLHQFLD GHVXV VXHxRV"%URZQ\ &DUWZULJKW ORV VXMHWRVGRUPLGRVHVW KDQGHPRVWUDGR SHQGLHQWHVGHVtPLVPRV GHOR TXH VH VXSRQH KDELWXDOPHQWH (VWRV DXWRUHV LQVWUX\HURQ D GHVXMHWRVSDUDTXHFDGDYH]TXH SHUFLELHUDQ ODDSDULFLyQGHLPiJHQHVPLHQW āXQ PLFURLQWHUUXSWRU la SDOPD GH V XPDQR/DDXWRFRQFLHQFLD VXMHWRD VHxDO FLGLyFRQ ODIDVH5(0 GHO VXHxR\ DO GHVSHUWDUORV pVWRV FRQILUPDURQ ID SUHVHQFLD ORV VXHxRV GH ā7DUQELpQ VHSURGXMHURQ VXHxRV IXHUDGH DOJXQRV ID IDVH5(0 ,QGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GHOD HWDSDGHO $SUHQGL]DMH SRU HMHFXFL VXHxR DOGHVSHUWDU DORVVXMHWRVHQHOPRPHQWRHQ FRQVLJXLyDYHULJXDUHOFRQWHQLGRGHORVVXHxRV DYHULJXD U VHDOGHVSHUWD ORVHQPRPHQWRVQRVHxDOL]DGRVSRUHOORV/D%HU /D%HUJH 1DJHO'HPHQW y =DUFRQH PiV SURSRUFLRQDURQ GDWRVVREUH OD FRQFLHQFLDGHODVSHUVRQDV VXH xRV āFXDQGRVHKDOODQ SURIXQGDPHQWH GRUPLGRV/DV FRQVFLHQWHGHOVXHxRVHFRUUHVSRQGHQ FRQORVLQ ODFRQFLHQFLD UHIOH[LYDSXHGH FRJQLWLYRV H[WHQGHUVH ā GHOVXHxR LQFOX Subprocesos cognitivos del aprendizajepor ejecución /DV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV HQ ODV TXH VH DQDOL]DQ āHO DSUHQGL]DMHLOXVWUDQELHQODFRQWULEXFLyQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH D LQIO SDUWLUGHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHODVUHVSXHVWDV KD\ TXHREVHUYDUTXHJUDQS 6LQ YHVWLJDFLRQHVWLHQHQ TXHYHUFRQHODSUHQGL]DMH HO GHUHJODVUHJXODGRUDV GHODHMHFXFLyQGHKDELO VLRQHVFRUUHFWDV\SDUDODHPLVLyQGHSDWURQHV FRPSDUWHQSURFHVRVEiVLFRV HQODPHGLGDHQTX 3HURHOGHVDUUROORGHVXEKDELOLGDGHV FRQGXFWXD VXSRQH VXESURFHVRV GH SURGXFFLyQ DGLFLRQDOHV HO DSUHQGL]DMHSRUREVHUYDFLyQ 'HELGR DTXHORV GDGHVGHHMHFXFLyQHOSDSHOGHOSHQVDPLHQWRHQ WLYDPHQWH SRFD DWHQFLyQ /RVHVWXGLRV PiVLQIRUPDWLYRVVRQDTXHOORVTXH TXHORVSHQVDPLHQWRVVHHYDO~DQHQHOPRPHQWRH SRU HQVD\RGXUDQW HO SURFHVRGH DSUHQGL]DMH /RV GHPXHVWUDQ UHVXOWDGRV TXH WDQWR ORVQLxRV GH HVWD FRPRORVDGXOWRVIRUPXODQFRQFHSWRV SDUD JXLDU GRVHHQODUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ GHVXVUHVSXHVWDV QHVHUUyQHDV VRQGHVFDUWDGDV SHUIHFFLRQDGDV ODVSDUFLDOPHQWH VXFHVL ViQGRVHHQODUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ GLIHUHQFLDOGH WD y ODVTXHSURGXFHQEXHQRV UHVXOWDGRV VHFRQVHU y :DJQHU 3KLOOLSV'DGD \ /HYLQH la HVWUHFKD FRQFRUGDQF 3UDWW SHQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQODVFRQFHSFLRQHVYHUEDOL]DGDVGH SUHGLFWRUHV GH VX HMHFXFLyQ KDOOD]JRV ā SUHYLRV HVWRV &RLQFLGLHQGR HVWXGLRV FRQ SUH DSR\R DODSUHQGL]DMH LQFRQVFLHQWH B /RGLFKRKDVWD DKRUD QR VLJQLILFDTXH 'una FDSDFLGDG LGpQWLF WRGRV DGTXLULUFRQRFLPLHQWRVDSDUWLUGHORVHIHFWRV DSDUWLUGH H[SHULHQFLDV SRU HMHFXFLyQUHTXLHUHQ QXPHURVDV UHJODVGHSHQGHHQSDUWHGHODEDVHGHFRQRFLPL FLRQDUODVSRVLEOHVUHJODVRFRQVWUXLURWUDVQ DGTXLVLFLyQWDPELpQVHYHIDYRUHFLGRSRUHOXVR VROXFLRQHVSRVLEOHV DODV DGHFXDGDV OR FXDO VH FRQVLJXHPHGLDQWH XQSURFHV TXHHOLQGLYLGXRSRQHDSUXHED VXVUHJODVSURY GRVGHODVDFFLRQHV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV YH] UHTXLHUH ODFRQWUDVWDFL ORFXDO FLRQHV FRQ ORVGLVWLQWRV UHVXOWDGRV GHODV UH VREUHORVHIHFWRVSURGXFLGRV SRUODVDFFLRQHV IDFWRUHV LPSRUWDQWHV LQIOX\HQ HQ OD UHODFLyQ QHFHVDULR REVHUYDU HVWUHFKDPHQWH HUL GLVWLQWDV ORVUHVXOWDGR FLUF WDQFLDV \ VLQWHWL]DU \UHWHQHU GXUDQWH VHULHVGH ODLQIRUPDFLyQ H[SHULHQFLDV WLHQHQ TXH UHFRUGDU ODVUHJODVTXHKDQVRPHWLGRDSUX \ ORFRUUHFWRGHVXIXQF GH ORFRQWUDULR VHHQFRQWUDUtDQ UHFLFODQGR /DV GHOD ILFLHQFLDV GH HQ H VWDV FXDOTXLHUD KDELOLGDGHV .la VXJHUHQFLD FRPSRQHQWHV GH DOWHU IRUPXODFLyQGHHVWUDWHJLDV SDUDODLQGXFFLyQG 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV \GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV GH ODV UHVSXHVWDV UHVXOWDGRV \ ODFRPSDUD ODUHWHQFLyQ FLyQGH ODV FRQFHSFLRQHV DFWRV FRQ SXHGHQ ORV SHUMXGLFDU HO DSUHQGL /RV QLxRV SHTXHxRV XQD H[SHULHQFLD GLVSRQHQ OLPLWDGD GH EDVDUVH HQ TXp IRUPXODU SDUD SRVL EOHV UHJODV GH DFFLyQ $GHPiV VXV DGHFXDGD RSRUWXQLGDGHV VHYH DGLFLRQDOPHQWH UHGXFLGD XQD SURSRUFLyQ SRUTXH VyOR SHTXHxD SURFHVDQ GH OD LQIR GLVSRQHQ 6FKRQHEDXP $GHPiV QR XWLOL]DQ ODV HVWUDWHJLDV SDUD UHGXFLU ODV PiV H DOWHUQDWLYDV (Q -XJDU SRVLEOHV GH FRQVLGHUDU VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH YDULDV DOWHUQDWLYDV \ HOLPLQDU ODV TXH GH IRUPD KD\DQ VLGR OyJLFD FRQILUPDGDV QR ORV QLxRV SHTXHxRV DOWHUQDWLYD HVWHUHRWLSDGD VLQ WHQHU FRQVLGHUDQ ~QLFDPHQWH HQ FRQVLGHUDFLy XQR VROR GH ORV IDFWRUHV LPSOLFDGRV 3KLOOLSV ā& XDQGR \/HY VH VLPSOLILFDQ ODV GHPDQGDV GH OD WDUHD ORV VXMHW DSUHQGHQ FRQIDFLOLGDG *KROVRQ WDUHD LQFOX\H DEXQGDQWHV SHUR LUUHO FXDQ ODUHJOD FRUUHFWDGH LQFOX\H YDULRV XQ IDFWRUHV OD DERUGDMH FRPELQDFLyQ SRFR KDUiTXH VLVWHPiWLFR HO SURFHVRGHDSUHQGL]DMH UHVXOWH OHQWR 3DUD PD\RU \WHGLRVR GLILFXOWDG QLxRV QR ORV HVWiQ VLHP DWHQWRV DORV GH VXV HIHFWRV DFWRV QL QHFHVDULDPHQWH H[SHULHQFLDV SD VLJXHQ PHW VDGDV &XDQWR PD\RU VHD ODQHFHVLGDG GHUHWHQHU LQI FLO UHVXOWDUi DSUHQGHU SDUWLU GH ODH[SHULHQFLD ~QLFDPHQWH 3RUWRGDV DHVWDV GLUHFWD GLVWLQWDV UD QHV ORV QLxRV GLILFXOWDG WLHQHQ IRUPXODU FLHUWD SDUD FRQFHSFLRQHV FRQGXFWD \WDU DGHFXDGDV G GDQ HQ DEDQGRQDUODV FRQFHSFLRQHV HUUyQHDV SHVDU GH OD TXH UHWURDOLPHQ KD\DQ SR WDFLyQ GHVFRQILUPDGRUD TXH SXHGDQ GH UHFLELU IRUPD UHSHWLGD $QWH HOIUDFDVR YX WH D VXV UHVSXHVWDV HVWHUHRWLSDGDV \ SHUVHYHUDQ HQ /RV SURSRQHQWHV GH ODV WHRUtDV GH ORV HVWDGLRV DI PHQWH \VRQ VDFDU LQFDSDFHV SURYHFKRGH GH ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV WDUHDV DODV GH VXV TXH VHHQIUHQWDQ FDSDFLGDGHV H[FHGHQ FRJQLWLYDV VXV 6H FDSDFLGDGHV VXSRQH VHGHVDUUR TXH HVWDV OODQ JUDGXDOPHQWH GH OD H[SHULHQFLD DWUDYpV \PDGXUDFLyQ XQD SURJUHVLyQGHQWUR SRU HVWD GH GH IRUPDV GH SHQVDPLHQWR 2EYLDPHQWH-D FXDOLWDWLYDPHQWH GH DSUHQGL]DMH WDVD HVWi HQ GLVWLQWDV UHODFLyQ FRQ HOQLYHO (O SULQFLSDO GHGHVDUUROOR DVSHFWR FRJQLWLYR DFRQVLGHUDU FROyJLFR VHUHSUHVHQWD PHMRUHQ WpUPLQRV GHO QLYHO GH ODVIRUPDV JOREDOHV GH /D SHQVDPLHQWR WHRUtD FRJQLWLYD VRFLDO DQDOL]D HO DS QRV ODV GH FRPSHWHQFLDV S FRJQLWLYDV DUD DGTXLULU QHFHVDULDV FRQRFLPLHQWR \KDELOLGDGHV GH HMH FLyQ &RQVLGHUDGR GHVGH HVWD SHUVSHFWLYD XQ SHUILO HYROXWLYR XQ PHMRU SUHGLFWRU GHO DSUHQGL]DMH \ GH VXV GpILFLW FODVtILFDFLyQ TXH ,D GH/LQGLYLGXR JOREDOHV (O DQiOLVLV GHODV VXEIXQFLRQHV FRJQLWLYDV WDPELp IHUHQFLDV HQFXDQWR DDSUHQGL]DMH SHUWHQHFLHQWHV DO PLVPR REVHUYDGDV HVWDGLR HQWUH GH UUROOR FRJQLWLYR 'H OD GHOLPLWDFLyQ GH ODV VXEIXQFLRQHV FRJQLWLYDV GH VXEKDELOLGDGHV DXPHQWDU OD FDSDFLGDG GHEHUtD GH DSUHQGHU SDUWLU GH ORV D HIHFWRV GH ORV &XDQGR ODVGHILFLHQFLDV HQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH VH SURGX GHFXDGD GHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV HQFXUVR GHEHQ GHVD KDJDQ DXPHQWDU OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GLVSRQLEOH VREUH SRU ODV HO VLWXDFLRQHV QLxR y ORV GH OD LQI UHVXOWDGRV 6LpVWH ROYLGD UiSLGDPHQWH KD REVHUYDGR OR TXH QR GLVSRQH GH LQIRU TXH SURFHVDU (O GHVDUUROOR GH ODV KDELOLGDGHV UHFRUGDU ODV GH DFFLRQHV PHPRULD TXH OH FRPR UHVSXHVWD DGHWHUPLQDGDV VHxDOHV SURGXMHURQ ODLQIRUPDFLyQ SDUD IRUPXODU QHFHVDULD ODV FRQFHSFLRQHV \UHJODV GH DSDUHFHU SUREOHPDV DGLFLRQDOHV FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD LQIRUPDFLyQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV GH y UHWLHQH TXH SHUFLEH (O GHVDUUROOR GH ODV K PLHQWR SXHGH DSOLFDU HQVHxDUOH UHJODV GH D GHFLVLyQ DOD SDUD LQIRUPDFLyQ HQFRQWUDU ODV VROXFLRQHV (VWDV DGHFXDGDV KDELOLGDGHV FRPSRQHQWHV VHGHVDUUROODQ WDUHDV PHMRU VHQFLOODV \H[WHQGLpQGRODV DRWUDV PiV GH SURFHVD FRPSOHMDV TX PLHQWR y PHPRULD /DV GHILFLHQFLDV SDUWLU HQHODSUHQGL]DMH GH ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV DWULEXLGDV LQPDGXUH] UHVSHFWR DO HVWDGLR SXHGHQ DO QLxR PHMRUDUVH ODV KDELOLGDGHV HQVHxDQGR F FRQVWLWX\HQWHV SDUDSURFHVDU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ Ga ORV UHVXOWDGRV %UD D $SUHQGL]DMH SRU HMHFWL& ā(VWRV KDOOD]JRV LQGLFDQ TXHHVPiV~WLOH[SORUDUORVVXE GL]DMHTXHDWULEXLUODVGLILFXOWDGHVHQpVWHD ELpQFXHVWLRQDQ ODFRVWXPEUHGHWUDWDU HQODV FRPSHWHQFLDVFRJQ ODVGLI SUHH[LVWHQWHV FRPRWLSRVGHSHQVDPLHQWR FXDOLWD IRUPDJUDGXDO(QWUH ORVDGXOWRVWDPELpQH[LVWH KDELOLGDGHVFRQVWLWX\HQWHV QHFHVDULDVSDUDH[WU SURSRUFLRQDGD UHVXOWDGRV ā& SRUORV XDQGRHOLQGLYLGXRHVLQFDSD] GH GHVWDFDU OR LPSRUWDQWHGHV H[SHULHQFLDV RELHQ UHDOL]D XQUD]RQDPLHQWR āTXH GHGXFWLYR REWLHQHGHp HUUy HVHVFDVR 6LQHPEDUJR OH HQVHxD DSURFHVDU FXDQGR VH ODLQIRUPDFLy IRUPDPiVHILFD]DSUHQGH D SDUWLUGH ODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV FRQPD\RUUDSLGH] GHVX (O DSUHQGL]DMH VHSURGXFH FRQPD\RUUDSLGH] F ODVDFFLRQHVORKDFHQGHIRUPDUHJXODU\VLQO FRQFHUWDQWHV (Q PXFKRVHVWXGLRV VREUHDSUHQGL FKDPHQWHYLQFXODGRVDODVDFFLRQHV,R GH āODVUHJODVUHJXODGR FXDOIDFL GHQWHTXHUHVXOWDPiVGLILFLODSUHQGHUHQFRQGL SURGXFH VLHPSUHORVPLVPRVUHVXOWDGRV \ GRQGHORVIDFWRUHVGHOHQWRUQ UHVXOWDGRV VHSURGXFHQMXQWR FRQRWURVPXFKRV FDXVDOHV 0iV DGHODQWH LQVLVWLUHPRV VREUHHVWD XQDFRQVLGHUDEOH OLEHUWDG DOSHQVDPLHQWR GH ODVFDXVDVUHVS SDUD EOHV GHORV UHVXOWDGRV ā ,QIOXHQFLD GHODV FUHHQFLDV FRQVHFXHQFLDV VREUH ODV &RQWUDSRQLHQGR ODLQIOXHQFLDGHODVFUHHQFLDV SRVLEOHDQDOL]DUODFDSDFLGDG GHOSHQVDPLHQWR ODFRQGXFWD 7DOHV HVWXGLRVGHPXHVWUDQ TXHODV EDEOHV\ODVDFFLRQHVSXHGHQGHELOLWDU GH ODVFRQVHFXHQ GLVWRU FLDVGHODVUHVSXHVWDV .DXIPDQ UHFRPSHQVDURQ %DURQ\.RSS DXQJ SRUODHMHFXFLyQGHUHVSXHVWDVPDQXDOHV LQIRUP EDODUHFRPSHQVD $XQJUXSRVHOHLQIRUPyFRU VHUtDQ UHFRP SHQVDGDV FDGD PLQXWR SRU WpUPLQR PHGLR D RWURV UHJLV JUXSRVVHOHVKL]RFUHHUTXHVXFRQGXFWDVHUHF ELHQ GHVSXpV GH KDEHU UHDOL]DGR UD]yQ XQD āYDULDEOH PHGLD /DV GH FUHHQFLDVVREUHODVUHJODVGHUHFRPSHQVDSUHYDO WDTXHORVSURSLRVUHVXOWDGRV$XQTXH WRGRVOR HO PLVPRSURJUDPDORVTXHFUHtDQ TXHUHFLEtDQODUHFRPSHQVD FDGD āPLQXWRSUHVHQWDURQX UHVSXHVWD PHGLD PX\EDMD PLHQWUDVTXHDTXHOORVTXHVXSRQtD SHQVDED VHJ~QXQ SURJUDPD GH UD]yQ YDULDEOH S PHGLD GXUDQWH HOPLVPRSHUtRGRUHJLVWUDGR UUHFWDPHQWH GHTXHVXFRQGXFWD VHULDUHFRPSHQV XQD UHVSRQVLYLGDG LQWHUPHGLD /RV KDOOD]JRV PHGLDGH HVWH WL PRGRILDEOH \ %DURQ 6WDXEHU .DXIPDQ )UD]LHU 7 FXDQGRVHUHFRPSHQVDDORVVXMHWRVSRUUHVSRQGH QL FRUUHFWD QL LQFRUUHFWDPHQWH VREUHHOORODVFUHHQFLDV WHGLVWLQWDVEDMRODVPLVPDVFRQVHFXHQFLDV/RV ORJURVGHVXVHMHFXFLRQHV VRQFDVLFXDWURYHFH SHQVD VHDGPLQLVWUD WUDV XQSHUtRGR /LSSPDQ\0H\HU GHWHUPLQDG (OLQG YLGXRUHJXODHOQLYHO\GLVWULEXFLyQGHVXVHVI GX]FDQVXVDFFLRQHVFRPRUHVXOWDGRGHORFXDO FUHHQFLDV FRQVHFXHQFLDV TXHGH UHDOHVGH ODV VXV DFWRV /RV HVWXGLRV DQWHULRUHV &UHHQFLDVVREUH YDULDURQ OD IUHFXHQFLD R 'quePLGLHURQ VHFRQ VXSRQtDLEDDVHUUHFRPSHQVDGD ODFRQGXFWD/D i / a 3HQVDPLHQWR y. DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV WRVPDUFDGDPHQWHGLVWLQWRVHQIXQFLyQGHODVFUHH H[LVWHQFLD ā/DVSHUVRQDV LQFUHPHQWDQ ODVDFFLRQHV FXDQGR FTXHSURGXF UHHQ TXHHVWRV UHVXOWDGRV GHVDJUDGDEOHV HPEDUJR VLJQLILFDQTX UHGXFHQ WDOHV DFFLRQHV FXDQGR FUHHQ TXH 'XODQ\ HVRV PLVPRV /DUHV FRQGXFWD UHVXOWD LJXDOPHQWH R UHGXFLGD SRUODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV LQFUHPHQWDGD EOHV HQIXQFLyQGH TXH āHOLQGLYLGXRSLHQVHTXHVLJQLILFDQTXH FRUUHFWD RLQFRUUHFWD &XDQGR pVWHFUHHTXHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV OD FRQGXFWD VXHIHFWRVR QRWLHQHQ VHDQDJUDGDEOHVRGHVDJUDGDEOHV GHORV UHVXOWDGRV HVHVFDVRRQXOR WDPELpQ G GD VX XWLOLGDG āHQ HODSHQGL]DMH āH UHDO āQ ORVQLxRV aF.DXJKaQ Aprendizaje por ejecución y contingencias ilusorias . ~ . ~ 'DGR TXH FRQRFHU ORV HIHFWRV GH ORVSURSLRV \ DO IXQFLRQD DFWR PLHQWRHILFD] el LQGLYLGXRWLHQGHDODE~VTXHGDGHUHJXODUL (O SURFHVD PLHQWRSUHFLVRGHODLQIRUPDFLyQSURFHGHQWH GHO ODV YDULDEOHVFRQGLFLRQHVGHODYLGD GLDULD (QHOIOXMRGHDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV DFWLYLGDGHV H[SHULHQFLDV \FLUFXQVWDQFLDV VLWXD QHUDOPHQWH VRQPXFKRVORVIDFWRUHVTXHLQWHUYLHQ ODVDFFLRQHV HQFDVRGHWHQHUDOJXQR 6HJ~QOD FXUVRGHDFFLyQSXHGHGDUOXJDUDGHWHUPLQDGRV RFDVLRQDO RVyORFRQ UH HVFDVD IUHFXHQFLD /D GLILFXOWDG SDUDMX]JDU HOWLSRGHFRQGXFWD 8Q UHVXOWDGR DGHFXDGD GHWHUPLQDGR SDUD ~QLFDPHQWH FRPRFRQVHFXHQFLD XQD PLVPDDFFLyQQRSURGXFH GHTXH VLHPSUH GRVVLQRGH,DSRVLELOLGDG GHTXHVHREWHQJDQUH FLRQHVGHOLQGLYLGXR ORFXDOFRPSOLFDWRGDYtDPi in GHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GHODVDFFLRQHVGLVWRUVLRQDQOD pVWDV SHURVyOR HQGHWHUPLQDGDV :DWVRQ 6LH[LVWH ILUPH RFDVLRQHV āSUHGLVSRVLFLyQ XQD FRJQLWLYDSDUDUHFLELUUHJXODULGDGHV LQFOXVROD PDO LQWHUSUHWDUVH āIiFLOPHQWH FRPR UHODFLRQHV JHQXLQDV GHEDMD SUR &XDQGR ODV DFFLRQHV HVWiQ VHJXLGDV XQD UHODFLyQ SRUDFRQWHF FDXVDO FRQORVDFWRVSUHYLRVFRQIUHFXHQFLD HOLQGLYL TXHQRH[LVWHQHQUHDOLGDGGHELGRDTXHVHGHMD FLPLHQWRV VLQFRPSUREDU VLKD\ PD\RU SUREDELOLGD GRVFRQODHPLVLyQGHODFRQGXFWDRVLQHOOD (J HQNLQV\ :DUG :DUG y.J HQNLQV &XDQWR PD\RU VHDODIUHFXHQFLD VH SURGX]FDQFRQTXH ORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV QR WDPELpQ ODFRQILDQ]D GHOLQGLYLGXRUHVSHFWR DOD FRPSRUWDUVHFRUQRVLUHDOPHQWHVXV DFWRV LQIOX\HUDQ HQ \:DUG ORVUHVXOWDGR :ULJKW $GHPiV ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV FRQMXQWRV WLH RWURVFDVRVHQORVTXHQRVHSURGXFHQ HIHFWRV/ SDVDU SRU DOWR ORVGHVFRQILUPDGRUHV VLUYHSDUDFRQYHUWLU ODV āFRLQFLGHQFLDV HQFD GDGHV FRQ OR FXDO HO LQGLYLGXR LPSRQH VXEMHWLY SURGXFHQ VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH VyORSRUFDVXDOLGDG 6L UHVXOWDUWDQHILFDFHVFRPRODVDXWpQWLFDV (VWR VXFHGHFXDQ HQOD GR ODV DFFLRQHVEDVDGDV HQLOXVLRQHVSXHGHQFUHDUHO QHUXQDFUHHQFLDHUUyQHD VREUHVXHILFDFLDFDXVD XQDFRQILDQ]D HQ Vt PLVPRV ILUPH TXHOHVOOHYHQDFRQVHJXLUUHD FRQWURO LOXVRULR SXHGH FRQYHUWLUVH HQSDUWH H /RVDQWHULRUHVHVWXGLRVLOXVWUDQFRQTXpIDFLOL VHSURGXFHQFRQMXQWDPHQWH XQ PRGRIRUWXLWR/DPD\RUtDGHHMHFX Gp DFFLRQHV SHUR HOUHVXOWDGR SXHGH GHSHQGHU ~QLFD FUHHU HUUyQHDPHQWH TXH SDUD ā FRQVHJXLU UHVXOWDGRV ORV āā HVQHFHVDULR XQSDWUyQ GH SOHWR'HELGR DHVWDFRQMXQFLyQVHGHVDUUROOD y· HPLWH FRQVLVWHQWHPHQWH QRWLHQH XQDFRQGX HIHFWR DOJXQR VREUH ORV UHVXOWDGRV %UXQHU \ 5H $SUHQGL]DMH SRU āā HMHFXFLy +DQ VLGR SRFR HVWXGLDGDV ODV FRQGLFLRHQV HQ ODV TXH āFDXVDOPHQWH DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV TXH VH SURGXFHQ FRQMXQWD YLVWR TXH OD IUHFXHQFLD FRQ TXH VH SURGXFHQ ORV DFRQW HV XQā IDFWRU GHWHUPLQDQWH /RV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV IUHFXHQW SURGXFLUVH SRU D]DU OD FRQGXFWD FRQMXQWDPHQWH TXH VH HVWi FRQ HPLWLHQGR / GH TXH VH ā GLVSRQH VXJLHUHQ TXH OD IXHU]D GH IDFWRU ORV LQIOX\HQWH DFRQWHFLPL &XDQGR ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV VRQ GH LQFHQWLYRV FDWHJRUtD SDUD SUHVWDUOHV PHQRU GHPDVLDGD DWHQFLyQ SDUD DYHULJXDU BBTXp RKDQ SRU VH SURGXFLGR OR FXDO QR RFXUUH FRQ O WHV SRGHURVRV HVSHFLDOPHQWH (Q HVWRV FDVRV ORV GRORURVRV HOLQGLYLGXR ORVSUH EXVFD GLFWRUHV GH WDOHV SDUD SRGHU DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV SUHYHU FXiQGR YDQ D SURGXFLUVH FRQWURO VREUH HOORV /DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV DSDUWH GH VX GLVWLQWLYDV SRWHQFLD WDPELpQ SXHGHQ FRQWULEXLU D OD SHUFHSFLyQ GH XQD FDX VHJXLGDV GH XQD VHULH GH DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV ORV TXH VR SUREDELOLGDG D IDV GH YLQFXODUVH DFFLRQHV TXH ORV PHQRV VREUHVDOLHQWHV FDSWDUOD DWHQFLyQ GHO VXMHWR ā ā āā Ambigüedad y variabilidad de la información de los resultados /D FRQVWUXFFLyQ GHFRQFHSFLRQHV \ HOHQWRUQR EDViQGRVH VREUH ~QLFDPHQWH HQ OD ORV FRQGXFW UHVXOWDGRV GH ODUHVSXHVWD HV XQ SURFHVR OHQWR \ ELOLGDG GH ODPD\RUtD GHUHVXOWDGRV HVSHFLDOPHQWH SHUVRQDV &RQVLGHUHPRV ODLQFHUWH]D GH OD LQIRUPD GRV GHODV DFFLRQHV (O LQGLYLGXR VHFRPSRUWD GHX FXHQFLDV DGYHUVDV pO 6DEHU TXH SDUD XQ GHWHUPLQDGR FXUVR GH DF HOLPLQDU XQD DOWHUQDWLYD SHUR GLVSRQHU D\XGD SDUD GH DYHULJXDU HVWD L GH HQWUH HOUHVWR GH SRVLELOLGDGHV FXiO VHUi OD LQIRUPDWLYD FXDQGR ODFRQGXFWD VtQWHVLVQXHYD GHHOHPHQWRV DGHFXDGD FRPSRUWD FRQVWLW VHOHFFLRQDGRV HQWUH 'DGD QXPHURVDV VX QRYHGDG DOWHUQDWLYDV HV GDU FRQ SRFR HOOD SUREDEO R LQFOXVR HQFRQWUDU XQD (Q HVWRV DOWHUQDWLYD FDVRV HV SDUHFLGD QHFHVDULR LQYH GH WLHPSR \ HVIXHU]R SDUD DYHULJXDU ODV āā LQFRQWDEO /D LQIRUPDFLyQ WUDQVPLWLGD SRU ORV UHVXOWDGRV SR PHQWH LQDPELJXD VLQRTXH SDUD SURGXFLUVH ORVUHVXOWDGRV FRQ IUHFXHQFLD VRQQHFHVDULDVXQDV GH DFWLYLGDGHV \QR XQ DFWR LQIRUPDQ ~QLFR GH OR /RV DGHFXDGR XQD UHVXOWDGRV HMH GH FXFLyQ FRPSXHVWD SRUORPHQRV HQFLHUWR JUDGR SH OD HMHFXFLyQ R VyOR FRPSOHWD DOJXQRV 'XUDQWH DVSHFWRV ODV IDVHV GH HOOD LQLFLDOHV ā GH FRQ IUHFXHQFLD ORVVXMHWRV RWRUJDQ LPSRUWDQFLD D WHYDULDQGR VXFRPSRUWDPLHQWR y REVHUYDQGR ODVGLIHUHQFLDV HQORVU SUHQGHU OD QDWXUDOH]D GH ORV SHTXHxDV FXUVRV GLIHUHQFLDV GH HQ OD DFFLyQ HMHFX HIL FLyQ SURGXFHQ UHVXOWDGRV QRWDEOHPHQWH GLVWLQWRV GHODFRQGXFWD DGHFXDGD TXH KD\ TXH WRPDU H[LVWHQFLD GH$OJXQRV FLUFXLWRV GH UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ QHUYLRVD FRPSOHMR UHFRPSHQVDGDV VLQ ODSUHVHQFLD GHUHWURDOLPHQWDFLy FLyQ GH TXH ORV UHVXOWDGRV RUJDQ H[WUtQVHFRV LVPRV GHO R IUDFDVR p[LWR SXHGHQ GH LQI VX FRQGXFWD SHUR QR SXHGHQ LQIRUPDUOHV VREUH OD IRU (VWD VXSRVLFLyQ HVWi DELHUWD DGHEDWH $O FRPSDUDU ORVGLV D ORV GLYHUVRV SDWURQHV GH DFFLyQ HO LQGLYLGXR S FLRQDO ā ā ā ā (O DSUHQGL]DMH DSDUWLU QR DVHJXUD GH TXH ODHMHFXFLyQ \ VHUHFRQR]FDQ GHVDUUROOHQ ODV P DOWHUQDWLYDV /D PD\RUtD GH VLWXDFLRQHV QR LPSOLF WHSRU XQD DFFLyQ VRQSRVLEOHV GHWHUPLQDGD GLVWLQWDVVROXFLRQHV VLQRTXH TXH V VLRQHV HQJUDQPHGLGD 'DUFRLO HQFXDQWR XQD DOWHUQDWLYD DVXSHUWLQHQFLD VXILFLHQ GH EXVFDU RWUD WRGDYtD PHMRU FRQ ORTXH ODV VROX 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV KDELOLGDGHV QHFHVDULDV SDUD FRQVHJXLUOR VLQ GHVDUUROOD FLyQ SRU Vt VROD SURSRUFLRQD VRQ VXILFLHQWHV KDELOLGDGHV SHUR SRU OR QR TXH FXDO ySWLPDV ORV KDOOD]JRV GH DTXHOORV VHLQFOX\H HVWXGLRV XQD VROXFLyQ HQ ORV H[DJHUDQ TXH FRUUHFWD HO SRGHU VyOR LQIRUPDWLYR GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV SUHVWDU UQiV SRVLWLYRV DWHQFLyQ (V D ODV QHFHVDULR FRQGLFLR TXH OD UHFRPSHQVD DFW~D FRPR XQD EDUUHUD LPSLGHHO GHVFXEULPLHQWR TXH GH QXHYDV DOW 6FKZDUW] KD HQFRQWUDGR HQ XQD VHULH GH HVWXGLRVHQ ORV QDWLYDV XQD YTXH H] TXH HOLQGLYLGXR XQD VROXFLyQ HQFXHQWUD TXH FRQWLQ~D IXQFLRQD XWLOL]iQ ELHQ GRODVLQ FRQVLGHUDU RWUDV(a SRVLEOHV p[LWR SDVDGR DOWHUQDWLYDV OLPLWD ODHVIHUD UDGDV HQ VLWXDFLRQHV 6LQ HPEDUJR IXWXUDV ORV VLPLODUHV UHWRV SDUD GHVFXEULU PDV HVWLPXODQ WLSR GH SHQVDPLHQWR XQ H[SORUDWRULF \ PiV HVWUDWHJLDV GH PiV FRPSRUWDP H[SORUDWRULRV /DV FRQVHFXHQFLDV PHGLDGDVVRFLDOPHQWH GH ODFRQGXFWD GHSHQGHQ GH ODGLVSRQLELOL UHQFLDV \ SUHRFXSDFLRQHV PRPHQWiQHDV GHPiV 3RU WDQWR GH XQD FRQGXFWD ORV PLVPD SXHGH SUR GXFLU HIHFWRV XQRV GHWHUPLQDGRV HQ QR DOJXQDV KDFHUOR RFDVLRQHV HQRWUDV \ HLQFOXV FHQ ORV HIHFWRV SXHGHQ YDULDU HQ IXQFLyQ &XDQGR GH ODV SH ODV DFFLRQHV WDQ WLHQHQ YDULDEOHV HIHFWRV UHVXOWD GLILFLO DGHFXDGD GH FRQVWUXLU OD FRQGXFWD DSDUWLU GH OD H[SHULHQFLD SRUUHVXOWD HMHFXFLyQ DPELJXD /D UH UHVSHFWR DVLHV ODFRQGXFWD ODV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV SURSRUFLRQDQ ODV GH FRQVHFXHQFLDV ā HO IDFWRU UHVSRQVDEOH GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV GLYHUJ /D SUHYDOHQFLD GH UHVXOWDGRV āVH GHEH ~QLFDPHQWH PL[WRVVLHPSUH QRDO HVWpQ KHFKR GH T SUHVHQWHV SHUVRQDV LPSRUWDQWHV SDUD UHFRPSHQVDU ORV DFWRV GH VHDQ ORV GHPiV FRQVHFXHQWHV HQ VXV UHDFFLRQHV VLQR TXH VHGHEH GHOIXQFLRQD WDPELpQ DO PLHQWRVRFLDO Lo TXH UHVXOWD DOWDPHQWH SDUD DIURQWDUFLHUWDV IXQFLRQDO VLWXDFLRQHV SXHGH VHU FD] R LQFOXVR SHUMXGLFLDO HQSRGHU RWUDV GLVFHUQLU 3RU WDQWR OR TXH ORV KD UHJXODU HQHVWD DSDUHQWH FRQIXVLyQ GHHIHFWRV FODVL ORVUHVXOWDGRV \ORV DFWRV HQODV VLWXDFLRQHV TXH LQ DODV WHUDFFLRQDQ OR FXDO UHTXLHUH HVWLPDU ODV DEDUFDQ SUREDELOL ODVDFFLRQHV OXJDUHV SHVDU GHORDYDQ]DGR PRPHQWRV \SHUVRQDV GH VXFDSDFLGD $ FLyQ ā HO LQGLYLGXR QR HV GHO WRGR H[SHUWR HQ HO GHVFLIUDGR F %UHKPHU- .OD\PDQ 1LVEHWW \5RVV 6REUH HVWH DVSHFWR LQVLVWLU ODQWH /D H[SHULHQFLD UHVXOWD XQLQVWUXFWRU VX DSOLFDFLyQ QRUHSUHVHQWD PiV VHJXUR SDUD QLQJ~Q GD HORUJDQLVPR FXDQGR -RV HIHFWRV GHODV DFFLRQHV VREUHVDOHQ GDG LQPHGLDWDPHQWH 1R HVQHFHVDULR GHVSXpV GHpVWDV WHQHU PXFKDV SDUD H[SHULHQ DSUHQGHU WRFDU XQD TXH OODPD SURGXFH TXHPDGXUDV GRORURVDV 6LQH RULJLQDQ FRQVHFXHQFLDV WDQ QRWDEOHV HLQVWDQWiQHDV WDPHQWH /RV TXH HVWiQ PHGLDGRV VRFLDOPHQWH WLHPSR HQJHQHUDO GHVSXpV GHVH KDEHUVH HPLWLGROD /RV āHIHFWRV GHPRUDGRV FRQGXFWD SLHUGHQVX YDORU LQIRUPDWLYR ULHQFLDV LQWHUYLQLHQWHV RVFXUHFHQ VX UHODFLyQ ā FRQ $XPHQWRGHO YDORULQVWUXFWLYRDSRUWDGR OD LQIRUPDFLyQ GHORV UHVXOWDGRV SRU (V SRVLEOH DXPHQWDU HODSUHQGL]DMH DSDUWLU GHOD IRUPDWLYR GH ORV UHVXOWDGRVDFFLyQ SURGXFLGRV $OJXQRV GH SRU HVWRV GLVWLQWD IDF GRUHV LPSOLFDQ GLVSRVLFLRQHV GH OD VLWXDFLyQ TXH DX FRQGXFWDV DGHFXDGDV 2WURV FDQDOL]DQ OD DWHQFLyQ KD IXQFLRQDOHV GH FRQGXFWD 2WURV FODULILFDQ ODV \ ORV UHODFLRQHV UHVXOWD FRQ GRV PiV SUREDEOHV \ WRGDYtDDFHOHUDQODV KD\ RWURV FRQVHFXHQFLDV TXH IRUWDOHFHQ GH IRUP \ UHVXOWHQ HYLGHQWHV TXH GH PRGR RWUR HIHFWRV VH LUtDQ DFXPXODQGR OHQWDPHQWH Aproximación deefectos distales .. &XDQGR HIHFWRV ORV GH ODFRQGXFWD HVWiQGHPRUDGRV-DV DF WLYLGDGHV TXH VHSURGXFHQ GXUDQWH HOSHULRGR FXDQWR D OR TXH LQWHUYL HV OD FDXVD WDOHVHIHFWRV GH 3DUD DSUHQGHU D SDUWLUGH ORV UHVXOWDGRV TXH WLHPSR DSDUHFHQ $SUHQGL]DMH SRU O HMHFXFL GHVSXpV GH HPLWLGD OD FRQGXFWD HV QHFHVDULR DWHQGHU FRUGDUORV H LQWHJUDUORV FRJQLWLYDPHQWH ODV DFFLRQHV \ &XDQGR VXV HIHFWRV FRPSOHW VHSDUDGRV HQWLHPSR HOā VXHOH UHVXOWDU GLILFLO UHODFLRQDU ā&ORV RQ VXV UHVXOWDGRV FDXVDV FRQGXFWXDOHV \ FRQ IDFLOLGDG VHMX]JDQ RWUDV DFFLRQHV GHTXH IRUPD ā HUUyQ VH KDQ SURGXFLGR IRUPD PiV FHUFDQD GH D HOORV 6REUH WRGR ORV ODFWDQWHVGLILFXOWDG \ ORV QLxRV UHFRQRFHU SDUD SHTXHxRV TXH VXV WLHQH DF SURGXFHQ HIHFWRV SDUD SRVWHULRUHV UHSUHVHQWDU HVWH FRQRFLPLHQWR \ 'XUDQWH GH IRUPDVLPEyOL ORV SULPHURV GHYLGD PHVHV ORV ODFWDQWHV QR SRVHHQ ODV FDSDFLGDGHV GH DWHQFLy VDULDV SDUDSURYHFKR VDFDU GH ODV H[SHULHQFLDV FRQWLQJHQWHV LQ WRV VyOR UHWUDVHQ OHYHPHQWH VH 0LOODU :DWVRQ ([LVWHQ GDWRV HPStULFR UHQ TXH GXUDQWH ORV PHVHV LQLFLDOHV GH YLGD VH FRQVLJX WRUQR ItVLFR TXH LQWHQWDQGR *XQQDU LQIOXLU /D PDQLSXODFLyQ VREUH HO HQWRUQR GH ORV REMHWRV ItVLFRV SURGXFH HIHFWRV DJLWDU LQPHGLDWRV XQ VRQDMHUR \ SUHGHFLEO UHSHWLG YHFHV y HVFXFKDU UHVXOWDQWH HO VRQLGR ORV QLxRV KDQ GH GDUVH SRU IXHU]D FXHQWD TXH VXV GH DFWRV WLHQHQ XQDV UHSHUFXVLRQHV VREUH HO HQWRUQR /RV QLxRV PX\ WLHQHQ GLILFXOWDGHV SHTXHxRV SDUD DSDUWLU HODSUHQGL]DMH GHORV HIHFWRV L ItVLFRV SURGXFLGRV (Q SRU VXVVXV HVWXGLRV 0LOODU SURSLRV \VXV FRODERUDGRUHV DFWRV GH FyPR ODV HVWUDWHJLDV GHDWHQFLyQ TXH UHIOHMDQ FRPS MH GHUHVSXHVWDV PDQXDOHV DWUDYpV GH XQD UHWURDOLP FDSDFHV GH DSUHQGHU FRPR ORVPD\RUHV FXDQGR VXV DFWRV \ORV V KDOODQ HVSDFLDOPHQWH FRQWLJXRV GH IRUPD TXH SXHGHQ DW 0LOODU \6FKDIIHU 6LQ DSUHQGHU HPEDUJR FXDQGR ODIXHQWH QRFRQVLJXHQ GH UHW FLyQ VHKDOOD GHVSOD]DGD HVSDFLDOPHQWH FXHVWDUHFRUGDU HO OXJDU REVHUYDQ HQTXHV VH SURGXMHURQ GHPRUDGRV ORV SRU OR HIHFWRV FXDO FDSWDQ QR ORV QLORV UHODFLRQDQHO FRQpVWRV FRQWUDULR ORV DGRSWDQ QLxRV HVWUDWHJLDV PD\RUHV GH DWHQFLyQ LQWHJUDU HILFDFHV ORV T DFWRV y ORVUHVXOWDGRV PDQLSXODQ REMHWRV PLHQWUDV TXH DOPLVPR WLHP GHHVSHUDQ TXH HIHFWRV DSDUH]FDQ 6LVHSURSRUFLRQD ORV DORVQLxRV SHTX OHVLQGLTXHQ EXVFDU GyQGH ORV HIHFWRV KDQGH GHVXV DFWRV VHKDFHQ P UUH āD VX DOUHGHGRU a SDUWLU GH \ DSUHQGHQ HOOR 0LOODU (VWRV KDOOD]JRV VXJLHUHQ FLHQFLDV GH DSUHQGL]DMH ODFWDQWHV SXHGH UHIOHMDU HQ ORV PXFKDV QRLQ YHFHV IDO FDSDFLGDG FRJQLWLYD LQWHJUDU SDUD DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV FRQWLQJHQWHV ā /RV HIHFWRV ODFRQGXFWD VRFLDOHV GHORVQLxRV GH OD TXHGHSHQGHQ GLVSRQLELOLGDG GH\FDSU ODV GHPiV SHUVRQDV DGHPiV \ YDULDEOHV GH IUHFXHQFLD VHU PiV FRQ VH SURGXFHQ GHPRUDGRV LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GHGLFKD FRQGXFWD D ORV (VODFWDQ GHFLU OR WHV HLQLFLDQ DFWLYLGDGHV FRQ HOORV LQGHSHQGLHQWHP OODQWR DWUDHU SXHGH DXQDGXOWR LQPHGLDWDPHQWH DWUDHUOR QXQFD DOFDER 5HVXOWD GH XQ GLILFLO DSUHQGHU XQDV H[SHULHQFLDV DSDUWLU GH VRFLDOHV HQ PL[WDV ODVTXH DF ODV FRPR OD FLRQHV QRVLHPSUH UHVSXHVWDV VRFLDOHV SURGXFHQ TXH FRQ GDQ SRU IUHFXHQFLD ODLQLFLDWLYD GHORVVH GHPiV :DWVRQ /DV H[SHULHQFLDV HQODV TXH ORV HIHFWRV DSDUHFHQ GH WUDVDQ HODSUHQGL]DMH HQORV VX DSDULFLyQ QLxRV VLQR HQ TXH VLWXDFLRQHV SHUMXGLFDQ G EOH FRQWURODU ORV UHVXOWDGRV :DWVRQ )LQNHOVWHLQ - /RV QLxRV SHTXHxR DSUHQGLGR DSURGXFLU DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV ItVLFRV VRQ F QXHYDV GHIRUPD PiV FRPSHWHQWH TXH DTXHOORV SDUD O KDQ SURGXFLGR GHIRUPD LQGHSHQGLHQWH GHVXFRQGXFWD VHxDQ TXH ORVDVSHFWRV PiV QRWDEOHV GH VXHQWRUQR SRU GRPL VRQ QDU DFWLYLGDGHV PRGR OHV TXH SHUPLWLUtDQ GH RWUR VREUH VX HQWRUQR LQIOXLU LQPHGLDWR /RV PLFURDQiOLVLV GH ODV LQWHUDFFLRQHV IDPLOLDUH HVWUXFWXUDQ H[SHULHQFLDV TXH D FRQWLQJHQWHV \XGDQ D D GHVFXEULU VXV KLMRV TXH VXV DFWR VREUH HOHQWRUQR \ VREUH FRQGXFWD OD GHORVGHPiV 3DSRXVHN \ 3DSRXVHN (VWR SXHGH FRQVH JXLUVH YDULDV ā GH IRUPDV HVWDEOHFLHQGR FRQWDFWR XQ VX RFXODU HVWUHFKR KLMR SDUD DVHJXUDU FRQ OD DWHQFLyQ DGHFXDGD SRUSDUWH GH pVWH UHDFFLRQDQGR SDUD UiSLGDPHQW RULJLQDU HIHFWRV SUR[LPDOHV SDUD IDYRUHFHU QRWDEOHV ODSHUFHSFLyQ $GHPiV GH O 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV WLQJHQWHV HQWUH DFWRV LQWHUDFFLRQHV \UHVXOWDGRV UHSHWLGDV VRQ FRQ ODV IUHFXHQFLD \ VXFHVLyQ (Q HOFDVR UiSLGDGHTXH GXUDQWH ODV FRQWLQJHQFLDV ODV LQWHUDFFLRQHV HVFDSD LQ ODREVHUYDFLyQ GHO QLxR pVWH GLVSRQGULD RSRUWXQLGDGHV GH PXFKDV VLQ SDUDGHVFXEU WHQHU RWUDV TXH GHSHQGHUGH VX āPHPRULD WRGDYtD HVFDVD (VWRV WLSRV HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ GH VRFLDO GH OD LQWHUDFFLyQ QDFLGR \ DO SHUPLWHQ ODFWDQWH DO DSUHQGHU TXH VXV DFWRV SXHGHQ $ PHGLGD SURGXFLU GHVDUUROOD TXHla VH HIHFWRV PRYLOL DPEL GDG GHO ORV HIHFWRV QLxR LQPHGLDWRV SURGXFHQ VTXH REUH VXV HODFWRV HQWRUQR GDQ PXHV ItVLFR O WUDV FODUDV GH 8QMXJXHWH VXHILFDFLD TXHHV WLUDGR FDXVDO XWLOL]DFRPR DOVXHOR LQVWUXPHQWR RTXH VH GH SHUFXVLyQ GD OXJDU WRGD XQD D VHULH GH LQWHUHVDQWHVGHVFXEUHQ VRQLGRV HLPi UiSLGDPHQWH SDUD VXGHOHLWH TXH SRU PHGLR GH UHVXOWDGRV VXV VREUH DFWRV VRQ WRGR KDOODSUHVHQWH VLVHHOSDGUH RODPDGUH YD\DQ UHFRJLHQGR TXHHQ VHJXLGD GHO V TXH pOWLUD H[SHULHQFLDVFRQWLQJHQWHV /DV SUR[LPDOHV WDQWR SURGXFHQ VLVH GLUHFWD GHFRPR IRUPD PHGLDQWH ORV DFWRV XQD SUHGLVSRVLFLyQ GH ORV GHPiV FDXVDO FUHDQ FRJQLWLYD SDUD FRUUHOD EXVFDU FLRQHV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV HQWUH OD UHODFLyQ FXDQGR HQWUH ODFRQGXFWD UHVXOWD PHQRV HYL \VXV H GHQWH 8QDFDXVDO SUHGLVSRVLFLyQ \HOFRQRFLPLHQWR FUHFLHQWH FDXVDOHV DFHOH GH ODV G UDQ DSUHQGL]DMH HO SRVWHULRU SRUā HMHFXFLyQ /D FDSDFLGDG SDUD GHWHFWDU ODV FRQWLQJHQFLDV VH YH SHUMXGLFDGD HQ PDQWLHQHQ XQ FRQWDFWR UHDOLGDG FRPR HVFDVR FRQVHFXHQFLD FRQ DXWRSHUFHSFLyQ OD GH DXWLVWD XQD (Q HVWRV FDVRV ORV UHVXOWDGRV HOGLVWDOHV HIHFWR ā VREUH GHOD FRQGXFWD GLVPLQX\H DXPHQWD VX GHPRUD (O YDORU 5HQQHU LQVWUXFWLYR GHDXPHQWD OD H[SHULHQF FXDQGR ORVHIHFWRVVH YLQFXODQ (VWD PLVPD HVWUHFKDPHQWH HVWUDWHJLD VH DOD XWLO D YHFHV HQ OD DSOLFDFLyQ HGXFDWLYD \ WHUDSpXWLFD GH ORV LQFHQWLYRVSDUD /RV GR HVIXHU]R PLQDU QXHYDV KDELOLGDGHV VH UHFRPSHQVDQ \ā D PHGLGD GHVDUUROOiQGRVH TXH LQPHGLDWDPHQWH YDQ FRQRFLPLHQWRV \ FRPSHWHQFLDV VH YDQ UHGXFLHQGR JUDGXDOPHQW SRUFLRQiQGRVH FDGD D YH] PiV LQWHUYDORV ODUJRV /RV GHIHQVRUHV TXH GHO QLHJDQOD UHIRU]DPLHQWR FDXVDO HILFDFLD GHO SHQVDPLHQWR VRVWLHQHQ TXH SDUD TXH SXHGDQ OD FRQGXFWD DIHFWDU D ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV XQD FRQWLQJHQFLD GHEHQLQPHGL JXDUG WD FRQ pVWDR pVWD ELHQ HVWpGLULJLGD SRU TXH FDGHQDV GH VHxDOHVVXVWLWX\HQ H[WHUQDV WHPSR TXH UDOPHQWH D ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV ā (VWD FRQFHSFLyQ GH HVWi ORV HQ GHVDFXHUGR ā HyQ QXHVWURV FRQRFLPLHQWRV VREUH 8QD YH] HO GHVDUUROODGDV IXQFLRQDPLHWQR ODV KDELOLGDGHV KXPD SDUD ODVLPEROL]DFLyQ HOLQGLYLGXR SXHGH VDOYDU F GRVSRVWHULRUHV FDSD] GHEHQHILFLDUVH VLHQGR GHORV FRQGXFWD VLQ HIHFWRV QHFHVLGDG GH GLVWDOHV XQD DYDODQFKD GH VHxDOHV H[WHUQDV SDUD TXH SURYHFKR VDFDU OH LQGLTXHQ GH ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV . · Canalizucién dela atención.·Como VH UHFRUGDUi GH QXHVWUD GLVFXVLyQ VREUH HOPRGH HYDOXDFLyQ \ FODVLILFDFLyQ GH ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV FRQVWLWX FLyQ KXPDQD(Q HODSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ D\XGDQ DO REVHUYDGRU DLQIHULU ORVPRGHORV UHJOD GHMXLFLR PHGLDQWH ODGHPRVWUDFLyQSDUWLU GHFyPR GH WRGD KDQ ODLQ GH V IRUPDFLyQ GLVSRQLEOH GHFRPELQDUVH \GH IRUPDU FyPR SDUD KDQ ODUHJOD FRUUHFWD HODSUHQGL]DMH HMHFXFLyQ HOSRU LQGLYLGXR GH GHVFXEULUWRGR KD HOOR SRU Vt VRO JXtD ~QLFDPHQWH GH ORV HIHFWRV SRVLWLYRV \QHJDWLYR WLQWRV SUHGLFWRUHV GHVFDUWDU ORVHUUyQHRV SXHGH \OOHJDU DGHFXDGR DLGHQWLILFDU GH UHJODV GHMXLFLR &XDQGR ODVEDVHV SDUDMX]JDU GH ORV TXH DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV GLVSRQH VRQ VXWLOH GLYLGXR VHYHREOLJDGR GHVHFKDU GLYHUVRVD FRQFHSWRV GDU FRQ HUUyQHRV OD VROXFLyQ DQWHVFRU GH WD 6LQ HPEDUJR QHFHVDULR TXH VHD QR DVt (O HV DSUHQGL]DMH SDUWLU GH GH FRQFHSWRV ORV UHVXOWDGR D GH ORV MXLFLRV SXHGH DFHOHUDUVH GHVWDFDQGR LQLFLDOPHQWH ORVPRGR IDFWRUHV TXH VHDQ UHOHYD FRQVLGHUDGRV GHVGH 7UDEDVVR \%RZHU HOSULQFLSLR 8QD YH] TXH āVH KD DGTXLULGR FHSWRXWLOL]DQGR FDQDOt]DGRUHV OD ORV DWHQFLyQ GH IDFWRUHV SXHGHQ ORV \DPiV VHU VXWLOHV PH]FOD \ GRV FRQ RWUD LQIRUPDFLyQ UHGXQGDQWH H LUUHOHYDQWH 3RU HMHPSOR ORV QLxRV GpSULVD D DSUHQGHQ MX]JDU OD GXUH]D GHORV REMHWRV VL FRPLHQ]DQ D FRQVLGHUDU HOHPHQWRV TXH YDULHQ HQVX ~QLFD EODQGXUD R GXUH]D y TXH VHDQLGpQWLFRV HQ ORVGHPiV KDQ DVSHFWRV GH GHVFXEULU LPSRUWDQ TXH OD VL $SUHQGL]DMH SRU HMHFXFLyQ FLDGHHVWD SURSLHGDG MX]JDQGR REMHWRV GXUH]D \ YDUtDQ TXH GLILHUHQ HQ RWUDV GLPHQVLRQHV FRPR HOWDPDxR \OD SXHGH IRUPD (O VHU DSUHQGL]DMH HOFRORU UHVXOWDUi FRQVLGH UDEOHPHQWH PiV FRPSOHMR FXDQGR ODUHJOD (VWDV GHMXLFLR VL WXDFLRQHV HVWiQ WDQ OOHQDV GHDPELJHGDGHV TXH SR OOHJDU DGHWHUPLQDU ODUHJOD GRPLQDQWH SDUD IDYRUHFHU 3RU FRQVLJ HO DSUHQGL]DMH SDVDU GHUHJODV GHMX]JDU KDFHQ OD VLPLOLWXG RGLVLPLOLWXG WUDVWDU DVSHFWRV VHQFLOORV \WRVFRV GH GHGLIHUHQFLDV ORV IDFWRUHV JUD UHO GXDOPHQWH PiV VXWLOHV /RYDDV .RHJHO \ 6FKUHLEPDQ Emisión de la conducta adecuada. &XDQGR VH LQWHQWD SURPRYHU HODSU PRGHODGR QLODV JXtDV YHUEDOHV OD LQIRUPDFLyQ GH YLGXR LQIRUPiQGROH ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV GH GH DFWRV VXV &XDQGR OD FRQGXFWD SDWURQHV QXH LPSOLFD YRV ORV FXDOHV GHIRUPD RFXUUHQ HVSRQWiQHD UDUDPHQWH ORVVXMHWRV QRHPLWH WDV UHFRPSHQVDEOHV FUHDU QXHYDV SRU ORFXDO HVWUXFWXUDV LQWHQWDU GHFRQGXFWD ODV DSUR[LPDFLRQHV UHPRWDV GH OD PLVPD ā UHVXOWD XQ HVI 6H GHVDUUROOy HOPpWRGR GH DSUR[LPDFLRQHV SDUD FUHDU FRQGXFWDV PiV VXFHVL FRPSOHMDV (Q HVWH SODQWHDPLHQWR JUDGXDOPHQWHPiV OD FRQGXFWD FRP YD H SOHMD DWUDYpV GHODUHFRPSHQVD JUDGXDO GH ORVORJ WUXFFLRQHV FRPR UHFXUVR SDUD HYLWDU HOPROGHDGR GHOD GH UHVSXHVWD 6NLQQHU VHxDOD TXH ORV RUJDQLVPRV QR YHUED IRUPD 3RU WDQWR VH VXSRQH TXH HO DSUHQGL]DMH DSDUWLU IRUPD SULPDULD āF GH LHUWR DGTXLVLFLyQ TXH ORV ODFWDQWHV (V QRSXHGHQ LQV \ ORV QLx WUXLUVH YHUEDOPHQWH Vt PHGLDQWH SHUR HO PRGHODGR LQIRUPDWLYR GH FDSWDU UiSL VLH ODPHQWHORTXHKDFHQ ORVGHPiV ,QFOXVR ODV HVSHFL GHUDEOHPHQWH PiV GH SULVD D SDUWLU VX FRQGXFWD GHO PRGHODGR PHGLDQW T UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ GH \ FRO VXV UHVSXHVWDV \ :DUGHQ .RFK -RKQ :DUGH )MHOG -DFNVRQ 1R HV FLHUWR FRPR DILUPD 6NLQQHU TXH ODV FRQ ODHPLVLyQ SRVWHULRU GH (V ODFRQGXFWD SRVLEOH DSUHQGHU TXH FRQ JUDQ VX UHSHUWRULR GH DFWRV SDUWLUGH QHFHVDULRV ODV LQVWUXFFLRQHV SDUD FRQGXFLU YHUEDOHV D FLRQHV 3RU HOFRQWUDULR VHOOHYH DFDER DQR VHU HQTXH XQ OXJDU OD LQVWUXFF PX\G PROGHDGR GH ODV KDELOLGDGHV QHFHVDULDV WLHQH JSRU UDQ PHGLR GHV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH SHUMXGLFDU y DO DOFRQGXFWRU HQWRUQR (O āWHPD HQ DO FXHVWLyQ QR HVOD XQLYHUVDOLGDG GH OD LQIOXHQFLD GH ODV VRQ UHVSRQVLYRV DORV HIHFWRV GH VXV DFWRV VLQR H QLFDFLyQ ([LVWHQ VXSHULRUHV GHIRUPDV WUDQVPLWLU LQIRUPDFLyQ ODV FRQGXFWDV VREUH OD FRPSOHMDV D ORV RUJDQLVPRV SHQVDQWHV /DV WHRUtDV DGHPiV GH SUHVFULELUORV TXHKDQ GH HVWXGLDUVH SURFHVRV HQSU S GDG LQGLFDQ WDPELpQ FyPR/DV PRGLILFDU SULPHUDV OD DSOLFDFLRQHV FRQGXFWD K WHPDV GH LQFHQWLYRV HVWXYLHURQ JXLDGDV SRU OD FUH PRGLILFDEDQ OD FRQGXFWD GH SDUD IRUPD TXH UHIRU]DGRUHV ORV LQFRQVFLHQWH UHVXO SR HILFDFHV KDEtDQ GH SURGXFLUVH 3RU FRQVLJXLHQWH LQPHGLDWDPHQWH ORVSDUWLFLSDQ PDV GH PRGLILFDFLyQ QR HUDQ LQIRUPDGRV \ GH SDUD ORV DVSH DVHJXUDU ORLQPHGLDWR GHORV HIHFWRV ODV UHFRPSHQV GH HPLWLUVH OD UHVSXHVWD (O UHVXOWDGR UHTXHULGD IXH SURFHVRGH XQ PROGHDGR WHGLRVRTXH FRP PXFKR FRQVLJXLy XQRV UHVXOWDGRV PHGLRFUHV REWHQLG QDEOH (Q PXFKRV FtUFXORV y SURIHVLRQDOHV S~EOLFRV FRQWLQ~D DUUDLJDGD PLHQWR FRPR XQD IRUPD SHVDU GH GHQR FRQWURO FRLQFLGLU IXUWLYD DFWXDOHV \DORV FRQ,DV D W GDWRV HPStULFRV R ODV SUiFWLFDV SURIHVLRQDOHV (O GDUVH FXHQWD GH UHSUHVHQWD TXH XQD HO UHIRU]DPLHQWR IRUPD LQDUWLFXODGD GH LQGLYLGXRV VREUH VXFRPSRUWDPLHQWR VLUYLy SDUD HVWLPXODU HO XVR GHIRUPDV DGHFXDGR VXSOHP ULDV GHLQVWUXFFLyQ EDVDGDV HQHODSURYHFKDPLHQWR 1R HV GH VRUSUHQGHU TXH HOLQGLYLGXR PD\RUUDSLGH]VL VHOHLQIRUPD FDPELH GHORV WLSRV FRQ GHFRQGXFW 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV DGHFXDGRV TXHVLKDGHGHVFXEULUORV REVHUYDQGR O IDOWDQODVFRPSHWHQFLDV QHFHVDULDV VHGHVDUUROO EDOODJXtDItVLFD\ HO PRGHODGR JUDGXDGRTXHEDViQGRVH ~QLFDPHQ GHXQFRPSRUWDPLHQWR FDUHQWH GHJXtDV $\OORQ \ /DLQVWUXFFLyQIDYRUHFH HQ JUDQPHGLGDODLQIOXHQFLDGHODVH[SH GRFRQFHSFLRQHVH[SOtFLWDV QXHYRV DVtFRPRGHLQIRUPDFLyQ GHSDWURQHV GHFRQGXF MRU IRUPDGH HMHFXWDUORV ā /RVLQFHQWLYRVUHSUHVHQWDQ XQPHGLRHILFD]GHU DSUHQGLGRVSHUR SRU Vt PLVPRVQRFRQVWLWX\HQXQDIRUPDHVSHFLD FLDVFRJQLWLYDV\FRQGXFWXDOHV (QVXYLGDGLDULD KD\DQ YLVWRDOJXQDYH]HQORVGHPiV HVWi VLHPSUHFRPRXQD SUHVHQWH SRUWDQWR LQ IOXHQFLDLQVWUXFWRUD 'DGR TXHHOLQGLYLGXRDSURYHFKD FRQVWDQWHP GHVXDOUHGHGRUHVGLILFLOGHWHUPLQDU RULJLQD FRQGXFWDV QXHYDVRDFWL VLHOUHIR FLRQDDTXHOODV\D DSUHQGLGDV SDUFLDOPHQWH SRUREVHUYDFLyQ VHUOR PiVIUHFXHQWH (VWR~ Aceleración y simulación de los efectos distales de la tecnología ā/DVSHUVSHFWLYDVSVLFROyJLFDV VREUHODSURPRFL GHFRPSRUWDPLHQWR KDQGHH[WHQGHUVH PiVDOOiGH (Q ELHQ GHODVXSHUYLYHQFLDGHOVHUKXPDQRVREUHODWLHUU JLFDVQRVHDQFRQVLGHUDGDV ~QLFDPHQWH HQIXQFLyQ ILFLRVDV HQHOSUHVHQWHSXHGHQ UHVXOWDUSHOLJURV WHFQRORJtDVTXHOHSHUPLWHQ DXPHQWDU HQJUDQPHG UHHVWUXFWXUD ORVSDWURQHV GHYLGDGHOKRPEUH$F D XQDVHULHGH UiSLGRV FDPELRVGH HQRUPH PDJQLWXG FX\RV HIHFWR UDOL]DGRDIHFWDQGRQR VyOR DQXHVWUD YLGDDFWXDO VLQRDODGHJH HQRUPHVDYDQFHVHQODWHFQRORJtD GHFRPSXWDGRUDV WUDEDMR\ORVDVXQWRVGHODYLGDGLDULD/DVLQQ \FRPSHWHQFLDV \YXHOYHQDIXQFLRQDOHV DORVSURFHG PiTXLQDV GH ODV WDUHDV ILVLFDV ODVSURIHVLRQHV FRQIX PDQXDOHV /DPRGHUQDWHFQRORJtDQRVD\XGDDPDQWHQHUQRV V HQQXHVWURWUDQVSRUWH HGXFDFLyQ HQWUHWHQLPLHQW WDUHDVItVLFDV6LQHPEDUJRPXFKDV GHODVLQQRY HQHOSUHVHQWHWDPELpQ FRPSRUWDQ ULHVJRV TXHHQXQIXWXURSXHGHQFR y SUR GXFLUGDxRVDOPHGLRDPELHQWH /RVUHDFWRUHV QXFO ELpQGHFRQWDPLQDFLyQ UDGLDFWLYD GHO DPELHQWH FKDVSHUR LQWURGXFHQ VXVWDQFLDV DOLPHQWDULDV Wy[LFDV SURGXFLpQGR HQODV GHV FX\R WUDWDPLHQWR WHFQRORJtD DYDQ]DGD UHTXLHUH PpGLFD DV HPSUHVDV FRQVLJXHQ DJUtFRODV EXHQDVFRVHFKDVFRQFXOWLYRVTXHGHVJDVWDQ\DJR GHO VXHOR ORVPHGLFDPHQ DOLYLDQHOGRORU \HOPDOHVWDU SXHGHQ UHVXOWDU HIHFWRVKDVWDPXFKRWLHPSRGHVSXpV GHDGPLQLVWUD DFFHVRUiSLGRV DOXJDUHV DWUDFWLYRV SHURFRQHO GHO KRPEUH \ FDXVDQ HVWUDJRV HQ HOHFRVLVWHPD F /DFDSDFLGDG GHH[WUDSRODU ODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV I LQGLYLGXRUHDOL]DU DFFLRQHV FRUUHFWRUDV TXHHYLW SHFWLYDWHPSRUDO y ODVLPEROL]DFLyQ GHOIXWXURTXHSHUPLWH GHVXSHUYLYHQFLDGHOKRPEUH ORV āVHUHVKXPDQRV HVWXYLHUDQ 6L UHJLGRV FXHQFLDVLQPHGLDWDVKDEUtDQ SDUWH R ODWRWDOLGDG GHVWUXLGRGHORVVRS \DODPD\R GH VXH[LVWHQFLD (OOR QR TXLHUH GHFLU TXHIDV SURSRUFLRQDQ EHQHILFLRV QRSRQJDQ HQSHOLJURODVSRVLELOLGDGHV DFRUWR SOD]R VXSHUYLYHQFLD D ODUJRSOD]R$O FRPHQWDU ORVSHOLJURVGHODVSHU :HQN OHQXPHUD OR GLYHUVRVIDFWRUHVTXHUHVWDQ LPSRUWDQFLD la RSL DOIXWX $SUHQGL]DMHSRUHMHFXFLy QLyQ S~EOLFD HVWi GHPDVLDGR GHVOXPEUDGD SRU ORV EHQHILFLRV LQP FRQVHFXHQFLDV D ODUJR SOD]R ORV SROtWLFRV WLHQHQ FRUWR SOD]R TXH SDUD SURSRUF DVHJXUDU VX VXSHUYLYHQFLD SROtWLFD ORV VLVWHPDV GH RULHQWDGRV KDFLD DTXHOODV HMHFXFLRQHV TXH SURSRUFLRQD PHGLD ā LQWHQWDQ EXVFDU VROXFLRQHV DFWXDOHV PiV TXH D HVFODUHFHGRUHV ODV SODQHV FULVLV SDUD HO IXWXUR 6LQ HPEDUJR KXPDQRV ORV DWHVWLJXDQ ORJURV TXH FRQ IUHFXHQFLD UHVXOWDQ EHQHILFLRVDV HVWiQ IXWXUR JXLDGDV /DV FRQVHFXHQFLDV SRU OD DQWLFLSDFL LQPHGLDW KDQ GH YDOHU IRU]RVDPHQWH TXH ODV GLVWDOHV VHU PiV TXH D QR VHDQ HVSHFLDOPHQWH 0LVFKHO GHVFHQGLHQWHVSHUPDQHFHUiQ 1XHVWURV VREUH OD WLHUUD SRUTXH DTXH ~QLFDPHQWH OODV SHUVRQDV TXH SUiFWLFDV SUHYpQ ā DFWXDOHV TXH FRPSRUWDUiQ ODV FRQVHFXHQFL ODUJR SOD]R LQWHQWDQ PRYLOL]DU D OD HQ HO RSLQLyQ FRPSRUWDPLHQWR S~EOLFD TXH IDYRUH]FDQ OD VXSHUYLYHQFLD (VWRVH HO SUHVHQWH FRQVLJXH FyPR Ei VHULDQ ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV VL HQ XQ HQVX IXWXUR Pi[LPD H[SUHVLyQ OHMDQR OOH $OJXQRV GH ORV SURQyVWLFRV TXH VH HPLWHQ KRUUHQGRV VRQ MXVWLILFDGRV HOORV VRQ SHUR MXLFLRV HUUyQHRV EDVDGRV HQ HUURUHV GH SUR\HFFLyQ OL FLRQHV SHUMXGLFLDOHV GHO PRPHQWR FRQWLQXDUiQ R DXPHQW SUHVHQWH D XQ ULWPR R VXSHULRU /D H[WUDSRODFLyQ DO IXWXUR FHV UHVXOWD IDOVD \D TXH HO KRPEUH QR SHUPDQHFH LPSD DFW~D SDUD GHWHQHU \ HYLWDU OR TXH FRQVLGHUD HVWHPRGR TXH SXHGHQ VH VH SUHYLHQHQ DTXHOORV IXWXURV SUHYLVWRV GHVIDYRUDEOHV )RUMDU ODV LQQRYDFLRQHV EDViQGRVH WHFQROyJLFDV HQ ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV DQWLFLS FRQRFHU FXiOHV VHUiQ ORV HIHFWRV SDUD FUHDU SUREDEOHV QXHYDVWHFQRORJt &XDQGR O FHGH ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV GH OD WRWDOLGDG GH VXV HIHFWRV GD VHULDPHQWH (Q HVWRV FDVRV HO LQGLYLGXR FRQ H[DFWLWXG QR SURYRFDFRQ VDEH OR TXH -DV LQQRYD FLRQHV TXH FUHD 'HELGR D TXH HO HTXLOLEULR HFROyJLFR GHQ RULJLQDU FRQ VXV HIHFWRV 3RU HMHPSOR JUDYHV ORV DPHQD]DV FORURIOXRURFDUERQ VH XWLOL ]DQ HQ ORV VLVWHPDV GH DHURVROHV GDxDQ OD FDSD GH R] FLyQ XOWUDYLROHWD SRQLHQGR SRU\ WDQWR HO HFRVLVWHPD HQ SHOLJUR OD (O ULHVJR SRWHQFLDO GH ODV LQQRYDFLRQHV FDOLEUDU FXDQGR QRVHFRP WHFQROy SUHQGH WRWDOPHQWH ODLQWHUUHODFLyQ GH SDUD DVHJXUDU ORV DFRQWHF ORV EHQHILFLRV HVSHUDGRV HQ XQ iPELWR H LPSRUWDQWHV SXHGHQ RFDV HQ RWUR /D FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH OD SUHVD GH $VVXiQ (JLSWR LQWHQFLRQHV GHODWHFQRORJtD SXHGHQ GXUDGHURV SURGXFLU *HRUJH HQR +H\QHPDQ .DVVDV (Q HVWH FDVR VH YLHURQ QRVyOR DIHFWDGDV ODV Y GHSHUVRQDV TXH IXHURQ GHVDUUDLJDGDV ODV GH RWUDV \GHVSOD]DGD VLWXDGDV D GLVWDQFLDV GHOOXJDU KD UHVXOWDGR /D HFRORJtD GHIRUPD GDxDGD SHUPDQHQWH GHODUHJLyQ \D ā (O1L QRSURSRUFLRQD ODV WRQHODGDV GH OLPR TXH VROtD ā WLYR 3DUD UHHPSOD]DUORV VHXWLOL]DQ químicosque UHSUHVHQWDQ IHUWLOL]DQWHV FRV BWRHOH\DR\XQD XQ FRQWDPLQDFLyQ TXtPLFD /D VDOLQLGDG GH ODV WLHUUD TXH SDVD ODV DJUtFRODV UHSHUFXVLRQHV DGYHUVDV VDOLQLGDG FUHFHQā GHO 0HGLWHUUiQH /D FUHFLH RULHQWDO GHELGR DODUHGXFFLyQ GHO IOXMRGH DJXDV ODV FDGHQDV DOLPHQWDULDV DFXiWLFD GH OD\ ]RQD FXDO OD KD SHUMXGLFDGR YLGD OR D OD L SHVTXHUD 6LQODFRQWUDFRUULHQWH GHO1LOR ODFRV HPEDOVDGDV UHSUHVHQWDQ XQFDOGR GHFXOWLYR GHHQI \ SURSDJDQ SRU ORV VLVWHPDV GH GLVSRQH UHJDGtR VRQ /RV GHPDVLD FRQRF FRPSOHWRV \ODSUHYLVLyQ FRPSRUWD GHPDVLDGDV FRQM LQWHUGHSHQGLHQWHV \ DFXPXODWLYRV GH ODV DOWHUDFLR HVWUDJRV \ HFROyJLFRV VRFLDOHV SUREDEOHPHQWH KXELHUDQ SUHVWDGR PiV SRGLGR DWHQFLyQ D ORV HIHFWRV HFROyJLFRV JOREDOHV (O GHVDUUROORGH PpWRGRV SDUD DQDOL]DU KD FRQYHUWLGR ORVULHVJ HQ XQ WHPD GHLQWHUpV(QHVWRV FRQVLGHUDEOH PpWRGRVGH DQiOLVLVGHOULHVJR DOJXQRVGHORV FXDOHV KDQ VLGR UHYLVDGRV SRU VH 5DVPXVVHQ FRPSXWD OD TXH SUREDELOLGDG HQXQ SHULRG GH WLHPSR GDGR VHSURGX]FD XQ DFRQWHFLPLHQWR SHUMXGL 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV RFDVLRQDU (QDTXHOODV DFWLYLGDGHV HQODVTXHVH HVWLPDUVH DSDUWLUGHODVWDVDVGHLQFLGHQFLDSDV ODWHFQRORJtDRHQODVSUiFWLFDV RSHUDQWHV HOP UD]RQDEOHPHQWH EXHQDGHODVSUREDELOLGDGHV XQ DFRQWHFLPLHQWR /DODERU SHUMXGLF GHTX PiV G LILFLOODFRQVWLWX\H ODHVWLPDFLyQ GHOULHVJR HMHPSORODVSODQWDV (Q HVWRVFDVRV GHHQHUJtDQXFOHDU ORTXHVHKDFHHV SOHMRHQVXVFRPSRQHQWHV EiVLFRV \VXVLQWHUUHOD QDFLyQ GHSUREDELOLGDGHV GH ORVGLYHUVRV GHPDOIXQFLRQDPLHQWR FRPSRQHQWHV GH GLVWLQWDVFRQFDWHQDFLRQHV GHSRVLEOHVIDOORV/D GHQ FRQRFHUVH āKDVWD FLHUWR SXQWR FRPSRUWDPLHQWR D SDUWLU GHO SDVDGR GH RWU VLPLODUHV HQVLVWHPDV PiV IDPLOLDUHV R SRU PHGL $QDOL]DU HOULHVJR VLJQLILFDUHDOL]DU XQEXHQQ SOHWRODGLQiPLFDGHORVQXHYRVVLVWHPDV VHRULJ ODVHVWLPDFLRQHV GH ULHVJRXWLOL]DGDV $XQTXH HO DFFLGHQWHVFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLD ya TXHHVHOHYDGRHOQ~PHURGH GHOHUURUKXPDQR GHQSHUMXGLFDU HOIXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHOKRPEUHHQX JRVGHODVQXHYDVWHFQRORJtDV QRVHOLPLWDQQLPX IDOORVHQ HOSURSLR VLVWHPD &RPR\DKHPRVREVHUYDGR HOHIHF TXHFRPSRUWDODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV PiVJUDYHVSDUDHO BQRHQWUHQHQORVFiOFXORVGHORVDQDOLVWDV ULHVJR \DTXHVXVHYDOXDFLRQHV D SHOL GHO VXH JURVPiVGLUHFWRV IiFLOPHQWH BTXH TXL]i QRDQWLFLSHQ FXDQWLILFDEOHV DOJXQR \ ([LVWH XQD QRWDEOH GLIHUHQFLD HQWUHODIRUPDHQTXHO IRUPD HQTXHpVWHHVSHUFLELGR S~EOLFDPHQWH 6WDUU5X GHWHUPLQDQWH GHO ULHVJRSHUFLELGR HVHOMXLFLRGHO SDUD GRPLQDU LQGLYLG ORV DVSHFWRVSRWHQFLDOPHQWH SHOLJURVRVGHODVVLWXDF VHVLHQWHUHODWLYDPHQWH VHJXUR\VHFRPSRUWDGHI FHVHQ HVWH VHQWLGR FRQVLGHUDQ /D PD\RUtD GHPDVLDGR GHSHUVRQDV DUULHVJDGD QR V FLDVSHURREVHUYDQ UHSHWLGDPHQWH HQORVPHGLRVG FLyQTXHOHVKDFHVREUHVWLPDU VXSURSLD HILFDFLD \/LFKWHQVWHLQ ā ā ,QGXGDEOHPHQWH HQ HO ULHVJR SHUFLELGR GH ODV HILFDFLDSDUHFLGRV /DVSHUVRQDV TXHGHVFRQItDQ GHVX LPSDUFLDOLGDG FRQILDUiQ PiV HQVXSURSLD LQWX pVWRV/RVLQIRUPHVSHULyGLFRV VREUHORVGDxRVJH SDUD HOKRPEUH VHHVSHUDED SDUD UHIRU]DU TXHIXHUDQ HOHVFHSWLFLVP HQRUPHV VL KDFLDORVMXLFtRV 'DGDOD IDOWDGHFHUWH]D GHORVH[SHUWRVVREUHODVIXHQW . Y: VREUHHODOFDQFH TXHā GHSHOLJURV ORV H[SHUWRV QRHVUDUR GLVFUHSHQ ,D SUREDELOLGDG HQFXD PDJQLWXG \ GXUDFLyQ GHORVSHOLJURVWHFQROyJLFRV &RPR HVWLPDFLRQHVSHUVRQDOHV GHOULHVJR\ODVGHORVS FRPSRUWD FRVWRV HOQLYHOGHULHVJRDFHSWDEOH UHSUHVHQWD RWUDIXHQWHGHFRQIOLFWR SDUD FRPSOLFDU HO DVXQWRWRGDYtDPiVORVEHQHILFLRVREWHQLGRVQR GHIRUPD HTXLWDWLYD DOULHVJR GHPRGRTXHXQRVJUXSRVVRSRUWDQ ODPD\RUSDUWH G SDUWHGHORVEHQHILFLRV /DSHUVXDVLyQ VRFLDO\ GLVSXWDV VREUH OD FRQGXFWD D VHJXLU 6LVHHOHYDODFRQFLHQFLD GHORVHIHFWRVSRWHQF EDELOLGDGGHTXHVHGHVDUUROOHQ DFFLRQHV FRUUHFW WUHPRVSHOLJURVRV 3RU HMHPSORODVVXVWDQFLDV SHOLJURVDV ā SDUD TXH VH ā SURGX]FD VX FRQWDPLQDFLyQ R 6 VXHQYHQHQDPLHQWR LQ HPEDUJR ODV QDFLRQH VREUH FRQVHFXHQFLDV GLVWDQWHV QRFRQPXHYHQ IiFLOPH YLGDOHFRPSRUWDQ SHVDUGHTXHFRUL EHQHILFLRVSUHVHQWHV HOOR YD\DQGHWHULRUDQGR D SURJ WHODFDOLGDGGHVXYLGDIXWXUD(OKRPEUHWLHQH XQD QRWDEOH FDSDFLGDGSDUD DGD PLHQWRSURJUHVLYRGH 3RU RWUDSDUWH VXVFRQGLFLRQHV DTXHOORV GHYLGD HQ āODV TXHWL SUiFWLFDV FUHDQ H[LVWHQWHVā LPSHGLPHQaRVO"aUDTXH SURGX]FD QLQJ~Q QR VHFDPELR ODV $SUHQGL]DMH SRU HMHFXFLy Ejemplificación de los efectos perjudiciales. 6HXWLOL]DQ PpWRGRV GLYHUVRV SDUD UHODFLRQDU FRQVHFXHQFLDV DQWLFLSDGDV FRQGXFWD DFWXDO SDUD HYLWDU FRQ OD FRQ HOOR HOSHUMXL OyJLFR /DV GHPRVWUDFLRQHV FRQFUHWDV DXPHQWDU \ YLFDULDV HO G SRGHU GHODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV 3DUDGLULJLUOD DQWLFLSDGDV S~EOLFD SUHRFXSDFLyQ HOGHVDUUROOR KDFLD GH DFFLRQHV SUHYHQWLYDV D JUDQ HVFDOD VHXWLOL]DQ DRWUDV OR SHUVRQDV HQ VXV PHGLRV FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GHODV D GDGHV SURGXFLGDV D VXVWDQFLDV SRUODH[SRVLFLyQ SHOLJURVDV HMHPSORVSXHGHQ UHVXOWDU /RV PX\ SH VXDVLYRV VLELHQ HV FLHUWR TXH XQDDFFLyQ PXFKRV OHQWD GH \ ORV DFX HIH PXODWLYD \SXHGH GHWHFWDUORV WDUGDUVH 3RUWDQWR VH GpFDGDV QHFHVLWDQ PpWRGRV HQ GHHYDOXDFL ORV SHOLJURV DQLYHO KXPDQR \ HFRO"JLFRTXH SHUPL TXH KD\D VH SURGXFLGR XQ GDxR LUUHSDUDEOH ā (Q HOFDPSR SDUDGHWHUPLQDU GHODVDOXG VLODH[SRVLFLyQ DXQDā GHWHUPLQ VXOWDU SHUMXGLFLDO SDUD OD VDOXG VHXWLOL]DQ WDVDV SUR GHLQFLGHQFLD GHXQD DSDUHFLGD HQIHUPHGDG HQWUH SHUVRQDV GHWHUPLQDGD FRQGLVWLQW VLFLyQ DODV VXVWDQFLDV SXHGHQ LGHQWLILFDUVH VRVSHFKRVDV ORV IDFWRUHV FRQW GH OD HQIHUPHGDG 3HWR &RPR KD REVHUYDGR ORV SURFHGLPLHQWRV DSRUWDQ HSLG LQIRUPDFLyQ YDOLRVD QLYHOHV āGHFXDQGR H[SRVLFLyQ ORV SXHGHQ UHFRQVWUXLU ILDELOLGDG HO FDVR FRPR GHHV OD GXUDFLyQ FLJDUULOORV GHOKiELWR ā FRQVXPLGRV \FDQWL REL FXDQGR ODPD\RU LQFLGHQFLD GHHQIHUPHGDG VHSURGXFH HQWUH YDGD H[SRVLFLyQ DFLHUWRV Wy[LFRV FRPR ODDSOLFD SXHGHQ VHU H FLyQ GHtQGLFHV UHVXOWD HSLGHPLROyJLFRV SUREOHPiWLFD FXDQGR HVGLILFLO O GH ORV QLYHOHV $GHPiV GH HVWRV H[SRVLFLyQ SURFHGLPLHQWRV QR SHUPLWHQ ULHVJR KDVWD TXH XQQ~PHUR HOHYDGR KDQ HPSH]DGR GH SHUVRQDV DPDQLIHVWDU ORVH IHUPHGDG &XDQGR HOGDxR WDUGD DxRV HQ SRGHUVH REVHUYDU MyYHQHV SXHGHQ ODV JHQHU WHQHU SHUMXGLFDGD \D VX VDOXG GHELGR VXVWDQFLDV D āQRFLYDV OD H[SRVLFLyQ ā /RV PpWRGRV WR[LFROyJLFRV TXHODV LQGXFHQ āVXVWDQFLDV ORV HIHFW DGPLQ WUDQGR GRVLV PDVLYDV GH ODV SDUD LGHQWLILFDU PLVPDV VXVWDQFLDV D DQLPDOHV SRWHQ ODV VH FLDOPHQWH SHUMXGLFLDOHV DQWHV GH TXH VH SURGX]FD SUiFWLFDV SHUMXGLFLDOHV SDUD OD VDOXG VHPRGLILFDQ HQ JUDQ SDUWH WRV QRFLYRV REVHUYDGRV HQ DQLPDOHV H[SRVLFL yQFRQFHQWUDGD HQ ORV DODV TXH KD VXVWDQFLDV R FRQGLFLRQHV \ TXH DPELHQWDOHV GH RWUR WDUGDGR PRGR HQ PXFKR HVWXGLR KDEULDQ WLHPSR HQ SURGXFLU HIHFWRV FDSDFLGDG OHVLYRV FDUFLQRJpQLFD GH /D ORV HYDOXDFLyQ DUWtFXO FRQVXPLGRV SRU HOKRPEUH \GHODV FRQGLFLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV KD UHDOL ]DGR GH DFXHUGR FRQ HVWH SURFHGLPLHQWRāRV (O SUREO HIHFWRV TXH VH SURGXFLUiQ SDUWH GHO SRU KRPEUH OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH SHTXHxDV GH āXQD SRU FDQ VXVWDQFLD GXUDQWH XQSHULRGR GHWLHPSR SURORQJDGR OD ā DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ D DQLPDOHV GHGRVLV PLVPD PDVLYDV 1HDO 3HWR GHOD ā6L GRVLV ODV VRQ GHPDVLDGR JUDQGHV SXHGHQ SURGXFLU XQD VHULH GH H WLQWRV GH ORV TXH (O VHSUHWHQGH RUJDQLVPRFDSD] SXHGH āGH H[DPLQDU UHGXFLU VHU OD DEVRUFLyQ GH GRVLV SHTXHxDV y UHVWDEOHFHUVH GHWy[LFR GHO GDxR SURGXFLGR SRU GHOPLVPR Wy[LFR SXHGH H[FHGHU ORVPHFDQLVPRV $GHPiV GLIHUHQ ELR WHV HVSHFLHV SXHGHQ GLIHULU HQ VX VXVFHSWLELOLGDG ā 6HKDQ GLVHxDGR WDPELpQ SDUD PHGLU PpWRGRV ODFDSDFLGDG ELRTXtPLFRV GH GLV SDUD SURGXFLU GDxR D PLFURRUJDQLVPRV \ 5DQQXQJ \ D FXOWLYRV (VWDV F SUXHEDV SHUPLWHQ ODGHWHFFLyQ UiSLGD GHODQRFLYL GDV HQ HO PHGLR DPELHQWH FX\D FRPSUREDFLyQ HQ DQ &RQ XQ FRQRFLPLHQWR DGHFXDGR GH ORV VLVWHPDV ODV āVXV ELR WDQFLDV y GH ORV PHFDQLVPRV OD GH VLPXODFLyQ DFFLyQFRPSXWDGRUD Wy[LFRV PHGLDQWH SXHGH FRPSOHPHQWDU ODV SUXHEDV GHO HIHFWR WR[LFROyJLFDV GH ODV RUJDQLVPR VXVWDQFLDV /RV V IDEULFDQWHV GH ORV SHUR SURGXFWRV TXH VRQ VRVSHFKRVRV UHQWDEOHV aVHJXLGD HFRQyPL SRQHQ HQ WHOD GH MXLFLR OD YDOLGH] \ WR[LFROyJLFRV GH ORV PpWRGR /D SUHRFXSDFLyQ SRU ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV Vt PLVPD QR GLVWDOHV VXVFLWD DFFLRQHV SRU FRU /DV GHVFULSFLRQHV H[FHVLYDPHQWHDPHQD]DQWHV ODHYLWDFLyQ SXHGHQDFWLYDU GHORVSUR GHVD 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV JUDGDEOHV -DQLV /DJHQWHVHDSR\DWDPE WHFQRORJtD SURSRUFLRQDUiQ VROXFLRQHV DORVSUREOHPDV TXHODVSU FUHHQ/D HODERUDFLyQ GHIXWXURVSUy[LPRVSHUMXGLFLDOHVSRU PRGLILFDUiFRQPD\RUSUREDELOLGDG ODVSU iFWLFDVTXH FRPSRUWHQ XQDUHFRPSH GRMXQWR āSUHRFXSDFLyQ D āOD VXVFLWDGDDOWHUQDWLYDV VH SUHVHQWHQ EHQHILFLRVDV D ODV TX /HYHQWKDO 6LVHSURSRUFLRQDQ ODVJXtDVQHFHVDU HVPiV SUREDEOH TXH OD SUHRFXSDFLyQ ā GHORV LQGLYLGXRV VH FDQDOLFH HQ HVWD GLUHFFLyQ · Simulación de 'resultados por medio del modelado· flsico. · +DVWD DTXt KHPRV LQVLVW FRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWH VREUH HOPRGHODGR VX JUDQLPSRU GHODVFRQVH WDQFLD VLELHQHOPRGHODGRItVLFRKDVLGRDPSOLD SDUD HOGLVHxR āGH VLVWHPDV \ ODFRPSUREDFLyQ PHFiQLFRV āGH VXIXQFLRQDPLHQWR /R DHURQiXWLFRV QRFRPSUXHEDQ HQHODLUHODHILFDFL ODOOHJDGDGHODVFRPSXWDGRUDV PHMRUDEDQ ODHVW SUXHEDV HQORVW~QHOHV DHURGLQiPLFRV (QPXFKRV VLPXODUORVSURFHVRV\VXVHIHFWRVGHIRUPDPXFK VHUHDOL]DODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ FRPSOHWD GHXQDFRQ VLVWHPDGHVDOLGDV DGHFXDGR pVWDHVFDSD]GHSU Modelado por computador de procesos y de resultados. /DV FRPSXWDGRUDV SHUP HVWLPDFLyQ UiSLGD GH ORV HIHFWRV SURGXFLGRV SRU FXFLRQHVVLPXODGDVVLQWHQHUTXHOOHYDUDFDERH VHFRQVWUX\HLQFRUSRUDQGR ORVIDFWRUHVSULQFLSDO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR UHDO8QDYH]TXHHOPRGHORKD V SRVLEOHYDULDUORVQLYHOHV\FRQILJXUDFLRQHV GH FDPELRVVLPXODGRV(QODVHMHFXFLRQHV VLPXODGDV GLpQGRVH DODREVHUYDFLyQ GHVXVUHVXOWDGRV 6L PLHQWRUHDOGHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV ODVHMHFXFLR EDEOHVEDMRGLYHUVDVFRQGLFLRQHV (VWD LQIRUPDFL FXDGRV /DV FRPSXWDGRUDV SXHGHQ UHVXOWDU KHUUDPLHQWDV FDSDFLGDG GHOKRPEUHSDUD PDQLSXODU \ VRFLDOHV SUREDU UHG 6ORPDQ /LEUHVGHODVVHYHUDVOLPLWDFLRQ FXDOHV FRPSRUWDQ ULHVJRV FRVWRV \XQWLHPSRGH FRPELQDFLyQ GH ORV IDFWRUHV FODYH SDUD LUFRPSU GLVWLQWDV VLWXDFLRQHV (OPRGHODGR SRUFRPSXWDGR HMHPSORHQHOGLVHxR ODD\XGD GHO FRPSXWDGRU VLPLODUHV \ PRGLILFDU ORVUDVJRV FODYHGHODVHVWUXFWXU FRPSUREDU VX FDSDFLGDG SDUD VRSRUWDUODV UHJLVW PLQXWRV,JXDOPHQWH ODDSOLFDFLyQ GHOPRGHODGR ORV LQQRYDGRUHV FDPELDU FLHUWRV UDVJRV GH ODV R SUREDEOHV ,JXDOTXHRWUDVWHFQRORJtDV ODVVLPXODFLRQHVS TXHODVHMHFXFLRQHVGHOFRPSXWDGRU LQIRUPHQRFR VLPXODFLyQHOFXDOUHTXLHUH XQDWHRUtD DGHFXDGD YDQWHVSDUDHOVLVWHPDTXHVHDQDOL]D 6LODWHR ODV VLPXODFLRQHV SXHGHQ HTXLYRFDUVH \ GH ODV HQ WHQGHQFLDV HO FiOFX FDPELRVHQODVVXSRVLFLRQHV TXpKDFHQ UHIHUHQFLD FLRQHVHQHOPRGHOR SXHGHQ PRGLILFDU SURIXQGDPHQ FLHUWD OD WHRUtD ODV VLPXODFLRQHV VHUiQ HUUyQH FXDGDPHQWH /DYDOLGDFLyQ HPStULFDGHODVVLPXODFLRQHVSRU SUREOHPDV TXHQRUHVXOWDQ IiFLOHVGHVROXFLRQDU 6LODPLVLyQGHODVF $SUHQGL]DMH3"UHMHFXF UDVHVODGHSHUPLWLUFRPSUHQGHUODDFWXDFLyQ G EHUtDQ FRLQFLGLUFRQORVVXFHVRVGHOPXQGRUHDO WDVSUXHEDV GHH[DFWLWXGSUHGLFWLYD \ ORVHIHFWRVGHVXI UHTXLHUHQ T PLHQWRVHDQDFFHVLEOHVSDUDSRGHU FRPSDUDUORV FRQ PXFKD IUHFXHQFLD VREUHWRGRSRUORTXHUHVSHFWD HOHYDGRV FRVWRV DOR FRVWXPEUHV SURIXQGDPHQWH HQUDL]DGDV \ FXHVWLRQH &RPRFRQVHFXHQFLD GHHOORHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH UiQGRORFRQVXFHVRVUHDOHVDLVODGRV 7D\ORU WLYD SRU FRPSDUDFLyQ FRQXQQ~PHURHOHYDGRGHVXFH GDG GHO PRGHOR RSHUDWLYR /D FRUUHODFLyQ HQWUH YDOLGDQHFHVDULDPHQWH ODWHRUtD LQFRUSRUDGD JUDQ HQ FRLQFLGHQFLD HQWUH ORV VXESURFHVRV TXH UHJXODQ L . Difusión· social. e innovación /D FRPSUHQVL yQ GHOSURFHVR SRU HO TXHODV QXHYDV VLGHDV HGLIXQGHQ \ODV GHQWURGH XQD āVRFLHGDG RGHXQDVRFLHGDG FRQ ODRWUDJXDUGD RVFDPELRVSHU VRQDOHV\VRFLDOHV /RVH[WUDRUGLQDULRV DYDQFHVHQODWHFQROR GHQGHIRUPDLPSRUWDQWHHOiPELWRGHODVLQIOXHQF VLyQVRFLDO/RVVLVWHPDVGHYtGHRQXWULGRV SRUORV VDWpOLWHVGHWHOHFRPXQLFDFLy HQHOPHGLRGRPLQDQWH SDUD GLVHPLQDU ORVHQWRUQRV VLPEyOLFRV/R WHPDVSRUFDEOHTXHSHUPLWHQ ODFRPXQLFDFLyQ HQ HQRUPHFDSDFLGDG WUDQVSRUWDGRUD GHLQIRUPDFLyQ GRUD FRQ āVX LQPHQVR āDOPDFHQDMH GHSRVLELOLGDGHV SURSRUFLRQ ULRVSUiFWLFDPHQWH SDUD FXDOTXLHU HQODWHFQRORJtDG ILQDOLGDG(VW PXQLFDFLRQHVHVWiQUHHVWUXFWXUDQGR ODIRUPD GHFRPSRUWDUVH ODVSUiFWLFDV GHODV SHUVRQDV1RVyOR ODVSUiFWLFDV VRFLDOHVHVWiQGL GHQWURGH ODV VR FLHGDGHV TXH DGHPiV VLQR LGHDV YDORUHV ODV \HVWLORVGHFRQGXFWD PRGHOiQGRVH PXQGLDO H PHQWH /RVPHGLRVGHODHOHFWUyQLFD MXJDQGRXQ SDSHOLQIOX\HQWH FDGD YH]PD\RUHQHOFD HVWiQ WUDQVFXOWXUDO TXH VHHVWi SURGXFLHQGR Patrón de difusión (OSURFHVRGHGLIXVLyQVRFLDOVHKDDQDOL]DGR G FLyQGHLQQRYDFLRQHV 8QD LQQRYDFLyQ 5RJHUV HVFXDOTXLHU LGHD JHQWHFRQVLGHUH QXHYD ([DPLQDQGR GHTXpIRUPDDIHFWDQORVID WUyQGHDGRSFLyQVHSXHGHQGLOXFLGDU ORVGHWHUP VRFLDO/DGLIXVLyQGHODLQQRYDFLyQ VLJXH XQSDWUyQ FRP~QODVLGHDVRSU GXFLGDV āSRUPHGLDFLyQ HMHPSOR QRWDEOH GH XQ ,QLFLDOPHQWH HOULWPR FRQVHFXHQFLDGHTXHODVIRUPDVQXHYDVUHVXOWDQG \ ORVUHVXOWDGRV VRQLQFLHUWRV&XDQGR ORVSULPHU FLyQGHTXHGLVSRQHQ VREUH ODDSOLFDFLyQ GHODV LQQRYDFLyQYDDGRSWiQGRVH DXQULWPRVXSHULRU7 YDVVHSURSDJDQFRQUDSLGH]ODIUHFXHQFLDGHGL 'LIXVLyQ H LQQRYDFLyQ VRFLDO IDFWRUHV \D VHD LQGLYLGXDOPHQWH RGH IRUPD FRPELQD Q~PHUR GH DGRSWDGRUHV SRWHQFLDOHV 8 QDLQIRUPDFLyQ TXH TXHGD HPSLH] GHVID EOH VLJQLILFD HOGHFOLQDU GHODV DGRSFLRQHV 6LOD GLFLDO SDUD DOJXLHQ OD UHDFFLyQ QHJDWLYD GH pVWH SXHGH G LQQRYDFLRQHV GHVGH SRU Vt OXHJR PLVPDV QR KDQ GH SHUVLVWHQ VLQR FRPSHWLU TXH SRU VX V YHQFLD /D DSDULFLyQ GH IRUPDV DOWHUQDWLYDV GH LQ SRWHQFLDOHV &RQ IUHFXHQFLD ODV DOWHUQDWLYDV LQQRYDFLyQTXH RULJLQDO TXH KD UHVXOWDGR H[LWRVD /DV HQ IXQFLyQGHO IUHFXHQFLDV āWLHPSR GHVFULEHQ XQD DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH FXUYD HQIRUPD 8 QD YH] GH UHDOL]DGRV 6 ORVH FLHQWHV OD XWLOL]DFLyQ HVWDELOL]D RGHFOLQD GHOD LQQRYDFLyQ HQ IXQFLyQ VH GH VX Y ODWLYR $O DQDOL]DU ODYHORFLGDG \HOSDWUyQ GHGLIXVLyQ ā JRGHO WLHPSR \ VH VHJPHQWD OD FXUYD GH GLIXVLyQ GRUHV SRVWHULRUHV \ SRU ~OWLPR ORBV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV ORV UH]DJDGRV H[DPLQDQ /XHJR O HQWUH ORVVXMHWRV HQODVVXFHVLYDV HWDSDV GHDGRS ILQRV FRPSDUDQ VLPSOHPHQWH ORVDGRSWDGRUHV LQLFLDO QR DGRSWDGRUHV $ SHVDU GH TXH VH SUHVWD PXFKD DWHQFLyQ D FRQGXFWD GH DGRSFLyQ GH OD LQQRYDFLyQ WRGD WHRUt DPSOLR GH ODFXHVWLyQ XQD ODUJD KD GH VHULH WHQHU GH HQ IDFWRUHV FXHQWD VRFLD SHUPLWHQ DSUHQGHU R OLPLWDQ IRUPDV HOPRGHODGR QXHYDV LQQRYDGRU \VR LQFHQWLYRV R ORV SDUD ODV GHVLQFHQWLYDV LQQRYDFLRQHV (V IiFLO GLYLGLU ODV SHUR UHVXOWD FXUYDV GH GLILFLO GLIXVLyQ LQWHUSUHWDUOD VXSRQH TXH ODV HQWUH āORV GLIHUHQFLDV DGRSWDGRUHV LQLFLDOHV \ORV SRVWHULRUHV V UtVWLFDV SHUVRQDOHV R DVXV y HFRQyPLFDV FLUFXQVWDQFLDOHV 6H VXSRQH TXH VRFLD O ā SRVWHULRUHV y ORV UH]DJDGRV D YHUHVSHUDQ ORV EHQHILFLRV TXH GH LQWHQWDU REWLHQHQ OR HOORV ODV QXHYDV 'H KHFKR SUiFWLFDV DOJXQDV GH ODV DGRSFLyQSXHGHQ YDULDFLRQHV HQ GHEHUVH DOPRPHQWR HQ TXH ORV LQGLYLGXRV DODVWHFQROR LGHDV IXHURQ H[ JtDV RPRGDV 'HEH VHSDUDUVH QXHYDV ODDFFHVLELOLGDG DODLQIRUPD DHOOD (V SRVLEOH TXHDGRSWDGRUHV DOJXQRV SRVWHULRUHV GH ORV VHDQ PX\ UHFHSWLY YDV \ TXH VLPSOHPHQWH KD\DQ DSUHQGLGR WDUGH 3RU ODV WDQWR ORV GHOD GLIXVLyQ DQiOLVLV HQ IXQFLyQ GHOPRPHQWR GDUiQ GHDGRSFLyQ OXJDUD UHVXOWDGRV IDOVRV VLQRVHLJXDODQ HQFXDQWR DO ORVL PRPHQWR \ JUDGR LQLFLDO GH H[SRVLFLyQ a Bā /RV VHJPHQWRV GH XQD FXUYD SLHUGHQ GHGLIXVLyQ VLJQLILFDGR FRQIXQGHQFRQODD VLVH YDULDFLRQHV ā HQ HOPRPHQWR 7DO GH FRQIXVLyQ H[SRVLFLyQ SXHGH PLGLHQGR ODDGRSFLyQ UHGXFLUVH SDUWLU GHOUQR D PHQWR GH H[SRVLFLyQ GHOLQGLYLGXR KDFHUOR D SDUWLUGHO SRU PRPHQWR SULPHUD HQTXH YH] VHLQWURGXMR OD HPEDUJR LQQRYDFLyQ āHO PRPHQWR GH DGRSFLyQ 6LQ SXHGH VHU GLVWR ā IXHQWH GH LQIRUPDFLyQ VLORV DGRSWDGRUHV SDUWLU GHaUH ORV LQLFLDOHV GLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ ORV DGRSWDGRUHV SRVWHULRUHV \ OR KDFHQ por, WUDQVPLVLyQ YHUEDO GH R D RWURV \D OD TXH KDQ DGRSWDGR B ā $OJXQDV GH ODV LQQRYDFLRQHV PiV VH GHVHD FRPSOHMDV FRQVHJXLU QRSXHG OR MRUHV UHVXOWDGRV HQ ODIRUPD KDQ VLGR GHVDUUROODGDV H[DFWD 3DUD DGDSWDUODV HQ TXH ODV FLUFXQV D WDQFLDV SHUVRQDOHV GH ORV DGRSWDGRUHV KDQ GH PRG $GHPiV pVWRV SXHGHQ DxDGLUPHMRUHQHO DVSHFWRV SUR QXHYR WRWLSR ,QFOXVR ORV SURSLRV FUHDGRUHV GH OD LQQRYD ULRU H[SHULPHQWDFLyQ y DSDUWLU GH OD UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ REWHQLG DGRSWDGRUHV (Q XQ SURFHVR y HQHYROXFLyQ LQWHUDFWLYR HVSRVLEOH TXH DOJXQRV LQG HOSURWRWLSR RULJLQDO SURWRWLSR GHOLQQRYDGRU UHYLVDGR SRU pVWH RWURV RWURV HO VX SURWRWLSR GHO \ RWURV LQQRYDGRU DSURSLDUVHGH SXHGHQ ODV DGDSWDFLRQHV TXH KDJDQ RWURV DGRSW B GRUHV /DV FXUYDV GHGLIXVLyQ VLJQtItFDGR QRWLHQHQ DQRVHUTXH JUDQ ODVSXQ SUHVHQWHQ HO GHVDUUROOR WLHPSRGH XQD HQ PLVPD HO LQQRYDFLyQ VH ¡ i l ·I. •: ,. 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV a . ā'HWHUPLQDQWHV BGH ORV ā SaRFHVRV de GLIXVLyQ āā ~' 1 /D WHRUtD FRJQLWLYDVRFLDOGLVWLQJXHāHQWUHGRV LQQRYDFLRQHV,DDGTXLVLFLyQ DOD LQQRYDFLyQ\ODDGRSFL GHFRQRFLPLHQWRV FRQ āHQ la SUiFWLFD /D DGTXLVLFLyQ GH āO D DGRSFLyQ VHGLIHUHQFLD JREHUQDGD HQTXHHVWi āSRU XQRV GH WHUPLQDQWHV (Q OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GLVWLQWRV HO PRGHODGR āVLUYHGHYHKtFXORWUDQVPLV ā LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUHORVQXHYRV HVWLORV GHFRQGXFWD\VXVHIHFWRVSUREDEOH GHWHUPt QDQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH SRU REVHUYDFLyQ TXH KDQ VLGR GL SURPXOJDFLyQ de IDVLQQRYDFLRQHV (Q FDStWXORV DQDOL]DUHPRV SRVWHULRUHV āORVIDFWRUHV SVLFR .. OHVTXH GHWHUPLQDQ TXH āHOLQGLYLGXRSRQJDRQRHQSUiFWLFD OR TXHKDDSUHQGLGR TXHDTXtVyOR SRU · · SURFHGHUHPRV UHVXPLUORV D ā ā 1 f •.•.•.•.•.• BB . . āRHWHUPLQDQWpV GH OaGLIaVLyQ DSRUWDGRV BPRGaODaR SRU ā HO . . (OPRGHODGR VLPEyOLFaVXHOHDFWXDU FRPR HOSULQFLSDO WUDQVPLVRUGHLQ PX\GLVSHUVDV HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQODVSULPHUDV HWD ā UDGLR \OD WHOHYLVLyQLQIRUPDQ ODV SUiFWLFDV y GHVXVSUREDEOHV GH QXHYDV ULHVJRV āWDQWR DGRSWDGRUHVLQLFLDOHV VXHOHQVXUJLUHQWUHDT formación 5REHUWVRQ ā UQDYH]TXHODV QRYHGDGHVKDQ VLGRLQWURGXFLGDV VLPE āVH GLVHPLQDQKDFLDORVUHVWDQWHV PLHPEURVGHOJUXSR āDRaHV ORFDOHV 5RJHUV\6KRHPDNHU &XDQGR ODLQIOXHQFLDDFW~D DWU UHFWR,D FRQGXFWDDGRSWDGD āDH[WHQGHUVH WLHQGH DWUDYpVGHODVUHGHV HPEDUJRFXDQGR ODFRQGXFWDUHVXOWDPX\OODPDWL D SDUWLUGHPRGHOyVGH . Ciclos. · ~, ·. · · · · /D SUHVHQFLD SU iFWLFDV GLVSHUVDGH VLPLODUHVQRUHIOHMDQHFHVDUL &LUFXQVWDQFLDV FRPXQHVSXHGHQ RULJLQDU XQFRPSRU KD\D H[LVWLGRHQWUHHOORVQLQJ~QWLSRGHFRPXQLF VRFLDOXQRULJHQ VLPXOWiQHR/RV SURFHVRV GHPRG SULPHUOXJDU S H[LVWHXQHVWUHFKR DUHFLGR HQ FXDQWRDORVUDVJRVFODYHHQWUH \ ODV FRQGXFWDV HQ DSDUHFLGDV WRGDVSDUWHV &XDQGR ODVSUiFWLFDV FRPELQDFLyQ PRG āQXHYDGH HOHPHQWRV ID IXHQWH RULJLQDOUHVXOWD LQFRQIXQGLEOH B TXHVHSURGX]FDQ SRUSXUD FDVXDOLGDG (Q VHJXQGROXJDU WDOHVSDUHF ODV SUiFWtFiV UULRGHODGDV\ODV VLPLODUHVDSDUHFHQ GHIRUP ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV (Q WHUFHU PRGHODGRV OXJDU ODGLIXVLyQVLJXHX B£Ui VLPLODUHVDSDUHFHQ FWLpDV FRQGXFWD HQOXJDUHV QXHYD KDā VLGRPRGHODGD GRQGHOD SHUR DTXHOORV GRQGHQXQFDVHKDGHVDUUROOiGR! (Q FXDUWR ODV āL OXJDU QIOXHQFLDVGHOPRGHOD y DFHOHUDULODDSDUtFLyQGH SUiFWLFDV VLPLODUHV FX iQGRGHO PLVPRPRGRTXHODVDGRSFL \D PX\ āa GLIXQGLGDV DFW~DQ LQVWLJDGRUHV FRPR FUHFLHQWHV GHO TXH āDSDUH]FD PRGHODGROD SDUD FRQGX ULXHYD3RU~OWLPROD WDVDGHDGRSFLRQHVYDUtD HQIXQFLyQGHORVIDFWRUHV ti REVWDFXOL TX ]DQ HOPRGHODGR /DV FRQGLFLRQHV DVRFLDQ TXH FRQ ODV GLVWLQWDV LQQRYDFLRQ SHUPLWLU XQD UtJLGD DSOLFDFLyQ GHDOJXQRVGHORVLQGLFDGRUHV D PRVORVFULWHULRVGHPRGHODGR WHPSRUDO \JHRJUiI GLIXVLyQ VRFLDO SXHGH WUDQVFXUULU PXFKR WLHPSR SUHVHQWD ODRSRUWXQLGDGGHSRQHUHQSUiFWLFD (Q VXHVWX OR GLR VREUH GLIXVLyQ āVRFLDO OD PHGLDQWH HOHVWUDWHJLD PRGHODGR āGH XQD āFDPSDxD XWLOL]DGR ā SROtWLFD ā:HVW +HUVKH\ \ SURSRUFLRQDQ XQEXHQ 8Q JUXSR HMHPSO GH RSRVLFLyQ DO DERUWR D\XGy DOD BGHUURWiGHXULVHQDGRU GH ODV VX\DV FX\DVRSL HQHVWHDVSHFWR YDOL pQGRVH GH XQD WiFWLFD āGH FDPSDxD HQ ODTXHVHFRPELQDEDQ XQD WHUtVWLFDV eVWD FRQVLVWLyHQVROWDU Unos IROOHWRV GHSURSDJDQGD HOGRPLQJRDQWHU ODV āHOHFFLRQHV HQOD]RQD GHDSDUFDPLHQWR (VH PLVPRIROOHWRIXHGLVWULEXLGR GHODLJOHVLD FRUUHR HVHILQGH āB VHPDQD DDTXHOODVSHUVRQDV LEDQ DDSR\DUOR ORFDOL]DGDVSUHYLDPHQWH TXHVHVXSRQtD VHJ~QXQSUR āāLJ UaD GH LGHQWLILFDFLyQ WHOHIyQLFD /D W iFWLFD ā GHFDPSDxD PRGHODGD FX\R FU ORV J āVH ·. • • . • D 'LIXVLyQ H LQQRYDFLyQ VRFLDO KDEtD UHVXOWDGR HILFD] \ OD IXHQWH TXH VHGH FRQYLUWLy GLIXVLyQ HQ DGRSWDUVH FRQVXOWLYD KDVWD ODV VLJXLHQWHV FHOHEUDGDV HOHFFLRQHV GRV DxRV WDUGH PiV OD SUy[LPD (Q HOHFFLyQ GH UHV VH HVWD PRGHOy PLVPD HVWUDWHJLD HQ VHLV HVWDGRV GLIHUHQWHV XQDV YDULDFLRQHV FRQ VyOR PtQLPDV SDUD DGDSWDUODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV DODV ORFDOHV 6LQ HPEDUJR GHOD HVWUDWHJLD HOFRPSRQHQWH FRQVLVWH HQ ODLGHQWLILFDFLyQ GHO YRWDQWH TXH UHTXHUtD DVSHFWR PiV GLVSHQVDU HVIXHU]RV UHFXUVRV \ WHQHU PiV DFFHVR D XQD FRPSXWDGRUD VH GLIXQGLy FRQ PHQRV H[WHQVLyQ (Q DOJXQDV LQIOXHQFLDV PRGHODGRUDV QRVRQ DSOLFDEOHV ORV FULWHULRV ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV &XDQGR WHOHYLVLyQ OD PRGHOD QXHYDV SUiFWLFDV HQSDQWDOODV ODV GH SUiFWLFD PHQWH WRGRV ORVKRJDUHV HQFRQWUDU OXJDUHV HPSDUHMDGRV HVPX\GLILFLO GRQGH QRKD\D OOHJDGR ODLQ IOXHQFLD GHODWHOHYLVLyQ 'HVGH OXHJR QRWRGDV HVWiQ ODVLQQRYDFLRQHV SURGXFLGDV ORV PHGLRV SRU GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ VLQR TXH DOJXQDVFDQDOHV GHSHQGHQ GH SHUVRQDOHV GH WLSR(Q LQIRUPDO DTXHOODV LQQRYDFLRQHV TXHUHFRPHQGDGDV VRQ \TXH SHUVRQDOPHQWH QR S~EOLFDPHQWH VRQYLVLEOHV FRPR IXH HO FDVR GHORV WHUPRVWDWRV HOpFWULFRV SDUDFRQVHUYDUOD HQHUJtD ODGLIXVLyQ SRU ODV UHGHV VHSUR VRFLDOHV y FRPSDxHURV GH DPLJRV GH WUDEDMR TXH YLYHQ HQOXJDUHV 1R sé WUDWD GLVSHUVRV SRUWDQ GH XQD GLIXVLyQ HVSDFLDO HQ IXQFLyQ SUR[LPLGDG GH JHRJUiILFD OD 'DUOH\ Modelo del doble vínculo. (QOD WHRUtD āOD FRPXQLFDFLyQ GH GH PDVDV āVHKDDFHSWDQGR YHQLGR KDELWXDOPHQWH TXH ODV LQIOXHQFLDV PRGHODGRXQ DFW~DQ GHO SURFHVR SRU GH FRQVWD GLIXVLyQ GH T GRV SDVRV /DV SHUVRQDV LQIOX\HQWHV LGHDV QXHYDV UHFRJHQ SDUWLUGHORV D PHGLRV FRPXQLFDFLyQ\ GH ODV WUDVPLWHQ DVXV VHJXLGRUHV YDOLpQGRVH GH VX LQIOXHQFLD (VWH PRGHOR SHUVRQDO GHGREOHYtQFXO IXH HVWXGLDGR \ /D]DUVIHOG SRU .DW] TXLHQHV GHPRVWUDURQ TXH OD UDGLR \ ORV SHULy WHQtDQ XQRV HIHFWRV PtQLPRV GHFLVLRQHV GHVREUH YRWR pVWDV YHQtDQ ODV \TXH GHWHUPLQDGDV SRU ODV RSLQLRQHV FRPSDxHURV GH LQIOXLGRV SRU ORVPHGLRV DVX YH] $OJXQRV WHPD KDQ LQ HVWXGLRVR WHUSUHWDGR HVWRV KDOOD]JRV FRQVLGHUDQGR ODV LQIOXHQFLDV QR HMHUFLGDV SRU ORV PHGLRV FLyQ FRPR PiVLPSRUWDQWHVPLHQWUDV ODV TXHpVWRV ~QLFDPHQWHSXHGHQUHIRU]DU ORVFDPELRV TXH SURGX]FDQ SHUR QR SXHGHQ .ODSSHU LQLFLDUORV /DV GLVWLQWDV IXHQWHV XQDQDWXUDOH]D GH LQIOXHQFLD GLYHUVD SDUD GHPDVLDGR WLHQHQ GH KDEODU XQ SRGHU UHODWLYRILMR (Q IXQFLyQ GHVXFXDOLGDG OD LQIOXHQFLD GHORVPHGLRV HVWDUVXERUGLQD D SXHGH ODV LQIOXHQFLDV RWUR WLSR VHULJXDO GH VXSHUDUODV DpVWDV WRGR XQ FRQMXQWR +D\ R SUXHEDV VREUH GH ODV LQIOXHQFLDV PRGHODGR TXH GHO SRQHQ HQ WHOD MXLFLR OD GH RSLQLyQ GH TXH OD GLIXVLyQ HV H[FO PHQWH XQ SURFHVR GHILOWUDGR MXLFLRV GHO KRPEUH VXVYDORUHV /RV y VX FRQGXFWDSXHGHQ PRGLILFDU VH SRU HOPRGHODGR SRUOD WHOHYLVLyQ HMHUFLGR VLQQHFHVLGDG GHODLQIOXHQFLD SDUD GHXQLQ DGRSWDU \ PRGHODU ORREVHUYDGR :DWW YDQ GHQ \ %HUJ B FRPSUR EDURQ YDULDV QDV DOWHUQD WHR WLYDV UHODFLyQ VREUH HQWUH OD FRPXQLFDFLRQHV ODV GH ORVPHGLD \ ODV DFWLWXGHV FRQGXFWDV GHOS~EOL \ FR /RV PHGLD LQIOX\HQ GLUHFWDPHQWH ORV HQ PHGLD HO LQIOX\HQ LQGLYLGXR ORV OLGHUHV HQ GH RSLQL TXH D VX YH] LQIOX\HQ PHGLD QR VREUH WLHQHQ HIHFWRV ORV GHPiV LQGHSHQGLHQWHV GHWHUPLQDQ ORV OD ā DJHQGD S~EOLFD HQPDWHULD GH GLVFXVLyQ GHVLJQDQGR OR TXH HV LPSRUWDQWH LQIOX\HQ RWUD GH IRUPD QLQJXQD HQ HO PHGLD S~EOLFR UHIOHMDQ ORV ODV \FRPSRUWDPLHQWR DFWLWXGHV S~EOLFRV QRORVPROGHDQ /DFRUULHQWHGLUHFWD GH PRGHODGR GHPHGLDKDFLD ORV HOS~EOLFR fo TXH IXH PHMRU GHPRVWUDUVHHPStULFDPHQWH SXGR HVWXGLR FRQGXFWDXWLOL]DGD OD FXPSOtDORV (QHVWH UHTXLVL WRV KDEHU GH VLGR GLYXOJDGD y GH FRPSRUWDU EHQHILFLRV VLQ &XDQGR QLQJ~Q ODV DFWLYLGDGH ULHVJR TXH VHSURPXOJDQ ODLQYHUVLyQ UHTXLHUHQ GHWLHPSR \GH UHFXUVRV UHVXOWDU FDURV \ORV ID HO LQGLYLGXR DFWXDU DQWHV OD FRPSUREDFLyQ EXVFD GH D SDUWLU GH RWUDV IXHQWHV &KDIIHH UHYLVD XQD VHULH GHGDWRV HPStULFRVVXVWDQFLDOHV TXH FXHVWLRQDQ ODRSLQLyQ SUH YDOHQ WH GH ODV IXHQWHV TXH GH LQIRUPDFLyQ BWLSR LQWHUSHUVRQDO GH UHVXOWDQQHF PiV SHU VXDVLYDV TXHODV IXHQWHV UHSUHVHQWDQ ORV PHGLRVGH TXHFRPXQLFDFLyQ EXVFDQ /DV LQIRU SHUVRQDV PDFLyQ SRWHQFLDOPHQWH ~WLO 1LOD LQIRUPDWLYLGDG HQ GLYHUVDV IXHQWHV QLODFUHG VXDVLYLGDG VRQ SULYDWLYDV GHODV LQWHUSHUVRQDOHV IXHQWHV RGH ORVPHGLRV (O JUDGR GHFRPXQLF GHā XWLOL]DFLyQ GH ODV GLVWLQWDVGHSHQGH IXHQWHV HQJUDQ GH LQIRUPDFLyQ PHGLGD DFFHVLELOLGDG \ GHVX GH OD SUREDELOLGDG TXH WHQJDQ SURSRUFLRQDU GH OD FODVH GH LQIRUPDFLyQ GHVHDGD . Difusión multipatrón. (OPRGHODGR LQIOX\H en: OD DGRSFLyQ GH ODV LQQRYDFLRQHV de 9DSD VI RU PDV 0HGLDQWH GHPRVWUDFLyQ enseña DO LQGLYLGXR RGHVFULSFLyQ QXHYDV SHQVDPLHQWR \ IRUPDV 3HQVDPLHQWR Y, DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV GHFRQGXFWD (O DSUHQGL]DMH GH HOHPHQWRV EDVD HQ XQ RUGHQ QXHYRV ILMRGH QRVH IXHQWHV G FLyQ /D LPSRUWDQFLD UHODWLYD GHODV PHGLD IXHQWHV HQODLQL GHLQI FLDFLyQ GH ORV DGRSFLyQ SURFHVRV IXQFLyQ YDUtDHQ GH GH OD LQQRYDFLyQ GLVWLQWDV \GH HWDSDV O SURFHVR 3HO] ([FHSWR HQ HOFDVR GHSUiFWLFDV QR KD\ QLQJXQD VHQFLOODV IXHQWH TXH FLRQH XQD LQIRUPDFLyQ OD QDWXUDOH]D FRPSOHWD ODLQQRYDFLyQ GH \VXV VREUH SUREDEOHV EHQHILFLRV \ FRVWRV QLTXH LQVWUX\D SRU FRPSOHWR QHFHVDULRV HQODVKDELOLG VXHILFD] SDUD LPSODQWDFLyQ B B B /RV PRGHORV DGHPiV GHLQIRUPDU (OLQGLYLGXR PRWLYDQ HV UHDFLR HPSUHQGHU D QXHYDV WDUHDV TXH VLJQLILFDQ KDVWD FRVWRV TXH REVHUYD \ ULHVJRV ODV YHQWDMDV KDQ VXSXHVWR TXH pVWD D O SULPHURV DGRSWDGRUHV /RV EHQHILFLRV DFHOHUDQOD PRGHODGRV GLIXVLyQ ODVUHWLFHQFLDV DOGHELOLWDU GH ORV DGRSWDGRUHV SRWHQFLDOHV PiV KD H[WHQGLGR FDXWRV 8QD ODV YH] QXH TX IRUPDV UHFLEHQ DSR\R PRGHORV VRFLDO WDPELpQ āXOWHULRU PXHVWUDQ/RV SUHIHUHQFLD HYDOXDWLYDV TXH SXHGHQ FDPELDU ORVFULWHULRV YDORUHV HYDOXD GHO REV WLYRV LQIX\HQVREUH D ODLQQRYDFLyQ OD UHFHSWLYLGDG HVWi VLHQGR TXH PRGHODGD /RV PRG PiV GH LOXaWUDU y OHJLWLPDU ODV LQQRYDFLRQHV WDPELpQ DERJDQ ORV GHPiV SDUD TXH ODV DGRSWHQ /DV LQIOXHQFLDV GHO PRGHODGR WDPELpQ SXHGHQLPSHGLU GLIXVLyQ GH ODPLVPD HOSURFHV IRU āPDTXH SXHGHQ IDYRUHFHUOR 0LGJOH\ PRGHODGDV D XQD LQQRYD /DV UHVSXHV FLyQ GHWHUPLQDGD FRUQR OD GHFHSFLyQ FRQVHFXHQFLD SURGXFLGD GH SRU OD P GHPiV SHUVRQDV GH LQWHQWDUOD ,QFOXVR OD DXVHQFLD LQGLIHUHQFLD GH WRGD H[SHULHQFLD SHUVRQDO FRQ HOODLQWHUpV GLVPLQXLUi SRU pVWD (Q XQHO PHUFDGR GH LGHDV \ YHGDUOHV VDWXUDGR \FDPELDQWH HOp[LWR 'XUDQWH GHODVLQQR HOEUHYH TXHSRGUtDPRV SHULRGR GHSUXHED OODPDU ODLQGLIHUHQFLD XQD LQQRYDFLyQ JHQHUDO FRPSRU WD VX UiSLGD GHVDSDULFLyQ /DV LQQRYDFLRQHV TXH VRQ LQKHUHQWHPHQWH VDWLVIDFW UHQ GHPDVLDGR SDUD GLIXQGLUODV PRGHODGR 3DUD FLWDU XQ HMHPSOR IDPLOLDU HO GHOD WHOHYLVLyQ TXHGy SRU VXFDSDFLGDG JDUDQWL]DGR SDUD SURSRUFLRQDU HQWUHWHQLPLHQW /RV DQXQFLRV ORV TXH SRVLEOHV VH GLULJHQ FRPSUDGRUHV DSDUDWRV D GH WHOHYLVLyQ GH ORV VH UHI ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV PDUFDV TXH GLVWLQWLYDV UHIOHMDQ ~QLFDPHQWH SHTXHxDV GH ODVPRGLILFDFLRQ PRGHOR QRDO YDORU GH ODWHOHYLVLyQ HQ Vt(Q PXFKDV LQQRY XQD IRUPD QDWXUDO GH ODV SURSLDV VLQR LQQRYDFLRQHV TXH VRQ PDUJLQDOHV RELHQ FLDOPHQWH SRU HO FDSULFKR (Q HVWRV GHOS~EOLFR FDVRV ODDGRSFLyQ GHSHQGH BGD SRU ORV PHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ \SRU GH DTXHOODV HOPRGHODGR SHUVRQDV SRU VXSRSX SUHFR] TXH ODULGDG 9 SRU VXHVWDWXV SXHGHQ HMHUFHU XQD LQIOXHQFLD QR āWDVD GHDGRSFLyQGH DTXHOODV LQQRYDFLRQHV FX\R YDORU GHSHQGH G /RV HVIXHU]RV SDUD HOXFLGDU UHDOL]DGRV ORVGHWHUPLQDQWHV VRFLDO Q\PHFDQLVP R GH EHO RVFXUHFHU HOKHFKR GH TXH FRPR KDQ =DOWPDQ REVHUYDGR y : DOOHQGRUI QR WRGDV ODV LQQRYDFLRQHV UHVLVWHQFLD VRQ ~WLOHV DHOODVQL QHpHVDULDPHQWH OD ā(Q HO FRQWLQXR GLVIXQFLRQ IOXM āGH LQQRYDFLRQHV HOQ~PHUR GHpVWDV HVFDVDPHQWH SUREDGDV FRQPXFKR D RFRQ GH DTXHOODVYHUGDGHUDPHQWH SDUD HO EHQHILFLRVDV ELHQHVWDU SHUVRQDO DFWXDU \VRFLDO (V FRQ PHMRU SUH FDXFLyQ DQWH SU iFWLFDV DTXHOODV QXHYDV SURPRFLRQDGDV GH IRUPD IDO FLRQHV GH©DWUHYLGRª SDUD ORV DGRSWDGRUHV LQLFLDOHV SDUD ORVWDUGtRV \GH ©UH]DJDGR UHVXOWDQ SLDGDV FXDQGR ODLQQRYDFLyQ HVSURPHWHGRUD 6LQ HP WHFRQ DWUDFWLYRV SDUD TXH SUXHEHQ LQQRYDFLRQHV UHVXOWDUiQ GHVYHQWDMRVDV TXH ODGHVLJ DGHFXDGD HV OD SDUD GH ORV ©FUpGXORVª DGRSWDGRUHV LQLFLDOHV SDUD ORV UHVLVWHQWHV \ GH ©DVW 5RJHUV KD FULWLFDGR OD WHQGHQFLD TXH KD\ D SHFWLYD SURPRWRUHV GHORV OR FXDO LQIOX\H HQTXH OD FRQGXFWD VHVLW~H QR OD DGRSWL H[SOL HQ FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SHUVRQDOHV QHJDWLYDV GH OD ORV LQQRYDFLyQ UHVLVWHQWHV D 1R H[LVWH XQSDWU yQ ~QLFR GH GLIXVLyQ VRFLDO /RV PHGLRV SXHGHQ LPSODQWDUODV QX ELHQ GLUHFWDPHQWH ORV DGRSWDGRUHV RSRU (Q ORV PHGLR DQiOLVLV GH VREUH HO SDSHO FRPXQLFDFLyQ HQ OD GLIXVLyQ VRFLDO KD\yTXH VXVGLVWLQJ HIHFWRV VREUH y H[DPLQDU ODHMHFXFLyQ DVLPLVPR HOHIHFWR GHODV GL EUH HVWRV GRV SURFHVRV GLVWLQWRV (QDOJXQRV GH FRQGXFWD FDVRV 'LIXVLyQ H LQQRYDFLyQ VRFLDO < FUHDQ OD PRWLYDFLyQ QHFHVDULD OD DFFLyQ SDUD PRGLILFDQGR SHUFHSFLRQHV ODV GH SUHIHUHQF HILFDFLD SHUVRQDO\ ODV H[SHFWDWLYDV GH UHVXOWDGRV GH ORV LQGLYLGXRV (Q RWURV FDVRV PHGLD VRQ ORV ORV TXH HQVHxDQ DGRSWDGRUHV SHUR ORV TXLHQHV GHPiV VRQ SURSRUFLRQDQ QHFHVDULD OD PRWLYD SDUD UHDOL]DU OR TXH KD VLGR REVHUYDFLyQ DSUHQGLGR ,QFOXVR SRU RWUDV YHFHV HO HIH SXHGH WUDQVPLWLUVH SRU (VWH FRPSOHWR ~OWLPR SDWUyQ VRFLDOPHQWH HV PHGLRV PiV LP WtSLFR G SUHVRV FX\D PiV DXGLHQFLD OLPLWDGD GH HV ORV TXH XELFXRV OD PHGLRV ā YLVXDOHV /RV SDWURQHV GH SXHGHQ GLIXVLyQ HQ YDULDU JUDQ WDPELpQ PHGLGDQDWXUDOH]D HQ IXQFLyQ GH GH OD LQQRYDFLyQ GH ODV KDELOLGDGHV UHTXLHUH GH \ ODV UHFXUVRV H[LVWHQWHV UHGHV TXH DVRFLDFL SDUD SURSDJDU OD LQQRYDFLyQ ODV OLPLWDFLRQHV \GHHLQFHQWLYRV GLFKD DFWL VRFLDOHV TX YLGDG (Q HVWRV GLVWLQWRV SDWURQHV GH GLIXVLyQ corno LQIOXHQFLDV VRFLDO ORV JH QHUDGRUDV \ UHIRU]DGRUDV 6DELGR ` LQIRUPD XQD LQJHQLRVD VREUH āDSOLFDFLyQ GH ORV SULQFLSLRV OOHYDGD DFDER HQ0p[LFR GH āFRQVHJXLU SRU FRQ PHGLR GHO PRGHODGR ODILQDOLGDG XQD VHULH G SOLRV FDPELRV HQODVRFLHGDG SUR\HFWRV GLULJLGR HVWDED 8QRDOSUREOHPD GH ORV GHO (Q XQLQWHQWR SRU UHGXFLU HODQDOIDEHWLVPR SURJUDPD JHQHUDO QDFLRQDO GHDXWRLQVWUXFFLyQ SHUVRQDV TXH VDEtDQ OHHU GHEtDQ /DV JUXSRV G RUJDQL]DU H DXWRLQVWUXF FLyQ HQ HQVHxDUtDQ ORV D TXH OHHU ORV GHPiV D FRQ PDWHULDO con: SHGDJyJLFR HVWH ILQ G 6LQ HPEDUJR HVWD OODPDGD XQDUHVSXHVWD VRFLDO QDFLRQDO GHFHSFLRQDQWH REWXYR HQ 6DE WRQFHV HOVHULDO PD\RU \PiV DXGLHQFLD FRQ ILHO FRPR OD PHMRU al SXHEOR IRUPD \ GH PRWL GH OOHJDU YDUOR SDUD VXSHUDU HOSUREOHPD (O DUJXPHQWR GHODQDOIDEHWLVPR OD SULQFLSDO VHULHGUDPiWLFD GH Vy VREUH ODV LQWHUHVDQWHV H[SHULHQFLDV GH XQ H LQIRUPDWLYDV JUXSR GH DXWRLQVWUXF (O SURJUDPD LQFRUSRUy IDFWRUHV FRQRFLGRV ORV SULQFLSDOHV SDUD DXPHQWDU HIHFWR HO GHO PRGHO GR 3DUD DSURYHFKDU ODVYHQWDMDV PRGHODGRUHDOL]DGR SRU GHXQ DOJXLHQ FRQSUHVWLJLR GH LQVWUXFWRU DO DFWRU GH VHULDOHV /RV GHPiV PiV DFWRUHV SRSXODU UHSUHVHQWDEDQ GHOGLV UHSDUWR WLQWRV VHJPHQWRV SREODFLyQ SDUD GHLQFUHPHQWDU OD ODLQIOXHQFLD SRVLWLYD GHOP YDOLpQGRVH GH OD/D VLPLOLWXG P~VLFD \ ORVGHO DGRUQRV PRGHOR PHORGUDPiWLFRV FDUiFWHU GUDPiWLFR DOD SDUD REUD DVHJXUDU ODDWHQFLyQ DVt GHHVSHFWDGRUHV ORV &RPR PRWLYDGRU YLFDULR DGLFLRQDO VHULH UHSUHVHQWDED ODORV LPSRUWDQWHV EHQHILFLRV ,HHU\ TXH HVFULELU HO FRPSRUWDQ VDEHU SDUD HOGHVDUUROOR SDUD GHO OD HILFDFLD LQGLYLGXR \RUJXOOR \ GHODQDFLyQ /RV H ORV PHQVDMHV DxDGtDQ PRGHODGRV OD FRGLILFDFLyQVLPEyOLFD IDFLOLWDU VXUH GH OD LQI SUHVHQWDFLyQ HQODPHPRULD 5HVXOWD GHSRFR YDORU PRWLYDU DOLQGLYLGXR SURSRUFLRQDQ ODV VLQRV JXtDV QHFHVDULDV \HODSR\R VRFLDO SRU HOOR GH ODV VXV VHULHV DFWRV XWLOL]DEDQ OXJDUHV P GH OD YLGD UHDO HQORV DFWRUHV TXHHO VHYHtD PDWHULDO REWHQHU GHLQVWUXFFLyQ DORV FHQWUR GH GHDOJ~ GLVWULEXFLyQ UHDOHQXQDFHUHPRQLD \ILQDOPHQWH GHJUDGXDFLyQ WDPELpQ JUDGXDUVH UHDO /2VHStOR JRVLQIRUPDEDQ DORVHVSHFWDGRUHV SURJUDPDUOH DXWRHGXFDFLyQ GHO DQLPDEDQD QDFLRQDO EHQH \ORV ILFLDUVH GH pO 8QDV HQFXHVWDV UHDOL]DGDVKDEtDQ SUHYLDV UHYHODGR GLYHUVDV DXWRFUHHQFLDV GLVXD GtDQ DOD JHQWH GHLQFULELUVH SURJUDLQD GHO HVWDGR 0XFKRV HQTXH HO FUHtDQ āODV KDELOLGDGHV GH UD VyOR VHGHMRYHQ DGTXLHUHQRWURVSHQVDEDQ TXH FDUHFtDQ SHUVRQDOPHQWH ODKDELOLGDG QHFHVD GH ULDSDUD GRPLQDU WDUHD XQD WDQ FRPSOLFDGD H LQFOXVR āQR HUDQ DOJXQRV ORVXILFL SHQV PHQWH LPSRUWDQWHV SDUD TXH SHUVRQDV HGXFDGDV OHV GHGLFDUDQ (VWDV FUHHQFLDV VXWLHPSR HUUyQHDV IXHURQ PRGHODGDV SRU SRU ORVDFWRUHV HOLQVWUXFWRU SDUD \FRUUHJLGDV TXHVH DOSHUVXDGLUWH XQLHUDQ DO JUXSR GH DXWRLQVWUXFFLyQ (Q ODVHULH VHLQFOXtDQ IUDJPHQWRV DFDORUDGDV GLVGHKX FXVLRQHV GH ORV VXMHWRV TXH DSUHQGtDQ DFDEDEDQ YHQFLHQGR DREVWiFXORV OHHU ORV GHO ORV FXDO DSUHQGL]DMH H LEDQ GRPLQDQGRODOHFWXUD SURJUHVLYDPHQWH \HQRUJXOOHFLpQGRVH FDGD YH]PiV GH VXV DGHODQWRV 0LOORQHV GHHVSHFWDGRUHV ILHOPHQWHHVWD VHULH VLJXLHURQ $O HYDOXDU \ FRPSDUDUD ORV ORVHIHFW QR HVSHFWDGRUHV FRQORV HVSHFWDGRUHV GH OD VHULH VHYLRTXH ~OWLPRVVHKDOODEDQPXF HVWRV IRUPDGRV VREUH HOSURJUDPD QDFLRQDO GH \TXH DOIDEHWL]DFLyQ H[SUHVDEDQ DFWLWXGHV UHVSHFWR DOD D\XGD SDUD PXWXD DSUHQGHU OHHU /D WDVDGHLQVFULSFL D yQ HQHO SURJUDPD GH DXWRLQV WUXFFLyQ HO DxR DQWHULRU OD VHULH D OD IXH HPLVLyQ SHUVRQDV GH GH HO GHDxR GH HPLVLyQ \ SHUVRQDV GH VLJXLHQWH DO āDxR 8Q IRUPDWR GH PRGHODGR VLPLODU VLUYLy SDUD WHOHYLVDGR SURPRFLRQDUOD SODQLILFDFLyQ y IDPL 3HQVDPLHQWR ·y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV UHGXFLU DVtHOVREUHFUHFLPLHQWR GHPRJUiILFR FRQWUDV GHODQ WDGR SDUD GHVFULELU HOSURFHVR SODQLILFDFLyQIDPLOLDU \ORV EHQHILFLRV HQ HOTXH FRQWUDVWDED VH GH OD OD DJUDGDEOHXQD YLGD IDPLOLD SHTXHxD IDPLOLDU FRQ ODV GH XQDIDPLOLD FDUJDV GHFRQ QXPHURVD HO HPSREUHFLPLHQWR y WUDVWRUQRV DFRPSDxDQWHV *UDQGHO SDUWH GUDPD VH FHQWUDED VREUH KLMDFDVD OD GD GH ā ODIDPLOLD HPSLH]D QXPHURVD āD SDGHFHU SUREOHPDV TXHy DQJXVWLDV PDWULPRQLR HQ FRPR VX FRQVHFXHQFLD H[SDQVLyQ GHODUiSLGD GH VXSURSLD 0iVWDUGH IDPLOLD VHPRVWUy MRYHQ FyPR SDUH OD MDKDEtD DSUHQGLGR FRQWURODU HOQ~PHUR D GH KLMRV GH XQ FHQWUR FRQ OD GH D\XGD $O SODQLILFDF IL QDO GH DOJXQRV GHORV SURJUDPDV WHOHVSHFWDGRUHV GH ORV VH LQIRUPDED GH VHUYLFLRV SODQLILFD DOR FLyQ IDPLOLDU SDUD H[LVWHQWHV IDFLOLWDU ORV FDPELRV SURPRYLGRV OD SDQWDOOD LQIRUPHV GHVGH āGH /RV HVWRV FHQWURV LQFUHPHQWR UHYHODURQ GHO SRU XQ HQHO XVR FLHULWR GH FRQWUDFHSWLYRV VR WLGDG UHJLVWUDGD DQWHULRU DOD HO VHULH DxR/D GH SREODFLyQ WHOHYLVLyQ PDQLIHVWy ODUHSUHVHQWD TXH FLyQ TXH KDEtDQ la WHOHYLVLyQ YLVWR HQ VLUYLy SDWD TXH ā FRQVXOWDUDQ GH LQFHQWLYR ORV āFHQWURV /DV YHQWDV GHFRQWUDFHSWLYRV DXPHQWDURQ HQWUH XQ SRU \XQ FLHQWR HQ DQWHULRUHV ORV PLHQ GRV DxRV WUDV TXH HQ HO DxR HGH PLVLyQ GHO SURJUDPD DOFDQ]y HO SRU FLHQWR /RV FDPELRV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV OD LQIOXHQFLD WHOHYLVDGD DODLQWURGXFFLyQ GHEHQ LQWHUSUHWDUVH GH FRQ FDXWHOD SXHVWR TXH SXHGHQ GHEHUVH DOJXQRV RWUDV LQIOXHQFLDV D GH ORV FDPELRV VRFLDOHV KD\DQ SURGXFLGR VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH (O HIHFWRGHO PRGHODGRLPSRUWDQWH VLPEyOLFR VL SXHG VHXWLOL]DSDUD FRPR YHKtFXOR DFHUFDU DO LQGLYLGXR OD FRPXQLGDG DOXJDUHV GRQGH GH VH OHV GRQDUiQ JXtDV HLQFHQWLYRV QHFHVDULRV SDUDFRQVHJXLU FDPELRV SUR\HFWRV DQLYHO GH SH 6DELGR DVRFLDURQ H[SOtFLWDPHQWH ORV VHUYLFLRV HOPRGHODGR GHODFRPXQLGD (O HIHF VLPEyOL WR VLQpUJLFR GHO PRGHODGR FRPELQDGR SDUD FRQVHJXLU FRQ HO QXPHURVR HVIXHU] SDUWLFLSDQWHV PLH BQWUDV pVWH TXH ~OWLPR SRU Vt VROR FRQVLJXLy HVFDVRV UHVXO D 'HWHUPLQDQWHV GH OD DGRSFLyQ /D DGTXLVLFLyQ GH KDELOLGDGHV FRQRFLPLHQWRV UHIHUHQWHV\ DODV GH QHFHVDULD LQQRYDFLRQ SHUR QRSDUD VXILFLHQWH TXH SURGX]FD VH VX DGRSFLyQ HQ ODSUiFWLFD IDFWRUHV TXH GH 6RQ Y WHUPLQDQ VLHOLQGLYLGXR DFWXDUi GH DFXHUGR KD DSUHQGLGR FRQ ORTXH /DV LQGXFFLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV āDFW~DQ FRPR XQFRQMXQWR 3RU HMHPSOR GH UHJXODGRUHV HQ HOFDPSR XWLOL]DQ UpSHWL GHO FRQVXP GDPHQWH DQXQFLRV SDUD HVWLPXODU DWUDFWLYRV D ORV FRQVXPLGRUHV DFRPSUDU ORV /D LQGXVWULD VDWXUD GHODPRGD HO PHUFDGR FRQ ORVQXHYRV HVWLORV \UHGXFH O OORV RWURV TXH /D LQWHQWD LQGXFFLyQ VXVWLWXLU D OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH SURGX SUiFWLFDV VRFLDOHV OD SUREDELOLGDG DXPHQWD GHTXH ORV DGRSWDGRUHV SR FLHQHV SURPXOJDGDV ā/D FRQGXFWD GH DGRSFLyQ UHVXOWDU HV LQIOXLGD PX\ SRU ORV VXVFHSWLEOHGH LQFHQWLYRV /RV GXRV TXH GLVSRQHQ DGRSWDQ ODVLQQRYDFLRQHV GH PHGLRV SURGXFHQ EHQHILFLRV TXH UHFKD WDQJLEOHV ]DQ ODV TXH DGHFXDGDPHQWH QRIXQFLRQDQ PD\RUHV &XDQWR VRQ ORVEHQHILFLRV SURSRUFLRQD XQD TX LQQRYDFLyQ WDPELpQ PD\RU HOLQFHQWLYR HV SDUD DGRSWDUOD 2VWOXQG 6KRHUQDNHU 5RJHUV \ 6LQ HPEDUJR SXHGHQ H[SHULPHQWDUVH QR KDVWD ORV āTXH SUXHEDQ EHQHILFLRV VHā ODV QXHYDV SUiFWLFDV SRU WDQWR GHFLGLU DO VL DGRSWDQ R āQR XQD LQQRYDFLyQKDQ ODV GH DFWXDU SHUVRQDV ā ED ViQGRVH HQORVEHQHILFLRV'DGR \SRVLEOHV HO UHODWLYRJUDGR GH LQFHUWH]D SHUMXLFLRV TXH DQW FRPSRUWDQ ODV LQQRYDFLRQHV HVWLPDUQR FRUUHFWDPHQWH ORV UHVXOWD UHVXOWDGRV SUREDEOHV IiFLO /RV SURPRWRUHV LQWHQWDQ SRU VXSXHVWR TXH ODJHQWH DGR UHQFLDV \ FUHHQFLDV UHVXOWDGRV SUREDEOHV VREUH ORV QR HQXPHUDQGR ORV LQF PLVPDV /RV SRU TXH ODVDERJDQ QXHYDV FUHDQ WHFQRORJtDV H[SHFWDFLyQ VREUH ODYHQWD FLRQHV UHVSHFWR GH ORV PpWRGRV HVWDEOHFLGRV /RV L FLVLRQHV DGRSWLYDV DEXQGDQHQ \ ODSXEOLFLGDG /RV OODPDPLHQWRV SRVL GXFWD DGRSWLYD WRGD VHULH FRPSRUWD XQD EHQHILFLRV PLHQWUDV PXHVWUDQODV TXH FRQ ORV QHJ VHFXHQFLDV DGYHUVDV SUiFWLFDV UHF GH yPHQGDGDV QRVHJXLU 6LQ HPEDUJR ODV HOFDVWLJR XQ PHGLR PHQRV SDUD ODSURPRFLyQ ILDEOH FRQGXFWD DGRSWLYD GH OD la SURPHVD TXH GH UHFRPSHQVD (Q XQ FDStWXOR SRVWHULRU VH DQDOL]DQ ORV IDFWRUHV UHJXODGRUHV GH ORV HI LQFHQWLYRV YLFDULRV ā ā āāā ā ā ā (Q ODDGRSFLyQ ,QGXVWULDO GLVHxDGDV SDUDDXPHQWDU GHWHFQRORJtDV SURGXFWLYLGDG OD VHKD GH 'LIXVLyQ H LQQRYDFLyQ VRFLDO ORV y HFRQyPLFRV LQFHQWLYRVGH VRFLDOHV ODVyLQQRYDFLRQHV 0RKU SUHVHQWDQ XQ PRGHOR GH LQFHQWLYR LQWHJUDQ YDULRV HQ HO IDFWRUHV TXH VH TXH SX VREUH OD LQQRYDFLyQ (Q DQLYHO HVWH PRGHOR GHRUJDQL]DFLyQ ODLQQRYDFLyQYDU ODLQGXFFLyQ HQ D IXQFLyQ GH OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH ORV EHQHILFLRV \ OR PRGHUDQ PiV WDUGH SRUORV UHFXUVRV SDUDLPSODQWDU ILQDQFLHURV ODV QXHYDV \GHSH SUiFWLFDV \SRU ORVIDFWRUHV YDORU DWULEXLGR TXH UHGXFHQ DORVEHQHILFLRV y DORV FRVWRV HO (QWUH ORV EHQHILFLRVKDOODQ SHUFLELGRV ODV JDQDQFLDV HVSHUDGDV VH \VXYDULDFLyQ DORODUJR G WLJLR GHULYDGR GH WHUUHQR ODSHUVSLFDFLD GHODRUJDQL]DFLyQ \ ODPHMRUD HQHO HQ HOIXQFLRQ ODPLVPD /RV SDUD GHVLQFHQWLYRV ODLQQRYDFLyQ YDULDQ GHIRUPD HO SDUHFLGD WLHPSR GHORVGL WLYRV \ORV FRVWRV JDQDQFLDV TXHUHSUHVHQWD BGHODLQQRYDFLyQ HYDOXDU \ GHO ORVFRVWR ODV WUDEDMR SDUD LPSODQWDUOD y ORVFRVWRVEDUDWDU VRFLDOHV ODVUXWLQDV HVWUXFWXUDV GHGHV GHODRUJDQL]D \ FLyQ GH $SDUWH HVWRVIDFWRUHV GLVXDVLYRV H[LVWHQ KDFHU TXH QR RWUDV VH FRQVLGHUH ~WLO OD LQQRYDFLyQ ā (O SURQyVWLFR WDUHD DUULHVJDGD HVXQD /DV LQQRYDFLRQHV LPSOLFD ODLQIRUPDFLyQ SDUD MX]JDU XWLOL]DGD ORV UHVXOWDGRV SUREDEOHV ILDEOH $ ODKRUD QRHV GH WRPDU XQD GHFLVLyQ ODLPDJHQ UHVXOWDUi PX\ GHORVEHQHILFLRV GHFLVLYD FRQILDQ]D VLQRH[LV QR HQ ODHVWLPDFLyQ UHDOL]DGD FRQ ORV FRVWRV GHVXUHODFLyQ &XDQWR OD FRQILDQ]D PHQRU HQVXH VHD FLD HYDOXDWLYD GH WRPDU ODVSHUVRQDV ODGHFLVLyQ TXHKDQ LQFOLQDFLyQ PHQRU D DYHQWXUDUVH GH VHUi VX KDFLD QXHYRV UXPERV LPSRUWDQFLD &XDQWR RWRUJXHQ PiV DORVULHVJRV SRWHQFL UHSUHVHQWDUtD HOTXH ODLQQRYDFLyQ QRFXPSOLHUD VHQWLUiQ FRQ D ORHVS LQWURGXFLUOD 'RZQV \ 0RKU UHFRQRFLHURQ TXH ODFRPELQDFLyQ GHQWUR GH GH XQ PRGHOR FRPSXHVWR QR KRUD GH VLJQLILFD WRPDU OD GHFLVLyQ TXH DOD VH VRSHVHQ H HVWRV IDFWRUHV QLTXHORVLQFHQWLYRV HFRQyPLFRV XQD D IRUPD WDQ SRGHURVD FRPR KDFHU SRGULD XQD SHQVDU WHRULD VREUH RULHQWDGD PRWLYDFLyQ HFRQyPLFD PHQWH 0DQVILHOG HQFRQWUy TXH ODGLIXVLyQPiV GHODVWpFQ Ui SLGD FXDQWR PiV YHQWDMRVDV PHQRU HV UHVXOWDQ OD LQYHUVLyQ \ GH FDSLWDO TXH VXHOHQ SDVDU DxRV KDVWD TXH SRGUtDQ ILUPDV EHQHILFLRV DOFDQ]DU TXH HFRQyPLFRV FRQ GHSUiFWLFDV VXV DGRSWDQ WHFQRORJtDV SUREDGR YDORUGH /RV UHVSRQVDEOHV UHWUDVR HQ OD āDGRS GHHV FLyQ GH LQQRYDFLRQHV YHQWDMRVDV VRQ ORV IDFWRUHV SH &XDQGR VHHQFXHQWUD FRQLQFHUWLGXPEUHV FRPSXWDU \FRQ OD LQIRUP UHODFLyQ FRVWREHQHILFLRV ORTXH KDFH HOLQGLYLGXR TXH HV SDVDQ DOWR SRU PXFKRV GH SRGUtDQ ORV IDFWRUHV FRPR DFWXDU LQFHQWLYRV R TXH GHVLQFHQWLYRVGH OD DGRSFLyQ .DKQHPDQ 6ORYLF $GHPiV \7YHUVN\ ORV LQWHUHVHV SDUWLFXODUHV \ORV EHQHIL FLRV TXH HOFDPELR SDUD OD RUJDQL]DFL SXHGD yQFRPSRUWDU QRVLHPSUH FRLQFLGHQ &RUQR KDREVHUYD GR 0DUFK HODQiOLVLV GHODUHODFLyQ SDUDUDFLRQDOL FRVWREHQH ]DU HOHFFLRQHV TXH UHIOHMDQ SHUVRQDOHV GH ODVSUHIHUHQFLDV DTXHOORV TXH WLHQHQ SRG QR QHFHVDULDPHQWH Pi[LPR SDUD ORV EHQHILFLRV(Q DXPHQWDU ODV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV DO GRQ PiV GHXQ JUXSR \GRQGH pVWRV FRPSLWHQ DXPHQWDU HOSRGHU HQWUHGHXQ VtO āGH ORV JUXSRV VH SRU YHUi ORV JUXSRV REVWDFXOL]DGD ULYDOHV TXH FRPR LQWHUSUH XQD DPHQD]D DVXLQIOXHQFLD =DOWPDQ \ 9 DOOHQGRUI (Q ODPHGLGD HQTXH H[LVWD VREUH HO QLYHO SRVLEOH GH ORVEHQHILFLRV YHUiQ IXWXURV REVWDFXOL]DGDV RVHUiQ DSOLFDGDV GH IRUPD FRPSURPHWHGRUD DORV EHQHILFLRV GHXQDSHUVRQD &RQ IUHFXHQFLD RGH ODFRQGXFWD XQD HVWi GLULJL IDFFLyQ DG GDPiV SRU HOp[LWR GHORV SRU ORV FRPSHWLGRUHV DQiOLVLV GHWDOODGRV TXH GH O ILFLRV 6LRWUDV SHUVRQDV HVWiQ DGRSWDQGR ELHQ ORVQXHYRV LQIRUPDGDVSURFHGLP UHVXOWD EHQHILFLRVD(O VXDSOLFDFLyQ PRGHODGR JHQHUDOL]DGR GH ODV LQQR ELpQ HV FDSD] GH FRQWUDUUHVWDU ODUHVLVWHQFLD VRFLDO LQQRYDFLRQHV EHQHILFLRVDV SDUWH GH ODV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV SRU SRGHURVD OD UHVXOWDUi PiV LQGXFFLyQ SDUD DGRSWDUODV 0DQVILHOG ā ā ā ā ā ā ā ā B ā ā ā0XFKDV LQQRYDFLRQHV VLUYHQ FRPR PHGLR VRFLDO \GH GH DGTXLULU FRQVHJXLU HVWDWXV /D DGRSFLyQ WHPSUDQD GHLQQRYDFLRQHV TXH GHPXHVWUDQ DXPHQWDU HO VHUY HVWDWXV \HOSUHVWLJLR SHUVRQDO 5HDOPHQWH PRWLYDGRU FRQ IUHFXH GLDGR H[WHQVDPHQWH 3HQVDPLHQWR y. DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV SULQFLSDO SDUD ODDGRSFLyQGHQXHYRVHVWLORV\JXVWRV6L HQP XFKRVFDVRV ORVHV WLQWRVQRFRPSRUWDQEHQHILFLRV DFDVR ORVHVWLORVPiVLQQRYD LQKHUHQWHV GLVWLQ WDQORVPiVFRVWRVRV 3RU WDQWRKD\TXHSDJDU XQSUHFLR SRUHOHVWDWXV SURFXUD GLVWLQ /DJHQWH JXLUVHGHORVGHPiV DGRSWD HVWLORVQXHYRVHQHOYHVWLU HQ HODUUHJORHQVXVDFWLYL GH RFLR y HQ VX FRPSRUWDPLHQWR āFRQVLJXLHQGR WDQWRSRU XQ HVWDWXV $ PHGLGDTXH GLVWLQWLYR DXPHQW SRSXODULGDGGH QXHYDYD ODFRQGXFWD SHUGLHQGR VXYDORU FRPRFRQIHULG KDVWD TXH DFDED SRUFRQYHUWLUVH HQWRQFHVGHVHFKDGDHQ HQKDELWXDO IDYRUGHRWUD VLHQGR 3RU QXHYD I ā WDQWR HOPRGHODGRJHQHUDOL]DGR LQGXFHDODFUHD SUHVHUYDU ODGLIH UHQFLyQ ā SHUVRQDO /DVPRGDV\ODVFRVWXPEUHV HQJUDQPHGLGD HQWUHVtSRUORVEHQHI VHGLIHUHQFLDQ TXHDSR \DQ OD FRQGXFWDDGRSWLYD&XiQGR ODVLQQRYDFLRQHVVL PLHQWR y ODSRVLFLyQVRFLDOWtSLFRGHODVPRGDV HVFDODGD GHSRSXODUL VHD GDG y XQDEUXSWRGHVFHQVR KD HQODPLVPDFXDQGR KHFKRTXHGHVDSDUHFLHUD OD QRYHGDG 3RU HOXVR HO FRQWUDULR ODVFRVWXPEUHV GH XQD YLGD UQiV GLVIUXWDQ ODUJDSRUT~H ORVEHQHILFLR VRQPiVGXUDGHURV (O DXWRPyYLO HVXQHMHPSORGHQRYHGDGTXH ā SHUPDQHQWH /DVLQQRYDFLRQHV TXHWLHQHQXQYDORU āODV SUiFWLFDV KDVWDTXHRWUDV KDELWXDOHV VXSHULRUHV YLHQHQ D VXVWLWXLUOD ā/D FRQGXFWD āDGRSWLYD āWDPELpQ HVWD UHJXODGD HQSDUWH SRU ODV UH SURSLRFRPSRUWDPLHQWR (O LQGLYLGXRDGRSWDORTXHYDORUD \ UHFKD]D ORTXHMX]JD FD āā SHURVLHPSUHVHUHVLVWHD DFHSWDU DTXHOODVLQQRYDFLRQHVyTXHYLRODQVX PRUDOHV R TXH VHKDOODQ HQ āFRQIOLFWR FRQVXVFUHHQFLDV PiVILUPHPHQW TXHFKRFDFRQVXDXWRFRQFHSFLyQ &XDQWR PiVFRPS VRFLDOHV \HOVLVWHPD GH YDORUHV H[LVWHQWHV PD 6LQHPEDUJRODVVDQFLRQHV DXWRHYDOXDWLY LQIOXHQFLDVRFLDO0XFKDV YHFHVPHGLDQWH HVWUDWH REOLJDDOLQGLYLGXRD DFWXDU GHXQPRGRTXHSHUVRQDOPHQWH SRU HO MX]JDUt āFDPELRTXHVHUHDOL]DHQ OD DSDULHQFLD \HOVLJQLILFDGRGHODVFR ā,DVFRPRYHQWDMRVDV 3RU HMHPSORHO marketing SUHVHQWD ORVSURGXFWRV GH IRUPDTXHSDUH] QXHYRV FDQFRPSDWLEOHVFRQORVYDORUHV DSUHFLDGRV SRUH HQHVHPRPHQWR6HIRPHQWD ODFRQIRUPLGDG 3DUD GHOFR āFRQVHJXLUTXHODPXMHUIXPDUD marketing H[SORWDURQ ORVGLUHFWRUHV HOPRYLPLHQW G SUHVHQWDQGR KiELWRGH IXPDUFRPR HO H[SUHVLyQGH VXOLEHUDFLyQ XWLOL]DQGRI āpVWD©+DVUHFRUULGRXQODUJR FDPLQRSHTXHxDª āāHO ā HQWRUQRVHRIUHFHQHQQRPEUHGHVXFRQVHUYDFL 'H LJXDOIRUPDFRQXQHWLTX āDGH FXDGR VHIRPHQWDQ FRQGXFWDV HyQLPSOLFDFLRQHV PRUDOHV \pWLFDV āFRQVLGHUDGDV āRV GHPiV FRPR PXFKDV YHFHV HQ DGRSWDU HVWiQ SUiFWLFDV VRFLDOHV GH DFXHUGR UHSUHQVLEOHV TXHKDQ ~WLOHV SDUD VLGR OD GHVFULWDV KXPDQLGDG FRPR a %DQGXUD ā /DVLQQRYDFLRQHVVHGLIXQGHQVLJXLHQGRXQ ULWPR āy XQSDWUyQGLVWLQWRV\DTX WRDODVKDELOLGDGHV\ORVUHFXUVRV SDUD DGRSWDUODV(VWRV FRUUHFWDPHQWH UHTXLVLWRV QHFHVDULRV SUH YLRVDFW~DQFRPRIDFWRUHV DGLFLRQDOHV 5RJHUV\ 6KRHPDNHU FRQWURODGR ā KDQLGHQWLILFDGRGLYHUVDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV DGDSWD ELOLGDG/RVPHWDDQiOLVLV ORV āHIHFWRVREWHQLGRV TXHUHVXPHQ ODPDJQLW HQGLY DSR\DQGRVGHODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV \DPHQFLRQDGDV ORV EHQHILFLRVUHODWLYRV\OD FRPSDWLELOLGDG DVtFRPRXQDWHUFHUDODFRPSOHMLGDG (O TXHXQDLQQRYDFLyQUH 7RUQDW]N\ FRPSOHMDGHSHQGHGHODVFRPSHWHQFLDV 3RU WDQWRODFRPSOHMLGDGGH GHODGRSWDG FRPRDOJRUHODWLYRDOQLYHOGHFRPSHWHQFLD SUHYL FLyQ/DVLQQRYDFLRQHV TXH āVRQGLItFLOHVGHHQWHQGHU\GHXWLOL] UHWLFHQFLDTXH ODV VHQFLOODV /D SRVLELOLGDGGHODLQQRYDFLyQ GH FDUDFWHUtVWLFD VHUVRPHWLGD UHOH YDULWHTXHSXHGH LQIOXLU āHQVXDGRSFLyQ /DV LQQRYDFLRQHV TXHS DGRSWDUiQFRQPD\RU UDSLGH] TXH DTXHOODV TXH KDQ GH āSUREDUVH FRQJUDQ GHVSOLHJ GHFRVWRV/DVLQQRYDFLRQHV DOIWXUR FRPSRUWDQLQFHUWLGXP \DVLVXVEHQHILFL FLDOHVUHVXOWDUiQLJXDOPHQWH cuando HO DGRSWDGRU OD WUDVSDVH DOFDQ]DEOHV D VXSURSLRPHGLR $O WR 'LIXVLyQ H LQQRYDFLyQ VRFLDO PDUOD GHFLVLyQGHDGRSWDUXQDLQQRYDFLyQHOLQ VHQWDUiODLQWHUUXSFLyQGHODVWHFQRORJtDVRSUi UDGR&XDQWRPiV FDUDUHVXOWHGHUHYHUWLU /DUHVLVWHQFLD DOD PD\R LQQRYDFLyQTXHVXUJHFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLD GH āORVUHVXOWDGRV GHOPLHG SXHGH PHGLDQWHXQHQVD\RSURYLVLRQDOOLPLWDGR 6LQHPE YDFLRQHVTXHUHTXLHUHQODDSOLFDFLyQGHJUDQGHV GHUHYHUWLU(QHVWRVFDVRVORVEHQHILFLRVHYL SHUVXDVRUHV $SHVDU GHKDOODUVH SUHGLVSXHVWDV KDFLDXQD VL FDUH L FHQGHOGLQHURODVKDELOLGDGHVRORVUHFXUVRVQ SDUD HOOR&XDQWRVPiVUHFXU UHTXLHUD ODLQQRYDFLyQPiVEDMD (O HVWXGLRUHDOL]DGRSRU+ VHUi VXDGRSWD āVREUH ODGLIXVLyQWUDQVFXOWXUDO GH OD WHFQRORJtD &RORPELD DJUtFRODHQ LOXVWUD ODVOLPL QHVLPSXHVWDV UHFXUVRV ILQDQFLHURV SRUORV ā HQODVGHFLVLRQHV /RVWHUUDWHQLHQWH GHDGRSFLyQ SRGtDQSDJDUODVQXHYDVWHFQRORJtDV OR TXHSURVSHUDURQ IXHURQORV y FRP SUDURQPiVWLHUUDV /RVTXHGLVSRQtDQGHSRFRF QRSRGtDQ DPRUWL]DU ODGHXGD FDVR LQQRYDFLRQHV GHFRQVHJXLU D SHVDUGHKDOODUVHELHQSUHGLVSXHVWRV KDFLD HOOD SHUGLHURQ VXVPLQLIXQGLRV\SDVDURQ DWUDEDMDU FRPRDVDODULDGRV HQODFLXGD URQFRQVXVWLHUUDVDGXUDVSHQDVSXGLHURQVREU QHVHVWiQPiVVXMHWDVTXHRWUDV D ODVSURKLELFLRQHVVRFLDOHVTXHLQI ODVTXHVHDGRSWDUiQ\ODVTXHQR\VREUHODYH FLDOHV LPSLGHQ HOSURFHVR GHGLIXVLyQ ā Redes sociales y flujo de difusión /DVSHUVRQDVVHKDOODQLQPHUVDVHQUHGHVGHUH ORVPLHPEURVGHODRUJDQL]DFLyQORVIDPLOLDUHV PHGLRGHODVUHODFLRQHVSHUVRQDOHV VH KDOODQ OLJDGDVQRVyOR GHXQD PDQHUD ODVSHUVRQD GLUHFWD 'HELGR DTXHODVUHODFLRQHVLPEULQFDQGLVWLQWRV UHVXOWHQ UHODFLRQDGRV Vt GHIRUPDLQGLUHFWD HQWUH SRUOD]RV GHLQW KDPRVWUDGRTXHVHUHTXLHUHQ GLH]FRQRFLGRVLQWHUPHGLRVS TXH GRVSHUVRQDV PHQRVGH FXDOHVTXLHUD TXHQRVHFRQR]FDQHQWUHVtVHU FLyQVREUHODSHUVRQDREMHWLYRGHODUHODFLyQ EROVD GH%RVWRQ SDUDSR JLUHQWUH HOFRQMXQWRGHFRQRFLGRV SURSLRV HOTXH KDFHUQRV KD KDVWD OOHJDU GH SHUVRQD HVD /DV HVWUXFWXUDV VRFLDOHVFRPSUHGHQ YtQFXORV HUHGHVDJU QWUH ā VtDGHPiVGHSHUVRQDVTXHHVWDEOHFHQ PLHPEUR FR ODFRQH[L P~QRGHXQHQODFH/RVJUXSRVYDUtDQ HQVXHVW FLyQPX\GLVSHUVD HQWUHVXVPLHPEURV /DVUHGHV DORVTXH WDPELpQGLILHUHQHQHOQ~PHUR y SDWUyQGHORVYtQFXORVHVWUXFWXUDO WHQHUPXFKRV OD]RVFRPXQHVRIXQFLRQDUFRQXQH WRDOJUDGRGHLQWHUFRQH[LyQODVSHUVRQDVYDUt D OD SRVLFLyQTXHRFXSDQHQ FLDOHVSDUWLFXODUHV /DVRSLQLRQHV\HOFRPSRUW OHQWHQHU PD\RULPSDFWRVREUHODGLIXVLyQDWUD GHOD UHGVRFLDOTXHODVDFWLY SRU ORV GHPiVPLHPEURV 5RJHUVDVLJQDXQSDSHOGHVWDFDGR DODVUHGHV QHV 5RJHUV \.LQFDLG 0XFKDV YHFHVOD VRVHVWUDQVPLWLGD SRUPHGLRGHUHODFLRQHV PXOW HOSURFHVRGHFRPXQLFDFLyQFRPRXQSURFHVRGHS XQLGLUHFFLRQDO TXHYDGHXQDIXH XQUHFHSWRU 5RJHUVVXEUD\D HOFDUiFWHU PXWXRG /DVSHUVRQDV -D LQIRUPDFLyQRWRUJDQVLJQLILFDGRDO FRPSDUWHQ PHGLRGHODUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ PXWXDYDQFRPSUH y VHLQIOX\HQ HQWUHVt (O SURFHVRGHGLIXVLyQOOHJD D FRPSUHQGHUVHPHMRUHVSHFLILFDQGR 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV SRUORVTXH VH āGLIXQGHQODVLQQRYDFLRQHV TXHFRQVLGHUDQGR ODUJR GHOWLHPSR (O DQiOLVLV *UDQRYHWWHU GH VREUH ODLQWHQVLGDG GHODV U TXHODVLQQRYDFLRQHVVHH[WLHQGHQPiVDPSOLDPHQW /D UD]yQ GHHVWHHIHFWRDSDUHQWHPHQWH SDUDGyMLFR HVOD WUHFKDVVXHOHQWHQHUODPLVPDRSLQLyQVREUHODV WH āHQWUHVt3RU HOFRQWUDULR DTXHOODV RWUDV FRQ PiV YDULDGRV GRQGH SXHGHQ ā(V PiV DSUHQGHU SUREDEOHFRVDV TXHVHDSUH GLVWLQ SUiFWLFDVQXHYDV SDUWLU GHFRQWDFWRV D EUHYHV TXH ā DSDUWLUGHOFRQWD FRQGLYHUVRV FRQRF FXHQWHFRQXQPLVPR\HVWUHFKR FtUFXORGHDPLVWD āFRQWULEXLUiQ D DXPHQWDU \ H[WHQGHUODV GHGLIXVLyQ FRUULHQWHV HQODPHGLGD HQ &XDQGRVHSLGHDODJHQWHTXHOOHJXHKDVWD FDGHQD GH FRQR DOJXL FLGRVLQWHUPHGLRV VHGHPXHVWUD TXHUHDOPHQWH HV [LyQVRFLDO 'D\WRQ\ *UHHQZDOG /LQ /D XWLOL]DFLyQ GHOD]RVGpELOHV OD SRVLELOL GDG GHTXHVH SURGX]FD āHOFRQWDFWR ā 1RWRGDVODVSHUVRQDV FRQUHODFLRQHVGpELOHVVR FDUHFHQGHUHODFLRQHV HVWUHFKDV SRUTXH LQWHUDFFL HQODFHV HQWUHGLVWLQWRVJUXSRV6RQORVFRQWDFWRV TXH SRVORVTXHDPSOtDQODVFRUULHQWHV GLIXVLyQ /RVYtQFXORVIXHUWHV\GpELOH GH WHV IXQFLRQHVHQODGLIXVLyQGHODVLQQRYDFLRQHV / GLYHUVLGDGSHURVRQODVLQIOXHQFLDV VRFLDOHV TX ā TXHLQIOX\HQHQORTXHVHUiDGRSWDGR GHHQWUHOD JXLUHQWUHāODFRQILJXUDFLyQGHORVOD]RVVRFLDOH WD DGRSWLYDGH ODV LQQRYDFLRQHV 0LHQWUDV TXHODLQWHUFRQH[L GHGLIXVLyQSRWHQFLDOHV ORVIDFWRUHV SVLFRVRFLD GLIXQGLUiQHVWDVFRUULHQWHV (Q RWUDVSDODEUDV VRQODVLQWHUDFFLRQ QHV VRFLDOHV QR ā ODV UHODFLRQHV \ SRU VtPLVPDV ODV TXH H[S (OLPSDFWRGHODVUHGHV OD GLIXVLyQ\ODLQQRYDFLyQ VREUH HVXQDV FRPSOHMRGHORTXHSXHGDSDUHFHU DVLPSOHYLVWD PHMRUIRUPDGHPHGLUODVFRQH[LRQHV ([LVWH WDPELpQODHVSLQRVD GHODUHG % F FXiOHV VRQODVUHGHVVRFLDOHV SDUWLFXODUHV TXH QHV(OLQGLYLGXRUHDOL]D OD PD\RUtD GHVXVDFWLYLGDGHV HQFRQWH[W FLHQWRVGH 'H HVWDV FRQH[LRQHV GLVWLQWDV LQWHUDFFLRQHV SXHGHQ āOHVFRQVWUXLGDV DOUHGHGRUGH FXDOTXLHU RFXSDFLyQ 3RU HMHPSORDGHPiVGHODV SHUVRQDO KDELWXDOHV GHDPLVWDG\SURIHVLRQDOHV H[LVWHQU ULRUHGHVGHSRUWLYDV\UHGHVGHWDEHUQD 8QDFDGDX SHUVRQDSXHGH RFXSDU XQDSRVLFLyQ FHQWUDOHQXQDUHG\ XQD SRVLFLyQPDUJLQDOHQRW 3DUD FRP SOLFDUPiVODFXHVWLyQ HQGLVWLQWDV HWDSDV GHO FLDOHV$OVHJXLUODSLVWDGHODDGRSFLyQGHXQ GHPpGL FyV &ROHPDQ .DW] HQFRQWUDURQ \0HQ]HO TXHHQXQD SULPH IOXHQFLDVDFWXDEDQ SRUPHGLRGHODVUHODFLRQHV KDFtDQ D S WUDYpV GH ODV UHODFLRQHV GH DPLVWDG /DPD\RUSDUWHGHODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV VREUHOD LQGLYLGXRVVREUHODVSHUVRQDV FRQTXLHQKDEODQF WUX\HQ DSDUWLUGHOUHFXHUGR GHODGRSWDGRU GHTX LQIRUPHVVREUHORVOD]RVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ \ODVY VREUHODILDELOLGDGGHORVGDWRV y VREUH ODH[DFWLWXG VREUHODV FRQTXH UHGH QH[LyQHVWUXFWXUDO ā UHDO /DSHUFHSFLyQGHODLQIOXHQFLDVRFLDOQRVLHPSU HVWiQ LPSOLFDGDV YDULDVIXHQWHV\ORVUHFXHUGRV SXHGHQ UHVXOWDU āGHOLFDGRVORVVXMHWRVSXHGHQQHJDUOD LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUHODVSHUVRQDV SUHJXQWDU VyOR LPSOLFDGD VREUHODVUHODFLRQHVSHUVRULDOHV ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV HVWUHFKDV VRFLRPpWULFDV QHVGpELOHVTXHFRPRKHPRVYLVWR DFW~DQPXFKDV YHFHVFRPRYtQFXORVLPSRUWDQ ~·· · 'LIXVLyQ H LQQRYDFLyQ VRFLDO GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ 'DGR ORQXPHURVDV IRUWXLWDV TXH HVWRV SXHGHQ YtQFX OOH ORV GLiGLFRV VLPSOHPHQWH VHLJQRUDQ SXHV GHRWUR WHV DODV UHGHV VRFLDOHV XQDWDUHD GHSURSRUFLRQHV VHFRQYHUWLULD 3RU WDQWR GHVFRPXQDOHV HQ VHVD FULILFD ODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ FRPSOHWD GH ORV YtQFXORV PLHQWR /DV WUXQFDQ PHGLGDV ODV .vías GH GLIXVLyQ TXH ODV PiV QR VRQ LQGLFDGDV SDUD GHPRVWUDU GH TXp IRUPD ODV SURSLDV GH YDULDEOHV ODV UHGHV D OD FRQWULEX\HQ GLIXVLyQ GH ODV LQQRYDFLRQHV +D\ SRFDV HVSHUDQ]DV KD\D HQSHUVSHFWLYD GHTXH PHGLGDV y. REMHWLYDV PiV FRPSOH GHODV GHV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ 6HULD WRWDO GHQHFHVDULD XQD FRPXQLGDG SDUD GHWHUPLQDU ODLQVSHFFLyQ TXLp GLFH GHWHUPLQDGDV FRVDV DTXLpQ (Q HVWXGLRV ODERUDWRULR GH FRQ SHTXHxRV JUXSRV GH GHUHDOL]DUVH REVHUYDFLyQ GLUHFWD OD GHIDVUHGHV QGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ R HV IDFWLEOH HQ WRUQR FRWLGLDQR /RV PXHVWUHRV GHOD LQWHUDFFLyQ WHPSRUDOHV SURSRUFLRQDQ VRFLDO GDWRV EUHYHV TXH GHVFULEHQ LQFRPSOHWDODV GH IRUPD FDGHQDV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ UHJLVWURV GH LQWHUDFFLR LJXDO TXH QHV VRFLDOHV SRUTXH RPLWHQ ODVQXPHURVDV SURGXFHQ GLDULDPHQ FRPXQLFD WH 'DGD HVWD FRPSOHMLGDG PHWRGROyJLFD KDQ KHFKR PD\RUHV LQKHUHQWH HO GLVHxR DYDQFHV GH VH HQ PpWRGRV FRPSXWDUL]DGRV H[WUDHU ORV TXH tQGLFHV SHUPLWHQ FXDQWLWDWLYRV GH PXOWLWXG GH UHODFLRQHV GLiGLFDV HQFRQWUDGDV L) HQ OR TXH HQ OD PHMRUD GH OD FDOLGDG GH ORV SURSLRV GD (O DYDQFH HQ HOFRQRFLPLHQWR HQTXH ODV UHGHV VRFLDOHV GHODIRUPD GLIXVLyQUH FRQWULEX\HQ TXLHUH XQD HVSHFLILFDFLyQ WHyULFD GHODV UHGHV Pi FRPLHQFH OD GLIXVLyQ KDQ GHPHGLUVH FDUDFWHUtVWLFD ODV HVWUXFWXUD GH pVWD DFW~DQ FRPR WDVD \ SUHGLFWRUHV SDWUyQ GHOD FRQGXFWD GHOD DGRSWLYD (O R WUXLU WUD\HFWRULD OD GHODGLIXVLyQ VLQRH[SOLFDU \SUHGHFLU G OD JHQHUDOLGDG RHVSHFLILFLGDG HYDOXDFLyQ VXUJH GH DQDOL]DUODV QXHYR GH UHGHV OD DO ¢/RTXHK HYDOXDUVH VRQ ODV SHUVRQDV DODV GHLQIRUPDFLyQ TXHRVyOR JHQHUDOPHQWH DTXH OODV DODVTXH VHGLULJH EXVFDU LQIRUPDFLyQ HOLQGLYLGXR HVSHFtILFD PDWHULD SDUD LQQRYD GHOD VREUH O FLyQ" /DV HYDOXDFLRQHV VRFLRPpWULFDV JHQHUDOHV LQ XVWHG FRQPiV IUHFXHQFLD" PLHQWUDV SDUWLFXODUL]DGD SUHJXQWD TXH ODHYDOXDF ¢FRQ TXLpQ XVWHG KDEOD VREUH HOWHPD LQQRYDFLyQ 1R GHOD KD\ " GHQWUR GHODFRPXQLGDG FLDO VHQFLOOD TXH VLUYD \D TXH DWRGRV LQQRYDFLRQHV ORVSURSyVLWRV UHTXLHUHQ UHGHV GLVWLQWDV LJXDO PHQWH GLVWLQWDV 'H HVWH 0DUVKDOO PRGR M,DV FRPR SUiFWLFDV GH KD FRQWUROGH GHPRVWUDGR QDWDOLGDG \ODV LQQRYDFLRQHV BVRFLDOHV DJUDULDV GHQWUR GLVWLQWDV GH XQDPLVPD VHGLIXQGHQ FRPXQLGDG /DV WDVDV GH SDUWLU DGRSFLyQ GHODUHG VLUYH VHSUHGLFHQ āD-D LQQRYDFLyQHQ TXH PHMR ā FXHVWLyQ TXH D SDUWLU GH RWUDV UHGHV GH \.LQFDLG FRPXQLFDFLyQ 5HFRQRFHU TXHODV GLVWLQWDV FODVHV8O GHLQQRYDFLRQ PLVPDV 6 UHGHV VRFLDOHV QR VLJQLILFD HQ OD IXQFLyQ DILUPDU GH GLIXVLyQGH TXH ODV HVWUXF QRH[LVWD WXUDV GHUHGHV 6LXQD HVWUXFWXUD D GLVWLQWDV VRFLDO DFWLYLGDGHV D\XGDUD GL GHWHUPLUL S IXQGLU OD DGRSFLyQ GHODLQQRYDFLyQ $GHPiV VL XQD āLQQRYDFLyQ HQ HVDOWDPHQWH FDGD WLQD IXQFLRQDO y QRUHTXLHUH GHPDVLDGRV UHFXUVRV SXHGH GLIXQ Q~PHUR GH UHGHV la SLVWD $O āGH VHJXLU OD GLIXVLyQ WHUPRVWDWR DKRUUDGRU GHāGH XQ HQHUJtD 'DUHOH\ HQFRQWUy ORV DGRSWDGRUHV TXH LQLFLDOHV \VXV ORGLIXQGtDQ FRPSDxHURV HQW GH WUDEDMR SHUR QR HQWUH VXV YHFLQRV FRQ ORV TXH QR GDG HOHYDGD GH XQD LQQRYDFLyQ QRVyOR XQD UHG VRFLDO VLQR WUDVFLHQGH TXH WDPELpQ VXSODQWD HO SDSHO \ GH OD SUHVWLJLR SRVLFLyQ VRFLDO HQ OD UHJXOD DGRSFLyQ &XDQGR ORVEHQHILFLRV GH XQD LQQRYDFLyQ JLRJDQDGR SRU ORVMXLFLRV (Q HVWRV HO DQWHULRUHV FDVRV LQGLYLGXR WRPD FRPR DFHUWDGRV JXtD DDTX OORV SDUHFHQ TXH VDEHU ODIRUPD FRUUHFWD GH DFWXDU 6LQ HPE QDQ LUQRVEHQHILFLRV HYLGHQWHV VL PLVPDV DFW~DQ 6LODVLQQRYDFL FRPR SHUVXD VDV VH KDFHQ S~EOLFDV DWUDYpV GH ORV PHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDF QHFHVLGDG GH TXH VH SURGX]FD DGRSWDGFUHV LQWHUDFFLyQ HQWUH O /RV GDWRV JOREDOHV HUL ORV HVWXGLRV REWHQLGRV TXH DQDOL]DQ ORVGLVW IOXLUHQOD FRQGXFWD DGRSWLYD HOFXUVR LQGLFDQ VHJXLGR SRU TXH ODGLIXVLyQ PiVFODUR UHVXOWD GH HQWHQ BGHU VLVHWLHQHQ HQ FXHQWD GHWHULOLQDQaHV ODV SVLFRVRFLDOHV LQWHUDFFLRQHV ODV SURSLHGDGH HQWU GH OD LQQRYDFLyQ y ODV HVWUXFWXUDV UHGHV /RV GHGHWHUPLQDQWHV <SVLFROyJLFRV HVWUXFW GH • .; • • ~ • • • • • < • : ; 3HQVDPLHQWR\ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV FRQGXFWD DGRSWLYD SXHGHQ LQFOXLUVH FRPR XQD PLVPD IDFWRUHV WHRUtD FRPSO VREUH OD GLIXVLyQ QR FRPR IDFWRUHV OD GLIXVLyQ LQWHJUDQWHV GH WHR 6H KDQ UHDOL]DGR FLHUWRV HVIXHU]RV GH SRU ODVUHGHV HYDOXDU VRFLDOHVHO JUD FRQWULEX\HQ D OD DGRSFLyQ y .LQFDLG GH LQQRYDFLRQHV UHSUHVHQWDQ /DV 5RJHUV UHGHV V QRUPDOPHQWH SRU HO Q~PHUR GH YtQFXORV GHWDOHV YtQFXORV VRFLDOHV /RVPiV GD WRV HPStULFRV GHPXHVWUDQ HQ JHQHUDO TXH UHVXOWDQ ODV SHUVR PiV DSWDV DGRSWDU SDUD ODV LQQRYDFLRQHV TXH DTXHOODV FRQ ORV GHPiV RWUDV FRQ /DV S WDVDV GH DGRSFLyQ DXPHQWDQ FRQIRUPH DXPHQWD WDPELpQ LQQRYDFLyQ GHQWUR GH OD SURSLD UHG SHUVRQDO VLELHQ GXFWD DGRSWLYD FRQWLQ~DQ DELHUWRV DRWUDV H[SOLFDFLR YtQFXORV SXHGHQ IDYRUHFHU OD DGRSFLyQ GH ODV LQQRYD UHDO SRUTXH PRYLOL]DQ LQIOXHQFLDV SRU DPEDV FRVDV VRFLDOHV DODYH] PiV 6LQ ILUP SRVLEOH TXH FRQ ORVLQGLYLGXRV UHODFLRQHV VHDQ HVWUHFKDV WDPELpQ PiV UHFHSWLYRV DODV TXH ORV HVWiQ DOHMDGRV TXH GHO PHGLR VRFLDO $O PLVPR WLHPSR PiV GH KDEODU FRQ VXV FRPSDxHURV HOLQGLYLGXR (O SXHGH PRGHODGR P~OWLSOH SRU VtVRLR SXHGH LQFUHPHQWDU ā ODF 3HUU\ y %XVVH\ $XQTXH ODV HYDOXDFLRQHV VRFLRPpWU VRQDV FRQ KDEOD ODVTXH HOLQGLYLGXR ODV WDOHV UHODFLRQHV PHGLGDV VRFLDOHV GH UHIOHMD WDQWR GHO PRGHODGR FRPR GH ODV LQIOXHQFLDV KDQ FRPSDUDGR LQWHUSHUV OD FRQWULEXFLyQ UHODWLYD GH ORV IDFWRUHV SHUVRQDOHV GH DOD ODV FRQ UHGHV GXFWD DGRSWLYD $PERV DSDUHFHQ FRPR IDFWRUHV GHWHUPLQDQWHV VL FDSDFL ELHQ ORV G GDG SUHGLFWLYD UHVXOWDQ GH GXGRVD FDXVD ILDELOLGDG GH ODV PHGLGDV D XWLOL]DGDV VR ODUHG ORV VRFLDO GHWHUPLQDQWHV R EDVDQ SHUVRQDOHV HQPHGLGDVVH JOREDOHV HQPHGL LQGHILQLGD GDV ,QGLYLGXDOL]DGDV UHOHYDQWHV SDUD XQD PiV LQQRYDFLyQ GHWHUPLQDGD /RV DYDQFHV HQ ODWHFQRORJtD y GHODV GH FRPSXWDGRUDV ODV SHUPLWHQ FRPXQLFDFLRQHV QXH FUHDU YDV HVWUXFWXUDV GH UHGHV TXH UHODFLRQDQ DORVLQGLYL WHUDFWLYiV GH FRPSXWDGRUDV LQWHUFRQHFWDU SXHGHQ D QXPHURVDV SHUVRQDV HQ IRUPDV GHQ ODVEDUUHUDV \ GHO HVSDFLR GHOWLHPSR +LOW] 3RU HVWH āP\7XURII HGLR VHFRQVLJXH ID FR FLOLGDG HO DFFHVR D JUDQ (Q ORV FDQWLGDG VLVWHPDV FRPSXWDUL]DGDV GH GH LQIRUPDFLyQ UHGHV ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV VH FRPXQLFDQ HQWUH Vt HQYLDQGR \ UHFL TXH GHVHHQ /D FRPSXWDGRUD HQWUDGDV FROHFWLYDV DOPDFHQD TXH ODV SXHGHQ y PRGLIL SRQHUVH FDUVH SDUD VHUXVDGDV HQ FXDOTXLHU PRPHQWR SRU ORV HVWD HVWUXFWXUD PLHPEURV GH O LQWHUDFWLYD HOHFWUyQLFD ORVLQGLYLGXRV SXHGHQ y HQWHU OOHYDU DFDER FXDOTXLHU DFWLYLGDG /RV VLVWHPDV GH UiSLGR SDUD FUHDU HVWUXFWXUDV GHGLIXVLyQ y GL DPSOLDU V VROYHUORV KD\D FXDQGR GHVDSDUHFLGR VX XWLOLGDG ā/aJHQWH VHFRPSRUWD GHODV IRUPD TXH LQWHUYLHQH GLVWLQWD FRPSXWDGRUD TXH HQ XQD ODV UHGH HQORVLQWHUFDPELRV (VWR GH VHGHEH SHUVRQD DTXH DSHUVRQD ODV LQIOXHQFLDV OD VR IRUPD HQ TXH HO LQGLYLGXR LQWHUDFFLRQD HVWiQ PXFKR FRQ PiV ORV GHPi GHELOLWDGDV y IDOWDV GH SUR[LPLGDG HQ ODV FRPXQLFDFLRQHV F 0F*XLUH LQIRUPDQ VREUH SRU ODV ODV TXH GLVWLQWDV ODGHVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ GH ODYtDV FRPXQL FDFLyQ PRGLILFD QDWXUDOH]D OD GHODV LQWHUDFFLRQHV y ODWRPD GHFLVLRQHV GH (OSRGHU GHO HVWDWXV y GHO SUHVWLJLR VH DWHQ~D GH PRGR TXH ORV PLHPEURV GH OD ORVVLVWHPDV HQORV TXH LQWHUYLHQH XQD FRPSXWDGRUD PD ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV y H[SUHVDQ VHVLHQWHQ y RSLQLRQHV VHQWLPLHQWRV PHQRV LQKLELGRV TXH QRP IHVWDUtDQ SHUVRQDOPHQWH (O HIHFWR DRWUD FRPELQDGR SHUVRQD GHO DXPHQWR GH GXFFLyQ ODV YtDV GH VRFLDOHV GHLQIOXHQFLD \ODIDOWD KDFHQ TXH UHVXO GHUHWU WH PiV FRRUGLQDU GLILFLO y. JXLDU HO IOXMR LQIRUPDFLyQ GH WHOHYLVLyQ VH FDGDYH] HVWi PiV SDUD XWLOL]DQGR IRUMDU JUDQGHV XQ VROR HVWUXFWXUDV YtQFXOR G HQODV TXH PXFKDV SHUVRQDV FRQ HVWiQ HOPHGLR YLQFXODGDV GHGLIXVLyQ queexista GLUHFWDP VLQ HQWUH HOODV DSHQDV 3RUHMHPSORSRU UHODFLyQ PHGLR DOJXQD GHODWHOHYLVLyQ ORV HYDQJHOLVWDV DWU VHJXLGRUHV OHDOHV TXLHQHV DGRSWDQ FRQGXFWD ORVSUHFHSWRV DTXHOODV SDUD ā WUDQ VLWXDFLRQHV TXH FRPSRUWHQ VRFLDOHV\ SROtWLFRV DVSHFWRV $ PRUDOHV SHVDU GH FRPSDU /D 'LIXVLyQ VRFLDO H LQQRYDF FRP~Q HVSRVLEOHTXHODPD\RUtDGHPLHPEURV GH QXQFD /DV HVWUXFWXUDV SRO tWLFR HVWiQ GHSRGHU VLHQGRPRGLILFDGDV FLU SR FXQVFULSFLRQHV XQ ~QLFRPHGLRGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ YLQFXODGDV D TXHG [LyQHQWUH Vt /DVWpFQLFDVGH marketingelectoralque XWLOL]DQOD LGHQWLILFDFL yQSRU FRPSXWDGRUD y ODFRUUHVSRQGHQFLD HQPDVDFUHDQFLUFXQVFULSFLR ]DFLRQHV SROtWLFDVWUDGLFLRQDOHV HOHMHUFLFLRG GHQ XQLU D ODVSHUVRQDV WDPELpQ SXHGHQ UHODFLR (IHFWRV VRFLDOHV GLIXQGLGDV GHODV LQQRYDFLRQHV $ODQDOL]DU OD GLIXVLyQGHODV LQQRYDFLRQHV KD\TXHGLVWLQJXLUHQWUHORV TXHUHJXODQODFRQGXFWD DGRSWLYDGHFDGDLQGLYL EUHODVRFLHGDG HQJHQHUDO/DV LQQRYDFLRQHV LP SUiFWLFDV LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV \ UHHVWUXFWXUDQ ORVSDWURQHV GHYLGD FRQVWLWX\H XQQRWDEOH\UHFLHQWHHMHPSOR6LQH SUHFLRGHFLHUWRVHIHFWRVVRFLDOHVLQGHVHDEOHV 3RU HMHPSOR ODWHOHYLVLyQLQWHUDFWLYD \ ODVFRPSXWDGRUDVDO GRPpVWLFDV LQGLYLGXRFRPSUDU SHUPLWLUi RSHUDFLRQHV EDQFDULDV YRWDUPDQLIHVWDUVXVRS FODVHGHRSHUDFLRQHV SRUWHOHYLVLyQGHVGHVXV YDORUHV \HVWDGRILQDQFLHURGHODVSHUVRQDV DOD TXH TXHā WHQGUi IiFLODFFHVR FXDOTXLHUDGHHOODV GHO LQGLYLGXRVH /DL HVWi FRQYLUWLHQGR HQXQWHPDGHSUHRFXSDFLyQ VRFLDO /RVUHJLVWURV FRPSXW QHVGHODVSHUVRQDV SHUPLWLUiQ GHWHUPLQDU ODIR FRQGXFWDKXPDQD3DUDSURWHJHUDOLQGLYLGXRFRQ PLHQWRVHUiQHFHVDULR HVWDEOHFHUHOUHTXLVLWR WUDEDMDUiQ HQVXVFDVDVFRQXQDFRPSXWDGRUD D XQ YLQ OXJDUFRP~QGHWUDEDMR /DVLQWHUDFFLRQHVFRPSX D āOWUDEDMR\DORVDVX VRQDOHVVLQVDOLUGHORVFRQILQHVGHO KRJDU DXPHQWDQ HODLVODPLHQWR VRFLDO ODDYDQ]DGLOOD GHODWHFQRORJtDGHFRPXQLFDFLRQ FLRQHVHQHOVHQRGHODFRPXQLGDG/DLQWURGXFF WRGDYtiQR KD EtDQOOHJDGRORVUHFHSWRUHV UHGXFHHOQ~PHURG SHUVRQDV :LOOLDPV &XDQWRPiVGRPLQDQO FRPXQLFDFLyQ ODYLGDGHOKRPE PiV VH DSUHQGH GH HOORV\PHQRV GHORVGHPiV ā K /RVHIHFWRVVRFLDOHVGHODVLQQRYDFLRQHVKDQU FHELGRVSDUDGLIXQGLUODWHFQRORJtDRFFLGHQWDO 0Xā FKDVGHODVWHFQRORJtDV y SUiFWLFDVQXHYDVDGRSWDGDV D\XGDQUH SHUVRQDV 6LQHPEDUJRDOJXQDVGHODVSUiFWLFDV XQDVHULHGHFRQVHFXHQFLDV DGYHUVDVSDUDODVFX ~es..:· SHFWR DODV GRFWULQDV LGHROyJLFDVTXH JXtDQOR 5RJHUV\$GKLNDU\D FRQ I UHFXHQFLD SUHWHQGHQHGHVDU /RVSURJUDPDV OODUª \ ©PRGHUQL]DUª ODVVRFLHGDGHVDLPDJHQGHRFFL GHXQVRORVHQWLGR/DPRGHUQLGDGVHKDOOHJDGR FLyQ H LQGXVWULDOL]DFLyQ ROYLGDQGRHODXWRGHVDUURO GHORVQDWLYRV(VWHFRQFHSWRLQGXVWULDOGH©PR WDFLRQHV WHFQRORJtDV \ VHUYLFLRVH[WUDQMHURV &XDQGR VHLQWURGXFHQQXHYDVWHFQRORJtDV VLQUH ODQHODFFHVR DHOODVORVSURJUDPDVGHGHVDUUR OOHJDUDH[DFHUEDU ORVSUREOHPDVGHODVRFLHGDG HQHOTXH VHGHPXHVWUD TXHODLQWURGXFFLyQGHX FLDOHV\HFRQyPLFDV\DUURMyGHVXVWLHUUDVDD EXVFDGH WUD EDMR FRPRMRUQDOHURV /RVSURJUDPDVGHGHVDUURO WpFQLFDV HQOXJDUGHDXPHQWDUODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV GRVORVVHFWRUHV GHODVRFLHGDG SXHGHQ VLQTXH DXPHQWH\FRQVROLGH ODVGLIHUHQFLDV GHSRGHUGHQ VXEVHFXHQWHDTXHOORVVHFWRUHVSULYLOHJLDGRVTXH WHVSDUD DVXPLU PXFKDV GHODVIXQFLRQHV IRUiQHRV WLHQGHQ DQWHULRU D PRQRSROL]DU EHQHILFLRV IXWXURV ORV GH OD ©PRGHUQLGDGª *RVV DILUPDTXHORVSURJUDPDV GHGLIXVL FLyQVRFLDOGHORVEHQHILFLRVDGHPiVGHKDFHUOR D VXXWLOLGDGJOREDO(Ot FLyQSRU VL PLVPRQRJXtDIRU]RVDPHQWH ODVHOHFFLyQGH VHUYLUDODVQHFHVLGDGHV ORFDOHVQLODPHMRUIR ODVLQQRYDFLRQHVVHEDVDQ HQ~OWLPRWpUPLQRHQO ORVEHQHILFLRVSXHGHFRQVLGHUDUVH IDYRUDEOHRGH XWLOLWDULD RGH HTXLGDG /D IDOWD GH HTXLGDG HQ DGRSFLyQGHWHFQRORJtD SRGDV JUDQMHURVREVHUYDGD DJUtFROD HQODVDSOLF VXOWDWRGDYtDPiVFKRFDQWHFXDQGRVHFRQVLGHUDD SRUWDHOFXOWLYRPHFDQL]DGRFRQIHUWLOL]DQWHVH OLDUHVHQEHQHILFLRGHORVWHUUDWHQLHQWHV FRUSR GDQWHV y DXQSUHFLRPiVEDMRSDUD HOS~EOLFRHQJHQH VDFULILFLRGHODVXSHUYLYHQFLD GHODVJUDQMDVID FRQVHJXLUPD\RUHV EHQHILFLRV GH FRQVXPLGRUHV SDUD XQPD\RU (O PHUFDGR Q~PH HQWRQFHVHQHOUHJXODGRU SULQFLSDO6LQ HPEDUJRODYDORUDFLyQ \iUELWUR PRUDO QRHVW iWDQ GHO FODUD 'HO PLVPRPRGRTXHHOLQGLFDGRU GHGLVWUL QHVTXHVHLQFOX\DQODVPHGLGDVGHXWLOLGDGWDPE FXHQFLDVHYDOXDGDV \HQ HOPRPHQWR HQTXHVHFRQVLGHUHQ \ /DVS SURYHFKRVDV DFRUWRSOD]R OD SURGXFWLYLGDG GLVPLQX\HQ GHODWLHUUDGHVJ FDQDVLPLVPRODVDOXGS~EOLFDDOFRQWDPLQDU SHVWLFLGDV HOHQWRUQR\ODVFDGHQD FR 6LQ HPEDUJR LFXDQGR ODGLIXVLyQGHODVLQQRYDFLRQHV V GDG,DV SUiFWLFDV Vt SXHGHQDSOLFDUVHGHIRUPDTXHPH \WHFQRORJtDVQXHYDV GLYLGXRVLQSHUMXGLFDU DORVVHFWRUHV PHQRVSUL IXWXUDV +D\ TXHGLVWLQJXLUHQWUHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV DGY DTXHOODV TXHVXUJHQSULQFLSDOPHQWH OD HVWUXFWXUD VRFLDOHQODTXH DFDXVD GH /RVSHVWLFLGDVTXHVRQLQKHUHQWHPHQWH Wy[LFRVDX WLWX\HQXQSUREOHPDSDUDODVDOXGS~EOLFDLQGHSH āVHDULFRRSREUH 6LQHPEDUJR HQPXFKRVFDVRVSRU VtPLVPD VLQRGHODVHVWUXFWXUDV GHO VLVWHPD VRFLDO DODVTXHVXEYLH PDVGHGLIXVLyQVHUHDOL]DQ SDUDFRQVHJXLUXQGH JDQL]DFLyQVRFLDOGHPRGRTXHODLQWURGXFFLyQGH EHQHILFLRV DORV VHFWRUHV PHQRV SULYLOHJLDGRV QR TXH ā ā*RWVFK / LOXVWUDFyPRXQDPLVPDLQQRYDFLy XQD GLVWULEXFLyQ GLVWLQW QHILFLRVVHJ~QVHDODHVWUXFWXUD VRFLDOHQODTX PLWLyDORVFDPSHVLQRV UHFRJHU XQD VHJXQGD (Q HO FRQVH VLVWHPDVRFLDOGHO3DNLVWiQ H[LVWtD HQWUHORVF LPSLGLyHO UHFOXWDPLHQWR FRUSRUDWLYR GHORV UHF DSDULFLyQGHLQWHUPHGLDULRV SURSRUFLRQy FUpGLWRV TXHORVSURSLHWDULRV PiVULFRVLQVWDODURQ HOQX QLQJXQRGHORVSURSLHWDULRV PiVPRGHVWRV(QHO WLYDPHQWH ORVSHTXHxRV SURSLHWDULRV IRUPDURQ FR ODWHFQRORJtDTXHSRU Vt VRORVQRSRGtDQFRVWHDU FRQVLJXLHQGR ā ODWHFQRORJtDVLUYLySDUDDXPHQWDU ODVGLIHUHQFL \SDUD FRQVHJXLU XQ UHSDUWR GH ORV EHQHILFLRV H /DVDJHQFLDVGHGHVDUUROOR SDUD SURSDJDU VHFUHDQJHQHUDOPHQ ODVLQQRYDFLRQH ORFDOL]DFLyQ \ SURFHGLPLHQWRV GHDFWXDFLyQGHWHUPLQDQ HO IiFLODFFHVRDODVLQQRYD HOOXJDUGRQGH VHUiQ O (VWDV GLIXQGLGDV DJHQFLDV %URZQ JHQHUDOPHQWH D\XGDDDTXHOORV unamejor TXHGLVIUXWDQ VLWXDFLyQHFRQyPLFD GH PiV LQIRU SRUTXH V 'LIXVLyQ H LQQRYDFLyQ VRFLDO PDGRV GLVSRQHQ FDSLWDO RGH GH JDUDQWtDV SDUD FRQVHJXLU SUpVWDPRV \GLVSRQHQ TXH OHV SHUPLWH XQ WUDWR $VFURIW \ &KHJH SUHIHUHQWH LQWHQWDURQ FRQVHJXLU 5ROLQJ EHQHI FLRV PiV HTXLWDWLYRV SDUD ORFXDO LQVWUX\HURQ DODV DJHQFLDV GH DTXHOORV FDPSHVLQRV PHQRV SULYLOHJLDGRV SRU DOWR TXH ODVGHXQ LQQRYDFLRQHV 8QD YH] DJUtFRODV TXH OHV HQVHxDURQ HQ OHV RWRUJDURQ TXp FRQVLVWt ORV SUpVWDPRV SUiFWLFDPHQWH WRGRV \OD WUDQVPLWLHURQ HVWRV FDPSHVLQR ORV GHPiV (Q HVWH FDVR ODFRQGXFWD UHIOHMDED XQD UHVLVWHQFLD SHUVRQDO SUHYLD QR DOD DG LQQRYDFLyQ XQD IDOWD VLQR GH DFFHVR D HOOD /RV DQiOLVLVWUDQVFXOWXUDO VREUH GHODVLQQRYDFLRQHV ODGLIXVLyQ D FRQIXQ FRQ IUHFXH GLU WUHV DVSHFWRV TXH āeVWRV HV VRQ QHFHVDULR ORV YDORUHV GLIHUHQFLDU JXtDQ O \GRFWULQDV RV SUR JUDPDV GH GHVDUUROOR DSOLFDQ \ OD QDWXUDOH]D IRUPD HQ TXH \ VH DOFDQFH GH GLIXVLyQ &XDQGR WUDQVIRUPDQ ODVORV LQQRYDFLRQHV SDWURQHV VRFLRFXOWXUDOHV DGHFXDGD PHQWH DO LQGLYLGXR HOIDOOR UDGLFD SULQFLSDOPHQWH GH GLIXVLyQ HQ (Q WDOHV FDVRV ODV LQQRYDFLRQHV D ORV LQWURGXFLGDV LQWHUHVHVGH ORV IRUiQHRV HQOD āTXH D āORV GH ORV KDELWDQWHV GHO SDtV UHFHSWRU &XDQGR XQD LQQRYDFLyQ UHVXOWD DOWDPHQWH SHUR IXQFLRQDO EHQHILFLDH XQRV SRFRV HQGHWULPHQWR SRUTXH QRSHUPLWH GHODPD\RUtD HODFFHVR ODPLVPD HOIDOOR JHQHUDO UD GLFD SULQFLSDOPHQWH (O GHVDUUROOR HQVX LPSODQWDFLyQ RPRGLILFDFLyQ VRFLDOHV SDUD GHOD DVHJXUDU OD RSRUWXQLGDG GH DFFHVR JHQHUDO LQQRYDFLyQ GHEHUtD FRPRFRQVLG OD ā SURSLD WHFQRORJtD RWUD IRUPD 'H ORV DJHQWHV VRFLDOHV VH FRQYLHUWHQ SURPRWRUHV HQ WHFQyFUDWDV DVXHOGR TXH PRGLILFDQ ODV FRPXQLGDGHV VLQL VXVDFWLYLGDGHV &RQ IUHFXHQFLD HOFRPSRQHQWH VR GR GH IRUPD H[FHVLYDPHQWH OD QHFHVLGDG GHWUDQVIRUPDU UDGLFDO DSHODQGR VLVWHPD VRFLDO WRGR DHO (V SRVLEOH OD VRFLHGDG TXH QHFHVLWH FDPELRV DJHQWHVGHOGHVDU LPSRUWDQWHV SHU FRQVLGHUDQ TXH ORV FDPELRV DMHQRV DVXV VRFLDOHV FRPSHWHQFLDV VRQ DOFDQ ORVREMHW āFH FRQVWLWX\HQ XQD H[FXVD SDUD QR LQWURGXFLU FDPELRV SRVLEOHV HQ ODV GH RWUR DJHQFLDV PRGR ā VXSHUYLVDQ ODGLIXVLyQ GHEHQHILFLRV GHWHUPLQDGD &XDQGR ORVLQWHQWRV GHXQD LQQRYD GLU XQD LQQRYDFLyQ IXQFLRQDO QR GHVHDGDV SURGXFHQ WHRUtD SRUTXH JXtD FRQVHFXHQFLD ROYLGD OD OR GHWHUPLQDQWHV \SURFHVRV UDGLFDHQ GHGLIXVLyQ ODWHRUtD 1R GHEHQ FUtWLFRV FRQIXQGLUVH HO SUREOHPDV GH GRFWULQD FRQ ORV GH \ OD GH WHRUtD LPSODQWDFLyQ 0XFKDV YHFHV VHFULWLFD WHRUtDV GH OD DODV DSOLFDFLyQ PRGHORGH LQWHUFXOWXUDO GLIXVLyQ GH VH G H[FHVLYDPHQWH (VWDV SVLFROyJLFDV HYDOXDFLRQHV D FRQVLGHUDU WLHQGHQ TXH OR SVLFROyJLFR HV QLPR FHQWUDU GH OD DWHQFLyQ HQHOLQGLYLGXR DGRSWDUXQDSHUVSHFWLYD PRWLYDFLRQDO \GH VHJ ~Q ODFXDO VH VXSRQH SUHGLVSRVLFLRQHV TXH ODV SHUVRQDOHV VRQODV DGRSWLYD< TXH UHJXODQ DKHPRV OD YLVWR HQ XQ FDStWXOR H[LVWH XQD WHRUtD DQWHULRU SVLFROyJLFD TXH QR PRQROtWLFD SVLFROyJLFDV SUHVHQWDQ GH VH GLVWLQWDV IRUPDV \ TXH FXDQWR D V GLILHUHQ XV PR PD GHORV GH FDXVDOLGDG WHRUtD FRJQLWLYD /D VRFLDO QRDWULEX\H ODFDXVD GLVSRVLFLRQHV DQDOL]D ODV VLQR PRWLYDFLRQHV TXH FRQGXFWD GHO KRPEUH \ GHVGH XQDSHUVSHFWL āFRJQLWLYD VRFLDO IDFWRUHV HQ SHUVRQDOHV ODTXH WDQWR FRPR ORV ORV VRFLDOHV S IRUPD ELGLUHFFLRQDO &RPSUHQGHU SRU ORVTXH ORVPHFDQLVPRV ORVIDFWRUHV SV OHV LQIOX\HQ HQ OD FRQGXFWD DGRSWLYD H QR LPSODQWD FRQVWLWX\ FLyQ GH ORV SURJUDPDV &XDOHVTXLHUD TXH GH VHDQ GLIXVLyQ ODV IRUPDV \FDQDOH WDVDV GH DGRSFLyQ JOREDO UHSUHVHQWDQ HOUHVXOWDGR VH GDQ HQ LQGLYLGXRV SDUWLFXODUHV /DV LQIOXHQFLD GHFLVLRQHV 3RU DGRSWLYDV WDQWR HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH OD IRUPD HQ DIHFWDQ D OD FRQGXFWD DGRSWLYD SURSRUFLRQD OD PH DSOLFDQ LJQRUDQGR ORV PHFDQLVPRV /D IDOWD SVLFROyJLFRV GHHVWH FRQRFLPL RSHUDWLY XQDSHUVSHFWLYD GHDPELJHGDG SUHVFULSWLYD XQD IRUPD VREUH ,RDUHVXOWD ILDEOH FyPR FRQV GRV GHVHDGRV &XDQGR GHGLIXVLyQ ORVSURJUDPDV WUDQVFXOWXUDOSURGXFH yQGHVLJXDO GH ORVEHQHILFLRV WDOHV UHVXOWDGRV HVWUXFWXUDVVRFL VHGHEHQ PiV y GH SRGHU TXH VXSHUYLVDQ GLIXVLyQTXHD XQ OD VHVJR FRUULHQWH SVLFROyJLFR OD WHRUtD GHGHGH GL IXVLyQ (V SRVLEOH TXH ā WHRUtDV GHIHFWXRVDV FUHHQ SURJUDPDV GH GLIXVLyQ HTXLY GHEHQ MX]JDUVH \ QR SRU SRU VX VXV DILOLDFLyQ GLVFLSOLQDULD1R PpULWRV HV SVLFRORJLD-D OD VRFLROR L. · 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV JtDRODHFRQRPtD āTXLHQ UHJXOD ODFRQGXFWDXQD GHOKRPEUH FRQMXQFLyQGHGHWHUPLQD VLQR PiVTXH pVWRV āSXHGDQāDWULEXLUVH D ODV GLVWLQWDV DUELWUDULDPHQWH āGLVFLSOLQDV (O GHVDUUROOR GH LQQRYDFLRQHV LPSRUWDQWHV SRU OR HVIXHU]RV \āUHFXUVRV (O SDWUyQ āGāH SURJUHVR HVWDUi KXPDQR āGHWHUPLQDGR HQSDUWH SRU ORV HV IXHU]RV LQQRYDGRUHV GLVWULEX\DQ FRQVXV TXHUHVFXUVRV ODV VRFLHGDGHV /DV YDULD VLVWHPDVGH LQFHQWLYRV FUHDQ JUDQGHVGHVHTXLOLEULRVHQFXDQWRDOR VRFLDOPHQWH/RV LQFHQWLYRV VXHOHQIDYRUHFHUPiV SXHGHQSURSRU FLRQDU EXHQRV HFRQyPLFRV LQJUHVRV āDODV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV FRPHUFLDOHV ODV FXDOHV GHVHDQ LQYHUWLU WLHPSR\GLQHURHQVXGHVDUUROOR tQYHVWLJDFLyQ\ 3RUWDQWRUHDO GHVD UUROOR GHODVPLVPDV FRPR HQODFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ DVt 3DUDPDQWHQHU ORVLQ GHORTXH FHQWLYRVGH ODLQQRYDFLyQ XQD ODUJXtVLPDYLGDDODSDWHQWH VHJDUDQWL]D SH T UtRGRGHEHQHILFLRV HFRQyPLFRV /RTXHUHVXOWDFRPHUFLDOPHQWH PiV PiVYHQWDMRVRQR EHQHILFLRVR VRFL PHQWH /DVLQQRYDFLRQHV TXH FRPSRUWDQ XQDEDMD W SHURTXHVLQHPEDUJRUHSUHVHQWDQ SHUPDQHFHUiQ VLQ LPSRUWDQWHV GHVDUUROODU E RGHVDUUROODGDV HQXQJUDGR PtQLPR DQRVHUTXH FROa (O DEDQGRQR HVWRGDYtDPD\RU HQHOFDVRGH *UDQ SDUWH GHODRSLQLyQSXEOLFDWHPHTXHHVWDV SDUD HOFRQWURO WpFQLFDV VR VH FLDO y ,RVJRELHUQRVQRPXHVWUDQ GHUQDVLDGR LQWHUpV VXEYHQFLyQ HQOD GH ORV PpWRGRV QHFHVD SDUDUHRUJDQL]DU ORV VLVWHPDVVRFLDOHV /DWHFQRORJtD VRFLDO WDPSRFR VXVFLWD JUDQ LQWHUpV FRPH FLDO\D TXHā ORVFRQRFLPLHQWRV SVLFROyJLFRV SRUORJHQHU FX\DILQDOLGDGHV FRQVHJXLUFDPELRVSHUVRQDOHV\VRFLDOHVQ WRVFRPHUFLDOHV &RPRFRQVHFXHQFLD GHHVWHGHVHTX FLGDG āSDUDWHFQRORJtDV FUHDU āItVLFDV TXH FRPSRUWHQ FRQVHFXHQFLDV SDUD KRPEUH HO āH[FHGH āOD āFDSDFLGDG VRFLDO QHFHVDULD ā SDUD GRPLQ 'LtXVOyQ VRFORFXOWXUDO /DVVRFLHGDGHV VHHQIUHQWDQ FRQWLQXDPHQWH FRQS GHVXVSUiFWLFDV WUDGLFLRQDOHV (VWH EHQHILFLR FRQHOILQGHPHMR QRSXHGH VHJXLUVH VLQGHVSOD]DUFLHUWDV FRVWXPEUHV H LQWURGXFLU DUUDLJDGDV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV VRFLDOHV \WHFQ ORJtDV āQXHYDV 3RU HOOR ORVEHQHILFLRV TXH FRPSRUWD HOFD EiVLFRVTXHUHJXODQODGLIXVLyQGHODVLQQRYDFLR DFW~DQGHIRUPD SDUH FLGD HQ ODSURPXOJDFLyQ LQWHUFXOWXUDO GHLGHDV y SUiFWLFDV QXHYDV VLELHQ H[ FLDVQRWDEOHV IRUiQHDV /DVSUiFWLFDV UDUDPHQWH SXHGHQ DGRSWDUVH y ORTXHRFXUUH HQVX JHQHUDOPHQWH HV TXH ORV HOHPHQWRV LPSRUWDGRV VXH ā GDQGROXJDUDIRUPDVQXHYDVGHRULJHQPL[WR (Q āPXFKRVFDVRVORTXHVHDGRSW H[DFWDV IRUPDV GHODV IRUiQHDV VLQRVXV IXQFLRQDOHV (V HTXLYDOHQWHV SUREDEOH TXHDGHPiV PROGHDGRV HOHPHQWRV SUHVWDGRV SUiFWLFDV ORVSURPRWRUHV WHQJDQ TXH GHODV HQIUHQW FRQXQDRSRVLFLyQPiVIXHUWHFXDQGR VHWUDWH GHODGLIXVLyQGHOD FRQGXFWD GHXQDFXOWXUD RWUD TXH D GHQWUR āGHXQD PLVPD FXOWXUD 2EVWiFXORV DO FDPELR /DDGRSFLyQGHSUiFWLFDV LQLFLDOPHQWH HIHFWRVQHJDWLYRV QXHYDVFUHD TXHDFW~D SDUDHOFDPELR$OJXQRVGHpVWRV DGTXLVLFLyQGXUDQWH VRQLQKHUHQWHV ODVIDVHVLQLFL D OHV GHOD WUDQVLFLyQ (ODSUHQGL]DMH GHIRUPDV GHYLGDQXHYDVH WLHPSR y HVIXHU]RDVt FRPROD LQWHUUXSFLyQGHUXWLQDVVHJXUDV(O UHDFLR DVRPHWHUVH DO WHGLRVRSURFHVR FRPSRUWDHOGHVDUUROOR TXH GH KiELWRV 'XUDQWH QXHYRV pVWH WRGDV,DVLQ GDGHV TXH DOEHUJD BD VXV FRPSHWHQFLDV UHVSHFWR /D DGRSFLyQ VHUHDFWLYDQ GH LQQRYDFLR B FRPSRUWDQ KDELOLGDGHV FRPSOHMDV QR SXHGHQ āTXH HQVHxDUVH IiFLOPHQWH UHVXOWD OHQWD y 5RJ 6KRHPDNHU $GHPiVāGHODVGHPDQGDV GHQXHYDVFRPSHWH 'LIXVLyQ H LQQRYDFLyQ VRFLDO HIHFWRV GH ODV LQQRYDFLRQHV FUHDQ WHPRUHV VREUH ODV &XDQGR VH SURGXFH XQ UHWUDVR HQWUH OD FRQGXFWD LQQR GH LQWHQWDU ODV SUiFWLFDV QXHYDV PLHQWUDV TXH VL OD IRUPD LQPHGLDWD HO FDPELR TXH FRPSRUWDQ VHUi ELHQ U WUDVSDVDUVH GH XQ PHGLR D RWUR VLQ FLHUWD SUHOLPLQDUHV H[SHULPHQWDFLyQ VXHOHQ HVWDU SODJDGDV GH \GH SUREOHPDV UHYHVHV y VyOR GHVSXpV GH UHDOL]DU DGDS SXHGH FRQVHJXLUVH HOp[LWR HQORVQXHYRV FRQWH[WRV DGRSWDGR GH DFXHUGR \ QHFHVLGDGHV FRQ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV ORFDOHV ODVYHQWDM YDFLyQ QR VHKDFHQ HYLGHQWHV KDVWD TXH QR KD VLGR EHQHILFLRV GH ODV SUiFWLFDV QXHYDV FRPR HVOD UH QRUHVXOWDQ REVHUYDEOHV GH LQPHGLDWR SDUD ODSREOD FXUYDV SUR\HFFLyQ GH /DV WDVDV GH LQFLGHQFLD IXWXUD QRVRQ HO LQGLYLGXR DDFWXDU \ PHQRV &XDQWR REVHUYDEOHV PiV GHPRUDGRV VHDQ ORV UH UHVXOWDUiQ ORV LQFHQWLYRV SDUD (Q HO ODFDStWXOR FRQGXFWDDQWHULRU DGRSWLYD KHPR WLQWDV HVWUDWHJLDV IXWXURV TXH DEVWUDFWRV SHUPLWHQ FRQYHUWLU HQ PRWLYDGRUHV PiV FRQ ORV S FUHWRV B /D HYDOXDFLyQ GHORVFRVWRV \GHORVEHQHILFLRV HV VRFLDOHV VHKDOODQ UHODFLRQDGDV HVWUHFKDPHQWH &R IXQFLRQDPLHQWR FRQFUHWD SURGXFH HIHFWRV OD YLGD DGYHUVRV 'DGR āTXH ODV LQQRYDFLRQHV WLHQHQ HIHFWRV PL[WRV \TXH UHVXOWD FRPSUHQVLEOH TXH HOLQGLYLGXR VHD PX\ FDXWHORV GDG HVWDEOHFLGD SRU RWUDV TXH FRPSRUWDUiQ SRVLEOH TXH GLVSRQHQ GHPHGLRV GHXQ HVWDWXV OLPLWDGRV LQVHJXUR RQRSXHGHQ SHUPL VH DOIUDFDVR 3RU WDQWR ODPD\RUtD VHPDQWLHQHQ HQODV TXHODV IRUP LQQRYDFLRQHV UHVXOWDQ EHQHILFLRVDV SDUDK WRGRV DQ DGRSWDGR DTXHOORV ā TXH OD /DV LQQRYDFLRQHV YDUtDQ HQFXDQWR DOJUDGR \ SUiFWLFDV GH GL H[LVWHQWHV /DV LQQRYDFLRQHV \ HVWUXFWXUDV TXH FKRFDQ VRFLDOHV FRQ ORV H[L Y WDQ LPSHGLPHQWRV SDUD VX DGLFLRQDOHV DGRSFLyQ y GLIXVLyQ $OJXQDV FRVWXPEUHV SRU FUHHQFLDV \FyGLJRV PRUDOHV TXH SUHVDJLDQ FRQ HMHPSOR SUiFWLFDV ODV GH KLJLHQH TXH SURYRFDQ SUREOHPDV GH VD FXDQGR HO LQGLYLGXR GHELGR DODV FUHHQFLDV WUDGL FRPSRUWHQ FRQVHFXHQFLDV DGYHUVDV (O SRGHU TXH VR SDUWH D ODV VDQFLRQHV \ PRUDOHV VRFLDOHV TXH VH DSOLFDQ DDTXHOODV IRUPD ā LPSRUWDQWH HO VLVWHPD GH ā FUHHQFLDV āBHVWDEOHFLGR ,QFOXVR ORV PD\RUHV REVWiFXORV DOFDPELR VRFLRF OHJLDGRV TXH VHEHQHILFLDQ GHODVHVWUXFWXUDV y DORV TXHLQWHUHVD WDQWR SUH VRF S VHUYDUODV (VWRV JUXSRV DSR\DQ DTXHOORV LQWHQWRV GH FDPELR RSRQHQ DFWLYDPHQWH ORV TXH SHUMXGLFDQ D VX HVWDWXV HMHUFLHQGR XQD VRFLDO FRQWUDLQ \ HF IOXHQFLD D ORV PLVPRV SRU PHGLR PLHPEURV PHQRV GH ODSUHVLyQ SULYLOHJLD FRD TXH VRQ ORVTXH SXHGHQ JDQDU PiV FRQ ODV(Q UHIRUPDV HVWDV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV VRQ SRFRV ORV FDPELRV TXH HVWpQ SURWHJLGRV FRQWUD \ OHVWD DV FRQGLFLRQHV FRDFFLyQ QR HVWpQ DXWRUL]D GLV TXH ODV SUiFWLFDV QXHYDV (VWR UHVXOWHQ ~OWLPR EHQHILFLRVDV SXHGH FRQVHJXLU SD WH HVWUXFWXUDQGR FRQWLQJHQFLDV LQWHUGHSHQGLHQWHV SURJUHVR KDFLD REMHWLYRV FRPXQHV 6L XQD PLQRUtD SULYLOHJLDGD D SHUMXGLFD ODV UHIRUPDV R VH RSRQ SDUD FXDOTXLHU FDPELR VDQFLRQHVGH HV QHFHVDULR WLSR LQVWLWXFLRQDO DSHODU D /DV UH VHDGDV YHQLU KDQ UHVSDOGDGDV GH SRUGLUHFWULFHV BT XH FRPSRUWHQ HOFDVWLJR DTXHO OHJDOHV TXH SDUD ODV GHVDItH 6LQ HPEDUJR QR SXHGHQ ORV SULYLOHJLRV QHXWUDOL]DUVH I iFLOPHQWH /D DSOLFDFLyQ GHO WDQ FDPELR SUHVXSRQH TXHORV HMHU]DQFLHUWR DJHQWHV FRQWURO GHLPSODQWDFLyQ VREUH ORVUHF SHQVDGRUHV TXH UHFLEHQ \ VXV OtGHUHV ODV FRPXQLGDGHV TXH SRVHDQ HOSRGH VDQFLRQHV y TXH QHJDWLYDV GLVSRQJDQ GHO DSR\R VRFLDO SDUD UHVLVWLU VXILFLHQWH ODV UHSHUFXVLRQHV D SROtWLFDV GH ORV DPHQD]DQWHV JUXSRV 3DUDHYLWDU SULYLOHJLDGRV HVWRV SUREOHPDV ORV D 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV OHV JHQHUDOPHQWH āGHSHQGHQ GH DXWRULGDGHV HVWiQ KLSRWHFDGDV SRUTXH ORVQXPHURVRV LQWHUHVHV FUHD GRV TXH RSRQHQ VH D DTXHOORVQR FDPELRV OHVIDYRUHFHQ 6LQ TXH OD ILVFDOL]DFLyQ H[WHUQD GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV\ FRQVHJXLGRV ODMXVWLILFDFLyQ PLVPRV ā ORVGH LQWHUHVHV ORV ORFDOHV DGTX ORV SURJUDPDV GH FDPELR D VX SURSLD FRQYHQLHQFLD ,QJUHGLHQWHV GHāS ORV URJUDPDV ā GH GLIXVLyQ ā . . . . 3DUD TXH HO HVIXHU]R HQ āFRQVHJXLU āH LQYHUWLGR O FDPELR VRFLRFXOWXUDO REWHQJD VHDGRV āQHFHVDULRV VRQ GHā IDFWRUHV XQD VHULH GH LQVWUXFFLyQ SHUPLWDQ \PRWLYDFLRQ YHQFHU ODV FRQGLFLRQHV LQLFLDOHV GHVIDYRUDEOHV DGRSFLyQGH QXHYDVIRUPDV TXH VH DVR 8Q SURJUDPD GHGLIXVLyQ FXDWUR IDVHV FRUUHFWR VHOHFFLyQ FRQVWD ySWLPRSDUDLQ GH GHOHVFHQD WUDGXFLGDV LQQRYDFLRQHV FUHDFLyQ GH SDUD ODV HOFRQGLFLRQHV FDPELR UHDOL]DFLyQ .de XQ SURJUDPD GHPRVWUDEOHPHQWH HILFD] \ GLI iUHDV YDOLpQGRVH GH ORV āHMHPSORV'LVFXWLUHPRV H[LWRVRV FDGD XQD IDVHV GH SRU HVWDV VHSDUDGR ā(QWUH ORVGLVWLQWRV GH ODVRFLHGDG DOJXQRV VHJPHQWRV VRQPiV UHFHSWLYRV DO RWURV ,PSRQHU SUiFWLFDV ODV DTXHOORV QXHYDVD TXH D HOODV VHRSRQHQ SUREDEOHPHQWH KDUi PiV GDxR TXH ELHQ /DV FDPSDxDV QR āK DFHQ PiV GH HVWH TXH SHUGHU WLSR JUDQ FDQWLGDG VRV SDUD REWHQHU GHVDOHQWDGRUHV UHVXOWDGRV TXH ~QLFDPHQWH VLUYHQ SDUD LPSHG FLyQ HQ FRQGLFLRQHV TXL]i PiV YHQWDMRVDV /DV LQQR GRVHQDTXHOORVOXJDUHV GRQGH PLHPEURV ORV āWLHQHQ HOGHVHR SRU OR GH PHQRV GHIRUPD SUREDUODV SURYLVLRQDO /RV āp[LWRV DOFDQ]DGRV SRU pVWRV SXHGHQ XWLOL]DUVH PiV WDUGH WLYRV SDUD DTXHOORV VHUHVLVWHQ TXH ODDGRSFLyQ D GH WHPRU ODLQQRYDFLyQ DORLQFLHUWR VXV FRQ SRU GH VHFXHQFLDV /RV EHQHILFLRV PRGHODGRV āWLHQHQ XQ SRGHU PD\RU VXVWDQFLDOPHQWH TXH ODV H[KRUWDFL QHVā SDUDVXSHUDU UHVLVWHQFLD ODLQQRYDFLyQ OD D ā ā /DV SUHFRQGLFLRQHVSDUD HOFDPELR VHFUHDQ LQFUHPHQWDQGR FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO ODFRQ LQGLYLGXR LQQRYDFLRQHV VREUH eVWH ODV QHFHVLWDUHFLELU LQIRUPDFLyQ ODILQDOLGDG VREUH GH ODV QXHYDV SUiFWLFDV VXV YHQWDMDV UHODWLYDV \GHTXp 7DQWRODV SUH IRUPD VX VHQWDFLRQHVGH WLSR SHUVRQDOFRUQR ODV IDFLOLWDGDV SRU ORV GH PHGLRV FRPXQLFDFLyQ SDUD VLUYHQ LQIRUPDU DXPHQWDUHOLQWHU \ pVKDFLDODV QXHYDVDGDSWDFLyQ SUiFWLFDV GH ODLQIRUPDFLyQ /D IDOWD G DORV SDUWLFXODUHV GHVHRV \ D ODVFDSDFLGDGHV FRJQLWLYDV GH DGRSWDGRUHV ORVSRVLEOHV LPSLGH ODGLIX VLyQ GHSURJUDPDGHVGH XQ VX LQLFLR 5RJHUV \ $GKLNDU\D ā/RV SURJUDPDV FDPELR VRFLRFXOWXUDO GH PXFKDV YHFHVIUDFDVDQ SRUTXH QR SU āGH OD HWDSD GSUHYLD LULJLGD D LQIRUPDU ,DJHQWH \ D D PRGLILFDU VXV DFWLWXGHV UHVSHFWR FLyQ &HQWUDUVH HOFDPELR HQ GH DFWLWXG FRPR HO SURPRYHU PHGLR ODVSULQFLSDO LQQRYDFLRQHV GH āVLJQLILFDDFHSWDU āTXHDFWLWXGHV ODV ā VRQ ODV TXHFRQGXFWD GHWHUPLQDQ (VWH SODQWHDPLHQWR OD KD GHPRVWUDGR XQ SDUFLDO p[LWR /RV GDWRV HPStULFRV VyOR VHUiQ GLVFXWLGRV TXH PiV DGHODQW WUDQ āTXH ODVāH[SHULHQFLDV D ORV āFDPELRV TXHDFRPSDxDQ GH FRQGXFWD 3RU PRGLILFDQ FRQVLJXLHQWH WDQWR āORV FDPELRV DFWLWXG FRPR GH ORV FRQGXFWD GH VH FRQVHJXLUiQ PH DTXHOODV FRQGLFLRQHV TXH IDYRUH]FDQ OD FRPSRUWD FRQGXFWD GH GH DFXHUGR DODV QXHYDV āIRUPDV VXV DFWLWXGHV VHDFRPRGDQ SRGUtD DUJXPHQ DVXV DF WDUVH TXH HV LQPHQVDPHQWH GLItFLO TXH FRQWUDGLFHQ VH LQGXFLU FRQ ODV FDPELRV DFWLWX F GHV \ FUHHQFLDV DUUDLJDGDV HQ HO(VWD VXMHWR FRQFHSFLyQ DVXPH OD H[LVWHQFLD HQWUH ODV FUHHQFLDV \ OD FRQGXFWD 'H KHFKR HV SR HPLWDQ FRQGXFWDV GLVWLQWDV &XDQGRDGRSWDGRUHV ODV QXHYDV PR SUiFW GLILFDQ VXV DFWLWXGHV SDUD TXH HODERUDQ FRLQFLGDQ VX FRQGXFWD FRQ VX GH QX IRUPD FRKHUHQWH FUHHQFLDVWUDGLFLRQDOHV FRQ VXV 5HDOPHQWH HOSURFHVR GH LQQRY OD LPSODQWDFLyQ GH SUiFWLFDV YHQWDMRVDV TXH VH DSDUWDQ GH āOD WUDGLFLyQ PDUFDGDPHQWH JHQH PHQWH RULJLQDXQ SURFHVRGHUHFKD]R LQLFLDO VHJXLGR GH XQD DFHSWDFLyQ OLPLW XQD DGRSFLyQ XQD U JHQHUDO HLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ FRQ GH ODV QXHYDV SUiFWLF KDELWXDOHV ā /D SHUVXDVLyQ Vt VROD QR H SRU V VXILFLHQWH SDUD SURPRYHU OD FRQGXFWD 3DUD FRQVHJXLU DGRSWLYD ā HO FDPELRVRFLDO DGHPiV GH fa SHUVXDVLyQYHV QHFHVDULR FUHDU ODV SDUD FRQGLFLRQH HO DSUHQGL]DMH QXHYDV āIRULODV GH ODV SURSRUFLRQDULQFHQWLYRV SDUD VX DGRSFLyQ y FRQVWUXLU SRVLW 'LIXVLyQ H LQQRYDFLyQ VRFLDO GHQWUR GHOORV VLVWHPD ā DSR\RV VXILFLHQWHV VRFLDO SDUD PDQWHQHUOD LPSODQWDQGHSHQGHQGHOFRQVHQWLPLHQWRGHDTXHOO XWL OL]DQ HQJUDQPHGLGD FRPRPRWLYDGRUHV SRVLWLYRV ā(Q ODVVRFLH OD SHU GDGHV GLFWDWRULDOHV ORVTXHRVWHQWDQ HOSRGHU FDPELRVGHVHDGRV /DFRDFFLyQDFHOHUDHOFDPELR FDUJDV VRFLDOHVSXHVDOJHQHUDURSRVLFLyQH YLJLODQFLD VRFLDOFRQWLQXD &RQIUHFXHQFLD OD RSLQLRQHV y ODVSUHVLRQHVSDUDHOFRQVHQVRJHQHUDOVR DQiOLVLV FULWLFRDGHFXDGR &XDQGR HOVLVWHPDQ VLRQHV H[LVWH XQULHVJRHQRUPHGHTXH VH ā UHDOLFHQMXLFLRV HUUyQHRVTXH WURVRV %DUQHWW /DLPSODQWDFLyQGHXQSURJUDPDGHFDPELRVRFL UHTXHULGDV DORVDGRSWDGRUHV (VWH āSXQWR FRQVWLWX\HXQDVSHFWR SRWHQFLDOHV GHOSURFHVRFXDQGRODVLQQRYDFLRQHVFRPSRUWDQQ \ SURFHGLPLHQWRV\Q WDQ~QLFDPHQWH DPRGLILFDUODVSUiFWLFDV \DH[ FRQGXFWD ORVDGRSWDGRUHV SRWHQFLDOHVKDQGHG TXH LPSDUWDQODV KDELOLGDGHV y TXHUHVXOWHQ QHFHVDULDV HVSHFLDOPHQWH HPXODEOHV ([LVWHQ YDULDVIRUPDVGHLPSODQWDUORVSULQFL /D TXH FRQVLJXH ORVPHMRUHV UHVXOWDGRV HV DTXH FXFLyQ y GLULJLGD DSOLFDFLyQDXWRGLULJLGDGHODVKDELOLGD WKDO\%DQGXUD 3DUD DVHJXUDUHOSURJUHVRySWLPRHQHOD QHUODVKDELOLGDGHV FRPSOHMDVHQVXVVXEKDELOL WH 3RVWHULRUPHQWH ODVāS KDELOLGDGHV DVRV TXH UHVXOWDQ VH PRGHOD Pi GRPLQDU (O PRGHODGRPHGLDQWH FLQWDVGHYtGHRXRWURV PRVWUDFLRQHV UHDOHVSDUDHQVHxDUODVQXHYDVSU YHUVRVIDFWRUHVTXHVHVDEHLQIOX\HQHQORVSUR (OPRGHODGR VHHPSOHDFDGDYH]PiVHQODDFWX WRGR VXSRWHQFLDO GHELGRDTXHORVSURJUDPDVGHF GHODV DFWL YLGDGHVPRGHODGDV R ELHQFDUHFHQGHXQSURJUDPD DGHFXDGRG OHFHU ODV KDELOLGDGHV UHFLpQ DGTXLULGDV HQFR PRGHODGR ORVDGRSWDGRUHVKDQFRPSUHQGLGRORV \ ODVRSRUWXQLGDGHV QHFHVDULDV SDUDSHUIHFFLRQDU VLPXODGDV GRQGHQRWHPDQHTXLYRFDUVHRSDUHFHU ULR y HQFDGDHWDSDGHOSURFHVRGLYHUVRVHOHPHQWR OODVHMHFXFLRQHV OH UHVXOWDQGLILFLOHV'HHVWDIRUPDSR TXH FXFLyQGLULJLGDKDVWDTXHODVDFWLYLGDGHVPiVG \ HVSRQWiQHD 6HKDQKHFKRDOJXQRVHVIXHU]RVSDUDHYDOXDUO PRGHODGRSDUWLFLSDQWHDORVFDPELRVSVLFROyJLF Vt VRORSURGXFHPHMRU WDQWHV FRQGXFWD HQ āSHUR OD DxDGLGR D OD HMHFXFLyQ GLULJLGD %ODQFKDUG \5LWWHU %ODQFKDUG \ *RRGPDQ 5LWWHU D0H LQGXFFLyQGHOGRPLQLRGHODDFWLYLGDGFRQPpWR ILFXOWDGHVHQHOODDFHOHUDHOSURFHVRGHFDPEL y :ULJKW:LOOLD PDQ y .OHLILHOG &XDQGRODSHUVRQDGLVSRQHGHHVWRVPp y FRQWLQXR PLHQWUDV \ G TXHpVWH HVDOHQWDGRU VHYXHOYHOHQWR FXDQGR HOORV āā QR GLVS (OPRGHODGR FRQGRPLQLRGLULJLGRHVHVSHFLDOP YDVKDELOLGDGHV TXHSUREDEOHPHQWH D QR VHUTXHGHPXHVWUHQ QRVHUiQD YLGDFRWLGLDQD 8QDFRVDHVDGTXLULUXQDKDEL y RWUDGLVWLQWDXWLOL]DUOD GLFLRQHV GLVWLQWDV DODVGHODSUHQGL]DMH3DUD QHFHVDULDV VLQRTXHVHUHTXLHUHWDPELpQXQDIX ORVSUREOHPDV /DDXWRHILFDFLDSHUFLELGDLQIOX HQVL HOLQGL YLGXRGHFLGLUi RQRFDPELDU VXVIRUPDVHQHO UHVLVWHQFLD SDUD VXSHUDUORVFRQWUDWLHPSRV TXH JXLGR D %DQGXUD (OLQGLYLGXRKDGHDOFDQ]DUFRQOD OR TXHKDDSUHQGLG 3HQVDPLHQWR y· DFFL yQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV p[LWR VXILFLHQWH SDUD HQ FUHHU VtPLVPR \HQ HOYDORU FXDO VH IXQFLRQDO FRQVLJXH GH O PiV IiFLOPHQWH FRQ XQ SURJUDPD WUDQVIHUHQFLD GHHQHOTXH SUXHEDQ SULPHUR ODV KDELOLGDGHV UH VH FLpQ DGTXLULGDV āXQD VLWXDFLyQ QDWXUDO HQ TXH SUREDEOHPHQWH SHUPLWLUi FRQVHJXLU EXHQRV UHVXOWD GRV \OXHJR RWUDV VH H[WLHQGH FLUFXQVWDQFLDV PHQRV D SUHGHFLEOHV 8QD YH] RPiV ODV TXH GLItFLO KDELOLGDGHV KDQ QXHYDV GHPRVWUDGR VX IXQFLRQDOLGDG p[LWRV UHSHWLGRV PHGLDQWH SRU OR JHQHUDO SDVDQ D XWLOL]DUVH SHVDU GH TXH D QR SURGX]FDQ VLHPSUH LQPHGLDWRV UHVXOWDGRV /DWKDP \6DDUL O KDQDSOLFDGR PRGHODGRGH GRPLQLR HO D ORVFDPELRV GHRUJDQL]DF VXSHUYLVRUHV LPSRUWDQWH HMHUFHQ VREUH OD XQHIHFWR PRUDO \ODSURGXFWLYLGDG GHXQD RUJDQL]DFLyQ (O p[LWR HQ OD VXSHUYLVLyQ VH FRQFHUWDGR FRQVLJXH GH ORV GHPiV 0XFKDV PHGLDQWH YHFHV HOHVI ORVVXSHUYLVRUHV VRQ HOHJLGRV EDVH D āVXV HQ FDSDFLGDGHV WpFQLFDV PLHQWUDV p[LWR HQ ODVXSHU TXH HO YLVLyQ GHSHQGH FRPSHWHQFLD GH VRFLDO SDUD VX LQVSLUDU \ GLULJLU3DUD D ORV GLVPLQXLU GHPiV ORV SUREOHPDV TXH FRQVHFXHQFLD VXUJHQ GH IDOWD FRPR OD GH FRPSHWHQFLD GH VXSHUYLVLyQ OD \ /DWKD 6DDUL XWLOL]DURQ HO PRGHODGR FRQ FLQWD āGH YtGHR SDUD WUDQVPLWLU ODV KDELOLGDGHV QHFHVDULD VRQ VDEHUUHFRQRFHU XQ EXHQWUDEDMR UHIRU]DU HOLQWHUpV de WUDEDMR FRUUHJLU LQFRUUHF ORV K GHIRUPD TXH ODFRPSHWHQFLD DXPHQWH XQXVRKDFHU FRQVWUXFWLYR ODV TXHMDV WUDEDMDGRUHV GHORV GH\ GLVPLQXLU ORV FRQIOLFWRV SHUIHFFLRQDURQ VRFLDOHV /XHJR WRGDV ORV VXSHU HVW SRU PHGLR ODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GH GLULJLGD UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQLQVWUXFWLYD \ (O PRGHODGRGH GRPLQLR · produceunamejora GXUDGHUD GH ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV SDUD ODVXSHUYLVLyQ pVWDV DVXYH] PHMRUDQ \HO FOLPD RUJDQL]DFLyQ\ GH ODHOUHQGLPLHQWR UHIOHMDGR HQ HQODUHGXFFLyQ HO DXPHQWR GHOD SURGXFWLYLGDG 3RUUDV +DUJLV 3DWWHUVRQ0D[ILHOG5REH \%LHV 'DGR TXH ORVHV WLORV GLUHFWLYRV GHQWUR WLHQGHQ GHODRUJDQL]DFLyQ DGLIXQGLUVH HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH SUiFWLFDV HO GHGL UHHFLyQFRUUHFWDV SXHGH āSURSRUFLRQDU EHQHILFLRV JHQHUDOL]DGRV 0DQ] 6LURV \ āā3DUD TXH XQD LQQRYDFLyQ ~QDDFHSWDFLyQ WHQJD DPSOLD QHFHVDULR HV TXH SURGX]FD EHQHILFLRV 3RU GHVJUDFLD ORV DSRUWDQPXFKDV EHQHILFLRV LQQRYDFLRQHV TXH UHVXOWDQ QR HYLGHQWHV KD FXUULGR WLHPSR DOJ~Q GHVGH VX DSOLFDFLyQ (VWDV GHPRUDV FRPSRUWDQ SUREOHPDV LPSRUWDQWHV GH PRWLYDFLyQ 3RU HMHPSOR SURPRWRUHV ORV GH ODLQQRYDFtyQ TXH FRQVHJXLU WHQGUiQ TXH ORV HVFpSWL FRV DGRSWHQ āFRQ \ FRQWLQ~HQ SUiFWLFDV ODVVRFLDOHV GXUDQWH VLQ ā REWHQHU FLHUWR HO GXUDQWH WLHPSR PLVPR QLQJXQD VHxDO HYLGHQWHSURJUDPDV GHTXH DGRSWDGRV ORV FRPSRUWDQ UHDOPHQWH UHVXO EXH WDGRV VH ā KD &RPR REVHUYDGR(UDVPXV ODV LQQRYDFLRQHV DFHSWDQ FRQ PD\RU VH IDFLOLGDG FXDQGR SURGXFHQUHVXOWDGRV LQPHGLDWRV \ āREVHUYDEOHV FXDQGR SXHGH \ FRPSUREDUVH IiFLOPHQ UHODFLyQ HQWUH IDV SUiFWLFDV QXHYDV \ VXV UHVXOWDGRV &XDQGR ODV DSRUWDGDV YHQWDMDV OD LQQRYDFLyQ SRU XQD FRQVLGHUDEOH VXIUHQ GHPRUD HQ VX DSD ULFLyQ HVQHFHVDULR SURSRUFLRQDU LQFHQWLYRV LQPHGLDWRV DSR\HQODFRQGXFWD TXH TXH DGRSW HOYDORU GH LQWUtQVHFR OD PLVPD UHVXOWH (VWRV LQFHQWLYRV HYLGHQWH WHPSRUDO GH \ VXVWLWXWL FDUiFWHU YRYSXHGHQFRPSHQVDFLRQHV FRQVLVWLU HFRQyPLFDV HQ SULYLOHJLRV UHFRQRFLPLHQWR VR HVSHFLDOH FLDO DXPHQWR FDWHJRUtD \ RWUDV GH UHFRPSHQVDV FRQIHULGRUDV āGH HVWDWXV /DV DVSLUDFLRQHV WUDG GDV D REMHWLYRV DOFDQ]DEOHVGH IRUPD H[SOtFLWD WDPELpQ SXHGHQ VHUYLU PRWLYDGRUHV FRPR IDYRTXH UH]FDQ ORVFDPELRV GHVHDGRV ā /RFNH y /DWKDP 0XFKRV GH GH ORV GLIXVLyQ DWULEXLGRV IDOORV DOD UHVLVWHQFLD SURFHGHQWHGH LQFRPSDWLEOHV FUHHQFLDV GHEHQ SUREDEOHPHQWH VH D XQD GLUHFFLyQ H LQFHQWLYRV āLQVXILFLHQWHV SDUD DGRSWDU ODV SU iFWLFDV SURPXOJDGDV KDELWXDOHV ā QR ā/RV PRWLYDGRUHV SXHGHQ GH WLSR UHVXOWDUGH JUDQ YLFDULR D\XGD DO LQLFLR GH OD IDVH G 1R KD\ QDGD TXH UHVXOWH SHUVXDVLYR TXH REVHUYDU PiV OD HILFDFLDGH ODV SUiFWLFDV HQIXQFLRQDPLHQ WR$Vt HOp[LWR SRU ORV DGRSWDGRUHV FRQVHJXLGR LQLFLDOHV FRQ SDUD OD LQQRYDFLyQ HVWLPXODU HQ VLU ORVGHPiVSUREDUOD HOGHVHR SRU Vt PLVPRV GH &XDQWR PD\RUHV VHDQ GHPRVWUDEOHV ORV EHQHILFLRV PD\RU VHUi WDPELpQ HOSRGHU (Q HVWD HWDSD GLIXVRU ORVPHGLRV FRPXQLFDFLyQ GH GH VXHMHPSOR SXH GHQ GHVHPSHxDU LPSRUWDQWHHQ XQHO SDSHO IDYRUHFLPLHQWR GHO FDPELy SRU HVW ODVSUiFWLFDV HQVHxDQGR ODVKDELOLGDGHV QXHYDV QHFHVDULDV \ KDFLHQGR GHORV SXEOLFLGDG UHVXOWDGRV (Q ODV āFXOWXUDV GRQGH HO PiV D LQGtYLGXRDSUHUUGH SDUWLU GH ORV HMHPSORV H[KRUWDFLR TXH GH ODV QHV FRPR RFXUUH &KLQD HQ 0XQUR ā HOPRGHODGR VH FRQVLGHUD HOPHGLR SULQFLSDO GH WUDQVPL WLUYDORUHV y KDELOLGDGHV FRQRFLPLHQWRV H āV OD UHFRPSHQVD (OKRQRU PiV DOWD SXHEORV PRGHOR ā\ ORV PLHPEURV āGHā pVWRV āTXH VREUHVDOHQ HQ ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV y KDELOLGDGHV āYDORUDGDV GLVWLQ VRQ JXLGRV y SUHPLDGRV SDUD GLIXQGLU SUiFWLFDV DVt DRWUDV iUHDV ODV 2VKLPD LOXVWUD FyPR HQ - DSyQVH DFHOHUy ODDGRSFLyQ WHFQRORJtDV āDJUtFRODV GH \GH SURGXFFLyQ ODV RIUHFLHQGR VXEVLGLRV /RV 'LIXVLyQVRFLDO H LQQRYDFLyQ FHQWLYRV D DTXHOORV GHVHDEDQ VHUYLU SXHEORV FRPR TXH PRGHORV GH GHPRVWUD SXHEORVVH PRGHOR XWLOL]DURQ SDUD GDU SXEOLFLGDG FRQVHJXLGRV GH SRU ORV ORV EH PpWRGRV &XDQGR ORVLQFHQWLYRV GHORVp[LWRV PRGHO WHQFLD SUHVHQWDGD DxDGLUVH RWURV SXHGHQ LQFHQWLYRV SDUD D\XGDU GH WLSR GH GLUHFWR HVWHPR SURFHVR GHGLIXVLyQ 3RU IHGHUDOHV HMHPSOR D ORVHVWDGRV VHGDQ\ORFDOLG FRQFHVLRQ FHQWLYR SDUD TXH DGRSWHQ SROtWLFDV \SURJUDPDV QX ILVFDOHV SDUD GLIXQGHQ VX DORV DGRSFLyQ HVWDGRV VH FRQ PD\RU UDSLGH] T HOORV :HOFK \ 7KRPSVRQ ,JXDO TXH ODV H[KRUWDFLRQHV SHUVXDVLYDV LQQRYDFLRQHV QR VRQ WDPSRFR SDUD OR GLIXQGLUODV VRQ DXQ FXDQGR FRPSRUWHQ EHQHILFLRV VXSHULRUH SURSRUFLRQDU DORV DGRSWDGRUHV H LQFHQWLYRV SURVSHFWLYRV SRVLWLYRV JXtDV TXHGD ELHQ LOXVWUDGR GHVDUUROODGD HQ SRU OD )DLUZHDWKHU LQYHVWLJDFLyQ \ FRODERUDGRUHV )DLUZHD WKHU 6DQGHUV &UHVVOHU GLULJLGDD GLIXQGLU \ 0D\QDUG XQPRGHOR GH WUDW WDULR HILFD] SDUD ODSREODFLyQ FRPRXQD GH DOWHUQDWLYD HQIHUPRV SVLTXL DORV WHDPLHQWRV LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV GLILFLO PRGLILFDU H[LVWHQWHV ODV SUiFWLFDV 5HVXOWD R FLGRV LQFOXVR DTXHOORV FX\D HILFDFLD HV VyOR GH FDPELRV PDUJLQDO LQWHUQRV /DV SHUVRQDV TXH KDQ GHDGPLQLVWUDUORV HQSUHVHUYDUOD GLVSRVLFLRQHV H[LVWHQWHV RELHQ D ORVQXHYRV VH PXHVWUDQ SODQWHDPL FDXW (VWR RFXUUH VREUH WRGR FXDQGR ORV EHQHILFLRV VH SUHVWD GH SHUR ODV V SRFD H UHIRU DWH SXEOLFDQ DPSOLDPHQWH ORV IUDFDVRV HQORV VR LQWHQWRV FLDOHV TXH SXHGHQ DO HVWDWXV SHUMXGLFDU .la WUD\HFWRULD R D SURIHVLRQDO B Bā B (O FDUiFWHU H[LWRVR GH ODV LQQRYDFLRQHV y GLIXVLyQ QRJDUDQWL ODVGH HVWUXFWXUDV \SUiFWLFDV H[LVWH XQD HYDOXDFLyQ QXHYDV &XDQGR QLXQ UHJLVWUR DGHFXD QR VLVWHPD G GRV GHO UHQGLPLHQWR y FXDQGR HOFDPELR SXHGH FRPSRUWDU ULHVJRV VLVWHQ DXQ FXDQGR VHGLVSRQJD (Q WDOHV GH RWUDV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV DOWHUQDWLY FLRQHV SXHGHQ VHU PRGLILFDGDV R GLVHxR VXVWLWXLGDV GH SURJUDPDVUiSLG DGH FXDGRV DHVFDOD OLPLWDGD IXHUD GHODHVWUXFWXUD ORV FRVWRV \EHQHILFLRV GH ODV LQQRYDFLRQHV GHXQ ORV HQVD\R GHPRVWUDWLYR y FRPSUHQVLEOHPHQWH UHVLVWLUVH DORVFDP WUDGR HOp[LWR HOSRGHU GH ODV DOWHUQDWLYDV VXSH ORV IXQFLRQDULRV KDQ GHUHVSRQGHU SRU ORV UHVXOWD SRGUiQ GHIHQGHUVH SRU PiV WLHPSR VLGR XQD PHMRU YH] HQVD\DG TXH R SUREDGDV ā B B /2V KRVSLWDOHV SVLTXLiWULFRV VHYHQSREODGRV PiVWLHPSR SHUPD GH HQ QHFHQ HQHOKRVSLWDO PiV VHGHWHULRUDQ HOH SDFLHQWH VXV FRPSH GHSHQ GLHQWH /RV YtQFXORV LQWHUSHUVRQDOHV FRQ ORVPLHP FLHQGR PiV GLVWDQWHV R DFDEDQ SRU FDUHFHQGH GHWHULRUDUVH ORVUHFXUVRV H HFRQyPLFRV VRFLDOHV \SURIHVLRQDOHV Vt PLVPRV DODYLGD H[WHULRU SDUD $O GDUORV GHO DGDSWDU GH DOWD ODPD\RUtD DO GHHOORV FDER GH YXHOYHQ SRFR WLHPSR DOKRVSLWDO (Q XQH ORV UHVXOWDGRV ) DLUZHDWKHU REWHQLGRV HQFRQWUy TXH QLODVFDUDFWH WHV QLODFDQWLGDG \WLSRGH WUDWDPLHQWR TXH KDEt UtDQ R QR D ODGDSWDUVH D FRPXQLGDG )DLUZHDWKHU \ FRO 6LQVt HPEDUJR HPHUJH XQ QRWDEOH SUHGLFWRU FXDQWR PiV DSR\R GHO FRQWURO VREUH VXV YLGDV HQ HO H[WHULRU 3DUWLHQG )DLUZHDWKHU FUHy XQD UHVLGHQFLD VHPLDXWyQRUQD HQ OD FRP MXQWRV \OOHYDEDQ XQQHJRFLR GHSLQWXUD \WUDEDMDE GH DSR\R FRQWURODEDQ GHXQD IRUPD XQD YLGD FROHFWLYD DFWLYD VXV \FD WUXFWLYD 3RU HOFRQWUDULR GHO JUXSR PX\ FRQWURO SRFRV GH WUDWDGRV ORV VXMH H TXLiWULFR YHFLQR SXGLHURQ HVWDV FRVDV FRQVHJXLU (OPRGHOR HQHOH[WHULRU GH DOJXQD VXEFRPXQL GH GDG GHPRVWUy UHVXOWDU PiV PiVHILFD] KXPDQR HQ ODV PHGLGDV VXVWDQFLDOPHQWH GH IXQFLRQD SHUVRQDO VRFLDO \ SURIHVLRQDO LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV \ PiV EDUDWR 6LQ H[LV TXH HPEDUJR HVWD DOWHUQDWLYD KRVSLWDOL]DFLyQ QR FRQVLJXLy VXSHULRU GHPDVLDGRVDGHSWRV D OD )DLUZHDWKHU y. VXV FRODERUDGRUHV SUREDURQ WUHV HVWUDWHJLDV GLIXVLyQ SURSRUFLRQDURQ GH D ORV L_ 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV KRVSLWDOHVQHXURSVLTXLiWULFRV ID HVWUXFWXUD \ ORVEHQHILFLRVGHO LQIRUPDFLyQGHWDOOD GHVXEFRPXQLGDG OHVRIUHFLHURQ VHPLQDULRV SDUD TXH ROH SXGLHUDQFUHDU XQ VLVWHPD FRPR HOSURSXHVWR 7RPDW]N\ )HU FKHU /RVUHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV WRPR DODVDOXG GHPXHVWUDQ PHQWDOQRUHVXOWDIiFLOGHSHUVXDGLU HYLGHQWHV DQRVHUTXHH[ QLVLTXLHUD WUXFWLYDVRLQFHQWLYRV SDUD HOFDPELR /DLQIRUPDFLyQVRODRORV WLFDPHQWHQLQJ~Q DGRSWDGRU GLUHFFLyQ āLQVWUXFWLYD āFRQVLJXLy PLHQWUDV WDVD PRGHVWD XQD TXHOD GH DGRSFLRQHV ā 3HUVXDGLU DORVIXQFLRQDULRVSDUDTXHDGRSWHQL HOORVVRVWLHQHQHVWiPX\OHMRVGHODVSRVLELOLGDG TXHH[LVWDSRFRLQWHUpVSHUVRQDO SRUVXVSURSLDV GXFWDSRGUiUHJXODUVHPiV PHGLDQWH DPHQD]DV DQWL FLyQ/DVLQQRYDFLRQHV VHSURPRFLRQDUiQ a ORVDOWRVIXQFLRQ PiVUiSL TXH āVXSHUYLVDQORVVLVWHPDV GāH VHUYLFLR \ SRU WDQWR WLHQHQ PD\RU VHQVLE FLRQHVVREUHFRVWRV\HILFDFLDSDUD TXHGHGLTXHQ PRVWUDGR /RVGLIXVRUHV VHHQFDUJDQ y GHD\XGDU GHHQWUHQDU DHVWDEOH VLVWHPDDOWHUQDWLYR (VWH WLSRGHPRGHORGHGLIXVLyQSUR HQGLVWLQWRV OXJDUHV FRPR ORVLQFHQWLYRV SDUD HOFDPELR (OSURJUHVRVRFLDOUHVXOWDUtD IDYRUHFLGRHQJUD UHJXODUPHQWHDOJXQRVUHFXUVRV \FRPSUREDFL yQ GHLQQRYDFLRQHV SDUD HOGHVDUUROOR HQO VRFLDOHV/DLQYHUVLyQHQHOGHVDUUROORHVXQDFD GHEHQPHMRUDU ORTXH SURGXFHQ SDUDVREUHYLYLU/DYDULDELOLGD QDGD HQSDUWH SRU HOJUDGRGHLQFHQWLYRTXHH[LVWDSDUDOD (Q ODVLQVWLWXFLRQHV FDVTXHGLVIUXWDQ GHPRQRSROLRV VREUHGHWHUPLQDG YHQFRQPD\RUSUREDELOLGDG \ FRQYHQLHQFLDV DORVLQWHUHVHV GHOSHUVRQDO TXH ORVEHQHILFLRVGH SDUD FX\RVHUYLFLR DTXHOORV(VWR KDQ VHGHEH VLGRFUHDGDV DTXHFRQIU PHMRUDUHOVHUYLFLRDORVGHPiVUHSUHVHQWD PiVWU FD XQDXPHQWR HQVXV FRPSHQVDFLRQHV /DVPHMRUDVHQODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHV VH FRQVLJXHQPiVUiSLGD y HILFD]PHQWH UHFRPSHQVDQGR ORVORJURV WLYRVTXHFULWLFDQGR HOUHQGLPLHQWR DOWHUQDWLYDVV GHILFLHQWHGH FUHDQIXHUWHVLQFHQWLYRV SDUD TXHODVRUJDQL]DFLR TXHGHRWURPRGR DFDEDUtDQ SRUSHUGHU VXFOLHQ SRUXQD~QLFDLQVWLWXFLyQ S~EOLFD ODVEDUUHUDV XQPHFDQLVPR GHMXULVGLFFLyQ S~EOLFD FRQSRGHU F SUXHEHQSURFHGLPLHQWRV GHIXQFLRQDPLHQWR PHMRUHV ODSUHFLVLyQFRQTXH XQD āLQVWLWXFLyQ GHWHUPLQDGD HVWiFXPSOLHQG RWUR VLVWHPD de LQFHQWLYRV SDUDāPHMRUDU GH ā ORV āVHUYLFLRV ODFDOLGDG VRFLDOHV &RPXQLFDFLRQHV y GLIXVLyQ LQQRYDFLRQHV GH LGHDV y. KDELOLGDGHV /DHVIHUDGHGLIXVLyQ āVRFLDOUHVXOWDDPSOLDGDHQJUDQPHGLGD DVRFLDQ ODVFDSDFLGDGHV G YHUVDVWHFQRORJtDVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ (OVLVWHPDG ORV DVSHFWRVGH ODYLGD /RV VLVWHPDV GHFDEOHV EL FODVHGHLQIRUPDFLyQ y OOHYDU DFDER DFWLYLGDGHVLQWHUDFWLYDVPHGLDQWH WDGRUHV 3RU DOHMDGRV PHGLRGHSXOVDFLRQHV OiVHUHOVLVWHPDI WLUFLHQWRV GHFRPXQLFDFLRQHV VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH / FDSDFLGDGGH DOPDFHQiPLHQWR LSURSRUFLRQDQ XQUiSLGRDFFHVR y DGLYH VHUYLFLRV Los VLVWHPDV FRPXQLFDFLyQ GH SRU āVDWpOLWHSHUPLWHQ GLVWULEXLU PDFLyQSRU WRGR HOSDtVRHQWUHSDLVHV&XDQGR WRGDV HVWDV FDSDFLGDGHV WpFQLFDV VHXQHQVHFRQVLJXHXQVLVWHPD FRPXQLFDFLyQ LQWHUDFWLYRFRQ GH XQHQRUPHSR FLyQ LQVWUXFFLyQ \ GH LQWHUFDPELR DFWLYLGDGHV GH (VWRV DYDQFHV WHFQROyJLFRV TXH āVLUYHQSUiFWLFDPHQWH FUHDQPXOWLWXGGHFD FDVL FXDOTXLHU WLSR GHLQWHUpVRJXVWR(OS~EOLFR UHFLEHFRQJ āā 1 'LIXVLyQVRFLDO H LQQRYDFLyQ SURSRUFLRQDU GLYHUVRV \ QXPHURVRV SURJUDPDV 6LQ OLPLWD HO Q~PHUR GH PX\ SRVLELOLGDGHV FDUR RFXSDU XQ 5HVXOWD FDQDO FRQ FRQ TXH LQWHUHVHQ DXQD DXGLHQFLD UHODWLYDPHQWH SHTXH J~QHO PHUFDGR FRPXQLFDFLRQHV8QDDXGLHQFLDIUDJPHQWDGD GH WDQWR HVFDVD QRFR XQ PHUFDGR VXILFLHQWH SDUD āLQWHUpV DSR\DU HVSHFtILFRV OD 3RU WDQWR HPLVLyQ ORV GH SURGXFWRUHV FRPSLWHQ SDUWH āUHQWDEOH SRUWHQHU GHOPHUFDGR XQD GHPDVDV FR PDV TXH DSHQDV GLILHUHQ HQWUH XQ āQ~PHUR DEXQGDQWH Vt ā,QFOXVR GH FDQDOHV GLVSRQL OD IXHU]DV GHPHUFDGR VHGLULJLUiQ VLHPSUH FRQ PD\RU SUREDELOL TXH FXEUDQ ORV PD\RUtDTXH LQWHUHVHV D GLIXQGLUGLYHUVDVSURGXFFLRQHV GH OD FXOWXUDOHV /LWWX (VWRFRQ PLVPR ORV FDQDOHV RFXUUH UDGLR TXH GH SURGXFHQ WHPDV ā HVWDQGDUL]DGRV HQ ā PD\RU SDUWH SRU FDGHQDV SURSLHGDG GH XQRV /D SRFRV UDGLR PHGLR HVXQ PXFKR PiV EDUDWR TXH OD WHOHYLVLyQ SRUTXH FLOLGDG R FRQ P~VLFD FKDUOD PLHQWUDV TXH ODVSURGXFFLRQHV y GLILFLOHV GH GH āVRVWHQHU FRQ OR FXDO VRQ HVFDVRV SDUD VXIUDJDU ORV OD LQYHUVLyQ JUXSRV FRQ GH FDSLWDO \ ORV JDVWRV TXH H[LJH HVWH VLVWHPD GH GL GH OD WHOHYLVLyQ HQ XQDV FXDQWDV FRPSDxtDV B (Q DTXHOODV VRFLHGDGHV HQ ODV TXH VX VLVWHPD y QR GH FRPHUFLDO WDPELpQ H[LVWHQ OLPLWHV GHYDULHGDG GHORV HQ UHFXUVRV QHFHVDULRV SDUD RFXSDU ORV FDQDOHVQR KRUDULRV GLJD GH S PRV GHXQQ~PHUR HOHYDGR GH HOORV OD F/D DSDFLGDG FUHDFLyQ GHSU GH GXFLU PiV SURJUDPDV &XDQGR OD WHOHYLVLyQ HQDFFLyQ ODVIXH FRUUH SROtWLFDV \EXURFUiWLFDV UHVWULQJLHQGR En ORV āS HOiPELWR DtVHV JREHUQDGRV SRU XQVRORSDUWLGR āHOSRGHU SROtWLFR SROtWLFR ORV XWLOL]D TXH GLRGLIXVLyQ SDUD LQFXOFDU VX GRFWULQD \ SHUSHWXDU B VX UpJLP ā (Q OD DFWXDOLGDG HVWiQ DSDUHFLHQGR QXHYRV VHUYLFL HQODSURJUDPDFLyQ SHUR FREUDQGR XQSUHFLR SRU H XQ FRQMXQWR GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV HVSHFLDOL]DGRV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ6LQ \ D HPEDUJR ODGHVLJXDOGDG HQODV SRVLELOLGDGHV \ SR GH D EUHV (Q DXVHQFLD GH XQD H[LJHQFLD GH VHUYLFLR S~EOLFR TXH VH GLVWULEX\DQ EiVLFDPHQWH ORV ā SULQFLSDOHV HQ HVSHFWDGRUHV PHUFDGRV IXQFLyQ GH OD GH GH QDFLyQ TXH SRVHHQ PD\RUHV /D IDOWD UHFXUVRV GH HTXLGDG HFRQyPLFRV HQ ODGLV DXPHQWD ODV GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH ORV VHFWRUHV GH OD 7HOHYLVLyQ y PRGHODGR SRUWUDQVFXOWXUDO VDWpOLWH /D WHOHYLVLyQ SXHGH HILFD] VHUYLU ā SDUD ā HO GHVDUUROOR GHy LQVWUXPHQWRā HQULTXHFLPLHQWR KRPEUH \D TXH SXHGH HQVHxDU KDELOLGDGHV H LQIRUPDUOH DPSOLDU DVXQWRV VREUH ā VX TXH SH LQIOX\HQ HQ VX YLGD 6FKUDPP y6FKUDPP /HPHU 6LQ HPEDUJR SUiFWLFD VHQ H OD XWLOL]D PiV FRQ ILQHV FRPHUFLDOHV TXH SDUD FRQVHJ SDtVHV GRQGH ORV VLVWHPDV GH UDGLRGLIXVLyQ VRQ GH SUHVLRQD KDFLD OD FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ UHVLVWLUVHD GH JUDQGHV ORVODV PLVPRV FDQWL GDGHV GH GLQHUR TXH ODV KDFHU ILUPDV SXEOLFLGDG DQXQFLDQWHV GH VXV SDJDQ SUR GHSHQGHU GH ORV LQJUHVRV GH OD SXEOLFLGDG ODV FR GHFLVLRQHV GHO PHGLR VDFULILFiQGRVH SRU WDQWR HFRQRPtD GHORV VLVWHPDV FRPHUFLDOHV ODVSURGXFF WDGRUHV TXH JDUDQWLFH DORVSURGXFWRUHV āSRU HOOR VHLQWHUUXPS XQRV EHQH PDV TXH UHSUHVHQWDQ TXH āQR XQ LQIOX\HQ FRVWR HOHYDGR VREUHORV R VHJPHQWR GHVHDQ ORVāS SXEOLFLVWDV HVDU GH āTXH JRFHQGH HOHYDGD D XQD SRSXODULGDG ā %URZQ /RV GHEDWHVGH VREUH ORV PHGLRV HOSDSHO GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ āHQ FDPELR HO ā LQWHUFXO HOHFWUyQ WXUDO VH UHILHUHQ DODFDQWLGDG flujo GH āODV FRQWHQLGR LQIOXHQFLDV \GLUH W GDV /D PD\RUtD GHSDtVHV GH āWHOHYLVLyQ DGRSWDQ VLQ GLVSRQHU ORV GH VLVWHPDV ORV UHFXU UtRV SDUD DEDVWHFHU VXV SURSLDV QHFHVLGDGHV FRPR FRQVH GLV\XQWLYD GH OOHQDU VXV o UHVWULQJLGD SDQWDOODV SURJUDPDFLyQ FRQ VHULHV GLDULD LPS 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ ā)XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV WH DODSUHVLyQ S~EOLFD TXHPD\RUtD H[LJH HOLJHQ PiV SULPHUD KRUDV OD DOWHUQD GH SURJ WLYD SURPRFLRQDQGR y HVWLORV YLGD ā YDORUHV IRUiQHRV GH DOJXQRV HV SRVLEOH GH TXH ORV GHFXDOHV IRUPD WUDGLFLRQDO HVWDGR KD\DQ GHVSUHVWLJLDGRV VRFLHGDG UHFSHWRUD HQ y : HOD GHOO .DW] 8QDV FXDQWDV QDFLRQHV LQWHUQDFLRQDO GRPLQDQWHV \ TXH SRVHHQ D QLYHO ORV\ UHFXUVRV WpFQLFRV SDUD SURGXFLU ORV GHWHOHYLVLyQ SURJUDPDV VRQ ODV DEDVWHFHQ TXH JUDQ SDUWH GHO PDWHULDO FRQ TXH FXHQWDQ SDUWH GHODPD\RU VLVWHPDV GH WHOHYLVLyQ (Q OD DFWXDOLGDG-RV GHOPXQGR (VW 8QLGRV FXHQWD TXH FRQ XQD DEXQGDQWH UHVHUYD GH SURJUDPDFLyQ FRVWR HV HO GLVSRQLEO PD\RU H[SRUWDGRU DO GH H[WUDQMHUR WHOHYLVLyQ GH SURJUDPDV (OGHVDUUROOR GH FDSDFLGDGORFDOGH OD SURGXFFLyQ āQRUHGXFH QHFHVDULDPHQWH OD GHSHQGHQFLDGH ODV SURGXFFLRQHV (V PXFKR LPSRUWDGDV EDUDWR PDV SRQHU HQ DQWHQD XQ UHHVWUHQR H[WUDQMHUR TXH SURGXFLU XQ SURJUDPD 6FKLOOHU QDFLRQDO /HH (O HV TXH UHVXOWDGR ODV G LPSRUWDFLRQHV WLHQGHQ VXVWLWXLU SDUWH D GHOD QDFLRQDO FXOWXUD GH /DVSHUVRQDV ODVRFLHGDG GH WRGR HOPXQGR āHXURSHRV DIULFDQRV DVLiWLFRV \VXGDPHULFDQRV SULQFLSDOPHQWH VHULHV HVWiQ YLH DPHULFDQDV GH WHOHYLVLyQ +D GHFOLQDGR DQWLJXDV DOJRSURJUDPDV OD LPSRUWDFLyQ H[WUDQMHURV GH āSHUR QL VLTXLHUD QDFLRQDOLVWD HOIHUYRU VLGR FDSD] GH GHWHQHUOD KD SRU FRPSOHWR (Q OD PD\RUtD GH SDtVHV GHOWHUFHU LPSRUWDFLRQHV PXQGR ODPLWDG ODV UHSUHVHQWDQ RPiV GH ODPLWDG ā FLyQ HPLWLGD /D WHOHYLVLyQ HV XQ PHGLR YRUD] GHSURJUDPDV TXH H[LJH OOH XQQ~ SDUD QDU OD SURJUDPDFLyQ HVSHFWDGRUHV GLDULD GH PXFKDV /RV FXOWXUDV SXHGHQ DPD FXOWXUD QDFLRQDO DUHQXQFLDU SHUR DPXFKDV VHU UHDFLRV GH ODV VHULHV GH WHOHY TXHVHKD OODPDGRHOYLPSHULDOLVPR GH ORVPHGLRV GHUHIHUHQFLD FRPXQLFDFLyQª D XQD LQWHUDF KDFH FLyQ GHWLSR ELGLUHFFLRQDO H[SRUWDGRUHV FXHQWDQ HQ ODTXH JUDQFDQWLGDG FRQ ORV GHYtGHRV HQ VWRF FRQ ORV ā TXH DEDVWHFHQ PX\ JXVWRVRV ORVGHVHRV GH ORV FOLHQWHV $OJXQRV SDtVHV QR H[WUDQMHUD SHUPLHQ HQ VXV OD \ FXOWXUDV LQWUXVLyQ VRODPHQWH HPLWHQ VXV SLDV SURGXFFLRQHV SXHGHQ 2WURV DEDVWHFHU PD\RU TXH SDUWH ODGHVXV QHFHVLGDGHV LQWHQWDQ UHVLVWLUVH DODV LQWUXVLRQHV H[WUDQMHUDV H[FHVLYDV OD FDQWLGDG OLPLWDQGR GH SURJUDPDF GHHVWDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV /RV SDtVHV LPSRUWDGRUHV VXSULPHQ PXFKDV FRQWHQLGRVTXH YHFHV DTXHOORV OHV SDUHFHQ 3RU REMHFLRQDEOHV HMHPSOR OD WHOHYLVLyQ HQ JUDQ PHGLGD DPHULFDQD FRQ OD FRPH YLROHQFLD ItVLFD ORVSDtVHV HQ EUXWDOLGDG ORVTXH H[LVWH LQ ILVLFDPiV XQJU WHQWDQ VXSULPLU GH ODV LPSRUWDFLRQHV &XPVWRFN ODV \5X PDQLIHVWDF ELQVWHLQ ā $XQTXH FRQFHELGDV FRPR LPSRUWDGDV HQWUHQWHQLPLHQWR SXH GHQ DFWXDU GH FRPR DFXOWXUDFLyQ PHGLRV LQWURGXFLU HOHFWUyQLFRV ODV FRVWXPEUHV SDUD YLGD UHWUDWDGRV SDQWDOODV LQVWLJDFLyQ HQ ODV /D GH QXHYRV DFWRV GHOLFWL FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD H[SRUWDGRV GH FRPR SURJUDPDV FXDQGR WUDV OD HPLVLyQ GH ā ERQLED EDURPpWULFD GLVSDUDURQ HQ YDULRV VH SDtVHV HVSHFWDGRUHV ODV DPHQD]DV GH H[WRU GH O VLyQGHODVOtQHDVDpUHDVXQR RGRV GtDV GHVSXpV GHO SURJUDPD OD LQIOXHQFLD %DQGXU SRWHQFLDO GHO LQWHUFXOWXUDO PRGHODGR āVREUH āDJUHVLyQ OD ā ā (QGLIHUHQWHV VHFFLRQHV GH āHVWH OLEUR ODV GLYHUVDV VH LOXVWUDQ IRUPDV la WHOHYLVLyQ HQ TXH LQIOX\ HQHOSHQVDPLHQWR FRQGXFWD KXPDQRV YDORUHV /D WHOHYLVLyQ \ DXPHQWDOD GH PRGHORV GLVSR HVIHUD QLEOHV SDUD ORV PLHPEURV GH āRWUDV VRFLHGDGHV SDUD R SDUD ELHQ PDO VHJ~Q VHDQ ORV YDOR GXFWD TXH VH LQWHQWH PRGHODU 3XHGH HYDOXDUVH HO H MHUD VREUH āORV KiELWRV GH XQD VRFLHGDG UHJLVWUDQGR OD DSDULFLyQ y GLIXVLyQ GH FRQGXFWD HVWLORV GH H[WUDxRV DXWyFWRQD DODFXOWXUD TXHKDVWD VRQ LQWURGXFLGRV WUDQVFXOWXUDO SRUHOPRGHODGR TXH 'DG ODWHOHYLVLyQ RFXSD JUDQ SDUWH GH ODYLGD HUD HOHF GH ODV SHU WUyQLFD GHEHUtD H LQFOXLU DPSOLDUVH DFXOWXUDFLyQ OD HOHFWUyQLFD $ SDUWLU GH OD WHRUtD FRJQLWLYD VRFLDO FDEUtD HV IRUiQHD WUDYpV HMHUFLGR GH OD WHOHYLVLyQ D YDULDVH VHJ~Q HOSUHVWLJ GRU \GHOYDORU SUiFWLFDV IXQFLRQDO HQHOQXHYR PRGHODGDV GH ODV /D PHGLR VXVFHSWLELOLGDG FXOWXUDO DOPRGHODGR GH FXOWXUD OD H[WUDQMHUD DXPHQWDFXDQGR ODJHQWH FRQVLGHUDTXH FXOWXLD HV DXWyFWRQD VX āUHWUyJUDGD \D TXH RLQIHULRU HQWRQFHV VXVFRQGXFWDIRUiQHD PLHPEURV FRPR DFHSWDQ HMHPSOR OD GH PRGHUQLGDG /DWDVD \IUHFXHQFLD dela DGRSFLyQ DXPHQWD FXDQGR VRQ HIL ORV SDWURQ FDFHV SDUD ORV UHVXOWDGRV DVHJXUDU GHVHDGRV /D FRPXQLFDFLyQ GLUHFWD SRU VDWpOLWH HVWi FRQYLUWLHQGR VH HQ HO QXHYR YHKtF WUDQVFXOWXUDO WUDQVPLVLRQHV GH /DV YtGHR SXHGHQ GLUHFWDPHQWH HQYLDUVH YtD VDWpOLWH DSDUDWRV DORV 'LIXVLyQ H LQQRYDFLyQ VRFLDO 6 GHWHOHYLVLyQGHORVKRJDUHVTXHFXHQWHQFRQDQ (VWH DYDQFHWHFQROyJLFRKD XQDFDORUDGRGHEDWHVREUHODVQXHYDVIRUPDVGH \ GHSURWHFFLRQLVPR UDO&XDQGRODVVHxDOHVGHORVVDWpOLWHVOOHJDQ WLHUUD ORVSDtVHVSXHGHQFRQWURODUHQFLHUWDP SRUODV RQGDV 6L ORVHV SHFWDGRUHV FDSWDQ ORVPHQVDMHVGLUHFWDPHQWH VH FLyQGHOHVWDGRHVWRVPHQVDMHV WHQGUiQ XQ HIHFWRPXQGLDO 4XLHQTXLHUDTX \ ORV SURJUDPDV HOHFWUyQLFRV SRGUi HMHUFHU WDPELpQ X 6H QHFHVLWDQ XQRV UHFXUVRV HFRQyPLFRV PX\ HOH FRKHWHVSDUDODQ]DUVDWpOLWHVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQD SDtVHV TXHQRSXHGHQSDJDU SURSLR VLVWHPD GH VDWpOLWHV VX RWURVSDUD FHQVH KDQGHFRP JXLUORVGHDTXHOORVSDtVHVTXH Vt GLVSRQHQGHHOORV/DVEDUUHUDV G GHQYHQFHUVHVLYDULRVSDtVHVFRPSDUWHQHOIXQF HOLQWHUpV S~EOLFR QRVHOLPLWD~QLFDPHQWH LGHQWLGDG GH ORV SURSLHWDULRV ORV VLVWHPDV GH GH DO HPLVLyQVLQRWDPELpQDORVSURSyVLWRVFRQTXH PLWHQ8QSUREOHPDODV UHFXUUHQWHHQHOFDPSRGH FRPXQLFDFLRQHVV tPEyOtFRV HVTXHORVH TXH VHWUDQVPLWHQ TXHGHQ FRQFHQWUDGRV JOREDOPH FDPHQWH SRGHURVRV GH āH &DPELDU PLVLyQ WHUUHVWUH GHXQVLVWHPD VDWpOLWH QRPRGLILFDO DXQRSRU HVWUXFWXUD GHODVIXHU]DVVRFLDOHVKDELWXDOHV *UDQ SDUWH GHOWUiILFRHOHFWUyQLFRFRPSRUWDQHJRFL y HQWUHQWHQLPLHQWRV FLRQDGRVSRUORVDQXQFLDQWHVFRQILQHVGH PHUFDGR\ XQDSHTXHxD SDUWHGHOPLV SDUD LQIRUPDU\SURSRUFLRQDU XQVHUYLFLRS~EOLF DFFLyQ DO JXQRVGHORVSURJUDPDVHOHFWUyQLFRV ID EDWDOOD FRQWLHQHQP SRUHO FRQWURO GHOD RSLQLyQPXQGLDO ā /D WHOHYLVLyQ GLUHFWD HOSRGHU GH SRU XQD VDWpOLWH VRFLHGDG LQFUHPHQWD SDUD LQ YDORUHV y ORVSDWURQHVGHFRQGXFWD 3RU HVWDUD]yQODHOLPLQDFLyQG GHRWUD JXEHUQDPHQWDOHV SDUDHODFFHVRDODVLQIOXHQFLD VREUH VXHIHFWRVREU ODVFXOWXUDV QDFLRQDOHV ¢/DGLYHUVLGDG FXOWXUDO DFDEDUi SRUKRPRJHQHL]DUODV culturasa LPDJHQ\ VHPHMDQ]D GHODVTXHFRQWURODQ ORVFDQDOHV SROtWLFDV LQWHUQD GHO FLRQDOHV TXH VHHOLMDQGHWHUPLQDGDV LQIOXLU ā VREUH HOODV SREODFLRQH VLQ VXFR ¢7LHQHQGHUHFKRODVVRFLHGDGHVDSURWHJHUVX VREHUDQtD āQDFLRQDOGHODVLQWUXVLRQ H[WUDQMHUDV TXH SXHGHQ SHUMXGLFDU ODFXOWXUD QDFLRQDO SURGXFLH (O LQWHUFDPELR FXOWXUDO QRHVHQ ODV VRFLHGDGHV DEVROXWR āVH KDQ DOJ LQIOXGLRHQWUH Vt SRUPHGLRGHODVFRQTXLVWDVPLOLWDUHVOD \ OD FRPXQL FDFLyQPHGLDQWH H LPiJHQHV6LQHPEDUJRHORULJHQ SDODEUDVGHOR GLIXQGLGR QRKD HVWDGRVLHPSUH HQ ODFXOWXUD $VtORV EULWiQLFRV GRPLQDQWHDGTXLULHURQ IXPDU GH ORVLQGLRVD HOKiELWR FDQRVGXUDQWH XQDH[SHGLFLyQFRORQL]DGRUD HO PXQGR6tQHPEDU GLIX ODWHOHYLVLyQ SRUVDWpOLWHFRPSRUWD \SHQHWUDQFLD GHO FRQWDFWR XQFDPELR LQWHUFXOWXUDO \DTXHORVHQWRUQRVVLPEyOLFRVFU JDUHVFDSWDQ GLDULDPHQWH ODDWHQFLyQ GHOLQGLYLGXRHQFXDOTXLHU JUDQSDUWHGH SOR ODFDQWLGDG HO PXQGRTXH GHSHUVRQDV OHHQSHULyGLFRV GHWRGR RUH QLPD PLHQWUDV TXHQRKD\ OXJDUGHOPXQGRGRQG FDQRV /RV GHIHQVRUHV GHOIOXMRVLQUHVWULFFLyQ HQO DILUPDQTXHODLQWUR\HFFLyQGHYDORUHVFRQWUDSX FLDOPHQWHGHVHDEOH 7DOFRPRpOGHVFULEHODHYR JHQHUDOPHQWHSRULQIOXHQFLDVGHOH[WHULRU\SRU FRQWHQLGRV FXOWXUDOHV FDUiFWHU VHOHFWLYR DGDSWDWLYR WLHQH \XQ HVGHFLU ORV DSURSLDGRV UHVXOWDUiQPRGLILFDGRVSDUDDGDSWDUV SDWULPRQLR FXOWXUDOFRQORFXDOORVSURWHFFLRQ ODSHUSHFWLYD FXOWXUDO GHOGDUZLQLVPR ā 3RRODILUPD TXHIDWUDQVPLVLyQ YDULHGDGHQ HO PHUFDGR FXOWXUDO H[SDQGH ODVDOWHUQDWLYDV KXPDQDV 'H āSURGXFWRV FXOWXUDOHV PHMRUHV B B ā ā &RQRFLGD la GLQiPLFD SRGHU \GHO GHO FDPELR VRFLDO ODRSLQLyQTXHPHUHFH WHOHYLVLyQ SRU O Pt 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV VDWpOLWH QLWDQ RSWLPLVWD QRHV FRPROD GHIHQVRUHV GHO GH OLEHUDOLVPR ORVDODUPLVWD FRPR QLWDQ ODGH ORVGHOSURWHFFLRQLVPR KDQ DUJXPHQWDGRFRQYLQFHQWHPHQWH &RPR PXFKRV DXWRUHV KDQ GHPRVWUD GR HPStULFDPHQWH HOSUREOHPD FLUFXODFLyQGH GH ODOLEUH LQIRUPDFLyQ UDGLFDHQ IDOWD KDELWXDO OD GH OLEHUWDG GHO IOXMR GH LQIOXHQFLDV 0F3KDLO LQWHUFXOWXUDOHV O 6FKL OOHU $Vt ORV TXH GLVSRQHQ y SROtWLFR GH SRGHU VRQ HFRQyPLFR ORV TXH HQYtD WHOHYLVLYRV PLHQWUDV TXH ODV QDFLRQHV HFRQyPLFD \ TXH ORV UHFLEHQ PRGR ORVSURJUDPDV 'HHVWH GH WHOHYLVLyQ ORV TXH DSDUHFHQ DQJORDPHUL GLDULDPHQWH ODVSDQWDOODV HQ GH ORV GHPiV SDtVHV DPHULFDQD PLHQWUDV LPSRUWD TXH OD PHQRV GHOGRV SRU FLHQWR (VWH GH āGHVHTXLOLEULR VXV SURJUDPDVGHSRGHU 9DULV H ODV LQIOXHQFLDV āHV PRWLYR WHOHYLVDGDV GH SUHRFXSDFLyQ VRFLHGDGHV TXH HQ DO DTXHOODV QR LQIOXL RWUDV SXHGHQ UHVXOWDU FRQVHFXHQFLD PRGLILFDGDV GHODV FXOWXUDV FRPR TXH GRPLQDQ ORV GH OD WHOHYLVLyQ āā(O SRGHU HVTXLHQ UHJXOD LQIOXHQFLDV HOIOXMR LQWUD GHHLQWHUFXOWXUDO ODV ULWDULRV y PHQRV SULYLOHJLDGRV GH ā ODV VRFLHGDGHV VH TXHMDQ GH TXH KDELWXDOPHQWH V āWULEXLU D ORVSURJUDPDV GH ORVPHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ \ SDUOHV QHJDWLYDPHQWH por SDUWH GH DTXHOORV JUXSRV āTTXH XH SLHQVDQ VtWLHQHQ TXH D ORVPHGLRV GHEHUtDQ GHO KRPEUH XWLOL]DUVH GHQXQFLDQ HQ ELHQ OD VREUHFRPHUFLD YLVLyQ HQ GHWULPHQWR GHO VHUYLFLR (O GHVHTXLOLEULR S~EOLFR TXH HQ HO GHEH SR IOXHQFLD VREUH ORV WHPDV WHOHYLVDGRV OHYDQWD FXOWXUDV JUDQGHV GL /RV TXH FRQVLGHUDQ SXQWR ODWHOHYLVLyQ GH YLVWD GHO GHVGH HYROXFLRQLVPR HO QR VyOR H[LVWH āXQ OLEUH DFFHVR DO PHUFDGR GH SURJUDPDV VLQR GRV VRQ ORV PiV DSURSLDGRVSDUD HOELHQHVWDUKXPDQR ©PHMRUH HV WDQ FXHVWLRQDEOH FRPR VXSRQHU OD OLEHUWDG /DPD\RUtD GH GHO IOXM ODV FRVWXPEUHV \ PRGDV GH X QD TXH IRUPD VRQ JHQHUDO DGRSWDGDV D ORV LQWHUHVHV VLUYHQ PiV HF QyPLFRV ORVSURPRWRUHV GH TXH DOGHVDUUROOR ELHQHVWDU GHOKRPEUH GHO /D GLIXVLyQ JOREDOGHO KiELW GHIXPDUTXH OD PD\RUtD GH HVWi VRFLHGDGHV LQWHQWDQGR HUUDGLFDU FRQWUD HVXQR GH GHTXH VyOR VREUHYLYH ORPiV DGHFXDGR PiV &RQ HO SRU IUHFXHQF SUHVWLJLR VRFLDOBSRU GH VXV OD YDORUHV LQQRYDFLyQ LQKHUHQWHV TXH ā /RV SURJUDPDV GH ORVPHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ QR WL LQGLYLGXR (Q OD PD\RUtD GH SDtVHV GRQGH OD UDGLRGLIXVLyQ marketing, ORV DQXQFLDQWHV GHORV PHGLD SURPRFLRQDQ XQRV HVWLORV GH YLGD DOWDPHQWH FRQVXPLV HVTXLOPDQOHVUHFXUVRV FRQ PD\RU UDSLGH] GH ORTXH GHUDVFDWiVWURIHV HFROyJLFDV (V IiFLO SURPRFLRQDU .de OXMR HO SUHVHQWiQGROR FRQVXPR FR VHxDO GHGLVWLQFLyQ R FRPR DODV JRFH pOLWHV WHUUHQDO FXOWXUDOHV DODV GLILFLO ā FODVHV SHUVXDGLU D ORV FRQVXPLGRUHV TXH VH GHOHLWDQ FRQ FLRQHV SDUD TXH VDFULILTXHQ DOJXQRV GH VXV H[FHVRV FHV ODV SURGXFFLRQHV FXOWXUDOHV TXH FUHDQ \ DXPHQ FDELGD HQODV SURJUDPDFLRQHV SDUD ORV SRUTXH SURGXFWRUHV (VWRV QR SURGXFWRV UHVXOWDQ OX FXOWXUDOHV QLVLTXLHUD GH LGHDV SDUWLFLSDQ GHORVPHGLD SHVDU GHVHUYLU HQHOPHUFDGR D PHMRU DO WXUD TXH ORV VHULDOHV EXHQ GH PHGLR SDUD FUtPHQHV OD YHQWD TXH GH VRQ GHVRGRUDQWH XQ ā /D WHOHYLVLyQ GLUHFWD SRU VDWpOLWHDXPHQWD SHUR GLItFLO HO SRW PHQWH HV FDSD] GH HQWHUUDU ODV FXOWXUDV QDFLRQDOHV WRUHV QR XWLOL]DUiQ VXV FDQDOHV OLPLWDGRV GH WHOHYL TXH QR VHDQ ELHQ UHFLELGRV SRU FDUiFWHU ORV LQWUXVLYR HVSHFWDGRUHV KD GH HQ / WDUVH FRQ ODV EDUUHUDV P~OWLSOHV GH ORV JRELHUQRV TXH SUHVHUYDQ VX V LQYHUVLRQHV HVFDVDPHQWH UHFXSHUDGDV (Q ODPD\RUtD \FRQ ODV GH FDVRV GLIH SURJUDPDV H[WUDQMHURV VHFRQWLQXDUiQ UHFLELHQGR X ODVHVWDFLRQHV ORFDOHVGH UHFHSWRUDV TXH KDEUiQ WLHUUD XWLOL]DGR HOVDWpOLWH FRPR V VLyQ /D LQWUXVLyQ FXOWXUDO SODQWHDSUREOHPDV PiVVHULRV āPLVPD OHQJXD \VXV KDELWDQWHVSUHILHUHQ SURJUDPDVGHVXYHFLQR PiV ORV SRGHURVR GRPLQD SRU TXH FRPSOHWy HOIOXMR GH &DQDGi LQIOXHQFLDV SRU HMHPSOR HVXQR WHOHYLVDGDV GH ORV WtHQHQ SDtVHV T FRQVLGHUDEOH GLILFXOWDG SDUD GHVDUUROODU \ SUHVHUYDU VX LGHQWLGDG FXOWXUDO 'LIXVLyQVRFLDO HLQQRYDFLyQ GRV āSRU ORV PHGLRV GHFRPXQLFDFLyQ DPHULFDQRV H SURJUDPDV H[WUDQMHURV \HOVLVWHPD GHUDGLRGLI VXSULPHORVDQXQFLRV /HH 6LQHPEDUJR IXQFLRQDQGHOWRGRELHQ/DVFXRWDVREOLJDWRULD y SXHGHQEXUODUVH FRQ IDFLOL GDG DGHPiVVODVDQWHQDVSRU DWpOLWH GHVXVFDVDV SHUPLWHQ DOR ORV SURJUDPDV DPHULFDQRV SURSLR FRQVXPR SDUD DOOt ā,QFOXVR GRQGH VXH[LVWH OD EDU OHQJXDODUDGLRGLIXVLyQGLUHFWD SRUVDWpOLWH D QRV/RVPLHPEURV \ ELOLQJHVGHODVRFLHGDG PiVDFDXGDODGRV SXHGHQ WUDQMHUDV GHYLGD TXHKDQ DSUHQGLGR OD pOLWHFXOWXUD GLUHFWDPHQ $OJXQRV GHHVWRV \ FRVWXPEUHV YDORUHV DFDEDU SXHGHQ LQWURGXFLpQGRVH HQODFX PRGHODGRGHSUHVWLJLRUHDOL]DGRSRUDTXHOORVSU QLFDFLyQ H[WUDQMHURV IDFLOLWDHVWH SDWUyQ GHG /DPD\RUtDGHSDtVHVVHKDOODQDQWHXQ GLOHPDUHVSHFWRDODHVWUXFWXU \ IXQFLyQGHVXVLV WHOHYLVLyQ3RUXQODGRGHVHDQSUHVHUYDUVXLG R GHUHFXUVRVQHFHVDULRVSDUDXQDXWRDEDVWHFLPLH H[WHULRUSDUDODHPLVLyQGHSURJUDPDVGHWHOHYL SRUWDFLyQ GHSURJUDPDV$OJXQRVGHORVWHPDVLP WUDVTXHRWURVPRGLILFDQORVYDORUHV\SDWURQHV YD SDUD pVWD,QFOXVRORVSURJUDPDVQDFLRQDOHVHPSLH GRVFRVWRV GHORVSURJUDPDVKDQSURPRYLGRHOTXHDSDUH UHJXODGRVSRUQDFLRQHVTXHFRPSRUWDQYDORUHV y HVWLORVGHYLGDSDUHFLGRV HVWD DVRFLDFLyQ FXOWXUDO GLVPLQX\H ODGHSHQGHQFLD GHSURJUDPDV ā (O PRGHOR FRPHUFLDO OD VGHWHOHYLVLyQ RFLHGDG ORV IXQFLRQDPLHQWR FRVWRV DKRUUD TXHGH D TXHGDQ FRPSHQVDGRV FRQORVLQJUHVRVTXHDSRUWDQ FDU ODIXQFLyQGHODWHOHYLVLyQTXHGHVHUYLU FRPHUFLDOHV$QRVHUTXHODVRFLHGDGSURSRUFLR WHUHVSDOGDGR HFRQyPLFDPHQWH SDUD y GHHQWUHWHQL SRGHU OOHQDU PLHQWRODSURJUDPDFLyQFXOWXUDOORFDOQRFRQVH UHQLPSRUWDFLRQHV EULOODQWHVDXQVLVWHPDGHVH FLDYLHQHDDWHQGHU ORVJXVWRVGHXQDpOLWH& GRPLQDQWHV y ODVLPLWDFLRQHVORFDOHVGHODVPLVPD HQHOPXQGR OD FXOWX UDSRSXODU DEDVWHFLGD SRUHOPHGLR/DGRPLQDFL SRUORVPHGLRV GHFRPXQLFDFLyQGHXQD FRQItD ā OD FXOWXUL]DFLyQ GHVXVKDEL HOHFWUyQ VRFLHGDG WDQWHV DOH[WHULRU /DWHOHYLVLyQGLUHFWDSRU XBQDQXHYDGLPHQVLyQ DOIOXMRGH LQIOXHQ FLDVWUDQVFXOWXUDO TXHSODQWHDUHWRVSDUDDIURQ la LQWHJULGDG FXOWXUDO Difusión en el mercado . L . ~ 'HHQWUHWRGDVODVFRQGXFWDVLQQRYDGRUDVQLQ KDFH UHIH UHQFLD āDOFRQVXPLGRU 6HLQYLHUWHJUDQFDQWLGDG \ GHGLQHURHQGLVHxDUD GH FLDOHV TXH KDJDQ DXPHQWDU ORV QXHYRV OD SURGXFWRV DFHSWDFLyQ 'DGR GHHO GHVHPSHxDGR SRUODVDGRSFLRQHVLQLFLDOHVHQHO GHVDUUROODGD HQHVWHFDPSRWLHQHFRPRREMHWLYR VL ORVLQGLYLGXRVGLVSXH UiSLGDPHQWH ORVQXHYRVSURGXFWRVSRVHHQ 6L DOJXQD ORVSULPHURVHQDGRSWDUODVQXHYDVLGHDV y SURGXFWRV VRQFLHUWRVWLSRVLG HO SURFHVR GHGLIXVLyQSRGUiHPSUHQGHUVH SURPRFLyQ KDFLD DGDSWDQG HOORVDWUDYpVGHORVPHGLDTXHXWLOL]DQKDELWX (VWRV DGRSWDGRUHV LQLFLDOHVL āHQ ORV GHPiV KDFLHQGR SXEOLFLGDG GHOD XWLOL] &RPR \D KHPRVREVHUYDGRDQWHULRUPHQWHORVGHWHUP VRQODVLQIOXHQFLDVYLQFXODGDVGHFHUFD DOD PLVPD LQGXFWRUHV ORV GHO HQWRUQRODVVDWLV āDQWLFLSDGDV ORVEHQHILFLRVREVHUYDGRV YDORU IXQFLRQDOH[SHULPHQWDGR HO OR ODVUHVSXHVWDV \ ODVGLYHUVDVEDUUHUDVVRFLDOHV DXWRHYDOXDWLYDV \ OLPLWDFLRQHV HFRQyPLFDV (VWRV 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV GHWHUPLQDQWHV YDULDUiQ HQ IXQFLyQ GHO SURGXFWR /RV FRPR HV HOHFR GH ODV SUHQGDV GH YHVWLU VRFLDOTXH ORV HVWiQ TXH PiV VHVXM XWLOL]DQ GH IRUPD (Q HOFDVR GH SULYDGD ORV DUWtFXORV GHSUHFLRHOHYDGR HFRQyPLFRV ORVIDFWRUH GHVEDQFDUiQ D 3RU ORV UD]yQ HVWD VRFLDOHV ORV GHWHUPLQDQWHV GH OD DGRSFL ]DUVH GH XQ SURGXFWR D RWUR D DOD QR PLVPD VHU FODVH 1 TXH R KD\ UD]yQ SHUWHQH]FDQ SDUD SHQV TXH DOJR TXH HVLQQRYDGRU PRGD GH 3DUtV WDPELpQ ORVHUi HQ ODHQ HOXVR GHODYDYDM FLRQHV QR VRQ GH QLQJ~Q GH āORV SURGXFWRV PRGR HVSHFtILFDV FRPHUFLDOHV VL ā LJXDOPHQWH āDODGLIXVLyQ GHLGHDV QXHYDV FRPR HQHOFDVR S~EOLFDV D WUDYpVGH ORV *UD\ HVWDGRV ā 3RU FRQVLJXLHQWH ODFRQGXFWD DGRSWLYD VHDQDOL]D VRFLDOHV TXH GH āLQGLYLGXR ORV WLSRV HPEDUJR āDOJXQDV 6LQGH āODVāLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV GH UHDOL]DQ EDViQGRVH HQ OD VXSRVLFLyQ GH GHWHUPLQDGD TXH OD FRPS HQ JUDQ SDUWHSHUVRQDOLGDG SRU ORV TXH UDVJRV SURPXHYH GH OD FRQGXFWD LQQRYD JHQHUDOPHQWH FRQ ODV PHGLGDV GH UDVJRV JOREDOHV Q DGRSFLyQGH SURGXFWRV 7DPSRFR RPRGDV KD\PXFKR QXHYRV DFXHUGR UHVSHFWR D PLQDUiQ OD HOHFFLyQ GH ORV SDUD DTXHOORV GLYHUVRVPX\ SURGXFWRV UHODFLRQDGR H[F FRPRGLGDGHV 5REHUWVRQ a 6LQ HPEDUJR DOJXQRV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV WUDEDMDQGR HQ F HVWD OtQHD GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ DQLPDGRV SRU ORV UHVXO FLHQWHV 1R VXHOHQ XWLOL]DUVHEDVDGDV ODV HQ PHGLGDV GDWRV FRQGXFWX GH FRPSU UHDOHV VLQR DXWRLQIRUPHV TXH ORV DWULEXWRVSHUVRQDOHV VREUH HLQQRYDFLyQ FRUUHODFLRQDQ VH FRQ ODV PDQLIHVWDFLRQHV YHUEDOHV ([LVWHQ R ODV GLVFUHSDQFLDV LQWHQFLRQHV HQWUH GH FRPS OR DGRSFLyQ PDQLIHVWDGRV ORV UHDOHV \ ODV LQWHQFLRQHV QRVLHPSUH VH OOHYDQ D FDER /RV IDFWR VHVJDQWHV GHVYLUW~DQ ODV GLVWLQWDV QRUPDOPHQWH PHGLGDV RIUHFLGDV SRU OR VLPLODU āSHUVRQDV /DV TXH DSUHFLDQ SRVLWLYDPHQWH WHQGHUiQ D PDQLIHVWDU XQD GHWH TXH VX DGRSFLyQ GHOD UiSLGD \DPD\RU PLVPD VHUi HVFDOD PiVGH ORTXH VHUi TXH SRU HO FRQWUDULR DTXHOORV KDFHU DOJR GHYDOXDGR TXH VH VLHQWDQ VRFLDO LQ R PHQWH VXEHVWLPDUiQ OD UDSLGH] OD LQQRYDFLyQ \PHGLGD 3RU WDQWR FRQ ODVTXH FRUUH D FLRQHV HQWUH ODV PHGLGDV GH ORV DXWRLQIRUPHV ā ā āā SURED ā &RQ IUHFXHQFLD EDViQGRVH HQ GDWRV SRFR FRQVLVWHQWHV \GLVFXWLE FLRQDPLHQWR GH ODV PHGLGDV GH ORVUDVJRV KRUD GHSUH SHUVRQDOHV GHFLU ODFRQGXFWD 3RU HMHPSOR GHOFRQVXPLGRU 0LGJOH\ \'RZOLQJ FRQItDQ HQ JUDQ āHQ OD H[LVWHQFLD XQ UDVJR GH GH LQQRYDFLyQ JHQHUDOL]DGR IDYRUHFH OD DGRS TXH SUH FLyQ GH ORVSURGXFWRV QXHYRV 6LQ UDVJR QRKD HPEDUJR FRQVHJXLGR ODPHGLFLyQ GHPD p[LWR ID SUHGLFFLyQ HQ 0LGJOH\ \ 'RZOLQJ DUJXPHQWDQ TXH GHO mismo VRQ HUUyQHDV \ GHILHQGHQ XQD PHGLGD GHOD JOREDO LQQRYDFLyQ HYDOXDGD HQ WpUPLQRV R ELHQ GHO Q~PHUR GH SURGXFWRV QXHYRV FRPSUDGRV UHF FRPSUDU SURGXFWRV QXHYRV GH āOD H[SHULHQFLD LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH ([LVWHQ GH PXFKDV ORV GHPiV UD]RQHV SDWDGXGDU GH TXHXQDJHQHUDO PHGLGD GH OD WHQGHQFLD SXHGD UHPHGLDU DOD OD LQQR LQGHILQLGD UHODFLyQ TXH H[LVWH (O LQGLYLGXR KDELWXDOPHQWH QRSXHGH HQWUHF JDUVH GH R LQQRYDGRU GHQRLQQRYDGRU VLQR D ORTXH TXH HV DGRSWD VHOHFWLYRHQ 'HVGH PHQWR HQ TXH FRPSUDUHFKD]D DOJXQRV RWURV SURGXFWRV XQD PHGLGD SHUR SURPHGLR TXH OD WHQGHQFLD KDFLD FDGD FODVH GH SURGXFWR PHMR FLyQ (O SODQWHDPLHQWR GH XQ UDVJR JHQHUDOL]DGR GHVYtD TXH SXHGDQ H[SOLFDU FyPR XQ PLVPR UDVJR GH LQQRYDFL HO UHFKD]R GH SURGXFWRV QXHYRV $OJXQRV GH ORV SUREOHPDV GH SUHGLFFLyQ UHVLGHQ HQ QHQ GHPDVLDGD LQIOXHQFLD UHDOHQOD VREUH FDOLGDG OD FRQGXFWD GH ODV PHG DG 'H HVWDV PiV ~OWLPDV YiOLGDV ODV VRQ ODV PHGLGDV GH IDFWRUHV SVL XQD FODVH GHWHUPLQDGD SURGXFWR /D āGH HVHQFLD GH HVWRV SXHGH GHWHUPLQDQWHV ā VHU FDSWDGD SRU QR FXHVWLRQDULRV WRV JHQHUDOHV TXHORV tWHPV KDQGH H[SUHVDUVH HQ GHSDUDTXH IRUPD SXH LQGHILQL GDQ VHUYLU DGLYHUVDV ILQDOLGDGHV 0XFKRV y D GHORVSU ā FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HVSHFtILFDV TXH YDULDQGH GHXQSURGXFWR ODV LQQRYDFLRQHV DRWUR TXHODDGDSWDELOLGDG IDV LQQRYDFLRQHV GH GHSHQGH HQSDUWH GHODUHO \ 'LIXVLyQ H LQQRYDFLyQ VRFLDO WHUtVWLFDV y ODVGHODLQQRYDFLyQ SHUVRQDOHV HQFRQWUy 2VWOXQG TXHODVSHUFHSFL OLGDG ULHVJRV FRPSDWLELOLGDG \ UHTXHULPLHQWR GH FRQ VX DGRSFLyQ PLHQWUDV SHUVRQDOLGDG TXH ORV TXH UDVJRV KDELWXDOPHQW GH FRQGXFHQ D OD LQQRYDFLyQ YDORU SUHGLFWLYR WLHQHQ HVFDVR 2WUD HVWUDWHJLD FRPHUFLDO FRQVLVWH IXQFL yQ GH HQ FyPR OD DJUXSDF SHU FLEHQ ORV EHQHILFLRV IXWXURV GHXQGHWHUPLQDGR DQXQFLRV SXEOLFLWDUL SUR GUiQ DGDSWDUVH DORVGLVWLQWRV VHJPHQWRV GHO PHUFD (O SUREOHPD GH HVWRV SODQWHDPLHQWRV GHHPSDUHMDPLH SHUFLELGRV VHPLGHQ HQWpUPLQRV GHDFWLWXGHV HVT VLGHUDUORV GH XWLOLGDG \ )HLQ SUHGLFWLYD /D LQWURGXFFLyQ SHTXHxRV <XVSHK FDPELRV GH HQ HO FRQWH[WR GHO IRUPDWR GH HYDOXDFLyQ SXHGH FODVL &RPR FRQVHFXHQFLD ODV HVWUDWHJLDV GH PHUFDGR WLH ODV FODVLILFDFLRQHV OD GHPRJUiILFDV HGDG VH[R \ QLYHO HQ FXDQWR ORVFXDOHV VRFLRHFRQyUQL D SUHGLFHQ OD FRQGXFWD ā GHO FRQVXPLGRU (O OHFWRU UHFRQRFHUi SDUWH GH VLQ ODV GXGD FRQWURYHUVLDV GH ODV JUDQ WHRUtDV WUDGLFLRQDOHV G SHUVRQDOLGDG GHWHUPLQDQWHV SUHGLVSRVLFLRQDOHV SUHGLFWRUHV pre GHUD GLFWRUHV SVLFRGLQiPLFRV FRQWUD SUHGLFWRUHV HQODV LQYHVWLJD DFWXDUL FLRQHV VREUH ODVXSHUYLYHQFLD GHYHQWD WDOHVSODQ GHXQSURGX WHDPLHQWRV QR SDUHFHQ 3RU HOFRQWUDULR WHQHU PXFKRODV SHVR PHGLGDV SDUW WHUPLQDQWHV SVLFRVRFLDOHV GHODFRQGXFWD GHOFRQVX ODV PHMRUDV LQWURGXFLGDV HQODSUHGLFFLyQ QRDVHJX GLIXVLyQ \D TXH DOJXQRV GHLPSRUWDQWH ORVHQ IDFWRUHV ODV GHFLVLRQHV TXH LQIO FRPSUD FRPR VRQ ORV LQJUHVRV GHSHUR WLSR QR LJXDOPHQWH HFRQyPLFR ā PDQLSXODEOHV 6DEHU TXHORVEHQHILFLRV UHODWLYRV DORV I HVSHFLDOLVWDV GH PHUFDGR VLORV SURGXFWRV TXH LQWH HVWRV EHQHILFLRV /RV DQXQFLRV SXEOLFLWDULRV VXJHVWLRQDQGR OD SXHG H[LVWHQFLD GH EHQHILFLRV IDOVRV SHUR FRUUHQ HOU TXH GLVXDGLUiQ D ORV GHPiV GHāSUREDUā HO SURGXFWR (Q UHVXPHQ HO \ RWUDV PRGHODGR IRUPDV GH DQXQFLRV SHUVXDVLYRV SULQFLSDOHV LQIOXHQFLD SHUR GH DTXHOORV TXH WLHQHQ DFFHVR DORV L GHQ HMHUFHU XQ FRQWURO SDUFLDO 1R WRGR VREUH OR TXH HO HV SURFHVR PRGHODG G SRSXODU /DV FDUDFWHULVWLFDV WLHQHQ XQ GH YDORUOLPLWDGR FXDQWR SUHGLVSRVLFLyQ DSUHGHFLU HQ GH HQWUH WRGRV ORV SRVLEOHV DGRSWDGRUHV ORV TXH UHV HFRQyPLFRV TXH UHJXODQ HQ SDUWH HO SRGHU SHUVXDVLyQ OD GH FRQGXFWD DG 1R REVWDQWH DFWXDQGR VREUH ORVGHWHUPLQDQWHV TXH VRQ PROGHDU JXVWRV ORV \ HVWLORV GH YLGD ā GHO S~EOLFR ā ā (O HIHFWR GH HVWD LQIOXHQFLD D VREUH FDORUDGRV GHEDWHV HO ELHQHVWDU /RV PLHPEURV GH OD FRPXQLGDG FRPHUFLDO EHQHILFLRVRV DILUPDQ SDUD TXH HO LQ KRPEUH \SURSRUFLRQDQGR LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH HOORV FHU OD FDOLGDG GH pVWHGH /RV YLGD FULWLFDV TXH VHxDODQ VRFLDOHV ODVXSHUILFLDOLGD LQGXFLGRV FRPHUFLDOPHQWH HOGHVSLOIDUUR \ ODLQIOXHQFLD GHOFRQVX FRUUXS SHUVXDVLyQ HQJDxRVD DUJXPHQWDQ TXH ORV EHQHILFLRV TXH SXHGD FRPSRUWDQ FRVWRV y VRFLDOHV SHUVRQDOHV 'LIXVLyQ GHOD DJUHVLyQ (Q PXFKRV FDVRV OD GLIXVLyQ VRFLDO LPSOLFD SHUPLWLGDV VRFLDO DFWLYLGDG PHQWH VRQ SURPRFLRQDGDV 7DO FRUQR UHYHODQ FRPHUFLDOPHQWH WDVDV GH ODV LQFLGHQFLD HOSU DGRSFLyQ HV VLPLODUQRSHUPLWLGDVVRFLDOPHQWH SDUD DTXHOODV HMHPSOR DFWLYLGDGHV OD GLIXVLyQ3RU GH HVWLORV QXHYRV GHSURWHVWD āDO SDWUyQ \GH GLIXVLyQ DJUHVLyQ JHQHUDOL]DGR GH FROHFW %DQGXUD 6LQHPEDUJR GHDGRSFLyQ GHORV SDWURQHVGHVDSUREDGRV ODUDSLGH] VXHOH VHULQIH ULRU \HOJUDGR GH DGRSFLyQ WDPELpQ PXFKR PiV EDM SDUD TXH VH SURGX]FD JHQHUDO GH HVWLO" OD VG F HDGRSFLyQ RQGXFWDDVRFLDOTXHSDUD OD aGRSFLaaGH L __ . 1 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV FRQGXFWDVSDUD IDYRUDEOHV OD VRFLHGDG FRQGXFWD GH /D YHQFHU KD WRGD VHULH XQD GH FRQWUDLQI FLDVFRPSRUWD OR FXDO ā FRVWRV HOHYDGRV ā Protesta colectiva. /DV IRUPDV FROHFWLYDV SURWHVWD LQGXFWRUDV GH GH FDPELRV QR VyOR VRQ DGRSWDGDV SRU RWUDV SHUVRQDV TXH DWUDYLHVDQ GLILFXOWDGHV DGHPiV WLHQGHQ D VLPL GLIXQGLUVH KDFLD RWUDV HQ āiUHDV FRQIOLFWR (O PRYLPLHQWR GHUHFKRV FLYLOHV VL SRU PLVPR TXH ORV HQ IXH PRGHODGR FUX]DGD GH SRU UHVLVWHQFLD OD *DQGKL QR .LQJ YLROHQWD GH SURSRUFL āPRGHOR SDUD FDPSDxDV RWUDV SURWHVWD GH FX\D HUDHOLPLQDU ILQDOLGDG ODV LQMXVWLFLDV SUiFWLFDV \ODV SHUMXGLFLDOHV (O PRGHOR SURWHVWD GH FROHFWLYD QRYLROHQWD FRQWUD VHH[WHQGLy GHOD D JXHUUD GH 9LHWQDP D RWURV JUXSRV DQWLQXFOHDU GHVDYHQWDMDGRV \ /RV WXUEXOHQWRV VHVHQWD SUHVHQFLDURQ DxRV ODUiSLGD SURWHVWD FROHFWLYD GLIXVLyQ GH PiV HV DJUHVLYRV XUEDQRV /RVHQ GLVWXUELRV HOiUHD :DWWV GHGH /2VÈQJHOHV FRQYLUWLHURQ VH UiSLG āHQXQIpQyLQHQR QDFLRQDO TXH VLJXLy SURSLHGDGHV XQSDWUyQ \IXHJR VDTXHRV FRP~Q GHIUDQFRWLUDGRUHV XQD FLXGDG WUDV HQ RWUD .HUQHU DGYHUVDV GHYLGD HQORV /DV FR āJKHWWRV GHODV SURSRUFLRQDURQ FLXGDGHV ODVFRQGLFLRQHV SDUD āHVWDV UHVSXHVWDV SUHYLDV YLROHQWDV /D ORFDOL]DFLyQ \ HOPRPHQWR SDUWLFXODUHVGH SDUHFtDQ GH GHSHQGHU ORV XQGLVWXUELRV DFRQWHFLPLHQ āSUHFLSLWDQWH āGH SURYRFDFLyQ SROLFLDO &DVL GHVHQFDGHQDGRV WRGRVSRU ORVGLVWX XQHQFXHQWUR SURYRFDGRU GH ODSROLFtD FRQXQPLHPEU XQD YLROHQFLD YHQJDWLYD /HY\ (OKHFKR GH TXH IXHUDQ ORV HQF WDQWHV ā GHO GLVWXUELR KL]R SUHGHFLU TXH ~QLFDPHQWH UHVXOWDUD D SDUWLU GH ODV GLItFLO FRQGLFLRQH ā SUHYLDV DGYHUVDV TXp H[SHULPHQWDUtDQ FLXGDGHV ORV DOWHUFDGRV VHUtDQ \ FXiQGR LEDQ ODVTXH DSUR GXFLUVH &DSODQ /LHEHUVRQ \ 6LOYHUPDQ GLFWRU GH OD IRUPD WRPDUtD TXH OD āSURWHVWD FROHFWLYD (O PRYLPLHQWR SURWHVWD HQ HO FDPSXV GH āXQLYHUVLWDULR FRQWUD GH ODJXHUUD %HUNHOH\ GH 9LHWQ VLUYLy GH SDUD PRGHOR LPSODQWDU XQ PpWRGR SURWHVWD HQ GHWRGDV ODV XQLYHUVLGDGHV *XUU (O SDFtILFRIXHVXVWLWXLGR PpWRGR SRU IRUPDV SURJUHVLYDPHQWH PiV YLROHQWDV GH SURWHVWD āTXH SDVDURQ GH OD LQWHUUXSHLyQ GH ODV IXQFLRQHV GH LQIOXHQFLDV PRGHODGDV SXHGHQ FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV PRGLILFDU TXH VXVWDQFLDOPH FRUUH SHUVRQD ODFLRQDQ ODVā DFFLRQHV FRQ PLOLWDQWHV DORODUJR GHO SURWHVWD WLHPSR HVWXGLDQ (Q HO WLO ORV HVWXGLDQWHV FRQ SUHRFXSDFLRQHV LPSRUWDQWHV HVWD GHRUGHQ V EOHFLHURQ HOPRGHOR SURWHVWD &RPR ODPD\RUtD GH GH PRGHODGRV SDWUyQ DFDEyGH SRU SUHV VHU DGRSWDGy HVWXGLDQWHV ā GH SRU GLYHUVDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH GLVWLQWDV LQVWLWXFLRQHV HGXFD &XDQGR ODV PRGHODGDV LQIOXHQFLDV YDQ JDQDQGR FRQ HOWLHPSR IXHU]D HPHUJHUiQ GLVW WRVSHUVRQDOHV SRU SDUWH GHOSDUWLFLSDQWHV DFWLYLVPR GHORV HQODV SULPHUDV\ HQ ODV HWDSDV ~OWLPDV GH ODGLIXVLyQ GH .DKQ \%RZHUV OD DJUHVLyQ ā 0DNRII\ O /DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV )ODFNV SHU VRQDOHV LQIOX\HQ OD FRQGXFWD PHQRV FXDQGR DJUHVLYD VREUH pVWD HQFXHQWUD VHEDMR la IXHU]D PR GHO GHODGR y GH ā OD LQIOXHQFLD GHO JUXSR ā /DUVHQ &ROHPDQ ) RUJHV J RKQVRQ \ ā Tácticas agresivas y terroristas. /RV VHFXHVWURV GH DYLRQHV SURSRUFLRQDQ XQ HMHPSOR JUiILF GH ODUiSLGD GLIXVLyQ \GHFOLYH /DSLUDWHUtD GH DOJR ODV DpUHD GHVFRQRFLGR WiFWLFDV HUD DJU (VWDGRV KDVWD 8QLGRV TXH HQ IXHVHFXHVWUDGR XQ /D+DEDQD DYLyQ $QWHV HyQGHVWLQR GH HVWH LQFLGHQWH ORV FXEDQRV KDEtDQ VHFXHVWUDGR (VWRV LQFLGHQWHV VH YLHURQ DYLRQHV VHJXLGRV SRU XQD ROD (VWDGRV GH 8QLGRV VHFXHVWURV FRPR HQ DFDEDQGR WDQWR RWURV SRU HQSDtVHV LQFOXLU PiV'HVSXpV GH HQORV QDFLRQHV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV GHVFHQGLy HVWH WLSR FRQWLQXy SURSDJiQGRVH DRWURV SLUDWHUtD SDtVHV DpUHDLQWHUQDFLR VH KD GHPRGR FRQYHUWLGR TXH OD HQ DOJR UHODWLYDPHQWH KDELWXDO %DQGXUD 8Q VHFXHVWUDGRU FRQ PXFKD ā LQYHQWLYD ' % &RRSHU LGHyXQD GH H[WRUVLyQ WpFQLFD TXH FRQVLVWtD LQWHUFDPELDU ORV HQ SDVDMHURV SRU SDUDFDt XQ GDV .yun UHVFDWH FRQVLGHUDEOH (San-Francisco 'Chronicle, VDOWDQGR OXHJRSDUDFDtGDV FRQ HO HQ~ Q DOJ IXJDU UHPRWR /DV QRWLFLDV WHPSRUDOPHQWH GH XQ HVWH IHQyPHQR HQ HSLVRGLR GH UH FDGHQFLD (VWDGRV 8QLGRV HQ \D TXH RWURV HQ VHLQVSLUDURQ HVWH HMHPSOR FDERGH SRFRV \ PHVHV DO ā VHKDEtDQ SURGXFLGR VHFXHVWURV HQORVTXH KDEtD XWLOL]DGR VH SDUDFDtGDV HOPpWRGR /D SXEOL GHO FLGDG TXH VHKL]R DUUHVWRV IDYRUHFLy GH ORV ODLQWURGXFFLyQ HVWD HVWUDWH GH PHMRUDV JLDGHH[WRUVLyQ QHFHVLWiQGRVH QXHYDV FRQWUDPHGLGDV &XDQGR XQDWpFQLFD LQJHQLRVD TXH SURP 'LIXVLyQ H LQQRYDFLyQ VRFLDO EHQHILFLRV LQPHGLDWRV FRQRFLGD SRU WRGR HV HO PXQGR UHVXOWD KDVWD TXHKD QR GLILFLO G GHVDSDUHFLGR GH OD FRQFLHQFLD 'HVSXpV GH S~EOLFD YDULRV SLUDWHUtD DxRV DpUHD WDQWR OD HQ (VWDGRV 8QLGRV FRPR IXHUDSUHFLSLWDGDPHQWH GH HOORV SRU GHVFHQGLy UD]RQHV TXH GLVFXWLUHPRV HQ $ YHFHV VRQ ORV ILFFLyQ OPHGLRV RV TXH SURSRUFLRQDQ GHORV HMHPSORVQHFHVDULRV ODSURSDSD JDFLyQ GH XQ HVWLOR 3RU HMHPSOR DJUHVLYR (VWDGRV HQ 8QLGRV GH FRQGXFWD el SURJUDPD GH WHO YLVLyQ Doomsday Flight SURSRUFLRQD XQH[FHOHQWH HMHPSOR GHELGR DOD (Q OD WUDPD XQ H[WRUVLRQLVWD DPHQD]D DORV RILFLDOHV GHH[SORWDUi XQDV XQD OtQHDV D ERPED VHQVLEOH HQ XQ DOD YXHOR WUDQVFRQWLQHQWDO DOWLWXG FXDQGR HO DYLyQ GHVFLHQGD SRU GHEDMR GH ORV PHWURV SDUD VXDWHUUL]DMH $OILQDO HOSLORWR ORJUD SXHUWRSRU VLWXDGR HQFLPD OD DOWLWXG GH 'XUDQWH OtPLWH ORVGRVPHVHV VLJXLHQWHV D JUDPD DXPHQWDURQUHSHQWLQDPHQWH ORVLQWHQWRV XWL BOGH L]DQGR H[WRUVLyQ HVWH PLVPR SUR WRODERPED GH EDURPpWULFD y XQR RGRV %DQGXUD GtDV GHVSXpV GH TX UHSXHVWR HQGLVWLQWDV FLXGDGHV y GHOH[WUDQMHUR GHORV(VWDGRV ODVOtQHDV 8QLG WHULRUHV H[WRUVLRQHV YLpQGRVH SDJDU VXPDV REOLJDGDV GH SDUD GLQHUR TXH BVH OHV D UHYHODUD H GRQGH VXSXHVWDPHQWH KDEtD FRORFDGR ERPED VH HQ OD DSDUDWRV ORVGHYXHOR BDYLRQHV /RV IXHURQ GLULJLGRV KDFLD DHURSXHUWRV VLWXDGRV \ DOJXQRV DHOHYDGD GH RILFLDOHV ODVOtQHDV DOWLWXG WXYLHUR SDJDU ODV H[WRUVLRQHV SDUD FRPSUREDU SRVWHULRUPHQWH VyOR TXH VXQR DSDUDWR BFRQWHQtD QL BQJXQD ERPED /D UHWUDQVPLVLyQ GHO SURJUDPD SDUD XQ HVSHFWDGRU HQ$QFKRUDJH $ODVND BJDQDU GHVXSX y XQD GyODUHV UHSRVLFLyQ GHOPLVPR XQ DXVWUDOLDQR HQ 6LGQH\ VHHQULTX KL]R TX WDQWiQHDPHQWH UHFRJHU DO GyODUHV GH OD FRPSDxtD (VWH 4DQWDV LQGLYLGXR UHIRU]y OD DPHQD]D GLULJLHQGR DORVRILFLDOHV 4DQWDV DXQ DUPDULR GHO DHURSXHUWR GH OD KDEtD FRORFDGR GRQGH XQ HMHPSODU EDURPpWULFD GH ERPED SRU FRQVWUXLGD pO (Q %UDVLO VXUJLy PRGHOR GHQHJRFLDFLyQ XQQXHYR SROtWLFDFROHFWLYD DO VHFXHVWUDUVH BDXQHSLEDMD GRU GH (VWDGRV ORV 8QLGRV y. GHMDUOR SRVWHULRUPHQWH HQ OLEHUWDG D QHURV SROtWLFRV (VWD SUiFWLFD VHGLIXQGLy SRU UiSLGDPHQWH WRGD $PpULFD/DWLQD SURGXFLpQGRVH V FXHVWURV GH IXQFLRQDULRV y GHHPEDMDGDV ODV GH HQ ORV $UJHQWLQD FRQVXODGRV *XDWHPDOD %UDVLO 8UXJXD\ y OD5HS~EOLFD 'RPLQLFDQD y ODUHWHQFLyQ ORVPLVPRV DILQGH GH FRQVHJXLU OD GH SUHVRV SROtWLFRV \ %DQGXUD 7XUTXtD TXH WDPELpQ SDtVHV SRV BHHQ &DQDGi VHFWRUHV SROtWLFRV GLVLGHQWHV VH XQLHURQ $PpULFD &HQWUDO UiSLGDPHQWH HQ ORV VHFXHVWU D O FRQVXODUHV ([LVWHQ GLYHUVDV H[SOLFDFLRQHV GHSRU OXJDUHVVHSDUD TXp RFXUUHQ VL GRV HQWUH Vt 3RGUtD DFWRV DUJXPHQWDUVH VLPLODUHV OD VLPLOLWXG TXH GH ORV SXUD DFRQWHFL FRLQFLGHQFLD y TXH GHKHFKR QRVRQ SURFHVR GH PRGHODGR UHVXOWDGR /DVLPLOLWXG GHXQ HQFX HVWLOR WiFWLFDV GH FRQ ODV IUHFXHQFLD \ ODUiSLGD WiFWLFDV DSDULFLyQ QXHYDV KDEODUtD GHHSLVRGLRV HQ FRQWUD GH FRLQFLGHQFLDV PHUDPHQWH IRUWXLWDV 8QD VHJXQGD H[SOLFDFLyQ SRVLEOHHV TXH ,DDSDULFLy GH ORV LQFLGHQWHV DJUHVLYRV HVWp GLULJLGD YLVLWDV ā SRU XQ GHORV SRUWDYRFHV SROtWLFRV FRQWULEX\HQ OD DJUHVLyQ DODGLIXVLyQ FROHFWLYD XQD FRQ VLQTX Gp IDEXODFLyQ HVWUDWpJLFD RUJDQL]DGD 6LQ HPEDUJR F WDGDV HQ OXJDUHV GLVWDQWHV Vt SRU SHUVRQDV TXH HQWUH QL FRQRFHQ VH ORV QL GLFWDGRV VLJXHQ GH ORV PLVPRV FRQVHMHURV B B (V GLILFLO HVFODUHFHUGHWHUPLQDQWHV GH IRUPD GH ORVIHQyPHQRV FRQFOX\HQWH ORV FROHF HPEDUJR GDWRV HPStULFRV ORV GHTXH ODGLIXVLyQ WHPSRUDO GH VHD SDUWLU GHYDULDEOHV TXH VH VDEH TXH LQIOX\HQ HQHOP GDV MXHJDQ XQSDSHO LPSRUWDQWH +DPEOLQ HQHOSURFHVR \ 0LOOHU UHDOL]DURQ DQiOLVLV 3LWFKHU GH VHULHV WHPSRUDOHV GH ORV EURWHV GH YDULDV OLQFKD IRUP PLHQWRV YDQGDOLVPR HQHGLILFLRV SURWHVWDV DJUDULDV MXGtRV XWLOL]DQGR VHFXHVWU GHOD IUHFXHQFLD GHPRGHODGR y GHFDVWLJR LQVWLJDGRU SDUD LQKLELGRU OD SUHGLFFLyQ GHOFXUVR WHPSR UDO TXH LEDQ DVHJXLU DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV /DSURSRUFL yQ UHODWLYD GH DPERV YLROHQWRV JUXSRV V GH GHWHUPLQDQWHV SUHGLMR LJXDOPHQWH ELH BQFRQ LQGHSHQGHQFLD SDUWLFXODU GHYLROHQFLD GHODIRUPD HOHYDFLyQ \ HO GHVFHQVR VXFHVRVYLROHQWRV GH ā v 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV 'HPRUDV WHPSRUDOHV ā HQOD GLIXVLyQ *HQHUDOPHQWH OD SDUWLU GLIXVLyQ GH HMHPSORV JHQHUDO VREUHVDOLHQWHV OHQWD DFXDQGR VHHV P WUDWD GH FRQGXFWDV GLVRFLDOHV UHSUHVHQWDQ RDQWLVRFLDOHV XQ ELHQSDUD ODVRFLHGDG TXH FXDQGR /DV FRQVHFXHQFLDV GLIHUHQFLDOHV \ ODV LQGXFFLRQHV VRFLDOHV GLVWLQWDV FRQGXFWDV DVRFLDGDV SUREDEOHPHQWH YDULDFLRQHV H[SOLFD GH WLHPSR entre ODV OD HMHPSOLILFDFLyQ \ ODV DG ULRUHV \D KHPRV &RPR OD YLVWR DGRSFLyQ SUHFR] YDORUDGDV GH LQQRYDFLRQHV VRFLDOPHQWH SXHGH FRPSRUWDU EHQHILFLRV DGRSWDGRU \ DO HQ PXFKRV FDVRV HOUHFRQRFLPLHQWR 3RU HOFRQWUDULR DTXHOODV FRQGXFWDV SRU ODOH\R SRU SURKLELGDV ODFRVWXPEUH OOHYDQ GHO FDVWLJR FRQVLJR 3RU HOU WDQWR SDUD FRQVHJXLU XQ DXPHQWR QHFHVLWD VXVWDQFLDO HO LPSDFWR GH-D DFX F PXODWLYR GHHMHPSORV OODPDWLYRV ODV UHVWULFFLRQHV TXH ,QFOXVR UHGX]FDQ HQSUHVHQ VXILFL FLD GH LQKLELFLRQHV FRQGXFWD DQWLVRFLDO GpELOHV FRH[LVWHQFLD UHTXLHUH OD GH LQGXFWRUHV OD DYHUVLYRV LPSRUWDQWHV RGHEHQHILFLRV DQWLFLSDGRV SHUVRQDV QRHMHFXWDQ DQWHV KDELW GHV PHQWH FRQGXFWD XQD DUULHVJDGD TXH QR VH SUHVHQWDQ FLHUWRV KDVWD LQFHQWLYRV SDUD HOOR \ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV H[LVWHQWHV SDUHFHQ ODV OHV DGHFXDGDV 'DGR TXH ODV SHUVRQDV UHDFLDVDGHVDUUROODU VRQ DFWLYLGDGHV SRU ODV SXHGHQUHVXOWDU TXH FDVWLJD GDV OD WLPLGH] \ODLQHILFDFLD SHUFLELGD QR VXHOHQ FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV VHUODV GH DTXHOORV TXH LQLFLDQ SUR WHVWDV \DJUHVLRQHV FROHFWLYDV SURSLD HILFDFLD VLQR SDUD LQIOXLU TXH pVWRV VREUH KDQ H FXUVR GH ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV PHGLDQWH &DSODQ OD DFFLyQ F /LSVHW ā 8QD YH]HPSLH]D TXHDGLIXQGLUVH OD DJUHVLyQ ORV HIHFW ODGR JHQHUDO \ORV EHQHILFLRV DQWLFLSDGRV HQ DTXHOORV SXHGHQ PiV LQ WtPLGRV /DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SHUVRQDOHV LQGXFWRUDV DFFLyQ FROHFWLYD DOD SRU TXHGDUiQ WDQWR RVFX UHFLGDV FXDQGR HQ ORV HVWXGLRV DGRSWDGRUHV QR HQ VHGLVWLQJD ODV HWDSDV ~OWLPDV HQWUH GHO SURFHVR GH GLIXVLyQ /DGLVFUHSDQFLD HQWUH DQWLFLSDFLyQ \H[SHULHQFLD HO LQGLYLGXR FRQWLQXDUi HQ SDUWLFLSDQGR OD DJUHVLyQ *HQHUDOPHQWH ORV PHGLD GH ā LQIRUPDQ ORV DVSHFWRV PiV āGUDPiWLFRV GH OD SURWHVWD FROHFWLYD KRUDV GH DEXUUL SDVDQGR PLHQWR \GHIDWLJD SRU ORV DXWRUHV LQYHUWLGDV (VWRV GH GHVWHOORV ODSURWHVWD LQIRUPDWLYRV WUDQVPLWHQ ODVHQVDFLyQ FDPDUDGHUtD \GH GHGLFDFLyQ GH JXLDG D SRU SULQFLSLRV QR GLFHQ QDGD SHUR GH ā ODV SUHVLRQHV SDUD TXH FRQVHJXLU VH UHFLEHQ OD FRQIRUPLGDG H[WUDxH]D GH OD HO VHQWLP PD\RUtD fa FRPXQLGDG GH \HOGHVDOLHQWR VHQWLGR SRU QRFRQV SDUWLFLSDQWHV 0XFKRV TXH LQLFLDQSURWHVWD DFWLYLGDGHV SRU EiVLFDPHQWH GH QDWXUDOH]D VX DSDUHQWHPHQWH DEDQGRQDQ H[FLWDQWH UiSLGDPHQWH H[SHULPHQWDU ODV DO HQ SURSLD FDUQH ORTXH FRP SRUWD GLFKD $GHPiV DFWLYLGDG XQ HVWLOR GH FRQGXFWD UiSLGDPHQWH VX QXHYR YDORU SLHUGH SRVLWLY FRQ HOVREUHXVR &XDQGR IRUPD GH UHSHWLGD VHXWLOL]DQ \WiFWLFDV ODV PLVPDV DFWLYLGDGHV WHRU GH SURWHVWD VH FRQYLHUWHQ XQ SURGXFWR SRU HQ HWDSDV OXJDU HQ GH JHQXLQDV H[SUHVLRQHV SULQFLSLR &XDQGR ORVOtGHUHVXQDUHWyULFD GLVPLQX\HQ VRFR VX GHPDVLD DXWHQWL UULGD VX SRVLEOH FRQYRFDWRULD VH SRGHU FRQVLGHUD GH \FDGD PDQLSXODGRU YH] VH OH YD RSRQLH PiV UHVLVWHQFLD 3RU ~OWLPR HQ DOJXQRV SURWHVWD \ ODDJUHVLyQFROHFWLYD FDVRVGHVFLHQGH OD SRUTXH ORJUD DVHJXUDU UHIRUPDV GHVHDGDV ODV OR FXDO HOLPLQD OD QHFHVLGDG GH V Error de proyección lineal. (O HIHFWR GH ODV FRQWUDPHGLGDV IRUPD VLyQ UHVXOWD WDQWR GHVGH GH LQWHUpV XQ SXQWR GH YLVWD WHyULFR FRPR SR SROtWLFD VRFLDO &RQ IUHFXHQFLD HO FXUVR GH OD DJ WLHQGR XQHUURU GH SUR\HFFLyQ OLQHDO FRQWLQXDUiQ DXPHQWDQ DO FRQVLGHUDU GR 'DGR HVSHUD TXH HOVH DXPHQWR GH ORV SUREOHPDV GHVDUUROODU ODV LQVWDQF FRQWUDPHGLGDV MXVWR HQ H[FHVLYDV HO PRPHQWR FRQGXFWD HQ TXH GHVFHQGLHQGR HVWi OD \D SURO JDQGR SRU WDQWR GXUDQWH FRQWUDPHGLGDV DOJ~QIRUPDOHV WLHPSR HOFRQIOLFWR VXHOHQ LQVW XQDTXH YH] HO IHQyPHQR KD HPSH]DGR DGHFOLQDU GHELGR DTXH OD VRFLHGDG JUDYHGDG GHO TXHWLHQH SUREOHPD HQ PDQRVKDVWDTXHODV VXV GH LQFLGHQFLD WDVDV DXQRV H[ OOHJDQ WUHPRV DOWDPHQWH QRWDEOHV7QFOXVR HQ HVH PRPHQWR KDEHUVXHOH XQUHWUDVR FRQVLGHUDEOH HQWUH UHFRQRFLPLHQWR OD DFFLyQ L S~EOLFR QVWLWXFLRQDO \ 3RUWDQWR OD VRFLHGDG HQ HOPRPH PR YLOL]D VX PDTXLQDULD OHJLVODWLYD ya KD VLGR VRPHWLGD \ OHJDO JHQHUDOPH OD FRQGXF 'LIXVLyQ H LQQRYDFLyQ VRFLDO SRU PHGLRV LQIRUPDOHV &XDQGR HVWR RFXUUH ā HOGHV GDV FXDQGR GH KHFKR HV SRVLEOH TXH KD\DQ PDQWH GHFOLQDED (O VHFXHVWUR DpUHR SURSRUFLRQD XQEXHQ /D LQVSHFFLyQ HMHPSOR HOHFW GH QLFD GH ORVSDVDMHURV y GHOHTXLSDMH GHPDQR VHLQWURGXMR XQ DxRGHVSXpV DSUR[L GHT ORV VHFXHVWURV KXELHUDQ GHVFHQGLGR (O āSHUVRQDO EUXVFDPHQWH HPSOHDGR SR GHVDUUROODGR QXHYDV IRUPDV GH LGHQWLILFDU DORVVH GR SRU WDQWR HQ JUDQ PHGLGD VXV 3RU RWUR SUREDELOLGDGHV ODGR OD H[WHQVD GH p[L G FXHVWUR KDEtD FRQVHJXLGR HODFXHUGR LQWHUQDFLRQDO EDQ QLQJ~Q OXJDU ORVDSDUDWRV GRQGH VHFXHVWUDGRV DWHUUL]DU 7RGR HVWR KL]R TXH VHSURGX FHQVR QRWDEOH VHFXHVWURVDQWHV HQHOQ~PHUR GH TXH LQVWDODUDQ GH VH ORVVLVWHPDV GHYLJLO WUyQLFD (OSDWUyQGHVFULWR PiV DUULED QRHVGHQLQJ~Q PRGR HO~QLFR OD FRQGXFWD DJUHVLYD 3RU HMHPSOR GH WDQWR HQWDQ SRU SULPHUD YH]ODKHURtQD 'XSRQW \ *UHHQH GH+XJKHV $ODFURQ %DUNHU &UD \ - DIIH 'XUDQWH XQR FDGD GHORVFDPELRV FtFOLFRV ODLQFLGH KHURtQD DXPHQWD PDUFDGDPHQWH \OXHJR VX SDVR GHVFLHQGH XQQ~PHURUi L SRUWDQWH GH DGLFWRV FUyQLFRV /RV GDWRV SXEOLFDGRV ODPD\RUtD GHSHQDOL]DFLRQHV OHJDOHV GHOWRGR SRUSRVHVLyQ LQVWLWXLGDV XQD YH] TXH KDGHVFHQGLGR ODLQFLGHQFLD GHQXHYRV GHTXH ORVFRQWUROHV HVWiQMXJDQGRXQ VRFLDOHV SDSHOLQIRUPDOHV PX\ LPSRUWDQWH ODUHGXFFLyQ GH HQ OD FRQGXFWD DGLFWLYD /RVSUHFLRV PiVDOWRV GHODKHURtQD FDGD DOD YH] HOHYDGR GHELGR GHODGHU GD \ODV GHFRPLVDFLRQHV GH KHURtQD GXUDQWH ORV S ORV QXHYRV FRQVXPLGRUHVWHQWDGRV TXH GH GH SUREDUOD RWUR PRGR &XDQGR HVWDUt X QLGDG DFXPXOD XQ Q~PHUR LPSRUWDQWH GH DGLFWRV ORV DODKHURtQD HIHFWRV SHUMXGLFLDOHV OD DGLFFLyQ GH GHOLFWLYD KD /D VLGR XWLOL]DFLyQ WROHUDGD DUHJD GHOD WHVSRU XQD FRPXQLGDG FRPR XQHVWLOR SDVD DUHSXGLDUVH VXEFXOWXUD FXDQGR QXHYR GHJ WLYLGDGHV GH RULHQWDFLyQ 'XSRQW \ *UHHQH GHOLFWLYD +XJKHV \ FRO &XDQGR ORV SHOLJURV TXH FRPSRUWD HODEXVR GHGURJDV UHVXOWDQ GHELOLWDPLHQWR GHODV UHODFLRQHV VRFLDOHV GHVFLHQ JDV (O DXPHQWR GH ORV LQIRUPHV GH ORV PHGLRV asíGH FRPXQ FRPR VREUH ORV SUREOHPDV TXH FRPSRUWD OD ā DGLFFLyQ /DV HVWUDWHJLDV GH LQWHUYHQFLyQ GHWHQHU ODGLIXVLyQ HSLGHPLROyJLFD GHOFRQVX L URtQD HQ VXV SULPHUDV HWDSDV (VWH +XJKHV SODQWHDPLHQWR LQWHQWDLGHQWLIL \ &UDZIRUG FRQ UDSLGH] ORV QXHYRV DGLFWRV \DSOLFDUOHV D ORV WUDWD GHPiV 3XHGH PRGLILFDUVH GLIXVLyQFRQFHQWUDQGR HOFXUVR ORV HVIXHU]RV GHOSURFHVR LQLFLDOHVGH VR EUH ORV GLIXVRUHV PiV LQIOX\HQWHV 6LQ HPEDUJR H WDU XQ SURJUDPD GH 3RU HVWDV HMHPSOR JHQHUDOPHQWH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HOXVR GHODKHURtQD DWUDYpV GH UHGHV GH DPLVWDG KDOODQ HQD SULPHUDVIDVHV ODV SDUWLU GHGH H[SHUL SHUVRQD PHQWDFLyQ \TXH QR KDQ VXIULGRWRGDYtD ODV *UHHQH FRQVHFXH \ 7XUQHU /RV QXHYRV FRQVXPLGRUHV TXH HQFXHQWUDQ HQ DJUDGDEOHV \ TXH VRQ LQJHQXRV SDUD FRQWURODU UHVSHFWR HO D XVR VX GH FDS PDQLIHVWDUiQ SRFRV GHVHRV 'DGR TXH GH FDGD FDPELDU LQLFLDGRU VX LQGXFH FRQGXFWD VyO SRFRV FRQVXPLGRUHV QXHYRV GHWHQHU HOSURFHVR GH PHUR GH LQGLYLGXRV \ SHUVXDGLUOHV GLIXVRUHV GH TXH DEDQGRQHQ DOJR 'HVHQFDGHQDPLHQWR GHDFWRV SRU PRUWDOHV HIHFWRGH ,a SXEOLFDFLyQ GHGHVJUDFLDV /RV GDWRV HPStULFRV REWHQLGRV LQYHVWLJDFLyQUHYHODQ SRU TXH GLYHUVDV OD H[SRVLFLy OtQHD ODYLROHQFLD GHORV PHGLRV GHFRPXQLFDFLyQ /LHEHUWDXPHQWD 6SUDIN \ 'DYLGVRQ 0XUUD\ (VWRV KDOOD]JRV FLHUWDV EDVHV RIUHFHQ DQDOL]DU SDUD VL ODV GHVJUDFLDV SXEOLFDGDV WDPELpQ SXHGHQ /RV LQFLGHQWHV GHVHQFDGHQDU GH FRQWUD OD SURSLHGDG \ BOV KRPLFLGLRV LQVSLUDGRV HQ VRQ GHO ORV WRGR PHGLRV 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV UDURV +HQGULFN &RQVLGHUHPRV DOJXQRV 8Q HMHPSORV DGROHVFHQWH UHIOH[LRQDU VREUH WUDV ORV LQIRUPHV GHO ā DVHVLQDWR HQ PDVD GH XQDV HQIHUPHUDV āHQ 6SHFN SHUSHWUDGR WLURWHR \ HQā GHO :KLWPDQXQ FRQWUD JUXSR GH HVWXGLDQWHV XQ GtD HQ XQ OOHYy VDOyQ GH D FDER EHOOH]D (The New York Times, 8Q REVHVLYR y FHORVR PDULGR KDEtD UHODWy EXVFDGR y TXH GLVSDUDGR DXQ DQWLJXR KDEHU REVHUYDGR DPLJR GHVSXpV WUDV QXPHURVDV GH UHSH UR de 2VZDOG HQ OD WHOHYLVLyQ DVHVLQDU DXQ OR VHU IiFLO iPortland KXPDQR Press TXH Herald, HUD 8Q DQFLDQRMXELODGR LQLFLy XQDFDUUHUD GH URERV SRUTXH SDODEUDV7RV VHJ~Q VXV SUR URERV HQODWHOHYLVLyQ ©SDUHFtDQ IiFLOHV WDQ KDEtD TXH FRQYHUWLGR VH HQXQD ILMDFLyQª tSanFrancisco Chronicle, *HQHUDOPHQWH ORV DFWRV āDEHUUDQWHV VH SURGXFHQ ā SRU XQD FRQIOXHQFLD āGH GLYHUVRV IDFWRU DWtSLFRV PRGR TXH GH IDOWDUD VL XQR GHDFWRQRVH HOORV HO KDEUtDOOHYDGR DFDER (Q XQDSREODFLyQ QXPHURVD HVSRVLEOH SDUWH GH ODSREODFLyQ HVSHFWDGRUD TXH SUHVHQWH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV VDULDV DODVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ FXDOHV ORV FRQ PHGLRV VX LQIOXHQFLD DxDGHQ IDOWD HO L SDUD TXH VHSURGX]FDQ DFWRV GHOLFWLYRV (Q HO WUDWDPLHQWR WHyULFR WHPD GHHVWH HO DVXQWR GH ORVHIHF WRV PHGLDāFRQ GH ORV HVWi IUHFXHQFLD PDO SODQWHDGR y VHGLVFXWH HQ WpUPLQRV GLFKD LQIOXHQFLD GH VL āDFW~DFDXVD FyPR OD ~QLFDGHO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR 'DGR TXH FRQGXFWD OD UHTXLHUH FRH[LVWHQFLD OD GH P~OWLSOHV GHWHUPLQDQWHV SODQWHD HVVDEHU ODFXHVWLyQ VLODLQIOXHQFLD TXH DFW~DQ RQR VH GH O FRPR XQLQJUHGLHQWH LPSRUWDQWH GHQWUR GHODV P~OWLS FDXVD ~QLFD GHO PLVPR 3KLOOLSV KD DSOLFDGR DQiOLVLV SDUD GH FXDQWLILFDU VHULHV SUHYDOHQFLD WHPSRUDOHV GH OD āāDFWRV YLROHQWRVLQVWLJDGRV SRU ORV PHGLRV(Q GH HVWH FRPXQLFDFLyQ SODQWHDPLHQWR VH FRPSDUD OD WDVDGHDFWRV YLROHQWRV RFXUULGRV GH SXEOLFDU XQD VHPDQD GHXQ ODQRWLFLD LQFLGHQWH GHVSXpV GH HVWH āWLSR OD WDVD FRQ REVHUYDGD OD VHPDQD DQWHULRU WRPDQGR YH] HOPLVPR FDGD GtD (VWH GH OD VHPD SURFHGLPLHQWR GH HPSDUHMDPLHQWR FRQWUROD y HVWDFLRQDOHV DVt ODV IOXFWX FRPR ODVWHQGHQFLDV GHO WLHPSR DORODUJR FRQGXFWD GH YLROHQWD OD (O DQiOLVLV GHO HIHFWR GHORV VRFLDO DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV QDWXUDOHV SXEOLFDGRV UHSUHVHQWD WLSR HQORVPHGLRV GH XQ H[SHUL PHQWR QDWXUDO VLHPSUH y FXDQGR VH FLHUWDV FXPSODQ FRQGLFLRQHV FRPSDUDFLyQ ORV SHUtRGRV G DQWHV y GHVSXpV DFRQWHFLPLHQWR GHO HVWpQ ELHQ HPSDUHMDGRV DGHFXDGDV VHGLVSRQJD ā GH ORV āHIHFWRV XQDEXHQD H[LVWD HVSHFLILFDFLyQ WHyULFD GH RWURV IDFWRUHV SURYRFDU ORV TXH HIHF SXHGDQ WRV HQSDUD FXHVWLyQ TXH VHD SRVLEOH DSOLFDFLyQ OD GHFRUUHFWD FRQWUROHV y VHGLVSRQJD HVWDGtVWLFRV WDPELpQ GH PHGLGDVā DGHFXDGDV GH RWUDV FDXVDV SRVLEOHV (VWH SODQWHDPLHQWR PHQRV YDOLR U VRFXDQGR ORV HIHFWRV QR VRQ y ORVFRQWUROHV VXILFLHQWHPHQWH SRWHQFLDOHV GHWHUP GRV PiV SRU ODGLVSRQLELOLGDG OD HVSHFLILFDFLyQ GH GDWRV WHyULFD TXH SRU /RV D OD PD\RUtD UHTXLVLWRV PHWRGROyJLFRV GH GHPXHVWUDQ TXH ODYLROHQFLD ORV SXEOLFDGD PHGLRV GH HQ FRPXQLFDFLyQ RFDVLRQD XQD EUHYH y UHSHQWLQD HVFDODGD GH DFWRV TXH YLROHQWRV ā KDELWXDOPHQWH DO FDQ]D VX SXQWR Pi[LPR DOFDER GH WUHV Rā FXDWUR GtDV 6H VDEHTXH ,RV VXLFLGLRV OOHYDGRV y SRU DFDER RWUDV SHUVRQDV S SRU RSXODUHV HVWUHOODV OH YDQWDQ XQD ROD GH 3RU VXLFLGLRV HMHPSOy HOPHV VXLFLGLR GVLJXHQWH H0DULO\Q 0RQURH DXPHQWy DO HQXQ OD WDVDGHVXLFLGLRV 3KLOOLSV /DIDPD KDFH TXH VHH[WLHQGD ODQRWLFLD GHO VXLFLGLR GH āHVDV SHUVRQDV 6LQ ā HPEDUJR āLQFOXVR ORV SXEOLFDGRV VXLFLGLRV GH ā SHUVRQDV PHQRV IDPR DXPHQWDQ WDPELpQ HO Q~PHUR SREODFLyQ GH WDQWR VXLFLGLRV 3RU SDUHFH HQ VHU OD TXH H IDFWRU LQVWLJDGRU VXVFLWDGD SRU HVHO OD yHMHPSOR QR LGHD HO QLYHO GH SRSXODULGDG VRVSHFKD TXH DOJXQRV VXLFLGLRV SDUD VH HYLWDU GLVIUD]DQ DOD GH IDPLOL DFFL HVWLJPD GHO y SRGHU VXLFLGLR ODSULPD FREUDU GHO VHJXUR GHYLGD ,QPHGLD FDUVH XQVXLFLGLR DXPHQWD HOQ~PHUR GHPXHUWHV GH PLHQWUDV TXH HVWH DXPHQWR 'el Q~PHUR QR GH VHREVHUYD DFFLGHQWHV SDUWLFLSDFLyQ P~OWLSOH HQ FRQ GH YtFWLPDV GH DXWROHVLRQHV QL HQ HO (O HIHFWR PHQRUHV GH ORV VXLFLGLRV SXEOLF GHQWHV GH KD DXWRPyYLO VLGR UHSOLFDGR HQ y PRPHQWRV GLVWLQWDV y 3KLOOLSV %ROOHQ UHJLRQHV O ā &XDQWD PiV SXEOLFLGDGVH SUHVWD HO DXQ DXPHQWR VXLRLGLRLUQD\RUHV GH DFFLGHQWHV WLFRV VHPDQD OD āSRVWHULRU DOPLVPR (O HIHFWR LQVWLJDGRUDXPHQWD HQDTXHOOD SREODFLyQ HGDG HV FX VLPLODU āD OD GHO ā VXMHWR REMHWRGHO ā VXLFLGLR ā ā /DV YDULDFLRQHV HQOD IRUPD HMHPSOLILFDUODV GH GHVJUDFLDV SURGXFHQ ODV FRUUH FLRQHV HQ ORV0LHQWUDV DFWRV TXH LQVWLJDGRV ORV LQIRUPHV VXLFLGLRV ā VROLWDULRV GH DXPHQWDQ HO 'LIXVLyQ H LQQRYDFLyQ VRFLDO GHDFFLGHQWHVGHDXWRPyYLOTXHDIHFWDQDXQ DVHVLQDWRKDFHTXHDOSRFRWLHPSRDXPHQWHHOQ~ FLSDFLyQGHYDULRVSDVDMHURVDFFLyQSRUODTXH \ XQKR PLFLGLREDMRODIRUPDGHXQDFFLGHQWH ,JXDOPH SDVDMHURV DERUGRDXPHQWDQ UiSLGDPHQWHWUDV ODSXEOLFDFLyQGHVXLFLGLRV QRDXPHQWDQ ORVDFFLGHQWHVGHDYLyQHQTXHYLD QRVDFFLGHQWHV FRQSDUWLFLSDFLyQ GHYDULDVYtF IRUPDTXH SDUH]FDQ āXQ DFFLGHQWH /DSXEOLFDFLyQ GHODPXHUWHSRUFDXVDVQDWXUD GHVXLFLGLRV (VWR 3KLOOLSV VXJLHUHTXHHODXPHQWR HQHOQ~P LQPHGLDWDPHQWH GHVSXpVGHODH[WHQVDSXEOLFLGD āXQ VXLFLGLRUHIOHMDXQSU y QRODPHUD ODPHQWDFLyQGHODPXHUWHGHXQDSHU GLRVTXHVHSXEOLFDQSHURTXHQRVHGHVFULEHQ LQVWLJD GRUREVHUYDGR 3RUWDQWRHVSRVLEOHLQIRUPDU GLUODWUDJHGLD GHODTXHVHLQIRUPD3RUGHVJ ORVā SHULyGLFRV \ ORVPHGLRVGHUDGL VREUHWRGRDQLYHOORFDOVRQHVSHFLDOPHQWH DI GDGGHORVIHQyPHQRVGHPRGHODGRWDPELpQVHSRQ ORVDFWRVGHYLROHQFLDTXHFDSWDQODDWHQFLyQ WDVDGHKRPLFLGLRV 3KLOOLSV &XDQWD Pi PD\RU VHUi OD HVFDODGD GHKRPLFLGLRV /RVGDWRV VREUHHVWHWHPDWRPDGRVHQFRQMXQWR GHDFWRV YLROHQWRVLQVWLJDGRVSRUORVPHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ FDYDUtD FRQ HOJUDGRGHSX GDGDDOLQFLGHQWHHOiUHDJHRJUiILFDGRQGH y ODIRUPDSDUWLF pV GHSXEOLFLGDGTXHVHGp D ODGHVJUDFLD(VWDV FRYDULDFLRQHV āP~OWLSOHVLQGXFHQDSHQ FLyQGHXQIHQyPHQRGHPRGHODGR(ODXPHQWRRE WDUGD XQSDUGHGtDVHQDSDUHFHU VLHQGRYDULR GHPRUDHQODDSDULFLyQ/DLQIOXHQFLDGHORVPH PHGLRGHO SURFHVDPLHQWR RWURV FRJQLWLYRHQLQWHUDFF GHWHUPLQDQWHV VREUH āOD TXHDFW YLGDGHO LQGLYLGXR,QIRUPHVSXQWXDOHV ODV LGHDV UHFRJLGDVGHO VXJLHUH WUDGXFHQHQDFWRVYLROHQWRVJHQHUDOPHQWHVHS TXH ODV LGHDVSDVDQ DGRPLQDUODFRQFLHQFLDGHOLQGLY D ODV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV SHUVRQDOHV (V PX\LPSUREDEOHT QLFDPHQWH FRQODFRH[LVWHQFLDGH WRGRV āORVRWURVIDFWRUHVQHFHVDULRV UUDQWHLQPHGLDWDPHQWH GHVSXpVGHODH[SRVLFLyQ FLyQFRJQLWLYDGHODPLVPDDXPHQWDODVSUREDEL GDGHIDFWRUHV RTXHGLFKD VHD FUHDGD SHUVRQD SRUXQD FRPELQDFLyQ DERFDGD DODYLROH /D āGHFLVLyQ GHFRPHWHUXQVXLFLGLRRXQKRPLFLGLR YLGXR 3DUD TXHHOSHQVDPLHQWR DEHUUDQWHWRPHIRUPDH GHELOLWDUVXILFLHQWHPHQWHODVUHVWULFFLRQHV, \ GHORV UHFXUVRV QHFHVDULRV SDUD OOHYDUODDFDER7RGR WHPSRUDO GXUDQWH ODFXDOSXHGH SURGXFLUVH HO IOXHQFLD GH ORVPHGLRV GHFRPXQLFDFLyQ .núrnero W£ F Prácticas de difusión de la salud /RVDQiOLVLVVREUHORVGHWHUPLQDQWHVGHODVD DFFLyQFRQIDFWRUHVGHWLSRELROyJLFRGHVHPSH SDSHO FUXFLDOHQHOHVWDGRG <GHHQ IHUPHGDG KXPDQRV (VWRV HO IDFWRUHV VLVWHPDQHXURHQGRFUL SXHGHQLQIOXL \ VREUHRWURV VLVWHPDVILVLROyJLFRVSHUMXGLFDQGRODV \ PRGLILFDQGRODVXVFH IXQFLRQH pVWH D ORV DJHQWHV VHFFLRQHV LQIHFFLRVRV GH HVWH OLEUR (Q VHDQDOL]DQ RWUDV FDQLVPRV TXHLQWHUYLHQHQHQHVWRVHIHFWRVDTX HO HIHFWRVREUHOD GHORVKiELWRVUHODWLYRV DOHVWLORGHYLGD\O D QLYHOGH ODFRPXQLGDG 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ)XQGDPHQWRVVRFLDOHV )XFKV HQ XQDQiOLVLV JOREDOVREUH \ HQWUH ODVWDVDV GLVWLQWR GHP SDtVHV GHPRVWUDGR KD TXH OD FDQWLGDG GHGLQHUR LQYHUWLGD HQDWHQ SRFR VREUH ODV H[SHFWDWLYDV GHYLGD 6LQ HPEDUJR YHQWLYD \ORV SURJUDPDV GHYDFXQDFLyQ Vt WLHQHQXQHIHFWRLPSRUWDQWH PLVPDV $SDUWH GH VRE ODGRWDFLyQ JHQpWLFDTXHHVLQPRGLILFDEOH GHO RUJDQLVPR HVWi GHWHUPLQDGD ODV SRUORV KiELWRVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV DOHVWLORGHYLGD\SRUODVFRQGLFL ItVLFRV\ODVPXHUWHV SUHPDWXUDV VHGHEHQāHQVX āSRU HMHPSOR KD\ SHUVRQDV TXH FRPHQ HQ H[FHVR DFXP VLVWHPDV ILVLROyJLFRVRELHQOOHYDQXQD GLHWD LQFRUUHFWD DEXVDQGR GHODVFR TXHREVWUX\HQ VXVDUWHULDV RGHODVDOTXHSXHGH DUWHULDO 3RURWURODGRODYLGDVHGHQWDULD TXH ODU\GLVPLQX\HVXVDOXG \ HOFRQVXPR H[FHVLYRGHEHELGDV DOFRKy GHOKtJDGRVLQRHVTXHDQWHVQRKDQPXHUWRHQXQ GDVSDUDHODIURQWDPLHQWR GHOHVWUpVSURGXFHXQ PRGHFLJDUULOORVOHVKDFH FDQGLGDWRV DODVHQIH FRUQRDODVHQIHUPHGDGHVFRURQDULDV (Q FXDQWRDORVIDFWRUHVDPELHQWDOH FDVLQGXVWULDOHV y DJUtFRODV XQD LQWURGXFHQ VHULH GHFDQFHUtJHQRV \GHFRQ OHVHQHODLUHTXHUHVSLUDPRV la FRPLGDTXHFRPHPRV \ HODJXDTXHEHEHPRV WRGR XQDOWRSUHFLRVREUHHORUJDQLVPR 'HVGH ODSHUV GHEHQHILFLDU D pVWD HV HOFDPELR y HQ HQ ODVSUiFWLFDV HOHVWLOR GH TXH YLGD DIHF )ULHV\&UDSR KDQUHFRJLGRXQHOHYDGRQ~PHURGHG lí PLWH VXSHULRU VXSHUYLYHQFLD GH GHO KRPEUH VHKDOOD HVWDEOH DxRV/RVyUJDQRVKXPDQRV GHIXQFLRQHV TXHH[FHGHQHQPXFK GLVSRQHQ GHXQDVU āOtPLWHGHVXV QHFHVLGDGHV $PHGLGDTXHpVWHHQYHMHFHH[ IXQFLRQHVILVLROyJLFDVORFXDODXPHQWD y DO GHELOLWDPLHQWF VXVXVFH HOLPLQDFLyQGHODVHQIHUPHGDGHV LQIHFFLRVDV KD D ODVGLVIXQFLRQHVPHQRUHVWLHQHQPiVWLHPSRSDUD 3RU WDQWR HO REMHWLYRKDGHVHU DXPHQWDUDO Pi[LPRHOWLHPSRGHYLGDGHOKRPEUH EXHQ IXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHVX RUJDQLVPR &RPRH[SOLFDQ)ULHV \ &UDSR HVWRUHTXLHUH UHWDUGDUHO GHV FHQVR GHODV IXQFLRQHV HO GHVDUUROOR ILVLROyJLFDV\HYLWDU GHHQIHUPHGDGHV FU SVLFRVRFLDOHV GHWHUPLQDQ HQJUDQSDUWH ODGXUD OD FDOLGDG āGHYLGD VHTXH FRQVLJD (O SODQWHDPLHQWR ELRPpGLFR GHODVDOXGRULHQWDG QLVPRVyORLQIOX\HGH IRUPD OLPLWDGD HQODFDOLGDG GHXQD VRFLHGDG GHYLGD /RVVHUYLFL GRV KDFLD ODDWHQFLyQ GHODVHQIHUPHGDGHV UHWUDVDU ODSURJUHVLyQ SXHGHQ y SUR GHOGHELOL SRUFLRQDU FLHUWRDOLYLRGH ORV āWUDVWRUQRV SHURSDUD y PDQWHQHU HOELHQHVWDU DXPHQWDUItVLFR āVRFLHGDG HVQHFHVDULD XQSODQWHDPLHQWR HVWi HQ GHWLSRV JUDQ SDUWH HQVXVPDQRV \QRHQODGHORVPpGLFRV 3DUDHYLWDUORV HVWUDJRVGHODHQIHUPH FHVDULR SURSRUFLRQDU DODVSHUVRQDV ORVFRQRFLPL GDQ FRQWURODU KiELWRV VXV \ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV SURSLRV GHO HQWRUQR TXH SHU (Q XQLQQRYDGRU SURJUDPD GH HO ULHVJRGHHQIHUPHGDG LQYHVWLJDFLyQ DI GLRYDVFXODUHV GHFRPXQLGDGHV )DUTXKDU HQWHUDV SURSRUFLRQDURQ 0DFFRE\ \ D FLyQ FRQRFLPLHQWRV GH HSLGHPLRORJtD FRPXQLFDGRV UUHJXODGRUDV /RVFDPELRV DXWRGLULJLGRVFRQVHJXLGRVGHSHQ GRVDOFRQVLGHUDU HOPRGHORFRJQLWLYRVRFLDOGH SUHFRQGLFLRQHV PRWLYDFLRQDOHV *HQHUDOPHQWH ODV LQGXFWRUHV D QLYHOLQGLYLGXDO GHFDPELR /DWHQVLyQ HOPDOHV ā FRQVLGHUDU SURJUDPDV FLHUWRV ā TXH SXHGDQ OLEHUDUOR ā GHVX PDOHVWDU SHUVRQDO ( WHQGUiQ XQ SRGHU āUHODWLYDPHQWH HVFDVR HQDTXHOODVSHUVRQDV DGRSWDUFLHUWRV KiELWRV DGHFXDGRV RGH DEDQGRQDU SDUD ODVDOXG KiELWRV SHUMXGLF QRKDQ SURGXFLGR QLQJ~Q GRORUR HIHFWR DGYHUVR 1R VyORVRQORVPRWLYDGRUHV VLQR HOSURSLRSURFHVRGHFDPELRH DYHUVLYRV FUHD 'un PDOHVWDU SDVDMHUR SHUMXGLFLDOHV 0XFKRV UHVXOWDQ KiELWRV UHFRPSHQVDGRV GH H 'LIXVLyQ H āLQQRYDFLyQ VRFLDO GLDWD PLHQWUDV TXH ORVHIHFWRV FDUiFWHU SHUMXGLFLDOHV DFXPXODWLYR \DSD TXH FHQ DODUJR SOD]R 3RU HMHPSOROD GHOWDEDFR LQPHGLDWDPHQWH JHQWH GHVSXpV GLVIUXWD GHHQFHQGHU HO FLJDUULOOR SHUR QRVXIULUi ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV PXFKRVDxRVGHVSXp PiV /RVIXPDGRUHV H[SHULPHQWDQ GLYHUVRV WLSRV DEDQGRQDU GHPDOHVWDU HOKiELWR GHO PLH WDEDFR KDVWD TXH SRFR SRFR VXV D GHVHRV GH IXPDU HPSLH]DQ YDQ DVHQWLUVH GLVPLQX\HQGR PHMR 3DUD LQGXFLU D HO XWRGLULJLGR FDPELR HV QHFHVDULR ODV IXHQWHV DJUXSDU SRWHQFLDO W PRWLYDFLyQ \ GHVDUUROODU )DUTXKDUXWLOL]DURQ RWUDVORV QXHYDV PHGLRV 0DFFRE\ GH FRPX \ FLyQ SDUD LQIRUPDU DQLYHOGH la FRPXQLGDG WRGD VREUH KiELWRV ODLQIOXHQFLD SHUVRQDOHV HQ GH ULHVJR GH SDGHFHU HQIHUPHGDGHV SUHPDWXUDPHQWH FRURQDULDV \VREUH PRGLILFDU ODIRUPD HVWD FRQGXFWDV LQGXFWRUDV GH ULHVJR TXH/DVāFDPSDxDV DXPHQWH SRUORV HO LQWHU PXOW SURJUDPDV GH VDOXG \WUDQVIRUPDQ GH ORV KiEtWRVSHULXGtFLDOH ODVSUREDEOHV HQSUHRFR FXSDFLRQHV DFWXDOHV (O LQGLYLGXR QR VyORQHFHVLWD SDUD FDPELDU VLQR KD UD]RQHV GH TXH GLVSRQHU WDPELpQ ORV GH PHGLRV SDUD HOOR /D DXWRUUHJXODFLyQ HILFD] GH WHQLHQGR OD FRQGXF TXH DSUHQGHU OD FRQGXFWD DREVHUYDU FDPELDU TXH DGHVHD HVWDEOHFHU FHUFDQDV TXH PHWDV OHPRWL YHQ \JXtHQ VXV EXVFDU LQFHQWLYRV HVIXHU]RV \ TXH D OH D\XGHQ DGHVDUU SDUD FRQVHJXLU HO FDPELR TXH RWUR GHVHD FDStWXOR (QFRQVLGHUDUHPRV ODV GL OD DXWRGLUHFFLyQ \ ORV PHFDQLVPRV D WUDYpV GH OR 3DUD HQVHxDUODV KDELOLGDGHV DXWRUUHJXODGRUDV )DUTXKDU XQ GLVHxDURQ PDQXDO 0DFFRE\ GH \ DXWRD\XGD HQHOTXH VHSURSRUFLRQDEDQ SDUD UHGXFLU SHVR KDFHU ODV JXtDV HMHUFLF FDPELDU SDWUyQ GHGLHWD HO KDELWXDO DILQGH UHGXFLU HOFRQVXPR GHVDOGH FROHV GHJUDV WHURO \GH DOFRKRO (Q ODV HYDOXDFLRQHV GH VHJXLPLHQWR UHDOL]D FRQWURO VHREVHUYDURQ SRFRV FDPELRV HQ ORV IDFWRUHV UHODFLRQD FXODU PLHQWUDV āPLHPEURV TXH GH ORV ODV GRV FRPXQLGDGHV KDEtDDSOLFDGR HO QXHYR HQ ODV SURJUDPD FRQVLJXLHURQ XQD UHGXFFLyQ QHWD GH ULHVJR GH DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH )DU H TXKDU \FRO 0H\HU \FRO /RV SDUWLFLSDQWHV GH DOWR ULHVJR T XQFDPELR WRGDYtD PD\RU DOFDQ]DURQ UHGXFFLRQHV GH āHVWDED FRQVWLWXLGR SRUHOKiELWR GH SUHVLyQ VLVWyOLFD GHIXPDU,RV GH FROHVWHURO HOQLYHO YDO HQ VDQJUH \HOSHVR (Q XQD GH ODVFRPXQLGDGHV GHPLHPEURV FRQVLGHUD GH WU GRV GH DOWR ULHVJR ODV HQIHUPHGDGHV SDUD FRURQDULDV UHFLELy WDPEL GDVSDUWH SRU GHO SHUVRQDO XWLOL]y VDQLWDULR HO PRGHODGRā SUiFWLFD TXH JXLDGD \ GH ODKDELOLGDGHV DXWRUUHJXODGRUDV /D DJUHJDFLyQ GH OD GLIXVLyQ LQVWUXFFLRQHV GH O LQIRUPDFLyQ HQ OD ODV IRUPDV FRPXQLGDG GH SUHYHQLU VREUH OD 0H\HU HQIHUPHG 0DFFRE\ )DUTXKDU \ DFHOHUy UpGXFFLyQ GH ORV OD IDFWRUHV GH ULHVJR\ WHQLPLHQWR HILFD] GHORVFDPELRV FRQVHJXLGRV SRU HQO OD LQIOXHQFLD LQGLYLGXDOL]DGD HQDTXHOORV UHVXOWDURQ KiELWRV UHIUDFWD HVSHFLDO FRPR HVHOKiELWR GHOWDEDFR &XDQGR HQOD FRPXQLGDG HOLQGLYLGXRF GH ORV QXHYRV KiELWRV HVWD UD]yQ 4XL]i DO LQWURGXFLU SRU XQ PtQLPR GH GDV VH PHMRUD HO PDQWHQLPLHQWR D ODUJR SOD]R GH (O LQGLYLGXR FRQVLJXH XQFDPELR TXp IRUPD DXWRGLULJLGR ORVKiELWRV FX VRQDOHV FRQWULEX\HQ DVXELHQHVWDU VHOHHQVHxD desu FDSD FLGDG SDUD PRYLOL]DU HOHVIXHU]R 6LQ āHPEDUJR QHFHVDULR HOFDPELR SHUVRQDO XQD UHG GH LQIOXHQFLDV (Q IXQFLyQ GHVXQDWXUDOH]D VRFLDOHV UHWUDVDU RGHELOL pVWDV SX WDU ORV HVIXHU]RV SDUD GHVDUUROODGRV FRQVHJXLU HO FDPELR SHUVRQDO &XDQGR OR SURPRYLGRV EiVLFDPHQWH SRU SHUVRQDV DMHQDV pVWD DOD GHVFLHQGDQ YH] QDOL]DGR XQD HO SUR\HFWR /DV LQIOXHQFLDV DUUDLJDGDV WHQHU PD\RU HQ IXHQWHV FDSDFLGDG DXWyFWRQD GH P PLHQWR TXH ODV TXH VRQDSOLFDGDV GHVGH QD GHODV S ULQFLSDOHV HOH[WHULR YHQWDMDV GH ,RVSURJUDPDV HQORVTXH LQWHUYLHQHOD ODV UHGHV GH LQIOXHQFLD FRPXQLGDGSDUDWUDQVPLWLU HVWDEOHFLGDV FRQRFLPLHQWRV HQ OD \FXO WURQHV FRQGXFWD GH EHQHILFLRVRV +D\ YDULDVSRU PDQHUDV ODVORV TXH SODQWHDPLHQWRV GHHV FRQYLHUWHQ HQ SRGHURVRV YHKtFXORV TXH IDYRUHFHQ H FLHGDG$Vt SURSRUFLRQD PHGLRV SDUDFUHDUODV SUHFRQGLFLRQHV HILFDFHV QHFHVDULDV PRWtYDFLRQ 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ)XQGDPHQWRVVRFLDOHV SDUDHOFDPELR SDUD FRQVHJXULQFHQWLYRV VRFLDOHV QDWXUDOHV DGRSWDU \PDQWHQHU SDUD KiELWRV ILFLRVRVSDUD PRGHODU \ PHMRUDU KDELOLGDGHV āDXWRUUHJXODGRUDV \ SDUDGLIXQGLUHQWUHGLV \D OR ODUJRGHOWLHPSRSDWURQHV DGRSWDGRUHVDXWyFWRQRV GHFRQGXFWD UHVXOWDQ QXHYRV SRUO JHQHUDO PiV HMHPSORV LQIOX\HQWHV \ SHUVXDVRUHV TXH ORVIRUiQHRV (O WUDEDMR GH $OLQVN\ XQDVWXWR RUJDQL]DGRU FRPXQL GHFRPXQ GDGHQVXPRYLOL]DFLyQSDUD FRQVHJXLUHOFDPELRVRFLDO 'DGR TXH $OLQVN\ VXILQDOLGDG HQVHxDUD JUXSRVGHLQGLYLGXRVVXERUGLQDGRV HUD DFD XQUDVJRFHQWUDOGHOPRGHORGH$OLQVN\FRQVLVWH \HMHUFHU HOSRGHU FROHFWLYR (Q HVWHSODQWHDPLHQWR WLHQHQ ORVHVIXHU]RV FRPRREMHWLYRFRQVHJXLUOD RUJDQL]DWLYRV FLyQGHODFRPXQLGDG /RVRUJDQL]DGRUHV DMHQRVD ORKDFHQSRU ~QLFDPHQWH LQYLWDFLyQ/RV PLHPEURV GHODFRPXQLG EOHVGHODVHOHFFLyQGH REMHWLYRV FRPXQHVFRQORFXDODSHODQGR SURSLRV LQWHUHVHV VHFRQ DVXV XQ DSR\RLPSRUWDQWH DVHJXUDU SRUVXSDUWH ODVXSHUYLYHQFLD \SDUD GHOSRGHUO OLGHUD]JRDXWyFWRQR junto FRQ XQRV PHFDQLVPRV HILFDFHV SDUD la VROXFLyQ GHORV SUREO 3DUD VDFDUSURYHFKRGH ODLQIOXHQFLD SHUVRQDO\H[WHQGHU ODDSOLFDELO VLyQ (DUTXKDU\ 0DFFRE\ KDQ DGRSWDGR XQ VLVWHPD GH GLVHPLQDFLyQ )DUTXKDU RUJDQ (OSURJUDPDGHFDPELRDXWRGLULJLGRVHDS SXHGDQ FUHDUVH HVWUXFWXUD VHPDQWHQJDQ Vt PLVPDV GHQWUR SRU GH ODFRPXQLGDG \SXHGDQ SURPRYHU SHUVRQDVGHODFRPXQLGDGTXHDFW~DQFRPRRUJDQL] GRGHOSUR\HFWR LPSODQWDUHOSURJUDPD DFRRUGLQDUH GHVDOXGXWLOL]DQGRODVUHG OHV \HGXFDWLYDV H[LVWHQWHV (QVHxDQGRfaDODFRPX YRUHFH,D DXWRGLUHFFLyQ D QLYHO JOREDO FRPR WDQWR DQLYHO LQGLYLGXDO 2EYLDPHQWH HVSUHIHULEOHQROOHJDU D GHVDUUROODU KiELWRV SHUMXGLFLDOH HOORV XQDYH] TXHHVWiQDUUDLJDGRV $OJXQRVGHORVKiELWR XQ ULHV JR SDUD ODVDOXGVHDGTXLHUHQ HQ ODVSULPHUDV HWDSDV GHODYLGD3RU SRU SURPR YHUOD VDOXG S~EOLFDKDQGHGLULJLUVHWDPELpQ DORVMyYHQHV GRQGHDSOLFDUORVSURJUDPDV SUHYHQWLYRV VREUHWR WLFDQHQJUXSRFHUQRHOIXPDU\HOFRQVXPRGHDO GRPD\RU HILFDFLD HQGHVSURYHHU DO DEXVR TXH LQ GH VXV IRUPDQFyPRVX LQJHVWLyQDIHFWD DOIXQFLRQDPLHQWR ILVLRO FyPRFRQVWLWX\H WDPELpQ XQULHVJR DODUJR SOD]R SDUD ODVDOXG\PRGHODQ SDUD HQODVHV VHxDU DOD UHVLVWLUVH DGRSFLyQ GHODV D (YDQV \VXVWDQFLDV FRO 0F$OLVWHU 7HOFK .LOOHQ 0F$OLVWHU (Q HVWH W3HUU\ LSR GH \ HVWUDWHJLDV 0DFFRE\ O PD\RUHVGHOJUXSRPRGHODQWiFWLFDV GHUHVLVWHQFL ā GH FRQWUDDUJXPHQWRV DODV ā SUHVLRQHVGHO JUXSR 'H HVWDIRUPDORVHVWXGLDQWHV GHVDUUROODU HO VHQWtGRGHHILFDFLDQHFHVDULR SDUD UHVLVWLUVHDODDGRSFLyQ \OD KDELOLGDGVXILFLHQWH SDUD FRQVHJXLUOR /RVSHUVXDVRUHV SURGXFHQ HIHFWRV GHOJUXSR PD\RUHV y PiV āGXUDGHURV TXHORV DGXOW -RKQVRQ 0XUUD\ \3HFKDFHN /DV HYDOXDFLRQHV GHVHJXLPLHQWR UH FLyQGH XQFDPELR GH YDORUFRQ HOPRGHODGR UHVLVWHQFLDKDFH GH TXH āGLVPLQX\DQ VXVWDQFLD āODVWDVDV GHDGRSFL yQ GHOKiELWR GHO WDEDFR SRUORVDGROHVFHQWHV 3RU HVWRVPLVPRVPHGLRV PRGLILFDUVH KiELWR LJXDOPHQWH GH FRQVXPR \GH HO GHRWUDV DOFRKRO GURJDV /RVSURJUDPDV GHVDOXGPRGHODGRV VREUH ORVHVI WRUHV GH ULHVJR VH DSOLFDQ \ SUXHEDQ FDGD YH]P %ODFNEXP \FRO 0F$OLVWHU \FRO GLRVVXILFLHQWHPHQWH SURORQJDGRV la FRPXQLGDG LQGLFDQ TXHORV QRVyO UHGXFHQ ORVIDFWRUHV GH ULHVJR VLQRWDPELpQ OD 1LVVLQHQ 6DORQHQ ā (Q \ XDD 7XRPLOHKWR FRPXQLGDG GRQGH KDQ VLGR PRGLILFDGR KiELWRVGHVDOXGPXHUHQPHQRVSHUVRQDV RWUD GRQGHQR GHHQIHU VH KD\DQ LPSODQWDGRSURPRFLyQ SURJUDPDV GH ODVDOXG \āP GH HQRV WDPELpQ TXHHQOD SREODFLyQ JHQHUDO $UQHGLGD TXHDYDQFHPRV HQOD LPSODQWDFLyQ ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV GH GHTXHVH EUHOD DXWRGLUHFFLyQ GH \ODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ ,D FRPXQLGDG VHLUiQFRQVLJXLHQGRFDPE \RUHV HQ ORVKiELWRV DXWROHVLYRV ā ā 1R WRGRVORVIDOORVHQODDGRSFLyQ VRQGHELGRV D 'LIXVLyQ VRFLDO H LQQRYD JXQDV SHUVRQDV FDUpH ]āJO H RV `aFXUaRV HFRQyIQLFRV QHFHVDULRV SDUD SRGHU FRQWURODU VX SURSLD VDOXGBDXQ FXDQGRGLVSR ~JDULGH ORV aRQRHLLHQWRV <"H la KDELOLGDGVXILFLHQWHVSD HOOR SHU /DV VRQDV FRQ HVFDVRV HFRQyPLFRV S REOLJDGDV PHGLRV D VREUHYLYLU PHGLRV SODJDGRV HQ GH HQIHU GDGHV QR SXHGHQ SHUPLWLUVH HO OXMR GH 3RU LQWURGXFLU RWUR ODGR ODPD\RULD GHSHUVRQDV SDUD FRQWURODU TXH SURSLD GLVSRQHQ VDOXG VX HVWiQ GH ORV PX SRFR LQIRUPDGRV KiELWRVSHUVRQDOHV VREUH FyPR SXHGHQ VXV SHUMXGLFDU VXVDOXG GH DTXHOORV VREUH ORV TXH VHKDFH WDEDFR$Vt PiV SRU SXEOLFLGDG HMHPSOR O JHQWH VDEH TXH HOWDEDFR DXPHQWD FiQFHU GHSXOPyQ OD SUREDELOLGDG SHUR QR V WDPELpQ IDYRUHFH GH DUWHURVFOHURVLV OD DSDULFLyQ HQILVHPD UHWUDVD HOGHVDUUROOR EURQTXLW IHWDO /DVLQIOXHQFLDV GHODGLIXVLyQ GLULJLGDV DFW~DQGH DFDPEL IRUPD DLVODGD VLQR TXHDTXHOORV TXH LQWHQWDQ PHMR WLU FRQ WUHPHQGRV DGYHUVDULRV /DV LQGXVWULDV GH WD WLFRV \ FRPLGDV SUHFRFLQDGDV VH JDVWDQ DQXDOPHQWH GDG SDUD FRQVHJXLU LQWURGXFLU SDUD ODVDOXG ORVPLVPRV TXH KiELWRV ODV FDPS FRPXQLGDG LQWHQWDQ WDVDV GH FDPELDU DGRSFLyQ/DV UHIOHMDQ SHQHWUDFLyQ\OD IXHU]D HQSDUWH GH ODV LQIOXHQFLDVORV FRPSHWLGRUDV KiELWRV GHO FRQVXPLGRU VREUH $OJXQDV SHUVRQDV SUHILHUHQ XQD YLGD GH H[FHVRV IHUPHGDG TXH pVWD FRPSRUWD TXH YLYLU FRQ PRGHUDF UHODWLYDPHQWH GHVSURYLVWD 'HVHDQ HOSODFHU GHHQIHUPHGDGHV DFDPELR GHXQD Y OHV DKRUUH ODV HQIHUPHGDGHV FRPHQWDU VREUH ODV FUyQLFDV HQIHUPHGDGHV $O ex SURY FHVRV XQFRQRFLGR FyPLFR DFRVWXPEUDGR DGLVIUXW XQD RFDVLyQ TXH DKRUD TXH VDEtD TXH SRGtD YLYLU /RV HVWLORV GH YLGD TXHQR DWHQWDQ FRQWUD HOELH SHUVRQDO PiV TXH GH SUHVFULSFLyQ HO SODFHU VRFLDO \/RV OD ORQ SU YLGDG QR KDQ GH VHU QHFHVDULDPHQWH 3RU HMHPSOR FRFLQD ORVWLSRV LQFRPSDWLEOHV HQORVTXH GH G IRUPD PX\ QXWULWLYD VHFRPELQDQ ODFDUQH RWUDV HVSHFLDV \HOSH SXH GHQ UHVXOWDU PiV DJUDGDEOHV WHUQHUD DO VDWXUDGR FRPHQVDO GHTXH JUDVD XQ E 8 HGXFDFLyQ SDUD VDOXG OD HV DTXHOOD SDUD DXPHQWDU TXH VLUYH ORV KRUL]RQWHV FXOL PLQXLU HOSODFHU /D PRGHUDFLyQ SRU ODFRPLGD HQ HOFRQVXPR SURSRUFLRQD GH DO VXVWDQ SODF LQGLYLGXR VLQ TXH pVWH DWHQWH FRQWUD VX SURSLD DEXVR GHVXVWDQFLDV XQD FXHVWLyQ QRVRQ LQGLYtGXDO3RU PHUDPHQWH HMHPSOR VLGXUDQWH H VHSURGXFH XQ DEXVR LPSRUWDQWH X RWUDV GURJDV GHDOFRKRO SXHGH SURGXFL WDEDFR FUHFLPLHQWR DSDUHFHU GHO DQRUPDOLGDGHV IHWR \ QDFLGR HQ /LWWOH HO UHFLpQ \ 6WUHLVVJXW /RV SURJUDPDV GHGLIXVLyQ VDQLWDULRV SURSRUFLRQD SDUD TXH SXHGD HOHJLU OLEUHPHQWH QROHLPSRQHQ HOW VDQRV LQWHUHVDQ WDQWR SRU DODVRFLHGDG UD]RQHV KXPDQLWDULDV $Vt ODV FRPR HQIHUPH HFRQ GDGHV SURYRFDGDV SRUKiELWRV SHUMXGLFLDOHV GH ODVSHUVRQDV TXH SX HLPSRQHQ D OD VRFLHGDG HQWHUD 3RU RWUR JUDYDV ODGR PXFKDV GH WLSR SHUV HF WLFDQ KiELWRV GH YLGD SHUMXGLFLDOHV XQD HOHFFLyQ FRQVFLHQWH QR FRPR FRQV V GHVFRQRFHQ VXV HIHFWRV RELHQ OD IRUPD GH y FDPELDU PHQRV SULYLOHJLDGRV VRQ ORV TXH VXIUHQ PiV ORV Gp FLRQDU XQD GLVWULEXFLyQ PiV HTXLWDWLYD GH ORV FR GLIXVLyQ D\XGDQ DDFRUWDU ODV GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH O VRFLHGDG 6H LQYLHUWHQ JUDQGHV VXPDV SDOLDU ORVHVWUDJRV GH GLQHUR \ G ODV HQIHUPHGDGHV SHUR8Q VHKDFH DXPHQWR SRFR HQODV SRU H[SHFWDWLY SUHYHQLUO FLDGR DHQIHUPHGDGHV SURJUHVLYDV YLGDLQDGHFXDGR RFDVLRQDGDV \ORVGHUHFKRV GHORVSRU PLHPEURV GH ODVRFLHGDG WDQWR VLGLVSRQHQ DFXLGDU GH FRPR VXVDOXG QRGHORV SDUD KDFHUOR H[LJHQ XQD UHHVWUXFWXUDFLyQ 1R FXHVWD PXFKR UDGLFDO LQ G IRUPDU DO LQGLYLGXR VX SURSLD \ HQVHxDUOH āVDOXG /D IDOWD D GH FRQWURODU SUHYHQFLyQ H KHFKR TXH GLVPLQX\D ODFDOLGDG GHYLGD HQORV~OWLPR HFRQyPLFDV &DStWXOR6 &RQRFLPLHQWR y SUHYLVLyQ SUHGLFWL ( QODRFXUUHQFLD GHODPD\RUtDGHDFRQWHFLPLHQW SURGXFHQ UHJXODULGDGHV FLHUWDVHO FRQRFLPLHQWR 3RU HOOR GHODVUHODFLRQHV SUHGHFLU FRQH[DFWLWXGYDULDEOHORTXHHVSURE VLVH SURGXFHQGHWHUPLQDGRV FLPLHQWRV (VWR SHUPLWH ODDFFLyQSUHYLVRUD KDGH 3DUD DQWLFL DFWXDU SDU ORV HIHFWRVSUREDEOHV GH ORVGLIHUHQWHV DFRQWH DFXHUGRFRQHOORV 6LQRGLVSXVLHUD GHFDSDFLGDG PXFKDV YHFHV GH IRUPD LQ~WLO FXDQGR QR SHUMXGLFLDO /D SUREDEOHV y DFWRV HVWUDQVPLWLGD SRUODVVHxDOHV GHOHQ HVSHUDU DSDUWLU GH ORVUDVJRV y ODV GLVWLQWLYRV FRVDV GHODV GH O VRFLDOHV SURSRUFLRQDGDV SRUODVSDODEUDV \DFWRVGHOR ILFDQODV UHJXODULGDGHV REVHUYDGDV (QHOSHUtRGR LQLFLDOGHGHVDUUROOR GHOQLxRORVDFRQW TXH VRQLQKHUHQWHPHQWH DYHUVLYRV RDWUDFWLYRV 6LQHPEDUJRHVWDVVHxDOHVSUHGLFWLYDV 3RU PHGLRGHH[ QRUHVXOW SHULHQFLDVGLUHFWDV y YLFDULDVORVQLxRVDSUHQGHQ UiSLGDPHQWH HQYLUWXGGHVXYDORUSUHGLFWLYR VLUYHQSDUD VH SXHGHQSUHGHFLU DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV DPELHQWDOHV RELHQORVUH GRVDFWRV$PEDV IRUPDVGHFRQRFLPLHQWR SUHGLFWLY GHOD YLGDGLDULD $OJXQDV GH ODVUHJODVTXHUHODFLRQDQ ORVSUHGLFWRUHV H[SHULHQFLDGLUHFWD GHORVHIHFWRVGHGLVWLQWRV TXHFRPSRUWDQ LQGLIHUHQFLDVVREUH ORVSUHGLFWRU ELpQFRQWULEX\HQ VXVWDQFLDOPHQWH DHVWHWLSRGH FXEULUSHUVRQDOPHQWH FDGDXQRGHORVPHFDQLVPRV QHXQJUDQGHSyVLWR y GHUHJODVTXHVRQWUDQVPLWLGDV GHSUHFHSWRV DV FDGDSRUORVDJHQWHV VRFLDOHV HGXFDWLYRV y OHJDOHV8QDYH]TXHHOLQGLYLG GH XQDIRUPD XRWUDFLHUWDVVHxDOHVFRPRSUHGLFWRUDVILD HQSDUWH SRUHOODV$Vt WHPH y HYLWDDTXHOODV D VXMXLFLR FRVDVTXH SUHVDJLDQ H[SH Ya \ OH JXVWDQ \EXVFD DTXHOODV TXHSURPHWHQ H[SHULHQFLDV DJU 204 &RQRFLPLHQWR y SUHYLVLyQ SUHGLFWLYR FRQGXFWD HQ FLUFXQVWDQFLDV TXH DPHQD]DQ FRQVHFXHQ PLVPD DFWLYLGDG HQ OXJDUHV R PRPHQWRV TXH VLUYDQ (O VHU KXPDQR QR UHDFFLRQD VLPSOHPHQWH D ORV RUJDQL]D ODLQIRUPDFLyQ SURFHGHQWH GH HOORV HQIRU WRV /DV FUHHQFLDV FDXVDOHV DVXYH] LQIOX\HQ VR GUiQ HQFXHQWD \VREUH ODIRUPD H LQWHUSUHWDGDV HQTXH VHUiQ FRJQLWLYDPH SURFHVD OHVGHOHQWRUQR LQIOX\HQ VREUH ODSUREDELOLGDG GH OXDFLyQ GHVXIXQFLyQ SUHGLFWLYD QRSRUTXH VHUHO WLGDV VLQR SRU HOPHUR KHFKR GHKDEHU WHRUtD FRJQLWLYD RFXUULGR VRFLD VL ODV H[SHULHQFLDV FRQWLQJHQWHV FUHDQ H[SHFWDWLYDV $FWLYDGRUHV GH ODVUHVSXHVWDV \ HPRFLRQDOHV YLVFHUD /DV VHxDOHV GHO HQWRUQR SXHGHQ FRQYHUWLUVH HQ DF QDOHV DO DSDUHFHU GHQWUR 3RU WDQWR GH XQD VLXQ UHODFLyQ DFRQWHFLPLHQ SUHGLFWL QHXWUR SUHGLFH GH IRUPD ILDEOH UHVSXHVWDV ILVLR FD HO DFRQWHFLPLHQWR DFDEDUi DFWLYDQGR QHXWUR SRU ODV Vt UHVSXHVWDV VROR ILV VXV FRPSRQHQWHV $XQTXH DOJXQDV UHVSXHVWDV ILVLRO TXH RWUDV ODPD\RU SDUWH GH UHVSXHVWDV YLVFHUDOH GHO HQWRUQR PHGLDQWH H[SHULHQFLDV FRQWLQJHQWHV PHQWH LQRFXRV SXHGHQ OOHJDU DDFHOHUDU ODIUHFXHQF PXVFXODU LQFUHPHQWDU ODV VHFUHFLRQHV JDVWURLQWHVW HO QLYHO GH DFWLYLGDG ā ā FHUHEUDO /DV VHxDOHV H[WHUQDV TXH SRVHHQ VLJQLILFDGR SVLF PiV SURIXQGD VREUH ORVPHFDQLVPRV (O HVWXGLR ODV āUHODFLRQHV ILVLROyJLFRV GH SVLF GH QHXURLQPXQROyJLFDV QRV SURSRUFLRQD XQHMHPSOR QRW FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GHXQPDO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR /D SURGXFFLyQ GHO VLV LQVXILFLHQWH GH DQWLFXHUSRV GLVPLQX\H SDUD UHVLVWLU ODFDSDFLGDG DORV DJHQ FLRVRV RSDUD GHVWUXLU VXVSURSLDV FpOXODV PRGLI StULFRV PX\ VXJHVWLYRV TXH HOHVWUpV GH \ORV IDFWRUHV HO IXQFLRQD SVLFRVRFL PLHQWR LQPXQROyJLFR GHIRUPD TXH ORV DJHQWHV DXPHQWHLQIHFFLR ODYXOQ -HPPRWW \ /RFNH /D GHPRVWUDFLyQ PiV GLUHFWD GHTXHORVIDFWRUHV la IXQFLyQ LQ SV PXQH OD RIUHFHQ ORV H[SHULPHQWRV TXH WLHQHQ SRU I SRU PHGLR GH ODVLQIOXHQFLDV GHO DSUHQGL]DMH \ HQ OD ā /RV SUROLIHUDFLyQ GHOLQIRFLWRV VHDVRFLDQ \OD LQIHFFLyQ 'DGR TXH FRQODHQIH OD UH DFWLYLGDG LQPXQROyJLFD la LQIOXHQFLD FyUWH[ HVWi FHUHEUDO GHO VXMHWD D OD FUHDFLyQ G SVLFROyJLFRV UHDFFLRQHV LQPXQHV GH ODV SRGUtD PRGLILFDU ODVHQIHUPHGDGHVL ODVXVFHSWL IHFFLRVDV \DODFDSDFLGDG GHUHFXSHUDFLyQ TXH ORVIDFWRUHV WUDV HO DPELHQWDOHV SXHGHQ LQIOXLU VREUH HOIXQFLRQDPLHQWR &RKHQ KLFLHURQ DVRFLDFLRQHV GHXQD VHxDO H[WH PLGD XQ IiUPDFR TXH GLVPLQX\H ODSURGXFFLyQ GH F OHVGHO RUJDQLVPR RELHQ SUHVHQWDURQ ODVHxDO VL VLGR DVRFLDGD SUHYLDPHQWH DOD FLFORIRVIDPLGD IDF WDQWR UHWUDVy OD DSDULFLyQ y GHGH ODOD PRUWDOLGDG HQIHUPHGDG DXW $QWHV UHFLELU GH XQ IiUPDFR ODV VHxDOHV āSXHGHQ GHO DFWLYDU HQWRUQR HQ HO RUJD UHDFFLRQHV ILVLROyJLFDV DWHQ~HQ ORV FRPSHQVDWRULDV HIHFWRV GHOPLVPR TXH (VWR FLD GHXQPHFDQLVPR GHDSUHQGL]DMH GBHPRaWUS GHWROHUDQFLD HQXQD V GH HVWXGLRV TXH ORV HIHFWRV DQDOJpVLFRV GHHVWH WLSR GH P LPSRUWDQWH SRU HOYDORU DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV SUHGLFWLYR GHOHQWRUQR GH ORV $Vt DGPLQLVWUDGD HQ XQD VLWXDFLyQ UHGXFLU QXHYD HOGRORU SDUD6LQ HO LQGLY HPED PLVPD GRVLV DGPLQLVWUDGD HQ XQD VLWXDFLyQ SRVWHUL 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV FRQVLVWHQWH VHDODDVRFLDFLyQGHXQDGURJDFRQX OD FRQ WUDUUHDFFLyQ DQWLFLSDWRULD ILVLROyJLFD \PHQRVHILFDFHVVHUiQ OD DSDULFLyQ GH V WROHUDQFLD GHSHQGHHQ DODPRUILQD JUDQSDUWHGHODSUHQGL]DMH GHSUH WLYHQUHDFFLRQHV FRPSHQVDGRUDV (Q ODWROHUDQFLD GHODPLVPD DODOFRKRO\D YLHQHQ WDPELpQ ODV H[SHFWDWLYDV DFWLYDGDV SRU O /DHVSHFLILFLGDG GHODWROHUDQFLD OD VLWXDFLyQ DODVGURJDV VHSRQHHVS GHPDQLILHVWRFXDQGRVHFRQVLGHUDQ LPSRUWDQWHV āGH KHUR tQD'HVSXpV ORVHIHFWRVG GHKDE UHFLELGRGRVLVVXE OD PD\RUtD OHWDOHVGHKHURtQD GHDQLPDOHVVRQFDSDFHV GRVLVGHODPLVPDVLVHDGPLQLVWUDHQHOPLVPR PDUFR PLHQWUDVTXHODPD\RUtD GH PLVPDVREUHGRVLV HVDGPLQLVWUDGD HQFXDQWR DVXDVRFLDFLyQ HQXQDVLWXDFLy FRQ QD/DVUHDFFLRQHV FRPSHQVDWRULDV GHVDUUROODGDV HQ HODP ELHQWHIDPLOLDU SDUD HODQLPDOSHUPLWHQ FRQWUDUUHVWDU ORVHIHFWRVQRFLYRV DpVWH GHOD VREUHGRVLVGHO RSLiFHR/DVGRVLVDOWDVGHRSLiFHRV VLJQLILFDQ WXDFLRQHV QXHYDV KDEHU VHJXLGRXQWUDWDPLHQWR 'HVSXpV GH GHGHVLQWR YROYHUDOPHGLR DVRFLDGRDODVGURJDVORVGURJD RWUD YH]VtQWRPDVGHDEV FLDFRPSHQVDWRULRV WDQWRHO ULHVJRGHYROYHUDVXDQWLJXRK FRUULHQGRSRU ERUDWRULR HVFODUHFHQ HVWHSXQWR GHO VLJXLHQWH P SUREDELOLGDG GHUHFDHUVLVHOHVSHUPLWH HODFFH FLGRODDGLFFLyQ\DTXHHQWRQFHV VXHOHQDFWLYDU RFXUUHFXDQGRHOHQWRUQRUHVXOWDGHVFRQRFLGR GDXQDHVSHFLDO LPSRUWDQFLD D OD LQ 6R WHUDFFLyQGHSURFHVRVGHPRWLYDFLyQRSXHVWRV KHGRQLVWDDFWLY HQ XQHIHFWRKHGRQLVWD FRQWUDULR /DVLQYHVWLJDFLRQ RSXHVWDV LQGXFLGDV QDWXUDO SRUODVGURJDV GHIRUPD SXHGHQ DFWLYDUVH VHQFLD GH ODV VHxDOHV DVRFLDGDV SUHYLDPHQWH FRQ 'H DFXHUGR con ODV H[SOLFDFLRQHV FRQGXFWLVWDV UHODFLRQHV SUHGLFWLYDV VREUH HODS HQWUHDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV ORVHVWtPXORVTXHGDQFRQH āDODV UHVSXHVWDV HPL WLGDV SRU UD]yQ GHVXFRQWLJLGDGWHPSRUDO 6LQHPEDUJ FHQPiV HQ VHxDOHV O DVVLWXDFLRQHV GHDSUHQGL]DMH \YDUtDQ GRVVHFRPSUXHED UiSLGDPHQWH SDUD HODSUHQGL]DMHQRHVODF TXHHOIDFWRUFUtW UDOVLQRODFDQWLGDG GHLQIRUPDFLyQ la FDQWLGDG SUHGLFWLYD GHDWHQ SUHVWDGD (Q XQDVHULHGHHVWXGLRVLQIRUPDWLYRV5HVF DHOODV GHPRVWUy OD FD TXH SDFLGDG DFWLYDGRUD GHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV DPELHQ TXHVHSURGX]FDQ ORVUHVXOWDGRVWDQWRHQVXSUHV +DQ GHFRQVLGHUDUVH GRVWLSRV GHLQIRUPDFLyQ SUREDELOtVWLFD \DTXH HQSUHVHQFLDGH XQD VHxDOSHURWDPELpQ DYHFHVHQDXVHQFLD GDG SUHGLFWLYD VL āORVUHVXOWDGRV TXH RFXUUHQ VX SUHVHQFLD VLHPSUH\~QLFDP &XDQWR VHD BOD FRQWLQJHQFLD PD\RU VHUi WDPELpQ HOYDORU (QODYLGD GLDULD GHVGHOXHJRFDVLQXQFD ORV SUHGLFWRUHV VRQSHUIHFWRVQ TXHORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV VXHOHQSURGXFLUVH GLVWLQWDV āVHxDOHV TXHGLILHUHQ DSDUWLU GH HQV SUHGLFWLYR 8QDYH] TXH HOLQGLYLGXR GHVFXEUH SDUD ODUHODWLYD SUHGHFLU ORV H DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV QRDSUHQGHHOYDORUSUHGLFWLYR pVWDVVHDVRFLHQ UHSHWLGDPHQWH \ SRVHDQ FRQHOUHVXOWDGR HOPLVPRYDORU &RPRUHJODWRGR DTXHOORTXHUHGXFH HOYDORUSUH XRVFXUHFLHQGR VXFRUUHODFLyQ FRQORVUHVXOWDGRV TXHODVSHUVRQDV UHFRQRFHQODIDOLELOLGDGGHVX SUHVWDU DWHQFLyQDORV GHPiV SUHGLFWRUHV LQLFLDOPHQWH ā GHVHFKDGRV /DVH[SHULHQFLDV SDVDGDV LQIOX\HQVREUHODGLU VLWXDFLRQHVFRQP~OWLSOHVSUHGLFWRUHV WRGRVHOO ULRU GH TXHXQD GHWHUPLQDGD VHxDOFDUHFHGHYDORUSUHGLFWL SRFD DWHQ FLyQDODPLVPD GHIRUPDTXHFXDQGRUHVXOWD pVWDVHFRQ GRVILDEOHOHFXHVWD $OD LQYHUVD DSUHQGHUDXWLOL]DUOD XQDVHxDO TXH KD\D VLGR SUHGLFWLYD HQ HOSD VDGR DQXODUi DRWURV $PERVWLSRV SUHGLFWRUHV GHHIHFWR UHGXQGDQWHV KDQ VLGRGHP B/Q]HBWWD 2UU \ HQHVWXGLRV HQORVTXHXQDVH D GLDSRVLWLYDVG H &RQRFLPLHQWR \ SUHYLVLyQ SUHGLFWLYR H[SUHVLRQHVIDFLDOHVGHPLHGR[tHDOHJUtD FRPR SUHGLFWRUHV RELH FRQM GHDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVGRORURVRV$XQTXHREMHWLYDP WLYDVHQORVWUHVFRQWH[WRVGHH[SUHVLyQIXHURQ H[SUHVLRQHVGHPLHGRTXHJHQHUDOPHQWHSUHGLFHQ GLFWRUHVGHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV GRORURVRV/DV GRODH[SUHVLyQDVRFLDGD \DTXHRUGLQDULDPHQWH HUDGHDOHJULD HVWDH[SU DYHUVLYRVFRPSDUWLHQGR IXQFLRQHVSUHGLFWLYDV enla DWHQFLyQ QLHQXQ VHQWLGR QLHQRWUR (OSHQVDPLHQWR QR VHOLPLWD~QLFDPHQWH DFRQWULEXLU DO DPELHQWH VLQR TXH GHVHPSHxD GLYHUVDV DSUHQGL]DMH GH IXQFLRQH H[SHFWDWLYDVGHOKRPEUH(OLQGLYLGXRSXHGHGHV DORTXH OHKD\DQ GLFKRRWUDV SHUVRQDV VLQKDEHU OOHYDGRDFDERSUHYLDPHQWH H (QWDOHVFDVRVODUHODFLyQSUHGLFWLYDHQWUHOR VRHQDTXHOORVFDVRVHQORVTXHHODSUHQGL]DMH UHFWRVFRQHOHQWRUQRHOKRPEUHQRVLHPSUHH[W EUHODSUREDELOLGDGGHRFXUUHQFLD FRJQLWLYDV GHORVDFRQWH SXHGHQ GLVWRUVLRQDU SHUFHSFLyQ GH OD ODV UHODFLRQHV HQWUH ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV DVt āFRPR la IRUPDGH HVWUXFWXUDUODV $GHPiV HVSRVLEOHTXHHOUHFR VXILFLHQWHSDUDODDXWRDFWLYDFLyQ 6DEHUTXHG WLQJHQWH SXHGH FRPSRUWDU GLVWLQWDV UHDFFLRQHV DFRPSDxDQWHV UHVSHFWR 0iV DGHODQWH GHORVUHVXOWDGRV YROYHUHPRVVREUH H Aprendizaje afectivo simbólico - (O DSUHQGL]DMH OLPLWD D DIHFWLYR ODVH[SHULHQFLDV QRVH GLUHFWDV 1R GHVDUUROOHQ UHDFFLRQHV HPRFLRQDOHV LQWHQVDV KD B H[SHULPHQWDGRQLQJ~QFRQWDFWR SHUVRQDO(VWDV H[SHULHQFLDV VLPEyOLFDV VtPERORVFDUJDGRVHPRFLRQDO DVRFLDWLYDV HQODVTXH OD EDVH SDUD HODSUHQGL]DMH ā DIHFWLYR (QHODSUHQGL]DMHDIHFWLYRVHXWLOL]DQFRQPX FLRQHV 6WDDWV 6WDDWV /RVFRPHQWDULRV \6WDDWVTXH HYRFDQ VLyQ \GHWHPRUSXHGHQOOHJDUDFUHDUQXHYRVPLHGR y RGLRVSRUHOFRQWUDULR GHVSLHUWDQUHVSXHVWDV SRVLWLYDVSXHGHQXWLOL]D \ DSHWHQFLDV /RV HVWXGLRV HQORVTXHVHUHDOL]y ODPHGLFLyQGHODSUHQGL] \ 6WDDWV OHYDQWDURQ VLORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV FLHUWDFRQWURYHUVLD PRGLILFD UHDOPHQWH VR GRVXVUHVSXHVWDV FRQWHVWDEDQOR DIHFWLYDVRVLPSOHPHQWH TXHSHQVDEDQ TXHVHHVS 3DJH 6WDDWV HPEDUJR L HVWXGLRV SRVWHULRUHV 6LQ HQORVT ILVLROyJLFRVFRQILUPDURQ H[SHULHQFLDV DVRFLDWLYDV TXHUHDOPHQWH FRQODV SDODEUD DIHFWLYRSURGXFHQUHVSXHVWDV DVRFLDQUHSHWLGDPHQWH HPRFLRQDOHV&XDQ F WDQWHV FRQXQWRQRQHXWUR ODVROD DSDULFLyQ DOFDERGHSRFRWLH GHOWRQR\DD YDGRUYLVFHUDO *DOH \-DFREVRQ VH WUDWD (O GH LPS HIHFWRVVXWLOHVTXHQRSXHGHQVRPHWHUVHIiFLOP D ODLQIOXHQFLDGHODH[SHF VRQ/DQQRQ 2IIHUPDQQ \ .DIWRQ (O DSUHQGL]DMH DIHFWLYR WDPELpQ SXHGH IRPHQW HMHPSOR*HHU HVWDEOHFLyODDSDULFLyQGHUHDFFLR QHXWURVDVRFLiQGRORVFRQIRWRJUDILDVDWHPRUL] MHHQHOGHVDUUROORGH DFWLYDGRUHVDIHFWLYRVQRUHVXOWHHQQL ODV PDU FDGDVYDULDFLRQHVLQWHUFXOWXUDOHV DWULEXWRV ILVLFRV\ D ORVDGRUQRV UHVSHFWRDO FRQFDUi FLWDGRUVH[XDO Lo TXHUHVXOWDDFWLYDGRUHQ XQDVRFLHGDGH \WXUJHQWHVRFROJDQWHVGLHQWHVEODQFRV \ EULOODQWHVRFRQ PDQFKDV āRVFXUDVRUHMDVQD FRQGHWHUPLQDGD DQFKDV IRUPDFDGHUDV RHVWUHFKDVSLHOFODUDX RVFXUDBB SXHGH UHVXOWDU QHXWURR B DYHUVtYRDORVPLHPEURVGHRWUR JUXSR ā VRFLDO ) RUG \%HDFK 8QH[SHU VREUH OD DGTXLVLFLyQ DSRUWD DOJRGHOX]DOāDSUHQGL]DMH GHIHWLFKHV GHOD DFWLYD 3HQVDPLHQWR\ DFFLyQ ā)XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV FLyQVH[XDOSRUPHGLR GHLPiJHQHV(Q pVWHWUDV DVRFLDFLyQ UHJXODUGHODIRWRJUDIt OD WDVGHPXMHUFRQGLDSRVLWLYDVGHFRQWHQLGRHUyWLF QHVGHOHVWXGLR GHWHUPLQDGD SRUHODXPHQWR HQH ERWDVJHQHUDOL]iQGRVH ODUHVSXHVWD ERWDV1R VH[XDODORV KDFHIDO WD GHFLU TXH HVWDV UHVSXHVWDV VH[XDOHV IXHURQ H /DVUHVSXHVWDV DIHFWLYDVGHVDUUROODGDV KDFLD X YpV GH UHGHV DVRFLDWLYDV āDH HVWH āPRGR HVWDEOHFLGDV VXV 'DV HIHFWRV \1DQGD H[WHQGL OR GHPXHVWUDQ QHXWUDV āFRQ DVRFLDQGR ORV QRPEUHV VtODEDV DERULJHQH GH āVy GRV WUL FUHDQGRUHDFFLRQHVSRVLWLYDV RQHJDWLYDV DQWHOD WLYDV&RPRFRQVHFXHQFLD GHODDVRFLDFLyQ DQWHUL ā SRVLWLYD GHDFXHUGR FRQODV UHVSXHVWDV DIHFWLYDVGHVDUUROODGDV (O DSUHQGL]DMH DIH DQ WLYR PHGLDQWH DVRFLDFLRQHVāLQGLUHFWDV VH XWLOL]D KDELWXDOPHQWH SDUD F Aprendizajeafectivo vicario $XQTXHPXFKDV GHODV WHQGHQFLDV HPRFLRQDOHV VHDSUHQGHQ DSDUWLU WDPELpQ FRQ IUHFXHQFLD VRQ DSUHQGLGDV SHUVLVWHQWHV āQR PHGLDQW VXUJHQFRPRFRUWVHFXHQFLDGHH[SHULHQFLDV GHPiV UHVSRQGHQ SHUVRQ WH PHURVDPHQWH KDFLD REMHWRV ā DPHQD]DQWHV R ELHQ UHVXOWDQ GDxDGR UHVSXHVWDV KDFLD OXJDUHVSHUVRQDV DIHFWLYDV RFRVDV FRQIUHFXHQ DFWLWXGHV PRGHODGDV 'HELGR DVXGLIXVLyQ ODVL SRVLELOLGDGHV GHO DSUHQGL]DMH āDIHFWLYR ā (Q HODSUHQGL]DMH DIHFWLYRYLFDULRORVDFRQWHFL FLyQFRQHPRFLRQHVDFWLYDGDV HQHOREVHUYDGRU SR VHUYDGRUHVUHVXOWDQ DFWLYDGRV āSRU ODV ā PDQLIHVWDFLRQHV GHHPRFLyQGHWLS GHORV āPRGHORV (VWDV VHxDOHVVRFLDOHV DIHFWLYDVDGTXLHUHQYD WHH[SHULHQFLDV LQWHUSHUVRQDOHV FRPSDUWLGDV (V WHQIHOLFHVDQVLRVDV HQIDGDGDVR GHVDQLPDGDV SUREDEOHPHQWH VHFRPS KDJDVHQWLU ELHQRQRVKDJDVHQWLUGHVJUDFLDGRV āFRQWLQJHQWHV IDV H[SUHVLRQHV HPRFLRQDOHV GH ORVPRGHORV J FLyQ DQWLFLSDWRULD āā8QD YH]TXHVHKDGHVDUUROODGR ODFDSDFLGDG GHDF GHUDUHVSRQGHUHPRFLRQDOPHQWH KDFLDDFRQWHFLPLH · que pVWRVHYRFDQ UHVSXHVWDV DIHFWLYDV 3RU HMHPSORXQ HQORVPRGHOR DFRQW PLHQWRLQLFLDOPHQWH ULHXWURTXH SURQRVWLTXH 8Q VXFHVRGRORURVRSDUDORVGHPi PRLQGXFLUDQVLHGDG āHQHO REVHUYDGRUDOSURGXFLUVH HQ RFDVLRQHV SRVWHULRUHV (Q HVWHSURFHVR O āDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV VHFRQYLHUWHQHQSUHGLFWRUHV GH DFWLYDFLyQ D WUDYpVGHODDOHJUtD\H ORVGHP iVFRQGXFWD /D āGHIHQVLYD DVtFRPRODDFWLYDFLyQ WUD HPRF YpVGHODFRUUHODFLyQ (Q YLFDULD XQFDStWXOR HQWUH SRVWHULRU DFRQWHFLPLHQ VH ā PHFDQLVPRV TXH āUHJXODQ HO āDSUHQGL]DMH DIHFWLYR GH WLSR YLFDULR /DVWHRUtDVHYROXWLYDVFRQIUHFXHQFLDHVWDEOHFH YRV\ORVFRJQLWLYRVFRQVLGHUDQGR y ORVPD\RUHV TXHORVQLxRV SRUSURFHVDPLHQWR FRJQLWLYRGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ & \HQPDUFDGDPHQWH HQDTXHOWLSRGHDSUHQGL]DMH TX ORVIDFWRUHV DVRFLDWLYRV FRPRVRQODUHJXODULGD VREUH āORIiFLO RGLILFLOTXHUHVXOWD H[WUDHU FRUUHO 'H ODGLVFXVLyQDQWHULRU UHVXOWDHYLGHQWHTXHHO DIHFWLYRHV PXFKRPiVFRPSOHMR ORTXHVHSLHQVDKDELWXDOPHQWH SXHGHQUHVXOWDUDFWLYDGD /DVUHVSXHVWDV SRULQWULQFD H GDVFRPELQDFLRQHVGHVHxDOHVLQWHUQDV\H[WHUQDV HQ āU HODFLyQHVWUHFKDRWHPSRUD ODH[SHULHQFLDItVLFD /DV āVHxDOHV SUHGLFWLYDVSXHGHQDGTXLULUYD SRUDVR FLDFLyULFRQ la DFWLYDFLyQSURGXFLGD SRUHO SHQVDPLHQWR LQFUHPHQWDQGRPiVW GHOSURFHVR GH DSUHQGL]DMH X QDYH] TXHODVVHxDOHV VH KDQFRQYHUWLGRHQHYRFDGRU IXQFLyQ VHWUDQVPLWH āDRWUDVFODVHV VLPLODUHVItVLFDPHQWH GHDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV DRWUDV VHxDOHVUHODFLRQD &RQRFLPLHQWR SUHGLFWLYR \ SUHYLVLyQ VHPiQWLFDPHQWH HLQFOXVR GLVWLQWDV TXH KDQVLGR DVHxDOHV DVRFLDGDV ODV PX\ H[SHULHQFLDV HQ GDV GHO LQGLYLGXR $FWLYDFLyQ GHO PLHGR y DFFLyQ SURWHFWRUD 8QD JUDQ SDUWH GH y GH ODV FRQGXFWD OD HPRFLRQHV KXPDQD HVWiDFWLYDGDSRU VHxDOHV KDQ TXH VH FRQYHUWLGR HQ ELHQGLUHFWDPHQWH DPHQD]DQWHV B RELHQ DVRFLDFLyQVLPEyOLFD R SRU FRQ H[SHULHQFLD GRORURVDV EDVDDGHFXDGDPHQWH &XDQGR VH HQ OD UHDOLGDG SHQVDPLHQWR HO DSUHKHQVLYR SXHGH WDU~WLO \DTXHHVWLPXOD GHVDUUROOR GH KDELOLGDGHV HOGHDIURQWDPLHQWRSURWHFWR \IRPHQWD F UDV GLULJLGDV DHYLWDU UHVXOWDGRV GHVDJUDGDEOHV RDSUHYHQLU FXDQGR QR SHUMXGLFLDOHV 6LQHPEDUJR ODV DQWLFLSDFLRQHV DWHPRUL]DQ WHV\H[WUHPDV VREUHJHQHUDOL]DGDV\EDVDGDV GpELOHV SUREDELOH GHV FRQGLFLRQDOHV HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR SHUMXGLFDQ $XPHQWDQ SVLFROyJLFR ODDQVLHGDG RULJL IXQFLRQHV VRPiWLFDV FRQGXFWDDXWRSURWHFWRUD JHQHUDQ \OLPLWDQ GHVDUUROOR GHDFWLYLGDGHV HO S FLDOPHQWH UHFRPSHQVDQWHV Teoría del doble proceso. 'XUDQWH PXFKRV FRQGXFWD DxRVOD GHIHQVLYD VHKD H[SOL XQDWHRULD GHGREOH SURFHVR \0LOOHU 'ROODUG 'H DFXHUGR 0RZUHUFRQ HVWD F FLyQ ODDVRFLDFLyQ QHXWUDV FRQ GHVHxDOHV H[SHULHQFLDV D ODV GRORURVDV VHxDOHV FRQYLH HQDP ]DV FDSDFHV SRU VtPLVPDV DFWLYDU XQLPSXOVR GH PRWLYDODFRQGXFWD GHPLHGR GHIHQVLYD TXH(VWD FRQGXFWD TXH HYLWD RHOLPLQD DPHQD]DQWHV ODV UHIRU]DGD VHxDOHV UHVXOWD DVXYH] DO GR TXH WDOHV VHxDOHV (OHPSDUHMDPLHQWR DFWLYDQ FRQWLJXR FUHD HOLPSXOVR GH PLHGR P ODUHGXFFLyQ GHpVWH IRUWDOHFH 3DUD HOLPLQDU ORVDFWRV FRQGXFWD GHIHQ OD LQVWUXPH VLYD VHFRQVLGHUDED QHFHVDULRHUUDGLFDU HOPLHGR VXE\DFHQWH 3RUWDQWR VH KDQ UHDOL]DGR QXPHU VRV HVIXHU]RV SDUD H[WLQJXLU WHUDSpXWLFRV OD DFWLYDFLyQ GHO PLHGR ā$XQTXH WRGDYtD DFHSWDGD VH K PX\ DQ GHVFXELHUWR JUDYHV HVWD WHRUtD GHILFLHQFLDV %ROOH +HUUQVWHLQ/D DFWLYDFLyQ 6FKZDUW] DXWyQRPD FRQVWLWX\H PLHGR 'LYHUVRV GDWRV HPStULFRV ODFRQGXFWD FXHVWLRQDQ GHIHQVLYD HVWi FRQ OD VXS WURODGD SRU OD DFWLYDFLyQ 3DUD HPSH]DU DXWyQRPD ODV GLVWLQWDV ODWHQFLDV GH ORVGH VLVWHPDV UHV SXHVWD DXWyQRPD \HVTXHOpWLFD SRQHQVHULDPHQWH HQGXGD VHFXHQFLDFDXVDO OD SRVWXODGD 'DGR TXH ODV UHDFFLRQHV DXWyQRPDVWDUGDQ PXFKR PiV HQ DFWLYDUVH UHVSXHVWDV GHHYLWDFLyQ TXH HVWDV ~ O ODV WLPDV QRSXHGHQ HVWDUSURGXFLGDV SRU ODV'H SULPHUDV KHFKR HQODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV GH ULR UHVSXHVWDV ODV GHIHQVLYDVDPHQD]DQWHV DODV SUHGLFWLYDV VHxDOHV VH HPLWHQ GHIRUPD L LQFOXVR DQWHV SXHGDQREWHQHUVH GH ODV TXH UHVSXHVWDV DXWyQRPDV /DFDXVD QRSXHGH DSDUHFHU GHV SXpV GHOHIHFWR SURGXFH1R TXH HVQHFHVDULR VHVXSRQH UHGXFLUORV SULQFLSLRV SVLFROyJLFRV DS SLRV ILVLROyJLFRV SHUR XQ VXSXHVWR PHFDQLVPR OD UHODFLyQ SVLFROyJLFR HQWUH la DFWLYDFLyQ VREU aDXWyQRPD \ODFRQGXFWD GHIHQVLYD YLRODU WRGR ORTXH VDEH QRSXHGH VREUH VHORV VLVWHPDV FRV TXHSRVLELOLWDQ &RLQFLGLHQGR DPERV FRQ OD GIHQyPHQRV LVWLQWD YHORFLGDG FRQUHVXOWDQDFWL TXH YDGRV DPERV VLVWHPDV ORV GDWRV DFWRV REVHUYDGRV GHIHQVLYRV UXWtQDULRVSUHY VXJLHUHQ QHQ OD DFWLYDFLyQ HVWiQPRWLYDGRV GHO PLHGR HOOD QR SRU 1R HV QHFHVDULD OD DFWLYDFLyQ DXWyQRPD SDUD OD FRQGXFWD DSUHQGHU GHIHQVLYD /D HOLPLQDFLyQ TXLU~UJLFD UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ GH OD HQ DQLPDOHV DXWyQRPD UHWDUGDU OD SXHGH UDSLGH] FRQ TX QRV LQLFLDQ OD FRQGXFWD ODPD\RUtD GH GHIHQVLYD HOORV DSUHQGHQ UiSLGDPHQWH SHUR D GH XQ IXQFLRQDPLHQWR :\QQH DXWyQRPR \6RORPRQ (VWH QRUPDO KHFKR LQGLFD SRU TXH OD DFWLYDFLyQ DXWyQRPD SXHGH IDFLOLWDU ODFRQGXFWD HO DSUHQGL]DMH GHIHQVLYD SHUR GH QR SUHVFLQGLEOH SDUD HOPLVPR (OPDQWHQLPLHQWR GHOD FRQGXFWD GHIHQVLYD WRGDYtD GHSHQGH PHQRV GH OD DFWLYDFLyQ /D GHSULYDFLyQ DXWyQRPD HQ UHVSXHVWDV DQLPDOHV XQD DXWyQRPDV GH YH] ODV GHVD UUROODGD OD FRQGXFWDDFHOHUD GHIHQVLYD ODHOLPLQDFLyQ HVWDDFWLYLGDG QR GH \ 6RORPRQ 5HVFR 1L HOEORTXHR FRQVLGHUDEOH GH OD DFWLYDFLyQ DXWyQRPD PHGLDQWH DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ GUR OD GH JDV D VXMHWRV IyELFRV FRQGXFWD IyELFD GLVPLQX\H DO D O HQIUHQWDUVH DV DPHQD]DV VX 6WRXW .DW] 7D\ORU \ +RPH $JUDV B B /2VH[SHULPHQWRV HQ ORV TXH DFWLYDFLyQ VH PLGH GH \ OD DXWRQyPLF IRUPD FRQ VL GXFWDGHIHQVLYD QRRIUHFHQ GHPDVLDGR DSR\R D ODKLSyWHVLV GH TXH ODDFWLYDFLyQ RULJLQD ORVDFWR B IHQVLYRV eVWRV VH HPLWHQ PXFKDV HQ DXVHQFLD GH DFWLYDFLyQ YHFHV \SXHGHQ GHOPLHGR SHUVLV ā,2 ā 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV PXFKR WLHPSR GHVSXpV KD\DQ HOLPLQDGR GH TXH UHVSXHVWDVDXWRQyPLFDV ODV VH DQWH ORV VLJQRV DPH QD]DQWHV %ODFN 1RWWHUPDQ 6FKRHQIHOG \ ā5HVFRUOD %HUVK \ 6RORPRQ /DV HYDOXDFLRQHV UHDOL]DGDV HO WUDWDPLHQWR GXUDQWH WUDVWRUQRV IyELFRV GH QR UHYHODQ XQD UHODFLyQ FRQ VLVWHQWH HQWUH ORV FDPELRV DQVLHGDG y la HQ FRQGXFWD ODIyELFD DFWLYDFLyQ /HLWHQEHUJ $JUDV GH OD %XW] \:LQF]H /D HOLPLQDFLyQ FRQGXFWD IyELFD GH ODHVWDU SXHGH SUHFHGLGD DXPHQWRV SRU HQODDFWLYDFLyQ DXWRQyPLFD R SRU DXVHQFLD SRU GHFDPELRV UHGXFFLRQHV 1R HV ā UDUR TXH HQODP ODDFWLYDFLyQ VyOR GLVPLQX\D GHO PLHGR XQDFRQGXFWD YH]IyELFD HOLPLQDGD %DUORZ OD /HLWH $JUDV \:LQF]H (Q HVWRV FDVRV FRQGXFWD HOFDPELR SUHFHGH DOD UHGXFFLyQ GH GH OD DFWLYD FLyQ DXWRQyPLFD /RVHVWXGLRV TXH TXHPXHVWUDQ QLHOSDWUyQ ODPDJQLWXG GH FDPELR QL la DFWLYDFLyQ GH DXWRQyP FDTXH DFRPSDxD DOWUDWDPLHQWR FRUUHODFLRQDQ VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH FDPELR REVHUYD FRQ GR HQ OD DSR\DQ FRQGXFWD OD WDPELpQ KLSyWHVLV TXH ā D āFRQGXFWD GH GH HYLWDFLyQ QR HVWi UHJXODGD SHULIpULFDPHQWH SRU OD DFWLYDFLyQILVLROyJLFD y %RUNRYHF 2UHQVWHLQ 2 %ULHQ \ &DUU 6FKURHGHU\ 5LFK1R KD\ TXH EXVFDUXQDUHODFLyQ GHMDU GH FRQVLVWHQWH LQYRFDQGR KDFH D YHFHV UHWUDVR GH WLHPSR XQ UHGXFFLyQ HQWUH OD \ DXWRQyPLFD HO FDPELR HQ OD FRQGXFWD ¢&yPR āSXHGHIDFWRU VHU HOODFDXVD SURSXHVWR FRQGXFWD GH VLQR OD DFW~D PXFKR KDVWD GHVSXpV GH TXH āpVWD VH KD\D SURGXFLGR UHSHWLGDPHQWH" 6HJ~QODWHRUtD GREOH SURFHVR GHO ODUHGXFFLyQ SRU OD HYLWDFLyQ GHOGH PLHGR ODV FRQVHJX VH xDOHV DPHQD]DQWHV UHIXHU]D OD FRQGXFWD GHIHQVLYD &XDQGR OD FRQGXFWD GHIHQVLYD HYLWDU FRQVLJXH ORV UHVXOWDGRV GRORURVRV VXSXHVWDPHQWH ODV VHxDOHV PRWLYDQ DFFLyQ DPHQD]DQWHV DXWRSUR OD WHFWRUDDVRFLDGRV GHMDQ FRQ GH ODV LUH[SHULHQFLDV 3RGUtD GHVSUHQGHUVH DYHUVLYDV GHOPRGHOR GHO FRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR HOFXDO VH EDVD ODWHRUtD HQ GHO GREOH SUHVHQWDUVH SURFHVR UHSHWLG TXH DO VLQ ODDSDULFLyQ GHQLQJ~Q VXFHVR GHVDJUDGDEOH DPHQD]DQWHV GHEHUtDQ LUSHUGLHQGR ODV VX VHxDOHV FDSDFLGDG GH DFWLYDFLyQ 3RU WDQWR FRQGXFWD OD GHO GHIHQVLYD PLHGR HILFD] TXH H[WLQJXLU WHQGUtD HO PLHGR ā\ DVXYH] GHVDSDUHFHU UiSLGDPHQWH ODQDWXUDOH]D 6LQ HPEDUJR UHIUDFWDULD GH ODFRQGXFWD GHIHQVLYD QR FRQILUPD HVWH VXSXHVWR ā B/DV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV UHDOL]DGDV QRVyORFRQILUPDQ TXH HOPLHGR OD FRQGXF QRHV WD GHIHQVLYD WDPELpQ VLQR HQGXGD SRQHQ TXH OD RSLQLyQ UHIXHUF GH HOD FRQGXFWD TXH VX UHGXFF GHIHQVLYD /D HOLPLQDFLyQ RQR DPHQ]DQWHV GH ODV OD FRQGXFWD VHxDOHV SRU GHIHQVLYD WLHQHQ HIHFWRV YDULDEOHV VREUH OD HPLVLyQ DYHUVLYLGDG GH OD GH VHxDO DPHQD]DQWH OD FRQGXFWD QR HV IDFWRU HO /D PiV LPSRUWDQWH VLQR HOTXH VX HOLPLQDFLyQ SUHGLJD 3RUWDQWR OD VHJXULGDG XWLOL]D FLyQFRQGXFWD GH OD GHIHQVLYD LQFUHPHQWDGD SXHGH VHU SRUFXDOTXLHU TXH HVWD FRQ DFRQ GXFWD SURGX]FD \TXH SUHVDJLH VHJXULGDG SURWHFWRUHV VH UHDOL]DQ 0XFKRV GHIRUPD UXWLQDULD DFWRV VLQ DFWLYDFLyQ GHO PLHGR SRUTXH LQGLFDQ VHJXULGDG (V UDUR TXH ODYLGD HQ ORV GLDULD GHIHQVLYRV DFWRV IRUPD HYLWHQ LQIDOLEOH UHFXUUHQFLD GH OD GH DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV /R TXH VXFHGH DYHUVLYRV HV TXH SUHVDJLDQ DOJXQRV PHQRV SUREDELOLGDG DFWRV GH UHVXOWDGRV QHJDWLYRV TXH RWURV GHVDJUDGDEOH VL QRELHQ SXHGH HYLWDUVH SRU GH YH] HQ QLQJ~QPHGLR (Q HVWDV RFDVtRQHV,R TXH EXVFD VH QRODDXVHQFLD HV GH DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV DY āVLQR EDMDSUREDELOLGDG OD GH RFXUUHQFLD GH ORV/D PLVPRV FRQGXFWDGHIHQVLYD SXHGH DGTXLULUVH \ PDQWHQHUVH SRU VX p[LWR UHODWLYR IUHFXHQFLD GH HQ H[SHULHQFLDV UHGXFLU DYHUVLYDV OD LQFOXVR DXVHQFLDDPHQD]DQWHV GH VHxDOHV TXH DFWLYHQ SURSRUFLRQHQ HOPLHGR IXHQWH \ XQD GH UHIRU]DPL QHJDWLYR +HUUQVWHLQ Mecanismos cognitivo-sociales. (Q ORV DQiOLVLV WHRUtD GHO GH DSUHQGL]DMH OD VRFLDO ULHQFLDV FUHDQ FRUUHODWLYDV H[SHFWDWLYDV TXHUHJXODQ ODDFFLyQ HVWDGR GH LPSXOVR QR XQ TXH HPS MD DOD DFFLyQ /DDFWLYDFLyQ GHO PLHGR FRQGXFWD \OD GHIHQVLYD QR HVWiQ UHODFLRQDGRV FDXVDOPHQWH VLQR TXH HQ SDUWH JUDQ FRHIHFWRV VRQ /DV H[SHULHQFLDV \D VHDQ āGH WLSR SHUVRQDO R YLFD DYHUVLYDV ULRSXHGHQ XQDFUHHQFLD LQGXFLU GHLQHILFDFLD SHUVRQDO SDUDFRQWURODU ORV UHVXOWDGRV GRORUR JHQHUD WDQWR OD DFWLYDFLyQ GHO PLHGR FRUQR la FRQGXFWD GHIHQVLYD 3RUHMHPSOR HO VHU PRUGLGR GH IRUPD JUDYH SHUURSXHGH SRU LQGXFLU XQ ODFUHHQFLD ODSURSLDLQHILFDFLD HQ ODSHOLJUR SDUD VLGDG GH HVWRV DQLPDOHV TXH VLPXOWiQHDPHQWHSXHGH KDFLD ORV PtVPRV TXH QR +DVWD VH GHVDUUROOHQ KDELOLGDGHV GH DIURQWDPLHQWR VH āSURGXFLUiXQD JUDQ HILFDF LDFWLYDFLyQ PDQLREUDV \GLYHUVDV GHIHQVLYDV 7DQ SURQWR ODV FRPR SHUVRQDV FRQVLJXHQ HOPHGLR GH &RQRFLPLHQWRSUHGLFWLYR \ SUHYLVLyQ HYLWDUORVUHVXOWDGRV DQVLyJHQRV HQ GHVDSDUHFH TXHVLHPSUH U TXH VXUMD OD QHFHVLGDG DSOLTXH ORV UHFXUVRV y %HUVK 8QD YH]TXH\DVH KDYXHOWRH[SHUWR HQODFRQGXFWDDXWRSURWHFW FLRQHVSRWHQFLDOPHQWH VLQHVSHUDU D VHQWLUVH DPHQD]DQWHV DWHPRUL]DGR 6L OHVIUDFDVDQ UHH[SHULPHQWDUi ODUHDFWLYDFL yQ GHOPLHGRKDVWDTXHF XQDXPHQWRHQ OODUQXHYDVKDELOLGDGHV VXVHQVDFLyQGHYXOQHUDE GHDIURQWDPLHQWR TXHU ODQDWXUDOH]D GHODUHODFLyQHQWUHODDFWLYDFLyQHPRFLR y ODFRQGXFWDGHHYLWDFLy FLyQGHODH[DFWLWXG DIURQWDPLHQWR FRQ TXHODHILFDFLDā ODV KDELOLGDGHV SHUFLELGD \ GHD GH PLHQWR VH DMXVWHQ DORV UHTXHULPLHQWRV GHOD /D YDORUDFLyQ GHODVFDSDFLGDGHV SHUVRQDOHV\ ni UDFLRQDO 'H KHFKRVRQIDV FUHHQFLDVHUUyQHD PLHQWRYLVFHUDO\SURPXHYHQ En SRVWHULRUHV FDStWXORV ODFRQGXFWDDQyPDOD VHUHYLVDUiGHX PDPiVGHWDOODGD FyPRODVDXWRSHUFHSFLRQHVGH āHILFDFLDDIURQWDWLYD \ ODV H[SHFWDWLYDV GHā UHVXOWD GRVUHJXODQ OD DFWLYDFLyQ GHO PLHGR\ODFRQG /DV DPHQD]DV DGTXLULGDV DFWLYDQODFRQGXFWD VX FDUiFWHUSUHGLFW y QRD VXVFXDOLGDGHV DYHUVLYDV7DOHV DPHQD]DVVHxDO VXOWDGRVGHVDJUDGDEOHV DQRVHUTXHVHWRPHQP VHPDQWLHQHSRUVXp[LWRHQODHYLWDFLyQRHQO YRV 3DUD LOXVWUDU FyPRHOSHQVDPLHQWR DQWLFLSDWRULR VLQTXH pVWDWHQJDTXHVHULPSXOVDGDSRUODDFWLYDFLyQ HMHFXFLyQGHXQDFWRSURWHFWRU HQFXDOTXLHUPR /DSHUVRQDUHDOL]DU TXHWHQJDTXH HVWHDFWRORKDUi HQ HOPRPHQWRTXHOH SDUH]FD PiVRSRUWXQR āYH]GH HVSHUDU DāVHQWLUXQDDJLWDFLyQHQHOIXQFLRQ SDUD DF WXDURHVSHUDUDSHUFLELUXQ GHVFHQVR HQVXDFWLYDFLyQSDUDKDFHUORH 3DUD FLWDUXQHMH SOR KDELWXDO HQHVWHSURFHVR VDEHPRVTXHORV PRULUHOHFWURFXWDGRV VLQRGHVFRQHFWDQ GHO FLUFXLWRDQWHVGHKDFHU HOLQWH FLyQ HQ HO PLVPR UHDOL]DQ HVWH DFWR DXWRSURWHFW āDXWRQyPLFDOHVHPSXMHDDFWXDU 5HDOPHQWHVL WDFLRQHV GHVXVYtVFHUDV SDUD GHVDUUROODU DFFLRQHVDXWRSURWHFWRU OHV VX VXSHUYLYHQFLD HVWDUtD VHULDPHQWH DPHQ ā 8QD YH]HVWDEOHFLGDODFRQGXFWDGHIHQVLYDUHVX SDUHFLGR ORVSHOLJURVGHELGR DTXHODHYLWDFL DTXHOORTXHSHUFLEH FRPRSHOLJURVRFDUHFHHQU FLyQGHXQDFWRGHIHQVLYRQRDSDUHFHODDGYHUV XQDFRQVHFXHQFLD ODHILFDFLD FRQILUPDWRULDGH GHODFWRQRFRPR OD IDOWDGHRFXUUHQFLD āYHUVLGDG/DQRRFXUUHQFLDGHODVDGYHUVLGDGHV āGDOO &UDQGDOO 3RUWDQWR-DQR *RRG PDWHULDOL]DFLyQ \ &UDQGDOO OD GHVJUDFLD GH DQWLFLSDGDVHFRQYLHUWHHQHYLGHQFLDFRQILUPDW GH IHQVLYDV SDUD HYLWDUOD VLUYHQ (VWH SURFHVRUHIOHMDGR GHFRQILUPDFLy HQHOFDVR DSyFULIRGHXQVXMHWRFRPSXOVLYRTXLHQ DO SUHJXQWDUOH HOWHUDSHXWD SRU GHIRUPDULWXDOL]DGDFRQWHVWyTXHHVRPDQWHQtD WH QR KDEtD QLQJ~QOHyQ FHUFD IXQFLRQDª TXH DOHMDUHO /DVFUHHQFLDV FRQSRFDEDVH UHDOKDELWXDOPHQ GLDQWHLQIRUPDFLyQSUHFLVDGHODVFRQWLQJHQFLD OLGDGQRFDUHFHQGHOWRGRGHIXQGDPHQWR/DVV y SXHGHQ DSDUHFHU FLUFXQVWDQFLDV TXHGHVERUGDQODVFDSD VDUGHOPHMRUGHORVHVIXHU]RVDOJXQRVDQLPDO D YHFHVPXHUGHQORVDXWRP HQWDQWR y ODDVHUWLYLGDGDOJXQDVYHFHVUHVXOWDFDVWL &XDQGRODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV SURGXFHQ GHIRUPDLUUHJXODUHLPSUHGHFLEOHYQR FUHHQFLDVVREUHO SUR SLDVFDSDFLGDGHV GHDIURQWDPLHQWR\VREUHORV DOEHUJD GX GDVVREUHVtPLVPRQRFUHHGHOWRGRORTXHVHO WiQGRVH GH DFXHUGR FUHHQFLDVVLQDUULHVJDUVH FRQVXV DFRQVHFXHQFLDV SHUMXGLF EOHVTXHpVWDV 3DUD TXHHVWRVLQGLYLGXRVUHQXQFLHQ VHDQ D VXVāFUHHQFLDVHUUyQHD H L 3HQVDPLHQWR DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV \ VRFLDOHV SRGHURVDVH[SHULHQFLDVGHVFRQILUPDGRUDV Vt VROR QR SURSRUFLRQD TXHHODF /DVH[SHULHQFLDVGHGRPLQLRIDFLOLWDGDVSRUHOPR GHPRVWUDFLyQGHODUHDOLGDG %DQGXUD (VWHDERUGDMH WHUDSpX E5RVH WLFR SURSRUFLRQDSUXHEDV GHVFRQILUPDGRUDV āODLQWHUUXSFLyQ GHOD FRQGXFWD TXHGHPXHV GH IHQVLYDQRFRPSRUWD FRQVHFXHQFLDV SHUMXGLFLDOHV WURODU SHUVRQDOPHQWH DPHQD]DV āSRWHQFLDOHV ODV Concepción tripartita del miedo. /DQJ (I SURSXVRXQ HQIRTXHVREUH GHUD DpVWHFRPRXQDUHVSXHVWD FRQ XQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ WULSDUWLWD YHUEDO 6X ILV SRQH āTXHHVWRV āWUHVPRGRV GHH[SUHVLyQ VHKDOODQ VyORGpE WDQWRGLVWLQWRVSDWURQHV GHLQWHUFRUUHODFLyQ 6H PLHGRODVUHVSXHVWDVYLVFHUDOHV DFRPSDxDQWHV \O VHULQGHSHQGLHQWHVHQWUH 6Ë (VWRV KDOOD]JRV āOOHYDURQD DFRQVLGHUDU (ULNVHQ VLVWHPDVYHUEDOHVILVLROyJLFRV\PRWRUHVDFW~DQ REVHUYDUTXHLQFOXVRORVSURSLRVFRPSRQHQWHV \ FRPSOHMDPHQWH LQWHUDFWLY VRQ YHFHVORVtQGLFHVILVLROyJLFRVWLHQHQSRFDUHODF Vt /DFH\ ([LVWH PX FLGDG D ODVDFFLRQHV\FXDQGRDSDUHFHQ DJUXSDGDV HQ FLRQHVWDPELpQ GLVWLQWDV HQ ODFRQGXFWD :DKOHU YLGDG GHQWUR GH FDGD XQR GH ORV WUHV VLVWHPDV H WULSDUWLWRREWHQLGRFRQXQGHWHUPLQDGR FRQMXQWRG GHUDEOHPHQWH āVLVHHOLJHQRWURV ā D PLVPD PRGDOLGDG tQGLFHV GH 'LYHUVDVIXHULWHVSXHGHQ FRPSRUWDU GLVFRUGDQFLD ILHUHQHQWUH Vt HQFXDQWRDVXVXVFHSWLELOLGDG DODVLQIOXH PD\RUIUHFXHQFLDSDODEUDV DXGDFHV TXHDFWRV DXGD WHUPLQDGD UHVXOWHVXILFLHQWHSDUDPRGLILFDUODVP FLHQWHSDUDFDPELDU VXVDFWRV /DVGLVWLQWDV PRG LQIOXHQFLDVH[WUDxDV FRPRDDTXHOODV VHOHFFLRQDG BGHQ āFRQVHJXLU DFHOHUDU ODIUHFXHQFLD FDUGtDFD SHU YLGXR /DHOHYDGDVHQVLELOLGDG DORVIDFWRUHVH[WUDxR SVLFROyJLFDVSRVHHQ EDMD ILDELOLGDG $UHQD %OD HVWDUSHQGLHQWHGHODHYDOXDFLyQ TXHGHpOVHKDJ DXPHQWDQGR VXV āUHVSXHVWDV DXWyQRPDV :HLQEHUJHU 6FKZDUW] GLIHUHQFLDVHQ ODV XQLGDGHV GHPHGLGD\HQODH[DFWLWXG GHO GLVSDULGDG HQWUH ODV PRGDOLGDGHV (OFRQFHSWRGHPXO WL VLVWHPDHVEiVLFDPHQWH XQFRQFHSWRVREU WHRUtDVREUHVXV FDXVDV PHFDQLVPRV HIHFWRV'H KHFKR R HOFRQVLGHUDU FRPRFR FtDOHVGHO PLHGRHODIHFWR ODVDFFLRQHV\ODVFRJQLFLRQ WLYRV GH VXVRUtJHQHV\IXQFLRQHV 3RUHMHPSORVLVH FLyQODFXHVWLyQ WHyULFD GHVLpVWHHVHOTXHPRWLYDODFRQGXFWD JXQWD āVLQVHQWLGRGHVLODFRQGXFWD GHHYLWDFLyQ VH PRVDOPLHGRFRPRXQDVHULHGHSHQVDPLHQWRV WHPH GHTXHORVSHQVDPLHQWRV JHQHUDQPLHGRSXHVWR TX /RVFDPELRVGHDFWLWXGSUHVHQWDQ SUREOHPDV UHFRQR FRQF FHQ FRPSRQHQWHV FRJQLWLYRV DIHFWLYRV \ FRQGXFWX SUHJXQWDUVLDTXpOODVLQIOX\HQHQpVWDHVORPLVP $XQTXHODVGHILQLFLRQHVKDELWXDOHV GHDFWLWXG SU WHyULFRV\ODVSUXHEDVHPStULFDV GHPXHVWUDQ TXH HOORUHVXOWDLPSRUWDQWH GHWHUPLQDU GHTXpIRUPD UUHFRQHOPLHGR$ GH GHILQLUORHVSRVLEOH ODKRUD TXHVHOHDWUL SHURDOWHRUL]DUVREUHpO\WRPDUPHGLGDVSDUDYH VH OH FRQVLGHUDXQDHPRFLyQ YLHQHLQGLFDGDSRUXQD DXWyQRPD RSRUVHQWLPLHQWRV DFWLYDFLyQ ODV WHRUtDV GHDJLWDFLy VREUH OD PHGLDFLyQ GHO PLHGR HQ OD DFFLyQ DXWRS FXHQFLD GHORV SHQVDPLHQWRV VHYXHOYHQ FRPSUREDE H &RQRFLPLHQWR SUHYLVLyQ SUHGLFWLYR \ /D FDSDFLGDG ELROyJLFD GH H[SUHVLyQ XQD P LQGHSHQGLHQWH LVPD PRGDOLGDGGHQW \H PRGDOLGDGHV GLVWLQWDV YDORUDGDSWDWLYR FRQVLGHUDEOH WLHQH XQ 6LODVPRGDOLGDG PHQWH XQLGDV SHQVDPLHQWR WRGR GH WHPRU SURYRFDUtD QRUPDOPHQWH FRQGXFWD TXH ORVSHQVDPLHQWRV GHQDUUDUtDQ LUD HODWDTXH QDGD GH ItVLFR ORFXDO UHVXOWDUtD YHQWDMRVR SDUD LQGLYLGXR PD\RUtD HQOD GH FLUFXQVWDQFLDV 6LODDFWLYDFLyQ FRQGXFWD VH YLVFHUDO KDOODUDQ HVWUH \OD FKDPHQWH XQLGDV RULJLQDUtDGH ODDFWLYDFLyQ IRUPD FRQVWDQWH FRQGXFWD LQPRYLOLGDG GHHYLWDFLyQ R OR FXDO OLPLWDUtD GHVDUUROODGDV ODV SRU DFWLYLGDGHV ODV3UHFLVDPHQWH SHUVRQDV SRUTXH ā pVWDV VRQ FDSDFHV HQIUHQWDUVH GH D ODVVLWXDFLRQHV \ DIURQWDUODV HVWUHVDQWHV SHVDU GH ODD DFWLYDFLyQ OyJLFD SHUWXUEDGRUD SXHGHQ YHQFHU HO PLHGR y. DFWXDU GH IRUPDāD DGHFXDGD XQ HQ SUHVHQFLD DPHQD]DV UHDOHV XQD UHODFLyQ 6L SUHHVWDEOHFLGD GHELGR ODV D DFFLRQHV GHVHQFDGHQDUDQ GHIRULQD FRQVWDQWH SHQVDPLHQWRV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV DODV PLVPDV WHQGUtDHVFDVDVSRVtE HOLQGLYLGXR GH SHQVDU HQ DOJR GLVWLQWR DVXDFWLYLGDG /D OLEHUWDG GHOHVWDEOHFHU PRPHQWR GH GLVWLQWRV SDWURQ GHSHQVDPLHQWR DIHFWR GHVDUUROODU \DFFLRQHV GHSHQGHQFLDV SHUPLWH \GHVKDFHU IXQFLRQDLHV ā RWUD SHUMXGLFLDOHV PLHQWUDV TXH XQD DVRFLDFLyQ ILMD UHVXOWDUtD QR OD PD\RUtD DGDSWDWLYD GH YHFHV SRU Teoría bifactorial. 'H DFXHUGR FRQ ODWHRUtDELIDFWRULDO SURSXHVWD 6FKDFKWHU GH HPRFLRQHV FRPSDUWHQ XQ GLVWLQWDV HVWDGR ILVLROyJLFR /D IRUPD VHPHMDQWH HO HQ LQGL TXH YVOXR H[SHULPHQWD UHVSXHVWDV YLVFHUDOHV ODV LQGLIHUHQFLDGDV GHSHQGH VDV &XDQGR pVWH DFWLYDFLyQ H[SHULPHQWD VLQ HQFRQWUDU H[SOLFDFLyQ XQD DGHFXDGD HOOR SDUD VX YDORUDFLyQ FRJQLWLYD IDFWRUHV GH ORV VLWXDFLyQ GHOD GHWHUPLQDUi HOWLSR GH VLpQWH HPRFLyQ /D TXH DFWLYDFLyQ ILVLROyJLFD VH LQWHUSUHWDUi FRPR HQIDGR HQ ORV \ FRPR FRQWH[WRV HXIRULD iri ORV KRVWL DOHJUHV 6LQ HPEDUJR H[LVWHQ DXWRHWLTXHWDGR FRQGLFLRQHV āFRJQKL?Ly āXQ OLPLWDQ GH PLVPR HVWDGR GH DFWLYDFLyQ KD GH$Vt VHU 'H DPELJXD OD ORFRQWUDULR IXHQWH GH DFW VL LQVWLJDGRUHV H[WHUQRV VRQHYLGHQWHV VXVFHSWLEOHVGHV ORVHVWDGRV UH G HWLTXHWDGRV DUELWUDULDPHQWH SRU ODVLQIOXHQFLDV VRFLDOHV 3RU HMHPSOR TXH VXJLH QRSXHGH KDFHUVHFUHHU IiFLOPHQWH XQDSHUVRQD TXH D VHVLHQWH DJLWDGDDQWH YLVFHUDOPHQWH ODLPDJHQ GHXQSHUUR IXULRVR$GHPiV TXHORVIDFWRUHV ORTXH VLHQWH VRFLDOHV VREUHOD HVHXIRULD TXH YDORUDFLyQ FRJQLWLYD KDQ GHSURGXFLUVH DFWLYDFLyQ GHOR DQWHV FRQWUDULR GHODXPHQWR DFWLYD FLyQ VH DWULEXLUi FRVD TXH KD\D DFXDOTXLHU VH SURGXFLGR āLQPHGLDWDPHQWH DQWHV 'DGD ODWHQGHQFLD GHO LQGLYLGXR LQWHUSUHWDU ORV DDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV WDUGDUi PXFKR SUREDEOHPHQWH EXVFDU HQ WLULD QR H[SOLFDFLyQ D OD DFWLYDFLyQ 'HVGH SHUVSHFWLYD HVWD TXH BOD āDQVLHGDG H[SHULPHQWD FRQVWLWX\H XQ HIHFWR FRQMXQWR GH GRV IDFWRUHV DXWRHWLTXHWDGR GLVWLQWRV FRJQLWLYR āGHO OD DFW HVWDGR LQWHUQR FRPR DQVLHGDG ā ā āā āā āāā āāā āā ā /DPD\RUtD GH WHRUtDV HPRFL yQGH DVLJQDQ OD SDSHOGHVWDFDGR XQD OD YDORUDF tyQFRJQLWLYD OD KRUD GH GHWHUPLQDU FyPR H[SHULPHQWDQ VH IHQRPHQROyJLFDPHQWH UHVSXHVWDV YLVFHUDOHV ODV 6tQHP EDUJR H[LVWH FRQWURYHUVLD VREUH FLHUWD WHRUtD OD TXH LPSOLFD XQD XQ HWLTXHWDGR DWULEXFLyQ HUUyQHR ā R āGH DFWLYDFLyQ OD /D FXHVWLyQ GHEDWH TXH HV āVLHO VH LQGLYLGXR HVWi DFWLYDGR ILVLROyJLFDPHQWH TXH SHUR TXH GLVSRQH HUUyQHD GHVREUH XQDFDXVDV LQIRUPDFLyQ ODV GH VX DFWLYDFLyQ SXHGH WDUOD FRPR HPRFLRQHV HQFRQWUDUVH GLVWLQWDV HQ FRQWH[WRV HPRFLRQDOHV DO GLVWLQWRV WDPELpQ SR HMHPSOR GH WLSR DWHPRUL]DQWH KRVWLO FyPLFR \ =LPEDUGR 0DUVKDOO 0DVODFK 6FKDFKWHU \ 6LQJHU GDWRV HPStULFRV /RV VXJLHUHQTXH ODDFWLYDFLyQ H[SOLFDGD VXHOH QR H[SH ULPHQWDUVH FRPR XQ VHQWLPLHQWR VLHQWHQ QHJDWLYR IHOLFHV DQWH ODLQ /D PD\RU FHUWLGXPEUH \FRPR 0DVODFK VXJLHUH pVWD VLJQLILFD FRQWURO SHUVRQDO XQD IDOWD TXHSXG GH UHVXOWDU DOWDPHQWH GHVFRQFHUWDQWH 3RU WDQWR ODDFWLYDFLyQ SRU HOVXMHWR QRH[SOLFDG QRVH WD IiFLOPHQWH HWLTXHWDGD D VHU FRPR HUUyQHDPHQWH VHQWLPLHQWR SRVLWLYR <D LQWHQWRV OD GHUHGXFLU DQVLHGDG FRQGXFWD \OD IyELFD SRU PHGLR HUUyQHD GHXQD GHODDFWL DWULEXF YDFLyQ SURGXFLGD SRU ODV DPHQD]DV D IXHQWHV WDPSRFR QHXWUDV āKD WHQLGR GHPDVLDGR p[L $ YHFHV āODV SHUVRQDV WLHQHQ āH[SHULHQFLDV HPRFLRQDOHV VXFHVLYDV y SUy[LPDV FRQ OR TXH O DFWLYDFLyQ UHVLGXDO GH XQD VH IXQGH FRQ HO OD LQGLYLGXR VLJXLHQWH KD VLGR 6L DFWLYD PHQWH XQD SRU H[SHULHQFLD GHWHUPLQDGD UHVSRQGHU GHIRUPD PiV LQWHQVD WLHQGH DORV PLHYRV D LQVWL JDGRUHV FRPRVL HODIHFWR UHVLGXDO VHFRPELQDUD \ UHLQWHUSUHWDUD GHDFXHUGR FRQ ODQXHYD H[SHULH FLD =LOOPDQ 3RU HMHPSOR XQD H[FLWDFLyQ VH[XDO DXPHQWDU ODDJUHVLyQ SUHYLD HQXQD SXHGH SRVWHULRU DFWLYDFLyQ HPRFLRQDO GHLUD HBL PXFKRV 6LQHPEDUJR OD a o 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV FDVRV HO LQFUHPHQWR la QXHYDUHVSXHVWD HQ HPRFLRQDO SXHGHGHEHUV WLYDFLyQ LQLFLDO 5HLVHQ]HLQ FRJQLWLYD 0DODPXWK R D OD \ GHV ' \ QR DOD DWULEXFLyQ DFWLYDFLyQ WUDQVIHULGD HUUyQHD /D SRVLEOH GH DFWXDFLyQ OD GH PHFD QLVPRVDOWHUQDWLYRV VHxDODODQHFHVLGDG GHPHGLU VXPD \VHUHHWLTXHWD y GHQRDFHSWDU VLPSOHPHQWH HUUyQHD DSDUWLU TXHVHSURGX GHORV REVHUYDGRV FDPELRV HQ OD FRQGXFWD (QXQDUHYLVLyQGHODWHRUtDELIDFWRULDO 6FKDFKWHU 6KDYHU\.OLQQHUW F XHVWLRQDQ HO SDSHO FHQWUDO GHODYDORUDFLyQ FRJQLWLYDHQODWHRUtD QLxRV SHTXHxRV H[SUHVDQ VXV HPRFLRQHV GH XQDIRUPD UHFRQRFLEOH VLQ UHD ā (VWRV DXWRUHVDILUPDQTXHXQD WHRUtD JOREDOGHODHPRFLyQKDGHHPSH]DU PHQWRVTXHORVDQLPDOHVWLHQHQHQFRP~QFRQHOKR VH TXHORTXHSXHGDKDEHU HQFRP~QUHSUHVHQWD ~QLFD ,RV DQLPDOHV FRPRORVQLxRVSHTXHxRV UHVSXHVWDV DIHFWLYDV UXGLPHQWDULDV PLHQWUDV PDQLILHVWDQ TXHODVHPRFLRQHV GHOKRPEUHVHYDQKDFLHQGR FDGD YH]PiVGLIHUHQFLDGDV \PHQ GHORVHVWtPXORVH[WHUQRVLQPHGLDWRV3RUHMHPSOR WDUODVYtVFHUDVGHOLQGLYLGXRLQFOXVRHQHQWRUQR GHODV SRVLEOHV FDODPLGDGHV (VSRVLEOHTXHODVGLIHUHQFLD FDGR āVRFLDOTXHVXVFRLQFLGHQFLDV3RUHMHPSORVL WDQ āHQYLGLDSRUHOp[LWRGHORVGHPiV \ORVLQYHVW ā WRGDVODVHVSHFLHVGHMDUtDQGH FRPSUHQGHU ORVVH TXH ORV DQLPDOHVGLVSRQJDQGHXQVLVWHPDGHFRPXQLFDF VDULDPHQWH SULRULGDG DORVWLSRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ ā XQDWHRUtD VREUHHOOHQJXDMHJHQHUDWLYR TXHFRQ PDQDWHQGUtDTXHDGDSWDUVH D XQDWHRULD TXHH[SOLFDUD ODFRPXQLFD SRU JHVWRV 'HVGHODSHUVSHFWLYD FRJQLWLYDVRFLDOGHODSUHQ TXH GHILHQGHXQPRGHORL WLYR ORVSHQVDPLHQWRV ORVVHQWLPLHQWRV \ORVDFWR DFWXDQWHV QR FRPR FRPSRQHQWHV GpELOPHQWH UHODF %DQGXUD OD D (O SHQVDPLHQWR MXHJD XQSDSHOPiVDPSOL āTXHHOGHLQWHUSUHWDU VLPSOHPHQWHODVUHVSXHVW (Q ODYLGDGLDULDODSUR ILVLROyJLFDPXFKDV YHFHVHVWi JHQHUDGD FRJQLWLYDPHQWH SRU VHULHV %HFN ā 6FKZDUW] ā 3RU WDQWR SHQVDPLHQWR HO JHQHUDDFWLYDFLyQ ILVLROyJLFD DGHPiV āGH SURSRUFLRQDU HWLTXHWDV āDIHFWLYDVGHODPLVPD ODV $ VXYH]ODDFWLYDFLyQ LQIO PLHQWR(QXQFDStWXORSRVWHULRUGLVFXWLUHPRVFRQ WRDXWRUUHIHUHQWH $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ HQODDQVLHGDG VHFRQVLGHUDQ al ODVLQY SDSHO GH ODV IXQFLRQHV HO DSUHQGL]DMH FRJQLWLYDVDIHFWLYR HQ )XQFLRQHV HQ FRJQLWLYDV HWDSUHQGL]DMH DIHFWLYR (O DSUHQGL]DMH DIHFWLYRPHGLDQWH H[SHULHQFLDV FLRQDO FRPR XQ SURFHVR GH FRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR HQ FRQHFWDGRV GLUHFWD \ DXWRPiWLFDPHQWH FRQ UHVSXH LQLFLDO3RUWDQWR VLXQQLxRUHVXOWD PRUGLGR F PHUDLPDJHQGHFXDOTXLHUSHUURSURYRFDUi +D\ TXHREVHUYDU HQpOP TXHFRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR HVVLPSOHPHQWHXQWpUPLQRG FRQVHFXHQFLD GHODDVRFLDFLyQ GHGRVH[SHULHQFLD ā,QLFLDOPHQWH VHFRQVLGHUDED TXHHOFRQGLFLRQDPL FRLQFLGHQFLDWHPSRUDOGH GRV HVWtPXORV $QiOLVLV PiV PLQXFLRVRV UHDOL]D UHYHODGR TXH HIHFWLYDPHQWH HQHOFRQGLFLRQDPLH 6LODVSHUVRQDV OD VLPXOWDQHLGDG QRVHGDQFXHQWDGH GHORVDFRQWHFLPLH āVH SURGXFH D SDUWLU GHUHSHWLGDV H[SHULHQFLDV āDVRFLDGDV HVHVFDVRRQXOR 'DZVRQ 'D \ )XUHG\ /DFRQFLHQFLDGHWHUPLQD DSUHQGL]DMH GHDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV HO SUHGLF āFRQFRPLWDQWH R WDO DSUHQGL]DMH HO UHVXOWDGR (VWR VH GH HGHPXHVWUD Q ORV HVWXGLRV VR &RQRFLPLHQWR y SUHYLVLyQ SUHGLHWLYR LQIOXHQFLD GHODFRQFLHQFLD LQGXFLGDSRULQVWUXFFLyQ SUHYLD GHORV VXMHWRV HQO SXHVWDV ILVLROyJLFDV DQWLFLSDWRULDV XQ DFRQWHFLPLHQWR DQWH XQD GRORURV VHxD WHUMHH \ (ULNVHQ (Q HVWRV HVWXGLRV D ORV R ELHQ VXMHWRV VH LQIRUPD GH TXH XQD WHUPLQDGD LUi VHJXLGD XQ DFRQWHFLPLHQWR SRU RVH GHMD GRORURVR TXH SLHQVHQ TXH OD HVWH DFRQWHFLPLHQWR QRJXDUGD OD VHxDO QLQJXQD /DV UHODFLyQ SHUVRQDV LP F DSUHQGHQ UiSLGDPHQWH UHVSXHVWDV ILVLROyJLFDV DQWLFLSDWRULDV ODV ODVHxDO SUHGLFWLYD D P ODVQRFRQVFLHQWHV PXHVWUDQ VLJQRV DSUHQGL]DMH QR GH D SHVDUGH TXH DPERV HVWpQ JUXSRV VRPHWLGRV UHSHWtGDPHQWH D OD āPLVPD ā HVWLPXODFLyQ /RVDVRFLDGD HVWXGLRV ORV TXH VH HQXWLOL]DQ que WDU HQPDVFDUDQ ODV UHODFLRQHV HQWUH DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV WDPELpQ āFRUURERUDQ ODRSLQLyQ GHTXHOD FLD HV XQ IDFWRU SDUD HO DSUHQGL]DMH FUXFLDO /DV H[SOLFDFLRQHV DIHFWLYR ā TXH SURSRUFLRQDQ LQ IRUPDFLyQ IDOVD ODWDUHDKDFHQ VREUH TXH ODILQDOLGDG VHGLULMD OD DWHQFLyQ KDFLD VHxDOHV GH UHSHWLW YDV SHUR LPSLGHQ HOUHFRQRFLPLHQWR XQD GH HOODV SUHGLFH DSDULFLyQ OD GHGHDFRQWHF TXH GRORURVRV (O DSUHQGL]DMH SURGXFHGH DIHFWLYR XQD PDQHUD ILDEOH VH FXDQGR LQGXFHFRQFLHQFL VH PLHQWUDV TXHORVLQGLYLGXRV QXQFD TXp QRVHxDO FRQVFLHQWHV HVODTXHSUH QRDSUH WHFLPLHQWRV SHVDU GRORURVRV GH H[SHULHQFLDV D DVRFLDFLyQ UHSHWLGDV \%LIHUQR 'DZVRQ GH 'DZVRQ \ 5HDUGRQ /RV HVWXGLRV WLHQHQ FRPR TXH ILQDOLGDG WHQGHQFLD HOLPLQDU H[LVWHQWH HPRFLRQDO XQD LQGXFL GR FRQFLHQFLD DSRUWDQ HQPiV HO LQGLYLGXR GDWRV VREUH OD UHJXODFLyQ FR DIHFWLYDV DQWLFLSDWRULDV (Q HVWRV HVWXGLRV FRPSDUDQ ODV UHVSXHVWDV VHHPRFLRQDOHV GHVXMHW TXH VHOHV GLFH TXH ODV VHxDOHV VHU LQIRUPDWLYDV SUHGLFWLYDV D TXH ,RV UHVXOWD GHELGR KDQ G GRV GRORURVRV \D QR DVRFLDGRV H[LVWHQ ODV āUHDFFLRQHV FRQ HPRFLRQDOHV D ORV QRVH TXH GH DTX OHV GLFH GHVDSDUHFLGR TXH KD DPHQD]D /D FRQFLHQFLD OD LQGXFLGD HOLPLQD UiSLGDPHQWH OD DFWLYD FLyQ GHO PLHGR \ OD FRQGXFWD ORV VXMHWRV GHLQIRUPDGRV HYLWDFLyQ HQ PLHQWUDV GRV YDQ SHUGLHQGR HO PLHGR OD VyOR JUDGXDOPHQWH %D Funciones de la autoactivación ā'DGR TXH ODV UHVSXHVWDV DIHFWLYDV SXHGHQ MXHJD XQ LQGXFLUVH SDSHO FUXFLDO HQ OD H[SHULHQFLD ILVLROyJLFD \ IHQ OOHJDU QiXVHDV DVHQWLU LPDJLQDQGR H[SHULHQFLDV UHSXJQDQWHV DV FDQGR IDQWDVtDVDVXVWDGR HUyWLFDV SRU SHQVDPLHQWRV DVHQWLUVH DWHPRUL]DQWHV \ DSRQHUVH GH P KXPRU SHQVDU SRU HQLQVXOWRV WUDWDPLHQWRV RHQ VRFLDOHV (Q ORV LQMXVWRV DQiOLVLV VLVWHPiWLFRV GH HPRFLRQHV JHQHUDGDV FRJQLWLYDPHQWH VHKDFH TXH O FDUJD HPRFLRQDO XQDVHFXHQFLD TXH VHJ~Q HOLMHQ PLHQWUDV HOORV TXH PLVPRV GHIRUPD FRQWLQXDVH PLGHQ UHVSXHVWDV VXV YLVFHUDOHV /D DFWLYDFLyQ DXPHQWD YLVFHUDO DQWH SHQVDPLHQWRV ORV HPRFLRQD OHV DXWRLQGXFLGRV QRUPDOLGDG \ FRQ YXHOYH ORV SHQVDPLHQWRV D QHXWURV OD RUHODMDQWHV 0D\ \ -RKQVRQ 6FKZDUW] (O LQFRPSDUDEOH FX\DGLODWDGDFDUUHU 6DWFKHO 3DLJH HQHOEpLV ERO OHGLRPXFKDV RSRUWXQLGDGHV ODDXWRDFWLYDFLyQ GH OD DQVLHGDG GHH[SHULPHQWDU XQD GHVFULELy IRUPD PX\ JUiILFD WHQHU HOSRGHU ORVSURSLRV TXH SXHGHQ SHQVDPLHQWRV VREUH ODV YtVFHUDV HQ XQD RFDVLyQ GLFLHQGR ©VL HO SUREOHPDVGHVFDQVD HVWyPDJR y VRVLpJDOR WH GD FRQ SHQVDPLHQWRV WUDQTXLOL]DQWHVª /RV SHQVDPLHQWRV VREUHSXHGHQUHVXOWDUWDQ DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV DFWLYDGRUHV HVWUHVDQW FRPR SURSLRV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV 3HQVDUVREUH ODHVWLPXODFLyQ UHDOHV GRORURVD SURGX YR y XQDV UHVSXHVWDV ILVLROyJLFDV VLPLODUHV DODVLQGXFLGDV GRORURVD UHDO %DUEHU SR \ +DKQ Lo PLVPR RFXUUH UHVSXHVWDV FRQ GHHVWUpV ODV GHVDUUROODGDV DQWH DFRQWHFLPLHQ TXH HOLQGLYLGXR KD DSUHQGLGR DWHPHU $Vt ORV V VXV SHQVDPLHQWRV VREUH HO REMHWR SRU OD H[SRVLFLyQUHDOD WHPLGR ORV FRPR PLVPRV 0D\ 3RUWDQWR-RV SHQVDPLHQWRV IyELFRV GLVSDUDUVH \GLItFLOHV IiFLOHV HOtPLQDUYSXHGHQ GH GH SHUMXGL FDU GH IRUPD LPSRUWDQWH al VLVWHPD YLVFHUDO (Q DQiOLVLV HO WHRUtD FRJQLWLYD GH OD VRFLDO UHVSXHVWDV FRQGLFLRQDGDV ODV OODPDGDV FRQVLGH VH UDQ DXWRDFWLYDGDV HQPD\RU VXSDUWH ODV H[SHFWDWLYDVDSUHQGLGDV SRU HQ YH] GH HYRFDGDV PiWLFDPHQWH 3RU WDQWR IDFWRU FULWLFR HO QRHVTXHORV VHSURGX]FDQ HVWUHFKDPHQWH DFRQWHFLPLHQWR MXQWRV WLHPSR HQHO VLQR LQGLYLGXR DSUHQGD TXH āDHO SUHYHU D SDUWLU GH ODV VHxDOHV ORVSUHGL 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV PiV SUREDEOHV \DSUHQGD WDPELpQ DHYRFDU O OtQHDV GHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ DOJXQDVGHODVFXDOHV \ WHUSUHWDFLyQ GHO DSUHQGL]DMH GH DXWRDFWLYDFLyQ HPRFLRQDO DVRFLDWLY (Q DTXHOODVSHUVRQDVFRQVFLHQWHV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV SUHVDJLDQHVWUpV GHTXHFLHUWRV HV WHFLPLHQWRV LQGXFHQ DFWLYDGRUHV SHQVDPLHQWRV D GHO VX YH] PLHGRTXH UHVSXHVWDV SURGXFHQ HPRFLRQDOHV/RVTXHSRUXQDX RWUD UD]yQ QRVHGDQFXHQWD GHTXHFLHU ULHQFLDVGHVDJUDGDEOHV QRHYRFDQHVWRVSHQVDPLH WLYDVQRVXHOHQHYRFDUUHVSXHVWDVHPRFLRQDOHV DX H[SHULHQFLDVGHVDJUDGDEOHV &XDQGR GXUDQWH HOFX FRQFLHQFLDGHFRQWLQJHQFLD \ ODV UHVSXHVWDV HPRFLRQDOHV ORVKDOOD]J FLD SUHFHGH DODSUHQGL]DMH DIHFWLYR /DV UHVSXHVWDV DQWLFLSDWRU SURGXFHQGHXQDIRUPDILDEOH KDVWDHOPRPHQWR HQTXHVH DOFDQ]D ODFRQFLHQFLD 'DZVRQ /DV~ELWDGHVDSDULFLyQ GHODVUHVSXHVWDV VH KD DOFDQ]DGR ODFRQFLHQFLDGHTXHOD DPHQD]D KDFHVDGR WDPELpQSXHGHH[S W pUPLQRV GH XQSURFHVR DXWRDFWLYDFLyQ GH 8QDYH] TXHVHGLVSRQH GH āH VWHFRQRFLPLHQWR ORVD WRV DQWHFHGHQWHV GHMDQ GH DFWLYDU SHQVDPLHQWRV DWHPRUL]DQWHV FRJQLWLYD GH ODVUHVSXHVWDV HPRFLRQDOHV 'DGD OD FDSDFLGDG GHO LQGLYLGXR SDUD OD DXWRDFWLYDFLyQ FRJQLWLYD L H[SHULHQFLDV GRORURVDV SXHGHQ GHVDUUROODUVH UHV FLDOPHQWHQHXWURVDWUDYpVGHSURFHVRVFRJQLWLYR UHVSHFWR^%ULGJHU\0DQGHO (Q HVWRV H[SHULPHQWRV *ULQJV VHGLFHDO TXH DOJXQDV YHFHV XQD GHWHUPLQDGD LUi VHJXLGD VHIWDO GHXQDHVWLPXODFLyQ GR HQODH[SHULHQFLDGHSUXHEDHVWDVXFHVLyQ QR āV HSURGXFHHQWRGRHOH[SHULPH 3RU WDQWRORVSHQ VDPLHQWRV SHUWXUEDGRUHV KDQ GH RULJLQDUHODIHFWR&RQIRUPH VRQORVTXH D VHxDOHVLQLFLDOPHQWHQHXWUDVYDQFRQYLUWLpQGRVH FLRQDOHV LQGXFLGDV SRU ORVSHQVDPLHQWRV ā ā &RQODOOHJDGDGHWpFQLFDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQPiV GH āFOD RQFLHQFLD āHO DSUHQGL]DMH HQ KD HPRFLRQDO SUHVWDGR FRPSDUDWLYDPHQWH SHUR DWHQ VH FyQ L DOFRPSRQHQWHGH ODDXWRDFWLYDFLyQā$XQTXH PX\ GLILFLODSUHQGHU ODV FDUDF VLQ WHUtVWLFDV GHO HQWRUQR SRVHHQ TXH YDORUSUHGLFWLYR KHFKR āGHVHUFRQVFLHQWHV HOPHUR QR TXHVHSURGX]FDODDFWLYDFLyQ DQWLFLSDWRULD)XUHG\ 'DZVRQ\)XUHG\ `( SXHGHWHQHUFRQFLHQFLD GHTXHGHWHUPLQDGRV DFRQW HQEDVH DHVHFRQRFLPLHQWR GHIRUPD TXH DXPHQWH PHQWHHOPRPHQWRHQ FRQRFHU TXHYDQ DSURGXFLUVH ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQGRV GRORURVRV DQWLFLSDFLRQHV 6LQHPEDUJR HVWUHVRUDV FXDQGRā,RV UHVXOWDGRV GRORURVRV UHFXUUHQWHV FRQWURODEOHV FRQIUHFXHQFLD HOLQGLYLGXR UHFXUUH DHVWUDWHJLDV y DWHQ G FLRQDOHV SDWD GLVPLQXLU PDOHVWDU VXJUDGRGH LQWHUQR GLULJLHQGR VXDWHQFL āWUDQTXLOL]DQWHVJHQHUDQGR SHQVDPLHQWRV FRPSHQVDW \HQGR D OD GH DOJXQDV VLWXDFLyQ GH VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV LQWLPL āFRJQLWLYDGH VX VLJQLILFDGR y 5RVHQWKDO %DQGXUD ā/D] DUXV 0LOOHU /DFRQFLHQFLD\ODDXWRDFWLYDFLyQ y GHEHQPHGLUVH FRJQLWLYD DPE VRQ SDUDOOHJDU D FRPSUHQGHUGHOWRGRHODSUHQGL]DMH (O WLSRGHSHQVDPLHQWRV DIHFWLYR TXH LQGLYLGXRGHWHUPLQDUi ODLQWHQVLGDG DQWLFLSDWRULDV &XDQWR \SHUVLVWHQF PiV FUHDHQODUHODFLyQGHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV PiV WDQWR ODFRQFLHQFLD XQLGD DXQD LGHDFLyQ DWHPRU FRQFLHQFLD XQLGD WLSR DXQD SDOLDWLYR LGHDFLyQ OD GH GLVPLQXLUi $OJXQRVDXWRUHV YDULDU DILUPDQā HOJUDGRGHFRQWUROHMHUFLGR TXHSXHGH YRVVREUHHOPLHGR VLpVWHVHKD HVWDEOHFLGR HQIXQFLyQGH GHIRUPDVLPEyOLFD FLDGLUHFWD %ULGJHU\0DQGHO LQGLFDQ TXHOD HOPLHGR PLVPDUDSLGH] VHDSUHQ WD WRVLODVVHxDOHVQHXWUDV VHDVRFLDQ~QLFDPHQWH DVRFLDQ OD DPHQD]D FRQ PiV āODVH[SHULHQFLDV DYHUVLYDV UHDOHV 6 FRPRFRQVHFXHQFLD GH H[SHULHQFLDV GyORUR6iV UHDOHV HVPHQRV VXVFHSWLEOH SRU PHGLRVFRJQLWLYRV (O PLHGRLQGXFLGR SRU SHQVDPLHQWRV GLVPLQX\H UiSLGDPH &RQRFLPLHQWR \ SUHYLVLyQ SUHGLFWLYR GXR VH YXHOYH FRQVFLHQWH GH TXH OD DPHQD]D ILVLFD GH RULJLQDGR FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH H[SHULHQFLDV WLHPSR D SHVDU GH GRORURVDV TXH HO LQGLYLGXR DGTXLHUD GLFKR FRQRFLPLHQWR ā 6LVHGHPRVWUDUD TXH SRU ODV HOPLHGR yLGHDV HORULJLQDGR RULJLQDGR SRU ODH[SHU HQFXDQWR DVX PRGLILFDELOLGDG H[SOLFDUVH āGH YDULDV HVWHQD KDOOD]JR PDQHUDV SRVLELOL SRG 8 GDGHV TXH UHVSXHVWDV ODV HPRFLRQDOHV FRQWHQJDQ XQ GREOH FRPSRQH 0DQGHO 8QR GHRULJLQDGR ORV FRPSRQHQWHV OD DXWRDFWLYDFLyQFRJQLWLYD© SRU SRGUtD UHVXOWDU PRGLILFDGR FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH XQ FDPELR HQ ORV VHJXQGR FRPSRQHQWH TXH ā VHD HYRFDGR SXHGH GLUHFWDPWHQWH SDUWLU GH ODV VHxDOHV D H[WHUQ WDQWR SDUD VHU HOLPLQDGR VHUiQ QHFHVDULDVUHSHWL 2WUD SRVLEL OLGDG HV TXH ORV SHQVDPLHQWRV SHUWXUEDGRUHV GH OD TXH D H[SHULHQFLD GRORURVD VHDQ PiVāILUPHV TXH ORV RULJLQDGRV la DPHQD]D ā ~QLFDPH $OJXQRV DXWRUHV VXSRQHQ TXH GHWHUPLQDGRV PHGLDGRV āSRU HOSHQVD WLSRV PLHQWR QR SRUTXH H[LVWDQ DFWLYDFL yQ GHO GDWRV PLHGR GH H[LVWHQFLD DSDUHFH TXH GH OD FRJ VLQOD QLFLRQHV DWHPRUL]DQWHV VLQR SRUTXH ODV UHHYDOXDFLRQHV OD DXVHQFLD GH SHOLJUR QR HOLPLQDQ VREUH HO PLHGR GHIRUPD LQPHGLDWD \ 0DQGHO %ULGJHU 2KPDQ \+XJGDKO 6HOLJPDQ (VWH PLVPR SXQWR GH YLVWD VXSRQH yanotienepor TXH DOGHFLUOH TXp D WHPHU GHVDSDUHFHUiQ LQPHGLDWDPHQWH 3RU GHVJUDFLD VXVSHQVDPLHQW ORVWp QRVHHOLPLQDQ WDQ IiFLOPHQWH 3RU HMHPSOR FRQ VyORāGHFLU DXQ LQGLYLGXR HQ ODV TXH MLUDIDV HV SRVLEOH TXH pVWDV TXHGHQ \D ILMDGDV QR YROYHUi HQ VX D VXIULU PiV GDxR SXHGH SDUD VHU TXH VXILFLHQWH GXUDQWH XQ UDWR VXV SHQVDPLHQWRV VHFHQWUHQHQ DFRQ WHFLPLHQGRV GRORURVRV WRGR VLVLJXHQ VREUH DSDUHFLHQGR QtWLGRV GH ODV ORVH[SHULHQF UHFXHUGRV SDVDGDV &XDQGRODV KDQ SHUVRQDV VXIULGR UHSHWLGDV ODV ā DPHQD]DV H[SHULHQFLDV GH ā OD VLWXDFLyQ SXHGHQ DFWLYDU VHULHV SHQVDPLHQWRV GHā DWHPRUL]DQWHV GLILFLOPHQWH āFRQWURODEOHVSR LQGLYLGXR /RV SHQVDPLHQWRV DYHUVLYRVLQVWDQWiQHD TXH VH \ TXH GLVSDUDQ UHVXOWDQ GH GLItFLOHV PDQWHQGUiQ GH HOLPLQDU OD DFWLYDFLyQ GXUDQWH (V SRVLEOH DOJ~Q TXH WLHPSR HO VXM B DFURIRELD DOTXH VHOHGLFH KDFLD DEDMR FRQ TXH VHJXULGDG SXHGH PLUDU GHVGH HO āSRUTXHEDUDQGLOODSURWHFWRUD KD\ XQD VHD LQFDSD] GHDKX\HQWDU GHIRUPD WRV TXH DVDOWDQ OH VREUH ODV FRVDV KRUULEOHV (Q HVWRV TXH SHVDU FDVRV SRGUtDQ GH KDEHU D RFXU XQDPHGLDFL yQ GH WLSROD FRJQLWLYR DSDULFLyQHQ GHO PLHGR ORV VXMHWRV VXVSHQVDPLHQWRV SRU PiV VHJXUD SDUH]FD ODVLWXDFLyQ TXH 3DUDDILUPDU TXH QR KD\XQD SDUWLFLSD FLyQFRJQLWLYD HQHOPLHGR HVQHFHVDULR y GXUDQWH GHWHUPLQDU OD DFWLYDFLyQ GH HVWD HPRFLyQ 3DUD UHVWDU LPSRUWDQFLD DOFRQFHSWR GHPRGLILFDELOL PLHGR RULJLQDGR SRU HOGRORU PHQRV ItVLFR VHQVLEOH QRHV DODV QHFHVDULDPHQW LQIOXHQFLD que · d PLHGR RULJLQDGR SRU,DV DPHQD]DV GHOGRORU &RQWUDULDPHQWH D āORVā KDOOD]JRV G% HULGJHU \ 0DQGHO RWURV KDQ LQYHVWLJDGRUHV GHPRVWUDGR TXH HVSRVLEOH SRUPHGLRV FRJQL PRGLILFDU WLYRV LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH VLGR LQGXFLGR GH ItVLFD TXH KD\D .DW] RFRJQLWLYDPHQW ā:HEE \ā 6WRW ODQG /R TXH FRQWULEX\H DOD SHUVLVWHQFLD GHO PLHGR HV OD TXH ODV H[SHULHQFLD DPHQD]DV SUHVDJLDQ OD DSDULFLyQ GH DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV DYHUVLY PLVPRV LQFHUWLGXPEUH /D LQGXFH D OD DQWLFLSDFLyQ GH OR SHRU ā (O SRGHURVR FRQWURO FRJQLWLYR GH ODVHQ UHVSXHVWDV ODV VLWXDG FLRQHV GH FRQWUDVWD ODERUDWRULR FRQ WHQDFLGDG OD GH OD FRQGXFWD GHIHQVLYD 1R HV HQ GHO WRGR FRQRFLGD OD SHUVLVWHQFLD IRUPD ā QDWXUDO GHO \D PLHGR TXHDGTX SRU DTXHO WLSR GH PLHGR TXH UHVSRQGH D OD DWHQFLyQ SHUVXDVLyQ 'H KHFKR ORVPLHGRV DGTXLULGRV QDWXUDO VRQ WRWDOPHQWH GHXQD PDQHUD VXVFHSWLEOHV J HUVLOG \ +ROPHV 6L ~QLFDPHQWH REVHUYDQ ODV VH VHxDOHV UHIUDFWDULDV HVWD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ VHVJDGD GHODDWHQFLyQ FUHDUi ODFUHHQFLD GH TXH HUUyQHD PLHGR WRGR DGTXLULGR GHIRUPD QDWXU ULR/D YDULDELOLGDG HQ ODSHUVLVWHQFLD JUDQPHGLGD JUDYHGDG \SUH VHGHEH DOD GLFWLELOLGDG GH ODV (QODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV VLWXDFLRQHV GH ODERUDWRULR DYHUVLYDV ORV H[ UHVSXHGHQ HOLPLQDU UHODWLYDPHQWHG SRU FRPSOHWR pELOHV HMHUFLHQGR DPHQD]DV XQFRQWURO OD DSDULFLyQ GH 3 UHVXOWDGRV RU FRQWUDULR HO IXHUD GHO DYHUVLYRV ODERUDWRULR y D SHVDU GH TXHOR āREMHWRV DWHPRUL]DQW BHV VXHOHQ VHU REMHWLYDPHQWH H[LVWH -DSRVLELOLGDG LQRFXRV GH 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV VH SURGX]FDQ DVRFLDGDV FRQ UHVXOWDGRV SRU PiV VHJXULGDGHV SHUMXGLFLDOHV TXH VH GHQ GH OR FRQWUDULR ,QFOXVRODERUDWRULR HOPLHGR DUHVXOWDGRV LQGXFLGR FRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWH PHQRV HQHO SHU MXGLFLDOHV TXH ORVUHDO GH SXHGH OD SHUVLVWLU YLGD VLH[LVWH FLHUWD TXH VH SURGX]FDQ SUREDELOLGDG WDOHV UHVXOWDGRV 3RU WDQWR SUREDELOLGDG OD GH GDxR SRU EDMD TXH VHD DQXODU SXHGH LQIOXHQFLD OD SR WHQFLDO GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR OD DFFLyQ 3RUHVWD REMHWLYR UD]yQ HOPLHGR VREUH LQWHQVR Q QDUVH VLPSOHPHQWH SRU PHGLR GH LQIRUPDFLyQ H[SHFWDWLYDV TXH SURS DWHPRUL]DQWHV VXHOHQ UHTXHULU HO LQGLYLGXR H[SHULHQFLDV VHQWLGR GH XQ HILFDFLDHQ HO TXH FUH DIURQWDPLHQWR FRQGXFWXDOHV /RV FDPELRV QR VH UiSLGRV FRQVLJXHQ OD H[SRVLFLyQ PHGLDQWH UHSHWL WLYD SXUD FRPR WHRUtDV QR VXJLHUHQ PHGLDFLRQDOHV VLQR ODVFXOWLYDQGR HVWUDWHJLDV GH DIURQWDPLHQ WR SHUPLWDQ TXH FRQYHUWLU OD VLWXDFLyQ HQ DOJR DWHPRUL]DQWH SUHGLFWLEOH FRQWURODEOH \ %DQG D 0LOOHU /DV WHRUtDV QR PHGLDFLRQDOHV GHO DSUHQGL]DMHDIHFWLYR TXH DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV ORVKLSRWHWL]DQ DVR FLDGRV KDQ GH VLVWHPD UHJLVWUDUVH QHUYLRVR GHO RUJDQLVPR HQ HO (V FXDQGR SRVLEOH HQ DOJXQRV TXH HVWXGLRV VH FRQFLHQFLD UHGXFH GH ORV OD VXMHWRV GLVWUD\HQGR KDFLD DFRQWHFLPLH VX DWHQFLy āLUUHOHYDQWHV QRSURGX]FD VH HO UHJLVWUR VXILFLHQWH SRU GH WDQWRLQR ODV VHVHxDOHV Gp DSUHQGL]DMH (V SRVLEOH GHELOLWDU GH IRUPD LPSRUWDQWH ODV UHVSXHVWDV QHUYLRVDV D UHQWHV KDFLHQGR TXH KDFLD RWURV ODDWHQFLyQ DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV VHGLULMD 3RU HMHPSOR FRPSHWLWL HQ DOJXQRV HVWXGLRV +HPiQGH]3HyQ QHXURILVLROyJLFRV 6FKHUUHU \-RXYHW KDREVHUYDGR OD VH āSUiFWLFD HOLPLQDFLyQ ODUHVSXHVWD QHUYLRVD GH DXGLWLYD HQ JDWRVKDOODQ FXDQGR PLUDQGR DEVRUWRV VH DXQUDWyQ DWHQFLyQ KXVPHDQGR SHVFDGR XQRORU FRQ RUHFLEHQ D GLVWUDHQ FKRTXHV VXDWHQFLyQ TXH ,JXDOPHQWH ODV LQVWUXFFLRQHV TXH REOLJDQ VHOHFWLYD DOLQGLYLGXR D GHWHUPLQDGDV DDWH VHxDOHV D QR KDFHUFDVR \ RWUDV RULJLQDQ UHVSXHVWDV GH GH HYRFDFLyQ FRUWLFDO PiV LQWHQVDVD ODSUH VHQWDFLyQ GH ORV HVWtPXORV 'RQFKLQ \ &RKHQ VHOHFFLRQDGRV 6LHOLQGLYLGXR KDFLDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GLULMH VX H[WUDxDV DWHQFLyQ DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV R LUUHOHYDQWHV HV SRVLEOH TXH QL H[SHULPHQWH UHFRQR]FD OD VHxDO QL SUHGLFWLYD DXVHQFLD GH /D DSUHQGL]DMH DQW SDWRULR WDOHVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV HQ SXHGH DWULEXLUVH HUUyQHDPHQWH IDOWD GH UHFRQRFLPLHQWR DXQD FRQV FLHQWH FXDQGR GH KHFKR VHQVRULDO GHILFLHQWH UHIOHMD XQ GH 3DUD UHJLVWUR ORVGHPRVWUDU HVWtPXORV TXH la FRQFLHQFLD HV QHHHVDULD TXH SURGX]FD VH SDUD HO DSUHQGL]DMH QHFHVDULR VHUtD TXH SUREDU D SHVDU GH TXH H[LVWH XQDGHFXDGR UHJLVWUR GH OD QHUYLRVR HVWLPXODFLyQ DVRFLDGD ODV UHVSXHVWDV DQWLFLSDWRULDV QR VRQ DSUHQGLGDV TXH VH KDVWD UHFRQRFH SUHGLFWLYD OD HQWUH UHODFLyQ ORV DFRQWHF PLHQWRV (VWDV FRQGLFLRQHV VH FXPSOHQ GHPXHVWUDQ HQ TXH ORV QR HVWXGLRV VHSURGXFH TXH DS ]DMH DQWLFLSDWRULR VL QR H[LVWH FRQFLHQFLD SHVDU GH TXH VHREOLJXH D DWHQGHUSRU DORV LJXDO VXMHWR D ODV VHxDOHV SUHGLFWLYDV HVWD DWHQFLyQ \QRSUHGLFWLYDV VHSUHVWD UD]RQHV HQJDxRVDV SRU \ VL ' %LIHUQR /RV GpILFLW HQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH FRQVHFXHQFLD GH XQ QR IDOOR VH SURG HQ UHFRQRFLPLHQWR GH UHSHWLWLYRV ORV VLQR DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV OD IDOWD SRU REVHUYDFLyQ GH GH TXH XQR GH ā HOORV HV GH O SUHGLFWRU RV UHVXOWDGRV $FWLYDFLyQ KROtVWLFD GHODV UHVSXHVWDV GLUHFWD HPRFLRQDOHV =DMRQF SURSXHVWR KDORTXH FRQVLGHUD VH KDELWXDOPHQWH XQDFRQFHSFLyQ FRPR nocogni WLYD GH OD DFWLYDFLyQ DIHFWLYD FRQFHSFLyQ GH =DMRQF 5HDOPHQWH UHODFLyQ VREUH HQWUH OD OD SHQVD PLHQWR \ DIHFWR UHSUHVHQWD GHVYLDFLyQ UDGLFDO XQD GH ODV FRQFHSFLRQHV \D TXH =DMRQF FRJQLWLYL SRVWXOD GLVWLQWDV SHQVDPLHQWR UHODFLRQHV y DIHFWR $Vt HQWUH FRQVLGHUD TXH DPE WHLQGHSHQGLHQWHVSHQVDPLHQWR TXH HODIHFWR TXH DQWHV SUHFHGH GHOXQD DIHFWR FLHUWD DO VH SU YDORUDFLyQ \ TXH ORV SHQVDPLHQWRV \HODIHFWR VHKDOODQ L QRVXHOH KDEHU SHQVDPLHQWRV VLQ DIHFWR RDIHFWR VLQ SHQVDPL PLHQWRV \HODIHFWR VRQ y GH TXH LQGHSHQGLHQWHV UHVSXHVWDV HQODV HPRFLRQDOHV HO DIHFWR HQWUHSUH Vt FHGH YDORUDFLyQ D OD FRJQLWLYD VXHOH VHU REMHWR HVWDV QRFLRQHV GH ODV SROpPLFD TXHFRQ \ HVWiQ HQGHVDFXHUGR ORVFRJQLWLYLVWDV 2 0DOOH\ %LUQEDXP 6LQHPEDU JR HOPRWLYR GLVSXWD VH H[DJHUD GH \D TXH =DMRQF UHFRQRFH DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV TXH ORVGH tQWHU KDQ āSUHWDUVH OR PHQRV PtQLPDPHQWHDQWHV SRU GHOD DFWLYDFLyQFXDOLQGLFD GHO DIHFWR TXH DQWHV OR GHOD DFWLYDFLyQ DIHFWLYD XQDFLHUWD YDORUDFLyQ VHSURGXFH (YLGHQWHPHQWH HV QHFHVDULR UHFRQRFt FLHUWR PLHQWR LQLFLDO GH OD VLWXDFLyQ UHVSXHVWD SXHVWR HPRFLRQDO KDFLD TXH DFRQ HVPX\ GL &RQRFLPLHQWR ·y SUHYLVLyQ SUHGLFWLYR WHFLPLHQWRVGHVGLEXMDGRV3RUWDQWR VL ODDFWLYDFLyQDIHHWL ODFXHVWLy R QR YD GHYDORUDFLyQSUHYLDVLQRHQTXpPHGLGDHVQHF SXHVWDV HPRFLRQDOHV \ Ja IRUPDpVWD HQ ā VH TXH SURGXFH (QRSLQLyQGH=DMRQFHODIHFWRHVDFWLYDGRS WLFDVYDJDV\KROtVWLFDVGHORVREMHWRV\ HVWDGRVLQWHUQRVGHOLQGLYLGXR PHGLDWDV DORVGHVFRQRFLGRVWLSLILFDQHOPHFDQL &LHUWD PHQWHVHVDEHTXHODVSHUVRQDV UHDFFLRQDQ FRQ ORVH[WUDxRV LSHUR HVWDV UHVSXHVWDV DSDUHFHQ JHQHUDOPHQWH FRPRFRQVHFXHQF XQDDWHQFLyQ VHOHFWLYD D GLVWLQWDV VHxDOHV (Q XQ YLQFXODGDV FDVR VH FLWD TXH PiV D H[ DGHODQWH KDEtD XQDPXMHUTXH WHQLGR XQD H[SHULHQFLD FRQ XQ IDOVR GHVDJUDGDEOH QRYLRTXH OOHYDUFRUEDWDGHOD]RUHDFFLRQDED FRQDQVLHGD OOHYDUDFRUEDWDGHSDMDULWD 2FRQVLGHUHPRVHO SDUDHO TXHORVFDEHOO UXELRVHUDQ GHVXV UHVSXHVWDV ODEDVH HYDOXDGRUDV LQPHGLDWDV ODV UXELDV © &DGD YH]TXHLQLFLRXQD FRQ XQD pVWD UHODFLyQ FKLFD HVUXELD \ DFDERGHVFXEUL H VXQD DYHQWXUHUD+HREVHUYDGRHQODWHOHYLVLyQTXHW DKRUD HQ DGHODQWH DWRGDV ODV UXELDV"ª 1R HVQHFHVDULR TXHODYDORUDFLyQ LQFOX\DSURORQJDGa XQDQiOLVLV GHODVFDUDFWH FRJQLWLYD WLFDVItVLFDVGHORVREMHWRVFRPRORGHVFULEH YDORUDFLyQ OD YDORUDFLyQ FRJQLWLYDR FRJQLWLYDHUUyQHDVHJ~Q LQIRUPDFLyQ PtQLPD TXH Gp OXJDU SURWRWLSRV āGHILQLGRV DāXQMXLFLR SRU XQRV P FXDQWRVUDVJRVFODYHV\ODVUHJODVGHLQIHUHQF MXLFLRV DSURSLD GRV/RVFRJQLWLYLVWDVDFRQVHMDUtDQ XQD DOFRQHMR VHU SLHQWHTXHQRJDVWDUDVXWLHPSRDQDOL]DQGR PiV SUR SUR EDEOHTXHXQUD]RQDPLHQWR aDOHMDUVH GH DOJRH[WUDxR VLPSOH TXHVHPXHYH FRQHMRGHODSDUDWR GLJHVWLYRGHOUHSWLOTXHHV OHQWDPHQWHSDUDDYLVDUDOFRQHMRGHTXHKX\D/ WDQLQPHGLDWDPHQWHGDQODLQIRUPDFLyQQHFHVDUL RSLQLyQGHTXHORVVHQWLPLHQWRVHVWiQUHJXODGRV LQIRUPDWLYDVQRSRGUiGHPRVWUDUVH KDVWDTXHODV =DMRQF SLHQVD TXHHVQHFHVDULR FRGLILFDU \ TXHH[LVWD DFWLYDU HODIH XQD SRUTXH HQ VX RSLQLyQ āDIHFWLYDV SRVHHQ ODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV UHVSXHVWDV ~QLFDV 5HDOPHQWH OD SURSLHGDGHVTXHpOHQXPHUD QRVRQ H[FOXVLYDVGHODIHFWR(O DIHFWRHVIXQGDPHQWDO HVODWHQGHQFLDy FRJQLWLYDDGLIHUHQFLDU FODVLILFDU ORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV 6HGL DIHFWLYDVVRQUiSLGDV H LQHOXGLEOHV DVtVRQWDPELpQ ODVUHVS LPDJLQDDXQDMLUDID \ ODLPDJHQGH XQDMLUDID YHQGUiLQHYLWDEOHPHQWHDODP ORV MXLFLRV DIHFWLYRV VRQPXFKRV VRQLUUHYRFDEOHV GHMXLFLRV ORV āQR DIHFWLYRV 8QD YH] TXH DVtXQD SHUVRQD DGTXLHUH HOFRQFHSWR GHIXHU]DGHODJ VL VDOWD GHVGHX OXJDUHOHYDGRHVHVHQFLDOPHQWH LUUHYRFDEOH LQWHQVDVFRPR $ ODVIRELDVGHODUJDGXUDFLyQSXHGHQ OOHJDUDV PLQDGDV UiSLGDPHQWH PHGLDQWH H[SHULHQFLDV \ $GDPV GHG / DFWLWXGHVVHUHVLVWHQDOD SHUVXDVLyQ YHUEDO(VWR ~OWLPRHVPiVXQFR PpWRGR GH FDPELR TXH VREUH OD LQWUDFWDELOLGDG DFWLYDFLyQ DIHFWLYD SURIXQGLGDG VRQāSRU PRGLILFDGDV OD SHUVXDVLyQ PiV HQ HMH PRGHODGRGHGRPLQLRTXHSRUODHOLPLQDFLyQGHO y 5LWWHU /RV MXLFLRVDIHFWLYRVLPSOLFDQDO self, PLHQWUDVTXHORVMXLFLRVFRJQLWLY DODVFXDOLGDGHV GHORVREMHWRVHOMXLFLRFRJ WDPELpQLPSOLFDDOVHOI(O DIHFWRVHEDVD HQ KXPDQDVSXHGHQVHUDFWLYDGDVGHIRUPD PiVILDEOH \ PiVLQWHQVDPHGLDQWH SDODEUDVTXH SRUPHGLR GHH[SUHVLRQHVIDFLDOHV/DVUHVSXHVWDV DIpFWLYDVQR QHFHVLWDQ GHSHQGHU GHOD ORVDFWRV\ODVGHFLVLRQHVPX\UXWLQDULDV GHSUHSDUDU FDIpQRUHTXLHUHS /D WRVTXHJXtHQFDGD UHVSXHVWDV SDVRGHOSURFHVR DIHFWLYDVSXHGHQ BVX FRQWHQLGR /DV VHSDUDUV FRQIUHFXHQFLDORVFRQWHQLGRVWDPELpQ VHSDUDQ GHODIHFWR /DSHUVRQD TXHYXHOYHGHXQ VH FXHUGD ODV \ ROYLGD YLVWDV ODV ,PSHUWLQHQFLDV YLDMH GHO 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV /DV WHRUtDV UHIHUHQFLD TXH ODUHODFLyQ KDFHQ D HQWUH JHQHUDOPHQWH SHQVDPLHQWR GHILQHQ\DIH HVWRV ~OWLPRV HQ WpUPLQRV HPRFLRQDO GH/RV DSRUWD DFWLYDFLyQ =DMRQF GDWRV SDUD UHIHULUVH TXH D HVWH SXQWR HVWiQ UHODFLRQDGRV HVSHFLDOPHQWH FRQ ORVMXLFLRV GHSUHVHQWD SUHIHUHQFLDV PXFKDV YHFHV OD FXHVWLyQ DIHFWRFRJQLWLYR HQ WpUPLQ ©FDOLHQWHVª \ FRJQLFLRQHV MXLFLR DIHFWLYR ©IUtDVª FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GLVFULPLQDFLyQ HQOXJDU GH GH UHIHULUVH āD DPEDV FRPR āVLVWHPDV GRVGāGLVWLQWRV H H[SUHVLyQ (Q HVWH DQiOLVLV OD FRJQLFLyQ VH HTXLSDUi DQiOLVLV GH ODV DO FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHORVREMHWRV /LPLWDU ~QLFDIXQFLyQ HV ODFRJQLFL QR KDFHUMXVWLFLD DODV P~OWLSOHV IRUPDV DFWLYD āHW HQ DIHFWR TXH SHQVDPLHQWRV HOSHQVDPLHQWR /RV TXH LQGXFHQ DIHFWR SHUVRQDV LQFOX\HQ \ GH DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV LPiJHQHV GH UHVSXHVWDV TXH SURYRFD HPRFLRQDOHV DXWRHYDOXDFtRQpV SHUWXUEDGRUDV \ āUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV FRJQLWLYDV GH +D\ TXH GLVWLQJXLU MXLFLRV GH SUHIHUHQFLD HQWUH \JXVWRV \ UpVSXHVWDV DIHFWLYDV \D TXH ODV SUHIH UHQFLDV QR QHFHVDULDPHQWH FRPSRUWDQ DFWLYDFLyQ 3RU HPRFLRQDO HMHPSOR SDVDMHUR GH HOXQPHGLR ā GH WUDQVSRUWH SXHGH SUHIHULU DVLHQWR XQ GH DVLHQWR SDVLOOR XQD FRQ X VLQ YHQWDQ TXH RWUD ORFDOL]DFLyQ SDUD pO UHSUHVHQWH DJLWDFLyQ HPRFLRQDO DOJXQD /RV V PHQWH FRQVLGHUDQ ODV WHRUtDV OD LUDGH HOPLHGR ODHPRFLyQ ODGHVHVSHUDFLy ODDOHJUtD WDOHV F ROD SHQDFRPSRUWDQ H[SUHVLRQHV YLVFHUDOHV LQWHQVDV DSRUWDGRV FRPR 2WURV SUXH GDW EDV GHOD LQGHSHQGHQFLD GH UHVSHFWR ODV GH HPRFLRQHV ORV SURFHVRV KDQ VLGR LQWHUSUHWDWLY FXHV WLRQDGRV OD EDVH VREUH GH TXH ORV IHQyPHQRV/D]DUXV PHGLDGRV =DMRQF QR VRQ H āā=DMRQF FLWD DOJXQRV H[SHULPHQWRV GHPXHVWUDQ TXH SHUVRQDV ODVSUHILHUHQ TXH DOJR PiV O WtP ORV IDPLOLDUHV TXH TXp OHV UHVXOWD ORV GLILFLO QXHYRV GHWHUPLQDU FXiOHV SHUR KDQ YLVWR HQ āOXJDU HVWRV WRPDQGR āGDWRVSUXHED FRPR GH āTXH HO DIHFWR HV HQJUDQ PHGLGD FRJQLFLRQHV UHFXHUGRV QR /RV UHIOHMDQ QHFHVDULDPHQWH ORV SURFHVRV GHSHQVDPLHQWR TXH DFWXDURQ āHQHOPRPHQWR HQ TXH SURGXMHURQ VH ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV ODV OODPDGDV $GHPiV FRJQLFLRQHV SXHGHQ GLVFUHSDU GHORV UHFXHUGRV GHORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV SDVDGRV TXH RULJLQDURQHQ ODV HOPLVPR JUDGR TXH ORVMXLFLRV +D\ SRFRV GDWRV REVHUYDGRV DIHFWLYRVGH SXHGD TXH LGHQWLILFDU HOKRPEUHFRQ H[DFWLWXG ODV IXHQWHV VXV āFRJQLFLRQHV GH eVWDV QR HPRWLYDV GHVDSDUHFHQ GH OD PHPRULD SHUR FRQWHQLGRV SHUPDQHFHQ FRJQLWLYRV ~OWLPR 3RU HV PiV IiFLO HPLWLU XQMXL TXH āUHFRQRFHU DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV SDVDGR TXH WDUHD UHTXLHUH FRPSDUDU GHO FDGD FRQ SHUFHSFL XQ FRQMXQWy GH VREUH UHFXHUGRV ā H[SHULHQFLDV SDVDGDV ā /RV GHEDWHV ORV ā GHWHUPLQDQWHV VREUH GH OD HPRFLyQ WLHQHQ GLILFLO VROX GRQHV VH EDVDQ HQ SURFHVRV VXSXHVWRV GLItFLOHV 3RU GH HMHP HVSHFLILF SOR HOFRQFHSWR UHVSXHVWDV HPRFLRQDOHV GH TXH ODV GLUHFWDPHQWH VH DFWLYDQ SRU SXUD HVWLPXODFLyQ VHQVRULDO O UHTXLHUH =DMRQF GDWRV GHFLVLYRV TXH LQGLTXHQ TX FRPSRUWDQ HQ DEVROXWR LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ QLQJXQD (O LQGLYLGXR SURFHVD VHOHFFLRQD OD LQIRUPDFLyQ \ VHQVRULDO UHDFFLRQDUVLPSOHPHQWH HQ YH] GH DWRGR DTXHOOR LQFLGDVREUH VXV TXH yUJDQRV VHQVRU OHV 6L OD JHQWH UHVSRQGLHUD LQGLVFULPLQDGDPHQWH DODVLPiJHQHVUHDOL]DU \DORV LQWHUSUH VRQLGRV WDFLyQH[SHULPHQWDUtD DOJXQD HPRFLRQHV ā GH IRUPD LQGLVFULPLQDGD /D QRFLyQ GH TXH ODV UH WDV HPRFLRQDOHV DFWLYDGDV YDORUDFLRQHV VRQSRU LQFRQVFLHQWHV /D]DUXV WDPELpQ LQLFLDOHV UHTXLHUH GDWRV FRQYLQFHQWHV VREUH ā OD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ LQFRQVFLHQWH 'HVGH ā XQ GHEDWH VREUH āLQLFLDO OD FRGLILFDFLyQ DIHFWLYD LQFRQVFLHQ (ULNVHUL *ROGLDPRQG ā KDQ FRQVHJXLGR VH GDWRV HPStULFRV (Q GH ORV HVWXGLRV UHDOL]DGRV SRVWHULRUHV VH KDLQWHQWDGR SUREDU TXH UHDOPHQWH OD PHQ FDSD] GHSHUFLELU FRQ IDFLOLGDG SURGXFHQ ORV SRUHVWtPXORV GHEDMR GHO DPHQD QLYH OD FRQFLHQFLD y GH UHVSRQGHU HPRFLRQDOPHQWH 3DUD DORV HOOR SUHVHQWDURQ VH PLVPRV DORV VXMHWRV SDODEUDV QHXWUDV \ SDODEUDV FRQ FRQWHQLGR VH[XDO HVFDVDPHQWH H[SOtFLWR SHUFHSWLEOH D XQ QL PLHQWUDV VH āUHJLVWUDEDQ VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH VXV UHVSXHVWDV DXWyQRPDV FRQV \ VXV SH FLHQWHV $SHQDV UHVSXHVWD VLVHREVHUYy DIHFWLYD LQFRQVFLHQWH DORV HVWtPX HQ DXVHQFLD GH UHFRQRFLPLHQWR FRQVFLHQWH GH y FRJQLWLYR ORV PLVPRV $ UHVXOWDQ LJXDOPHQWH LQVHQVLEOHV SUHVHQWDGRV D GH ORV IRUPD YDJD HVWtPXORV SHUR D SHU PHGLGDTXH ORV HVWtPXORV KDFLHQGR VH PiV YDQ SHUFHSWLEOHV VLVWHPD FRJQLWLYR UHVXOWD HO PiV VHQ VLEOH ORV PLVPRV D TXHHO DIHFWLYR 'XODQ\ \(ULNVHQ $SDUWLU GH DTXt SRGUtD DUJXPHQ GHIRUPD SHUVXDVLYD OD ā DFWLYDFLyQDIHFWLYD UHTXLHUH TXH FRPR LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ PtQLPR āGH ORV &LHUWD vos: = .- &RQRFLPLHQWR SUHGLFWLYR \ SU DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV/D RSLQLyQPiVUDGLFDO TXHODDFWLYDFLyQ GH DIHFWLYDQR DOJXQDFRQWLQXDUi VLHQGR VLQGXGD PRWLYRGH 3UHGLVSRVLFLRQHV LQQDWDV DO DSUHQGL]DMH (VLQQHJDEOHTXHH[LVWHQGLIHUHQFLDV HQWUHOR WLQWRVSDWURQHVGHFRQGXFWD\GHODVFRQWLQJHQF EHQ D ODVOLPLWDFLRQHV ILVLROyJLFDVGH ODVHVWUXFW RUJDQLVPRGHXQDIRUPDLQQDWD 6LpVWHFDUHFHG PLQDGDVLQIOXHQFLDVGHWLSRVHQVRULDOQL DSUHQGHU UHSHUWRULRV FRQGXFWD TXH GH H[FHGDQVXVF GDGHVILVLFDV$GHPiV HOVLVWHPD QHUYLRVRGH SURFHVDPLHQWRFHQWUDOGHLQIRUPDFLyQ OD FRQGXFWDTXH DVtFRPR VRQFDSDFHV GHDOFDQ]DU . Preparación biológica. 6HOLJPDQ y +DJHU KDQGHVDUUROODGR ODL ODGRWDFLyQ JHQpWLFDWDPELpQ SURSRUFLRQD TXH GHWHUPLQD-D XQDS UDSLGH]FRQTXHHORUJDQLVPRSXHGHUHVXOWDULQI FLSLRGHSUHSDUDFLyQ ORVRUJDQLVPRVSRUPHGLR OyJLFDPHQWHSDUDDVRFLDUFLHUWRVDFRQWHFLPLHQWR FXOWDG DVRFLDFLRQHV SUHSDUDGDV ELROyJLFDPHQWH HOHYDGRHVPHUR\QRVLHPSUH FRQVLJXHQ YDULD GHXQD DSUHQGHU HVSHFLHDRWUD\WLHQHSUREDEOHPHQWH XQDHO 3XHGHQ UHFRJHUVHQXPHURVRV GDWRV TXHDSR\DQO FDHVSHFLDOL]DGDHQODVHVSHFLHVVXEKXPDQDV 5L $VtSRUHMHPSORODHQIHUPHGDGFUHDUi DYHUVLyQD VDER UHV y RORUHVQXHYRVPLHQWUDV TXHQR RULJLQDUiQHVW pVWRV VLQHPEDUJRHVWDEOHFHUiQ \ OXFHVPLHQWUDVTXHODHQI ODHYLWDFLyQGHVRQLG \ .RHOOLQJ /DV KDQ UHVSXHVWDV GH FRPSHWLU DUELWUDULDV FRQ RWUDV Pi TX HVSHFLHUHVXOWDQGLItFLOHVGHHVWDEOHFHU\GHP UHVSXHVWDV QDWXUDOHV DXQFXDQGR HVWROHVLPSLG %UHODQG &DGD HVSHFLH GLVSRQH GH XQ WLSR TXH āSXHGH SUHIHUL LQGXFLUVH y UHIRU]DUVHIiFLOPHQWHSHURUHVXOWDPX\GL GHGHIHQVD ODVDPHQD]DV ItVLFDV D %ROOHV %DViQGRVH H PDQ \+DJHU DUJXPHQWDQHQFRQWUDGHPHFDQLVPRVJHQHUD FRQILQDOLGDGHVGLYHUVDV\DIDYRUGHWHQGHQFLD PXODFLyQ \ GHUHVSXHVWDV ā /RVGDWRVHPStULFRVGHPRVWUDWLYRV GHTXHHQO EDMR LPSRUWDQWHV OLPLWDFLRQHV DSUHQGL]DMH ELROyJLFDV KXPDQR WDPELpQ QR VL H āUHJXODGR SRUPHFDQLVPRVHVSHFtILFRV 'HELGR D OD DYDQ]DGD FDSDFLGDG KXPDQD GHODVH[SHULHQFLDV \ DOD OLPLWDGD SURJUDPDFLyQ LQQDWD XQ Q~ HO PHUR H[WUDRUGLQDULR GH FRQGXFWDV HQ GLYHUVDV YRODUSRUHODLUHHQDYLRQHVRHQFRKHWHV YLDMDUD JUDQYHORFLGDGSRUODWLHU D ELFLFOHWDV DQDYHJDUHQODVSURIXQGLGDGHV y DH[FDYDU W~QHOHV GHED HQ +D\SRFDVUD]RQHVSDUDSHQVDUTXHHODSUHQGHUD VXEPDULQR \ H[FDYDUXQW~QHOHVWHUHJXODGRSRUDVRFLDF GHVHPSHxDU QXPHURVRV \ RFXSDFLRQHV SDSHOHV VRFLDOHV D FUHDU \ DGLYHUVR H[SRQHUGLYHUVDVLGHRORJtDVVLQQHFHVLGDG GHP āDFWLYLGDG$GHPiVSXHGHGHVHQYROYHUVHHQWRGR GRR iULGR (VWD QRWDEOHYHUVDWLOLGDGH[LJHXQDJHQHU IRUPDLQQDWD /D SUHSURJUDPDFLyQ LQQDWD TXHFDSDFLWD XQDIRUPD HVWH DORV UHRWLSDGD DODV GHPDQGDV UHSHWLWLYDV GHXQKiE KRPEUHGHVGHXQSXQWRGHYLVWDHYROXWLYRGDGR pVWH KD GH DIURQWDUXQDVFLUFXQV 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV WUHPRFRPSOHMDV\ UiSLGDPHQWH FDPELDQWHV (Q HVWDVFRQGLFLRQHVGHYLGDGLY PHFDQLVPRV GH DSUHQGL]DMH JHQHUDOL]DEOHV RUJDQL]DFLyQ EDVDGRV GH āOD SULQF FRQGXFWD DSDUWLUGHOD H[SHULHQFLD UHVXOWDQ HYROXWLYR GHPD\RU TXH DTXHOORV YDORU ILMRVGHFDUiFHU LQQDWR H[FHSWR SRU,RTXHVHUHILHUH GH IXQFLRQHV ELROyJLFD DODUHJ PHQWDULDV /DKXPDQLGDG SURGX]FDQ QRSXHGHHVSHUDU VXSHUYLYLHQWHVGH XQKRORFDXVWR QX DTXHV FOHDU SDUD TXHODHVSHFLH XQD SUHSDUDFLyQ GHVDUUROOH HVSHFtILFD OHSHUPLWDHYLWDU TXH ODV ERPEDV QXFOHDUHV /RVLQYHVWLJDGRUHV SUHRFXSDGRV SRU YHFHV ODVLQYHVWt ODVOLPLWDF JDFLRQHVWUDGLFLRQDOHV VREUHHODSUHQGL]DMH VH HOLMHQ SDUD āHVWXGLRHQD UHVSXHVWDV \FRQWLQJHQFLDV (Q XQD FXLGDGRVD DUELWUDULDV UHYLVLyQ GHOFRQFH B6FKZDUW] DUJXPHQWD T XHHVSUHFLVDPHQWH GHELGR DVXDUEL VREUHHO DSUHQGL]DMH HQDQLPDOHV SDUD HWLHQHQXQDFLHUWD O DSUHQGL]DMH HQ HOKRPEUH (O UHO LQGLYLGXRRUJDQL]D\UHJXODVXFRQGXFWDEDViQGRV HQ JUDQPHGLGDHQVXH[SHULHQ 3RU WDQWRORVDQiOLVLV VREUHFyPRVHJHQHUDODFRQG GDSRULQIOXHQFLDV DUELWUDULDV SXHGHQGHFLUQRV PiVDFHUFD GHODVLQ GXFWDKXPDQDTXH HO HVWXGLRGH ORVDFWRVJHQpWLFDPHQWH SUHGLVSXHVWR Facilidad de aprendizaje y propiedades covariantes de los acontecimientos. /DV YDULD FLRQHV ODIDFLOLGDG HQ GHDSUHQGL]DMH y QHFHVDULDPHQWH QRUHIOHMDQ~QLFD SUHSDUDFLyQ LQQDWD XQD &RPR \DKHPRVYLVWRODDFFLyQ DSUHQGL]DMH DQWLFLSDWRULD GHODVUHODFL LPS HQWUH DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV $OJXQRV SUHGLFWRUHV TXH ā RWURV SXHGHQ D FRPRFRQVHFXHQFLD GH TXHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV VHSURGX]FDQ y HQHO VL HVSDFLRIDFLOLWDQGR HOUHFRQRFLPLHQWR /D VDOLHQFLD GHODVUH GH ORVSUHGLFWRUHV Q~PHUR \ JUDGRGHLQWHUFRUUHODFLyQ VX ODLQWHQV IDFWRUHV āHQWUH PHGLHQ HOORV WDPELpQHQ LQIOXLUiQ ODUDSLGH] FRQTXHVHGHVFXE SUHGLFWLYDV (VWi FODURTXHQRWRGDVODVUHODFLRQHV VHDSUHQGHQ FRQODPLVPD HQWUHD IDFLOLGDG(OIDFWRU GHFLVLYR HQODUDSLGH]GHODPD\RUtD GHDSUHQG OLGDG LQWHUQD VHOHFWLYD GH UHFRQRFHU VLQR OD OD SRVLELOLGDG FRYDULDFLyQ UDSLGH]GH H DSUHQGL]DMHWDPELpQ HVWi PX\LQIOXLGDSRUHOQLYHOGHH[SHULHQF eVWD KDFHTXHODVVHx SUHGLFWLYDV GHVWDTXHQ PiV SURSRUFLRQD FRPSHWHQFLDV TXHFRQVWLWX\HQ FUHD LQFHQ SU WLYRVH,QFXOFD WHQGHQFLDV FRJQLWLYDV \ DWHQFLRQDOHV TXHSXHGHQIDFLOLWDU RUHWUDVDU HODSUHQGL]DMH ODV UHODFLRQHV de SUREDELOLGDG B/DV YDULDFLRQHV BHQODIDFLOLGDG GHDSUHQGL]DMH D YHFHVHQWHUDPHQWH OD SUHSD TXHVHDW D UDFLyQELROyJLFDVHOHFWLYD WDPELpQSXHGHQUHIOH ORV DFRQ WHFLPLHQWRV 3RU HMHPSORHQORVHVWXGLRVHQORVTXHVHLQ ORVVDERUHV GHODV FRPLGDVVHDVRFLDQ FRQODDSDULFLyQ LQPHGLDWDPHQWH GHXQFKRTXHHOpFWUL XQD GHPRUD GH XQRV FXDQWRV GtDVFRQODDSDULFLyQ 'H HVWH PRGRORVDFRQWHF GHQiX DYHUVLYRVQRVyOR GLILHUHQ HQ VX QDWXUDOH]D VLQRWDPELpQ HQVXFRQWLQJHQFLD DSDULFLyQGHO FKRTXH.UDQH FRQVLJXLHURQ \:DJQHU LQGXFLUDYHU YLDPHQWH VyORVHKDEtDQ FRQVHJXLGRHQFDVRGHSU FKRTXHVDSOD]DGRV SURGXMHURQ DYHUVLyQDODJXDD] IRUPDLQPHGLDWD QRFRQVLJXLHURQ HVWHHIHFWR3RU GRVGHVHxDOHVEULOODQWHV \VRQRUDVLQGXMHURQDY TXHVDSOD]DGRV /RVDXWRUHV DWULEX\HQ HVWDVGLIH HOVDERUSHUVLVWHGXUDQWH DOJ~QWLHPSRPLHQWUDV KBXHOODV GHORVHVWt PXORVDXGLWLYRV\YLVXDOHV HO PRPHQWR HQTXHpVWRVFHVDQ GHVDSDUHFHQ HQ 3 WHQFDSDFLGDGHV GH āDSUHQGL]DMH GH ORVUHTXHULPLHQWRV HVSHFtILFDV GHWHUPLQDGD DGDSWDWLYR HVSHFLH SHUR ORV GHO GHWHUPLQDQWHV DSUHQGL]DMH āLQIOX\HQ DGTXLVLFLyQ SULQFLSDOHV VREUH OD GH DYHUVLRQHV y VREUH HO WLHPSR āGH H[SUHVLyQ GHODVPLVPDV PX\ āVLPLODU HQODVGL GHIRU HVSHFLHV WDUHDV /RJXH \ ā (V GLILFLOFUHDU DYHUVLyQ HQORVDQLPDOHV DXQ VDERU TXH āSUHYLDPHQWH QRKDSURGX HIHFWRGDxLQRDQRVHUTXHVHH[SHULPHQWHQUHSH SHULHQFLD \D VHD UHFLHQWH RSDVDGD TXHHVWDEO &RQRFLPLHQWR y SUHYLVLyQ SUHGLFWLYR UHODWLYDPHQWH LQPXQH DORV HIHFWRV .DODW\ 5R]LQ GH ODV HP 6LQ HQIHUPHGD EDUJR HQHOKRPEUH DSDUHFHU DYHUVLyQ XQD SXHGH VXVWDQFLD D QRVyORIDPLOLDU VL PHQWH SUHIHULGD GHVSXpV GH XQD H[SHULHQFLD HQODTXH VHKDO 8Q WUDVWRUQR GLJHVWLYR DWULEXLGR HUUyQHDPHQWH pVWD GHVHQFDGHQH DXQD XQD VHQVDFLyQ DSHVDU GH GH QiXVHDV OR DSHWHFLEOH āSXGLHUD TXH KDEHU UHVXOWDGR +DJHU 6HO $Vt ORV DOFRKyOLFRV D SXHGHQ VXVEHELGDV GHVDUUROODU SUHIHULGDV DYH GDV QXPHURVDV YHFHV WUDV DVRFLDFLyQ GH VX RORU \ HVSHFtILFR FRQ ā RWUR R LQFOXVR WLSR GH PDOHVWDU HQIHUPHGDG TXH QR ā ItVLFD SURFHGH G 5DFKPDQ \ 7HDVGDOH ā (O KRPEUH HVSURSHQVR DUHYLYLUFRJQLWLYDUQHQWH ODV SHQGLHQWHPHQWH GH OD IDPLOLDULGDG āJiVWULFR SUHYLD5HDOPHQWH GHO VDERU YH] TXH XQ VDERU GHWHUPLQDGR VH DVRFLDOD PHQWDOPHQWH āVXV WDQFLD FXHVWLyQ HQ VLQ OD VHQVDFLyQ UHFRUGDU GH QiXVHDV 3RU WDQWR HQ JHQHUDU DYHUVLRQHV WDQ HILFD]PHQWH DWUDYpV GHSHQ GHHPpWLFRV (Q ODV SHUVRQDV SRVHHQ JUDQLPSRUWDQFLD ODUHYL OXDWLYRV ORV FXDOHV GHWHUPLQDQ TXp HOHPHQWR GHO V JXVWDWRULDV SHUFLELGDV HV SUREDEOHPHQWH HO UHVSRQ Asociabilidad selectiva y fobias. $OJXQDV GH ODV H[SOLFDFLRQHV VRE KXPDQR DWULEX\HQ XQD D LPSRUWDQFLD OD SUHSDUDFLyQ 'H DFXHUGR FRQVLGHUDEOH FRQ LQQDWD ā 6HOLJ PDQ HOKRPEUH HVWi SUHGLVSXHVWR ELROyJLFDPHQW KD DPHQD]DGR ODVXSHUYLYHQFLD GHODHVSHFLH &RPR WHVW IRELDV VHDGTXLHUHQ KDELWXDOPHQWH SRUXQD VROD ROL GLItFLOHV GH HOLPLQDU TXH QR OHV DIHFWDQ ORV SHQ ā DTXHOORV REMHWRV TXHSXHGHQ VXSHUYLYHQFLD 3RU SRQHU HOORHQSHOLJUR ODJHQWH GHVDUUR OD ORV DQLPDOHV R D ORV LQVHFWRV SHUR QR D ORV SLMD /RV GDWRV HPStULFRV FRQFHUQLHQWHV DORV RUtJHQHV PHQRV FODURV /DV FRQVLGHUDFLRQHV OD IRELD EDVDQ VH LQHYLWDEOHPHQWH VREUH OD JpQHVLV HQ PHV UHWURVSHFWLYRV HQ YH] WRWDOLGDGGHH[SHULHQFLDV GH HQ HOFRQRFLPLHQWR DYHUVLYDV VX UH IULGDV VXMHWR SRU /RV HO UHFXHUGRV GHVWDFDQ ORV GH pVWH DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV PiV VREUH SUHFLSLW VDOLHQWHV SXGLHQGR LQGXFLU ODLPSUHVLyQ HUUyQHD G VLGR VXILFLHQWHV SDUD SURGXFLU XQD YHUGDGHUD IRELD FXDQGR HQ SXHGHQ SURGXFLUVH FRPR XQD FRQVHFXHQFLD ~QLFD H[SHULHQFLD GH la PD\RULD WUDXPiWLFD GH HOODV DSDUHFHQ FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GHVERUGDUOD GHXQ FDSDFLGDG HVWUpV GLDULR GHDIURQ TXH PLHQWR GHO VXMHWR +DUG\ %DQGXUD \ +RZHOOV $GDPV <DKHPRV REVHUYDGR DQWHULRUPHQWH TXH IDFWRUHV V H[DJHUDGD GHODUHVLVWHQFLD6L DOFDPELR ~QLFDPHQWH GHODVFRQGLF VHHVWXGLDQ GLFLRQHV IyELFDV UHIUDFWDULDV D\XGD GH XQ SURIHVLRQDO TXH SUHFLVDQ FRPR VXHOH DSDUHFHQ FRPR H[WUDRUGLQDULDPHQWH FDUDFWHUtVWLFD TXH ā QR UHVLVWHQWHVā DSDUHFHUtD DO VL FRQVLGHUDUDQ ODV QRUHIUDFWDULDV HQ ODV TXH IRUPDV H[WUHPDV VRQODVPiV OLVHV K FXWLEOH HQ TXp PHGLGD ODUHVLVWHQFLD DOFDPELR UHI UHIOHMD ODSURSLD FRQGLFLyQ IyELFD /RV PpWRGRV SR GH ODV IRELDV JUDYHV PLHQWUDV TXH ORV PpWRGRV SRW WKDO \ %DQGXUD /RV HVWXGLRV TXH KDQ H[DPLQDGR HOSDSHO GHORVSD HQ ODV UHVSXHVWDV IyELFDV UHYHODQ TXH OHMRVGH VHU GHVHQFDGHQDGDV SRU KDELWXDOPHQWH FRJQLFLRQHV DWHPRUL]DQWHV %HFN /DXGH y /D 9LJQH (VWRV SHQVDPLHQWRV DQVLHGDGLUUDFLRQDO VH FRQFHQ HQ ODSURSLD LQHILFDFLD GH DIURQWDPLHQWR TXHLQGLF H[DJHUDFLyQ GHO SRWHQFLDO VLWXDFLRQHV $OJXQDV OHVLYR YHFHV GH ODV VH SURGXFH OD FRJQLWLYD GHOSURSLR REMHWRIyELFR YLVLyQ āGHXQLQVHFWR FRPR SRUHMHPSO YRODGRU FDGHQD SHQVDPLHQWRV VREUH GH XQD PRQVWUXRV SHOtFXOD GH āFLHQFLD KRUULEOHV ILFFLyQ ā 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV Propiedades psicológicas de los acontecimientos fobégenos. 'HVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWDGH-D WHRUtD FRJQLWLYD VRFLDO QR WRGRV ORV FRQYHUWLUVH DFRQWHFLPLHQWR HQ REMHWRV LQGXFWRUHV GH PLHGRV FLHUWDV SURSLHGDGHV IyELFRV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV GH VLQR ORV TXH KD\ QRFLYLGDG SRWHQFLDO LQWHQVLGDG GH SUHGLFWLELOLGDG LQFRQWURODELOLGDG IDOWD R ORVKDFHQTXH HVSHFLDOPHQWH (QWUH IREyJHQRV ORV IDFWRUHV TXH FRQ H[SHULHQFLDV FRUUHODFLRQDQ DYHUVLYDV ORV ā REMHWRV DQLPDGRV SUREDELOLGDGHV WLHQHQ GH SURGXFLU PiV IRELDV \D TXH TXHODV ORV LQDQ DPHQD]DV DQLPDGDV GH VX FDSDFLGDG HQYLUWXG \PRYHUVH SDUD DFWXDU DOUHGHGRU SXHGHQ GHOVX DSDUHFHU HQPRPHQWRV \HQOXJDUHV SHVDU LPSUHGHFLEOHV GHVXVHVIXHU]RV HLQIOLJL DXW WHFWRUHV 3RU \D KHPRV WDQWR GLFKR FRPR TXHORV QR SLMDPDV HVIiFLO KROJDGRV KLHUED LQPyYLO QLOD TXH FDUHFHQ SRGHUOHVLYR GH VH FRQYLHUWDQ HQ REMHWRV DQLPDOHV DYHUVLYRV TXH VRQ PLH FDSDFHV GHPRYHUVH \GHSURGXFLU GDxR ItVLFR HOHPHQWRV DWHPRUL SXHGHQ FRQY ]DQWHV FRPR GH XQD UHVXOWDGR H[SHULHQFLD 3RU WDQWR GRORURVD QRHVGHOWRGR XQD VRUSUH H[SHULHQFLD DYHUVLYDTXH JHQHUyKDFLD PLHGR XQ DQLPDO :DWVRQ \ 5D\QHU QR JHQHUDVH PLHGR DOJXQRKDFLD REMHWRV LQDQLPDGRV FRPR FRUWLQDV SDWR GH PDGHUD EORTXHV QLQJXQR GHORVFXDOHV SRVHH FDSDFLGDG OHVLYD %UHJPDQ GHELGR D TXH VXV (QJOLVK SRVLELOLGDGHV DFFLyQ VRQ DOWDPHQWH GH OLPLWDGDV 6LQ HPEDUJR SXHGHQFRQ ORV REMHWRV YHUWLUVH HQ REMHWRV GH HYLWDFLyQ IyELFD FXDQGR VH FRQVLGH /RV VXMHWRV REVHVLYRFRPSXOVLYRV TXH WHPHQ TXH UHVLGHQ LQIHFWDUVH HQ WRGR FXDQWR WRFDQ KDVWD HOH[WUHPR OOHJDQ GH HYLWDU ORVREMHWRV WHPRU D OD FRQWDPiV K PLQDFLyQ ·y SDVDQ XQ Q~PHUR H[WHQXDQWH āKRUDV āUHDOL]DQGR GH ULWXDOHV SURWHFWRUHV GH OLPSL 5DFKPDQ\ +RGJVRQ ā ā $GHPiV GH OD FDSDFLGDG VRQ SURSLHGDGHV OHVLYD WDPELpQ LPSRUWDQWHV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV GH ORV IREyJHQRV VX LPSUHGLFWLELOLGDG y VX LQFRQWURODELOLGDG /RV DFRQWHFLPLH UHVXOWDQ PHQRV DWHPRUL]DQWHV FX\R PRPHQWR TXH \OXJDU DSDULFLyQ DTXHOORV HV GH LPSRVLEOH RWURV āSUHYHU GLILFXOWDQGR ODGLVFULPLQDFLyQ HQWUH SRU HOOR ODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV 'H VHJXUDV LJXDO PRGR SDUD OD HMHUFHU FDSDFLGDG FRQWURO RLQFOXVR OD SHUFHSFL UHGXFH HQ JUDQ DPHQD]D PHGLGD SRWHQFLDO OD GH ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV $YHULOO DY āā%iQGXUD āO D 0LOOHU D H LPSUHGHFLEOHV /DV DPHQD]DV VREUH DFWL ODV GLVSRQH ~QLFDPHQWH FRQWURO SDUFLDO GH PXFKDRFDVLRQDQ PiVJHQHUDOL]DGD DQVLHGDG TXH ODV DPHQD]DV LJXDOPHQWH DYHUVLYDV TXH VRQSUHGHFLEOHV WDQWRHQ FXDQWR BVHPDQWHQJD XQR DOHMDGR 3RU WDQWR GH OD DOD HOODV VHOHFWLYLGDG UHVSXHVWD DVRFLDWLYD GHODV IRELDV HQ HO VHU KXPDQR HQFRQWUDUHPRV OD FRQ PD\RU SUREDELOLGDG SURSLHGDGHV GH āORV HQ ODV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV TXH HQ ODV H[SHULHQFLDV DQWHSDVDGRV GH 6LQ ORV SURSLHGDGHV HPEDUJR QR HVWD DFWtYDQ GHIRUPD UHIOHMDPHFDQLVPRV DVRFLDWLYRV VLQR TXH HOLPSDFWR GH las UHVSXHVWDV GH PLHGR GHSHQGH HQ JUDQ PHGLGD TXH GHO S GHWHUPLQDQ HOFDUiFWHU GHDPHQD]DQWH REMHWRV GHWHUPLQDGRV āGLVWLQWDV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV HQ ā$OJXQDV IRELDV VXUMHQ WHPRU QR SRU DO GDxR TXH SURGXFLU SXHGDQ REMHWRV H[WHUQRV SRU VLQ WHPRU DHMHUFHU XQ FRQWURO SRFR VHJXUR GDxDU DXQR VREUH PLVPR D ORV R SU āRV GHPiV ā(Q HVWRV FDVRV ORTXH RULJLQD HOWHPRU HVODIDO SURSLR FRPSRUWDPLHQWR /DSUHRFXSDFLyQ IyELFD VREUHSHQVDPLHQWRV JLUD GH WHPRU FRPSRUWDUVH D GH IRUPD TXH XQR VH RFDVLRQH D Vt PLVPR3RU GHVJUDFLDV HMHPSOR WHPRU DWHQHU TXH SURYRTXHQ ODSVXV GH DFFLGHQWHV FRQFLHQFLD D UHDOL GHWUiILFR ]DU DFFLRQHV FRPSRUWHQ LQVHQVDWDV KXPLOODFLyQ TXH S~EOLFD SDUDHO /D FRQWURO LQHILFDFLD GHO SURSLR FRPSRUWDPLHQWR \ OD LPSRVLELOLGDG GH SU SURGXFLUi HO IDOOR FUHDQ XQ GHO SURIXQGR DXWRFRQWURO VHQWLGR GH YXOQHUDELOL JHQHUDOL]DGR /DV DVRFLDFLRQHV WUDXPiWLFDV SXHGHQ RFDVLRQDU DYHUVLyQ D DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV FDUHFHQ GH T āFDSDFLGDG SDUD SURGXFLU GDxR XQDUHODFLyQ (O VXIULPLHQWR WDQ SRGHURVD LQWHQVR HQWU DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV TXH UHVXOWH LPSRVLEOH UHYLYLU FRJQLW WDUVH FRQ ORVUHFXHUGRV 8QR GHORV FDVRV SRU PiV TXHLOXVWUD TXH VHLQWHQWH 5DFKPDQ HVWH SURF ā\ 6HOJtPDQ7V" HVHOGH XQD PXMHU FRQWUDVWRUQRV HQODYLVLyQ XQDIXHUWH TXH DYHUVLyQ GHVDUUROOy D ORV YHJHWDOHV D WHQHU OOHJDQGR QRFWXUQDV SHVDGLOODV VREUH HOORV FRPR FRQVHFXHQF SHTXHxD VXV FRPSDxHURV y VROtDQ VH PRIDEDQ UHVWUHJDUOH FDUD YHJHWDOHV GH y SODQWDV HOOD SRU OD &RQRFLPLHQWR \ SUHYLVLyQ SUHGLFWLYR /LWWOH \-DPHV SURSRUFLRQDQ RWURHMHPSOR GHDVRFLDFLy HVSDQ WRVD H[SHULHQFLD 8Q VROGDGR PLOLWDU GLVSDUy FRQWUDGRV VROGDGRV HQ UDUOH FHUFD GH VXV āHVFDSDUVH OtQHDV KL]R $O VDOWDU OD SXHUWD GH XQ PHQWH ā DXQD GRFHQD GH VROGDGRV DFDEDEDQ GH GHVSHUWDUVH HQHPLJRV JXDUGLDGXUDQWH TXH0RQWy GLH] ODUJDV KRUDV \WXYRTXH HO VDUJHQWR TXH GLVSDUDU LQFLWDED TXHVH FRQWUD DEDODQ DORVVR ]DUDQ VREUH HOFDSWXUDGRU HQWUHJDQGR 'XUDQWH ORV DORV GLHFLRFKR SULVL DxRV VLJXLHQWHV DVXOLFHQFLDPLHQWR IXH LQFDSD] G RWUR ODGR/D GHODPLVPD JUDYH IRELD GH HVWH VXMHWR DFDEy VLQ SRU GH EyOLFD GHO UHSHWLGD HSLVRGLR PLOLWDU WUDXPiWLFR /D WHRUtD GHOD SUHSDUDFL yQOODPD ODDWHQFLyQ OD QHFHVLGDG VREUH SRU GHH[SOLFDU TXp FLHUWRV WLS GHIRELDV VRQPiV SUHGRPLQDQWHV TXH RWURV VLELHQ SRUFLRQDU XQD UHVSXHVWD DHVWD FXHVWLyQ el (QWUH OR KRPEUH ORVUHODFLRQDGRV OD DFWLYLGDG VH[XDO FRQ VRQORVPiV IUHFXHQ EHQHILFLRV HYROXWLYRV OD IULJLGH] GH OD LPSRWHQFLD 3RU RWUR ODGR R HV UD VHWDV RHVWDEOHFHU UHVSXHVWDV DIHFWLYDV GXUDGHUDV y 5LPPR D SHVDU GH TXH GXUDQWH DxRV ODV V YLGDV HQWUH ORV FRQVXPLGRUHV SRFR SUXGHQWHV FRPR SDU KDFLD HVWRV KRQJRV 'H LJXDO IRUPD HQHOFXUVR GH EOHPHQWH PiV SHUVRQDV DKRJDGDV TXH FRPR FRQVHFXHQ HPEDUJR VRQ PiV IUHFXHQWHV ODV /DV VHUSLHQWHV IRELDV D ODV DGTXLH VHU FDUiFWHU GH DPHQD]D SRU XQD FRPELQDFLyQ GH H[SHULHQFLD GUHV UHIRU]DGR SRU H[SHULHQFLDV SHUVRQDOHV UHSWLOHV FRPR DWHPRUL]D FULDWXUDV SHOLJURVDV \5LWWHU %DQGXUD 3RU HVWRV GLYHUVRV %ODQFKDUG PHGLRV ODV VHUS WHV DFDEDQ FRQVLGHUiQGRVH SHUMXGLFLDOHV HO FDPSR DVt LPSUHGHF FRPR GLILFLOHV GH GHTXH FRQWURODU DWDTXHQ 6LGH UHSHQWH HQ FDVR SXGLHUDQ DSDUHFHU PRPHQWR \ OXJDU JUDQGHV FDQWLGDGHV HO D BJ GH XD DJXD DFDEDUtD TXH S FRQYLUWLpQGRVH XQD ā IXHQWH WDPELpQ KDELWXDO HQ GH WHPRUIyELFR (O IDPRVR FDVR GHOSHTXHxR GH )UHXG TXLHQ +DQV HQWUH PRVWUDED IRELD RWUDV DORV FRVDV FD EDOORV VH KD FLWDGR PXFKDV YHFHV FRPR 6HOLJPDQ HMHPSOR G (Q UHDOLGDG,R TXHIDOWDGH LOXVWUD SRGHU HVWH H[SOLFDWLYR FDVR HVOD GHOFRQF FLyQ +DQV KDEtD VXIULGR YDULDV OHKDEtDQ H[SHULHQFLDV VHQVLELOL]DGR D ORVFDEDOORV TXH VH KDEtD DVXVWDGR DOYHUPRUGHUVH HQXQ WLRYLYR DGRV OHKDEtDQ FDEDOORV DGYHUWLGR ORV FD T EDOORV SRUTXH SRGtDQ KDFHUOH YHU TXH GDxR XQDPLJR VHKDEtD VX\R VHKDEt DVXVWD PLHQWUDV MXJDED \ HQHO H FRQ SLVRGLR FDEDOORV TXH SUHFHGLy LQPHGLDWD D OD DSDULFL GHIRUPD yQ GHOD IRELD +DQV VH DWHUURUL]y DFFLGHQWH GH DXWRE~V DOSUHVHQFLDU FUH\y HQHO TXH KDEtDPXHUWR TXH XQ XQR GH ORV JUDQGHV FDEDOORV TXH WLUDEDQ SRUTXH VX GHO PLVPR SXHVWDPHQWH HOQLxR GHVDUUROOy YHKtFXORV WHPRU GHWUDQVSRUWH KDFLD ORV F S~EOLFR (Q UHDOLGDG VX IRELD HUD D B ORV WUDQVSRU (Q HOLQFLGHQWH WUDXPiWLFR GLHURQ WUHV ILQDO HOHPHQWRV XQ VH FDEDOOR LPSRUWDQWHV JUDQGH YHKtFXOR GH WUDQVSRUWH PX\ FDUJDGRYHORFLGDG \ XQ FDEDOOR/ \ DSDULFLyQ HLQWHQVLGDG +DQV GHODV YDULDEDQ UHVSXHVWDV HQIXQFLyQ IyELFDV GHOS GH HVWDV WUHV VHxDOHV SUHGLFWLYDV $Vt OH DVXVWD YHKtFXORV PX\ FDUJDGRV TXHORVYDFtRV \WHQtD PiV FULEtD XQD FXUYD SRUTXH HQ HVH YROFDVH PRPHQWR (Q UHDOLGDG DXPHQWDED ORV YHKtFXORV GH WUDQVSRUWH SURGXFtDQ per Dse. +DQV &RPR WDQWR pO R PLVPR GHVFULELy ©7HQJR PLHGR GHORVDXWREXVHV HVWiQ \G FDUJDGRV QR VL HVWiQ YDFtRV FDEDOOR HOFDUUR &XDQGR HVWi \FDUJDGR KD\ KDVWD XQ DUULED WHQJR PLHGR SHUR FXDQGR WDPELpQ KD\ GRVHVWi FDEDOORV FDUJDGR QR WHQJR HQWRQFHV SHUR PLHGRª )UHXG SS / D VXSXHVWD SUHSDUDFLyQ QRVyOR QR H[SO JXLGR OD FRQGXFWD SRU IyELFD GH la UD]yQ +DQV SRU OD TXH VLQR WHPtD WDPSRFR D ORV YHKtF WUDQVSRUWHV PX\ FDUJDGRV IRELD TXHUHIOHMD XQDJHQ WUDQVSRUWH QR OD VHOHFFLyQ HYROXWLYD GHVDUUROODG 3DUD HYDOXDU GHIRUPD VLVWHPiWLFD GHOD WHRUtD ODXWLOLGDG GHODSUHSDUDFL SUHGL 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV 5DFKPDQ \6HOLJPDQ FRPSDUDURQ ODDGTXLVLFLyQ\PRGLILFDEL GHUDEDQ HYROXWLYDPHQWH SUHSDUDGDV SUHSDUDFLyQ FRQODV QR GHRWU FRQVLJXLySUHGHFLUODEUXVTXHGDG QL ODHGDGGH DSDULFLyQ GHOWUDVWRUQR ODJUDYHGD VXVFHSWLELOLGDG 'H KHFKR ORVPLHGRV DOFDPELRDUELWUDULRV UHVXOWDU H[WUDRUGLQDULDPHQ SXHGHQ UHVLVWHQWHV FDPELR 5DFKPDQ DO 6HOLJPDQ \ Delimitaciónconceptualde la.preporacién basadaenlaexperienciay la.preparaciim biológica. 6H KDQ UHDOL]DGR QXPHURVDV SUXHEDV VL ODVXSXHVWD GHODERUDWR SUHGLV SRVLFLyQ LQQDWD LQIOX\HHQ OD UDSLGH] DSUHQGL]DMH GH ā\HOLPLQDFLyQ āGāH ODV ā UHVSXHVWDV DXWyQR DQWLFLSDWRULDV (Q HVWRV āHVWXGLRV VHDVRFLDXQD GHVFDUJD HOpFWULFDGLUHFWDPHQWH SRU Y PHGLR GH DPHQD]DV YHUEDOHV FRQLPiJHQHV GHREMHWRV LPSRUWDQWHV WHV\DUDxDV RFRQRWURVELROyJLFDPHQWH \ ILJXUDVJHRPpWULFD LQGLIHU VXSRVLFLyQ GH EDVH SULQFLSLR GHO GHSUHSDUDFLyQ OD āDVRFLDFLyQ SUHSDUDGD HVTXH GH IRUPD LQQDWD DVHJXUDHOUiSLGRDSUHQGL]DMHGHODVDPHQD]DV FRQWUDULR SUHSDUDFLyQ OD GHYDORUHQ FDUHFHUt G FXDQWR DODVXSHUYLYHQFLD GHO LQGLYLGXRSXHVWRTXHODVDPHQD]DV SHUPLWLU SRFRVHUUR JU UHV(ODXWRPyYLOTXHVHDFHUFDDJUDQYHORFLGDG QR VXHOHGDUVHJXQGDV RSRUWXQLGDGHV āD OGHVFXLGDGR SHDWyQTXHWLHQHODPDODVXHUWHGHFUX]DUVH 8Q OHJDGRHYROXWLYRTXHQR HQV DGTXLVLFLyQ GHFLHUWRVPLHGRV UHWUDVDUD VXH[WLQFLyQ VLQROD TXH~QLFDPHQW BWHQGHQFLD KDUtD TXH KHUHGDGD SHUMXGLFDUD DODHVSHFLH HQOXJDUGHEH SHOLJURV SUREDEOHPHQWH ā DFDEDUtD H[WLQJXLpQGROD /D VXSXHVWD UDSLGH] GH DGTXLV DSR\RHPStULFRSRUSDUWHGHORVGDWRVGHODERUDW 1L ODVGHVFDUJDV QL ODRE UHSHWLG VHUYDFLyQ GH H[SHULHQFLDV GRORURVDV HQ ORV GHPiV KDFHQ GLUHFWDV TXH ORV D ORV VXMHWRV āREMHWRV SUHSDUDGRV ORV FRQ ā DUELWUDULRV PD\RU UDSLGH] +\JJH TXH \D 2KPDQ (UL[RQ \/RIEHUJ 2KPDQ \+XJGDKO ODV āDPHQD]DV YHUEDOHVUHVXOWDQ D YHFHVPiVHILFDFHVTXH ODV H[SHULHQFLDV SDUD HVWDEOHFHU GRORURVDV KDFLD WHPRU āORV REMHWRV SUHSDUDGRV āTXH VXSXHVWDPHQWH VRQ LQVHQVLEOHV D *HQHUDOPHQWH HOFRQRFLPLHQWR OD LQWHUUXSFLyQ GHODVGHVFDUJDV GH SDUD U HOLPLQDU ODVUHVSXHVWDV DXWyQRPDV DORV REMHWRV SUHSDUDGRV D ORVTXH DUELWUDULRV 6LQ LQFOXVR HQHVWHFDVRORVKDOOD]JRV DSRUWDGRV SR pVWRV GH VL TXH se:OR KD DQDOL]DGR KDQ VLGR ODV UHVSXHVWDV G UHVSXHVWDV (DQWLFLSDWRULDV O FRQRFLPLHQWRGHODVHJXULGDGGHORVR WLQWD VREUH ODV UHVSXHVWDV DXWyQRPDV GHO PRPHQWR HQ DSDUH]FDQ TXH IXQFLyQ SHUR pVWRV OD UHGXFFLyQGHODV UHVSXHVWDV DQWLFLSDWRULDV WDO VHJXULGDG SURGXFLGD \D VHDQGHRULHQ HVVLPLODU SRU WDFLyQ DQWLFLSDWRULDV yRSRVWHULRUHV FRO /RVPLHGRV 2KPDQ HVWDE SUHSDUDGRV VRQFRPSOHWDPHQWH0F1 PRGLILFDEOHVSRUPH DOO\ $GH ODVH[SHULHQFLDVDVRFLDWLYDV WDOPRGR TXHODVLPiJHQHVGHODVV VHSURSRUFLRQDQ y ODVGH GH ODVIORUHV OOHJDQ DVHxDODU DXVHQFLD GHSHOLJURDPERV REMHWRVUHVXOWDQ SDUD GLV PLQXLUHOPLHGRKDFLD 0F1DOO\ y 5HLVV RWUDV DPHQD]DV GHSUHSDUD 'HVGH HOFRQ FLyQQRFDEUtD XQ REMHWR HVSHUDU ELROyJLFDPHQWH TXH SDUD SURGXFLU SUHGLVSXHVWR PLHGR SXG WUDQVIRUPDUVH FRQWDQWDUDSLGH] \ HQDOJRWDQ WUDQTXLOL]DGRU HQXQUHGXFWRUG FRPRSXHGD VHUORXQDIORU GHOLFDGD $SHVDU GHODUHSHWLGDGHVFRQILUPDFLyQ OD VXSXHVWDSUHSD GHO UDFLyQVREUH ODIDFLOLWDFLyQ GHODSUHQGL]DMH \GHORVUHVXOWDGRV P GHOPLHGR HVWRVKDOOD]JRV FRQWLQ~DQ FLWiQGRVH FDPHQWH 8QPHFDQLVPRGHSUHSDUDFLyQ TXHQRD\XGD DORV ORVSHOLJURVDSDUWLUGHOGRORURODVFDODPLGDG y TXHWLHQH XQ HIHFWRYDULDEOH VR SHUVLVWHQFLDGHODDFWLYDFLyQ QR FRQVWLWX\H SUHFLVDPHQWH DQWLFLSDWRULD HOVR HOTXH EDVDU OD ā VXSHUYLYHQFLD /D SUHYLVLyQ \OD FDSDFLGDG āDYDQ]DGD GH GHO DSURYHFKDUV 'daño H[SHULPHQWDGRSRUORV GHPiVDPEDV VLJQRVGHDGDSWDFLyQ PD\RU SUREDELOLGDG DVHJXUDUiQ O FRQVHUYDFLyQ OD HVSHFLHTXHVL GH pVWD VHGHMDGHDVRFLDFLRQHV HQPDQRV (V PXFK yPDVLQ FLHJDV WHOLJHQWHFRQILDU ODSURSLDVXSHUYLYHQFLD SUHYLVLyQ GHORV HOHPHQWRVTXHSXHGD DOD FUHDUHOKRPEUH SXHVWRTXHOD HYROXFLyQ FXOWXUDOLQWURGXFHREMHWRVQXHYRV SLVWRODV WERPEDV DXWRPyYLOHV TXH HVWiQ FRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWH PiV H[WHQGLGRV y VRQ PiV SHOLJURVRV SRU WLJUHV HMHPSOR ā TX &RQRFLPLHQWR y SUHYLVLyQ SUHGLFWLYR ,QFOXVR VL VHKXELHUD GHPRVWUDGR ODSUHSDUDFLyQ LQQDWD TXH HUD OD UHVSRQVDEOH DXWyQRPR DWULEXLGR D HOOD H[LVWLULDQ WRGDYtD DP HYROXWLYDV GH HVWH KDOOD]JR GDGR TXH QR VH UHFRQ DXWyQRPD \ XQWLSR GHWHUPLQDGR GH HOSXQWR FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH YLVWD OD VXSHUYLYHQFLD GH 'HVGH HOIDFWRU GHFLVLYR QRHVTXH ORVRUJDQLVPRV UHVXOW PHQWH GHODVVLWXDFLRQHV SHOLJURVDV TXH SXHGHQ FR VXSHUYLYHQFLD QR HV HOWUDVWRUQR LQWHUQR TXH SXHG GDV TXH VHUHDOLFHQ $GHPiV ORV RUJDQLVPRV HQOR TXH TXH S HV VHJXUR \ OR TXH HV HVWiQ SHOLJURVR PHMRU GRWDGRV SDUD VREUHYLYLU \ GHVDUUROODUVH TXH D RWURV TXH FRQWLQ~DQ DFREDUGiQGRVH LQQHFHVDULDPHQW TXH WHPtDQ KD FRPSOHWR GHMDGR GH VHU SRU (O SHOLJURVR SHQVDPLHQWR IXQFLRQDO UHV GHVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD HYROXWLYR /D FRPSUREDFLyQ SUHSDUDFLyQ GHOD LQQDWD HQORVVHUHV KXPDQRV GH HVP OR TXH SDUHFHU SRGUtD GH HQWUDGD (Q ORV HVWXGLRV VREUHVHVWH H FRQIXQGHOD WHPD JHQ VXVFHSWLELOLGDG D GLVWLQWDV DPHQD]DV SRU H[SHULHQFLDV LQGXFLGDV SHUVRQDOH V FRQ OD VXVFHSWLE GHRULJHQ ELROyJLFR OD LQIOXHQFLD 3RU HMHPSOR VRFLDO LQGXFH DIHFWLYDV GH QXPHURVDV WLSR UHVSXOVLYR āUHSWLOHV KDFLD SHUR ORV SRFDV KDFLD ODVIRUPDV J GLIHUHQFLDV ILDEOHV HQOD DGTXLVLFLyQ \SHUVLVWHQ SURSLHGDGHV TXHGDUtD IREyJHQDV SHQGLHQWH OD FXHVWLyQ EDVDGD GH HQFRJQL VLOD H[SO FLRQHV FRQ FDUJDHPRFLRQDO LQGXFLGDV ODV PRUGHGXUDV VRFLDOPHWH GH VHUS H VXIULGDV SRU DOJXQDV JHQHUDFLRQHV /D SRVLEOH H[LVWHQFLD SUHSDUDFLyQ GH DQWHSDVDGRV GHSV FROyJLFD VXEUD\D ODQHFHVLGDG GH WpFQLFDV OR LQQDWR -D GH \ FRQW H[SHULHQFLD VRFLDO SXHGH PLQLPL]DUVH FRPSDUDQGR O MHWRV FRQ LJXDO FDSDFLGDG OHVLYD FRJQLFLRQHV \ TXH DIHFWLYDV DFWLYDQ HO SHUR PL GLILHUHQ OD YDOHQFLD HQTXHGH HVWi UHODFLRQDGD ORVREMHWRV SULPRUGLDOPHQWH OD KLVWRULD HYROXWLYDFR RFRQ ODH[SHULHQFLD 3DUD DQDOL]DU VRFLDO FRPSDUDWLYDPHQWH GHOPLHGRKD ODUDSLGH] FLDVHUSLHQWHV DVWXWDV XQD FRQGLFLyQ H[SHULPHQWDO HPSXxD XQD HVFRSHWD FRQWURO SURSRUFLRQD TXHXQD FRQGLFLyQ PD\RU HQTXH VH OD HVFRSHWD per se FDUHFH VROD TXH GHFDSDFLGDG OHVLYD SDUD GLVFHUQLU /RV HVIX HO DSUHQGL]DMH SUHSDUDGR ELROyJLFDPHQWH WDPELpQ GHOSUHSDUDG FRUURER UDQ TXH ODSUHSDUDFLyQ ELROyJLFD y .DUNHU QR LQIOX\H HQHO /D UDFLyQ FRQWLQ~D UHSUHVHQWDQGR XQ UHWR GH H[SOLFDF IRELDV DREMHWRV GHVFULWRV FXOWXUDOPHQWH OD H[WLQFLyQ FRPR GHOQHJ PLH REMHWRV LQDQLPDGRV TXH SRVHHQ SURSLHGDGHV WRGD FDSDFLGDGOHVLYDV GHDFW SRU Vt PLVPRV ,QQXPHUDEOHV KDQ GHPRVWUDGR HVWXGLRV LQWHUDFFLRQHV TXH DYHUVLYDV ODVFUHDQ UiSLGDPHQWH SUH SDUDFLyQ EDVDGD HQ OD H[SHULHQFLD SDUD ā WHPHU GHWHUPLQDGRV D WLSRV āGH REMHWRV \ GH VXFHVRV 9DULDQGR HOSDWUyQ GH H[SHULHQFLDV SRVLWLYDV \Q VHQVLELOLGDG +RIIPDQ ,QFOXVR KD\DQ VLGR GHVSXpV HOLPLQD GH GRV SRU FRPSOHWR OD DVHQVLELOLGDG xRV PiV WDUGH SHUPDQHFH ODV H[SHULHQ \ VXUMDQ GH VLWXDFLRQHV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ HOORV QR SXHGDQ YROYHU DLQGXFLU ODV DPHQD]DV LQLFLDOHV HQ ODV iUHDV VHQVLELOL]DGD Previsión y acción &RQ IUHFXHQFLD XQD PLVPD FRQGXFWD RW,26 SURGXFH IDFWRUHV HIHF GHO PRPHQWR HOOXJDU \ODV 3RU HMHPSOR SHUVRQDV XQD LQWHUVHFFLyQ FUX]DU DODV TXH \D HVWDQGR URMD ODOX] WHQGUi XQDV GHO FRQVHFXHQFLDV VHPiIRUR FRPSOHWDPHQWH QHJDWLYDV GLVWLQWDV D DWUDYHVDUOR&XDQGR FRQ ODV OX]YHUGH YDULDFLRQHV GHGHWHUPLQDGDV VH FDV \ VRFLDOHV VH DVRFLDQ GH IRUPD UHJXODU HVWDV VHxDOHV FRQ VHGLVWLQ FRQYLHUWHQ HQ \ GLUHFWULFHV DFWLYDGRUHV GHO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR 3RU DWHQFLyQ DDTXHOORV DVSHFWRV GH VX HQWRUQR TXH SUHGLFHQ ORV 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV TXHFDUHFHQ GHWDOSURSLHGDG SDUD UHJXODUORVSURSLRVDFWRV /DFDSDFLGDG DFXHUGR FRQORVSUH GH GLFWRUHVGHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV GHOD UHVSXHVWD HO SURSRUFLRQD PHFDQLVPRQHFHVDULR SDUD ODFRQGXFWD SUHYLVRUD /DV VHxDOHVDGTXLHUHQYDORU FRQ āGLVWLQWDV SUHGLFWLYR FRQVHFXHQFLDV DODVRFL WDV H[SOLFDFLRQHVWUDGLFLRQDOHVGHHVWHSURFHVR VH WD HQ ODFXDO VRQ ODV UHFRPSHQVDGDV UHVSXHVWDV RāFDVWLJDGDV VyOR āHQSUHVHQFLD GH GHWHU VHxDOHV SHUR ā QR ā HQRWURV FRQWH[WRV (Q HVWHWLSRGH DSUHQGL]DMH GLVWLQWRV OD H[SHULHQFLD SRU FXFLyQ SURSRUFLRQDODLQIRUPDFLyQ SDUD DSUHQGHU ODVUHJODVTXHU QHFHVDULD 8QD YH]TXHKDVLGRH[WUDtGD OD LQIRUPDFLyQ SUHGLFWLYD HOLQGLYLGXR ORVMXLFLRV TXH KDUHDOL]DGR VREUH ODV FRQVHFXHQ /RVHIHFWRVGHORVDFWRVHVWiQ 3RU WDQWR PHGLDGRV ODVā HQJUD VHxDO FLDOHV SUHGLFWLYDV GHVHPSHxDQ XQSDSHO GHVWDFDGR B IUHFXHQFLD ORV QLxRV VH FRPSRUWDQ GH IRUPD GLVW DFXHUGR FRQODVQRUPDVGLVFLSOLQDULDV SDUWLFXODUHV ā GHFDGDXQR/RVQLxRV KLSH UiQOLEUHPHQWHDXQSDGUHLQGXOJHQWHSHURQRVXH SDGUHOHV TXpQR WROHUH OD DJUHVLyQ y :DOWHUV %DQGXUD ā ā ā (Q XQHVWXGLyIRUPDOVREUH GH ODFRQGXFWD OD VHxDOL]DFLyQ %LPEUDXHU 5HGG \ VRF UHFRPSHQVDURQ SRUPHGLRGHXQDGXOWR ~QLFDPHQWH HOMXHJRFRRSHUDWLYR GHXQ ODGRVPLHQWUDV TXHXQVHJXQGRDGXOWR ORVUHFRPSH ULFLyQGpODGXOWRUHFRUQSHQVDGRUFRQWLQJHQWH LQGX GHO DGXOWRUHFRPSHQVDGRU QRFRQWLQJHQWH VRFLDO GHORV QLxRV QRWXYRLQI &XDQGR ORVDGXOWRVLQYLUWLHURQVXVSDSHOHV la FDSDFLGDG GHLQGXFLUHO GHDFWXDF tívo PHGLDQWH OD VRODSUHVHQFLD FDPELy WDPELpQ FRQVHFXHQWH *HQHUDOPHQWH ODVSHUVRQDV UHJXODQVXFRQGXFWD FLDOHV VXWLOHV&RQVLGHUHPRV HOHMHPSORKDELWXDO PHQWH SHURTXpQRVLHPSUHVHSUHRFXSDQ GHTXHV ILQDOORVQLxRVDSUHQGHQDLJQRUDUODVyUGHQHV (O HQIDGRFUHFLHQWH GHORVSDGUHV VHFRQYLHUWHHQODVHxDO SUHGLFWL āVRORORVJULWRVFRQVLJXHQGHHOORVODFRQGXFWD GH OD FDVDD VHPXHYHQ XQ QLYHO GH GHFLEHOLRV H[DJHUDGR (O YDORU SUHGLFWLYR GH ODV VHxDOHV y PDQWHQLGR LQGXGDEOHP HQ PXFKD RFDVLRQHV PHGLDQWH H[SHULHQFLDV SHUVRQDOHV GLUH UHVSXHVWD DODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVSDUWLFXODUHV GHO āKRPEUH,HSHUPLWHDGTXLULUHVWDLQIRUPDFLyQ VLQ ODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV SDUD ā DVtGHVFXEULU SRVLEOHV ORVUHVXOWDGRVPiVSU FDGD VL WXDFLyQ 'H KHFK yHO DSUHQGL]DMH āBGH PXFKDV GH ODV UHJODV GHO FRPS PHGLDQWH H[SOLFDFLRQHV TXH āGHVFULEHQ ODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV ODV TXH FDGD DFFLyQ GHWHUPLQDGD VHUi HQ UHFRPSHQVDGD 3RU HMHPSORQRHVQHFHVDULRFRPHWHUDFW RFDVWLJDGD \ VXIULUODVFRQV FXHQFLDV GHOD OH\SDUD DSUHQGHU ésta: ODV FRQGXFWDV · &RQ IUHFXHQFLD ODV GH IRUPD SHUVRQDV DSURSLDGD VHFRPSRUWDQ VLQGLVSRQH SHUVRQDO QHFHVDULD QLGHQLQJXQD H[SOLFDFLyQ VRE (VWR HVSRVLEOHSRUTXHODLQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH ORV IRUPDYLFDULDDSDUWLUGHREVHUYDU FyPRHVUHFLE FLRQHV /DV WUHVIXHQWHVGHLQIRUPDFLyQ SRU SURSLD HMHFXFLyQ \ YLFDULD DFW~DQ VLPEyOLFD GH IRUPDUHODFLRQDGD y HVFXFKD /RTXHHOLQGLYLGXRYH IDFLOLWDODH[WUDFFLyQ H[SHULHQFLDV SHUVRQDOHV$XQTXH ORVDFWRV HVWiQ REVHUYDFL yQGHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWR GHORV GHPiV RHQVXV YDORU SUHGLFWLYR Ga ODV VHxDOHV HVWDEOHFLGDV YHUEDO RYLFDULDPHQWH SHULyGLFD WUDYpV G H D ODH[SHULHQFLD āāā ā ā GLUHFWD ā . .. . . ~ . • &RQRFLPLHQWR y. SUHYLVLyQ SUHGLFWLYR 3UHGLFWRUHV PRGHODGRV 'H ODV QXPHURVDV VHxDOHV TXH LQIOX\HQ VREUH OD JXQD HVWDQ IUHFXHQWH QLWLHQH WDQWR GHPiV /D YDORU JHQWH LQIRUPD DSODX GH FXDQGR ORVGHPiV DSODXGHQ UtH ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV FXDQGR ORV RWURV VR FXDQGR YHTXH ORV GHPiVOHV WDPELpQ GLFWD PRGD OD ORKDFHQ \HQRWUDV YLVWH LQFR V WXDFLRQHVHVWi VX SURPRYLGD FRQGXFWD FDQDOL]DGD \ SRU LQIOXHQFLDV B PRGHODGDV /DV DFFLRQHVGH ORVGHPiV DGTXLHUHQYDORU SUHGLFWLYRDWUDYpV GH ODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV GH IRUPD PX\ SDUHFLGD DFRPR OR KDFHQ FDUiFWHU QR ORVSUHGLFW VRFLDO /DV VHxDOHV PRGHODGDV IDYRUHFHQ OD FRQGXFWD ORV BGHPiV SDUH FRPSRUWD UHVXOWDGRV UHFRPSHQVDQWHVB SHUR LQGXFLUiQ FRQGXFWD GLIHUHQWHV DODVGHOPRGHOR KDQ \'ROODUG GHPRVWUDGR 'DGR TXH VHUPD OD JHQWH QRUPDOPHQWH PRGHOD DTXHOODUHVXOWDPXFKR FRQGXFWD TXH PiV HIHFWLYR VHJXLU HOHMHPSOR ORVGHPiV TXHTXH UHDOL]DU ODERULRVDVSUXHED QRV SURSRUFLRQD GH HQVD\R3RUWDQWR \HUURU FRQILDQGR HQOD FRQGXFWD GHPRGHORV FRQ SUHVWLJ DFWXDU GH IRUPD DGHFXDGD HQ FDGD VLWXDFLyQ VLQ DFHSWDGD VRFLDOPHQH DSDUWLU GHO UHFKD]R (O GLFKR RODDS ©GyQGH IXHUHV KD] OR TXH YLHUHVª UHVDOWD HO YDOR /DB FDSDFLGDG GHORVHMHPSORV SDUD DFWLYDU \FDQDOL]DU OD FRQGXFWD KDVLGR DEXQGDQ FXPHQWDGD WDQWR HQ HVWXGLRVFDPSR GH ,DERUDWRULR %DQGXUD 5RVHQ FyPR OD H WKDO \%DQGXUD 6HSXHGH FRQVHJXLU TXH OD YROXQWDULDPHQWH VXV EXVTXH VHUYLFLRV BJUDWLILFDFLyQ TXH GHPRUH BTTXH XH VHFRP PXHVWUH R SRUWH SXQLWLYDPHQWH TXH SUHILHUD FLHUWDV FRPLGDV WHPDV TXH VHD FXULRVD IRUPD B LQQRYDGRUD RSDVLYD TXH RFRQYHQFLRQDO SLHQVH GH WLFDPHQWH FXDOTXLHU WLSR GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GHVHDGD ,QFOXVR PRGHO JUDGR GH SDUWLFLSDFLyQ XQD DFWLYLGDG GHWHUPLQDGD BF HQ RPR SXHGHVHU ODFDQWLGDG DOFRKROR GH GH DOtPHQWR FRQVXPLGRV āI SXHGH RUPD LPSRUWDQWH UHVXOWDU del PRGHODGR LQIOXLGR DWUDYpV ā VRFLDOGH &DXGLOO \0DUODWW *DUOLQJWRQ \'HULFFR 3RU WDQWR ODVFODVHV GHPRGHORV TXHSUHYDOHFHQ HQXQHQWRUQR KX PDQDV TXH VHUiQ DFWLYDGDV GH IRUPD VHOHFWLYD GH 6HxDOHV GH PRGHODGR por /DV SHUVRQDV GLILH UHQ HQOD UDSLGH] VXFRQGXFWD FRQ TaH UHVXOWD ODVVHxDOHV LQIOXLGD PRGH GDV \QR WRGRV ORV PRGHORV VRQ LJXDOPHQWH GH FRQGXFWD HILFDF TXH PRGHODQ /D UHVSRQVLYLGDG DODV LQIOXHQFLDV HQ JUDQSRU SDUWH WUHV GHOP FRQMXQWRV IDFWRUHVFX\R GH SRGHU DFWLYDGRU GHODV GHSHQGH UHODFLRQHV DVRFLDWLYDVFRQ DVXYH] ORV UHVXOWDGRV GH ODUHVSXHVWD BGHORVPRGHORV (VWRV DWULEXWRVGHOREV IDFWRUHV ORV VRQ OR YDGRU \ HO YDORU IXQFLRQDO PRGHODGD ā āGH ODāFRQGXFWD ā ā ā \ Atributos del modelo. /RV PRGHORV TXH SRVHHQ FLHUWD SRGHU SRVLFLy UHVXOWDQ PiV HILFDFHV HQSURPRYHU HQ ORVGHPiV FR FRQ PHQRU FDWHJRUtD (Q XQHVWXGLR GHFDPSR VREUH FDPSDPHQWR GHYHUDQR VHGHPXHVWUD HOSRGHU GHOSU /RV REVHUYDGRUHV āIUHFXHQFLD UHJLVWUDURQ FRQ TXH OD ORVQLxRV LPL FRPSDxHURV VLQ TXH pVWRV KLFLHUDQ QLQJ~Q HVIXHU] PLHQWR /RV QLxRV FRQPiV SRGHU FRVQWLWX\HURQ HO FLHURQ HVWLORFRQGXFWXDO HO GH ORV GHPiV QLxRV &XDQGR PHMRU VHG WLJLR GHOPRGHOyDFFLRQHV HVFXDQGR LGpQWLFDVSHURVH VHPRGHODQ YDULD VLVWHPiWLFDPHQWH JLR GHO PRGHORy 0RXWRQ /HINRZLW] (Q %ODNH XQR HVWXGLRV GH VH HVWRV REVHUYR TXH SHDWRQHV WLHQHQ PiV WHQGHQFLD DFUX]DU ODFDOOH H ORKDFH HVXQD SHUVRQD FX\D IRUPD GHYHVWLU LQGLF ]D XQD SHUVRQD YHVWLGD FRQ SDQWDORQHV YLHMRV ]D ā 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV /D SRVHVLyQ GH SRGHU VRFLDO SDUD LQIOXLU HQ O IRUWDOHFHODVLQIOXHQFLDVGHOPRGHODGR PXFKDPD\RU LJXDOTXH WHQGHQFLD SUHIHUHQFLDV\ DLPLWDUODV DFFLRQHVGHORVDGXOWRVTXHFRQWUR GHDTXHOORVTXH UHFLEHQODV UHFRPSHQVDV %DQGXUD 5RVV\5RVV VLORV SUa SLRVQLxRV KDQ VLGRSUHYLDPHQWHORVEHQHILFLDULRV SRU ORVPRGHORV GHODVU &KDUWLHU \:HLVV \ *UXVHF 0LVFKHO $O FRPSDUDU HOSRGHU XQD IXHQWH UHFRPSHQVDQWH GH LQIOXHQFLD FRQ FRQWUD WDPELpQTXHODSRVHVLyQGHGLFKRSRGHU la HILFDFLDVHxDOL]DGRUD DXPHQWD GHOR ā VHH[SRQHDORVQLxRVDYDULRVPRGHORVPDVFXOLQRV VHPHMDQWHV āHQWUH Vt HQFXDQWR DVXV SUHIHUHQFLDV FRQGXFWXDOHV OD āFRQGXFWD VLVWHPiWLFDPHQWH GHORVPRGHORV VLJX G 3HUU\\%XVVH\ ODVLQYHUVLRQHV GHOSRGHUUHFRPSHQVDQWH 6LQHPEDUJR VXS FLDGHODVLPLOLWXGVH[XDOLQFUHPHQWDQGR FRQGXFWD GHORV GHHVW PRGHORV GHOVH[RRSXHVWR TXH FRQWURODQ ODV UHFRP āWLHQHQ PDVWHQGHQFLD DHPXODU HOSRGHU TXH ODVQ PRGHODGRLQWHUVH[RVVHDQPRGHORVILOPDGRVTXHGH āYLGD GHOREVHUYDGRU LQGLFDTXH ORVVLJQRVGpSR OD FRQGXFWD GH DTXHOORV que ORVRVWHQWDQ\QRLQGXFLHQGR HVSHUDQ]D VLPSOHPHQWH GHTXHVX HQ LPLWDFLyQOHVFRPSRUWDUi (O SRGHUSXQLWLYRHVXQDVXQWR HOIDYRUGHORVSRGHURVR GLVWLQWRVREUHWRGRFXDQGRORVREVHUYDGRUHV VH TXHDFWLYDHOPLHGR\DHYLWDFLyQVLDFDVR OD FRQILDQ]DGH ORVREVHUYDGRUHV HQPRGH WDOH UHGX BORV FRPR JXtDVGH VXFRPSRUWDPLHQWR &KDUWLHU \ :HLVV . No UHVXOWDGLItFLO TXpORV GpFRPSUHQGHU VLJQRVGHSRVLFLyQ VRFLDO \GH SRGHU SRU DXPHQWDQ OD IXQFLyQVHxDOL]DGRUD ODā FRQGXFWD/D PRGHODGD FRQGXFWD GH GHDTXHOORVPRGHOR JXLGRXQD SRVLFLyQ VRFLDOHVPiVSUREDEOH TXHFRQVLJDHOp[L PD\RU YDORUIXQ aFLRQD-SDUDORVREVHUYDGRUHVTXHODGHDTXHOORVR WHOHFWXDO RVRFLDOUHODWLYDPHQWH KD\DQ EDMD([FHSWR VLGRKHUHGDGRV GH HQHOFD ODSR UHFXUVRV YDOLRVRV \ āXQD VXJLHUH FRPSHWHQFLD XQD KDELOLGDG SDUD FRQVHJXLUORV H[FHSFLRQDOHV āā&XDQGR ODDGRSFLyQGHORVHVWLORVGHFRQGXFWD GLVWLQWRVGH ODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHORVPRGHORVDVXPHQYDORU \D TXHLQGLFDQODHILFDFLD OFRQGXFWD D pVWRV H[KLEHQ TXH &XDQGR āLQGLYLGXR HO āHVWiQR VHJXUR GH OR DGHFXDGR PRGHODGDV R GH KD ODV GH UHFXUULUDVHxDOHVFRPRODDSDULHQFLD JHQHUDOHO y HFRQyPLFR y VLJQRVGHGHVWUH]D FRPRLQGLFDGRUHV SDVDGDV GHORVPH GHOp[ GHORV /RV HIHFWRVGHODSRVLFLyQVRFLDOGHOPRGHORWLH iUHD GHFRQGXFWD D aRWUD $Vt SRU HMHPSORGHVWDFDGRV GHSRUWLVWDV H[SUHVD SDUD HOGHVD\XQR FRPRVLIXHUDQ WDPELpQ OD SRVLFLyQ H[SHUWRV VRFLDO RWRUJDXQDXUDGHFRPSHWHQFLD HVSRVLEOH TXHOR LQGLFDGRUHVGHXQHOHYDGRQLYHOHGXFDWLYR SRU ODFRPSHWHQFLD HVSHFtILFDDW TXH OD DFWLYLGDG HQ +DUULV FXHVWLyQ 'H LJXDO +XDQJ IRUPD \ ODV SHUVRQDV DGTXLHUHQFDSDFLGDG GHLQIOXHQFLDSRUVXSDUHFLG SDVDGD KDGHPRV WUDGR VHUOD PiV DGHFXDGD (O LQGLYLGXRQRQHFHVLWD EDVDUVH ~QLFDPHQWH HQ MX]JDUODXWLOLGDGSUREDEOHGHORVDFWRVPRGHODG RSRUWXQLGDGHV GHREVHUYDU GLUHFWDPHQWH ODFRPSHW WRUQR'DGR TXHODFRPSHWHQFLD GHOPRGHOR HVXQ ,DV VHxDOHVPRGHODGDVJDQDQIXHU]DFXDQGR VHFRQRFH WDOPHQWH VH LQWURGXFHQ DWULEXWR āVHREVHUYD YDULDFLRQHV TXH FXDQWR PiV HQ HVWH DSDUHQWH FRPSHWHQFLDGHOPRGHOR PD\RU VHUiODLQIOXHQFLDT .DQDUHII y /DQ]HWWD 5RV pQEDXP \7XFNHU ODPHGLGD HQTXHpVWRVFRQVLJ (Q UHVXOWDGRVDGRSFL EXHQRV yQ ODV GH WUDV FRQGXFWDV PRGHODGDV OD DXPHQWDUi VXRS FRPSHWHQFLD GHORV PRGHORV\VHUi PD\RUD~Q VXWHQGHQFLD FRQGXFWD DXWLOL]DU GHORVPRGHORV OD GLUHFWUL] GH āVXV DFWRV <.X]QLFNL *UHHQIHOG ā ā āā āā ā &RQRFLPLHQWR SU HGLFWLYR \ SUHYLVLyQ Atributos del observador. 6H KD GHGLFDGR FLHUWD DWHQFLyQ DLG TXH VRQ PiVODV UHVSRQVLYDV LQIOXHQFLDVD GHOPRGHODGR $TXHOORV T āSURSLD FDSDFLGDG TXHSRVHHQ XQD EDMD DXWRHVWLPD WHQWRV HQWUHWDQWR HQFXHQWUDQ DFFLRQHV PiV PRGHODGDV SUHGLVSXHVWRV TXH ā āDGRSWDU OD FRQGXFWD GH ORVPRGHORV 5RVHQEDXP $NDPDWVX +RPH &KDOPHUV \7KHOHQ \ 7XPHU \ )RUHKDQG /DO UHVSRQVLYLGDG DV VHxDOHV GHOPRGHODGRQR GLIHUH UHIOHMD XQD SUHGLVSRVLFLyQ TXH DFW~D GHLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH SHUVRQDOLGDG ā GH OD JHQHU IXQFLRQDOLGDG GH ODFRQGXFWD /DV SHUVRQDV FRQEDMD PRGHODGD DXWRHVWLPD S PHQWH DOJRPiV GHSULVD PRGHORV PX\ ODFRQGXFWD FRPSHWHQWHV GHORV DFWRVTXH FRPR JXtD G ODVTXH GLVSRQHQ GHXQD QR GLILHUHQGH HOHYDGD DXWRHVWLPD pVWDV HQFXDQWR SHUR DORV PRGHORV FRQ PRGHUDGD +RPH REDMD &KDOPHUV FRPSHWHQFLD 6L ODV 5 VROXFLRQHV ODV DSRUWDGDV FRQGXFWDV SRU GH VXSHULRUHV ORVGHPiV DODVSURSLDV H[LVWHQUD]RQH VRQ SDUD SHQVDU GLUHFWULFHVPRGHODGDV TXH ODV UHVXOWDUiQ GHJUDQ XWLOLGDG ā B ā ā 6HULD HUURU XQ FRQFOXLU TXH VRQ SULQFLSDOPHQWH LQHILFD ODV SHUVR FHV TXLHQHV PiV VH EHQHILFLDQ (VWDV FRUUHODFLRQHV GH ORV āVH EDVDQ SURVDLFDV HMHPSORV HQ JUDQ PHGLGD HQORV HVWXGLRVHQ UHVXOWDGRV ORV TXH PRGHORV GH H[KLEHQ GHVFRQRFLGRV āUHVSXHVWDV VHQF OODV FRQ SRFR RQXOR SDUD el REVHUYDGRU YDORU IXQFLRQDO VLWXDFLyUL PiV LDOOi aHGIDWD (Q GH OD ā OD YLGD GLDULD ODV y HILFDFHV SHUVRQDV D PRGHORV LPLWDQ SHUVSLFDFHV LGHDOL]DGRV\ DDT GXFWD UHVXOWD ~WLO (V DOWDPHQWH EULOODQWHV LPSUREDEOH TXH FDUHFHQ TXH GH FRQILDQ]D H VX SURSLD FDSDFLGDG REVHUYDUODV VHEHQHILFLHQ KiELOHV GHPRVWUDFLRQH GHORV PiV GH LQVWUXFWRUHV GHHVTXt ORVQHXURFLUXMDQRV ORV SLDQLVWDV RORVORVSU LQYHVW DTXHOORV TXH VRQ EULOODQWHV \ VHJXURV GH IRUPD GH VtPLVPR H[SOL FLWD SDUD HOGHVDUUROOR GH FRPSHWHQFLDV \ PiV DUULHVJDGRVVRQ ORV LQGLYLGXRV ORV TXHWLHQHQ PD\RUHV SUREDELOLGDGHV GHEHQHILFLDUVH /DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SHUVRQDOHV GHO QLYHO GH HQ DVSLUDFLyQ HOPRGHODGR ODVSHUVRQDV HQ TXH WLHQ ā LGHD FODUD GHORTXH GHVHDQ TXHH[KLEHQ OOHJDU ODVKDELOLGDGHV DVHU\HOLJHQ QHF GLIHULUiQ HQ GH ā ODV JUDQ FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV PHGLGD SHUVRQDOHV HQ HO TXHORVVXMHWRV UHFXUUHQ DORVGHPiV H[WUDxD SRUTXH R SRUTXH ODVLW āGHVFRQILDQ GH VXV SURSLDV FDSDFLGDGHV ā ā ā y Valorfuncional. /D FRQILDQ]D HQORV SDUD ODDFFLyQ PRGHORVHQ FRPR JUDQ GHSHQGH JXtDV PH . . . HOLGDGHO YDORU VX FRQGXFWD IXQFLRQDO /D XWLOLGDG GH GHODV DFFLRQHV GHW pUWQLQDUVH PRGHOD GH YDULDV IRUPDV /RV UHDOL]DU REVHUYDGRUHV OR TXH y HYDO~DQ YHQ LQWHQWDQ VX YDORU IXQ KHPRV YLVWRDQWHULRU HQ XQ TXH FDStWXOR HO LQGLYLGXR FRQGXFWDGHXQD UHJXOD IRUPD VX GHVFULPL QDWLYD HQIXQFL yQ GHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GLIHUHQFLDOHV GH GHFLU ORV VLHQGR UHVXOWDGRV āDOWDPHQWH UHVSRQVLYRV DDTXHOODV VHxD FHV GH FRPSRUWDU LJQRUDQGRDTXHOODV HO p[LWR TXH VRQ āLQFDSDFHV H GH DVHJXUDUOH EHQHILF ,JXDOPHQWH OD REVHUYDFLyQ GHVUHVXOWDGRV ORV GHPiV LQIRUPD GHV YDORUIQFLRQDO GH ODFRQGXFWD UHVXOWDGRVREVHUYDGR PRGHODGD QRVRQ 6LQHPEDU LQGLFDGRUHV GHO UHVXOWDGR LQHTXtYRFRV GHDFWRV SDUD MX]JDU VLPLODUHV OD SDUWLU XWLOLGDG GH OD D LQIRUPDFLyQ YLFDULD HVQHFHVDULR UHDOL]DU eVWH HVHO WHPDGHXQ YDULRV DSDU SURFHVR WDGR SRVWHULRU +D\ TXH DFHSWDU FRQ UHVHUYDV ODV āFDUDFWHULVWLFDV ODV JHQHUDOL]DFLRQHV SHUVR PRGHODGR \D TXH HOYDORU FRQGXFWD PRGHODGD IXQFLRQDO H[FHGH GH WDQWR GHODV OD LQIOXHQF FD UDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO PRGHOR FRPR GHO ORV REVHUYDGRU TXHāHMHUFHQ /R PD\RU LQIOXHQFLD FXDQGR ODFRQGXFWD PRGHODGD HV R FLDV 3RU WDQWR HQ HVWRV FDVRV PRGHODGD HOYDORU KD GHMX]JDUVH SDUWLU GH GH OD OD FRQGXFW DDSD ULHQFLD H[WHUQD \GHORV 'DGR TXHHO YDORU VLJQRVGH LQIRUPDWLYRGHHVWDV VHxDOHV ORJUR VH EDVD H[SHULHQFLDV DVRFLDWLYDV BQR VLHPSUH UHSUHVHQWDQ SUHGLFWRUHV SDVDGDV OD XWLOLGDG ILDEOHVSURED GH EOH GH ODUHVSXHVWD HQODV 1R HV SUREDEOH FLUFXQVWDQFLDV quese PDQWHQJD GXUDQWHPXFKR DFWXDOH WLHPSR OD FRQGXFWD DFWLYDGDā EDVDGDV SRU HQRV DQWLFLSDFLRQHV DWULEXWRV GH FXDQGR HMHFXFLyQ VX SURGX]FD āFRQVHFXHQFLDV GHVIDYRUDEOHV PRGHOR SUHVWLJLRVR RaWUDVWLYR SXHGH LQGXFLU DDOJXLHQ SDXWD DSUREDU GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR XQD GHWHUPLQDGD SHUR āXQ 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV WUD VHU LQVDWLVIDFWRULDDFDEDUi UHFKD]DGD \OD UHSXWDFLyQGHOPRGHOR VLHQGR ysu SRVLEOHLQIOXHQFL IXWXUD GLVPLQXLUi HVWXGLRV 3RU āHQ WDQWR ORV TXHāORV ORV UHVXOWDGRV PRGHODGD QR GH OD UHVXOWDQ HYLGHQWHV SXHGHQ SDSHO GHVHPSHxDGR H[DJHUDU SRU ORV HO DWULEXWRV HQ OD GHO GL PRGHOR UHFFLyQ VRFLDO FRQWLQXDGD OD FRQGXFWD GH ,QGXFFLyQ GHUHJODVD SDUWLU GHO PRGHODGR DEVWUDFWR D <D KHPRV YLVWR HQXQ FDStWXOR DQWHULRU TXH PRGHORVQR ORV VH OLPLWDQ QLPXFKR SUR PHQ SRUFLRQDU VHxDOHV SDUD HOFRPSRUWDPLHQWR HVSHFtILFDV VLQR FRQ HOHQWRUQR TXH HQVXV L HMHPSOLILFDQ ODVUHJODV SDUD HODERUDU ORV āSDWURQHV QHFHVDULDV UHVSXHVWDV GH y SDUDSUHGHFLU ORVUHVXO WDGRV SUREDEOHV HOHFFLRQHV $QDOL]DQGR UHDOL]DGDV SRU ORV ODV PRGHORV y ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV ā TXH H[SHULPHQWDQ ORVGHVFXEULU REVHUYDGRUHV UHJODV GH SXHGHQ DFFLyQ 5RVHQWKDO JHQHUDOL]DEO y =LPPHUPDQ &RPR OD LQGXFFLyQ GH UHJODV \D DSDUWLU VLGR KD GLV GHO P FXWLGD ā FRQ FLHUWR QR OD GHWDOOH FRQVLGHUDUHPRV GH QXHYR HQ HVWH FDS /DV GLVFXVLRQHV VREUH HOSDSHO GHO IUHFXHQFLD PRGHODGR FRQVLGH HQ O UDQ ODV LQIOXHQFLDV YLFDULDV DFWXDUDQ SHUR FRPR KDEODUDQ QR VLORVPRGHORV FXDQGR HVWi FODUR TXH OD VRFLHGDGQR HVWi IRUPDGD SRU PRGHORV PXGRV FRQGXFWD &XDQGR HILFDFHV Vp PRG VREUH WRGR FRQ ILQHV GLGiFWLFRV ORV LQGLYLGXRV FRPS LQIRUPDFLyQ yFyPR TXp UHJODV ODYDORUDQ HYDOXDU XWLOL]DQ ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV\ SDUD VROXFLRQDU ORV SUREOHPDV &XDQGR YHUEDOL]DQ ORV ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV PRGHORV SUHGLFWLYRV y ORV HMHPSOLILFDQ HQVXVMXLFLRV UHDOHV HVSRVLEOH DGTXL /RV PRGHORV LQIOX\HQ MXLFLR QR VREUH VyOR ORV PHGLDQWH HVWLORV ODV GHHVWUDWHJ VLQR WDPELpQ SRU ODIRUPD ODV GHFLVLRQHV GH HYDOXDU TXHWRPDQ %URFNQHU \ VXV FRODERUDGRUHV LOXV WUDQ HVWH HQ X QD KHFKR VHULH GH āHVWXGLRV HOVREUH PRGHODGR MXLFLRV ā HYDOXDWLYRV GH ORV ā HQ VLWXD FtRQHV FRQxLFWtYDV %URFNQHU y FRO &RQ IUHFXHQFLD HQFXHQWUDQ ODV HQ SHUVRQDV VLWXD VH FLHQHV GLILFLOHV OHVKDQ REOLJDGR TXH DLQYHUWLU JUDQ y GLQHUR FDQWLGDG y GH ODV GH WLH TXH .han QR FRQVHJXLGR EHQHILFLR DOJXQR WHQLHQGR VXHUURU y GHMDU TXH GHGHFL SHUGHU PiV RVHJXLU LQYLUWLHQGR HVSHUDQ]D GH UHFXSHUDU DOJXQD UHFXUVRV SDUWH GH lo LQYHUWLGR FRQ OD (Q VXV HVIXHU]RV SRU FRQYHQFHUVH D VtPLVPRV KDEtD \ D VLGR ORVFRUUHFWR GHPiV GH T PXFKDV YHFHV ,QWHQWDQ HUURU FRQ GDUOH ORFXDO OD YXHOWD HVWDU VyOR D~Q FRQVLJXHQ PiV DO DWUDSDGRV SRU OD VLWXDFLyQ /2VREVHUYDGRUHV DGRSWDQ ORVMXLFLRV HUUyQHRV SHVDU GH VXV PRGHODGRV FRVWRV D HYLGHQWHV VLORVPRGHORV FRPR ULHVJRV ORVMXVWLILFDQ TXHPHUHFH SHQD FRUUHUOD 6LQHPEDUJR FXHVWLRQDQOR FRUUHFWR GHVXV MXLFLRV HO DSURYHFKD REVHUYDGRU GH OD H[SHULHQFLD VH y GHO HYLWD FRPHWHU ORV PLVPRV RSDUHFLGRV 3RU WDQWR HOSRGHU HUURUHV GHO PRGHODGR GH ORVMXL āOXDWLYRV HVWi GHWHUPLQDGR ā RVB UHVXOWDGRV FRPR WDQWR HYLGHQWHV āSRUSRU ODV MXVWLILFDFLRQH 3HQVDPLHQWR y· H[WUDFFLyQ GHGXFWLYR GH āUHJODV /DV VHxDOHV SUHGLFHQ GHO ORV HQWRUQR UHVXOWDGRV TXH VXHOHQ XQD GLYHUVLGDG IRUPDU SDU GHVFRQFHUWDQWH GH IUDJPHQWRV 3DUD FRPSOLFDU LUUHOHYDQWHV WRGDYtD GH LQIRUP PiV OD FLyQ GH MXLFLRV PXFKDV GH ODV UHJODV TXH y OD UHJXODQ HYDOXDFLyQ GH WUDQVPLWLGD OD LQIRUPDFLyQ SRU GLVWLQWRV FRQMXQWRV GH VHxDOH 3DUD LOXVWUDU HVWH SURFHVR WDUHD GHGXFWLYR HQ ODTXH FRQVLGHUHPRV VHSLGH DXQ XF SHUVRQDV QRIDPLOLDUL]DGDV MX]JXHQ FRQ ORDSURSLDGR HOKiELWR RQRGHO GHO DOFRKRO FR EHELGDV DOFRKyOLFDV GLVWLQWDV /RV HQ VLWXDFLRQHV IDFWRUHV UHOHYDQWHV VHUtDQ H OXJDU ODV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV FDQWLGDG GH DOFRKRO VRFLDOHV (VWDV FRQVXPLGD FXDWUR \OD VHxDOHVUHOHYDQ WHV DVt FRUQRPXFKDV H RWUDV HOWLSR GHEH SLGD LUUHOHYDQWHV LQJHULGD ODV S EHELGDV PH VH[R GHO EHEHGRU FRPELQDGDV HWFGH GLVWLQWDV VH GHVFULEHQ IRUPDV HQGLYHUVDV KDGDV HQ XQD FLQWD GH YtGHR 'HVLJQHPRV DUELWUDULDP HQ ODV DSDUH]FD TXH XQ DGXOWR EHELHQGR WLQD FDQWLGDG PRGHUDGD GH OLFRU GXUDQWH OD FRPLGD R OD FHQD \ OODPHPRV ©LQDSURSLDGRª EHEHU HQ VROLWDULR XQDFDQWLGDG DLPSRUWDQWH GHO GtD HO UHVWR HQ āāFDVD RHQ 3DUD HOWUDEDMR D\XGDU DORV LQGLYLGXRV D GLVWLQJXLU IDFWRUHV UHOHYDQWHV ORV SDUWLU GH VXV D &RQRFLPLHQWR y SUHYLVLyQ SUHGLFWLYR VXSRVLFLRQHVSURYLVLRQDOHVVHOHVSURSRUFLRQD la H[DFWLWXG GHVXV $O SULQFLSLRUHFXUUHQDVXVFRQRFLPLHQWRV SUHYL EDVHGHVXVMXLFLRV(VSRVLEOHTXHODPD\RU SD KDQFDSWDGRWRGDYtDODUHJODGHFRPELQDFLyQ 6 VHUiQ DFHUWDGRV SRUTXHORVIDFWRUHVfaHOHJLGRV FRQIL F JXUDFLyQFRUUHFWD HQDOJXQDVGHODV VLWXDFLRQH VLWXDFLyQHQORVHMHPSORVSRVLWLYRV\HQORVQ KDVWD TXHDFDEDQH[WUD\HQGRWRGDVODVVHxDOHVUHOH āGHILQH ODFRQGXFWD VRFLDOPHQWHDFHSWDGD DO KiELWRGHODOFRKRO (Q HVWHHMHPSORO HQFXD ILJXUDFLyQSUHGLFWLYDLQFOX\H OD SUHVHQFLD FRQMXQWDGHGHWHUPLQDGDV OXJDU\FDQWLGDG LQJHULGD ā /RVSURFHVRV GH MXLFLR UHVXOWDQWRGDYtD PiVFRPSOLFDGR āKDQ GHFRPELQDUVH TXHKDQ GHFDOLEUDUVH VLQR GHIRUPDGLVWLQWD FRQHOHMHPSOR DQWH ULRUODFDQWLGDGLQJHULGDHVXQIDFWRUGHJUDQ OD LPSRUWDQFLDGHRWUDV W XQDV%HEHUGXUDQWHODFRPLGDHVDFHSWDGR 'DGR TXH VRF ODVVDQFLRQHVVRFLDOHVGLILHUHQVHJ~Q la VLWXDFLyQ\HOPRPHQWR ODV āUHJODVTXHSUHGLFHQ GRVSUREDEOHVYDULDUiQWDPELpQGHDFXHUGR FRQ HVWRVIDFWRUHV%HEHUDPHG SXHGH UHVXOWDU DFHSWDEOH GXUDQWH HOILQGHVHPDQD SHUR QROR HVSHFLDOHVWDPELpQSXHGHQPRGLILFDUUDGLFDOPHQ DEXQGDQFLD GXUDQWH XQDILHVWDGHFDUQDYDO XQSDWUyQ DGHFXDGRGHFR FRQV TXH VHGHVDSUREDUtD EHEHU VyORXQSHTXHxR VRUE Subprocesos en el aprendizaje de reglas predictivas. 3DUD DGTXLULUFRQRFLPLHQWR HO LQGLYLGXRKDGHGLVFHUQLUORVIDFWRUHV FRPELQDUORVSD UHOHY FRQVHJXLUUHJODVJHQHUDOL]DEOHVSDUDVXFRQGXFW HQHO HMHPSORDQWHULRU GL]DMHGHUHJODVSUHGLFWLYDVFRPSRUWD GLYHUVRV GHLGHQWLILFDUVH RWUDV PXFKDV HQWUH LUUHOHYDQWHV GHOD DWHQFLyQVHOHFWLYD SRU PHGLR VHxDOHVKDQGHLQWHJUDUVHHQXQDUHJOD (VWH SURFHVRSXHGHFRQVHJXLUVHPHG WLYRRLQVWUXFFLyQEDViQGRVHHQORVFRQRFLPLHQ VL QRSXHGHGLVSRQHUVH GHODUHJODDGHFXDGD \FRPSUR FRQV a EDQGRVXH[DFWLWXGPHGLDQWHODUHWURDOLPHQWDFLy ODUHJODDSDUWLUORV GHODUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ UHVXOWDGRV GHSHQGH FRQ H[DFWLWXG GHUHFRU GH TX VROXFLRQHVVRQ DGHFXDGDV \FXiOHVQR'H HVWHPRGRFRPSUREDQ LQLFLDOHVHOLQGLYLGXRDFDEDFRPELQDQGR y REWHQLHQGRODVUHJOD ORVI (OOHFWRUUHFRQRFHUiHOSDUHFLGRGHHVWRVVXES HO DSUHQGL ]DMHSRUREVHUYDFLyQ y HMHFXFLyQGHODVKDELOLGDGHV y FRQGXFWXDOHV FRJQLWLY 6LQHP TXHQRHVQLPXFKRPHQRVORPLVPRDQWLFLSDU HMHFXWDUORV FRQ KDELOLGDG FXHUSRV FRQRFLPLHQWRV GH VH QHFHVLWDQ GLVWLQWRV GRV HVSHFLILFDU HOIXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHORV ā VXESURFHV +D\TXHLQVLVWLUHQTXHODPD\RUtDGHUHJODV FXELHUWDVSRUH[SHULHQFLD GLUHFWDSXHVWR TXH GRPLQLRGHHVWHWLSRGHDSUHQGL]DMHUHFLEHSRF FLRQHVSVLFROyJLFDV/DVWHRUtDVVREUHODFRQGX SURSLRVp[LWRV\IUDFDVRV(O SODQWHDPLHQWR GH GDGHVFRQFHSWXDOHVDSDUWLUGHODVSURSLDV H[S GHGXFWLYR VHFHQWUDQ VREUHWRGR HQOD PRGLILFD FRUUHFWRUD B (OSHQVDPLHQWRGHGXFWLYRKDVLGRHVWXGLDGRGH DQDOL]D GLVWLQWRV DVSHFWRV GHOSURFHVR DWHQFLyQ HQFyPRVH $OJXQR VHOHFFLRQDQODVVHxDOHVSURSRUFLRQDGDV SRU ORVHMHPSORVSDUD XQD KLSyWHVLV HODERUDU y GHWU FyPR PiVWDUGH pVWD HVSXHVWDDSUXHED \PRGLILFDGDHQEDVH ODUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ WDGRVKDVWD TXHHOLQGLYLGXRDFDED SRUGHVFXEULU ODUHJODFRUUHFWD 2 WURVLQYHVWLJDGRUH FyPRODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH ā ODVVHxDOHV \ HOWLSR GHUHODFLyQ GHORVDFRQWHFL a 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ)XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV HQ OD PD\RU RPHQRU GHGXFFLyQ IDFLOLGDG GH ODV GH SDUWLUGH UHJODV OD LQIRUPDFLyQ SUHGLFWLYDV GH D SUREDELOLGDGHV WUDQVPLWLGD 3RU ~OWLUUtR SRU VHxDOHV RWURVDQDOL]DQ P~OWLSOHV ODV OHVTXH XWLOL]DQ SDUD VLPSOLILFDU ODVSHUVRQDV WDUHD GH ODGLILFLO DYHULJXDU SUREDELO tGDGHVD ODV SDUWLU GHODJUDQFDQWLGDG LQFLHUWD TXH GHLQIRUPDFLyQ UiSLGDPHQWH H[FHGHORV OtPLWHV FDSDFLGDG GH LQWH OD JUDWLYD .Y PQpVLFD GHO KRPEUH ā6HOHFFLyQ SUHGLFWRUHV GH\ ORV FRPSUREDFLyQ ā GH ODV UHJODV SUHGLFWLYDV ā 3DUD LQWHQWDU ORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV SUHGHFLU IXWXURV KDQ GH FRQRFHUVH XQJUDQ Q~PHUR āGH IDH WRU pV (OSULPHUSDVR KDFLD ODFRPSUHQVLyQ HO KRPEUH GHORVMXLFLRV UHTXLHUH FRQRFHU ORV TXH UHD IDFWRUHV UHJXODQ ā TXH OD HOHFFLyQ SUHGLFWRUHV GH ORV %RXPH SRVLEOHV 7UDEDVVR y %RZHU /DV VHxDOHV SXHGHQ GLVWLQJXLUVH DOSUHVWDUIHV \D VHD VX DWHQFLyQ SRU āVDOLHQFLD SRU LQKHUHQWH XQD WHQGHQFLD SUHSDUDWRULD RSRU GH ODV FRQRFLPLHQWR WHQGHQFLDV (V GL DSUH ILFLO DOFDQ]DU SUHFLVLyQ SUHGLFWLYD FXDQGR SHUWLQHQWH DEXQGDQ HV ODV WUDQVPLWLGD SRUSURSLHGDGHV VXWLOHV ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV GH SDVDU TXH GHVDSHUFLELGD SXHGHQ FRQ IDFLOLGDG (Q WDOHVā FtUFXQVWDQFtiV KD\PXFKDVSUREDELOLGDGHV GH HTXLYRFDUVH $TXHOODV FRQGLFLR QHV que UHGXFHQ ODV āLUUHOHYDQFLDV DXPHQWDQ OD\ VDOLHQFLD ODV VHxDHV UHOHYDQWHV GH IDFLOLWDQ OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH FRQRFLPLHQWR SUHGLFWLYR ā ā /DV SHUVRQDVQR SUHVWDQ LJXDO DWHQFLyQ DWRGR ORTXH YHQ \ āLPSRUWDQFLD SULQFLSDOPHQWH IXQFLyQ āHQ HOSDVDGR SRU KD REVHUYDGR &XDQGR VX Q GHWHUPL VH TXH Q DGR WLSRGHVHxDOUHVXOWD QR VyOR DSUHQGH XQEXHQSUHGLFWRU āH VH O YDORU GHHVWD HVSHFtILFR GHWHU PLQDGD VHxDI VLQR TXH FRQRFLPLHQF HO SUHGLFWLYR KDFLD VH PXFKDV JHQHUDOL]D RWUDV VHxDOHV TXH UHSUHVHQWDQHO PLVPR GH WLSR SURSLHGDG VXE\DFHQWH /DZUHQFH /DV WHQGHQFLDVDGTXLULG HMHUFHQXQDLQIOXHQFLD VHOHFWLYDā VREUH ORV SUREDELOLGDG IDFWRUHV VH FRQVLGHUDQ TXH āLPFRUL PD\ SRUWDQWHV DO HQIUHQWDUVH FRQ VLWXDFLRQHV PLHYDV ā &XDQWRV PiV SUHGLFWRUHV WLHQH XQ DFRQWHFLPLHQWR PiV IiFLO HVHQFRQW \ FRQUQ i\RU UDSLGH] VHFRQVHJXLUi FLHUWD SUHFLVLyQ SUHGLFWLYD HVWD FDSDFLGDG GHSUH 6LQHPEDUJR GLFFLyQ LQPHGLDWD FXDQGR āQR UHWUDVD REVWUX\H HO RWURV ā SRVLEOHV DSUHQGL]DMH SUHGLFWRUHV /DV GH VHxDOHV FRYDULDQWHV OD SUHGLFWLEtOLGDG QR DXPHQWDQ SXHVWR TXH SURSRUF UQDFLyQ VREUH ORV UHVXOWDGRV PiV SUREDEOHV &XDQGR UHVDQ HV OLPLWDGD UHGXQGDQFLD QRUHVXOWD GLFKD GHPDVLDGR~WLO &XDOTXLHUD GH ORV SUHGLFWRUHV SXH GH VHU ~WLOSaa2ODXWLOLGDG GHWRGRV \D VH KDGHVFXELHUWR HOORV XQ SUHGLFWRU HV PX\ HVFDV āH;LVWHXQD D GHMDU WHQGHQFLD FRPSUREDU GH HO YDORUGHVHxDOHV SUHGLFWLYR UHGXQGDQWHV DXQ FX .ció HVWDV GLVSRQJDQ GH āOD PLVPD FDSDFLGDG LQIRUPDWLYD .RHJHO /RYDDV \ ā 6FKUHLEPDQ W UDEDV VR \%RZHU Ba /RV SUHGLFWRUHV TXH VRQ LQGHSHQGLHQWHV HVWiQ UHODFLR HQWUH Vt QiGRV FRQWRV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV IXWXURV DXPHQWDQ OD H[DFWLWOOG &DGD SUHGLFWLYD XQR GH HOORV SUR SRUFtRQD FLHUWD LQI yUPDFLyQ a~WLO SDUD HVWLPDU ā ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV PiV SUREDEOHV ā ā ā 'Ún VHJLGRDVSHFWR LPSRUWDULWH āGHOMXLF BLR GHGXFWLYR HV āHODIHFWD TXH D OD FRPSUREDFLyQ GH YDOLGH] GHORV SUHGLFWRUHV /DVWHRUtDV VREUH HVWH SURFHVR HOHJLGRV GLILHUHQ HQ DVSHFW WDOHV FRPR SUHGLFWRUHVSRWHQFLDOHV VLORVVRQ FRPSUREDGRV SRU VHSDUDGR \OXH FRPSUREDGRV HQ FRPELQDFLyQ VL HO LQGLYLGXR VXVIUDFDVRV\ OD DSUHQGH PHGLGD HQTXH XWLOL]D VXVUHFXHUGRV SDVDGR VREUH YDOLGDU SDUD ODXWLOLGD VXV KLSyWHVLV (NVWUDQG %RXPH \'RPLQRZVNL 7UDEDVVR \%RZHU 6LQ HPEDUJR ODV YHUVDV WHRUtDV SRVWXODQ SURFHVRV GH FRQILUPDFLyQ VRQ FRPSUREDGRV HQ RUGHUL VHJ~Q ORVMXLFLRVEDVDGRV VX YDORU HQ HO SUHGLFWLYR IDFWRU FRQVLGHUDGR LQLFLDOPHQWH SUHGRPLQDQWH GHPXHVWUDQ FRPR QR YDQSUREDQGR VHUFLHUWRV RWUDV ODV VH SRVLELOLGDGHV KDVWD GDU FRQ OD FRUUHFWD&XDQWR PiV EDMR VHDHO OXJDU RFXSH TXH HO SUHGLFWRU HK OD HVFDOD VXEMHWLYD SUREDELOLGDGHV PiV āWLHPSR GH KDEUiGH WUDQVFXUULU SDUD TXH VHGHVFXEUD VXYDORU /DV WHQGHQFLDV SUHH[LVWHQWHV JXtDQ HO SURFHVR FRPSUREDFLyQ GH KHFKR TXH GHPXHVWUD VH HQ ORV HV WXGLRV HQ ORV TXp VH REVHUYD TXH ODV MHUDUTXtDV ā GH VHxDOHV HQIXQFLyQ GH VX SUHIHUHQFLD HYDOX LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GH ORV MXLFLRVHPLWLGRV SUHGLFHQ YHORFLGDG OD FRQ Ta VH VROXFLRQDU iQGLV WLQWRV SUREOHPDV UHDOL]DFLyQ TXH GHMXLFLRV FRPSRUWDQ \7UDEDVVR OD 6XFKPDQ /D FRLQFL GHQFLD HQWUH ODVSUHIHUHQFLDV HOWLSR SHUFHSWLYDV\ LQIRUPDFLyQUHOHYDQWH GH IDFLOLWD OD HODERUDFLyQ i , • &RQRFLPLHQWRSUHGLFWLYR y SUHYLVLyQ GHMXLFLRV SUHFLVRV PLHQWUDV TXHODQRFRLQFLGHQF ODVTXH VRQSUHGLF WLYDV GD OXJDU D PXFKRV MXLFLRV HUUyQHRV /RV HVWXGLRV HQORVTXH VHFRPSDUDQ VXMHWRV KiEL FHV HQ WDUHD HVWD DSRUWDQ DOJR ODV HVWUDWHJLDV GH OX] VREUH ySWLPDV SDUD GHVF UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ GHORVUHVXOWDGRV %RXPH /RV %UXQHU VXMHWRV *RRG TXH DSUHQGHQ FRQ XQD KDELOLGDG HVWUDWHJLD XWLOL]DQ FRPSXHVWD GH GRV ID HOODV FRQVWUX\HQ XQD UHJOD FRPSXHVWD SURYLVLRQDO UHOHYDQWHV (VWR SHUPLWH HOSURFHVDPLHQWR FRJQLWLYR VLPXOWi ODE~VTXHGD GHORV PLVPRV VHUHGXFH DXQ VXEJUXSR FRQVLJD OD UHJOD FRUUHFWD (Q OD VLJXLHQWH HQ HVWDIDVH IDVH LQLFLDO ORV VXMHW HVWUXFWXUD GHODUHJOD PHGLDQWH SUXHEDV PiV GHWDO GROR RUHWHQLpQGROR HQIXQFLyQ GHODH[DFWLWXG GH PHQRV FDSDFHV WLHQHQ HODERUDU GHIRUPD PiV WHQGHQFLD LQLFLDO D XQD KLSyWHVL GH XQD KLSyWHVLV FRPSXHVWD IRUPD PHQRV HILFD] XWLOL]DQGR OD LQIRUPDFLyQ SRUOD GH UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ ROYLGiQGRVH GHVSXpV PXFKDV GH XQ YHFHV \WHQ GH L GLHQGR D PRGLILFDU YDULRV IDFWRUHV D OD YH] OR LQIOXLGR HQHO p[LWR RHQHOIUDFDVR GHORVMXLFLR LQIRUPDFLyQ WDQ GHVRUGHQDGR \ VHFXHQFLDO /RVMXLFLRV TXH UHDOL]D KDFHQ VLHPSUH HOKRPEUH GHVGH XQD IRUPD QR OXHJRGH VH WDQ VLVWH WLFD FRPR LPSOLFD HOPRGHOR ySWLPR QLVXPHPRULD WD GH ORVIDFWRUHV TXHKDQ UHVXOWDGR 8Q PXHVWUHR ~WLOHV HQGLVW IRUWXL RGLVWRUVLRQDGR GHORVIDFWRUHV SUHGLFWLYRV FRPR WUHVDQWHV RGLVWRUVLRQDQ RWUD UD]yQ WHV DVtFRPR SRU FXDOTXLHU ORVIDOORV H OD GHGXFFLyQ /D XWLOL]DFLyQ GH HVWUDWHJLDV GH LQIHUHQFLD OD LQIRUPDFLyQ GH TXH VH GLVSRQH y FXDQGR HV SDUD FRQVHJXLU VyOR PRGHUDGD LQ FOXVR HVWH PRGHVWR JUDGR GHSUHFLVLyQ IDFWRUHV UHOHYDQWHV HV QHFHVDU HQ XQD FRPSOHMD %UHKPHU 'HVSXpV KDEHU SUREDGR GH VLQp[LWR ODV UHJODV HQHOSDVDGR HQOXJDU SUREDU GH IRUPD GHFRQVWUXLU VLVWHPiWLFD \ QXHYDV UH ELHQ UHSHWLU HOPXHVWUHR KD VLGR GHVFRQILUPDGR TXH \D RELHQ YXHOYH WLYDV LQDGHFXDGDV /D PD\RUtD GH DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV UHVXOWDQ SUHGHFLEOHV DSDUWLU GH XQD FR UHV \QR DSDUWLU GH XQD SRUFLyQ DLVODGD GH LQI GHWHUPLQDGD HQIHUPHGDG DSDUWLU GHXQFRQMXQWR GH $OMX]JDU ODV UHDFFLRQHV SUREDEOHV GHORV SDGUHV XQD FRQVWHODFLyQ GHIDFWRUHV y ODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV FRPR VRQ HOKXPRU \ VH HPLWH OD FRQGXFWD (Q %DQGXUD ODV VLWXDFLRQHV \:DOWHU HYDOXDWLYDV QHFHVDULR y FRPELQDU HYDOXDUHQXQD VROD UHJOD SUHGLFWLYD XQ GH ODV UHJODV GH ODV VLPSOHV FRPSXHVWDV EDVD HQ \ HVWUDWHJLDV VH GH FRPSUREDF 6LQ HPEDUJR ODVUHJODV FRPSXHVWDV QR VyOR VRQ FRQVLG FRQ IUHFXHQFLD UHTXLHUHQ DGHPiV OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ ODV TXH \D VH SRVHtDQ HUURU &DUDFWHUtVWLFDV \ UHJODV GHORVSUHGLFWRUHV SUHGLFWLYDV i L 1 6HKD HVWXGLDGR H[WHQVDPHQWH ODLQGXFFLyQ GH UH GH ODV\ āVHxDOHV VX UHODFLyQ FRQ GHO ORV HQWRUQR DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV %UHKPHU 6WHZDUW %UHKPHU *UDQ \6WHLQPDQQ SDUWH GH HVWD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ V HOHVTXHPD FRQFHSWXDO JHQHUDO GHO IXQFLRQDOLVPR (Q HVWD WHR UtD ODV UHODFLRQHV FDXVDOHV GHO HQWRUQR y GH LQFHUWL FRQWLHQ GXPEUH /DV VHxDOHV VH UHODFLRQDQ JHQHUDOPHQWH SUREDELOtVWLFDPHQW IXWXURV \QRGH XQD FXDO FRPSRUWD IRUPD LQYDULDEOH FLHUWR JUDGR B/RV OR DFRQWH GHLQFH FLPLHQWRV VXHOHQ HVWDU SRU WDQWR PXOWLGHWHUPLQDGRV XQ DFRQWHFLPLHQWR GDG FXHQFLD PiV y XQDV GH XQSUHGLFWRU PLVPDV VHxDOHV SXHGHQ SUHGHFLU 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV WLWXGXQ PiV DFRQWHFLPLHQWR GH (O KHFKR GH DQWLFLSDU TXHP~OWLSOHV XQ PLVPR SUHG HIHFWRV \TXH XQ PLVPR SXHGD WHQHU HIHFWR P~OWLSOHV SUHGLFWRUHV KDFH TXH PHQWH DPELJXR TXp Q GHWHUPLQDU RV OOHYDUi 3DUD FRQVHJXLU D TXp HOHYDGD XQD SUHGLFWLYD H[DFWLWXG HV QHFHVDULR FRPELQDU \ HYDOXDU ~QLFD ā UHJOD P~OWLSOHV FRPSOHMD VHxDOHV TXH ODV HQ UH X Cantidad de ·información aportada· por los· pre·dictores. /DV VHxDOHV āWUDQVPLWHQ ā TXH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ SUHGLFWLYD HQ FXDQWR D YDUtDQ Q~PHUR YDOLGH] LQWHUUHODFLyQ SUHGLFWLYD +DPPRQG \ 6XPPHUV VHxDOHV SXHGHQ $OJXQDV SUHGHFLU ORV XQ HOH DFRQWHFLPLH YDGR JUDGR GH VHJXULGDG RWUDV H LQOFXVR HQ FDPELR DOJXQDV VRQ PXFKR SXHGHQ P FHU GH YDORU LQIRUPDWLYR (V IiFLO UHDOLGDGHV FRPSUHQGHU TXH \ DI SRVHHQ SUHGLFWRUHV YDOLGH] ILDEOHV ā GH ODV VHxDOHV &XDQGR OD HV EDMD ODV UHJ ā GHVFLIUDUVH VLQ GHPDVLDGD GLILFXOWDG VH ā KDFHQ GLItFLOHV ā GH SHUR LQIHULULU ODV UHJO SRUTXH OD EDMD FRYDULDFLyQ HQWUH ORV UHFKD]DU DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV R FRQILU PDU HOXQD YDORU UHJOD SDUWLFXODU GH %UHKPHU ā(Q ORVMXLFLRV FRPSOHMRV HO WLWXG SUHGLFWLYD TXH FRQVLJXH HOLQGLYLGXR SUHGLFWLELOLGDG GH VH FRUUH ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV SDUWLUGH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ D GLVSRQLEOH 3RU WDQWR ORVMXLFLRV %UHKPHU HUUyQHRV QR UHIOHMDQ ~QLFDPHQWH SDUD SHQVDU ODV GHGXFWLYDPHQWH GHILFLHQFLDV SH LQWHUDFFLyQ GH ODV SUHIHUHQFLDV HQ WDUHD FXDQWR ā ,QFOXVR DMXLFLRV ORV VXMHWRV PiV KiELOHV FDSDFLGDG GH\FRQ UDFLRFLQLR XQD PiV HOHYDGD VpYHUiQ GH āHVFDVRV BSUHGLFWRUHV ā /RVMXLFLRV LQIOX\HQWHV FRQGXFWD GHO KRPEUH TXH JXtDQ QRVHEDVDQ OD ~QLFDPHQ āGHO HQWRUQR QLHQ ODGHSHQGHQFLD GH ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV 3RU PHGLR PXWXD VXV DFWRV GH HOKRPEUH FRQWULEX\H FRQ FDXVDO IUHFXHQFLD D OD RFXUUHQFLD GH IRUPDGH ORV GLVWLQWRV SURQRVWLFD /D FDQWLGDG y HOQLYHO GH ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV SDUD LQIOXLU HQ HO HQWRUQR BHSHUVRQDOHV V XQ SUHGLFWRU SULQFLSDO SUREDEOHV /RV GHRVVXFHVRV LQGLYLGXRV GDUiQ OXJDU FDSDFHV DVXFHVRV VXV ā&LDOPHQWH GLVWLQWRV DORV 3RU WDQWR TXH RULJLQDUiQ ODHILFDFLD ORV DXWRMX]J LQFDSDF WRU JHQHUDOL]DGR TXH FXHQWD VHWLHQH D OD KRUD PX\ GH HQ HVWLPDU ,RV UHVXOWD āHQWRUQR (Q XQ FDStWXOR FRQVLGHUDUi SRVWHULRU HOSURFHVDPLHQWR VH FRJQLWLYR \O IRUPDFLyQ BFRPR LQGLFDGRUHV GH HILFDFLD SHUVRQDO Complejidad de las reglas predictivas .. /RV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV SXHGHQHVWDUUHOD GHO HQWRUQR GRQDGRV HQWUH sí GH IRUPD UHODWLYDPHQWH R ELHQ DVRFLDUVH VHQFLOOD /D GH IDFLOLGDG IRUPD FRPSOH āFRQ TXH D ā GRPLQDUVH OOHJXHQ ODV UHJODV OD GHSHQGHQFLD SUHGLFWLYDV HVWUXFWXUDO GH GHSHQGH ORV GH DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV GHOHQWRUQR /DV UHJODV %UHKPHU FRPSOHMDV TXH H[LJHQ HQ FXDQWR DFDSDFLGDG SDUD FRJQLWLYD HYDOXDU HLQWHJUDU P~OWLSOHV IXHQWHV GH PiV ā GLILFLOHV GH DSUHQGHU /DV UHJODV TXH TXH ODV UHSUHVHQWDQ VLPSOHV UHODFLRQ YDORU GH ORV SUHGLFWRUHV \ ORV UHVXOWDGRV que ODV UHJODV VRQ PiV QR IiFLOH OLQHD ,JXDOPHQWH ODV ā UHJODV GH SUREDELOLGDG ODV TXH ORV SUHGLFWRUHV HQfa SUREDELOLGDG DQWLFLSDQ GH O DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV IXWXURV SHUR FRQ FLHUWR āFRP JUDGR GH L SUHQGHU ā TXH ODV UHJODV GHWHUPLQLVWDV HQ ODV TXH ORV SUH IRUPD LQIDOLEOH (Q HOSULPHU FDVR ySWLPD HV SXHVWR PX\ IiFLO TXH VX TX FRPSUREDFLyQUHFRUGDU H[LJH JUDQ QR FDQWLGDG VyOR GH LQIRUPDFLyQ VLQR W SDUWLU GHSDVDGDV H[SHULHQFLDV GH TXH GLFKD UHJOD SURGXFH PHQRV HUURUHV TX (O LQGLYLGXR QREXVFD XQD UHJOD ySWLPD TXH PLQLPLFH OD UHJOD PiV SDUD DGHFXDGD VLWXDFLyQ FDGD /D FRPSOHMLGDG GH ODV UHJODV SUHGLFWLYDV y FRPSOHMLGDG QR GH VyOR ODUV FLyQ HQWUH ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV VLQR WDPELpQ HQ OD 0XFKDVGH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV TOOH SURGXFHQ UHVXOWDGRV BQR HVWiQ GHILQLGDV LPSRUWDQWHV SRUSURSLH GDGHV ItVLFDV ILMDV $GHPiV SXHGHQ DSDUHFHU ODV HQDFWLYLGDGHV PLVPDV FRQVLGHUDGDV SURSLHGDGHV GH WLQD FODVH GLVWLQWD FRPSOHWDPHQWH G DQGR āXJDU D UHVXOWDGRV WDPELpQ GLVW /D LQGHILQLFLyQ GH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV \ OD GLVWLQWLYDV IDOWD FRPSOLFDQ ORV MXLF PRGR GHHMPSOR WDUHD FRQVLGHUHPRV GH SUHGHFLU ODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV OD GH VRFLDOHV ORV PiV DFWRV DJUHVLYRV /D DJUHVLyQ VH GHILQH corno DTXHOOD KDELWXDOPHQWH FRQGXFWD TXH SURGX &RQRFLPLHQWR SUHGLFWLYR y SUHYLVLyQ SHUVRQDO \XQD 6LQ GHVWUXFFLyQ HPEDUJRItVLFD ODSULQFLSDO SURSLHGDG FDUiFWHU SHUMXGLFLDO QR OD HVSHFLILFD 1R WRGRV ORV DGHFXDGDPHQWH DFWRV SHUMXGL WUXFWLYRV VHFRQVLGHUDQ DJUHVLYRV GDxR FRPR VHLQIOLJHQ RFXUUH S GH IRUPD DFFLGHQWDO GHOSDSHO RFRPR GHVHPSDxDGR FRQVHFXHQFLD SRU HOLQGLYLGX OD VRFLHGDG V OHxDGRUHV GHVWUX\HQ TXH ORV iUEROHV \ORVWUDEDMDGRUHV EDQ ORVHGLILFLRV YLHMRV SRU DJUHVRUHV QR VRQ FDVWLJDGRV VLQR TXH 3RU VHOHV RWUR SDJ ODGR PXFKRV DFWRV GDxR TXH QL GHVWUXFFLyQ QR SURGXFHQVH QL FRQVLGHUDQ ā3RU HMHPSOR XQD LQWHQWDUD SHUVRQD FRQWUD TXH GLVSDUDU XQD YtFWLPD IDOODUD FRQILDGD HO WLUR VHFRQVLGHUDUtD SHVDU GHKDEHU QR SURGXFLGR YLROHQWD D QLQJ~Q $GHPiV XQ GDxR PLVPR UHDO DFWR OHVLYR FRQVLGHUDGR GH HV IRUPD GLVWLQWD HQIXQFLyQ GHOVH[R ODHGDG ORV DQWHFHGHQWHV 3RUWDQWR pWQLFRV TXH ODFRQGXFWD GHO HMHFXWRU SHUMXGLFLDO V QR GHSHQGH GHOFRQWH[WR MXLFLRV VXEMHWLYRV \GH-RV GH ODLQWHQFLyQ ODJHQWH \ FDXVDOLGDG GHO VREUH DJUHVRU %DQGXUD y 1HVGDOH 3RU FRQVLJXLHQWH 5XOH SUHGLFWLYDVVREU ODV UHJODV IRUPD PiVUHDFFLRQDU SUREDEOH DOD FRQGXFWD GH DJUHVLYD GHEHQ FDUiFWHU LQFOXLU SHUMX DGHPi GLFLDO GH OD PLVPD IDFWRUHV WRGR TXH XQ WLHQHQ FRQMXQWR TXH SRFR YHU FRQ GH BHQ Vt OD FRQGX PLVPD ā ā ā ā ā ā B ā ā 6LORVMXLFLRV SUHGLFWLYRV IXHUDQWDQ GHILFLHQWHV GHO LQGLYLGXR FRPR H ODV SUXHEDV UHVXOWDQ IRUPDOHV VX HVWDUtD YLGD SODJDGD GLDULD HUURUHVJUDYHV GH \ GH GHVJUDFLDV $IRUWXQ HVWD ~OWLPD ODV SHUVRQDV XWLOL]DQ PHMRU ORV T XHSUHGLFW VH UHDOL]DQ HQ .OD\PDQ HO ODERUDWRULR LGHQWLILFD YDULRV VXEHVWLPDU IDFWRUHV OD FDSDFLGDG GHORV HVWDV FRQGLFLRQHV VXMHWRV (Q ODVHQ VLWXDFLRQHV ODERUDWRULR FRQ IUHFXHQFLD GH HO LQLYLGXR VH YH REOLJDGR a DSUHQGHU UHODFLRQHV \ QR OLQHDOHV HQWUHIDFWRUHV DUELWUDULDV DEVWUDFWRV UHVXOWiQGROH GLILFLO ODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ 3RU HOFRQWUDULR HQHVWH FXDQGR WLS D VLWXDFLRQHV SDUD LPSRUWDQWHV pOGLVSRQH GHPD\RUHV SDUD JHQHUDU LQFHQWLYRV SDUD LGHDV FRQWUDV \ WDU VX DGHFXDFLyQ $GHPiV FRQ GLVSRQH ODUHDOLGDG GHPiV SDUDSUREDU WLHPSR \ PHMRUDUOD H[DF WLWXG SUHGLFWLYD GH VXVMXLFLRV ODERUDWRULR TXH VHLQVWUX\H HQ ODV D &XDQGR ODV EUHYHV SHUVRQDV SDUD XQD TXH UHJOD GHVFXEUDQ SUHGLFWLYD ySWLPD HVWD RULH OHV UHFKD]DU D UHJODV EXHQDV SHUR LPSHUIHFWDV KDEQD UHWHQLGR TXH f aYRa GH HQRWUDV HQ XQD SURVHFXFLyQ LPSURGXFWLYD GH XQDUHJOD āSHUIHFWD .OD\PDQ VHxDOD TXH ODV VLWXDFLRQHV QDWXUDOHV S SRVLEOHV SUHGLFWRUHV DXPHQWDU OD TXH FRPSUHQVLyQ SHUPLWHQ GHO IXQFLRQDPLH (VWR SHUPLWH DOLQGLYLGXR PHMRUDU VXH[DFWLWXG SUHGLFW VXVWLWXLU ORVSUHGLFWRUHV SRU RWURV \SHUIHFFLRQDU PDV GpELOHV GHYDULDV I GLFWLYR $XQTXH \D KHPRV FRPR YLVWR DODV SHUVRQDV OD LPSRUWDQFLD OHVFXHVWD UHODW ORV SUHGLFWRUHV H[WUDHU UHJODVR FXDQGR pVWRVQR HVWiQ FRQ ORV UHODFLRQD DFRQWH FLPLHQWRV VRQ FDSDFHV GH DSUHQGHU .OD\PDQ DILUPD TXH,D ELHQ GH ODV IDOWD UHJ GLVFHUQLPLHQWR GHODVVXWLOH]DV HQODV UHODFLRQHV HQWUH SUHVHQWHV KD GHUHSUHVHQ DFRQWHFLPLHQ WDU QHFHVDULDPHQWH XQ\D REVWiFXOR TXH HO LQGLYLGXR SXHGH LQVDOYDEOH SUHGHFLU UD]RQDEOHPHQWH ELHQ FRPELQDQGR HQXQD UHODFLyQ DORV TXH RWRUJD OLQHDO SHVDU LJXDOSHVR GLVWLQWRV GH āTXH HQ UHDOLGDG HVWHVHQWLGR \ GLILHUDQ HVWpQ UHODFLRQDGRV HQ GH PiV QDIRUPD FRPSOHMD PX 'DZHV \ &DUULJDQ &XDQWRV PiV HQ V SUHGLFWRUHV X VLVWHUQDFRQF LQF WXDO PD\RU H[DFWLWXG SUHGLFWLYD FRQVHJXLUi ā Calidad de la retroalimentación. /D E~VTXHGD GHUHJODV HVWiEDVDGD DPSOLDPHQWH SUHGLFWLYDV HQ OD UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ (VWD LQIRUPDFLyQ LQIRUPDWLYD GHVHFKDU SHUPLWH GH ORV ORVMXLFLR FRQFHS WRV HUUyQHRV \ VHOHFFLRQDU \FRQVWUXLU (VWH UHJODV SURFHVR GHUHODFLyQ GHFRPSURE KD VLGR DQDOL]DGR SULQFLSDOPHQWH HQ WpUPLQRV FXDO LQGLFD GHUH ~QLFDPHQWH ORFRUUHFWR RQRGH (Q ODYLGD ORVMXLFLRV GLDULD UHDOL]DGRV QR VyOR LQFRUUHFWRV ORV MXLFLRV TXaa DGHPiV HUUyQHRV VXHOHQ VLQR SURSRUFLRQDUVH H[SOLFDFLRQHV VREUH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV PiV SUREDEOHV HQTXH /DUHWUR RFXU DOLPHQWDFLyQ H[SOLFDWLYD PXFKR āPiV LQIRUPDWLYD DOVHU TXH a UHVSXHVWD ORVUHVXOWDGRV IDF HO DSUHQGL]DMH GH UHJODV \ OD DSOLFDFLyQ SUHGLFWLYDV +DPPRQG \ 6XP (Q XQ HVIXHU]ROtPLWHV SRUVXSHUDU ORV GHMXLFLR . .. · .GH ODFDSDFLGDG .· ,. . . . . · . ... • Bā •' • ā 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV XQRV VLVWHPDV GH UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ H[SOLFDWLYRV TXH XWLO FRPSXWDGRU +DPUQRQG 3RU HVWH PHGLR ORV LQGLYLGXRV UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ SXHGHQ REWH FRQWLQXD TXH H[SOLFD GH IRUPD JUiILFD OD VHOHFFLyQ \ YD ā ODV UHJODV TXH VLJXHQ SDUD WRPDU VXV GHFLVLRQHV FRPSDUDUIiFLO $GHPiV GH PHQWH XQDPDQHUD GH JUiILFD ODV SURSLHGDGHV OD YDORUDFLyQGHODV GH ORV MXLFLRV H VHxDOHV UHJODV \ODV SUHGLFWLYDV ySWLPDV$O PiV SRGHUEHQHILFLDUVH GH XQD UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQW H[SOLFDWLYD y FRPSDUDWLYD SRVLEOH ā DGTXLULU HV UDSLGH] FRQRFLPLHQWR FRQ SUHGLFWLYR $OWLHPSR TXH VHUHFRQRFH UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ ODH[SOLFDWLYD VXSHULRULGDG KD\ TXp SHU QR GH OD GHU GH YLVWD ODV HOKHFKR ā H[SOLFDFLRQHV GH TXH DX[LOLDUHV GHSHQGHQ GH X EOH $OJXLHQ TXH WLHQH LGHQWLILFDU ODV ā VHxDOHV UHOHYDQWHV y GHVFXEULU ODV UHJODV SUHG UHIOHMDQ OD HVWUXFWXUD FDXVDO 3RU WDQWR GHO WHRUtD XQD JOREDO HQWRUQR VREUH GH LQIHUHQFLD ORVMXLFLRV KXPDQRV UHTXLHUH PHGLRV XQRV TXH ā SHUPLWDQ KDOODU ODV UHJODV SUHGLFWLYDV FRQRFLPLHQWR DQWLFLSDWRULR āHIHFWRV āLQIRUPDWLYRV GH ORV MXLFLRV /RV H[SORUDWRULRV SURSRUFLRQDQ PHGLRV SDUD ILDEOHV XQWDO GHVFXEULPLHWQR WHRUtD VREUH HOSHQVDPLHQWR 8QD GHGXFWLY UDVH D OD UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ FRUUHFWRUD FRPR XQ REVWiFXOR SDUD OD UHDOL]DFLyQ MXLFLRV FRUUHFWRV GH WHQGUtD JUDQGHV SDUD H[SOLFDU GLILFXOWDGHV FyPR SRU VH SULPHUD REWXYLHURQ YH] ORV FRQRFLP āVyEUH ORV VHEDVD OD TXH āUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ +DPPRQG H[SOLFDWLYD \ 6XPPHUV Estructurade las reglas de las distintas áreas de conocimiento especializado. /D PD\RUtD GHMXLFLRV y GHGHFLVLRQHV TXH āUHDOL]D HO KRPEUH VH SURGXFHQ HQ HO FRQWH[WR GH āVtRQDOHV FRPSRUWDQ TXp FRQRFLPLHQWRV HVSHFLDOL]DGRV &XDQGR HO FRQRFLPLHQWRV HQVXVGLYHUVDV HVSHFLDOLGDGHV \ DVX SURSLD H[SHULHQFLD UHFXUU ā SHUVRQDO 3RU GHVJUDFLD HVWDV IRUPDVQR GH VRQ LQVWUXFFLyQ WRGR VLVWHPiWLFDV OR \ FRQ IU JOREDOHV TXHGHELHUDQ SUHVHQWDQGR ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV RSHUDWLYDUQtHQWUDVTXH ORVMXLFLRV SDUWLU IRUPDGRV H[SHULHQFLDV GHODV D WDPELpQ SHUVRQDOHV GHMDQ PXFKR TXH GHVHDU āD VXSUHFLVLyQ HQFXDQWR FUHFLPLHQWR $GHPiV GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV HOUiSLGR KDFH TXHUHVXOWH GLILFLO PDQWHQHUVH DOFRUULHQWH GH WRGRV āHVWi aDSOLFDQGR FRPR D\XGD FDPSRVRUJDQL]DQGR HQ GLVWLQWRV ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV GH HQ SURJ UD]RQDPLHQWR VLPEyOLFR )HLJHQEDXP ā8QD JUDQ SDUWH ODERU SURIHVLRQDO GH OD FRPSRUWD OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH FLyQ GH ā SUREOHPDV 3RU VLPEyOLFRV HMHPSOR JUDQ SDUWH GHO WUDEDMR GH OR QRVWLFDU HQIHUPHGDGHV a. SDUWLU GH XQ FRQMXQWR GHSUHVFULELGD VtQWRPDV PHGLFDFLyQ \HQ EDVH D HQ ORV HIHFWRVTXH SURGX]FD VH HO HVSHUD WUDWDPLHQWR TXH DSOLFDGR y ODV HVWUDWH /RV FRQRF JLDVGHUD]RQDPLHWQR SDUD OOHJDU QHFHVDULRV DXQMXLFLR FRUUHFWR VHHQFXH SHUWRV R ODV HQ SiJLQDV ORV OLEURV GH GH WH[WR /RV GH OD LQYHVWLJDGRUHV LQIRUPiWLFD REWLHQHQ āāH[SHUWRV ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV KDQ GHVDUUROODGR GXUDQWH TXH DxRV GH āSpVWRV UiFWLFD SDUD TXH UHVXOWHQ DVHTXtEOHV DORV GHPiV \SXHGDQ XWLOL]DUVH 6KRUWOLIIH FyPR %XFKD LQV QDQ y )HLJHQEDXP \ODV UHJODV /XHJR GHGHFLVLyQ ORV KHFKRV VHRUJDQL]DQ FRPSXWDGRU SDUD VXXVR'HQWUR JHQHUDO GH pVWH VHLQWURGXFHQ TXHOH SHUPL FDWHJRUtDV BWHQ WRPDU GHFLVLRQHV VLJXLHQGR ODV UHJODV GHMXLFLR /DV UHJODV VHFRPSUXHEDQ \SHUIHFFLRQDQ FRPSDUDQGR FLVLyQ GHO VLVWHPD FRPSXWHUL]DGR (Q HOFRQ HMHPSOR OD HPLWLGD GH ORV SRU PpG SURSRUFLRQDQGR DOFRPSXWDGRU yLQIRUPDFLyQ ORV VtQWRPDV SDFLHQWH VREUH GH XQ ODK HOPpGLFR SXHGH FRQVHJXLU XQ UiSLGR GLDJQyVWLFR GHO \DOJXQDV SDXWDV SRVLEOHV GH y REWHQHU WUDWDPLHQWR ORVSDVRV 6HSXHGHQ GHO UD] VHJXLGR KDVWD OOHJDU DODGHFLVLyQ SURFHVR TXHWLHQ DO FRPSXWDGRU ā IDFWRUHV UHOHYDQWHV PHQRV DTXHOODV H[SHULPHQWDGDV SRGUiQ SHUVRQDV XQD GDU VROXFLyQ DO SUREOHPD DSUR[LPDGD SRU ORV ā H[SHUWRV R LQFOXVR ID PDWHULD HQ LGpQWLFD 6KRUWOLIIH y ) HLJHQEDXP %XFKDQDQ &RQIRUPH VHYDQ DGTXLUL HO VLVWHPD VH SXHGH i OGLD VXVWLWX\HQGR SRQHUIiFLOPHQWH ORV IDFWRUHV SDUD \ ODV WRPDU ODV GHFLVLRQHV ā ā ā ā ā ā /RV PRGHORV GH UD]RQDPLHQWR TXH SURSRUFLRQD āT HO Xp FRPSXWDGRU VHDQ ORVIDFWRUHV y ODV GHFLVLRQDOHV UHJODV GHGHGXFFLyQ SURJUDPDGDV 'HWHUPLQDUORV GHQW &RQRFLPLHQWR y SUHYLVLyQ SUHGLFWLYR IDFWRUHV UHOHYDQWHV \ODHVWUXFWXUD GHODV WDUHD UHJODV IiFLO - RKQVRQ GHVFULEH WUHV IRUPDV GH FRGLILFDU HO ODV UHJODV TXH GH XWLOL]DQ GHGXFFLyQ SDUD VROXFLRQDU ORV SUREOHPDV 8QR FHQWUD HQGHWHUPLQDU EXVFDQ ā\ ORTXH HQVX IRUPD GH pVWRV UD]RQDPLHQWR VDEHQ \ (VWDV FLRQHV DXQTXH VRQ PX\ LQIRUPDWLYDV FRQ IUHFXHQF HQ JHQHUDOLGDGHV (O VHJXQGR SODQWHDPLHQWR REOLJD UD]RQDPLHQWR VHJXLGRV HQODVROXFLyQ GH ORV SUREO QRFLPLHQWRV QR VRQ IiFLOHV GH YHUEDOL]DU OD HMH QL GH GH FXFLyQ GH El WHUFHU OD SWDUHD ODQWHDPLHQWR EDVD HQ RSHUDFLRQHV VH HVWDGtVWLF LGHQWLILFDU OD PHMRU IRUPD GH FRPELQDU SDUD FRQVHJXLU \ GH YDO VROXFLRQHV D ORVSUREOHPDV ySWLPDV (Q HVWH PpWRGR LQGLYLGXRV TXH KD MXLFLRV FRUUHFWRV WRPDQ PXFKDV GHFLVLRQHV SUHGLFWRUHV ā/RV XWLOL] MXLFLRV HPLWLGRV SXHGHQ LQFOXLU SUREOHPDV VLPXODG LQIRUPDFLyQ \ RWURV SUREOHPDV TXH VH SURGXFHQ G XWLOL]DGDV SRU SXHGHQPRGHODUVH HVWDVPHGLDQWH SHUVRQDVXQD HFXDFLyQ TXHUHIOHMD HO GH UHJ SHVR UHODWLYR SRU HVWRV FRQFHGLGR H[SHUWRV ORV GLVWLQWRV D ORV SUHGLFWRUHV MXLFLRV HPLWL HQ $XQTXH ODV SUiFWLFDV GH YDORUDFLyQ JHQHUDOPHQWHHVW GH ORV H[SHU PX\ OHMRV GH VHU ySWLPDV &XDOTXLHU UHJOD GH GHFL UHIOHMDUi VXVOLPLWDFLRQHV 6ORYLF a6LH[LVWH XQFRQRFLPLHQWR DGHFXD YDQWHV \ ORV UHVXOWDGRV HVWiQ ELHQ GHILQLGRV HV YDORUDU ORV SUHGLFWRUHV OD SUHFLVLyQ DSDUWLU GHGH ODV GLVWLQWDV UHJODV UHVXOWDGRV QR D SDUWLU ODV UHJODV GH OD FRQ VHPHMDQ]D -RVMXLFLRV ā GH GH /RV GLVWLQWRV SODQWHDPLHQWRV SDUD FRPSOHPHQWDQ HVFODUHFHU HQWUH OR Vt/DV WpFQLFDV HVWDGtVWLFDV QRFRQVHJXLUiQ JUDQ HQWUH DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV HV GHILFLHQWH /RV HO DQiOLVL UD]RQDPLHQWR YHUEDOL]DGR GH ORV H[SHUWRV GH ODV GDQ XQD UHJODV GH GHGXFFLyQ XWLOL]DGDV SDUD +HJDU D ODV SXHGHQ GDU IRUPD \SHUIHFFLRQDU ODV UHJODV GHGHF WXDFLRQHV UHSHWLWLYDV HQTXH VHKDFHQ LQIHUHQFLDV VLRQDGR SRU LUUHOHYDQFLDV RVXMHWR DYDORUDFLRQHV GDV SRU SRVLEOHV VHVJRV VXV SUHGLFFLRQHV VHUiQ GHULYDQ y &RUULJDQ 'DZHV 8Q VLVWHPD GH UHJODV IRUPDOL]DGR F GH ORVMXLFLRV KXPDQRV SHUR H[FOX\H ODV LQIOXHQFL HVDV UHJODV B 'LVHxDU PRGHORV FRPSXWDUL]DGRV XQD FRVD SHUR HV FRQVHJXLU RWUD PX\GLVWLQ TXH VHXW WD /D JHQWH UHFHOD GHTXH ODV FRPSXWDGRUDV HPLWDQ MX UL]DGRV VH XQ DXUD FXEUDQ GHGH H[SHULHQFLD GH XWLOL]DUVH \ SDVHQFRPR HQWRQFHV LQV DX[LOLDUHV D VHU HOORV TXLHQHV WRPHQ OH DGPLQLVWUDXQD ODV GHFLVL LQIRUPDFLyQ IDOVD RLQFRPSOHWD UHDOL]DUi VHUiQ LJXDOPHQWH ORVMXLFLRV Lo PLVPR IDOVRV RFXUUH TXH FRQ ORVMXLFLRV KXPDQRV SHUVRQDV LJQRUDQ BVL RXWLOL]DQ ODV GH IRUPD HT SUHGLFWLYD RVHGHMDQ JXLDU SRUIDFWRUHV HQVXVMXLFLRV 3HUR LUUHOHY D GLIHUHQFLD GHVHU ODV KXPDQR FRPSXWDGRUDV SXHGH UD]RQDU HO VREUH VX FRQWURODU GHHVWH PRGR (VWD FDSDFLGDG ODH[DFWLWXG DXWRFRUUHFWRUD GHVXVMXL ODV VLWXDFLRQHV SXHGHQ FDPELDU GH IRUPD TXH PRGL TXH H[LMDQ RWURV DGLFLRQDOHV $O HYDOXDU ODV VLW VXV FRQRFLPLHQWRV \ HQ VXV KDELOLGDGHV GH UD]RQDPLHQWR \ FRQ DSUHQGHU GHVXV H[SHULHQFLDV 6LQ HPEDUJR WRGR VXV GHFLVLRQHV TXH VLQ HOORV ā . . . Indicador~s de los procesos inferenciales reportados verbalmente \ utilizados en Iarealización de juicios. /RV SURFHVRV GH LQIHUHQFLD SXHGHQ FRQRFH SRU ODV SHUVRQDV R VXV VREUH PDQLIHVWDFLRQHV ODV UHJODV TXH \ VLJXHQ FRQVWUX\HQ YHUEDOHV HQ OR PLVPRV /RVMXLFLRV UHDOHV VHFRUUHVSRQGHQ $UPHOLXV < HQ JU 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV $UPHOLXV %UHKPHU 3KLOOLSV &XDQGR \ /HYLQH VXUJHQ GLVFUHSDQFLD TXH GLFH OD TXH KJHQWH DFH QR VLJQLILFD HOOR \ OR QHFHVDULDPHQWH TXH ORV SURSRUFLRQHQ OD PiV HUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ [DFWD GHS ORV URFHVRV SHQVDPLHWQR GH GHGXFWLYR $O FRPHQ WDU HVWH SXQWR y VXV FRODERUDGRUHV %UHKPHU VXEUD\DQ FRQRFLPLHQWRV\ ODGLVWLQFLyQ OD fa FLOLGDG SDUD XWLOL]DUORV 3DUD KDFHUMXLFLRV FRUUHFWRV VRQ QHFHVDULDV y SUiF KDELOLGD WLFD HQ OD XWLOL]DFLyQ &RQ IUHFXHQFLD GH UHJODV GLVFUHSDQFLDV VH SURGXFHQ QR SRUTXH HO LQGLYL GHVFRQR]FD ODV UHJODV GH LQIHUHQFLD GH OD KDELOLGDG QHFHVDULD DGHFXDGDV SDUD VLQR DSOLFDU VDEH OR ā (VWR TXH VXFHGHGH IRUPD HVSHFLDO FXDQGR VH DSOLFDQ UH VLWXDFLRQHV LPSRUWDQFLD HQTXH UHODWLYD OD GH XQIDFWRU YDULD HLOIXQFLyQ GHWHUPLQDGR GH ODQD ā]D GH RWURV IDFWRUHV XQ DXPHQWR 3RU PRGHUDGR HMHPSOR GH ODSUHVLyQ VDQJ ā JUDQ ULHVJR GH LQIDUWR GH PLRFDUGLR VDQJUH VH PDQWLHQH VL HO QLYHO EDMRGH SHU PLVPR DXPHQWRVH FRQYHUWLUi HQXQULHVJR D āXQQLYHOGHFROHVWHUR LPSRUWDQWH ELpQ DOWR /D YDORUDFLyQ GH āOD LQIRUPDFLyQ GH SUHGLFWLYD OD FRQILJXUDFLyQ WDUHD FRQJQLWLYD HV XQD āFRPSOLFDGD ,QFOXVR IDV SHUVRQDV FXDQGR OD FRQRFHQ UHJOD GH FRQILJXUDFLyQ TXH aWLHQHQ WHQGHQFLD ORV IDFWRUHV GH DYDORUDU IRUPD VLPLODU IRUPD GLIHUHQFLDO \QR GH GH DFXHU āRWUD LQIRUPDFLyQ SXHGDQ SRVHHU TXH VLQ GDUVH FXHQWD HVWiQ DSOLFDQGR PXFKDV YHFHV OD ā UHJOD GHIRUPD LQFRUUHFWD 6LPSOLILFDFLyQ GHUHJODV ODV GH LQIHUHQFLD ā&RPR \D KHPRV YLVWR ORV TXH MXLFLRV ā VH EDVDQ HQ LQIRUPDFLyQ SUHGLFWLYRV LPSUHFLVD DWHQFLyQ \FDSDFLGDG PHPRULD FRJQLWLYD 'DGR LQWHJUDGRUD TXH ODV SHUVRQDV QL XQDQR SRVH PHPRULD SHUIHFWD QLODVPHMRUHV KDELOLGDGHV UHFXUUHQ D FRPSRUWD āāUHJODV MXtFLRPiVVHQFLOODV GH H[SOLFDU \SUHGHFLU SDUD 7YHUVN\ ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQ \.DKQHPD QRV SURSRUFLRQD XQ HVFODUHFHGRU DQiOLVLV VLPSOLILFDGRUHV ā Juicios por medio del emparejamiento de similitud. /RV MXLFLRV KXPDQRV QR VH KDFH SDUWLHQGR VLQR T GH XH FHUR ODVLQWHUSUHWDQ SHUVRQDV OR TXH \ OR YHQ TXH R\HQ VHJ~Q VXV F āSUHYLDV VXVHVWUXFWXUDV \ GH FRQRFLPLHQWR &XDQGR HOLQGLYLGXR VH YDVWLHQGH D HYDOXDUODV SRU VXVLPLOLWXG FRQ RWURV HMHPSORV IDPLOLDUHV TXH DSR GLFWLYD UHFRJLGDGHH[SHULHQFLDV SDVDGDV 8QD YH] TXH HVWDEOHFLGD KD VLGR ODVLPLOLWXG DVRFLD HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GHOR IDPLOLDU FRQILHUH LPSRUWDQFLD (Q ODPHGLGD SUHGLFWLYD HQ TXH SHUFHSFLyQ GH y HO ODV UHFRQRFLPLHQWR VLPLOLWXGHV GH ODV SHUVRQD HVWUXFWXUDV D RWUD corno VXHOH RFXUULU YDULDUiQ ā WDPELpQ ORV MXLFLRV FDGD āLQGLYLGXR SUHGLFWLYRV SHVDU GH D HVWDU GH āEDVDGRVHQ ODPLVPD LQIRUPDFLyQ QXHYD \.DKQHPDQ FRQVLGHUDQ 7YHUVN\ TXHODUHSUHVH GHO SURFHVR GH LQIHUHQFLD OD VLPLOLWXG TXH DFW~D XQDFDUDFWHUtVWLFD SHUFLELGD DWUDYpV HV GH GH E ORV MXLFLRV KXPDQRV ā /DV HVWUXFWXUDV ā GHā FRQRFLPLHQWR TXH VH FRQ FRPSDUDQ ODV OEV DFRQWHFLPLHQW GHQRPLQDQ FUHHQFLDV JXLRQHV HVWHUHRWLSRV SURWRWLSRV &DQWRU y R HVTX 0LVFKHO 7D\ORU 1HLVVpU \ &UDFNHU OD ā QRPHQFODWXUD $XQTXH VHD GLV WRGDV HOODV VHUHWLUHQ HQ HVHQFLD GH ODV FDWHJRUtDV DOFRQRFLPLHQWR GH RE DFWRV R VLWXDFLRQHV FRQRFLGRV /RVMXLFLRV EDVDGDV HQ FRQFHS SUHGLFWL WRV TXH HOLQGLYLGXR 8QD YH] SRVHH TXHSUHYLDPHQWH KDQ VLGR FODVLILFDGDV OD WHFLPLHQWRV ORVMXLFLRV SUHGLFWLYRV VREUH HOORV VH SURWRWLSR DO TXH EDVH SHUWHQHFHQ D VXV SURSLRV QRDWULEXWRV HQ SDUWLFXOD /RVMXLFLRV EDVDQ HQ TXH VHPHMDQ]DV VH GHSHQGHQ GH YDULRV IDFWR FRQRFLPLHQWR JHQpULFR GHWHUPLQD OD ODV HYDOXDFLyQTXH FRVDV FRQ ORV SURWRWLSRV7DPELpQ SDUWLFXODUHV MXHJDQ ā XQ SDSHOLQIOX\HQWH LPSRUWDQWH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ODV TXH GHILQHQHO SURWRWLSR ORV SURFHVRV aGH \ aHPSDUaMDPLHQWR āSRU ORV TXH ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWR QXHYRVVH DVRFLDQ DRWURVIDPLOLiUHV YDULDV āFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV /RV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV DOJXQDV SRVH VRQ FRPXQHV FRQ RWURV y RWUDV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV VRQ /RVMXLFLRV GLVWLQWLYDV GH VHPHMDQ]D FRPSRU WDQ XQ SURFHVR GHHPSDUHMDPLHQWR /D SUREDELOLGDG TXH GRV PiV REMHWRV R VHFRQVLGHUHQ GH &RQRFLPLHQWR y SUHYLVLyQ SUHGLFWLYR MDQWHV GHSHQGH GH OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH VXV \ 5RVFK FDUDFWHUt 7YHUVN\ 'H HVWH PRGR ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV VHFODV HOHMHPSOR PiV UHSUHVHQWDWLYR SURWRWLSLFLGDG GH TXH QRHQIXQFLyQ VHGLVSRQH GH TXH HQFDMH XQ FRQMXQWR RQR FRQ ILMR GH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV 'DGR TXH ODV FRPSDUDFL GHILQ QHVSXHGHQ UHDOL]DUVH DWHQGLHQGR DYDULRV DVSHFWRV GHOD VLWXDFLyQ HQORV WLSRV LQIOX\HQ f DFWRUHV GH TXH FRQPiV SUREDELOLGDG YDQWHV 3RU HMHPSOR DOHYDOXDU ODSRVLELOLGDG GH IDFWRUHV GLVWLQWRV TXH HVWLPDU DO OD SUREDELOLGDG GH REWHQHU ORJURV /D FDSDFLGDG SDUD REWHQHU FRQRFLPLHQWR JHQ pULFR FRQ SUHGLFWLYR TXH GHWHUPLQDU VL SXHGHQ SURGXFLUVH GHWHUPLQDGRV HVSHFtILFRV DXPHQWD DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV OD\OD FRPSUHQVLyQ SUHGLFFLyQ GH ORV PLVPRV 6LFDGD XQD PLVPD HMHPSOR FODVH GH GHDFRQWHFLPLHQWR GH WXY QXHYR VHQHFHVLWDUtDQ ODUJDV \DYHFHV SHQRVDV K GH FDGD 6LQHPEDUJR,RV XQR GHOD HQRUPHVEHQHILFLRV SRVLELOLGDG GH JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ GHSHQGHQ GH OD YDOLGH] GH ORV HVTXHPDV FRQFHSWXDOHV \ GHO HP SRVHHQ LPSRUWDQFLD &XDQGR ORV SUHGLFWLYD DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV D QXHYRV DVSHFWRV VHDV VXSHUILFLDOHV RLUUHOHYDQWHV VH SURGXFHQ MXLFLRV GH XQ FRQRFLPLHQWR SUHGLFWLYR HPSDUHMDPLHQWR HUUyQHR FRPSRUWDUiWDPELpQ ,JXDOPHQWH FLRV HTXLYRFDGRV FXDQGR WDPELpQ VHD HUUyQHR HOHV FLRQHV &XDQGR OD LQIRUPDFLyQ SUHGLFWLYD PX\DUUDLJDGRV HV FKRFD F LJQRUDGD PLQLPL]DGD RLQFOXVR +DLUH \*UXQHV GLVWRUVLRQDGR SLGLHURQ VXV D JUXSR GH HVWXGLDQWHV TXH HYDOXDUDQ HQ XQD SHUVRQD IXHUWH \DFWLYD TXHOHHVREUHDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV DFW FLGLHUD FRQ VXV HVWHUHRWLSRV DO UHVSHFWR VX LQWHOLJHQFLD $OJXQR RWURV H[SUHVDURQ VX āHVWHUHRWLSR GLVWRUVLRQDQWH GLFLHQGR TXH GLHURQ DFDSDWD] \RWURV la LQWHOLJHQFLD HQILQUHFRQRFLHURQ QRIRUPDED SDU TX XQ HPSOHDGR GH IiEULFD 6LQ HPEDUJR VX HVWHUHRWLSR WRGRV -D FDSD TXH KLFLHU GH FLGDG HYLGHQWH GHO HPSOHDGR Juicios predictivos basados en el recuerdo de casos. /RVMXLFLRV LQWXLWLYRV V GDG GH DSDULFLyQ GHFLHUWRV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV WDPEL GDQ UHFRUGDUVH RWURV y .DKQHPDQ FDVRV /RV 7YHUVN\ DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV RFXUUHQ FRQ TXH IUHFXHQFLD SXHGHQ UHFRUGDUVH VyOR FRQ DSDUHFHQ PiV IDFLOLGDG HVSRUiGLFD TX 3RU HMHPSOR ODVSHUVRQDV TXHYHQPXFKR ODWHOHYL JDQ FRPR PD\RUHV VXV SUREDELOLGDGHV DWDTXHV TXH ODV GH SHUVRQDV VXIULU XQR TX YHQ HQ FRQWDGDV RFDVLRQHV +DZNLQV \3LQJUHH ODIUHFXHQHLD UHDO SHUPLWH SUHGHFLU UD]RQDEOHPHQWH ELHQ OD SUR FLPLHQWRV IUHFXHQFLD 6LQ \ HPEDUJR JUDGR GH UHFXHUGR QR FRUUHODFLR /2V DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV TXHVRQ IiFLOPHQWH HYRFDEOHV \ UHDOL]DGRV GHELGR DODIDFLOLGDG \ .DKQHPDQ FRQ TXH YLHQHQ 3U D PHQWH DOMX]JDU HOULHVJR GH VHU DWDFDGR SHVDUi GtVWLFDV VREUH DFWRV FULPLQDOHV &XDQGR DSDULFLyQ VH SLGH GH GLYHUVRV SHOLJURV VXHOHQ VREUHVWLPDU ORV PiV PHQRV HVSHFWDFXODUHV /LFKWHQVWHLQ 6ORYLF )LVFKKRII \ 6REUH ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV LQWHUSUHWDGRV PDO /D FDSaFLGDG ā GH SUHGHFLU ORV VXaHVRV LPSRUWDQWHV \ GH WDPLHULWR TXH DVHJXUHQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV GHVHDGRV \HYLWHQ FRQVLGHUDEOH \D KHPRV &RPR PHQFLRQDGR HVWD FDSDFLGDG WDPELp LQGLYLGXR FXDQGR MX]JD GHIRUPD < EDVD VXV DFWRV HUUyQHD HQ FUHHQFLDV ODV VLWXD T WDQ HQ PD\RU 6. PHQRU PHGLGD āGH ODUHDOLGDG $OJXQRV GH HVWRV VH UHILHUHQ MXLFLRV DODV UH HQWUp ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV GHO HQWRUQR RWURV D ODV UHODFLRQHV 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV (QMXLFLDPLHQWR GH DPHQD]DV ODV HUUyQHR /D YLGD GH SHUVRQDV PXFKDV ā HVWi GRPLQDGD SRUSHOLJURV VXEMHWLYRV XQD TXH YLJLODQ SURYRFDQ FLD DSUHKHQVLYD PDOHVWDU LQQHFHVDULR XQ \ OD OLPLWDFLyQ GH VXV DFWLYLGDGHV ODV SUHRFXSDFLRQHV āDWHPRUL]DQWHV LQWHUILHUHQ y FRQ HOJRFH FRQ ODV DOD FWLYLGDGHV HMHFXFLyQ GH H GLDULDV /DV FUHHQFLDV WLSR SXHGHQ GLVIXQFLRQDOHV GHVDUUROODUVH YDULDV ā PDQHUDV GH HVWH GH Asociación accidental 'H ORV QXPHURVRV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRVTXH VH XQD H[SHULHQFLD DOJXQRV GHVDJUDGDEOH WLHQHQ UHDOPHQWH DOJXQD UHODFLyQ āRWURV VRQVyORIRUWXLWRV 'HELGR DODDWHQFLyQ VHOH WRVDOJXQDV YHFHV VRQSUHFLVDPHQWH HVWRV DFRQWHFLPLH /D VLJXLHQWH WRPDGD FDUWD GH OD VHFFLyQ QRWLFLDVGH XQ GH SHULyGLFR SURSRUFLRQD X HMHPSOR GHHVWH GH H[SHFWDWLYDV DSUHQGL]DMH ©0LQRYLR LQDSURSLDGR PH GLR XQDFLWD IDOVD SHUR \R GHVGH HOPRPHQWR HQ TXH YLTXH KDEHU DGLYLQDGR OOHYDED TXH SDMDULWD VHU XQD QR SRGtD WH SHUVRQD GHILDU HVWDED ORFD SRU pO +L]R <R TXH HQDPRUDUD PH GHpO DSURSyVLWR \OXHJR PH VHEXUOy &DGD GHPt YH] TXH VDOJR FRQ FRUEDWD XQGH KRPEUH SDMDULWDPH RFXUUH TXH OOHYD ORPLV PR &UHR TXH ODV PXMHUHV HVWDU SUHYHQLGDV WHQGUtDQ FRQWUD TXHHVWH WLSR GH (Q HVWH HMHPSOR DXWRUD GH ODFDUWD KDEtD OD GHVDUUROODGR SDMDULWDV ODUHSUH FUHHQFLD GH VHQWDEDQ XQ PDO SUHQGD DXJXULR TXH KDELWXDOPHQWH XQD QR VH HVSHUD TXH BāFRQHOHQJDxR /DV FUHHQFLDV HUUyQHDV QRVHPDQWHQGU \HQHQ ODVHOHFFLyQ y SURGXFFLyQ GH H[SHULHQFLDV 0XFKDV VH āWUDQVIRU YHFHV X PD HQ XQD YHUGDGHUD FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD 'DGR TXH HO GH UHFHOR ODV FUHHQF LQGXF FRQWUDUUHVSXHVWDV KRPEUHVFRQ QHJDWLYDV SDMDULWD FRQGXFWD HQ GHIHQVLYD OD ORV SHUSHWXDUi VH SRU ODV H[SHULHQFLDV GHVDJUDGDEOHV FRPSRUWD(Q HVWH STXH URFHVR,D HOOD FUHHQFLD PLVPD LQFRUUHFWD VXFRQGXFWD GHIHQVLYD SRU DFRPSDxDQWH XQD UHDOLGDG VHPDQWLHQHQ DXWRSURGXFLGD GLFLRQHV SDVDGDV TXH \D KDQ GHMDGR GH DFWXDU 7DO F HO LQGLYLGXR FUHD SUHGLFWRUHV \SURFHVD FRJQL ti YDPHQWH ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SU FRPR XQ SURQRVWLFDGRU LQHUWH GH UHVXOWDGRV LQHYLWDE _ Generalizacum inadecuada. /D FRQGXFWD LUUDFLRQDO GHIHQVLYD VH SURGXFH FRQIUHFXHQFLD BSRU VREUHJHQHUDOL]DFL yQGH ODV H[SHULHQFLDV GHVDJUDGDEOHV D DFRQW SDUHFHQ ItVtFD RVHPiQWLFDPHQWH FRQ IUHFXHQWH HODFRQWHFLPL PHQWHBBHVWXGLR FLWDGR : DWVRQ GH y 5D\QHU aXQ QLxR SHTXHxR WHPHU QRVyOR DSUHQGLy DXQD D UDWD DVRFLDGD FRQXQ UXLGR DWHPRUt]DQWHVLQR TXH DGHPiV JHQHUDOL]y D RWURV REMHWRV VXPLHGR SHO GRV a,' BFRQHMRV ORV SHUURV DEULJRV ODQD HLQFOXVR GH SLHO DO FDEHOOR DOJRGyQ KXPD QRUPDPiV FXDQWR SDUHFLGDV VRQ IDV VHxDOHV LQRFXDV DDTXHOODV TXH KDQ WH XQD FRQ āH[SHULHQFLD DYHUVLYD VRQODV UHVSXHVWDV PiV LQWHQVDV JHQHUDOL]DGDV ā /RV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV LQRFXRV SRWHQFLDODYHUVLYR SXHGHQ SRU JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ DGTXLULU EDVDGD HQ VXVLPLOLWXGVHPiQWLFD XQ HMHPSOR :DOWRQ\ FOtQLFR &LWDQGR 0DWKHU UHILHUHQ FDVR GHXQD HO PXMHU tan REVHVLRQDGD COD: QR HVWDU VXFLD SDVDED TXH āJUDQ SDUWH VXWLHPSR HQ GH DJRWDGRUHV ULWX OHVGHOLPSLH]D (VWD FRQGXFWD REVHVLYD FRPSXOVLYD HPSH]y SRU XQ ©HVWDU VXFLDª ā FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH VXV UHODFLRQHV FRQ XQ KRPEUH FDVDGR $O ILQ JDPD GH FRVDV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ DFWLYLGDGHV XURJHQL HQVXFLDU HUD SURYRFDU ā FDSD] HQ HOOD GH XQD JUDYH DQVLHGDG Autoinefieacia percibida. /D DYHUVLYLGDG HVXQD SURSLHGDG SRWHQFL QRXQD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD ILMD TXH FDLJD (O HQMXLFLDPLHQWR VREUH WRGR DTX GHOD SUREDELOLGDG GHDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV DYHUVLYRV EDVD ~QLFDPHQWH QRVH OHFWXUD GH HQORV OD VLJQRV H[WHUQRVR GH GH SHOLJUR VHJXULGDG VLQR ,QWHUDFFLyQ TXH HQWUH FRPSRUWD FDSDFLGDGHV XQD SHU VRQDOHV \ORV DVSHFWRV SRWHQFLDOPHQWH XQ PHGLH! SRWHQFLDOPHQWH OHVLYRV DYHUVLY GHO H MX]JDGR FRPR UHODWLYDPHQWH SRU DTXHOODV SHUVRQDV KDELWHV VHJXUR HQ HODIURQWDPLHQWR \F JURVRPHQRVFDSDFHV SRUODV /DVSHUVRQDV TXH VHFRQVLGHUDQ PLVPDVFDUHQWHV GH DFDSDFLGDG DIURQWDPLHQWR VHD VX DXWRHYDOXDFL \D yQREMHWtYDPHQWH RQR SHUFLELUiQHQ FLHUWD āaāāāāāā ODVGL FyL QHV WRGD SHOLJURV FODVH ā \ H[DJHUDUiQ GH HO SRWHQFLDOOHVLYR GH ODV PLVPDV IDV Vt &RQRFLPLHQWR \ SUHYLVLyQ SUHGLFWLYR (Q HO FDVR GHO PLHGR HQ OD HVSHFLH KXPDQD OD VREUHJHQ TXH WLHQH PD\RU FUHHQFLD LPSRUWDQFLD VREUH ODSURSLD HVOD HILFDFLD &XDQGR XQRV GH DIUR FXDQWRV FRQWUDWLHPSRV VHFRQVLGHUDQ XQD LQHILFDFLD HUUyQH DIURQWDWLYD DPHQWH FRQYHUWLUiQ HQSHOLJURVDV 3RU WDQWR SDUD WRGR FRPSUHQGHUORV WLSRGHVLWXDFLRQHV MXLFLRV GHOLQGLYL GXR VREUH ODV DPHQD]DV QHFHVDULR H[WHUQDV ORV MXLFLRV DQDOL]DU VREUH SURSLDV HV VXV FDSDFLGDGHV GH DIURQWDPLHQWR ORVFXDOHV GHWHUPLQDQ HQSDUWH OD HQWRUQR /DV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV VREUH VXEUD\DQWDPELpQ DXWRHILFDFLD ODQHFHVLGDG XQ PRGHOR SHUFLELGD GH LQWHUDFWLYR GHSUHYLVLyQ SHQVDPLHQWRV GHOLQGLYLGXR /RV VREUHVXHMHFX VXDXWRHILFD FLyQ \GH HVWH PRGR HQORVUHVXOWDGRV (Q ORV HVWXGLRV TXH SUREDEOH HQO VH DQDOL]DQ YDULDV \VH HOLPLQDQ DFWLYLGDGHV SDUFLDOPHQWH ODVYDULDFLRQHV GLVWLQWDV HQODDXWRHILFD FLD SHUFLELGD ORV SDUD GHWHUPLQDGRV UHVXOWDGRV ORJURVQR H[SOLFDQ HVSHUDGRV WRGR OD YDULDFLyQ GHO GHOD FRQGXFWD KXPDQD y %DUOLQJ $EHO%DUOLQJ\ %HDWWLH *ODVJRZ- *RGGLQJ \ /HH D :KHHOHU 6LORV GH D OFDQ]DU QLYHO LQGLYLGXRV OR HO GH V JURVUHTXHULGR GLVPLQX\HQ y VXV FUHHQFLDV VXVHVIXHU]RV UHVXOWDGRV VREUH TXH SRGUtDQ FRPSRU ORV WDUOHV WDOHV ORJURV VX FRQGXFWD LQIOXLUiQ SRFR HQ -XLFLRV HUUyQHRV UHJXODGRUHV y GHDFWRV ORV GH ODV GHFLVLRQHV /RV MXLFLRV HUUyQHRV D GHFLVLRQHV ā \ TXH DFWRV GDQLQDGHFXDGRV OXJDU SXHGHQ FRQVHFXHQFLD XQIDOORDO FRQVLGHUDU GH ODLQIRUPDFLyQ GHSHUFHSFLRQHV HUUyQHDV SHUWLQHQWH GH OD IRUPDFLyQ UHOHYDQWH SURFHVDPLHQWR FRJQLWLYR RGH XQ GHILFLHQWH LQIRUPDFLyQ REWHQLGD / GH RVOD MXLFLRV SUHGLFWLYRV UHVXOWDQ GHOWRGR XWLOL]DGRVSDUDODVG HTXLYRFDGRV QHV QRVRQ ORVPiV y ORVVHVJRV ILDEOHV FRJQLWLYRV GLVWRUVLRQDQ OD FLyQ GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ H[WUDtGD - Utilización deficiente de los predictores. 6H SURGXFHQ JUDYHV GHVDUUROOR SUREOHPDV \ IXQFLRQDPLHQWR SHUVRQDO FXDQGR ORV SDVDQ DVSHFWRV GHVDSHUFLEL LPSRU GRV UHSHWLGDPHQWH RELHQ VRQ 3RU HMHPSOR SHUFLELGRV KD HQFRQWUDGR VH GH IRUPD TXH O GLVIXQFLRQHV HQODDWHQFLyQ UHSUHVHQWDQ 6FKUHLE XQLPSHGLP PDQ y .RHJHO &XDQGR DORVQLxRV FRQSUHVHQWDXQDWDU IXQFLRQDPLHQWR TXH QR FRQWLHQH XQ FRQMXQWR FDGDXQD GHODV GHVHxDOHV FXDOHV SUHGLFH SUREDEOHV DSUHQGHQ ORVUHVXOW HO YDORU LQIRUPDWLYR FDGD XQD GH HOODV GH PLHQWUDV JHQHUDOPHQWH TXH ORVQLxRV DWLH ~QLFDPHQWH DXQ DVSHFWR QDGD HQ DEVROXWR VLQ DSUHQGHU (Q GHORV RFDVLRQHV GHPiV SRVWHULR ODV VHxDOHV VRQSUHVHQWDGDV LQFDSDFHV SRU GH XWLOL]DUODV VHSDUDGR HVWRV FRPRQG GH VXV DFWRV H[DFWDPHQWH LJXDOVHU FRPR TXH VLQR FDVXDOPHQWH ODV KX HVWDV VHxDOHV āDWHQFLyQ FDSWDUDQ las H[SHULHQFLDV HQ VX SDVDGDV ā /RV QLxRV DXWLVWDV SUHVHQWDQ XQLPSRUWDQWH GpILFLW GDG GH VHxDOHV LQIRUPDWLYDV y GH VLpVWDV VRQH[SUHVDGDVHQ GH TXH GLVSRQJDQ GLVWLQ GHV VHxDOHV SDXGLWLYDV H YLVXDOHV RWiFWLOHV 1R KD\ S UHIHUHQ RHQXQPL FLD SRU QLQJXQD PRGDOLGDG IUDFDVR SDUWLFXODU HQHODSUHQGL]DMH OR FXDO VXJ GH SUHGLFWLYRV GH XQD VX GLILFXOWDG HQWRUQR GHULYD HQPDQHMDU GH y QRGH LQIRUPDFLyQ XQD GH ILFLHQFLD VHQVRULDO &XDQGR VH DVRFLDQ SRU VHSDUD EDQ SRU DSUHQGHU HO YDORU SUHGLFWLYR GH ODV PLVPDV /DV GLVIXQFLRQHV GHODDWHQFLyQ GH GLVWLQWDVSXHGHQ IRUPDVSHUMXGLFD HOIXQFL OyJLFR GHO LQGLYLGXR 3RU XQ ODGR OLPLWDQ /HYDDV y FRO HO XVR yaTXH FXDOTXLHU JUXSR GH VHxDOHV GHWHUPLQDGR UHSHWLUi H[DFWDPHQWH QR VH LJXDO HQ WRV \OXJDUHV GLVWLQWRV 3RU WDQWR ODDFFLyQ HILFD]HQFLUFXQVWDQFLDV UHTXLHUHXQDPSOL FDPEL FRQRFLPLHQWR GH ORVGLVWLQWRV GHO HQWRUQR FRQYDORU SUHGLFWLYR DVSHFWRV /D GHSHQGHQFLD H[FHV GH XQRV SRFRV SUHGLFWRUHV QLxRV DFW~HQ GHIRUPDI~QFLRQDO LPSLGH HQ TXH DXVHQFLD GHWDOHV ORV VH xDOHV WDUHDV /DV TXH VHGHVDUUROODQ GLDULD SURSRUFLRQDQ HQ ODYLGD P~OWLSOHV VHxD āāSHUR WDPELpQ PXFKDV RWUDV OD VHOHFWLYLGDG LUUHOHYDQWHV GHOD DWHQFLyQ H[FHVLYD &RQ GD IUHFX OXJDU ā D DFFLRQHV LQDGHFXDGDV HQ VH F"QFHGD HO FDVR YDORU GH SUHGLFWLYR āDTXH DOJXQRV DVSHFW 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV PHQRUHVRLUUHOHYDQWHV y .RHJHO GHOHQWRULOR 6HSXHGHD\XGD 5LQFRYHU WDVDTXHFRQR]FDQ DFHQWXDQGR ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV VXHQWRUQR PiV LPSRUWDQWHV SUHVHQWDQGR JUD \ GXDOPHQWH ODV QXHYDV XQD GLILFXOWDGHV UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ FRUUHFWRUD VLHPSUH DPSOLD FRQ (O DSUHQGL]DMH SRUREVHUYDFLyQUiSLGD SURSRUFLRQD DGTXLVLFLyQ XQ GHFRPSHWHQFLDV VRFLDOHV\FRJQLWLYDV6LQXQDH FLOGHVDUUROODU (Q XQ WDOHV WUDEDMR FRQQLxRVDXWLVWDV FRPSHWHQFLDV HQFRQWUy /RYDDV TXH pVWRVSUHVWDEDQ D ODVLQIOXHQFLDV SRFD DWHQFLyQ GHOPRGHODGR SHUR FXDQGR VHKDFtDTXH ODV DFFLRQHVPRGHODGDVUHVXOWDUDQ FRQWRGDFODULGDGSUHGLFWL ā YDOLRVRV (VWRV QLxRVTXHFDUHFHQ GHXQOHQJXDMHFRPXQLFD FRQXQHOHYDGRJUDGRGHH[DFWLWXG $O VLDOKDFHUOR UHFRPSHQVDU OHVGHIRUPDLJXDOPHQWHJHQHURVDSHURVLQUHODFL āLEDQ GHWHULRUDQGR KDVWD SURJUHVLYDPHQWH āJXDUGDU HVFDVR SDUHFLGR FRQODV FDVPRGHODGDVSRUHOWHUDSHXWD 'HVSXpV GHUHHVW ā JXDMH āGHOWHUDSHXWDORVQLxRVXWLOL]DEDQ SDUD ODFRPXQLFDFLyQ ODVVHxDOH āā3DUHFH REYLRTXHORVQLxRVDXWLVWDV QR VRQLQVHQVLEOHVD ORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVGHO HQWRUQR pV FXDQGR WRV VHFRQYLHUWHQ HQSUHGLFWRUHV FODURV GH UHVX ā'DGD ODLPSRUWDQFLD GHODFRPXQLFDFLyQ VLPEyOL GDGGHILFLHQWHRLQDSURSLDGD DODVVHxDOHVYHUED VDV (Q VXWUDWDPLHQWR DGXOWRV āSVLFyWLFRV GH $\OORQ \ VXVFRODERUD āHMHPSORV VREUHODSRVLELOLGDG DQXODU \UHVWLWXLU ODIXQFLyQVHxDOL]DG GH GRVXV DVRFLDFLRQHV FRQORVUHVXOWDGRV $\OORQ \+DX ODV VHxDOHV FRQORVUHVXOWDGRV SXHGHQ RWRUJDU DpVWDV LQH[SOLFDEOHV āVāFRQRFHQ H VLQR ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GHDSUHQGL]DMH )OHFN LQIRUPDURQ GHOFDVR TXH F GHGRVKHUPDQRV UHtDQ HQWUH RWUD HV H[WUDxDV TXHODSDODEUD desacuerdo VLJQLILFDEDHVWUHxLPLHQWR (VWD SHFXOLDU FRQGXFWD FR UHVXOWDED FRPSOHWDPHQWH LQFRPSUHQVLEOH VLQRVH VXFDVD&DGDYH]TXHORVKLMRVHVWDEDQ HQGHVDF xLPLHQWR\TXHWHQtDQ TXHSRQHUVH y VHOHVDSOLFDED XQHQHPD /XHJ XQ FRVWXPEUH TXH SDODEUD RWRUJy ā GHVDFXHUGR DODXQ VLJQLILFDGR WDQ SRF /DXWLOL]DFLyQGHORVSUHGLFRWUHV GHODVLWXDFL āVXOWDGRVGH que ODUHVSXHVWD VHDVRFLDQDHOORV&XDQGR HOLQGLYLG ]DV HVPHQRV capaz GHGLVWLQJXLU HQWUH y ORVLUUHOHYDQWHV ORVUDVJRV FUtWLFRV TXH FX Q D]DV VRQ PiV PRGHUDGDV ā(Q āHVWDV FRQGLFLRQHV D XQDDFWLYDFLyQ DTXHOORVFRQWHQ HPR QDOHOHYDGDVRQORVTXHUHVXOWDQ HO HVWUpV DIHFWDGRV 5RVHQEDXP GHIR ` B Enjuiciamiento erróneo por suposición de similitud. 'DGR TXHSRUORJHQHUDO FRQWULEX\H DODH[DFWLWXG OD VHPHMDQ]D SHUFLELGD SUHGLFWLYD PXFKDVYHFHV RWUDVIXHQWHVG DQXOD LQIRUPDFLyQPiV YiOLGDV ā7YHUVN\\ .DKQHPDQ LQIRUPDQGHODVGLVWLQWD WLSRGHVHVJRFRJQLWLYRFRQGXFH DODVSHUVRQDV D FLyQLQGLYLGXDOL]DGD R HVSHFtILFD EDVDU pVWDVWLHQGHQD VXVMXLFLRVHQHOHVWHUHRW GHVFULSFLyQHVSHFtILFD\DLJQRUDUODLQIRUPDFLy GRVHVWRHVODSUREDELOLGDG GHRFXUUHQFLD DQWH FLDVHJ~QODH[SHULHQFLD DQWHULRU FXDQGR VHGLVS FXDQGR OD GHVFULSFLyQ HVSHFtILFD HV LUUHOHYDQWH *LORYLFK HQXQDVHULHGHHVWXGLRV GHPRVWUDGR IDFLOLGDGFRQTXHODVV OD KD SHUILFLDOHVSXHGHQ GLVWRUVLRQDUORV MXLFLRV 7DQWR SUHGLFWLYRV ORVHQWUHQDGRUHV FRPRO GHSRUWLYRVVREUHVWLPDURQ āHQHOI~WERO ODVSRVLELOLGDGHV un DWOHWDDOLQWURG SURIHVLRQDOGH GHp[ FLUVHXQDDVRFLDFLyQ LUUHOHYDQWH$OMX]JDU FRQHOQRPEUHG FXiOGH EHUtDVHU la DFWLWXGGH ORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV DQWHODDPHQD]D WRWDOLWDULD GHXQDQDFLy FLyQSHTXHxD ORVHVWXGLDQWHV GHIHQGLHURQ OD FULVLVHQWUH XQDDF DPEDVQDFLRQHVVHFRPSDUDED DRWUR0XQLFK UHSUH $OHPDQLD QD]LTXHFXDQGR āFRPSDUDED D RWUR9LHWQDP VH UHSUHVHQWDQGR HQ &RQRFLPLHQWR SUHGLFWLYR \ S ā WUDPD PLOLWDU *LORYLFK PDWL] DxDGH SURYHUELR DO XQ 6DQWD QXHYR GH GH \DQD TXH DTXHOORV TXH GDQ HO SDVDGR ORV TXH HVWiQ VRQ FRQGHQDGRV D UHSHWLUOR DTXHOORV B TXH e11 YHQ HOSUHVHQWH XQD V MDQ]D LQMXVWLILFDGD SDVDGRHVWiQ GLVSXHVWRV FRQ HO DDSOLFDU ODVOHFFLRQHV GH DSUHQGL IRUPD HUU GDV GH HVH ā SDVDGR Enjuiciamiento erróneo como-consecuencia de una perspectiva sesgada. /DV H[SHULHQFLD SHUVRQDOHVHVWiQQHFHVDULDPHQWH GHOLQGLYLGXR OLPLWDGDV VHVJDGDV SRU \ ORVFtUFXORV SDUWLFXODUHV HQ ORV TXH\ VH SRU PXHYH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV GHVDUUROOD KDELWXDOPHQWH TXH OD JHQWH 6LQ HPEDUJR VXHOH HPLWLUMXLFLRV UiSLGRV VLQFRQVLGHUDUDGHFXDGDPHQWH VREUH GLVWLQWRV ODIDOWD WHPDV GHUHSUHVH GDG GH H[SHULHQFLDVSHUVRQDOHV, VXV \.DKQHPDQ 7YHUVN\ SHUVSHFWLYDV /DV VHVJDG OXJDU DMXLFLDV LQH[DFWRV 1LVEHWW \5RVV XQ O H[WHQVR SUHVHQWDQ ODDSDULFLyQG DQiOLVLV VREUH MXLFLRV HUUyQHRV LQFRUUHFWD SRU GH DSOLFDFLyQ FUHHQFLDV SUHYLDV \GH UD]R IRUPD QDPLHQWR ,JXDO TXH RFXUUH FDSDFLGDGHV FRJQLWLYDV FRQRWUDV KDELOLGDG OD UHJODV SDUDDSOLFDU HVWDGtVWL WDPELpQ SXHGH /DV GHVDUUROODUVH D\XGDV BGH PHPRULD \ODLQVWUXFFLyQ TXHUHODFLRQDQ HQ OD ORV SUHGLFWRUHV UHVXOWDGRV SXHGHQ FRQ PHMRUDU ORV ORVMXLFLRV.X\OHQVWLHPD GHO LQGLYLGXR \%UHK PHU $XQ DVt UD]RQDPLHQWR HO PXFKR SUREDELOLVWD GH VHUHOySWLPR (O HQMXLFLDPLHQWR GLVWD SUHFDULR UHIOHMD WDQWR ODIDOLELOLGDG UD]RQDPLHQWR KXPDQR GHO FRPR OD LPSHUIHFFLyQ FLyQ (V SRVLEOH TXH HOLQGLYLGXR ODV UHJODV SHUR DSUHQGD QRVDTXH HOPi[LPR QR UHFRQRFH DSOLFDELOLGDG VX D ODV VLWXDFLRQHV HQ ODV TXH VH HQFXHQWUD DSHULWL /D YDGHODVUHJODV SDUWLU GH ODH[SHULHQFLD VHSURGXFH JXLDGD D HQODDSOLFDFLyQ XQD UHJOD GHWHUPLQD GH GDHQ GLVWLQWDV (QXQD VLWXDFLRQHV VHULH GH HVWXGLRV SDUDGHPRVWUDU GLVHxDGRV TXH HOUD]RQDPLHQ WR SUREDELOLVWD HVXQD KDELOLGDG HQVHxDUVH .UDQW] TXH ) RQJ SXHGH 1 LVEHWW \ GHPRVWUDURQ TXH OD LQVWUXFFLyQ DEVWUDFWDVMXQWR HQUHJODV FRQ HMHPSORV GH OD YLGD VXDSOLFDFLyQ GLDULD FR JXH XQD XWLOL]DFLyQ PD\RU TXH ODLQVWUXFFLyQ GH ODV PLVPDV DEVWUDFWD RORV HQODUHJOD HMHPSORV Vt VRORV /DV SHUVRQDV XWLOL]DQ HVFDVDPHQWH SRFR LQVWUXLGDV HVWDGtVWLFDV ODV āUHJODV ā ā B .DKQHPDQ \ 7YpUVN\ SUHVHQWDQ YDULRV SDUD PpWRGRV FRUUHJLU DOJXQRV GH ORV HUURUH PDV IUHFXHQWHV GH &RPR ORVMXLFLRV VH UHFRUGDUi XQR GH LQWXLWLYRV ORVVHVJRV KRUD SULQFL GH UHDOL]DU ORVMXLFLRV HVHOGHSRGD GHMDUVH LQIRUPDFLyQ LQIOXLUFRQ H[FHVLYD IUHF JXD RSRFR ILDEOH SDUWLFXODU GH XQ OD FDVR VXEHVWLPDQGR FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D ORV UHVXOWDGRV WtSLFRV GH YDULRV FDVRV (VWH WLSR VLPLODUHV HUURU GH SXHGH UHGXFLUVH VLWXDQGR HOMX HQWUH ODLPSUHVLyQ GDGD \ ORTXH SRU VHVDEH HOFDVR GHRWURV HVSHFtILFR &XDQWR PHFDVRV QRV VHJXUD OD LQIRUPDFLyQ VHD más HVSHFtILFD WHQGUi TXH GHSHQGHU HOMXLFLR GHOD PHGLD RGHODV WD VDV EDVH GHODFODVH WUDWH GHDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV HOOR 3RU DOHVWLPDU GH ODSURE TXH VH DVHU XQQRYHOLVWD KDEUtD GH FRQVLGHUDU IDPRVR SRU XQODGR XQR ODWDVD FtH p[LWR WtSLFDSDUD ORV HV FULWRUHV y OXHJR DMXVWDU MXLFLR HQIXQFLyQ HVWH GHODLQIRUPDFLyQ HVFULWRU ā GLVSRQ HQ FXHVWLyQ GH IRUPDQ ORVFODVH GHPiV HVWD GH TXH UHIHUHQFLD (Q PXFKRV FDVRV SUHVFULELU HVPiV TXH UHDOL]DUODFRUUHFFLyQ IiFLOGH ORVMXLFLRV LQWXL QHRV PHGLDQWH DMXVWH OD FODVH FRQVLGHUDGD UHVSHFWR GHELGR D TXH DOYDORU LDVFRUUHFFLRQHV YDOLpQ GH GRVH GHODLQIRUPDFLyQ ODSUREDELOLGDG GLVSRQLEOH GH UHVXOWDGRVQR VRQ WDUHD VREUH IiFLO GH UHDOL]DU (QWUH RWUDV FRVDV UHTXLHUH XQD FODVH HOHJLU GH DSURSLDGD UHIHUHQFLD GH HQWUH WRGDV ODV DOWHUQDWLY SRVLEOHV FRQRFHU ODPHGLD OD FODVH \ODGLVSHUVLyQ GHUHIHUHQFLD \ HOHJLU ~QLFDPHQ GH UHV WHODLQIRUPDFLyQ LPSRUWDQWH LQGLYLGXDOL]DGD \FRQRFHU HOYDORU (VWRV SUHGLFWLYR IDFWR UHV SRU VtPLVPRV VRQFRQ IUHFXHQFLD LQVXILFLHQWH 3RU HMHP SOR DOHVWLPDU FXiO GHORVQXHYRV SURGXFWRV SDUD PiV SUREDELOLGDGHV GH FRQYHUWLUVH HQ HO Q~PHUR X UHV LQGLYLGXDOL]DGRV VRQ GHOGHILQLWLYRV WRGR 6L ODV LQWXLFLRQHV SURSLDV VREUH O FLD DGHFXDGDV \ OD LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH SUREDELOLGDG OD GH ORVUHVXOWDGRV QRVRQODV FRUUHFWDVHO UD]R QDPLHQWR HVWDGtVWLFR GHVDUUROOH VHUiLJXDOPHQWHHUUyQHR TXHVH GHVDFXHUGR HQWUH ([LVWH OR WRV VREUH ORV \ ODV SUHGLFWRUHV GHUHIHUHQFLD FODVHV PiV DGHFXDGDV SDUD SDUWLFXODU FDGD WD B /D FRUUHFFLyQ ORVMXLFLRV LQWXLWLYRV GH PHGLDQWH GH ODLQIRUPDFLyQ FRQVLGHUDFLRQHV VREU KDELOLGDG GH ,RV UHVXOWDGRV UHVXOWDWRGDYtD PiV FRPSOHMD FXDQGR ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV Q FRV VLQR TXHFDPELDQ UiSLGDPHQWH SUREDELOLGDGHV GH UHIHUHQFLDSDVDGD RIUHFLHQGR FRQIX SaU 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV VDV (LQKRUQ y +RJDUWK 8QUHTXLVLWR LPSRUWDQWH SDUD UHDOL]DUXQMXLFLR FRUUH OLGDGSDUDDYHULJXDUVLHOUD]RQDPLHQWR DDSOLFD GHORVJUDQGHVQ~PHURV TXH ORV UHVXOWDGRV DFRQVHMD GDU TXHDSDUHF PiV LPSR FKRVFDVRVTXHDORVTXHDSDUHFHQDSDUWDQ HQFRQWDGDV PXFKR RF GHODPHGLDWLHQHQPHQRV DSDUHFHU HQXQDPXHVWUD SUREDELOLGDG JUDQGHGHFD GH TXHXQFRPHQVDO KDUHDOL]DGR UHFLHQWHPHQWH UHVWDXUDQWH āIDYRULWRXQDVFXDQWDV HQVX F WLVIDFWRULDV GHQWUR GHWRGR XQ āFRQMXQWR HOHYDGRGHFRPLGDVGHOLFLRV 6LODV FRPLGDV GHFHSFLRQ WHV HUDQGHELGDV DIOXFWXDFLRQHV DOHDWRULDV SDUWLU āGHODV HQODF SUREDELOLGDGHV SHUPLWLUi DHVWHFRPHQVDOYROYHUDGLVIUXWDU GHOSDVDGR RWUDV FRPLGDVGH OLFLRVDV6LQHPEDUJRVLKDKDELGR y ODVKDELOLGDGHV FDPELRVHQ chefFXOLQDULD GHMDQ PXFKRTXHGHVHDU HOUD]RQDPLHQWR SDUD HVWHVXMHWR XQD VXFHVLyQ HVWDGtVW GH FRPLGDVLQVDWLVIDFWRULDV SXQWR GHYLVWD PLHQWUDV FDXVDOOH SHUPLWLUiYROYHU TXHUD]RQDU G ā GLVIUXWDUGHVXVFRPLGDVHQFXDOTXLHURWURUHVWD (O IUDFDVRHQODXWLOL]DFLyQ GtVWLFDV UHIOHMD āQHFHVDULDPHQWH QR GHILFLHQFLDV FRJQLWLYDVG /DVSHUVRQDV ORJHQHUDOVXHOHQVREUHVWLPDU SRU FDUiFWHU DGHFXDGRGHVXVFRQRFLP HO EUHWRGR HQ āiUHDVTXH OHUHVXOWHQ SRFRIDPLOLDUHV $GHPiV GH FXDQGRQRSRFRILDEOHVWLHQGHQ D XWLOL]DUORV GHIRUPDTXHOHVKDFHQ OD YDOLGH] GHVXV MXLFLRV$VtDFHSWDQ ODVSUXHEDV FRQILUPDWRULDV VXVFRQRFLPLHQWRV$TXHOORV FDVRV HQORVTXHODV UHFXHUGDQFRQIDFLOLGDG PLHQWUDV TXHUHVXOWDGL MHURQORVUHVXOWDGRVGHVHDGRV ORVTXHpVWRV DSDUHFLHURQ RHQ ORV DFWRV VLQPHGL DVtFRP GHWHUPLQDUOD UHODFLyQ GHSUREDELOLGDG HQWUH DFWRV \UHVXOWDGRV &RPR FRQV FLyQVREUHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHODVDFFLRQHV p[L VHUHS WRTXHFRPRSUREDELOLGDG y +RJDUWK GHOp[LWR (V WHV /D SUHGLFWLYLGDG (LQKRUQ GH IDFWRUUHOHYDQWH SXHGHVHUPRGLILFDGD (VWDV UHODFLRQHV RLQFOXV ā SUHGLFWLYDV FRQGLFLRQDOHV SXHGHQ LGHQWLILFDUVH WDPSRFRH[DPLQDQGHOWRGR ODVGpELOHVVXSRVLFLR GRV/DFRQILDQ]DH[FHVLYDLQMXVWLILFDGDSXHGHU VXSRVLFLRQHV āLPSOtFLWDV H[DPLQH ODV SUXHEDV FRQWUDGLFWRULDV TXHKDEL FUHHGLVWULEXFLRQHV SDUD VXVHVWLPDFLRQHV GHSUREDELOLGDG .DKQHPDQ GHORVUHVXOWD y 7YHUV N\ .RULDW y )LVFKKRII /LFKWHQVWHLQ /LFKWHQVWHLQ \) %HQHIOFtRV GHO HQMXLFLDPLHQWR HUUyQHR DILUPDWLY 6HDFHSWDKDELWXDOPHQWH HQMXLFLDPLHQWR OXJDU TXHHO DXQDGLVIXQFLyQ HUUyQHRGD PLH ORVMXLFLRVFRUUHFWRV $FWXDU GHDFXHUGRFRQXQHQMXLFLDPL UHVXOWDQ EHQHILFLRVRV FRPSRUWDU FRVWRV6LQHPEDUJR ORVMXLFLRV HUUyQHRVPHQRUHVGHWLS VDULDPHQWHSHUMXGLFLDOHV QLORVYHUGDGHURV VLHP SURJUHVRVGHODKXPDQLGDG y GHVX ELHQHVWDU GHVFDQVD MXLFLRV TXH VRQ QR ā GHO VREUH WRGRYHUGDG URV6RQPXFKDVODVIXHQWHVTXHDSRUWDQ GDWRVVR HUUyQHRV SHUR TXHQRGLVWDQ PXFKR āGH VHU YHUGDGHURV ā /RVHVIXHU]RVGHOKRPEUH \VXVDFWRV HVWiQ UHJ SURSLDHILFDFLD /DVDFFLRQHV GHOLQGLYLGXRGHSH y GHODVDXWRFUHHQFLDV TXHUHJXODQODFDQWLGDG \ ODSHUVHYHUDQFLD TXHDSO GH TXHHPSUHQGH 8QHVIXHU]R YLJRURVR\VRVWHQLGRS GHRWURVHVIXHU]RV PHQRV LQWHQVRV VyORFRQVLJXHQ WDQWRODVFDSDFLGDGHV RSHUDWLYDV 'DGRTXHORVORJUR QRVRQXQDSUR GHOLQGLYLGXRGHSHQGHQ HQSDUWH GHOHVIXHU]RTXHHPSOHHHQODV DFWLYLGDGHVDTXHOODV SHUVRQDV TXH VREUHVWLPDQVXVFDSDFLGDGHV QRHVTXHVHDQQHFHVDU GHUDUTXHORVORJURV SRFR āSUREDEOHV SRU VXGLILFXOWDGSXHGHQFRQVHJXLUVH y ā PDQWHQLGR DXWRSHUHHSFLRQHVGH 6LODV HILFDFLDUHIOHMDUDQ SRVLELOLGDGHV KDELWXDOHV VLHPSUHODV GH ODVSHUVRQDV IUDFDVDUtDQ pVWDVUDUDPHQWH SHURWDPSRFR DUULHVJDUtDQ que OHV DHQ REOLJDUDQDHVSHUDU \ FRPRFRQVHFXHQFLD PiVGHVtPLVPDV VXSHUDU VXVHMHFXFLRQHV D KDE &RQRFLPLHQWR y SUHYLVLyQ SUHGLFWLYR Juicios ventajosos sobre las propias capacidades. /DV DXWRSHUFHSFLRQHV TXH H PHQWH āODVSURSLDV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH DFWXDFLyQ HQ XQPR GD HOGHVDUUROOR GHO LQGLYLGXR /D FUHHQFLD HQ OD IDYRUHFH OD SHUVHYHUDQFLD HO p[LWR PLHQWUDV QHFHVDULD TXH SDUD OD IDOWD GH SUHGHVWLQDDO IUDFDVR &XDQGR HOLQGLYLGXR VH HTXLYRFD HQ HQHO VHQWLGR GHVREUHVWLPDU E VXVFDSDFLGDGHV ā6FKXQN /RVFDVRV %DQGXUD OD HMHFXFLyQ QRHVWi OD HOHYDGD DODDOWXUD DXWRSHUFHSFLyQ GH FDVRV GHO HYLGHQ VXMHWR WHV GHMXLFLR HUUyQHR SHUR ODVDXWRSHUFHSFtRQHV H WR TXH QR VH SURGXFHQ pVWDV \ OD GLIHUHQFLDV DFFLyQ VHFRQVLGHUDQ GHO HQWUH LQGLYLGXR HMHPSORV GH DXWRMXLFLRV YHUGDGHURV DFHSWD GHIRUPD *HQHUDOPHQWH DFUtWLFD VH TXH ODHMHF GH ODUHDOLGDG FRQODā HOTXHKD\ H[DFWLWXG GHORVMXLFLRV TXH FRPSDUDU HMH (Q UH FXFLyQ QRVRQXQKHFKR fijo, VLQRSUREDEOH XQD HMHFXFLyQ \ GHWHUPLQDGD EDMR FL ILFDV QRHVQHFHVDULDPHQWH GHXQ UHSUHVHQWDWLYD LQGLYLGXR &XDQGR GHODV ORV S ODV DFFLRQHV QRFRLQFLGHQ HVGLVFXWLEOH VLOD DXWR YDGD QRHVUHSUHVHQWDWLYD 'DGR TXH ODVDXWRSHUFHSFLRQHV LOXVRULDV FLRQHV FRQJUXHQWHV \ H[WUDRUGLQDULDV XQMXLFLR FRPR YHUGDGHUR OD HVSHFLIL HVDO FRPSOHMR GHORTXH SRGUtD VXJHULU XQ DQiOLVLV āHQ SUHF ODV TXH ORVHUURUHV QRFRPSRUWDQ XQ DOWRSUHFLR H FRPSDUDFLyQ DORVVXVWDQFLRVRV EHQHILFLRV TXH ā SXHG /D FRPSHWHQFLD KD VLGR FRQVLGHUDGD WUDGLFLRQDOPH KD ELOLGDGHV FRJQLWLYDV VRFLDOHV \GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GDG UHGXFH ODYXOQHUDELOLGDG GHO KRPEUH DOVXIULPL PiV PLQXFLRVRV KDQ GH GHPRVWUDGR ODFXHVWLyQ TXH ODV KDELOLGDGHV VRQ QHFHVD GH ULDV SHUR QR VXILFLHQWHV SDUD\ HOIXQFLRQDPLHQWR ODV DXWRFUHHQFLDV SHUVRQDV DQVLRVDV HYLWDGRUDV \GHSUHVLYDV VH KDQ SUREOHPDV /RV KDOOD]JRV REWHQLGRV GHPXHVWUDQ JH UHQ VXVWDQFLDOPHQWH HQVXDXWRHILFDFLD SHUFLELGD SRQHQ GH ODPLVPD KDELOLGDG VRFLDO HQ VLWXDFLRQHV HVWRV ~OWLPRV FRQVLGHUDQ PiV HOHYDGD \ $UNRZLW] VX KDELOLGDG 4XHGD SRU YHU VLODV GLIHUHQFLDV FRQWLQ~DQ UHVLGLH VRFLDO UHDO GHO KD GHLQLFLDU VXMHWR FXDQGR \HVWUXFWXUDU pVWH FRQWDFWRV ~QLFDPHQWH \D HVWDEOHFLGRV DORV /RV GHSULPLGRV PXHVWUDQ DXW SHWHQFLDV VRFLDOHV PLHQWUDV TXH ORVQRGHSULPLGRV ORV YHQ ORVGHPiV /HZLQVRKQ 0LVFKHO &KDSOLQ \ SUHVLYRV HPSLH]DQ DPDQLIHVWDU GLVWRUVLRQHV DXWRU FLDV PX\ SDUHFLGDV DODV GHSULPLGRV3RU TXH VXSXHVWR SUHVHQWDQ TXHORV HVSRVLEOH QR VRV HQ ORV TXH OD DXWRHYDOXDFLyQ IRUPD SDUWH GH XQD GLVWRUVLRQDGD GLVIXQFLyQ LQGLYL JU GXR /D GHSUHVLyQ FDUDFWHUL]DGD SVLFyWLFD SRUOD DXWRLQFXOSDFLyQ ODV PLVHULDV GHOGHO VXMH PXQGR \ SRU XQ VHQWLGR GH LQXWLOLGDG WRWDO HV XQ Enjuiciamiento erróneo de la determinación personal de los resultados. (Q ODYLGD GLDU ODVSHUVRQDV SURGXFHQ FRQWLQXDPHQWH HIHFWRV SRU FLU WRGR WLSR GH FRVDV HQ VX HQWRUQR SDUD SHQVDU LQPHGLDWR TXH VXV DF W FRQWLQXDUiQ WHQLHQGR FRPR PtQLPR FLHUWR HIHFWR HQFRQWUDUVH 5HDOPHQWH FRQVLGHUDQGR TXH ORV UHVX HQ JUDQ SDUWH GH VX FRQGXFWD QR DGTXLULU KDUtD IDOWD FLHUWR VHU VHQWLG PX\ PLQDFLyQ 1RHVGH FDXVDO VRUSUHQGHU WHQJD TXH WHQGHQFLD ODJHQWH D FRQVLGHUDU ORVUHVXOW WLYRV FRPR GH GHSHQGLHQWHV VXV DFFLRQHVYD SHVDU GH TXH HVWpQ GHWHUPLQDGRV RWURVIDFWRUHV S /DV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV KDQ DFODUDGR DOJXQDV GH ODV VHQWLGR LOXVRULR (Q HVWRV GH HILFDFLD HVWXGLRV FDXVDO ORV VXMHWRV FRQWUROTXH MX]JD HMHUFHQ VREUH ORV UHVXOWDGRV TXH āUHDOPHQWH DFWRV HQVLWXDFLRQHV VXV QR LQIOX\HQHQ HQO GHORVPLVPRV (O GHViQLPR \ORVSHQVDPLHQWRV SHVLPLVWDV HQOD SUR GHV SLD FDSDFLGDG SDUD SURGXFLU HIHFWRV $OOR\\ $EUDUQVRQ GHVHDGRV /DV SHUV 3HQVDPLHQWR y. DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV āVRFLDOHV PLGDVWLHQGHQ DVREUHVWLPDU VXFRQWURO VREUHORV PHQXGR y DVXEHVWLPDU FDXVDFLyQ VXFDSDFLGDG GHORVUHVXOWDGRV GH QHJDWLYRV GHOWRGR MX]JDU UHDOLVWDV TXHVXFRQWURO DO HVHVFDVR &XDQGR ORV WHPSRUDOPHQWH GHSULPLGRV MX]JDU VXHVFDVR VHYXHOYHQUHDOLVWDV FRQWUROSHUVRQD DO FXDQGR VHKDFHTXHORVGHSULPLGRV HQWRQFHV āVREUHVWLPDQ VHVLHQWDQ ODFDQWLGD HXIy WUROHMHUFLGRVREUH ORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV ODV SRVLWLYRV H[SHULHQFLDVSUHYLDVGHIUDFDVRQRPRGLILFDQODV TXHHOORVVRQORVUHVSRQVDEOHV GHORVDFRQWHFLPLH DTXHOODVVLWXDFLRQHV HQODVTXHODVDFFLRQHVQRH VLWLYRVORVLQGLYLGXRVGHSULPLGRVDSDUHFHQ FRPR SULPLGRV FRUQR LOXVRV FRQILDGRV ā /RVVXMHWRVQRGHSULPLGRVQRDERUGDQ ODVVLWXDF FULPLQDGRVREUHVXHILFDFLDFDXVDO 6XVMXLFLRVH GDVFRQODFRPSHWHQFLD SDVDGDV\ TXHHYRFDQ HODXWRFRQRFLPLHQWR H[SHULHQFLDV GHO GHV$OH[DPLQDU HVWHSURFHVR KD GHPRVWUDGR /DQJHU TXHORVVXMHWRVS VREUHVWLPDU GHIRUPD HUUyQHDVXHILFDFLDFDXVDOPHGLDQWH VHxD WRIXWXUR$OLQWURGXFLUHQDFWLYLGDGHVIRUWXLWDV OD SUREDELOLGDGGHp[L WDUHDVGHKDELOLGDG āVHVLHQWHQVHJXURVGH KDEHU ORVVXMHWRV DGTXLULGRFLHUWDLQIOXHQF GRVGHWHUPLQDGRV SRU FRPSOHWRSRUHOD]DU&RVDVFRPRSRVLELO WLFLSDFLyQDFWLYD\SUiFWLFDHQ WDUHDV IRUWXLWDVD SHVDU GHVHUFRPSOHWDPHQWHLUUHO ORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV TXHVHSURGXFLUiQ FUHDQOD OHVVHSXHGHHMHUFHUFRQWUROVyEUHUHVXOWDGRV TXH cía GH XQKXPRU GHSULPLGRDQXOD ODFDSDFLGDG GHODVVHxDOHV VXSHUILFLDOHV SDUD LQGX G FLUXQ VHQWLGRVXSHULRU GHGHWHUPLQDFLyQ FDXVDO :LW] \'URVW ā/RVMXLFLRVVREUHFDXVDOLGDG HVWiQ LQIOXLGRVHQJUDQPHGLGDSRUODI MXQWRV ODVDFFLRQHV \ORVUHVXOWDGRV RWRUJiQGRV GHODUHODFLyQ ā6LQHPEDUJRDDTXHOORVFDVRVQRFRQILUPDGR HO UHVXOWDGRSDUHFHSURGX ODDFFLyQRODDFFLyQVHUHDOL]DVLQTXHVHSURGX UHVXOWDGR VHOHVGDSRUORJHQHU SRUWDQFLD y :DUG -HQNLQV (O UHFXHUGR VHOHFWLYRGHORVp[LWRV SLDHILFDFLDFDXVDO /DWHQGHQFLD DVREUHVWLPDU O QDO HVPD\RU WRGDYtD FXDQGR āODV H[SHULHQFLDVRFXUU pQ GXUDQWHPXFKR WLHPSRGHM VREUHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV SDVDGRV \VXVFDXVDV \ GH H ORV VHVJRVFRJQLWLYRV ā GHO VXMHWR ' ·un LPSRUWDQWHLQGLFDGRUGHHILFDFLDFDXVDOHVOD ELOLGDGGHRFXUUHQFLDGHORVUHVXOWDGRV YDULDQGR QDGDSDXWDGHFRPSRUWDPLHQWR GHPXHVWUD WHQHUPXF WDGRVGHVHDGRV ODJHQWHVXHOHMX]JDU OD FDQWLGDG GHFRQWUROTXH FRQPXFKD GHHMHUFHU $OOR\\$EUDPVRQ (O VHQWLGRGHGHWHUPLQDFLyQ SHUVRQD GHOp[LWRHQFRQVHJXLU SRU PHGLRGHDFWRV LQIOXLUVREUHORVUHVXOWDG LQWHQFLRQDGR DFFLyQHVPiV FDSD] GHVXJHULUHILFDFLD 'H DFXHUGR FRQHVWD FDXVDO VXSR T $OOR\ y $EUDPVRQ HQFRQWUDURQ TXH ORV LQGLYLGXRV QRG FRQWUROSHUVRQDOFXDQGRDVHJXUDQVXUHFRPSHQVD SR SURGXFH VLQTXH PHGLH UHVSXHVWD DOJXQD &RPRVHGHVSUHQGH GHHVWRVHVWXGLRVFRPSDUDWLYR ELOLGDGHVVXILFLHQWHV\ODVDXWRFUHHQFLDV TXHDVH DTXHODPD\RUtD GHHVIXHU]RVQRFRPSRUWDQ SDUD DOFDQ]DU HOp[LWRH UHVXOW VDULRGLVSRQHU GHXQDILUPHFRQILDQ]D HQVtPLVPR LOXVRULDODVDXWRSHUFHSFLRQHV GHHILFDFLDGHORV WRDPRWLYDFLyQTXHFRPSRUWDQODVDXWRHYDOXDFLRQH y -DFNVRQ:HLQEHUJ<XNHOVRQ\-DFNVRQ TXHGLVSRQHQ GHXQD HOHYDGDFDSDFLGDG VXVDXWRH TXHLQYLUWLHQGRXQHVIXHU]RVXSHULRUVHUiQFDSDFH &RQRFLPLHQWR y SUHYLVLyQ SUHGLFWLYR ā /DVDXWRSHUFHSFLRQHVRSWLPLVWDVVREUHODHILF ODVVLWXDFLRQHVGLItFLOHVDOWLHPSRTXHDXPHQW WHUUHQRDIHFWLYRQRVyORHYLWDODVREUHFDUJDYL TXHHOUHQGLPLHQWRVHYHDDIHFWDGRSRUXQD DFWLYDFLyQ SHUWXUEDGRUD /DD WRGDYtDFRPSRUWDXQWHUFHUEHQHILFLR El p[LWRHQODHMHFXFLyQHVWiGHWH QDOHV\VLWXDFLRQDOHV (QODPHGLGDHQTXHHOV D VXVFDSDFLGDGHV H[SHULPHQWDXQQLYHOHOHYDGRG \ $OOR\ /D GHSUHFLDFLyQ GH-RV SURSLRV HVIXHU]RV ā ā ā FRPSRUWD Juicios erróneos de las sanciones sociales yde la eficacia colectiva. /DVDPHQD]DV GH FLRQHVOHJDOHVVRQDPSOLDPHQWHXWLOL]DGDVSRUO SRUGHWHQHUODV FRQGXF WDVGHOLFWLYDV (QXQFDStWXORSRVWHULRUWHQGU RSRUWXQLGDG GH YHU TXHODVSUREDELOLG VHUDUUHVWDGR \FRQGHQDGRSRUFRPHWHUDFWRVGH JRVRFDVLRQDOHVSRUDFWLYLGDGHVLOHJDOHV TXBH FRPSRUWDQ XQEHQHILFLRSDUDH WLFDFDUHFHQGHSRGHUGLVXDVRU 6LQHPEDUJROR WLJRSHUFLELGR\QRHQHOUHDO2FXUUHTXHODV GLGDODSUREDELOLGDGGHFDVWLJRGHORVDFWRVLO GHGLFDQ DDFWLYLGDGHV DQWLVRFLDOHVWLHQHQXQFRQFHSWRPiVUHDOLVWDGH &ODVWHU ā 3DUNHU \*UDVPLFN (Q HOPDQWHQLPLHQWR GHORUGHQVRFLD FRQVHJXLU JUDQ SDUWH GHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWR āOHJDO 0XFKDV SHUVRQDVGHGLFDQVXYLGDDODFWLYLVPR FLyQGHTXHSRUPHGLRGHOHVIXHU]RFROHFWLYRHV GDG $XQTXH WDOHV FRQ IUHFXHQFLD FRQYLFFLRQHV VH BYHQFRQILUPDGDV QR VXVFRQ FRQVLJXHQFDPELRVGHPHQRUDOFDQFHSHURQRSRU FRQVHJXLGRHQHVWHWHUUHQRHQIXQFLyQGHORVEH 6LORVDFWLYLVWDV VRFLDOHVIXHUDQFRPSOHWDPHQW VXVSUREDELOLGDGHV p[LWR R ELHQUHQXQFLDUtDQ DVXVHVIXHU]RVRVHFRQYHUW VHDGDSWDQ DODVUHDOLGDGHVH[LVWHQWHVSHURO VRxDGRUHV FRQVDJUDGRVDVXWDUHD ELDQ HVDV UHDOLGDGHV 7RGRV HVWRV KDOOD]JRV WRUQDGRV GH IRUPD JOREDO LQGLFDQTXH OR WULXQIDU ORVVRFLDEOHVORVQRGHSULPLGRVORV ORVTXHPXHVWUDQ ©GLVWRUVLRQHVªSRVLWLYDVHQO GH VXVFDSDFLGDGHV y DFHUFD GHOR UHVXOWDGRV SUREDEOHVFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHVXV ©HUUyQHRVª SURSRUFLRQDQ ODHVSHUDQ]D \ORVLQFHQWLYRVQHFHVDULRV \ VDWLV SDUD IDFFLRQHVSHUVRQDOHV 6LODVDXWRHYDOXDFLRQHV UHFHQ\PDQWLHQHQ HOWLSRGH DFWLWXGPHQWDO\ QHV SHUVRQDOHV i · .~· ... Capítulo 6 0RWLYDGRUHV incentivos 6L ODV SHUVRQDVDFWXDUDQ SUHYLVRUDPHQWH EDViQGRVH UDQDIHFWDGDVSRUORVUHVXOWDGRV āOHVSHUPLWLUtDVREUH GHVXVDFFLRQHV UDQWH PXFKRWLHPSR (Q UHDOLGDG ODFRQGXFWD HVWiUHJXODGDHQJ DFFLRQHVTXHFRPSRUWDQ UHFRPSHQVDV VXHOHQVHUUH VDGDVRELHQFRPSRUWDQ FDWLJRVWLHQGHQDVHUGHVF VHGHOWRGRODFRQGXFWD KXPDQD VLQFRQVLGHUDU OD UHVSXHVWDā /DVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV VREUH OD LQIOXHQFLD GH ORV LQWHUHVDQ SUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWH SRU ORVHIHFWRV H[WHUQRVF LQPHGLDWRV RQVHFXHQ 6 cías H[WHUQDVDSHVDUGHORLQIOX\HQWHVTXHUHVXOWD la PD\RUtDGHODVYHFHVQRVR UHVXOWDGRVTXHGHWHUPLQDQ ODFRQGXFWD KXPDQD VL DFWRVWDQWR SRUODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV REVHUYDGDV FRPRSRUODVFR Vt PLVPR(VWRVWUHVVLVWHPDV GHLQFHQWLYRVUHJXODG y DXWRSURGXFLGRVVHUiQDQDOL]DGRV SRUVHSDUDGR WHUQRV H[SHULPHQWDGRV HO LQGLYLGXR GLUHFWDPHQWH SRU Explicación de los resultados determinantes (OSDSHOGHWHUPLQDQWH GHORVUHVXOWDGRV GHODV WUDOHQODVWHRUtDVEDVDGDV HQORVPHFDQLVPRV UH GHQWURGHOSDUDGLJPDRSHUDQWH GRQGHWRGDV ODVFD FXHQFLDVGHODUHVSXHVWD 6NLQQHU WHRUtDVFRQ DVS UDFLyQ H[SOLFDWLYD \ SUHGLFWLYD SRU UHFRQRFHQ ORV HIHFWRV TXH TXH O SURGXFHQ 0RWLYDGRUHV LQFHQWLYRV 0HFDQLVPR DXWRPiWLFR 'H IRUPD WUDGLFLRQDO ODVWHRUtDV VREUH ODFRQGXFWD KD WH\FRQVHFXHQWH (VWD GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ GH ORV EDVD DFWRV HQOD VH VXSRVLFLyQ GH TXH O VXOWDQ IRUWDOHFLGDV \GHELOLWDGDV GLUHFWDPHQWH SRU TXH OD FRQGXFWD HPLWLGD UHVXOWH LQIOXLGD SRU ORV D FRQWURO GH ODPLVPD (Q UHDOLGDG UHVLGDGDGR HQHOORV TXH ODVFRQVHFXHQFL VLGHUDUODV ORV DJHQWHV VLWXDU OD FRQWURODGRUHV FDXVD GHVSXpV GHGHO pVWD HIHFWR HV UDGLFDOHV LQWHQWDQ FDXVDFLyQ UHVROYHU DQWHUyJUDGD HOSUREOHPD VLWXDQGR GHOD ODFDX WDHQ OD DFFLyQ GH ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV SDVDGDV 6LQ ODFRQGXFWD KXPDQD SRU HQWHOD GHMXLFLR ORV UHVXOWDGRV XQD IRUPD SRQHQ WDQ DXWR FLyQ 5HFRUGHPRV ODGLVFXVLyQ LQIOX\HQ VREUH SUHYLD OD FRQGXFWD TXH SDUWH ORV HQ JUDQ UHVXO SRU YDORU VX LQIRUPDWLYR H LQFHQWLYR \ QR FRPR IRUWDOHFHGRUHV /D DXW PD\RUtD GH YHFHV ORV UHVXOWDGRV GH ODUHVSXHVWD L FUHDQGR ODH[SHFWDWLYD GHTXH VHSURGXFLUiQ UHVXOW OLGDG GH DSDULFLyQ GH XQD DFFLyQ GHWHUPLQDGD DXPH GLVPLQX\H FXDQGR OR TXH VH DQWLFLSD HV HO FDVWLJR /D FRQGXFWD HVWi UHODFLRQDGD FRQ VXV UHVXOWDGRV QLYHO GH FRQVHFXHQFLDV PRPHQWiQHDV (Vā GHFLU ODV %DXP SHUVRQDV QR UHVSR PHQWR GH UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ WUDWDUD GH XQD H[SHULHQFLD FRPR VL VH DLVODGD y VLQR VLQWHWL]DQ OD LQIRUPDFLyQ UHWURDOLPHQWDGD DSDUWLU FHQ DOR ODUJR SDUD DVtGHVFXEULU GHO WLHPSR ORV HOHPHQWRV QHFHVDULR FODVHV SDWURQHV \WDVDV GHUHVXOWDGRV 'DGR TXH O SDUWH DWUDYpV GHOSHQVDPLHQWR SRU VtVRODV QRVRQVXILFLHQWHV ODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV SDUD SURGXFLU JUDQ GHVFDPELRV HQODFRQGXFWD VLHQGR QHFHVDULR TXH H FRPSHQVDGDV \FXiOHV VRQFDVWLJDGDV 8QD YH] TXH FUHDGROD VHKD H[SHFWDWLYD %UHZHU GH ā UHFRPSHQVD HQ DXVHQFLD GH DOWHUQDWLYDV FRQ VyOR PHMRUHV UH VH FRPSHQVDV RFDVLRQDOHV <D YLPRV DQWHULRUPHQWH TXH HQ DTXHOORV D ODV HVWXGLRV FRQVHFXHQFLDV ODV FUHHQFLDV DFHUFD GHODIUHFXHQFLD HUUyQHDV y OD FDXVD GH-RV GHOLQGLYLGX UHVXO WDGRV TXH GHULYDQ GH FLHUWDV DFFLRQHV HMHUFHQ GH ORV VREU SURSLRV UHVXOWDGRV .DXIPDQ%DURQ 'XODQ\ .RSS \ /DV pUUyQHDVH[FH FUHHQFLDV GHUiQ PiV IiFLOPHQWH LQIOXHQFLDGH OD ORVUHVXOWDGRVUHDOHV FXDQGR ODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVL VHULUUHJXODUHV VHSURGX]FDQ FRQ FLHUWD GHWHFWDU GHPRUD K ORVHUURUHV HQ OD HYDOXDFLyQ )UD]LHU (QODV GH FLUFXQVWDQFLDV ODV FRQWLQJHQFLDV GHOD YLGD GLDULD JHQHUDOPHQWH PL[WRV ORVDFWRV TXH RFXUUHQ RULJLQDQ LQPHGLDWDPHQWH HIHFWRV HO WLHPSR DEXQGDQ ODV LUUHOHYDQFLDV \OD UHODFLyQ HVWi SURED LQIOXLGD SRU PXFKRV IDFWRUHV WDQ GHVRULHQWDGRUHV 3DWURQHV FDOGRGH GH FRQVWLWX\ UHVXOWDG FXOWLYR SDUD ORVMXLFLRV HUUyQHRV &XDQGR VHGHMDDO ODVEDVHV SRU LQGLY ODV TXH VX FRQGXFWD UHVXOWD UHFRPSHQVDGD pVWH GHG HVWDU H[SXHVWRV DODV PLVPDV FRQWLQJHQFLDV GH UHVX FRQGXFWD GH GLVWLQWRV LQGLYLGXRV GLIHUHQFLDV TXH FLDV SDUWLFXODUHV y GH 0H\HU FDGD XQR /LSSPDQ /D Pi[LPD GH TXH ODFRQGXFWD SRU VXV FRQVHFXHQFLDV HVWi UHJXODGD HVPiV FL VHFXHQFLDV DQWLFLSDGDV TXH SDUD ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV XQFLHUWR HIHFWR SRU PHGLR GH VXV DFWRV VXFRPSRU HVSHUD TXH SUHYDOH]FDQ HQ HOIXWXUR (Q ODPD\RUtD GH VRQ EXHQRV FDVRV ORV SUHGLFWRUHV la FRQGXFWD GH \D TXH HO LQGLYLGXR ORTXH DQWLFLSD H[DFWLWXG GHULYD ā GHODV FRQ UHJODV G UHFRPSHQVD H[LVWHQWHV \ SRU WDQWR VH FRUUHVSRQG FUHHQFLDV OD UHDOLGDG \ QRVLHPSUH FRLQFLGHQ ORFXDO VHGH FUHHQFLDV VREUH HOJUDGR GHFRQWURO TXH VRQFDSDFH VHUYDFLyQ GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV H[SHULPHQWDGRV SRU ORV GLFDGRUHV GH ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV SUREDEOHV D 3HQVDPLHQWR y' DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV ā /DV SHUVRQDV SXHGHQ HYDOXDU FRQ SUHFLVLyQ ODV UHJO QRDFWXDU FRQ GH HOODV āFRPR DFXHUGR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH XQD DFWRV IDOVD DFDEHQ HVSHUDQ SRU FRPSRUWDU ORV GHV āHDQ (Q UHVXOWDGRV XQ HVWXGLR TXH VH REVHUYy GHVLVWtDQ āHQ TXH DOJXQR UHDOL]DU XQD FRQGXFWD KDEtD VLGR PRGHODGD UHFRPSHQVDGD TXH QXQFD HUUyQHD SRU GH OD FUHH TXH VX FRQWLQXD DFDEDUtD SRU LPLWDFLyQ FDPELDU ODV SUiFWLFDV GH UHFRPSHQVD %DQGXUD ā\%DUDE &RQ IUHFXHQFLD LQGLYLGXR ā VH FRQGHQD HO DVtPLVPR DOIUDF GH IRUPD HUUyQHD SHUVLVWHQFLD TXHHQ OD FRQGXFWD VXāā R GHWHUUQLULDGRV SRGUiQ FDPELRV HQ PRGLILFDU SUREDELOLGDG OD GH DSDULFLyQ GH ODVā FRQVHFXHQFLDV &XDQGR ODVFUHHQFLDV GLILHUHQ HVEDVWDQWH KDELWXDO GHODUHDOLGDG UHVXOWD ODFRQGXFWD HV ORF FDVDPHQWH SRU FRQWURODGD VXV FRQVHFXHQFLDV UHDOHV āKDVWD TXH H[SHULHQFLD UHSHWLGD L DSDULFLyQ PiV GHFUHHQFLDV FLHUWDV /DV FUHHQFLDV GHO LQGLYLGXR QR ODUHDOLGDG VRFLDO VLQR TXH EDVDGD OD HQ DFWXDFLyQ FUHHQFLDV SURSLD HUUyQHDV SXHGH FRQGXFWD GH PROGHDQGR ORV GHPiV ODUHDOLGDG SRU WDQWR VRFLDO HQ OD IDOVDV GLUHFFLyQ FUHHQ GH O . . FLDV 6Q\GHU (QOD PD\RUtD GH LQWHUDFFLRQHV KXPDQDV HO S PHMRU UHSUHVHQWDGR SRU OD FDXVDOLGDG ELGLUHFFLRQDO HQWUH ā OD FUH ā . • ,. 0HFDQLVPRV FRJQLWLYRV ā$FRQWHFLPLHQWRV H[WUDRUGLQDULDPHQWH GLVWLQWRV HQWU FRQGXFWD'HVGH KXPDQD OD WHRUtD GH DSUHQGL]DMH VRFLDO DFW~DQ HQ HVWRV L JUDQ SDUWH PHGLDQWH XQ PHFDQLVPR FRP~Q GH SHQVDPLHQ UHVSXHVWD LQIOX\HQ OD PRWLYDFLyQ SDUD VREUH UHDOL]DU GHWHUPLQDGDV DFWLYLGDGHV H[SHFWDWt FUH YDV VREUH ā ORV HIHFWRV ā PiV SUREDEOHV āGHā DV DFFLRQHV HQ GLVWLQWDV (O ā LQGLYLGXR FLUFXQVWD VHOHFFLRQD āSDXWDV GH DFFLyQ VXV F DSDFLGDGHV GHQWUR SHUFLELGDV GH \FRQWLQ~D HQ VXV ViQGRVH HQ SDUWH HQ HVWDV H[SHFWDWLYDV GH UHVXOWDGRV SDUD SUHYHU 'HE ORVā UHVXOWDGRV GH ODV SUREDEOHV DFFLRQHV IXWXUDV HO LQGLYLGXR HV F GXUDQWH ODUJR EDViQGRVH WLHPSR HQ PRWLYDGRUHV 'H LJXDO VLPEyOLFRV IRUPD ODV HVSHFLH PDQDV WDPELpQ VRQ FDSDFHV GH DFWXDU SRU DQWLFLSDFLyQ GH ORV UHVXO GHVXFDSDFLGDG VLPEyOLFD UHTXLHUHQ UHVXOWDGRV GHLQGLFLRV GLV H[WH WDOHV TXH QR VRQ FDSDFHV GH UHFRUGDU \GHSHQGHQ SULQFLSDO &XDQWR PDV HVFDVD VHD OD FDSDFLGDG SDUD VLPEyOLFD VXVWLWXLU HO VH QH SHQVDPLHQWR DQWtFLSDWRULR ā ā 0XFKDV YHFHV ORVUHVXOWDGRV DQWLFLSDGRV WpUPLQRV GHWHUPLQD GHH[SHFWDWLYDV 7ROPDQ,, IXHXQR GH ORV SULPHURV WHyULFRV TX PiV TXH IRUWDOHFHU ORV KiELWRV ORTXH KDFH 3DUD 7ROPDQ HV FRQVWUXLU H[SHFWDWLYD OD H[SHF QR HUDXQD FRJQOFLyQ FDXVDO VLPSOHPHQWH VLQR XQ GHVFULSWRU OD TXH GH XQ OD VHFX RUJDQLVPR DFW~D ©FRPR HVSHUDUD VLª TXH VX FRPSRUWDPLHQWR FRQVHFXHQFLD SURGXMHUD GHWHU XQD PLQDGD /D PD\RUtD GH FRQVLGHUDQ WHRUtDV ā ODV H[SHFWDWLYDV FRQWHPSRUiQHDV FRPR FRJ ODV TXH āVH KDFH KDELWXDOPHQWH a WUDYpV GH ODV HVWLPDFLRQHV SUREDELOLGDGGH TXH VXEMHWLYDV RFXUUD XQ GHWHUPLQDGR DFRQWHFLPLHQWR 9DULRV WHyULFRV KDQ OD PRWLYDFLyQ H[SOLFDGRHQ WpUPLQRV H[SHFWDWLYD YDOHQFLD GHO PRGHOR G $WNLQVRQ )LVKEHLQ 5RWWHU 9URRP 7RGDV HVWDV IRUPXODFLRQH WDQ TXH OD LQWHQVLGDG GH OD PRWLYDFLyQ HV IXQFLyQ F SHFtILFRV GH SDUWLFXODU XQD \GHO DFFLyQ YDORU DGMXGLFDGR D HVWRV UHVXO HQWUH Vt HQOD FODVH GH GHWHUPLQDQWHV DGLFLRQDOHV TXH FRP $WNLQVRQ DxDGH XQ )LVKEHLQ PRWLYR DxDGHGHORJUR IDV SUHVLRQHV SDUD HMHFXWDU VRFLDOHV SHU OD FRQGXFWD WHQGHQFLD D \OD ODREHGLHQFLD \ 9URRP GHTXH ODFRQGXFWD DxDGH HV DO OD FUHHQ FDQ]DEOH HVIXHU]R HyQ HO ā ā (QYHUVL VX yQ EiVLFD Oa WHRUtD OD GH H[SHFWDWLYDYDORUHOHYDGD SUHGLFH HV OD TXH F H[SHFWDWLYDGH UHVXOWDGRV \PD\RU YDORU VH āRWUJD BD SHUFLELGD ORV UHVXOWDGRVPD\RUHV WDPELpQ OD PRWLYDFLyQ SDUD UHDOL]DU OD DFWLYLGDG /RV HQ QXPHURVRVHVWXGLRV UHVXOWDGRV GpODERUD REWHQLGRV WRULR \GH GHPXHVWUDQ FDPSR TXH ODV H[SHFWDWLYDV GH UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGDV DxDGLHQ FDQGR IDFWRUHV HVWRV VRQ FDSDFHV GHSUHGHFLU 6FKZDE ODHMHFXFLyQ 2OLDQ*RWWOLH E 0LWFK j 0RWLYDGRUHV LQFHQWLYRV \+HQHPDQ 6LQ HPEDUJR TXHGDSRUH[SOLFDUJUDQSDUWHGHO HMHFXFLyQORFXDOKDKHFKRVXUJLUDFDORUDGRV G YDOHQFLDVXVVXSRVLFLRQHVSULQFLSDOHV\ODPHW SRQHQWHV ā ā · De DFXHUGRFRQORVPRGHORVGHPD[LPL]DFLyQGHO H[SHFWDWLYDV HOLQGLYLGXRLQWHQW RSWLPL ]DUVXV UHVXOWDGRVVLQHPEDUJRKDQVXUJLGRGLY WRPD GHGHFLVLRQHV 9DULRVDXWRUHV KDQ DUJXPHQ VXHOHVHUWDQ VLVWHPiWLFRDOFRQVLGHUDU FHQVRVGH DFFLyQSRVLEOHVQLDOHYDO ORV FLDVSUREDEOHVFRPRVXSRQHQHVWRVPRGHORV %HK FLD ODV DOWHUQDWLYDV HVWiQ PiV GHILQLGDV SRVLEOHV (O LQGLYLGXR UDUDPHQWH DQDO WHUQDWLYDV GHDFFLyQSRVLEOHVRSUHYpGHWDOODG QHVTXHFRQVLGHUDVLQRTXHVXHOHHOHJLUGHHQW DFFLyQTXHOHSDUHFHVDWLVIDFWRULRVLQGHGLFDU YHFHVHVLOyJLFRHQODRUGHQDFLyQ GHODVDOWHUQ WLYRVDORVGLVWLQWRVWLSRVGHUHVXOWDGRV GHMD DXWRHYDOXDFLyQ GHODGLILFXOWDGH[LVWHQWHSDUD D āHOORV\RSWDSRUORVUH FDWHJRUtDSRUTXHSXHGHFRQVHJXLUORVFRQPD\RUU DOWHUQDWLYDV\UHVXOWDGRVSRVLEOHVVXHOHRSWDU OOHYDUOHDVHOHFFLRQDUDOWHUQDWLYDVGLVWLQWDVD ORVGLVWLQWRV IDFWRUHV GH PD[LPL]DFLyQ WDOFRPRSUHVXSRQH GHOD H[SHF HOP /RTXHDTXtVHGLVFXWHQRHVODUDFLRQDOLGDGG IUHFXHQFLDGLVSRQHGHLQIRUPDFLyQLQFRPSOHWDR \GH VXVFRQVHFXHQFLDV SUREDEOHVHQVXSURFHVDPLHQW \DTXHOORTXHFRQVLGHUD YDOLRVRSXHGHUHVXOWDU VRQVXEMHWLYDPHQWHUDFLRQDOHV SDUDOD SHUVRQDTXHODVKDWRPDGRGDGDV VLGRKHFKDV SXHGHQ UHVXOWDULUUDFLRQDOHV SDUD FLDHVODFDXVD HUUyQHDV (QXQSURFHVR GHHOHFFLRQHV GHHQMXLFLDPLHQWR IDFWRUHVGHFRQIXVLyQFRPRSDUD TXHSXHGDFRQVH O4 /DFXHVWLyQSULQFLSDOTXHVHGHEDWHHVODFRUUH \ ODHYDOXD FLyQ\YDORUDFLyQUHDOTXHKDFHHOLQGLYLGXRGH WLYDVGH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR /RVWLSRVGHLQFHQWLYRVTXHVHFRQVLGHUDQ FRQ H[SHFWDWLYDVFRQIUHFXHQFLDVHDSDUWDGHODUHD PiV LPSRUWDQWHV VHGHULYDQGHODVDWLVIDFFLyQGHFXPSOLUFULWHU \ QRGHEHQHILFLRVWDQJL TXHODVWHRUtDVGHORVLQFHQWLYRVWLHQGHQDSDV GHODV DF FLRQHVORVLQFHQWLYRVDXWRUUHDFWLYRV QRVXHOH EDODQFH FRVWREHQHILFLRV$OQRWHQHUHQFXHQWD OD LQIOXHQFLDGHORVDXWRLQFHQ FDGR HOYDORU SUHGLFWLYRGHOPRGHOR &RQUHVSHFWRDODOF PiV DPSOLDVVyORLQFOX\HQXQRVSRFRVSURFHVRVPRWLY (Q UHDOLGDGODSUHYLVLyQ de ORVUHVXOWD GRV LQIOX\H VREUH HOHVIXHU]R \ OD HMHFXFLyQ S *HQHUDOPHQWH ODVSHUVRQDV DFW~DQEDViQGRVH W GHVFRPRHQVXVFUHHQFLDVVREUHORVHIHFWRVSUR GDGHVTXHHMHFXWDGDVFRUUHFWDPHQWH JDUDQWL]DQO VLQHPEDUJRSRU DTXHOORVLQGLYLGXRVTXHGXGDQ ODVFRQp[LWR/D DXWRLQHILFDFLDSHUFLELGDSXH WLYDV3RUHOFRQWUDULRXQIXHUWHVHQWLGRGHH \ PDQWHQHUORVHVI ]RV GHVDUUROODGRV SUHVHQFLD XQRV HQ GH UHVXOWDGRV ,QFLHUWRV (Q DTXHOODV DFWLYLGDGHV āFRPSHWHQFLDV TXH H[LJHQOD GHWHUPLQD DXWRHIL PHGLDVREUHHOWLSRGHLQIOXHQFLDTXHODVH[SHF ODV GHFLVLRQHV SHUVRQDOHVHVIXHU]R \HOHPSOHRGH 9URRP FRQVLGHUy SDUFLDOPHQWH GR en 68 PRGHOR OD FUHHQFLDGHTXH HO HVIXHU]RFRPSRUWDUi QLYHOHVGH WRULRV 6LQHPEDUJRFRPRYHUHPRVPiVDGHODQWH ORV GHQGHODVFRQVLGHUDFLRQHV la FDOLGDG VREUHHOHVIXHU]R\ \HILFDFLDGHOD HVW iQ 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ)XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV GHWHUPLQDGRV SRU pVWH ~QLFDPHQWH (O LQGLYLGXRMX]JD VX FDSDFLGDG SDUD FRQVHJXLU REMHWLYRV ILDQWHVODFDQWLGDG QRVyOR GH āHVIXHU]RTXH SRUVH FRQVLGHUD FDSD]GH GHVDUUROODU VLQRWDPELpQ SRU VXVKDELOLGDGHV \HVWUDWHJLDV SHUFLELGDV /DV HMHFX GDG GHSHQGHQ PiV GHO XVR TXH FRUUHFWR GH FDQWLGDG OD GHGH HVIXHU]R ODV KDELOLGDGH GLVSHQVD /DV SHUVRQDV DIURQWDQ TXH ā IRUPD GHILFLHQWH GH HO HVWUpV HVSHUDQ DQWH BaVLWXDFLRQHV ODV TXH DPHQD ]DQWHVKiELWRVDXWRGHELOLWDQWHV\ VHDQ VXV QRVX IDOWDGH HVIXHU]R TXHGHWHUPLQHQVX ORV HVFD GLPLHQWR HQODV UHDOLGDG PLVPDV HVWDV SHUVRQDV FXiQWR WDOHV PiV VLWXD LQWHQWDQ FLRQHV VRQ ORV SHRUHV UHVXOWDGRV TXH REWLHQHQ /DV WHRUtDV ODV ā H[SHFWDWLYDV GH āJHQHUDOPHQWH VHxDODQ HOHVIXHU]R GHWHUPLQDGRU H[FOXVLYR FRPR HO GHORV ORJURV GHEH DTXH GH HMHFXF FRQ IUHFXHQFLD KDQ FRQVLGHUDGR HVWDV WHRUtDV HMHFXFLyQHQ HOQLYHO ODV DFWLYLGDGHV GH UXWLQDULDV 3R WDQWR HOOD DVSHFWR DXWRHILFDFLD TXH GH VH KDFHHQ PiV ODVDFWLYLGDGHV UHOHYDQWH UXWLQDULDV HV OD FDSDFLGDG SHUVHYHUDQFLD GH ā SHUFLELGD SRU HV āGHFLU HOLQGLYLGXR VLpVWH VH FRQVLGHUD RQR FD GHVDUUROODUHO HVIXHU]RVXILFLHQWH SDUD DOFDQ]DU GHWHUPLQDGRV GH SURGXFWLYLGDG QLYHOHV 3DUD FRQVHJXLU āUHVXOWDGRV DTXHOORV ā TXH U HTXLHUHQ SURORQJDGR XQ HVIXHU]R HO LQGLYLGXR SD PDQWHQHU HVIXHU]RV VXV QHFHVLWDDOJR PiV TXH OD PHUD UHFRPSHQVDVDSUHFLDG LPDJHQ GH XQDV 3DWD DVHJXUDU āKDQ pOp[LWR GH XWLOL]DUVH ORV PHFDQLVPRV DXWRUUHJXODGRUHV EDVDQ HQ VXEPHTXH WDV āSU y[LPDV \ HQ LQFHQWLYRV āDXWRHYDOXDGRUHV āGH PRGR TXH ā SURGX]FDQ IXHQWH XQD GH FRQWLQXD DXWRUQRWLYDFLyQ 8QDV PLVPDV H[SHFWDWLYDV GH UHVXOWDGRV WHQGUiQ HQ IXQFLyQ GH ODV LQIOXHQFLDV DXWRUUHJXODGRUDV LPS ā (O GHVHR UHVXOWDGRVYDOLRVRV GH SHUR GLILFLOHV SXHGH GH GRPLQDU FRQVHJXLU ODV SHUVSHFWLYDV LQGLYLGXR GHVHFKDU \KDFHUOH ID PD\RUSDUWHGH ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV GLVXDVRUDV GH HPSUHQGH 3 UHVWDQGR D WHQGyQ āVHOHFWLYD FRQFHQWUD ā ~QLFDPHQWH VH HQ LRV UHVXOWDGRV GHVHDGRV SURFHVR TXH āOH D\XGD D SFRQWLQXDU HVDU GH XQDV SHUVSHFWLYDV 8QD REMHWLYDPH HYDOXDFLyQ PiV LPSDUFLDO GH O DV DOWHUQDWLYDVSUHVFULWR VHJXUDPHQWH XQD SDXWD GH DFFL yQ KXELHUD FRPSOHWDPHQWH (Q GHILQLWLYD GLVWLQWD HOLQGLYLGXR DFW~D HQEDVH GRV SHUR VXV DFWRV QR VLHPSUH SHUPLWDQ HVWiQ FRQVHJXLU SODQLILFDGRV ORV PiV GH D EHQHILFLRV eVWH JHQHUDOPHQWH HOLJH VX FRPSRUWDPLHQWR EDViQG UHVXOWDGRV ā D ODV KD OOHJDGR TXH XQD PDQHUD GH LQIRUPDO VHJ~QSRU VXV XQVHVJRV FiOFXOR ā PHWyGLFR GH ORV FRVWRV \ EHQHILFLRV GH ODV FRQG En D 'HVDUUROOR de: las funciones de incentivo /D WHRUtD FRJQLWLYD VRFLDO JUDQGHV āFODVHV GLVWLQJXH GH PRWLYDGRUHV HQWUH GRV GH XQRV TXH WLHQHQ XQD EDVH ELROyJLFD \ RWURV TXH SR /RV PRWLYDGRUHV basebiologicauxcuxvea GH WRGDV DTXHOODV FRQGLFLRQHV ILV FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH GpILFLW H[WHUQRV FHOXODUHVā DYHUVLYRV \ ORV TXH HVW VR DFWLYDU FRQGXFWD PHGLR GHVXV SRU HIHFWRV ItVLFDPHQWHGRORURVRV 6LQ āHPEDUJR LKD\ TXH REVHU YDU TXH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ RWUDV IXQFLRQHV FRQ ODV QHFHVL ELRO UHIOHMDQ ,D DWUDFFLyQ SRU LQFHQWLYRV HMHUFLGD FH[WHUQRV RPR OD DFFLyQ DVt GH ODV FRQGL JDQLVPR /D LPDJHQ DSHWHFLEOHSXHGH GH XQD LQGXFLU FRPLGD D FRPHU SHVDU D GH TXH SHUVRQD OD QR WHQJD KDPEUH HQ (V OD HVH FRVWXPEUH PRPHQWRUHVSHFWR DODV FRPLGDV FLyQ GHDOLPHQWRXQD ORTXH SHUVRQD GHWHUPLQD VHVLHQWD 3RU PHGLR TXH KDPEULHQWD GH XQ DSUHQG ]DMH DVRFLDWLYR LQFOXVR ORV QLxRV SHTXHxRV VH DJLW UHODFLyQ H[DFWD FRQ HO JUDGR GH KDPEUH TXH VLHQWDQ /RV PRWLYDGRUHV VH[XDOHV WDPELpQ TXH GHSHQGHQ DFW~DQ FRPR LQ HQ JUDQ FHQWLYRV UHVXOWD (O PiV KRPEUH HVWLPXODGR VH[XDOPHQWH VLPE yOLFRV SRU DFWLYDG TXH SRU ODSUHVLyQ GH XQ LPSXOVR VH[XDO la DFWLYD LQWHUQR $ cíórr KRUPRQDO OD āFRQGXFWD GH VH[XDO SDVR KD D ,DDFF GDGR tyQ GH DFWLYDGRUHV VRFLDOHV )RUG %HDFK \ (Q ODV HVSHFLHV PiV LQIHULRUHV OD GH PDPtIHURV DFWLYLGDG VH[XDO HVWi PX\ UHJXODGDSRU ODVKRUPRQDV VHFUHWDGDV ODV JyQDGDV SRU OD HQ UHVSRQVLYLGDG ORV SULPDWHV VH [XDO HV SDUFLDOPHQWH ODV VHFUHFLRQHV LQGHSHQGLHQWH KRUPRQDOHV GH \ HQ HO VH[XDO HVDOWDPHQWH YDULDEOH ā UHODWLYDPHQWH LQGHSHQGLHQWH 3DUD GH ODV FR OD \ 0RWLYDGRUHV LQFHQWLYRV FRQVHJXLU TXH VH SURGX]FD XQD VH QHFHVLWDQ DWUDFFLyQLQ\HFFLRQHV VH[XDO HQWUH GH QDV VH[XDOHV PLHQWUDV TXH OD H[SRVLFLyQ GH pVWRV D I VH[XDO QR SURGXFLUi HIHFWR HVWLPXODGRU DOJXQR 6L VH KXPDQRV UHFXUULUtD VH D ODV LPiJHQHV HUyWLFDV \ QR D ODV /RV HVWXGLRV WUDQVFXOWXUDOHV UHYHODQ TXH FLHUWDV UH ORV JHVWRV \ ORV HVWtPXORV VHQVRULDOHV TXH DFW~DQ FRP PHQWH GH XQD VRFLHGDG D RWUD /R TXH UHVXOWD HUyWLFDPH WDU QHXWUR R LQFOXVR SDUD ORV PLHPEURV UHSXOVLYR GH RWUR JUXSR VRFLDO ([ ODU HQ FXDQWR D OD HGDG HQ TXH DSDUHFH SRU SULPHUD YH] FXDQWRV HMHPSORV ORV PHFDQLVPRV GH LQFHQWLYR MXHJDQ OODV FRQGXFWDV KXPDQDV TXH RUJDQLVPR VDWLVIDFHQ $XQTXH ODV QHFHVLGDGHV IL ODV FRQG VLROyJLFDV LQIOX\HQ GHVGH OXHJR HQ HO SRWHQFLDO D /D VHJXQGD IXHQWH SULQFLSDO GH LQGXFFLRQHV base cognitiva .. 3RUDWDxH PHGLR GHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ VLPEyOLFD GHODV FRQVHF GRV IXWXURV HQ JXtDV DFWXDOHV 3RU WDQWR \HQPRWLYDGRUHV LQVWLJD ORTXH DFFLyQ DOD GH QRHVODFRQWHPSODFLyQ OD SUHYLVLyQ GHORVLQFHQWLYRV GHORVPLVPRV UHDOHV /D VL UHVXOWDGRV SXHGHQ VHU GH WLSR PDWHULDO VHQVRULDOHV S H GH S HHVWLPXODFLyQ VHQVRULDO QXHYD DJUDGDEOH R WLSR VRFLDO S H UHDFFLRQHV \ QHJDWLYDV LQWHUSHUVRQDOHV SR 2WUD IXHQWH GHPRWLYDFLyQ GH EDVH FRJQLWLYD TXH VH GLR GH OD LQIOXHQFLD PHGLDGRUD \ GH ODVGH UHDFFLRQHV ORV FULWHULRV DODV DXWRHYD L SURSLDV HMHFXFLRQHV /DV PHWDV \ ORV FULWHULRV BGH ORV DF IXWXURV GHVHDGRV &RQGLFLRQDQGR OD DXWRVDWLVIDFFLy GLYLGXR GLULJH SDUD VXV VtPLVPR DFWRV LQFHQWLYRV \FUHD TXH OHSHUPLWLU KDVWD TXH VXV HMHFXFLRQHV FRLQFLGDQ FRQ ā VXV PHWDV ,QFHQWLYRV SULPDULRV /RV PRWLYDGRUHV YDQ FDPELDQGR HQ IXQFLyQ GH ODV SULQFLSLR ORVQLxRV SHTXHxRV UHVSRQGHQ SULQFLSDOP FOX\HQ OD FRPLGD ORV HVWtPXORV DYHUVLYRV \ HO F SULPDULRV YLQFXODGRV DODV QHFHVLGDGHV GHORUJDQLV OHFLGD SRU OD SULYDFLyQ \ GHELOLWDGD SRU OD VDFLH VH SURGXFHQ ~QLFDPHQWH FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD OD IXHU]D PRWLYDGRUD GH OD SU SULYDFLyQ ILVLROyJLFD GHSHQGH HQ SDUWH GH DFWLY OD SULYDFLyQ GH DOLPHQWR DQWHGHO OD GtD HQ YLVLyQ TXH VH SUHYp OD GH FRPLGD LQJHVWD UHVXOWD DOWDPHQWH W DFWLYDGRUD DO FDSDFLGDG PLHQWUDV SRU Vt TXH V /RV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV FX\R SRGHU PRWLYDGRU DFFLyQ TXH GHULYD WLHQHQ corno ILQDOLGDG DOLYLDU y HO HOPDOHVWDU GRORU IRUWDOH]D GH /D ORV PRWLYDGRUHV D GHSHQGH GH OD LQWHQVLGDG GH ORV HVWtPXORV SURGXFWR FXDOTXLHU HVWtPXOR GH DFWXDU LQWHQVLGDG FRPR XQSDUD LPSXOVR HOHYDGD OD DFFLyQ SXHGH /RV I WRUHV FRJQLWLYRV SXHGHQ DXPHQWDU R GLVPLQXLU OD L 0HLFKHPEDXP \*HQHVW DVtFRPR ODGHORVP OD SULYDFLyQ ILVLROyJLFD /RV LQFHQWLYRV SULPDULRV DGHPiV GH OD PLVPRV FRQWULEX\HQ WDPELpQ DO GHVDUUROOR \ DSR\R ,QFHQWLYRV VHQVRULDOHV 0XFKDV GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV TXH SRU OD UHDOL]D UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ HOKRPEUH VRULDO TXH3RU SURSRUFLRQDQ HMHPSOR ORVQLxRV SHTXHxRV UHDOL]DQ āGXFHQ VRQLGRV HLPiJHQHV 'R\ QXHYRV OH 6WHYHQVRQ\ 5KHLQJROG 2GRP - 6WDQOH *HQHUDOPHQWH y HOFDPELR ODQRYHGDG DXPHQWDQ DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV ODHILFDFLDGH VHQVRULDOHVORV GL FUHWRV \ODUHSHWLWLYLGDG ODUHGXFH SDVDU ,JXDOPHQWH ODUJDV 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV KRUDV WRFDQGR LQVWUXPHQWRV PXVLFDOHV DJUDGDEOHV$XQTXH TXH RULJLQDQ OD V PD\RUtD GH HIHFWRV VHQVRULDOHV LQWUtQVHFDPHQWH FRQ HVWiQ ORV YDORU DFWRV UHODFLRQDGRV DIHFWLYR HO GH UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ OD VHQVRULDO HV SURGXFWR JHQHUDOPHQWH GHO DSUHQGL]DMH P~VLFD DWRQDO 1L OD QLHO DUWH FXELVWD āGH IRUPD VRQ SODFHQWHURV LQQDWD VLQ H[SRVLFLyQ HPEDUJR UHSHWt SRU PHG GD VH DSUHQGHQ y SURSLHGDGHV SURWRWLSRV HVWUXFWXUDOHV GH ORV DFRQWH ULRUPHQWH VLUYHQ SDUD āH[SHULPHQWDU GH UHIHUHQFLD FRPR SODFHQWHURV RGHVD ORV VRQLGRV /RV HPSDUHMDPLHQWRV HQWUH \ DXGLWLYRV ORV SDWURQHV ,y DSUHQGLGRV ORV UHDOHV YLVXDOH UHVXOWDQ DJUDGDEOHV ODIDOWD GH FRLQFLGHQFLD PLHQWUDV TXH JHQHUDOPHQWH VHH[S GHVDJUDGDEOH 9DULDV WHRUtDV H[SOLFDU VHSRUTXp-RV KDQ SURSXHVWR DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV DFW~DQ FRPR VHQV PRWLYDGRUHV (LVHQEHUJHU )HZOHU 9DU LPSXOVRV GHFXULRVLGDG\ GH H[SORUDFLyQ TXH SRU ORVHVWtPXORV VHULDQ DFWLYDGRV QXHYRV \ SRU ODH[SRVLFLyQ FRQWLQXDGDDGLFKRV HVWtPXORV +DUORZ %HUO\QH 2WURV WHyULFRV KD SRVWXODGROD QHFHVLGDG GH PDQWHQHU XQ QLYHO )LVNH ySWLPR \ 0DGGL GH HVWL /HXED HO L QGLYLGXRKDUi 6HJ~Q DOJR HVWD SDUD DXPHQWDU WHRUtD VXHVWLPXODFLy VHULDOFXDQGR H[SHULPHQWH PLVPD XQGpILFLW \ODUHGXFLUi FXDQGR HQ p VWD OD H[FHGD HOQLYHO ā7RGDV ODV WHRUtDV TXH KDQ EDVDGR VXV H[SOLFDFLRQHV HQ VH OD H[LVWH HQFXHQWUDQ FRQ YDULDV (Q ORV HVWXGLRV GLILFXOWDGHV SURWRWtSLFRV SDUD FRQILUPDU GLVHxDGRV OD H[LV WHQFLD GH XQLPSXOVR GH FXULRVLGDG ORVDQLPDOHV \ VLQLOXPLQD HQF FLyQ HPLWtDQ UHVSXHVWDV TXH KDFtDQ TXH VH DEULHUD XQD YHQWDQD TX DFWLYLGDGHV %XWOHU ODV DFFLRQHV &RPR VHxDOD GH ORVDQLP %URZQ GtDQ KDEHU HVWDGR PRWLYDGDV SRU SRU HVWtPXORV XQ LPSXOVR QXHYRV GH FXULR SR ORV DQLPDOHV WHQtDQ RSRUWXQLGDG QR KDVWD GH GHVSXpV YHUORV GH KDEHU HPLWLGR ODF VXV FRODERUDGRUHV 0\HUV\0LOOHU \0RZUHU VHxDODGR KDQ RWURV SRVLEOHV GRUHV GH OD FRQGXFWD H[SORUDWRULD VHQVRULDO FUHDQ /DDEXUULPLHQWR PRQRWRQtD \ YHFHV RULJLQDQ DQVLHGDG DPEDV FRVDV KDUiQ DOJR DOWDPHQWH HVFDSDU SDUD DYHU GHO DEXUULPLHQWR SDUD UHGXFLU \OD 3RU HOOR LQTXLHWXG HQ PXFKDV E~VTXHGD VLWXDFLRQHV GH XQ FDPELR HQODHVWLPXODFLyQ SXHGH y QRODDWUDFFLyQ UHIOHMDU HODSUHPLR GHOR ā(O LQGLYLGXR QR EXVFD VLHPSUH ODQRYHGDG QRYH \HOFDPE GDG RIDPLOLDULGDG JUDQPHGLGD GHO GHSHQGH WLSRHQ GH DFWLYLGDG /RV DILFLR WLUiQ GLQHUR y· HVIXHU]R SDUD WLHPSR YHU D VX HTXLSR IDYRULWR HQ XQD FRP HOORV RTXL]i KDULD ORPLVPR QLQJXQR SDUD YHU ODUHSRVLFLyQ KDQ GH SUHVHQFLDGR XQSDUWLGR T ā3RU HO FRQWUDULR 8QD VLQIRQtD TXH āVyOR WRFDUD VHOHFFLRQHV QXHYDV SHQVDQGR SXOVDGD ODSRU E~VTXHGD ā GH ā OR QXHYR WHQGULD PX\ ā HVFDVR p[LWR ā (V OD UHSHWLFLyQ GH UHSHUW IDPRVRV ,RTXH,OHQD ODV VDODV GHORV (Q ODKLVWRULD FRQFLHUWRV GH ORVHVIXHU]RV \D VHD HQ HODUWH ODP~VLFD HOFLQH RHQFXDOTXLHU RWUD DFWL IRUPD FDOXURVD SRFR FXDQGR QR DELHUWDPHQWH KDVWD TXH KRVWLO SRU PHGLR H[SRVLFLyQ UHSHWL GH OD GD JHQHUDOPHQWH MXQWR DRWUDV REUDV DFDEDQ FRQRFLGDV UHVXOWDQGR IDPLOLDUHV ,QFO PHQWR HOSXEOLFR veces HVWDV IRPHQWD IRUPDV PXFKDV QXHYDV TXH QLOHJXVW SUHWHQVLyQ FXOWXUDO (V SRVLEOH SUHGHFLU PHMRU ODFDQWLGDG SDUWLU \ HOWLSR G GHO contenido TXH SDUWLU D GH cantidad OD GH HVWLPXODFLyQ VHQVRULDO TXH SU GDGHV (VWR RFXUUH WDPELpQ HQODVHVSHFLHV XQDMDXOD LQIHULRUH DEXUULGD EXVFDUiQ ODRSRUWXQLGDG GH YHU DRWURV PRQ FXFKDU ORVVRQLGRV GH XQD FRORQLD GH PRQRV SHUR SUH WLPXODFLyQ VHQVRULDO TXH ORV (VWD FODVH PROHVWH GH KDOOD]JRV %XWOHU TXH WUDQ TXH HOYDORU GH OD HVWLPXODFLyQ VXSHUD DVX FD FDPHQWH XQ LPSXOVR GH DFWLYDFLyQ ySWLPD 'H DFXHUGR WHRUtDV,D FRQ RWUDV HVWLPXODFLyQ UHVXOWD PRWLYDGRUD VHQVRULDO SRUTXH FUHD FUHSDQFLD HQWUH ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV y ODH[SHULHQFLD RODV H[SHFWDWLYDV DFWXDO 3L /D LQFRQJUXHQFLD PRWLYD SDUD ORV UHVROYHU HVIXHU]RV HO FRQIOLFWR H[SORUDWRULRV /DV LL TGHUDGDV UHVXOWDULDQ PRWLYDGRUDV PLHQWUDV TXH ODVGLVFUHSDQFLDV āJUDQGHV (Q XQ QR FDSt PX\ WXORSRVWHULRU VH DQDOL]DUiOD TXHVXUJH FRPR PRWLYDFLyQ FRQVHFXHQFLD GHODGLVFU 0RWLYDGRUHV LQFHQWLYRV IRUPDFLyQDTXtVyOR SRUVH OR FRQVLGHUDU TXH iQ DOJXQRV GHORV DVSHFWRV SUREOHPiWLFRV HVWH WLSR G GH H[SOLFDFLyQ &RQ IUHFXHQFLD OD GLVFRUGDQFLD HVWLPXOD QROD \ ODFXULRVLGDG H[SORUDFLyQ VLQ LQGXFH DOD UHHYDOXDFLyQ GH ODLQIRUPDFLyQ XQDPHGLGD LQGHSHQ UHWURDO GLHQWH GH ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV GHO LQGLYLGXR \GH OR TXH F FLD QR H[LVWH XQD EDVH HVWDEOH VREUH ODTXH SUHGHFLU SURYRFDUi VLOD U FXULRVLGDG RGHMDUi DOLQGLYLGXR YDULDU LQPXWDGR HOQLYHO/RV GH GLVF HVW SDQFLD QRDSR\DQ OD GHXQD RSLQLyQ IRUPD GHTXH URWXQGD ODGLVFUHSDQFLD P ROD TXH SURSRUFLRQD HOHVWLPXOR SDUD HO DSUHQGL]DMH PiV ā 2WUD LPSRUWDQWH GH :DFKV ODV FXHVWLRQHV HV ODSURFHVR QDWXUDOH]D GH FRPSDUDFLyQ GHO +D SURSLR VLGR DPSOLDPHQWH LQWHUQD GRFXPHQWDGR OD GLVSDULGDG TXH HQWUH ā OD UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ LQIRUPDWLYD \ ORV FULWHULRV LQWHUQRV FUHD LQGXFWRUHV PRWLYDFLRQDOHV PDQWHQHU OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ FDSDFHV XQD GH DFWLYLGDG SURORQJDGD (V QHFHVDULR GLVWLQJXLU VLORVPHFDQLVPRV PRWLYDFLRQD H[WHUQD FRQ ORV HVWDGRV GH FRQRFLPLHQWR DFWXDFL yQ R FRQ ORV 5HVXPLHQGR ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV VHQVRULDOHV SRU GLYHUVRV SXHG PHGLRV DOJXQRV SXHGHQ VHU LQWUtQVHFDPHQWH GH HOORV VDWLVIDFHQ ODV DJUDGDE SUHIHUHQFLDV \JXVWRV SHUPLWHQ DGTXLULGRV GHO DEXUULPLHQWRR HVFDSDU GHO PDOHVWDU RWURV H LQFOXVR DOJXQRV FUHDQ GLVFRUGDQFLDV UHVXOWDQ PRWLYDGRUDV 1R LQWHUQDV HVTXHORV TXH HVWtPXORV WLYHQ DXWRPiWLFDPHQWH FXULRVLGDG TXH XQLQGX]FD LPSXOVR DOD GH DFFLyQ VLQR VRQHQ JUDQ SDUWH VHOHFFLRQDGDV \PRWLYDGDV DQWLF HVSHUD TXH SURGX]FDQ ā ,QFHQWLYRV VRFLDOHV (Q HOFXUVR GHO IUHFXHQFLD GHVDUUROOR ODV H[SHULHQFLDV FRQUHFRPSHQVDQWHV ILVLFDPaQWH VHSUR GXFHQ MXQWR FRQ H[SUHVLRQHV GH LQWHUpV GHPiVPLHQWUDV \ GH DSUREDFLyQ TXH ODV S H[SHULHQFLDV GHVDJUDGDEOHV VH DVRFLDQ FRUUHODFLyQ FRQ GH ORV -D GHVD DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV ODV SRU Vt PLVPDV UHDFFLRQHV VHFRQYLHUWHQ VRFLDOHV HQSUHGLF FLDV SULPDULDV WDQWR DGTXLHUHQ \ OD SRU FDSDFLGDG GH DFWXDU FRPR LQFHQWLYRV /D JHQWH KDUi DTXHOODV FRVDV TXH FRQVLJXHQ \ HYLWDUi OD DSUREDFLyQ DTXHOORV DFWRV GH ORVT QDQ OD LUD GH ORV GHPiV ,QYLUWLHQGR ODV FRUUHODF SUHVDJLDUDQ VXIULPLHQWR \ TXH IUXQFLU SODFHQWHUDV HO WDQWR HQWUHFHM 3RU FRPR LQFHQWLYRV GH ODV HILFDFLD G UHDFFLRQHV HULYDGH SUHGLFWLYR VXYDORU VRFLDOHV HQYH] GH VHU OD LQKHUHQWH DODV 3RUHVWDUD]yQ SURSLDV DSUREDFLyQ UHDFFLRQHV OD RGHVDSUREDFLyQ FRQ FDSDFLGDG UHFRPSHQVDGRUD UHVXOWD RFDVWLJDGRUD PiV LQIOX\HQWH TXHODV H[SU GHLQGLYLGXRV SDUD TXH HQ QRLQIOX\HQ QDGD QXHVWUDV /D DODEDQ]D YLGDVLQGLVFULPLQDGD FRPSRUWD QLQJ~Q HIHFWR HQXQDUHFRPSHQVD WDQJLEOH YDF tD y OD VHFRQYLHUWH GHVDSUREDFLyQ TXH QR YD VHJXLGD QXQFD GHQLQJXQD FRQVHFXHQFLD DPHQD]D WDQJLEOH LJXDOPHQWH vacía VHFRQYLH H[HQWD GH ā FDSDFLGDG PRWLYDGRUD B ā 6RQ YDULRV ORVIDFWRUHV SRGHU GH TXH ORV FRQWULEX\HQ LQFHQWLYRV 8QD PLVPD H[SUH DO VRFLDOHV VLyQ VRFLDO SXHGH SUHGHFLU WRGR XQFRQMXQWR FDVWLJDGRUDVSRV GH H[ EOHV 3RU HMHPSOR OD GHVDSUREDFLyQ GDU OXJDU D ā HIHFWRV SXHGH WDQ GHVDJUDGDEOHV FDVWLJR ItVLFR OD SULYDFLyQ GH SULYLOHJLRV OD D EDMR UHWLUDGD OD GH FDULxR RHORVWUDFLVPR 8Q DFRQWHFLPLHQWR TXH VLJQLILTXH FLDV SRVLEOHV SRGHU WHQGUi TXH RWUR PD\RU TXH FRPSRUWH $GHPiV ODV XQUHDFFLRQHV VROR HIHF VRFLDOHV QRHVWiQ DFRPSDxDGDV LQYDULDEOHPHQWH SRU SUH FRPSRUWDQ EHQHILFLRV y ODV UHSUHQVLRQHV PDWHULDOHV QR VLHPSUH FRPS VLFR /D IDOWD GH SUHGLFWLELOLGDG SURWHJH SHUGHU DORVLQFHQWL VXHILFDFLD 0RZUHU 'HELGR D OD y LQWHUPLWHQFLD GLYHUVLGDG ODV FRUUHODFLRQHV GH ODV FLDOHV VRQ PDQWHQHU FDSDFHV VX IXQFLyQ GH LQFHQWLYD LQFOXVR FRQ XQ (O GHVDUUROOR LQFHQWLYRV GHORV VRFLDOHVSDUD HVFUXFLDO HOp[LWR UHODFLRQHV\ORVORJU GHODVKX PDQRV /D PD\RUtD GHDFWLYLGDGHV WDQJLEOHVVyOR SURGXFHQ GHVSX pVGH HVIXHU]RSUR UHVXOWDGRV XQ ORQJDGR (O iQLPR \ORV HORJLRV HQWUHWDQWR GHORV DFRQWLQXDU GHPiV OD SURVHFXFLyQ D\XGDQ aQ GH REMHWLYR SURSXHVWR WDPELpQ /DV SHUPLWHQ UHDFFLRQHV TXH ODVSHUVRQDV LQIOX\DQ VRFLDOHV HQWUH VH Vt 3HQVDPLHQWR ·y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRVāVRFLDOHV VLQWHQHUTXHUHFXUULU a ODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVItVLFDV FRQWLQXDPHQWH 5HDOPHQ VRFLHGDGHQODTXHVXVPLHPEURVQR DFWXDUDQ āPRYLGRVSRUHOUHVSHWR OD FHQVXUD ODDSUR GH ORVGHPiV ,QFHQWLYRV PRQHWDULRV 7RGDV ODVVRFLHGDGHVXWLOL]DQ HO GLQHURFRPR XQSRGHURVRLQFHQWLYR (O YDORUPR JH WLYDGRUGHOPLVPRGHULYDGHOKHFKR GHTXHSHUPLWH EUHFRPRGLGDGHV SURSLHGDGHV HO FXLGDGRGHVXVDOXGS VHUYLFLRVGHRWURV H LQFOXVRLQIOXHQFLD VRFLDO&RPR FRQVHFXHQFLD,D JHQWHVHVLH TXHFRPSRUWDQ VXHOGRVHOHYDGRV āQR OHVDWLVIDFHQ GHVDUUROOD GLDUL SRU ~QLFDPHQWHSRUHOGLQHURTXHOHVDSRUWD PRYLOL]D UDEOHV \WHPHQ DTXHOODV VLWXDFLRQHV HFRQyPLFDV T āā/RV VLVWHPDVGHāLQFHQWLYRV PRQHWDULRV KDQ FDPE PHQWH VH XWLOL]DED PXFKRHOWUDEDMR DGHVWDMRFR PLHQWR 6LQ DO JDQDU HPEDUJR ORV āWUDEDMDGRUHV XQSRGHU GHQHJRFLDFL WHPDVāGHVDODULR KD\ XQD HQ UHODFLyQ āWORVTXH DQ GLUHFWD QR HQWUH UHQGLPLHQW SDVDQGRpVWD D GHSHQGHUQRWDQWR GHORVORJURVUHDOHVFRPR QDVPHVHV HOFXDO DVXYH]HVWiGHWHUPLQDGR DxRV ODV SRUIDFWRUHV RIHU WDVGHODFRPSHWHQFLD\ODDQWLJHGDG āGH VXIXQFLyQLQFHQW $PHGLGDT DVRFLiQGRVHGHIRUPD PHQRVGLUHFWD FRQHOUHQGLPLH FDPHQWHHQORVLQFHQWLYRVGHWLSRVRFLDO\SHUVRQ LQIRUPDOHVODSUHVLyQGHORVJUXSRVODVDPHQD]D JDQL]DWLYRGHPHWDV\ODFRPSHWLFLyQ (VD FRQVHFXHQFLD HQWUHGLVWLQ GHODVUHF SHUVRQDOHV\VRFLDOHVTXHVH GHULYDQ GH VXWUDEDMRSRUORTXHPXFKDVSH FRQ āVXVHPSOHRV DSHVDU GH QR HVWDUOR FRQ VXV VXHO /RV HVIXHU]RVSRU UHVWDXUDU HO SRGHU PRWLYDGRU YDULRV GH VLVWHPDV LQFHQWLYRVSHQVDGRV SDUDUHFRPSHQVDU ODS QRVGH HOORVFRPELQDQ HOSDJR GH XQ VDODULR ILMR SULPDVDOJUXSR (O UHQGLPLHQWRPHMRUD VLOOHYDFRQVLJRXQVD UHFRPSHQVD DOPpULWRPDOLPSOHPHQWDGRV āEDVD HQHYDOXDFLRQHV HQORVTX V MHWLYDVRLQIOXHQFLDGDV +DPPHU RULJLQDO ODUHFRPSHQVDFLyQ ā(Q ORVVLVWHPDVGHLQFHQWLYR al JUXSRVHUHSDUWHQ WDUHDV ,RVEHQHILFLRVGH FROHFWLYDV ELHQ SDUWHVLJXDOHVHQWUHFDGDPLHPEUR GHOJUXSRRHQ IXHU]RJOREDO(QORVHVWXGLRVFRPSDUDWLYRVGHGL SHUVRQDVTXHFREUDQVHJ~QXQDEDVHKRUDULD ILMDV FXFLyQLQIHULRUHV āDORVGH DTXHOORV TXHFREUDQ HQIXQFLyQGHO /RVLQFHQWLYRV DO JUXSRTXH UHFRPSHQVDQ HOPpULWRLQGLYLGXDO HTXLWDWLYRGHODVJDQDQFLDV )DUU E:HLQVWHLQ y +RO]EDFK $XQTXH ORVVLVWHPDV GH LQFHQWLYRVDOJUXSRIDYRUHFHQHOJUDGRGHFRPSURP y ODSURGXFWLYLGDG DSHQDV V TXHORV HPSUHVDULRV QR VXHOHQ TXHUHU GHVSUHQGHUVH GHXQDSDU SULPDV SHTXHxDV UHSUHVHQWDQ XQ DOJUXSR LQFHQWLYR HVFDVR ā SDUD HO DXPHQWR GHO UHQGLPLHQ /DV DFWLYLGDGHV \ FUHDWLYDV SURIHVLRQDOHV āSUHPLDQ ODLQLFLDWLYD āSHUVRQDO DOHVWDU tQW DVRFLDGDVODVUHFRPSHQVDV PRQHWDULDV 3RU HMHPSORORVPpGLF DOQLYHO\ \ORV DERJDGRV GHWHUPLQDQ VXVSURSLRV LQJUHVRVHQIXQFLyQ ORVKRQRUDULRV FREUDQ ā,JXDOPHQWH TXH \ O ORVHVFULWRUHV RVFDQWDQWHV JDQDQ YHUGD FRQODVYHQWDVGHVXVOLEURV y· VXVGLVFRVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH\IDVFH GL9HUVRV FDPSRVLQ JUHVDQVXVWDQFLRVDV GLVFXUVRV y JLUDV/DJHQWHVHGLVSXWD VXPDV SRUVXV OD OODV DFWLYLGDGHV āTXHFRPSRUWDQ UHFRPSHQVDV /RV āFLHQWtILFRV VXVWDQFLRVDV VRFLDOHV T TXHORVVDODULRV HOHYDGRV āDUUXLQDUiQ HOLQWHUpV\ODPRWLYDFLyQ VXHOHQDFRQVHMDU UHFRPSHQVDV VHUYLFLRV SURIHVLRQDOHV EDMDV SDUD \ODV ORV DFWLYL 3RUVXSXHVWR TXHPXFKDV SHUVRQDV WRPDQXQD DFWLWXGPiVUHODMDGD KDFLD HO ā0RWLYDGRUHV LQFHQWLYRV UHVD DEVROXWR HQ GHVPHVXUDGDPHQWH WUDEDMDU SDUD DFXPXODU &DGD vezGLQHUR KD\ PiV SHUVRQD TXH VDFULILFDQ HO GLQHUR SRU RWUDV F\ RVDV ORV YLGD GH OXMRV OD TXHMX]JDQ PDWHULDOHV YDOLRVDV &DPEHOO ,QFHQWLYRV GH DFWLYLGDG /DV SULPHUDV WHRUtDV LQIOX\HQWHV GHOUHIRU]DPLHQ FRQ ORVLPSXO VRV ELROyJLFRV DILUPDEDQ HQ OD TXH FRQGXFWD ORVUHVXOWDGRV UHGXFLHQGRXQ VDWLVIDFLHQGR LQIO LPSXOVRILVLROyJLFR +XOO 'ROODUG GHODV \ 0LOOHU WHRUtDV \GHORV H[SHULPHQWRV FHQWUDURQ HQORV HQ UHIRU]DGRUHV HVWH WHUUHQR OD FRQV VH UHGXFFLyQ GHO GRORU 3UHPDFN XQD GLULJLy VHULH GHLQJHQLRVRV H[SHUL WLRQDURQ HOPHFDQLVPR UHGXFFLyQ GHO LPSXOVR y DPSOLDURQ GH HQWLSRV JUDQ GHPHGLGD LQFHQ O WLYRV WDQJLEOHV TXH SRGtDQ XWLOL]DUVH FRPR PRWLY /DV DFWLYLGDGHV GLILHUHQ HQ VXYDORU UHODWLYR HOH DF WLYLGDGHV HOLQGLYLGXRBDHMHFXWD JUDGD ODV GRV GH VLHPSUH VLHOOROHGD OD RSRUWXQLGDG ODTXH PH GH UHDOL]DU OXHJR 3RU HMHPSOR VX HOLQGLYLGXR SUHIHULGD VL SUHILHUH OHFWXUDD OD ODDULWPpWLFD EDMDUi HQHVWD ~OWLPD GDOD RSRUWXQLGDG VLHOOROH GHOHHU VLOR PiV TXH SUHILHUH WDUGH 6LQ HV OD DULWPpWLFD HOVXMHWR SDUDWHQHU OHHUi PiV WDUGH HQ SULPHU ODRSRUWXQLGDG OXJDU G WDUHD DULWPpWLFD (V SRVLEOH HUUDGLFDU IiFLOPHQWH HO SRGHU XQD DFWLYLGDG PRWLYDGRU SUHIH GH FXDOTXLHUD FDPELDQGR VDFLHGDG VXYDORU RSRU DVRFLDFLyQ UHODWLYR RWUD DFWLYLGDG SRU FRQ PiV YD UDGD ,JXDOPHQWH PRGLILFDQGR YDORU VHSXHGH ODV UHODFLRQHV FRQVHJXLU determinadaac GH TXH XQD WLYLGDG VHFRQYLHUWD HQXQFDVWLJR OD HMHFXFLyQ DFWLYLGDGVXPDPHQW GHRWUD FRQGLFLRQiQGRO SUH IHULGD 3RU HOOR XQD PLVPD SXHGH FRQYHUWLUVH DFWLYLGDG HQXQDFWR LQVWUXPH FDVWLJR HQIXQFLyQ YDORU UHODWLYR 'DWRV HPStULFRV GHVX XOWHULRUHV OD QHFHVLGDG VXJLHUHQ GHSHU FLRQDU HVWH SULQFLSLR \D TXH YDORU HO PRWLYDFLRQDO UHODFLRQDO GH ORV LQFHQWLY GHSHQGH DGHPiV GHRWURV QLYHOGH HMHFXFLyQ IDFWRUHV y HOJUDGR UHTXHULGR FRPR VRQ GHDFF HO TXH SHUPLWH DRWUD DFWLYLGDG YDORUDGD $OOLVRQ VyOR SURSRUFLRQDQ XQ DFFHVR OLPLWDGR DDFWLYLGDGH LQFHQWLYR HVFDVR /D GHPRVWUDFLyQ OD JHQHUDOLGDG GH 3UHUQDFN GH OD HQWHRUtD GLVWLQWDV GH SREODFLRQ DFWLYLGDG SUHVHQWD FLHUWDV SDUD JUXSRGHWHUPLQDGR XQ GLILFXOWDGHV DFWLYLGDGHV FXDQGR GH OD FDFLyQ GH WpFQLFDV GH HYDOXDFLyQ GLVWLQWDV WDPEL pQ GLV SURSR WLQWDV /DV PHGLGDV GHSUHIHUHQFLD ODMHUDUTXL]DFLyQ GHO DWUDFWLYR REWHQLGDV GHF PHGL YLGDG ODV HOHFFLRQHV UHDOL]DGDV āW HQWUH LHPSR SDUHMDV LQYHUWLGR G DFWLYLGDGHV DOWHUQDWLYDV D ODV SURGXFHQ TXH IU HSXHGH FXaQFLa FRQ XQD DFFHGH FODVLILFDFLyQ GHSUHIHUHQFLDV :KLWHKXUVW y 'RPDVK+DVWD GLVWLQWDV TXH QR VHGLVSRQJ PHGLGDV YiOLGDV UHVXOWDUi SDUWLU GH ORV GLILFLO UHVXOWDGRV GHWHUPLQDU HV ODSURSLD FRQIOLFW D WHRUtD OD R HV TXH MHUDUTXL]DFLyQ ODIDOOD GH ODV SUHIHUHQFLDV (Q OD SUiFWLFD VH VRO HVWH SUR YHQWD XWLOL]DQGR ~QLFDPHQWH FRPR LQFHQWLYRV B DFWL (O SRGHU PRWLYDGRU XQD DFWLYLGDG GHFRQWLQJHQWH QR UHVLGH HQ V TXH YLHQH SRU GHWHUPLQDGR VX VLVWHPD GH UHODFLRQHV YDORU GH XQD H[SHULHQFLD $XQTXH QR HV HO WRWDOPHQWH LQGHSHQGLHQWH GHO HVWDGR VRPiWLFR GHO LQVWDQWiQHD GH ODVSURSLHGDGHV PRWLYDGRUDV XQ FDPELR GHXQ HQHO VLVWHPD GH UHODFLRQHV VXJLHUH XQ PHFDQLVPR PRWLY WOYRV Tp FRQ OD WHRUtD GH OD UHGXFFLyQ GHO LPSXOVR /DV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV 3UHPDFN SXHGHQ GH FRQWULEXLU DHVFODUHFHU RW UDGRV SRU ODV WHRUtDV WUDGLFLRQDOHV (Q HVWRV SODQWHDPLHQWRV GHOUHIRU]DPL OR B SRVLWLYRV y QHJDWLYRV VHGHILQHQ FRPR DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV .y UHGXFHQ UHVSHFWLYD TXH DXPH OD IUHFXHQFLD GH ORV DFWRV TXH OHV SUHFHGHQ SRU ORV HIHFWRV (O KH BTXH BV WSRQH VH TXH producey QR SU XQRV FULWHULRV BUHa XQD FLUFXODULGDG LQGHSHQGLHQWHV H[S WLYD FRQYLHUWHOD \ WHRUtD HQ LQIDOVLILFDEOH 6LHV ORTXH XQ FDPELR GHILQH FRQGXFW DOU FXDOTXLHU UHVXOWDGR VHDFDSD] GHPRGLILFDUOD TXH QR QR FRPR XQ VHUi DXWpQWLFR FRQVLGHUDG UHIRU ]DGRU 0HHKO LQWHQWy URPSHU HVWD FLUFXODULGDG GHIRUPDLQGHSH GHI 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV GLHQWH GH OD EDViQGRVH FRQGXFWD HQVXSRVLFLyQ OD GH TXH ORV UHVXOWDGRV IRUPD WUDQVLWXD DFW~DQ GH FLRQDO HMHPSOR 6L VH SRU FRQVLGHUD TXH HOGLQHUR HV IUHFXHQFLD XQ UHIRU]DGRU GH S DSDULFLyQ GH XQ DFWR GHWHUPLQDGR SDUD DXPHQWDU WDPELpQ OD DSDULFLyQ VHUYLUi GH RWURV HPEDUJR HVWD SDUFLDO VROXFLyQ SRUTXH LQFHQWLYRVQR HV ORV VyOR LQIOX\HQ QHFHVDULDPHQWH VREUH WRGR WLSR GH FRQGXFWD KD\ PXFKDV SRU HMHPSOR FRVDV TXH OD JHQWH VH QLHJD D KDF SDUHFH VHU DFW~D HO FRPR GLQHUR LQFHQWLYR HQ XQRV FDVRV UHIXWDUtDQ SHUR QR HQ RWU OD SUHSRVLFLyQ WHyULFD ā GH TXH UHIRU]DGRUHV ORV IRUPD PRGLILFDQ DXWRPiWLFD OD FRQGXFWD GH 3UH PDFNSXVROD HQGXGD VXSRVLFLyQ GH PDQWLHQHQVX TXH ORV UHVXOWDGRV GH FDUiFWHU LQFHQWLYRV DWUDYp GH ODV VLWXDFLRQHV 6X GHILQLFLyQ GH āFLUFXODULGDG YDORU LQFHQWLYR VLQ HYLW QHFH VLGDG GH FRQIHULU LQFHQWLYRV XQD SRGHU ORV WUDQVLWXDFLRQDO WUDQVLWRULD 0HGLDQWH XQD SUHYLD GHOYDORU GH ORV GLVWLQWRV LQFHQWLYRV HV SRVLEOH HVSHFLILFD FHV GH FDPELDU DFWRV GHWHUPLQDGRV ā En ODYLGD GLDULD VHXWLOL]DQ PXFKR ORVLQFHQWLYRV SDGUHV KDFHQ GH TXH āHO YHU OD UHDOL]DU WHOHYLVLyQ GHWHUPLQDGDV DFWLYLGDGHVDJUDGDEOHV o VDOLUDPLJRV FRQ VHD ORV FRQWLQJHQWH FRQ OD ILQDOL]DFLyQ RWUD FODVH GH ODV /RV PRYLOL]DQ WDUHDV DGXOWRV \ DFDGpP FDQDOL]DQ VXV HVIXHU]RV SRVSRQLHQGR VX GHVFDQVR KDVWD TXH KDQ FRQVH R VXV HQWUH JXLGR XQFLHUWR SURJUHVR WDUHD HQXQD GHWHUPLQDGD /D FRPSUREDFLyQ GHTXH ODV DFWLY JHQWHV DFW~DQ FRPR PRWLYDGRUHV KDQDWXUDOHV HVWLPXODGR HQHOWUD ODXWLO WDPLHQWR \HQORVSURJUDPDV UHHGXFD ti YRVGH SHUVRQDV REVWDFXOL]DGDV SRUXQD PR HQVX WtYDFLyQ GHILFLHQWH \ SRU SDWURQHV GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR DXWRIUXVWUDQWHV $GHPiV +R WDPELpQ SXHGHQ VHOHFFLRQDUVH DTXHOORV SRU VtPLVPRV LQFHQWLYRV GH GH FDUD DO GHVDUUROOR ā\0 0F/DXJKOLQ DODE\ XWLOL]DURQ FRQ QLxRV HVWH SODQWHDPL TXH SUHVHQWDEDQ SUREOHPDV FDGD YH] PD\RUHV DFDGpPLFRV FRPR UHDOL]DU FRQVHFXHQFLD ODV WD GH UHDV GHFODVH WDUHDV $O DFDGpPLFDV WHUPLQDU VHOHV ODV GLR SDUD DHVWRV TXH OH\H QLxRV W UDQ OLEURV UHDOL]DUDQ SUR\HFWRV \ SRU HOORV HOHJLGRV PLVPRV REVHUYiQGRVH WUDQVFXUVR GH TXH H XQDxR ORVQLxRV DFDEDURQ FRQ UHJXODULGDG SDUWH GHODPD\RU VXV GHEHUHV PDWHPiWLFDV GH OHQJXD \ ,QFHQWLYRV GH SRVLFLyQ y GH SRGHU /D PD\RUtD GH JUXSRV HVWUXFWXUDGRV HVWiQ HQ WpUPLQRVGH UHODFLRQHV \ GH GHSRGHU SRVLFLyQ (O SRGHU VRFLDO SHUPLWHFRQWURODU ORV UHFXUVRV FRQGXFWD GH \ORV OD GHPiV SRU PHGLR 3RU WDQWR GHO HMHUFLFLRGHO SRGHU VXPDQLIHVWDFLyQ \ VLPEyOLFDSXHGH HO HMHUFHU LQGLYLGXR MXULVGLFFLyQ VREUH OD YLGD GHO JUXSR GLVIUXWDU PDWHULDOHV GH GH UHFRPSHQVDV UHFRQRFLPLHQWR VRFLDO \GH DVRFLDGRV FRQ XQD SRVLFLyQ VRFLDO HOHYDGD DOFDQ]DU PiV FRQVHJXLU IiFLOPHQWH y·VXV GHVHRV LQWHUHVHV ā &RPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH HVWRV EHQHILFLRV JHQHUDOHV PDQWHQHU XQD SRVLFLyQ GH SRGHU /RV HMHFXWLYRV SDUD FRQ DPELF VHJXLU HVFDODU SXHVWRV HQ VXHPSUHVD GRQGHOD SRVLFLyQ \ HO(Q SRGHU ODVVRFLDO EDQGDV HVWiQ DVRFLDGRV GHVWUH]D DOD SHOHDU SDUD ORV PLHPEURV VHSHOHDQ FRQ UL GH RWUDV EDQGDV FRQWUDUtDV DODSRVLFLyQ /DV VRFLDO DPHQD]DV FRQWUDUUHDFFLyQ SURYRFDQ UiSL XQD GD y DJUHVLYDSUHVHUYDU TXH LQWHQWD ODVUHODFLRQHV GHSRGHU SUHYLDV )HUUD 6KRUW FXWL <DEORQVN\ $XQTXH ORVLQFHQWLYRV VRFLDOHV \GHSRVLFLyQ WLHQHQ DVSHFWRV LPSRUWDQWHV (Q HO FDVR GHODSRVLFLyQ XQQLYHO GH FRPSHWHQFLD TXLHUD XQD FDWHJRUtD TXH OOHYD FRQVLJR XQD VHULH GH WHQJD GLFKD (Q HO SRVLFLyQ FDVR GH ODV UHFRPSHQVDV VRFLDOHV FLHUWRV DFWRV FRQVL FLyQ GHORVGHPiV VLQTXH HOOR VLJQLILTXH MHUDUTXtD VR QHFHVDULDP FLDO (Q RWUDV XQRSXHGH SDODEUDV VHU HORJLDGR TXH HOOR VLQ OH XQ DVFHQVR FRPSRUWH HVFDOD HQ OD VRFLDO ā /RV LQFHQWLYRV ODSRVLFLyQ VRQ GH PRWLYDGRUHV PiVSRWHQWHVGH OD F yQGXFWDTXH OD DSUREDFLyQ VRFLDO GHUHVSXHVWD SDWURQHV HVSHFtILFRV GH 0DUWtQ %XUNKROGHU a5yVHQWKDOa 7KDUS \7KRUQ p 3HUGHUXQD UHFRPSHQVD GHWHUPLQDGD XQD SRUGHVFXLGDU WDUHD RSRUUHDOL]DFLyQGH ODPDOD la PLVPD QRWLHQH PD\RU LPSRUWDQFLD SHUR FXDQGR XQDV F 0RWLYDGRUHV LQFHQWLYRV O GHQ RFDVLRQDU XQ GHVFHQVR GH SpUGLGD SRVLFLyQ GH WRGR\-D XQ FRQMXQWR DPHQD]D GH EHQHILF GHS OD RVLFLyQ XQD FUHD SUHVLyQ XQD JHQHUDO DFWXDFLyQ SDUD (VWD HMHPSODU SUHVLyQ HV HVSHFLDO PHQWH LQWHQVD FXDQGR ORV SXHVWRV VRQ HVFDVRV FRPSRU KD\ PXFKRV FRPSHWLGRUHV 3DUD UHGXFLU iYLGRV QLYHO GGH H HO FRPSHWLWLYLGDG HOORV \ HO HV FKDV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV FUHDQ \ GHGHUHFKRV VLVWHPDVSDUD GH DGTXLULGRV HYLWDU DQWLJHGDG ODGHJUD FLyQ H[FHVLYD B $GHPiV SURSRUFLRQDU GH LQGXFWRUHV PRWLYDFLRQDOHV SRWHQWHV OD SRVLFLyQOD IDYRUHFHQ DSDULFLyQGHFRQGXFWD GH SDWURQHV YDOLRVRV SRU LQIOXHQFLDVGH PHGLR GH VX PRGHODGR LQKHUHQWHV /D 0DUWLQ SRVLFLyQ HVWiEDVDGD \FRO VRFLDO HQ JUDQ SDUWH KD HQ ELOLGDG SDUDUHDOL]DU DFWLYLGDGHV TXH MX]JD X5JUXS"HVSHFtILFR YDOLRVDV GHVLJQDGDV $O FRPSHWHQ FLDV UHTXHULGDV SDUD ODVGLVWLQWDV SRVLFLRQHV DVSLUDQDXQD SRVLFLyQ ORV PLHPEURV PiV HOHY T GLVSRQHQ GHPRGHORV VLPEyOLFRV KDFHUSDUD \UHDOHV TXH VL FRQVHJX OHV L WXDFLyQ PiV SULYLOHJLDGD B ,QGXGDEOHPHQWH ODSRVLFLyQ GHEHJUDQ VX BSDUWH YDORU DORV LQFHQWLYR EHQHILFLRV VRFLDOHV\ HQ PDWHULDOHV DVRFLDGRV JHQWH F DHOOD RPSLWH SRUDOFDQ]DU 6LQHPEDUJR XQOXJDU GHVWDFDGR HQ ,iHV OD FDOD VRFLDO DXQ HQ DXVHQFLD 3RU HMHPSOR GHEHQHILFLRV LQWHQWDQ ORV FRQVHJXLU QLxRVPDWHUL HO OLGHUD]JR SHVDU GHD TXHHOOR HODXPHQWR VLJQLILFD GH UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV \ UHFRPSHQVDV H[WHU FDVDV 3KLOOLSV :ROI \ )L[VH 3KLOOLSV 3DUD DOJXQRV LQGLYLGXRV DWUDFFLyQKDFLD OD SRVt OD FLyQ\HOSRGHU FDUiFWHU SXHGH SHUVRQDO WHQHU (O XQ HMHUFLFLR HILFD] GHO VDWLVIDFFLyQ ODERU HVSHFLDOPHQWH GHOJUXSR SHUVLJXH VLOD (Q ODV REMHWLYRV VLWXDFLRQHV YDOL FRPSRUWDQ DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV SRWHQFLDOPHQWH DYHUVLYR VRQDO GLVPLQX\HQ HOHVWUpV 0LOOHU 3RU WDQWR $YHULOO ORV DXWRHILFDFHVSUH VXMHWRV UHQ FRQWURODU HOORV ODV \ QRFRVDV FRQILDU ELHQHVWDU ILVLFR VX \SVLFROyJLFR DRWU F BRPSHWHQWHV ¿Reforzamientoo intercambio recíproco'? /DV WHRUtDV TXH DXWRPDWLFLGDG GHILHQGHQ GHO UHIRU]DPLHQWR OD DILUPDQ TX KDQ WHQHUXQD GH FRQWLQJHQFLD LQVWDQWiQHD OD FRQGXFWD D FRQ D TXH DIHFWDQ ,QGXGDEO DSDULFLyQ LQPHGLDWD GHORV SDUD ORVQLxRV HIHFWRV SHTXHxRV HVLPSRUWDQWH UHVXOWD GLILFLO DTXLQHV UHODFLRQDU ORVUHVXOWDGRV FRQ SURGXFHQ ODV FXDQGR DFFLRQHV GHPRUD H[LVWH GHWLHPSR TXHORV 4 ELHQ LQWHUYLHQHQ RWUDV B HPEDUJR DFWLYLGDGHV XQD YH] GHVDUUROODGR 6LQ TXH ODV VH KDELOLGDGH KDQ FRJQLWLYDV HOLQGLYLGXR HVFDSD] GHPRUDVHQWUH GH VDOYDU \O RVUHVXO ODFRQGXF FRJQLW WDGRV VXEVLJXLHQWHV FRQIXQGLUOR TXH KD VLGR VLQ UHFRPSHQVDGR RFDVWLJDGR DFFLRQHV HVWX 6LODV YLHUDQ FRQWURODGDV SRU FDGD PRPHQWiQHR HIHFWR TXH SURGXMHUDQ HO IXQFLRQD YHUtD DERFDGR DXQFRQVLGHUDEOH 3UHFLVDPHQWH SRUTXH ODFRQGXFWD GHVRUGHQ VHOHFFLFQDGDRU HV QL]DGD PDQWHQLGD \SRU ORV UHVXOWDGRV IXWXURV FRKHUHQFLD y DQWLFLSDGRV GLUHFFLyQ D SHVDU GHPRPHQWiQHRVGLVXDVRUHV ORV HIHFWRV TXH SXHGDQ SURGXFLUVH B /D PD\RUtD GH SUiFWLFDV FRPSRUWDQ XQSURFHVR GHLQFHQWLYR LQWHUFDPELR GH PXWXR ode FRQWUD WRVRFLDO /RV LQFHQWLYRV SRVLWLYRV XQD IRUPD DILUPDQ GHWHUPLQD TXH V GD HOOR OHGDUi UHFRPSHQVDV GHUHFKR HVSHFtILFDV yDUHFLELU SULYLOHJLRV (QFDVR GHVDQFLRQHV QH WLYDV FRQGXFWD OD FHQVXUDEOH FRPSRUWD FDVWLJRV /RV FRQGXFWLVWDV GHVFU SURFHVR HQWpUPLQRV GHLQIOXHQFLD UHDOLGDG VH WUDWD EiVLFDPHQWH XQLGLUHFFLRQDO GHXQ BFHVR GH LQWHUFDPELR VRFLDO /D PD\RUtD GH LQWHUDF VRFLDOHV GH HVWH SHVDU WLSR GH TXH DPXFKDV H[SUHVDQ YHFHV HQWpUPLQRV VH GH UHIRU]DP FULELUORV GHIRUPD QDWXUDOH]D GLVWLQWD SHUR VtLQIOX\H QRPRGLILFD VREUH VX ODIR ORV LQFHQWLYRV 19~ efHFWRV \ VREUH TXH SURGXFHQ ā ā B B /D BPRWLYDpOyQ SRULQFHQWLYRV FRPSRUWD XQD LQWHUDFFLyQ ELGLUHFFLRQDO \QR XQ SURFHVR GHXQ VROR VHQWLGR 4XH VH FRQVLGHUH FRPR HO HMHUFLFLR XQD DFRPRGD GH OD LQIO FLyQ ODLQIOXHQFLD D VRFLDO GHSHQGH ODVGLIHUHQFLDV GHSRGHU GHy GHOODGR GHVGH HOFXDO VHFR SURFHVR &XDQGR ORV āSDUWLFLSDQWHV WLHQHQ YR] HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ HQOD VRFLDO GH,RVLQFHQWLY FHGH ODPD\RUtD D GH WUDEDMDGRUHV \GH HPSUHVDULRV FRQWUDWRV TXH y VXV QHJRFLDQ VDODULRV B arn VXV EDV SDUWHV DODYH] y VRQ LQIOX\HQ LQIOXLGDV /D SRVHVLyQ FRPSHWHQFLDVYDOLRVDV GH y aRGHU FROHFWLY 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFL yQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV LQFUHPHQWD FDSDFLGDG ODHMHUFHU SDUD LQIOXHQFLD UHFtSURFD HVWUXFWXUDV 6LQ ā HPEDUJR GH LQFHQWLYR DODV FRQWUD GH SHUVRQDV VX YROXQWDG UHVLVWLUiQ HQ āDO pVWDV FDPELR LGHDUiQ VH FRQWLQXD PHQWH IRUPDV EXUODU HOGH VLVWHPD UHFKD]DUiQ UiSLGDPHQWH \ ODV DFWLYLGDGHV LPSXHV WLYRV H[WHUQRV VRQ GpELOHV /DV LPSRVLFLRQHV XQLODWHUDOHV GHURV .D]GLQ DOOt GRQGH ORV FRQVLJXHQ ODV %DVDOHO$]ULQ LQWHUDFFLRQHV EL $]ULQ y $UPVWURQJ ,QFHQWLYRV la DXWRHYDOXDFLyQ GH y UHFRPSHQVDV OD HILFDFLD SHUVRQDO GH (O GHVDUUROOR FDGD GH YH] XQ PD\RU FRQMXQWR GH LQFHQWLYRV KDVWD DTXt IRUPDV KD LQFOXLGR ItVL FDV VRFLDOHV (Q DFWLYLGDGHV \VLPEyOLFDV SDUD ODV TXH SHUVRQDV VHSRVHHQ SXHGHQ KDEL YHU ORVUHVXOWDGRV GHVXV DFWRV FRQRFLPLHQWR SURSRUFLRQD TXHSRV LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH ODH[DFWLWXG GHODHMHFXFLyQ VLOD GD HVSHFLILFD DTXHOORV DVSHFWRV GH ODHMHFXFLyQ TXH JDU ORVUHVXOWDGRV GHODV DFFLRQHV SURSRUFLRQDQ SXHGHQVHU HVWLPXODGRUHV VLJQRV GHSURJUH R GHVFRUD]RQDGRUHV HQ IXQFLyQ GHO QLYHO \ GLUHFFLyQ /RV VLJQRV GHSURJUHVR LQIOX\HQ VREUH DXWRHYDOXDGRUHV ODPRWLYDFLyQ y QRGLUHFWDPQWH 4XH XQ QLYHO GHWHUPLDQGR XQD IXHQWH GH GHSURJUHVR VDWLVIDF FLyQ SHUVRQDO GHSHQGH GHHYDO~H ORV 8Q FULWHULRV PLVPRFDXVDUi VLJQR LQWHUQRV GHFHS FRQ FLyQ VL VHMX]JD FRQ XQ FULWHULR SHUVRQDO DSDUHQWHPHQWH SHURSRU HO IXHUD FRQWUDULR VHUi PRWLYR GH VDWLVIDFFLyQ VLVHPLGH$ FRQ VXYH] XQ FULWHULR ODUH WURDOLPHQWDFLyQ VREUH HOSURJUHVRHVWDEOHFHUi GHO VXMHWR HQXQ fu LQIOX\H WXUR SURSRUFLRQDQGR SRUWDQWR XQD IXHQWH FRQWLQXD GH DXWRPRWLYDFLyQ y 5RVHQ O /RFNH &DUWOHGJH\ .RHSSHO WDUHDV GHKDELOLGDG /DV y FUHDWLYDV GHSHQGHQ HQ āJUDQ PHGLGD GH HVWD IRUPD DOWDPHQWH HYROXFLRQDGD GH ODHILFDFLD SHUVRQDO /DV SHUVRQDV \ GHHQHUJtD LQYLHUWHQ OD UHDOL]D HQ JUDQGHV FLyQGH DFWLYLGDGHV GLItFLOHV Lo TXH TXH SDUD RWURV OHV FRPSRUWDQ SDUHFHU SXHGH DXWR XQ WUDEDMR SHQRVR SDUD HOORV HV ā XQD IRUPD VDWLVIDFFLyQ GH ,QFHQWLYRV H[WUtQVHFRV H LQWUtQVHFRV ā ā+D KDELGR FLHUWD UHWLFHQFLD WDQWR HQWUH HOS~EOLFR HQ ORVPHGLRV DUHFRQ SUR FHU HOSDSHO LQIOX\HQWH GH ORV LQFHQWLYRV H[WUtQVHFRV VDQ TXH ODFRQGXFWD SRU VXSURSLR GHEHUtD HPLWLUVH HVWDUFRQWDPLQDGD LQWHUpVSRU \QR OD UHFRPSHQ VD 2WURV āFRQVLGHUDQ FRQGXFWD TXH HVWi OD PRWLYDGD SRU LPSXOVRV H[SORUDFLyQ LQQDWRV y FRPSH GH WHQFLD ORV FXDOHV SXHGHQ UHVXOWDU FUHHQ GLVWRUVLRQDGRV TXH ([LVWH SRU ODV LQI SUHRFXSDFLyQ SUiFWLFDV SRUTXH GH LQFHQWLYRV ODV LPSLGDQ ODDXWRUUHJXODFLyQ HOGHVDUUROOR \GLV G PLQX\DQ HO LQWHUpV LQKHUHQWH HQ ODV DFWLYLGDGHV /D āDXWRPRWLYDFLyQ\ OD DXWRUUHJXODFLyQ UHTXLHUHQ FLHUWRV LQVW FLyQ SHUVRQDO TXH VRQ GHVDUUROODGRV D\XGD GHLQFHQWLYRV 0XFKDV HQSDUWH GH H[WHUQRV ODV FRQ O DFWLYLGDGHV SDUD QHFHVDULDV OOHJDU DGHVDUUROODU ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV VR UHQWHV GH LQWHUpV &RPR DWHVWLJXDUiQ SUDFWLFDU ORV ORVSLDQLVWDV UXGL PHQWRV GHOWHFODGR VREUH HVWiQ MXJDQGR WRGR +DVWD FXDQGR TXH QR ORVRWURV VH DOFDQ]D QLxR FL WD KDELOLGDG UHVXOWD OD JUDWLILFDQWH DFWLYLGDG QR6LQ OD D\XGD GH LQFHQW SULPHUDV IDVHV GH DGTXLVLFLyQ GH TXHGDUtDQ ODV VLQGHVDUUR KDELOLGDGHV OD OODUVH 6LQHPEDUJR FRQ VRSRUWDU PXFKD FRDFFLRQHV \ IUHFXHQFLD DPHQD]DV TXH QR KDFHQ KD\ TXH VLQR LQGXFLU DQWLSDWtDV 8QDIRUPDGH HQ DVHJXUDU YH] HO GH DSUHQGL]DMHGH FRPSHWHQFLD ORV SUHUUH TXLVLWRV DSR\DU ORVHVIXHU]RV HV GHOQLxR KDVWD GHVDUUROODGDV TXH TXH VXV SXH KDELOLGD GDQ SURGXFLU QDWXUDO GH HIHFWRV IRUPD JUDWLILFDQWHV 0XFKDV YHFHV VHGHVFULEHQODV GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH PRWLYDGRUH XQRV IXHUDQ OD DQWtWHVLV /R TXH KDELWXDOPHQWH GH ,RV RWURV VH FRQVLGHUD F VHFD LQFOX\H YDULRV WLSRV GH FRQWLQJHQFLDV 7DO FRPR PXHVWUD HQWUHODV OD 0RWLYDGRUHV LQFHQWLYR CONTINGENCIA Natural Arbitrario Externo Intrínseco Extrínseco Interno Intrínseco Intrínseco . LOCUS . FIGURA 4. Variaciones en el ORFXV e inherencia de los UHVXOWDGRV de fas acciones que diferencia a los motivadores extrínsecos de los intrínsecos. · ILJXUD HVWRV GLVWLQWRV SDWURQHV VXUJHQ FRPR FRQVHFXH \ OD LQKHUHQFLD GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV ā (Q HOFDVR GH ORV H[WULQV pFPRWLYDGRUHV RV ORV UHVXOWDGRV HVWiQ RULJ UHODFLyQ FRQ OD FRQGXFWD (Q XQ āFXUVR HV DUELWUDULD GH QDWXUDO ORV DFRQWHFLPHQWRV WUDEDMR QR SURGXFLUtD HO FREUR GH FKHTXHV ODV ā\ fa EXHQDV FRQGXFWD DFWXD UHSUHQVLEOH QR FRPSRUWDUtD DSUREDFLyQ HOGLQHUR FDVWLJRV OHJDOHV ORVSULYLOHJ /D HWFpWHUD QR VRQ FRQVHFXHQFLDV QDWXUDOHV GHFRQGXFWD OD VLQR HO UHVXOWDGR GH DFX &XDQGR HVWRV UHVXOWDGRV FRQGXFWD GHMDQ GHVFLHQGH GH D QR HVWDU VHU DGTXLHUD TXH GLVSRQLEO RWUR YDORU IXQFLRQDO /D PRWLYDFLyQ LQWULQVHFD KDELWXDOPHQWH WDO HOFRQFHSWR FRPR VHXWLOL]D FRPSUHQGH GHUHODFLyQ FRQGXFWD HQWUH \VXVOD (QODSULPHUD HIHFWRV GHODVFRQWLQJHQFLDV LQW VHFXHQFLDV HVWiQ RULJLQDGDV H[WHUQDPHQWH HVWiQ UHODFLRQDGDV IRUPD SHUR QDWXUDO GH XQDFRQ O FRQGXFWD 7RFDU XQSODWR FDOLHQWH TXHPDGXUD GRORURVD SURGXFH XQD UHVJXDUGDUVH OOXYLDHYLWD G PRMDUVH OD WHOHYLVLyQ YHU SURSRUFLRQD WRFDU HVWLPXODFLyQ ODV WHFODV GHOSLDQR JHQHUD DXGLRY VRQLGRV PHOyGLFRV 'HELGR DTXH ORV HIHFWRV VHQV DFW~DQ GHUHJXODGRUHV DOWDPHQWH HILFDFHV GHODFRQGXF FRQGXFWD ODV DYHUVLYDV ā OD VXSULPHQ ā (Q OD VHJXQGD FRQWLQJHQFLD LQWUtQVHFD ODFRQGXFW TXH DGHPiV VRQ LQWHUQRV /R TXH FDUDFWHUL]D DO HVWH RUJDQLPR WLSR GH UHODFLyQ FR UHVSXHVWDV TXH JHQHUDQ GLUHFWDPHQWH HIHFWRV ILVLROyJLFR WHUQRV (O HMHUFLFLR ILVLFRRULJLQD PXVFXODWXUD IDWLJD SXHGH ODWHQVLyQ SURGXFLU V G UHV FDEH]D GH \ RWURV WUDVWRUQRV VRPiWLFRV GLVPLQXLU \ORV OD WHQ HMHUFL VLyQ $XQTXH ODPD\RUtDFDSDFLGDG GHSHQVDPLHQWRV HVWDGRV SDUDDFWLYDU GHORUJDQLV DGTXLHUHQ PR DWUDYpV GH H[SHULHQFLDV H[WUtVHFDV DFWLYLGDGHV FRJQLWLYDV DJUDGDEOHV WDPE SXHGHQ SURGXFLU GLUHFWDPHQWH /RV SHQVDPLHQWRV HIHFWRV ILVLROyJLFRV SHUWXUEDGRU QHUDU XQD DFWLYDFLyQ DYHUVLYD SHQVDPLHQWRVWUDQTXLOL]DGRU PLHQWUDV VHUiQ TXHFDSDFHV ORV G GXFLUOD ā ā /RV PHFDQLVPRV DXWRHYDOXDGRUHVFRQVWLWX\HQ ODWHUFHUDIRUPD GH (Q OD PRWLYDF āPD\RUtD GH DFWLYLGDGHV ODV āTXHāHOLQGLYLGXR GH REWLHQH VDWLVIDFFLyQ HQ OD FRQGXF VXUHDOL]D WD6Ë SRU PLVPD QL OD UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ QDWXUDO UHFRUQSHQVDQWHV VRQ āDXWRUUHDF VLQR TXH FLRQHV GHO LQGLYLGXR D VX SURSLD IXHQWH SULQFLSDO DFWXDFLyQ UHFRPSHQVD GHOR TX 3DUD XQ FLWDU HMHPSOR SRFR QDGD FRUULHQWH TXH VHD LQKHUHQWHPHQWH QRKD\WRFDU JUDWLILFD XQ VROR GH WXED SDUD XQ 6LQ DVSLUDQWH HPEDUJR D LQVWUXPHQWLVWD GH FRUUHFWD HV XQD IXHQWH GH DXWRVDWLVIDFFLyQ PDQWHQHUOR FRQVLGHUDEOH GXUDQWH PXFKR WLHPSR HQ VXV HVIXHU]RV WHUUHQR GHSRUWLYR /RV DYDQFHV DUWtVWLFR HQHORLQWH PHQWH UHDFFLRQHV DXWRHYDOXDGRUDV SDUD OD TXH HMHFXFLyQ FUHDQ LQFH /DV FXHQFLDV HYDOXDWLYDV VRQ ODV JHQHUDGDV FRQWLQJHQFLDV LQWHUQDPHQWH VRQ DUEL FXDOTXLHU DFWLYLGDG SXHGH LPSRUWDQFLD OOHJDU DXWRHYDOXDGRUD DDGTXLULU /R TXH FRQVWLWX\H I GH DXWRVDWLVIDFFLyQ XQD SHUVRQD UHVXOWDU SDUD SXHGH R FDUHQWH GpYDOXDGRU GH FRQVHFXHQFLDV SDUD RWUD ā ā ā ā /D FDSDFLGDG GH DXWRPRWLYDFLyQ GH FULWHULRV DWUDYpV GH HMHFXFLyQ GHV HVWiHVWDEOHFLGD HQ SDUWH SRU LQIOXHQFLDV /D UHJXODFLyQ LQWUtQVHFDV DXWRHYDOXDGRUD GH la FRQGXFWD UHTXLHUH OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH GHHMHFXFLyQ KDELOLGDG \ OD DXWRJHQHUDFt OD DGRSFLyQ FRQVHFXHQFLDV HYDOXDWLYDV 8 QD YH] TXH GHVDUUROODGR VHKD &LHUWD FRPSHWHQFLD FUL 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV HYiOXDFLyQ \ IXQFLRQHV DXWRPRWLYDGRUDV ODV YDULDFLRQHV HQ IXHQWHV VDWLVIDFFLyQ GH R LQVDWLVIDFFLyQ (Q FDStWXOR XQ SHUVRQDO FRQVLGHUDUHPRV SRVWHULRU HUL GHWDOOH HO SDSHO FHQWUDO GHVHPSHxDGR SRU ORV UHJXODFLyQ PHFDQLVPRV GHO DXWR SHQVDPLHQWR \ GHO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR ā &XDQGR ODJHQWH KDEOD GH PRWLYDFLyQ D TXH ID FRQGXFWD LQWUtQVHFD VH HPLWH UHI SR PLVPD H[SUHVLyQ HVWD VHUHFXEUH GH /D DFFLyQ DPELJHGDG HVWi HVWLPXODGD QR SRU Vt PLVPD TXH DTXHOODV DFFLRQHV D PRWLYDGRUHV DWULEXLGDV HVWiQ LQWUtQVHFRV UHJXODGDV SDUWH HQ ORV JUDQ SRU HIHFWRV TXHIRUPDQDWXUDO VHSURGXFHQ DSDUWLU GHGHHOODV SDUWLU GHFULWHULRV RTXH VXUJHQ LQWHUQ D /DFRQGXFWD QRFRQVWLWX\H desí PLVPD XQD SHUR UHFRPSHQVD VtSXHGH SURSRUFLRQD FRPSHQVDV 3DUD )os DOSLQLVWDV HO DFWR GH WUHSDU UHVXOWD LQKH SRU URFDV UHQWHPHQWH GLYHUWLGR \VRQ DOFDQ]DU HOHYDGDV VXVWULXQIRV FLPDV SHUVRQDOHV ORTXH OHV D WLVIDFFLyQ HVWLPXODGRUD (OLPLQHPRV HVFDODU VH FRQYHUWLUi HOUHWR DOJR SHUVRQDO HQ DEXUULGR (O HMHUFLFLR GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV HQGXUDGHUR \HVWiVHFRQYLHUWH PHQRV VXMHWR DO F ORVLQGXFWRUHV GH āOD VLWXDFLyQ ORV HIHFWRV āFXDQGR TXH SURGXFHQ UHODFLRQDGRV RELHQ LQWUtQVH HVWiQ FDPHQWH FRQGXFWD FRQ R E OD LHQ VRQ DXWRDGPLQLVWUDGRV ,QFHQWLYRV y FXOWLYR LQWHUpV GHO LQWUtQVHFR ā/D PD\RUtD GH FRVDV TXH OD JHQWH GLVIUXWD KDFLHQGR LQLFLD WHUpV SDUD HOODV /RV QLxRV QR QDFHQ FDQWDU DULDV FRQ XQ GH WRFDU LQWHUpV ySHUD WXEDV HQ LQQDWR VROXFLRQDU HFXDFLRQHV HVFULELU VRQHWRV XQ DSUHQGL]D RHQ ODQ]DU MH DGHFXDGR SUiFWLFDPHQWH SRU DEVXUGD FXDOTXLHU SDUH]FD TXH SXHGH DFDEDU DFWLYLGDG WHQLHQGR LQWHUpV Vt PLVPD SRU ā(V XQD FXHVWLyQ LPSRUWDQWH HOSURFHVR GHVDUUROOD SRU LQWHUpV HOTXH SRU DFWLYLGDGHV HOLQGLYLGX SDUDODV TXH LQLFLDOPHQWH FDUHFH GH &RQ KDELOLGDG IUHFXHQFLD VH XWLOL]DQ LQWHUpV \ LQFHQWLYRV SRVLWLYRV SDUD SURPRYHU HVWRV FDPELRV 6L PLQLVWUDU XQD UHFRPSHQVD SRU LQLFLDU UHGXFLU XQD TXH DFWLYLGDG GH DXPHQWDU HO LQWHUpV SRVWHULRU*UHHQH SRU OD PLVPD 'HFL 'H DFXHUGR FRQ OD WHRUtD VREUH OD'HFL HYDOXDFLyQ \ 5\DQ FRJQ HOLQGLYLGXR QDFH FRQ XQD QHFHVLGDG (VWH LPSXOVR GHFRPSHW LQQD WROHPRWLYD D EXVFDU QRYHGDG GHVDItRV HLQFRQJUXHQFLDV TXH FRQT VHFDV UHGXFHQ GHā GRV IRUPDV OD ā PRWLYDFLyQ LQWUtQVHFD PRGLILFDQ ODV VREUH ODV FDXVDV GH VX FRQGXFWDy GLVPLQX\H FRQYLUWLpQGRODV VXV VHQVD GH FLRQHV GHFRPSHWHQFLD /DV UHFRPSHQVDVTXH HOLQGLYLGXR SHUFLEH FRPR FRQWURO LQIRUPDQ OD VREUH FRPSHWHQFLD GHELOLWDQ ODPRWLYDFLyQ LQWUtQ LPSOLFDQ FRPSHWHQFLD OD ā DXPHQWDQ /HSSHU SODQWHD HOWHPD GHODPRWLYDFLyQ fa SHUVSHFWLYD GHODWHRU LQWUtQVH DWULEXFLyQ \ OD DXWRSHUFHSFLyQ (Q HVWD FRQFHSFLyQ %HP ODVSHUFHSFLRQHV VREUH ODVFDXVDV GH VXFRQGXFWD LQIOXLUiQ eVWHMX]JD HQ SDUWH VREUH VXF VX PRWLYDFLyQD SDUWLU GH ODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV HQ ODV TXH VH SURGXFH VX FRQGXFW WLYLGDGHV SDUD REWHQHU H[LVWH ā XQD UHFRPSHQVDV UD]yQ H[WUtQVHFD H[WHUQDV SDUD VX GXFLHQGR SRU WDQWR PHQRU LQWHUpV SHUVRQDO 6LQ HPED WHUQRV VHMX]JD DVtPLVPR LQWUtQVHFDPHQWH *UHHQH PRWLYDGR HV SRVLEOH GHPRVWUDU XQD UHGXFFLyQ HQ HO LQWHUpV VL VH HMHFXFLyQ \ UHFRPSHQVD UHVXOWD IiFLO GH YHU H[LVWH VXILFL SDUD SHUPLWLU TXH VH SURGX]FDQ FDPELRV DWULEXFLRQDOH YLJLODQFLD VRFLDO GHPDQGDV RH[SHFWDWLYD PDQWHQHUOD SDU GH UHFRPSH WLFLSDFLyQ WDUHD \ BSRU HQ OD ~OWLPR 'se āSURGXFHQ QR PHMRUDV HQ OD HMHFXFLyQ FLRQDUGH IXHQWHV ā VDWLVIDFFLyQ ā (Q OD WHRUtD FRJQLWLYD VRFLDO ORV PHFDQLVPRV DXWR DXPHQWR GHO LQWHUpV LQWUtQVHFR D (O LQGLYLGXR %DQGXUD LULWpUpV PDQWLHQH SRU D VX DTXHOODV DFWLYLGDGHV VH ā VLHQWHHQ DXWRHILFD] ODV TXH \ GH ODV FXDOHV REW $PEDV IXQFLRQHV EDVDQ HQ ORV VHFULWHULRV LQWHUQRV GHO LQGLYLGXR 0RWLYDGRUHV LQFHQWLYRV FRQWULEXLU DDXPHQWDU LQWHUpV SRU ODV DFWLYLGDGHV HO FRPR IRUPDV GLVWLQWDV PtQLPR ODVGH WU PHWDV GHVDILDQWHV SRU HVWDEOHFLGDV HO SURSLR LQGLYLGXR IDYRUHFHQ OD SHUV FHVDULDV SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR GH FRPSHWHQFLDV &XDQGR ODV SHUVRQDV DVSLUDQ DGRPLQDU \XQ OOHJD QLYHO GH HMHFXFLyQ YDORUDGR H[SHULPHQWDQ &DUWOHGJH y XQ VHQ .QHUU /DV VDWLVIDFFLRQHV GH TXH ODV PHWDV VH IDYRUHFHQHO GHULYDQ LQWHUpV GHO LQWUtQ ORJUR VHFR /RV FULWHULRV WDPELpQ VLUYHQ SDUD LQWHUQRV HOGHVDUUROOR DXWRSHUFHSFLRQHV GH GH HILFDFLD 6LQ FULWHULRV FRQ ORV TXH PHGLU FDUHFHUtD GHEDVHV VXHMHFXFLyQ SDUDMX]JDU OR DGHFXDGR HOLQGLY R QRGH ODPLVPD SDUD FDOLEUDU R VXV 8Q VHQWLGR FDSDFLGDGHV GH HILFDFLD SDUD HO GRPLQLR SHUVRQDO GH ODV WDUHDV SXHGH DXPHQWDU SRU ODVPLVPDV PiV HOLQWHUpV TXHODLQHILFDFLD SHVDU GHTXHODSH HMHFXFLyQ HQ HOODV VHD FRPSHWHQWH B ā B ā /D QDWXUDOH]D GH OD UHODFLyQ GHOD HQWUH DXWRHILFDFLD\ HO HO FUHFLPLHQWR LQWHUpV MXVWLILFDXQD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VLVWHPiWLFDGHOSURFHVR (V SRVLEOH TXH HQ BQR DFWLYLGDGHV MX]JXHQYDOLRVDV VH R TXH TXH GHVDJUDGDQ DO VXMHWRFLHUWD VH SURGX]FD GH BGHPRUD WLHPSR HQWUH OD QXHYD B GH DGTXL DXWRHILFDFLD \HODXPHQWR (Q HVWH FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH GH SDWUyQ GHPRUDWHPSRUDO GHLQWHU OD FDFLD IDYRUHFH HOGHVDUUROOR GH H[SHULHQFLDV XQ GH GRPL WLHPSR SURSRUFLRQDQ VDWLVIDFFLRQHV SHUVRQDOHV UH DO T PHQWH ORV HIHFWRV VLJXLHUDQ HVWH FXUVR HO DXPHQ GHPRUDGD \QRLQPHGLDWD GHO (O FRQFHSWR LQFUHPHQWR GH GH XPEUDO SD OD DXWR VX WUyQ DOWHUQDWLYR 3XHGH QHFHVLWDUVH SDUD JHQHUDU XQD DXWRHItFD \PDQ WHQHU HOLQWHUpV HQ XQD DFWLYLGDG pVWDSRU HQFLPD SHUR GHO ORV QR QLYHO SURGX DXPHQWRV XPEUD FHQ DXPHQWRV VXSHULRUHV %DQGXUD \ 6FKXQN GHO(QUHDOLGDG LQWHUpV XULD FRQILDQ]D HQ Vt PLVPR H[WUHPD KDFHU TXHODV SXHGH DFWLYLGDGHV QROOHJXHQ ·y SRU WDQWR FD DFRQV UH]FDQ GHLQWHUpV +DUDFNLHZLF] 0DQGHUOLQJ 6DQVRQH DSRUWDQ ,DDXWRHILFD \ GDWRV GH T FLD SHUFLELGD LQWHUYLHQH HQODREWHQFLyQ WDUHDV SHUR GH TXH VDWLVIDFFLyQ DPERV IDFWRU WiQ UHODFLRQDGRV GH IRUPD OLQHDO 'H QLQJ~Q \ OD PRGR H[LVWHQFLD GHXQRV 'H KHFKR HIHFWRV HVSUREDEOH XPEUDO TXH GH āGHVD DPERV DFW~ UUROOR GHO LQWHUpV Concepto de motivación intrínseca ' . . &DGD GHODV XQD WHRUtDV DQWHULRUHV DVLJQDQ PHGLDGRU HQ DODFRPS HO LQWHUpV LQWUtQVHFR GHOLQGLYLGXR BHQ YDULRV H LPSRUWDQWHV VLQ HPEDUJR (Q DVSHFW GLI OD WHRUtD GH ODHYDOXDFLyQ 'HFL HOLQWHUpV FRJQLWLYD XQ LPSXOVR UHIOHMD GH GHFRPSHWHQFLD (Q OD WHRUtD GH OD DWULEXFLyQ GH /HSSHU ORVMXLFLRV HO LQWHUpV UHWURVSHFW ODV HV SUR FDXVDV GH OSURSLD D HMHFXFLyQ (Q OD WHRUtD FRJQLWLYD VRFLDO FRUQRFRQVHFXHQFL HOLQWHUpV Gp VX ODV VDWLVIDFFLRQHV TXH VH ODV āPHWDV GHULYDQ LQWHUQDV GHVDILDQWHV GHO \ GH FXPSOLPLHQ ODV DXWRSHUFHSFLRQHV GH D SDUWLU HILFDFLD GH ORV JHQHUDGDV ORJURVāGSURSLRV H LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH B OD HILFDFLD B B (O FRQFHSWRGH PRWLYDFLyQ LQWUtQVHFD DWUDFWLYRSHUR HVXQ HVFXUULGL]R FRQVWUXFWRU *HP UDOPHQWH pVWD VHGHILQH FRPR ODHMHFXFLyQ GHDFWL\LGDGHV WHUQD DSDUHQWH 6HQHFHVLWDQ H[FOX\HQWHV RWURV TXH ODSHUVLVWHQFLD *ULWHUtRVPiV DFFLyQ VLQ in GH FHQWLYRV REVHUYDEOHV SDUD MXVWLILFDU OD QRFLyQ GH PRWLYDFLyQ HVWi LQ UHJXODGD HQ JUDQ PHGLGD SRU VHxDOHV LQIRUPDWLYDV ā ILVLFDV y VRFLDOHV GHODVVLWXDFLRQHV VXFRQWHQLGR y WRGR XQ PDW FRQMXQWR GH RWURV IDFWRUHV XQD LQIOXHQFLD H[WHUQRV LPSRUWDQWH HMHUFHQ (O WLHPSR VREUH O TXHSHUVLVWD XQR HQXQD DFWLYLGDG GHWHUPLQDGDGLVSRQJD GHSHQGHUi HQOD GH VLWXDFLyQ 8Q HQ LQGLYLGXR FXHVWLyQ SDUHFHU SXHGH LQWUtQVHFDPHQWH SRU XQD PRWLYDGR DFWLYLGDG FX iQGRUHDOLGDG HQORTXH VXFHGH HV TXH FDUHFH RWUDDOWHUQDWLYD GH SRVLEOH \SXHGH DSDUH]FD TXH FRPRIDOWR FtH PRWLYDFLyQ SRU LQWUtQVHFD ODPLVPD DFWLYLGDG RWUDV RSFLRQHV FXDQGR PiVGLVSRQ DWUDFWLYDV 3RU WDQWR OD y SHUVLVWHQFLD DFWLYDFLyQ GH OD FRQGXFWD VH H[SOLFD PHMRU si VH FRQVLGH UD FRPRXQDLQWHUDFFLyQ FRQWLQXD HQWUHIXHQWHV GH LQIOXHQFLD GHWLSR SHUVRQDO \ VLWXDFLRQDO7RGD WHR UtD VREUH OD PRWLYDFLyQ TXH LQWHULWH ODFRQGXFWD H[SOLFDU KD GHFRQVLGHUD KXPDQD DGHFXDGDPHQ WRGR Q FRQMXQWR GH SURFHVRV LQWHUDFWLYRV 3HQVDPLHQWR ā \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV /DPD\RUtD GHFRQGXFWDV KRPEUH HVWiQ PDQWHQLGDV GHO SRUUHVXOWDGRV QRSRUORV LQPHGLDWRV $WOHWDV DFWRUHV SDVDQ ODUJDV HVWXGLDQWHV ā y GXUDV GH KRUDV ā SUHSDUDFLyQ \ SRU O SHUVSHFWLYD GHIDPD\IRUWXQD DSHVDU GHTXH VXV LQPHGLDWDV\WDQJLEOHV6RQQHFHVDULRV FULWHULRV UHDOL]D D FDXVDGHXQPRWLYRLQKHUHQWH RSRUORVEHQHILF GLILFLOGHHQFRQWUDUHMHPSORVHQORVTXHHOLQGLYL YLVLyQGH ODV āFRQVHFXHQFLDV TXH OH FRPSRUWDUiQ VXV DFWRV 3DUD FRPSOLFDUD~QPiVORVFRQFHSWRV TXHHVWDPRV F VHFR\PRWLYDFLyQLQWUtQVHFD VHXVDQPXFKDVYHFHV QLYHOGHHMHFXFLyQ([LVWH XQD JUDQGLIHUHQFLD HQ DFFLyQ yun LQWHUpVTXH āHVXQDDWUDFFLyQ SRUDOJR1RKD\TXHF YRV 3RU HMHPSOR OD JHQWH SDVD LQFRQWDEOHV KRUDV YLHQGR O H[WUtQVHFDV SHURGLILFLOPHQWHWDOFRQGXFWD SRGUt WHUQR GH FRPSHWHQFLD /DVWHRUtDV VH GHGXFH HQODVTXH ODPRWLYDFLyQ GHOD FRQGXFWD DSDUWLU TXHVHVXSRQH WRSDQFRQQXPHURVDVGLILFXOWDGHV (VWR VXFHGHSRU WRUHVGLIHUHQWHV*HQHUDOPHQWH ORVLQYHVWLJDGRUH WUDVOD UHWLUDGD LQFHQWLYRV āFRPR GH VLJQR GH UHGXFFLyQ GH OD PRWLYDFLy UHFRPSHQVDV VRQFDSDFHV GH GLVPLQXLU OD HMHFXFLy PRGLILFDUORVVLVWHPDV GHPRWLYDFLyQ 8QR GHORV WUDYpVGH ORV HIHFWRV TXHSURGXFHHOFRQWUDVWH GHLQFHQWLYRV' LQFHQWLYRVHVWiGHWHUPLQDGR OD UHWLUDGD UHODFLRQDOPHQWH V~ELWDGHODVUHFRPS XQDFRQWHFLPLHQWR QHXWUR āGHVSXpV /DQRUHFRPSHQVD GHTXHODFRQGXFWD KD FRQVLVWHQWHPHQWH DFW~D FRPRXQ KDVWD TXH FDVWLJR HO VXMHWRTXHUHGX VH DFRV WXPEUDDODQXHYDUHDOLGDG E (Q HVWHSURFHVRORVFDPELRVHQ %XFKZDOG WDQ WHPSRUDOPHQWH ā D OD PRWLYDFLyQ PRGLILFDQGR YDORU GH ORVUHVXOWDGRV HOVLJQLILFDGR 2WURVSURFHVRVTXHSURGXFHQ XQ GHVFHQVR HQOD H FLyQSRVWHULRUHQXQDDFWLYLGDGVRQODVDFLHGDG\ JXLUTXHORVVXMHWRVUHDOLFHQ XQDPLVPD DFWLYLGDG HOOD&XDQGR VHLQWHQWD LJXODUODFDQWLGDG GHUHSHWLWLYLGDG PRQy FRPSHQVDGRV\QRUHFRPSHQVDGRV ODVVLWXDFLRQHV QR V FRQVLJXHQDXPHQWDU ODHMHFXFLyQ(VWHUHFXUVR PHW GLIHUHQFLDOSHURUHVWDUHOHYDQFLD GH XWLOL]DU DODLQYHVWLJDF LQFHQ WLYRVHVDXPHQWDUHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWR ¢'HTXp āVLUYHXWLOL]DULQFHQWLYRVVLQ WR WUDV VXDSOLFDFLyQ"&XDQGR ORVHIHFWRVGHORVLQFHQ GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQHQODTXHVRQHVWXGLDGRV WLHQHQX OLPLWDGD ā ā &XDQGR VH UHDOL]DQ YDULDV PHGLFLRQHVāX GHOLQWHUpV QD DFWLYLGDG HQ HQGLVWLQWRV WLHPSRH[LVWH PHQRV ULHVJR GHLQWHUSUHWDU HUUyQHD XQDWUDQVIRUPDFLyQ GH ODPRWLYDFLyQ LQWUtQVHFD āD HVWXGLDU WHPD HVWH VHREVHUYD XQGHVFHQVR HQHOLQWHUpV G UHWLUDUVHODVUHFRPSHQVDV SHURDOHYDOXDUORVPiV FRPSHQVDGD HV DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH HOPLVPR TXH PRVWU 6DJRWVN\\ /HZLV 9DVWD \ 6WLUSH (Q ODWHRUtDGH'HFL ODVUHFRPSHQVDV GLVPLQX\HQODPRWL GLYLGXRODVYHFRPRFRQWURODGRUDV SHURODDXPHQW SHWHQFLD (VIiFLOHVWDEOHFHU HVWD LQFHQWLYRV GLVWLQFLyQ UHDOHV D UHVXOWDQGLItFLOHVGHFODVLILFDU SRUTXHJHQHUDOPH UHPRVXQFRQFHUWLVWD GHSLDQR TXH H[LJHXQRV KRQ KRQRUDULRVORVTXHFRQWURODQ" y· VLHVDVt¢HVHOSLDQLVWD HOTXH FRQWUROD DOHPSUHVDULR R VDULRHOTXHFRQWUROD DOSLDQLVWD"RODSRSXOD ¢8QRV KRQRUDUL ULGDGGHWDTXLOODHVWi EDVDGD HQRWURVIDFWRUHV" /DVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV FDFLRQHVLQWXLWLYDV y a posteriori GHORVVLVWHPDV +DVWD TXHQRVHGLVSRQJDGH GHLQFHQWLYRV 0RWLYDGRUHV LQFHQWLYRV ā UtRV REMHWLYRV SDUD FODVLILFDU ODV UHFRPSHQVDV FRPR FRQWURODGRUH RWURV DVSHFWRV GH XQD āUHFRPSHQVDQWH LQWHUDFFLyQ HVWD WHRULD QR SRGUi GHPRVWUDUVH PHQWH /D GLFRWRPtD HQWUH FDSDFLGDGQR FRQWURODGRUD VLJQtILFD GH QLQJ~Q R LQIRUPDG PRG SURSLHGDGHV GH ORV LQFHQWLYRVTXH la PRWLYDFLyQ SXHGHQ LQIOXLU VHOLPLWD VREU GRV'H KHFKR S GHQWUR RFR YHUHPRV TXH GH ORVUHWRV PRWLYDQ DOLQGLYLGXR FRPSHWHQFLDV DFW~DQ FRPR \TXH GHWHUPLQDQWHV SULQFLSDOHV GHO LQ FHUVH SRU PHGLR GHLQFHQWLYRV SRU PHWDV DVLJQDGDV RSRU PHWDV $O HYDOXDU DXWRLPSXHV ORV VL WHPDV GH LQFHQWLYRV .entre OD KD\ FRPSHQVDFLyQ TXH GLVWLQJXLU ·y HO TXH GHVDILR SURSRUFLR TXH HVWDEOHFH 3DUD DOJXLHQ TXH WUDEDMH HQ XQD FDGHQD GH PRQWD FLRQD XQ VDODULR le SURSRUFLRQD QLQJ~Q SHUR UHWR ā$ QR XāQ HMHFXWLYR HOGHVDILR XQ GH GH WHUPLQDGR EHQHILFLR KDFHUTXH VXWUDEDMR SXHGH WDQ LQWHUHVDQWH OH UHVXOWH D XQ HVFDODGRU FRPR D FDQ]DU XQD FLPD &XDQWRV PiV GHVDItRV SURSRUFLRQHQ ORVLQFHQWLYRV ELOLGDG LQGXFLUiQ HQ HO VXMHWR LQWHUpV SRU OD DF ,QLFLDOPHQWH āFRQVLGHUy VH TXH ODV UHFRPSHQVDV ORJURV TXH GH UHTXLH HMHF FLyQ HUDQ PiV \ SRU FRQWURODGRUDV WDQWR PiV SHUMXGLFLDOHV TXH OD FHQ QLQJXQD GHPDQGD(VWD HQHOQLYHO VXSRVLFLyQ GH QRHQFDMD HMHFXFLyQ FRQ OR FDPHQWH SXHVWR TXHUHFRPSHQVDU DODVSHUVRQDV FR FODUDPHQWH PHQRV PD\RU FRQWURODGRU SUREDELOLGDG WLHQH GH GLVPLQXLU HOL %DWHV )DUU D )DUU 9DQHH 0FOQW\UH \ *UHHQH\ /HSSHU 3KLOOLSV /RUG ā (QWRQFHV PiV WDUGH ODV HMHFXFLyQ UHFRPSHQVDV ODV F FXDOHV JHQHUDOPHQWH VH UHGHILQLHURQ DXPHQWDQ HOLQWHUpV FRPR (QWUH ORVGLVWLQWRV LQIRUPDWLYDV WXGLRV QRKD\ FRQVLVWHQFLD HQ ODFODVLILFDFLyQ GH GRUHV RLQIRUPDWLYRV HQOD XWLOL]DFLyQGH /DYDULDELOLGDG DPERV FDOLILFDWLYRV LOXVW OD GLVWLQFLyQ HQWUH HOORV 3DUD HYDOXDU XWLOLGDG GH OD HVWD GLVWLQFLyQ FRQFHSWXD JDQL]DWLYR VRQ QHFHVDULRV FULWHULRV H[SOtFLWRV TX GRUDV H LQIRUPDWLYDV ORV LQFHQWLYRV GH /DV HVWUXFWXUDV GH LQFHQWLYRV \ TXH TXH UHTXLHUHQ ORJURV SURSRUFLRQDQ ā GH HMH FXFLyQ VRQ FRQWURODGRUDV la PHGLGD TXH H[LJHQ HQ FLHUWDV GHVHDQ FRPSHWHQF EHQHILFLDUVH GH HOODV 3HUR pVWDV VRQSUHFLVDPHQWH LQFHQWLYR DGHFXDGDV SDUDSUR ODVHVWU SRUFLRQDU GHVDItRV (O FXOWLYR SHUVRQDOHV GH VXV FRPSHWHQFLDV SHUPLWH VRQDOPHQWH UHVXOWDGRV āORV 'HO PLVPR PRGR TXH ODV HVWUXFWXUDV QR āVRQ QHFHVDULD GH LQFHQW PHQWH HQHPLJRV OD DXWRGHWHUPLQDFLyQ GH WDPSRFR FRPSHWHQFLD ODLQIRUPDFLy HVQHFHVD ULDPHQWH LQGXFWRUD GH LQWHUpV HIHFWRV āTXH /RV pVWD VREUHODPRWLYDFLyQGHSH SURGX]FD GH TXH DSRUWH LQIRUPDFLyQ GH p[LWR RGH IUDFDVR logros $Vt HMHPSODUHV IDYRUHFHUi HOLQWHUpV GHXQ UHQGLPLHQWR GHO VXMHWR GHILF PLH SXHGH FUHDU EDUUHUDV LQWHUQDV DOD DXWRGHWHUPLQDFLyQ /D D FRPSHWHQFLD SHUFLELGD HVXQ PHGLDGRU FODUR GHOLQ DQDOL]DU XQD IRUPD GH VLVWHPiWLFD ORV HIHFWRV GH ORV VLVWH SHUFLELGD /DV SHUVRQDV VHRSRQHQ DTXH ORVGHPiV ODV PDQLSXOHQ 6 PDQLSXODWLYD UHGXFHQ OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ XQD ODV DFW UHDFFLyQ GH RSRVLFLyQ %UHKPQ \ QR XQD S SUREDEOH TXH ORV LQFHQWLYRV LQGX]FDQ OD LQGXF DSDULFLyQ WRUHV FRDFWLYRV SUHVHQWDQ FRPR TXH VLVH HOHPHQWRV GH DSR\R RFRPR HV GHO FRQWURO SHUVRQDO OD HMHFXFLyQ SRU 1R HVSUREDEOH PHGLR GH FRQFHUWLVWD TXH GHXQ SLDQR SLHUG āVXLQWHUpV SRU HOPLVPR FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD KRQRUDULRV GHKDEHU HOHYDGRVUHFLELG SRU VX WXDFLyQ VLQR SRFRYDORUDGR TXH VH \RIHQGLGR VHQWLUi ORV KRQRUDULRV FXDQGR TXH OHRIU EDMRV ā +DFLHQGR XQ SDUpQWHVLV SXHGH REVHUYDUVH TXH ODV FRQ VHFD FRQWLHQHQ XQD 3RUXQODGR SDUDGRMD VH GLFHTXHpVWD LQWHUHVDQWH HV ODIXHQWHGH āODDFWLYDFLyQ āGHO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR VH āVRVWLHQH 3RU TXHRWUR -RV LQFHQWLYRV ODGR ODV FUHD WLHPSR \ ODV yUGHQHV GLVPLQX\HQ OD PRWLYDFLyQ LQWUtQVHFD IiFLOPHQWH HVWR IXHUD āFLHUWR 6L XQ 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV PRWLYDGRUGHHVWHWLSRUHVXOWDUtD SRU ODVLQQXPHUDEOHVSUHVLR FRPSOHWDPHQWH G VHFDVTXHDFW~DQ FRQVWDQWHPHQWH VREUHODVSHUVRQD UHVXOWDUD DQXODGD WDQIiFLOPHQWH SRUODVLQIOXHQ PRWLYDGRU GH JHQHUDOL]DGR āOD FRQGXFWD /DFRQFHVLyQGHUHFRPSHQVDV QR VyORDFWLYDUHDFFLRQHVSRV HVXQDFWRVRFLDOTX YDVGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVHQVtPLVPDV(VWRVUHVXOW WHQODLPSUHVLyQGHTXHODDFWLYLGDG FDUHFH GHLQ SRUVtPLVPDXQDYH] TXH VHKD\D 3RU WDQWR DGTXLULGR XQRV PLVPRV FLHUW FHQWLYRVSXHGHQ SURYRFDU HIHFWRVGLVWLQWRV PHQVDMH āWUDQVPLWLGR VREUH SRUORVUHFRPSHQVDGRUHV · . Verificación de. impulsos intrínsecos. /DV WHRUtDV GH ORV LPSXOVRV UH FXDQGRpVWRVVRQ PHGLGRV GHIRUPDLQGHSHQGLHQWH GHODFRQGXFWD WRPDQODVYDULDFLRQHV HQODHMHFXFLyQGHODWDUHD YDULDFLyQ āGHODLQWHQVLGDG GH SXOVRGHFRPSHWHQFLDODFLUFXODULGDGGHVSRMDDO LQWHQVLGDGI GHOLPSXOVR RUPD VHSDUDGD GH GH VXVHIHFWRV VXSXHVWR DWULEXLGDV QR UHVXOWDUiQ DHOORV YHULILFDEOHV HPStULFDPHQWH (Q ODWHRUtDGH ODDWULEXFLyQ ODVDWULEXFLRQHV LQWHUYLQLHQWHVGHODHMHFXFLyQ 6LQHPEDUJR HQ EXFLRQHVHYRFDGDVUHDOPHQWH SRUODVUHFRPSHQVDV H PRGLILFDGD WUDYpV HMHFXFLyQD GHGLYHUVRVPHFDQLVPRV ORVGDWRVTX SHQVDVFDSDFHV GHDIHFWDU DORVMXLFLRV FDXVDOHV SUXHED HPStULFD GH SRFD IXHU]D /RV GDWRV VREUH SUiFWLFDV LQFHQWLYDV HOMXLFLR FDXVDO \HOLQWHU SRWHQWHGHODWHRUtD/RVHVWXGLRV HYROXWLYRVHQ VREUHtDVDWULEXFLRQHV SRQHQGHPDQLILHVWRODQHF UHODFLyQPHGLDGRUD 5HDOPHQWH ORVQLxRVSHTXHxRV GDG FXDQGR HVUHFRPSHQVDGD TXHFXDQGRQRORHVWi \5RVV 0RUJDQ . HQFRQWUy TXHODV UHFRPSHQVDV ORV QLxRVLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQ UHGXFHQ HOLQ pVWRVHVWiQGHDFXHUGRFRQHOSULQFLSLRDGLWLYRG SULQFLSLR GLVFRQWLQXR GH TXH ODV UHFRPSHQVDV OH HQGXGDHOFRQFHSWRGHTXHHQORVQLxRVSHTXHxRV XQSURFHVRDWULEXFLRQDO /DH[SOLFDFLyQ GLVFRQWLQXR TXHRIUHFH0RUJDQS GR FRQODFRQRFLGDFDSDFLGDG ORV QLxRVGHTXHHQ GHUD]RQDPLHQWR VXV H[SHULHQFLDV GHDSU GH ]DMHVRFLDO DSUHQGHQUiSLGDPHQWH XQSULQFLSLR V SDUDFRQVHJXLUTXHHOORVKDJDQFRVDVGHVDJUDGDEOH EH VHU TXH WDUHD OD āFDUHFH GH LQWHUpV (Q DTXHOODV DFWLYLGDGHV TXHQRH[LJHQGHPDVLDGD TXHODVUHFRPSHQVDVKDFHQ GLVPLQXLUHOLQWHUpVSR VDOQRHVWDQOLPLWDGRFRPRSDUD SHQVDUTXHVLHPS DFWLYLGDGLQWHUHVDQWH HVTXHKDQ GHSHUGHU HOLQW EXFLRQDOHV 'DGR TXH OD JHQWH VDEH ORTXH OHJXV WLHQHQ PD\RU WHQGHQFLD D KDFHU GHGXFFLRQHV VREU PDQLSXODWLYDVGHOUHFRPSHQVDGRU TXHVREUHVXVSUR PD\RU FUpGLWR FXDQGR DVXVKDELOLGDGHV FREUDQ SRU HOODVTXHFXDQGR (Q HO QR PXQGRGHOHVSHFWiFXOR GHOGHSRUWH\GHORVQHJRF KRQRUDULRV y VDODULRVHOHYDGRV WLHQHQPXFKDPD\RUWHQGHQ BVRQDOWDPHQWHFRPSHWHQWHV D SHQVDUTXH sé FRPSRUWDQGHIRUPDFRPSHWHQWH TXH e" .Ór ~a . . 6HKDQHVWXGLDGRH[WHQVDPHQWH GHODV UHFRPSHQVDV ORVHIHFWRV H[WUtQVHFDV VRE UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV GHPXHVWUDQ TXHWDOHVUHFRPSHQVDV HQODV DFWLYL SXHGHQ GDGHV UHGXFLUORRQRWHQHU HIHFWR DOJXQRVREUH 0RUJDQOD $OHYDOXDU HOSDSHOGHORVLQFHQ 0RWLYDGRUHV LQFHQWLYRV GLIHUHQFLDU VL VH XWLOL]DQ ORV SDUD LQFHQWLYRV PDQLSXODU OD DFWXDFLyQ R SDUD SURPRY WHQFLDV Incentivos contingentes con la tarea. +D\PD\RUSUREDELOLGDG GHTXHODVUHFRPSHQVD VHFDV UHGX]FDQ FXDQGR VHFRQFHGHQ HOLQWHUpV SRU PHUDPHQWH fa HMHFXFLyQ UHSHWLGD GH GDG LQWHUHVDQWH SRU VtPLVPD %DWHVa O\*UHHQH /HSSHU &RQGU\ &RQ GH FRQWLQJHQFLD LPSUHFLVD ODV UHFRPSHQVDV VHUHF ODHMHFXFLyQ 6LQHPEDUJR LQFOXVR HQODV UHVWULFWLYDV VLWXDFLRQHV HQ ODVTXH TXH VHFUHH ODV UHFRP SHQaDV UHGXFHQ HOLQWHUpV DYHFHVOR ORV $UQROG DXPHQWDQ Ba LQFHQWLYRV 'DYLGVRQ \%XFKH HOHYDQ HOLQWHUpV HVFDVR SHUR GLVPLQX\HQ &DOGHU y 6WDZ/RYHODQG \2OOH\ 0F/R\G RUHGXFHQ HOLQWHUpV HVFDVR SHUR QR DIHFWDQ*UHHQH DO6WHUQEHUJ HOHYDGR \ /HSSHU ā 6H SURGXFHQ KDOOD]JRV FRQIOLFWLYRV FXDQGR OD LQIOXHQFLD GH āGpELO XQ IDFW FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GHORFXDO I i FLOPHQWH RWURV IDFWRUHV VXVHIHFWRV SXHGH R ORV 6H KDQ PXFKRV HVWXGLDGR ā SRVLEOHV FRQWULEXLGRUHV FRQ IUHFXHQ GRV SRFR FRQFOX\HQWHV SRU HMHPSOR KD HVWXGLDGR VH $Vt ODPHGLGDHQ TXHODVUHFRPSHQVDV HO WLSR GH DFWLYLGDG \HOWLSR PRWLYDFL yQGH LQWUtQVHFD HYDOXDFLyQ DVtFRUQRODV GHOD VHHYDO~D (O KHFKR GHTXH HVWpQ GHWHUPLQDU WRGDYtD ORVHIHFWRV SHQGLHQWHV GHODV UHFRPSHQVDV GH FRQWLQJHQWHV D OD WDUHD WLHQH SRFD LPSRUWDQFLD PDOPHQWH QRVXHOHQ DGPLQLVWUDUVH LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGH -DFRQGXFWD UHFRPSHQVDV HPLWLGD7DP SRFR GHPDVLDGD KD\ QHFHVLGDG GH ORV VLVWHPDV GH LQFHQWLYRV ODJHQWH HQ DT FRQVLGHUD SRU LQWHUHVDQWHV Vt ā PLVPDV \TXH SRUWDQWRaGHVDUUROODU āH[WUtQVHFRV ā Incentivos contingentes con la competencia. /D FRQWURYHUVLD DFHUFD HIHFWRV GH ORV GH ID UHFRPSHQVDV āVXSHUIOXDV āVREUH HOLQWHUpV KD KHFKR SDVDU SRU HOHYDGR DOWR RWUR DVSHFWR WDQWH FRPR HVHODYHULJXDU SDUD ORVORJURV VLORVLQFHQWLYRV GHHMHFXFLyQ LQWHUpV y ODHILFD FXOWL FLD SHUFLELGD +D\ TXHGLVWLQJXLU HQWUH SRU HO GRPLQLR ODV WDUHDTXH UHFRPSHQVDV GHOD IDYRUHFHQ HO GHVDUUROOR y HOHMHUFLFLR GHOD HILFDFLD SHUVRQDO UHFRPSHQVDV FRQWLQJHQWHV \ODV FRQ ODH WHQLGDV SRU ODUHDOL]DFLyQ 1R HVSUREDEOH GH DFWLYLGDGHV HO HPSOHDGR TXH GHXQWDO UXWLQDU FRQIHFFLyQ TXH FRVH GtD \ TXH FDPLVDV FREUD SUHFLR XQ GtDHVWLS~ODGR WUDV SRU SLH]D WHUPLQDGD YD\D DXPHQWDQGR FDGD YH] FRVWXUDDSHVDU PiV VXDILFLyQ GHO HOHYDGRJUDGR GHFRQWLQJHQFL SRU OD HQWUH OD \ OD HMHXFLyQ UHFRPSHQVD ā /RV LQFHQWLYRV WDUHDV SDUD HOGRPLQLR SXHGHQFRQWULEXLU DO FUHFLPLHQWR GH LQWHUpV\GH GHO OD DXWRHItFDFLD /RV GHYDULDV LQFHQWLYRV IRUPDV SRVLWLYRV IDYRUHFHQ /DDGTXL ORV āVLFLyQ FRQVHFXHQWHGH FRQRFLPLHQWRV \ GHKDELOLGDGHV LQGLYLGXR TXH DOFDQ]DUVXV SHUPLWH PHWDV DO SHUVRQDOHV WLHQGH DXPHQWDU D VX DXWRHILFDFtD HIHFWR SHUFLELGD PHMRU FRQVHJXLGR WLYRV BFRQWLQJHQWHV OD FRPSHWHQFLD FRQ SRU ORV TXH QR FRQWLQJHQWHV E (ODOFDQ]DU 6FKXQN ORV UHVXOWDGRV GHVHDGRV YHQFLHQGR ODV F RPSHWHQFLDV ORV ā H[LVWHQWHV GHVDItRV 'DGR TXH ODVSHUVRQDV QRVXHOHQ UHQGLU āDSHVDU GHSRVHHU DOPi[LPRGH ODVKD GDGHV QHFHVDULDV ORV LQFHQWLYRV TXHOHV OOHYDQ DHVIRU]DUVH OHV D\XGDQ SRVLELOLGDGHV $O PRYLOL]DU UHDOHV XQ HVIXHU]R HOHYDGR ORV LQ PDQLILHVWH HO WDOHQWR KDEHU GHO DGTXLULGR VXMHWR QLQJXQD DSHVDU KDELOLGDG GH QR SURFHVR &XDQGR UHVXOWD GLILFLO MX]JDU OD FRPSHWHQFLD ~QLFDPHQWH D SDUWLU IUHFXHQWH ODV UHFRPSHQVDV SRVHHQ WDPELpQ YDORU HVWRV FDVRV OD UHFRPSHQVD OD PDJQLWXG actúa FRPR GH YDOLGDFLyQ āGH OD VRFLDO FRLQSHWHQFL 3DUD BFyPSOLFDUPiV GHHOSURFHVR YDOLGDFLyQFRPSHWHQFLD PD\RUtD āGH DFWLYLGDGHV VRQ SOXULIDFpWL OD FDV 3RU HMHPSOR ORVMXJDGRUHV GH EpLVERO KDQ GH FRQVLGHUDU IDFWRUHV HOEDWHR FRUQR ODSDUDGD \ GHYROXFLyQ Ha GH URER ODGH SHORWD OD FDUUHUD EDVH y VX HIHFWR OD VREUH GHO HTXLSR / HO D iQLPR FDSDFLGDG DXWRSHUFLELGDSXHGHYDULDU HQ āIXQFLyQ GHORVGLVWLQWRV DVSHFWRV ODDFWLYLGDG GH TXH GH IRUPD VXEMHWLYD 'HELGR D HVWDDPELJ VHHYDO~HQ HGDG HOQLYHO GHUHFRPSHQVD LQIRUPD FRPSRUW FLyQ VREUHOD VRFLDO OD FDOLGDGGH HMHFXFLyQ (Q H āVWH āSURFH VROi HMHFXFLyQ FRPSHWH ob • \ ~ f • • 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV FRPRODUD]yQSDUD ODUHFRPSHQVD \QRDOFRQWUDUL LQIOXHQFLDGHODHILFDFLDFDXVDO HQHOLQWHUpVGH GHORVUHVXOWDGRVUHFRPSHQVDQWHV DXPHQWDHOLQWHUp 6LSRZLF] &RQVHJXLUILQHVUHFRPSHQVDQWHVDXP 1XWWLQ ORV āPHGLRV 'LYHUVDVOtQHDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQKDQFRQILUPDGR UpVFXDQGR VLUYHQSDUD DXPHQWDU RSDUD FRQILUPDU DGXOWRVPDQWLHQHQRDXPHQWDQ VXLQWHUpVHQODVDFW SRUVXV OR JURVGHHMHFXFLyQPLHQWUDVTXHVXLQWHUpVGHVFLHQ DF WLYLGDGHVLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GHFXiOVHDVXQLYHO &XDQWRPiVFRPSHWHQFLD ODV UHFRPSHQVDV LQGLTXHQ H[WHUQDVPD\RUVHU SURGXFLUi HQHO LQWHUpVSRUODDFWLYLGDG \5RVV &XDQGRODWDVDGHUHWU (Q]OH GHGHOQLYHOGHFRPSHWHQFLD HOLQWHUpVTXH VHUH VHSUR FRPSHQVDJHQHURVDPHQWH TXHFXDQGRODUHFRPSHQVD (Q DXVHQFLDGHLQIRUPDFLy H OD FRPSHWHQFLD ODV YDULDFLRQHV HQ OD WDVD GH UH 5RVHQILHOG)ROJHU\$GHOPDQ (Q ODDSOLFDFLyQGHORVLQFHQWLYRVH /ySH] FXDQWRPD\RUHVHOVHQWLGRGHHILF FXFLyQPD\RUHVHODXPHQWR SDJDERQRV GHVXLQWHUpVEDMRXQ &XDQGR ODUH PDWHULDOSRUORVORJURVGHHMHFXFLyQVHDFRPSDxD FLDO GH OD FRPSHWHQFLD WDQWR ORV QLxRV FRPR ORV DG DFWLYLGDG 3UHWW\\6HOLJPDQ 6DJRVWVN\\/H SDUD HPSUHQ GHUXQD DFWLYLGDG LQFHQWLYRV SDUD HQYH]GHORV UHDOL]DUOD ELHQ SXHGHQ DX HPSUHQGHU GLFKD DFWLYLGDG SURSRUFLRQD LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH O /RVGDWRVHPStULFRVTXHLQGLFDQTXHODVLP VRHQDXVHQFLDGHUHFRPSHQVDV WDQJLEOHVSXHGHDX WDOGHVHPSHxDGR ID FRPSHWHQFLD SRU SHUFLELGD VREUHHOLQWHUpV 5RVHQILHOG S \FRO /D LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUHODSURSLD FRP WDPELpQFRQWULEX\H al GHVDUUROORGHOLQWHUpV/RVQLxRVSHTXHxR WLYDSHURORVQLxRVPD\RUHVPXHVWUDQ PXFKRPiVLQ UHDOL]DUOD PHMRUTXH VXV FRPSDxHURV TXH FXDQGR p /RVORJURVGHHMHFXFLyQREWHQLGRV PHGLDQWHDXWRL UpV /DVPHWDVSHUVRQDOHV \ HOGRPLQLR HVWDEOHFHQ DXWRGLULJtGRIRUWDOH ODV ā DXWRSHUFHSFLR UHWRV QHV āGHHILFDFLD 3RU WDQWR ORV FDPELRV HQORVKiEL SHQVDLQGXFHQXQVHQWLGRGHGHWHUPLQDFLyQ VH REWLHQH FXDQGR SHUVRQD HVWRVPLVPRVFDPELRVVHFRQVLJXHQSRUPHGLRGHUHF -HIIUH\ $GHPiV HOLQGLYLGXRPXHVWUDPXFKRPiV LQWHUpV SRUODVDFWLYLGDGHV VLORVFRPSRQ PRWLYDFLyQ FULWHULRV LQWHUQRV āGHHMHFXFLyQ QLYHOGHUHFRPSHQVD UHFRPSHQVD F HVWiQ GHWHUPLQDGRV SHUVRQDOPHQWH TXH VLORHVWiQ GHV KDOOD]JRVMXQWR FRQORV GH'ROOLQJHU 7KHOHQ ā \ VXJLHUHQTXH VLVHSR FLRQHVDOHMHUFLFLRGHDXWRUUHFRPSHQVD HVSRVLEO GHV VHUTXH DQR GXUDQWH HVWHKDELOLGDGHV SURFHVR VH DGTXLHUDQ ā QX 0iV DOOi GH ORV LQFHQWLYRV H[WUtQVHFRV /DGLVFXVLyQDQWHULRUQRGHEHLQWHUSUHWDUVH DID SXHGHQ VHxDODUFDVRV HQ ORV TXHVHDSOLFDQ LQFHQWLYRVPDWHULDOH SDUD HOGHVDUUROORSHUVRQDO SDUD FRQVHJXLUXQDUHJXODFLyQGHWLSRVRF ORVLQFHQWLYRVKDQGHXWLOL]DUVH SULQFLSDOPHQWH S FRPSHQVDUGHIRUPDPDWHULDO DODVSHUVRQDV SRUDF PLVPDVQRVyORUHVXOWDLQDSURSLDGR VLQRTXHDGHP WLYRV/D LQWURGXFFLyQ GH UHFRPSHQVDV VXSHUIOXDV ULDV FXDQGR pVWDV FRQ HOWLHPSR DFDEDQ SRUGHVDSDUHFHU 3RU HO PXODQODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ DFWLYLGDGHV GH RWUR TXH PRGRHOLQGLYLGXRUHFKD]DU \ HQODVTXHSRU WDQWRQROOHJDUtDDLQWHUHVDUVHāQXQFD HQ O D $PHGLGD 0RWLYDGRUHV LQFHQWLYRV DFWLYLGDG ODVUHFRPSHQVDV VLPEyOLFDV\DXWRHYDOXDWtYDV VRFLDOHV DVXPHQ ODV IXQFLRQHV WLYRV %DQGXUD ā ā D ā ā /RV LQFHQWLYRV ~QLFR PHGLR QR GH VRQ FXOWLYDU L HO QWHUpV QL HO QHFHVDULDPHQWH HO \D LQGLFDPRV DQWHV ODWUDYpV SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GHOD DXWRLPSRVLFLyQGH HQ DFWLYLGDG PHW RULJLQDU LQWUtQVHFR LQWHUpV SHUVRQDOHV /DVTXH VXEPHWDV UHVSRQGHQ DDVSLUDFLRQH UHFHQ OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ āDFWLYLGDGHV TXH VRVWHQLGD GHVDUUROOHQ DXWRHILFDFLDR FRPSHWHQFLD LQWH UpV /DV VXEPHWDV SURSRUFLRQDQ LQFHQWLYRV SDUDHO FXOWLYR KDELOLGDGHV( SUR[LPDOHV GH ORJUR HVWDV GH VXEPHWDV FUHD LQGLFDGRUHV QXHYRV GH GRPLQLR TXH āSHUPLWHQ DXPHQWDU ODV DXWRSHU FHSFLRQHV GH HILFDFLD 3RU PHWDV HO GLVWDOHV FRQWUDULR HVWiQGHPDVLDGR OHMRV ,DV HQ WLHPSR HO SDUD SURSRUFLRQDU XQRV PDUFDGRUHV FODURV FRPR GH SDUD SURJUHVR DVHJXUDU VHQWLGR VXILFLHQ XQ FUHFLHQWH DXWRHItFDFLD5HDOPHQWH GH OD DXWRHYDOXDFLyQ PHQRVSUHFLVDFXDQG GH HILFDFLD ODV HV PHWDV GLVWDOHV VRQ TXH FXDQGRVRQ SUR[LPDOHV y +DUDFKLHZLF] 0DQGHUOLQJ FRQORV TXHHOLQGLYLGXR GH HMHFXFLyQ WDPELpQ FRPSDUDLQIOX\HQ OD VXV FDQWLGDG ORJURV DXWRVD HQ GH WLVIDFFLyQ REWHQLGD DSDUWLU GH HOORV &XDQGR ODHMHFXFLyQ GLVWDO pV ORV OR V JURV SXHGHQ UHVXOWDU GHFHSFLRQDQWHV DOD JUDQ GHELGR GLIHUHQFLD KDEHU HQWUpHO TXH UHQGt SXHGH PLHQWR \ ODV DFWXDO HOHYDGDV PHWDV IXWXUDV GHVDUUROOD LQWHUpV &RPR D SHVDU FRQVHFXHQ GH āTXH SXHGDQ KDEHUVH GHVDUUROODGR KDELOLGDGHV ā HQ p (O KHFKR GHTXH ODDXWRPRWLYDFLyQ GHVDUUROODU HOLQWHUpV SUR[LPDO SRUDFWLYLGD LQWUtQVHFR SXHGH GHV VLQ SDUD H YDORU OLQGLYLGXR SRU YLHQH XQ HVWXGLR DSR\DGR HO TXH VHKL]R HQ VHJXLU D QLxRV PX\ GHILFLHQWHV HQPDWHPiWLFDV SRU ID \ DVLJQDWXUD VLQ LQWHUpV GH XULSURJUDPD DSUHQGL]DMH DXWRGLULJLGR HQ VXEPHWDV FRQGLFLRQHV SUR[LPDOHV GH VLQUHIHUHQFLD PHWDV DOJXQD DODV GLVWDOHV PHWDV %DQGXUD y 6FKXQN %DMR ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GH QLxRV SURJUH VXEPHWDV S VDURQ UiSLGDPHQWH HQ HODSUHQGL]DMH DOFDQ]DURQ GRPLQLR XQ LPSRUWDQWH DXWRGLULJLGR RSHUD GH FLRQHV āPDWHPiWLFDV \ GHVDUUROODURQ XQ VHQWLGR HILFDFLD GH \ GH SHUVRQDO LQWHUpVOD LQWUtQVH DULWPpWLFD PDWHULD LQLFLDOPHQWH DWUDFWLYD āSDUD SRFR HOORV /DV āQLHWDV GLVWDOHV QR WXY GHPRVWUDEOHV OD &XDQWR DXWRHILFDFLD PD\RU PD\RU IXH WDPELpQ SHUFLELGD HOLQWHUpVGHVDU IXH GR SRU ODV DFWLYLGDGHV DULWPpWLFDV E HVWXGLR HQXUL 0DUJDQ SDUD GLVHxDGR PHMRUDU ODV DF YLGDGHV DFDGpPLFDV GHORV DOXPQRV XQLYHUVLWDULRV GXUDQWH XQSHU bora WDPELpQGH HO āDV VXEPHWDV YDORU SUR[LPDOHV HQ HOā GHVDUUROOR ā &RPR FXDOTXLHU IRUPD GH LQIOXHQFLD RWUD SXHGHQ ODV DSOLFDUVH PHWDV TXH GH LQGX]FDQ IRUPD DYHUVLyQ SRU HQOXJDU OD GH DFWLYLGDG DXPHQWDU LQWHUpV HOOD HO SRU /RV SHUVRQDOHV FULWHULRV GH HMH FXFLyQ TXH DFW~DQ FRPR JXtD ODVDVSLUDFLRQHV GH LQGLYLGXR YDORUDGDV y ORV UHWRV SRUHO SHUVRQ IDYRUHFHQ GHLQWHUpV ODDSDULFLyQ 6LQHPEDUJR VL ODVPHWDV DVLJQDGDV VHYH SRU ORV UDV OLPLWDFLRQHV \ FDUJDV SHVDGDV SUHVFULSFLRQHV SXHGHQ LQGXFWRUDV FRQYHUWLUVH DYHUVLyQ HQ 'DGR TXH ORV HIHFWRV PHWDV PRWLYDFLRQDOHV āGHSHQGHQ VXVGH SURSLHGDGHV GH ODVSURSRVLFLRQ ODV UHVSHFWR DO HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH ORV WLSRV PHWDV GH aQLHWD aXWM+LDTDV GHEHQ FDOLI 0RVVKROGHU VHxDOD DXPHQWDQHO TXH LQWHUpV ODV PHWDV WDUHDVSHVDGDV FRQYLU XQ UHWR SHUR TXH VLQHPEDUJR SRUODVWDUHDVLQWHUHVDQWHV UHGXFH SRU HILQWHUpV VtPLVPDV 6LQHP EDUJR DVSLUDFLRQHV VL ODV ā\ ORV GHVDILRV IXHUDQ FRQWUDSURGXFHQWHV DTXHOODV DFWLYLGDGHV HQ T UHYLVWHQ FLHUWR PX\SRFR LQWHUpV DO DXWRGHVDUUROO VHUYLUtDQ y GHO VXMHWR GH $IRUWXQDGDP RFXUUH 8QD DFWLYLGDG LQWHUHVDQWH TXH GLVSRQJD \ T GH XHXQ FRQWLQ~H FULWHU UHSUHVHQWDQGR SDUD HOLQGLYLGXR XQGHVDILR FDSD] GH DXPHQWDU HV HOLQWHUpV LQWUtQVHFR TXH OD PLVPD DFWLYLGDG FRQ XQ QLYHO EDMR GH GHVDILR 6LODV VXEPHWDV SDUD UHDOL]DU XQD DFWLYLGD IiFLOPHQH DOFDQ]DEOHV ODV PHWDV GLVWDOHV TXH VH FRQVLGHUDQ PiV GHVSHUWDU HQHVWH FDVR XQPD\RU y +DUDFNLHZLF] LQWHUpV /RV 0DQGHUOLQJ p[LWRV UXWLQ VLQ HO DXPHQWR FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH GH ODFRPSHWHQFLD SDUDpVWH (Q ORV HVWXGLRV TXH PHWDVSUR[LPDOHV ODV HQORV FXOWLYDQ OD HILFDFLD \ HOLQWHUpV SHUFLELGD LQWUtQVHFR FDGD VXEPHWD SUR[LPDO SUHVHQWD QXHYRV GHVDItRV HQ āHOGRPLQLR VXEK iELOLGDGHV GH QXH YDV %DQGXUD \ 6FKXQN ā ā ā ā ā /D FRQFHSFLyQ āGH &VLNV]HQWPtKDO\L VREUH LQWHUpV LQWUtQVHFR LQVLVWH HQ DTXHOODV DFWLYLGDGHV GHIRUPDTXH TXHHVWiQ SUHVHQWDQG pVDxRV HVWUXFWXUDGDV FRQVWDQWHV \T ~H SRU WDQWR FRQVLJXHQXQD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ āFRQWLQXDGD &VLNV]HQWPtKDO\L DQDOL]y TXp HOHPHQWR G ODV GH SRU HO 3HQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV ODDFWLYLGDGHVHOTXHIDYRUHFH ODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ (ODXWRUHQFRQWUyTXHSUiFWLFDPHQWHLQWHUHVDQ FXDOTXLHUDFW WHVLVHHOLJHQDTXHOORV TXH ā FRLQFLGHQFRQODVFDSDFLGDGHV UHWRV y VHREWLHQH SHUFL DGHPiV UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ GH āOD SURSLD HMHFXFLyQ (O UDVJR HVWUX MXHJRVGHFRPSXWDGRUD TXHFDXWLYDDORVMXJDGRUHV WLYLGDGWHQJDXQD PHWD GHVDILDQWH R ā QR 0DORQH (V SRVLEOH HVWUXFWXUDU FUHDWLYDPHWQH ODVDFWLYLGDGHV G UpVGHOVXMHWR \ ā/DZOHU +DFNPDQ 0DORQH ā0DORQH \/HSSHU (VWR VHFRQVL JXHLQWURGXFLHQGRHQ ODVWDUHDV GHODV PLVPDVDOJRDJUDGDEO FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SR KDFHU FUHDQGR UHWRV SHUVRQDOHV PHGLDQWH HOHVWD FRQWUDUUHVWH HVWLPXODQGR HO DEXUULPLHQWR OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG SHUVR FLRQDQGRUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ GHORVSURJUHVRV(OF SRUORV TXHHVWRV GLVWLQWRV IDFWRUHV DFWLYDQ ORV PRWLYDGRUHV SHUPLWH FRJQLWLYRV āFUHDU HQWRUQRV TXH IDYR DSUHQGL]DMH HILFD] &XDQWR VH HVWUXFWXUHQ PHQRV LQWHUHVDQWHPHQWH ODV VHUi DFWLYLGDGH OD QHFHVLGDG GHPRWLYDFLyQ WUDYpV āGH LQFHQWLYRVH[WUtQVHFRV D $U H[SORUDU PHGLDGRUHV FRJQLWLYRV āGHOLQWHUpV SDVDU SRUDOWRORVGHWHUPL HVPX\IiFLO VRFLDOHVPiVLPSRUWDQWHV GHORVLQWHUHVHV LQWHUpV KXPDQRV SRUDFWLYLGDGHV TXHGH RWURPRGRUHVXOWDUtDQ LQGLIHUHQWHV /RV HMHPSORVGH DTXHOODVSHUVRQDV EXVFDQUHWRV SHUVRQDOHVTXH \TXHVHFRPSURPHW KTXH KDF HULFDXVDQ XQDSURIXQGDLPSUHVLyQHQORVGHP VHJXLUiOD GH RWUDV YLGD SHUVRQDV /DV LQIOXHQFLDVPRGHODGDV SDUD HW GHVDUUROOR \ GH O OD RVLQWHUHVHV FDQDOL]DFLyQ KXPDQRV . . . . ORV ."" '~ ' Incen~ivo~. m_ultifo~mes en HO funcionamiento·psicológico . $XQTXHORTXHDODVSHUVRQDV OHVUHVXOWDUHFRPSH FRQGXFWD KXPDQD HVWi UHJXODGD GXUDQWH WRGDODYL FHQWLYRV0XFKDV DFWLYLGDGHV HVWiQUHJXODGDVSRU HVIXHU]RVSDUDUHGXFLU HOLPLQDUODV FRQGLFLRQHVDYHUVLYDV R \SDUDREWHQ FLyQ VH[XDO FRPLGD DSHWLWRVD HWF *UDQGHV VHJP āUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ āVHQVRULDO ODV LPiJHQHV GH \āVHQVDFLRQHV VRQLGRV WiFWLOHV TXH āā DKDFH JHQWH āPXFKDV FRVDV SRU GLQHURRSDUD SRGHU DFFH ā FLHQWtILFRV FHQVXUDQ VRFLDOHVTXp HO XVy GHā LQFHQWLYRVH[WUtQVHFRV QR VXHOHQUHQXQFLDU DHV UHFRPSHQVD WUDWD FXDQGR GH DXPHQWRV VH GpVXVVDODULRV OLEURV y KRQRUDULRV UR\DOWLHV SRU VXVDFWXDFLRQHV SRU WHPRU «laDTXH PRQHGDGHHVWH SHUMXGLTXH āVUHLQRª XVLQWHUHVHV /DV SHQVDV YDOLRVDVVH DFHSWDQ LQRFXDV FRPR SDUD āXQRPLVPR SHUR SDUD ORVGHPiV SHUMXGLFLDOHV /D JHQWH KDFHJUDQGHVHVIXHU]RVSDUD DVHJXUDUVHHOUHVSHWR GHP iV y SDUD HYLWDUODFHQVXUD GHORV ā VRFLHGDG7HQGUtD TXHVHUXQDSHUVRQD H LQVHQVLEOH H[WUDxD TXLHQSXGLHUD SHUP LQGLIHUHQWH D ORVVHQWLPLHQWRVā GHORV GHPiV 'HKHFKR DOJXQDVYHFHVODJHQW ā]RVSDUD DORV EHQHILFLDU GHPiVVt TXH PLVPRV D +DUXNL \ 6KLJHKLVD ā ā ā0XFKRVGHORV UHVXOWDGRV TXHH[SHULPHQWDPRV HQ GRV SRU ORV āDFWRV ORV GHPiV GH ā FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV 9DOLpQGRVH SHUVXDVLYRV SHUVRQDV SXHGHQ FRQVHJXLU ELHQHV \ VHUYLFLRVYDO SHVDGDV HQVXOXJDU PRGLILFDU ODVUHJXODFLRQHV D WDQGHIRUPDDGYHUVD DVXELHQHVWDU \UHVLVWLUO FLyQTXHQREHQHILFLDQ (Q WDOHVFDVRVODFRQGXFWD VXVLQWHUHVHV VRFLDOU p[LWR FRQVHJXLU DO LQIOXLU VREUH ā OD ā FRQGXFWD ā GHORV GH /DVSHUVRQDV WDPELpQ SDUD FRPSODFHUVH KDFHQ D VtPLVPDV PXFKDV FRVDV LQYLUWLHQG WLHPSR\ HVIXHU]R HQ āDFWLYLGDGHV TXHFRPSRUWDQ VDWLVIDFFLyQ S FXFLyQ0XFKDV YHFHV ODSURSLD DXWRHVWLPD SHVD BLQFaQWLYRV HO UHFRQRFLPLHQWR GHGLQHUR ELHQHVWDU ItVLFR VRFLDO\HO 3RU WDQWR ID H[SHULHQFLD HYROX WLYDH[SDQGHODHVIHUD y PRGLILFD āV GH XSULRULGDG LQFHQWLYRVHILFDFHV D āDSHURQRVXVW TXHOORV LQFHQWLYRVTXH SXHGHQ āFRQVLGHUDUVH āEDMRV HQ XQ PiV VLVWHPD PXOWLIRUPH H GH 0RWLYDGRUHV LQFHQWLYRV 3UHGLFWLELOLGDG GH ORVUHVXOWDGRV /DV LQWHUDFFLRQHV KXPDQDV HVWiQ LQFHQWLYRV UHJXODGDV $OJXQRV UHVXOWD HQSD GRV HVWiQ GLVSXHVWRV VRFLDOPHQWH GHDFXHUGR DSUR FLDGRV DOD )HUVWHU\ HMHFXFLyQ 6NLQQHU /DV UHFRPSHQVDV D OD TXH PD\RUtD VH DVRFL GH DFWLYLGDGHV TXH IRUPDQ SDUWH FRPHU HQIDPLOLD GH OD UXWLQD YLDMDU GLDULD HQ S~EOLFRV \HQ DYLRQHV \UHDOL]DU SDVDWLHPSRV UHFU PRPHQWRV ORFXDO DO LQGLYLGXR SHUPLWH UHJXODUGHOWLHPSR VXFRQGXFWD SXHVWR QRQH TXH HQIXQF FHVLWD JDVWDU WLHPSR QLFRQVXPLU UHVXOWDGRV TXHGHVHD VXSDFLHQFLD REWHQHU FXD VR ]DEOHV HQ HVH PRPHQWR /D SURJUDPDFLyQ WHPSRUDO SDUD RUJDQL]DU GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV ODV DFWLYLGDGH SDUDVLUY PDQWHQHUODV XQ SHULRGR GXUDQWH GH WLHPSR 3DUD HVWH GHWHUPLQDGR SURSyVLWR7DV HMH GH UHFRPSHQVDUVH HQEDVH D OD SURGXFWLYLGDG DOD \ QR VyORHQ FDOLGDG GHWHUPLQDGRV R PRPHQ /DV WDUHDV FUHDWLYDV VHUHFRPSHQVDQ WtSLFDPHQWH TXH HQODV WDUHDV GH SURGXFFLyQ UHVXOWDGRV VH DVRFLDQ \GH VHUYLFLRV HVWUHFKDPHQW SURGXFWLYLGDG &XDQGRORV ORVSURSLRVV UHVXOWDGRV HVIXHU]RVGHSHQGHQ ODFRQGXFWD GH ELHQ /DSUHGLFWLELOLGDG HV RWUD GLPHQVLyQ YDUtDQ ORV HQ UHVXOWDGRV ODHMHFXFL FXDO yQ /RV GH OD LQGL YLGXRV FX\D KD HVWDGR FRQGXFWD UHFRPSHQVDGD FRQVLVWHQWHPHQWH UiSLGRV \ VH GHVDQLPDQ IiFLOPHQWH FXDQGR 3RU HOFRQWUDULR VXV HVIXHU]RV DTXHOORV IUDFDVD R UHFRPSHQVDGRV GHIRUPD LUUHJXODU WLHQGHQ DSHUVLVWLU \GHO DSHVDU p[LWR WDQ VyOR RFDVLRQDO DOFDQ]DU TXH /RV FRQVLJDQ UHVXOWDGRV LPSUH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR DOWDPHQWH UHVLVWHQWH DOFDPELR GDG SRU OD FUHHQFLD DFDEDUiQ FRQVLJXLHQGR GH TXH VXV GHVHRV /D FRQGXF FXDQGR HVUHFRPSHQVDGD DXQQLYHO QR āVHGLVSRQH EDMR GHRWURV \YDULDEOH PH SDUD DVHJXUDU ORV UHVXOWDGRV GHVHDGRV Variacionesestructuralesde· los VLVWHPDV GH incentivos· /D LQIOXHQFLD HQ HO-XQFLRQDPLHQWR KXPDQR SRU FXHVWLyQ TXH DIHFWH DSHUVRQDV \DFWRV DLVODGRV FLDOLQHQWH SDUD FRKHUHQFLD GDU OD \ YLGD GLUHFFLyQ VRFLDO $GHPiV D OD PD\RUtD GH H KRPEUH FRPSRUWDQ XQDVHULH GH LQWHUGHSHQGHQFLDV GHQWURGH HVWUXFWXUDV VRFLDOHV GHJUXS ODUHV GLVHxDGDV SDUD SURPRYHU FXDOLGDGHV \ORJURV KXPDQRV YDO HVXQGHWHUPLQDQWH LPSRUWDQWH SDUD OOHJDU GHORVHIHFWRV DFRPSUHQGHU GH O SDSHO GH pVWRV HQ HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR UHDOL]DU XQ DQiOLVLV KXPDQR VRFLDO HV QH ā 6H KDQ UHDOL]DGR QXPHURVRV HVWXGLRV VREUH VLVWHPDV UHVXOWDGRV TXH ODVSHUVRQDV Ga VXVSURSLRV REWLHQHQ DFWRV GHSHQGHQ GHOD FRQ LQGHSHQGL GXFWD GH ORV GHPiV SUHYDOHQFLDGH $ ODV SHVDU DFWLYLGDGHV GH ODKD SUHVWDGR FROHFWLYDV SRFD DWHQFLyQ DORVHIHFWRV āGHJUXSR GHVREUH ORVLQFHQWLYRV HOIXQFLRQDPLHQWR /D YLGD VRFLDO FRPSRUWD XQD H[WHQVD LQWHUGHSHQGHQFLD HQWUH DFWR GRV DOWDPHQWH SRU HOLQGLYLGXR YDOLRVRV VyOR SXHGHQ DOFDQ]DUVH D ORV GHPiV OR FXDO FRQYLHUWH D ODV UHFRPSHQVDV G WDOPHQWH GHSHQGLHQWH HMHFXFLRQHV GHGH ODVORV GHPiV PLHPEURV G FHQWLYRV WDPELpQ HVWiQ HVWUXFWXUDGRV DOJXQDV YHFH FDGD LQGLYLGXR LQIOX\HQ HQ HOWUDWDPLHQWR TXH UHF VH KDOODQ HVWUHFKDPHQWH DVRFLDGRV ā /RV LQFHQWLYRV HVWUXFWXUDGRV VRFLDOPHQWH VLQR TXH WDPELpQ QR VyO SX GHQ LQIOXLU SURIXQGDPHQH HQODV DXWRSHUFHSFLRQHV GH QLGDG y HQ HO QLYHO GH DXWRVDWLVIDFFLyQ y GH DXWRHVWLPD āGHULYH TXH DFWRV GH 3RU VH VXV WDQWR OD āHYDOXDFLyQ GHORV VLVWHPDV GH LQFHQWLYRV SVLFROyJLFD \ VRFLDO GHEHUtD TXH pVWRV SURPXHYHQ DGHP iVGH VXV HIHFWRV Ha FRPSRUWDPLHQWR VREUH /RV ORJURV GH HMHFX 3HQVDPLHQWR y acción.. )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV GHQHQULTXHFHUODYLGDGHODVSHUVRQDV SDUD RELHQGHJ SURPRYHUORV (IHFWRV GLIHUHQFLDOHV GH ORV LQFHQWLYRV LQGLYLGXDOHV \ GH JUXSR /RV LQFHQWLYRV āQR LQIOX\HQ QHFHVDULDPHQWH VREUH āHO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH āWD āPLVPD GHO JUXS IRUPDTXH OR KDFHQ VREUH FRQGXFWD OD GHORVLQGLYLGXRV \D TXHORVLQFHQWLYRV KDFLD HO RULHQW JUXSRDFWLYDQ LQIOXHQFLD RWUDV IXHQWHVGH HQ IXQFLyQGH VRFLDOTXH VX QDWXUDOH]DDXPHQWD RGH ELOLWDQHOSRGHUGHDTXpOORV&XDQGR VRFLDOGDFRQGXFW ORVLQFHQWLY PRGHODGD SRUORV GHPiVSDUWLFLSDQWHV LQIOX\HQWHSRUVtPLVPD/RV UHVXOWD FDPELRVFRYDULDQWHV SURGXFHQ ORVLQFHQWLYRVHQODFRQGXFWD PRGHODGD PRGLIL GHO JUXSR ā'HELGRD ODV LQIOXHQFLDV āPRGHODGDV FRQFRPLWDQWHV XQPLVPR UHVXOWDPXFKRPiVHILFD]VLORVPLHPEURVPiVVREU UHVSRQGHQ IDYRUDEOHPHQWH DGLFKRVLVWHPDāTXHVLVHPXHVWUDQ 6FKZDUW]\+DZNLQV- PHQRVUHVSRQVL KHFKR YHUTXH ORV GHPiV UHVSRQGHQ RSRQLHQGRUHVLVWHQFLD DORV ODUORVHIHFWRV āKDELWXDOHV GH UHFRPSHQVD OD 'LWULFKV y *UHHQH 6LPRQ /D LQIOXHQFLDVREUHHOQLYHOGHHMHFXFLyQGHOJUX GD OXJDUWDPELpQ XQD D UHDFFLyQPXWXDHQWUHVXVPLHPEURV TXHORV SURSLRVLQFHQWLYR TXHSXHGHOOHJ /RVDSR\RV VRFLDOHVPXWXRVDXPHQWDQHO SRGHUGH ORVLQFHQWLYRV SURSRUFLRQDQG HMHFXFLyQ HLQFUHPHQWDQGR\DVSLUDFLRQHV WDPELpQ GHOJUXSR$SDUHFH ODGHGLFDFLyQ UHV ORVāFDPELRVVRFLDOHVāFXDQGR pVWRV LQGXFHQ WHPRU FKRFDQ PX\ DUUDLJDGDV FRQ R FRVWXPE DPHQD]DQ,DVHVWUXFWXUDV GHSRVLFLyQ SXHGHQ \SRGHU/RV QHJDU ORV VLVWHPDVGHLQFHQWLYRV GHVDSUREDQGR SDUD FX\D LQGXFFLyQ KDQ DTXHOORVFD VLGR DSOLFDGRV /RV GHWHUPLQDQWHV HVWUXFWXUDOHV GHO JUXSR āWDPELpQ GHVHPSHxDQ FLHUWR SDSHO &XDQG SHUVRQDV YHQTXHRWURV GHO JUXSRVHDSURYHFKDQ PLHPEURV GHVXWUDEDMR YDPHQWHDOHVIXHU]RFRP~QVHVLHQWHQH[SORWDGDV\ WDULDPHQWH VXSURSLRUHQGLPLHQWR DSHVDUGHTXHH \ SDUDHOJUXSR .HUU 7DPELpQ SXHGHDSDUHFH LQFOXVRVLQTXHH[LVWDJUDQGLVSDULGDG KD GHPRVWUDGR HQODVFRQ TXHHOLQGLYLGXR REVHUYD\ UHFXHUGD PiVVX SURSLDFRQWULEXFLyQ DOHVIXHU]R GHPiVFRSDUWLFLSDQWHVDFRQVHFXHQFLD GHORFXDO PiVDVtPLVPRV TXHD ORVGHPiV PLHPEURV 'DGR TXHOD WHQGHQFLDD FHQWUDUVH DOD HQXQRPLV KRUDGH HYDOXDU ODFRQWULEXFLyQ WDUHDV SHUVRQDO TXH āUHDOLFH HOJUXSR SXHGHQ HVJHQHUDOL] RULJLQDUIiFLOPHQWHVHQWLPLHQWRV GH UHFRQRFLPLHQ ā/ D PD\RUSDUWHGHODV DFWLYLGDGHV GHJUXSRUHTXLHUHQ SDSHOHV ā\KDELOLGDGHV HVSHFLDOL WDQWRQRWRGRVORVPLHPEURVFRQWULEX\HQ D ORVORJURVGHOJUXSR FDQWLGDGHVGH SRULJXD 6LGLVW HVIXHU]R GHORVSDUWLFLSDQWHV SURSRUFLRQDQ ODP WLYRVR PiV SUROtILFRV SHUFLELUiQ HOVLVWHPDGHLQFHQWLYRVFRPRLQMXVW SHQVDVVH DGPLQLVWUDQ HQ IXQFLyQGH ODFRQWULEXFLyQ UHODWLYDGHFDGD PLHPEUR VXUJHQSUREOH PRWLYDFLyQVLVHFRQVLGHUD TXHODGLIHUHQFLDHQO DO JUDGRGHFRQWULEXFLyQDOHVIXHU]R WRWDO (Q XQ DFXHUGR HQTXH ORVPpGLFRV FREUHQ PiV TXHHOODV IHUHQFLDGHKRQRUDULRV TXHH[LVWHHQWUHDPERV&X QRHTXLWDWLYRV FUHDQGHVFRQWHQWR HQFRQWUDU PHGLGDV \GLVFRUGLD REMHWLYD 'HE GHODVFRQWULEXFLRQHV UHODWLYDV\GH ODVUHFRPSHQVDV SURSRUFLRQDOHV FRU YRVā TXH VH DSOLFDQ DXQ JUXSRGHMDQ XQ DPSOLRSDUD PDUJHQ OD LQVDWLVIDFFLyQ (VWUXFWXUDVMHUiUTXLFDV GH LQFHQWLYRV ā /DVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVDVRFLDQ JHQHUDOPHQWHODVSUL y SULYLOHJLRVD OD FDWHJR UtDRVWHQWDGD GHOJUXSR (Q GHQWUR HVWDV HVWUXFWXUDV MHUiUTXLFDV VHFODVLILFD HQGLV DORV PLHP WLQWDV SRVLFLRQHV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HQ FRPRāOD IXQFLyQ HGXFDFLyQ GH OD DQWLJ 0RWLYDGRUHV LQFHQWLYRV WHQFLDV GH HVSHFLDOL]DFLyQ <D KHPRV YLVWR DQWHULRUPHQ EHQHILFLRV OD FDWHJRUtD VRFLDO SDUD HO DFW~D GHVDUUROOR FRPR XQ\GHVSOL SRGHURV KDELOLGDGHV /DV HVWUXFWXUDV MHUiUTXLFDV QR VRQ H[FOXVLYDV GH XQ WLSR SDUWLF TXH WRGR HVIXHU]R GH XQD XQ GLUHFFLyQ JUXSR \ XQD UHTXLHUH FRRUGLQDFLyQ GH FRPSHWHQ TXLHUD TXH VHDQ ORVSULQFLSLRV JXtDGH ODVRFLHGDG RUJDQL]DFLRQHV YDQ LQFUHPHQWDQGR OR FRQWUDULR VX SRVLFLyQ ODV \ PD\ V UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV TXH FRPSRUWD HOFDUJR 3RUWDQWRULR KDUtDQ TXH HVGH VRUSUHQGHU TXH LQFOXVR ODV HVWiQ RUJDQL]DGDV VRFLHGDGHV TXH VREUH SULQFLSLR LJXDOLWDULRV WHQJDQ 6WDYULDQRV VXV FODVHV SULYLOHJLDGDV ā$XQTXH OD PD\RUtD GH DFWLYLGDGHV GH JUXSR XWLOL]DQ LQ PiV HYLGHQWHV HVWRV LQFHQWLYRV HVHQ SDUWLFXODU TXH ODVRUJDQL]DF WRPD OD HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ GHODRUJDQL]DFLyQ XQD VRFLHGDG RWUD GLILHUH HQIXQFLyQ D GH GHVXV LGHRO QDOHV 7DQQHQEDXP 5RVQHU 9LDQHOOR\ .DYFLF :LHVHU /RV LQFHQWLYRV GH VLUYHQ SDUDDSHUVRQDV DWUDHU DXGDFHV WDOHQWR HO \ KDFLD OLGHUD]JR FRQWDPELpQ FUHDQ SHUR FLHU WRV SUREOHPDV /RV FULWHULRV GH FODVLILFDFLyQ HQ WHQFLDV TXH H[LJH ODDFWLYLGDG GHORFRQWUDULR QR VHU HO TXHVHMXVWLILTXH GHPRGR FRQYLQFHQWH QR VDWLVIDFHQ D ORV ODVJUDQGHV VXERU GLQDGRV \ FRPSRUWDQ VX DOLHQDFLyQ PD\RU FXDQGR ORV /D LQVDWLVIDFF VHJPHQWRV GLVSRQHQ GH JUDQGHV \ SULYLOJLRV FXDQGR SRGHUHV H[LVWHQ JUDQGHV GLIHUHQFLDV FLRQHV TXH IRPHQWDQ VHQWLPLHQWRV IXHUWHV GH GHVLJXDOGDG FXDQGR SDUD HOGHVDUUROOR SHUVRQDO \FXDQGR SRFD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ ORVVXERUGLQDGRV HQODI \DSOLFDFLyQ GHSROtWLFDV ELHQHVWDU TXH DIHFWDQ \ 7DQQHQEDXP FRO DVXSURSLR ODV &XDQ GLIHUHQFLDV HQHQ ODSRVLFLyQ OD UHPXQHUDFLyQ HFRQyPLFD VRFLDO VRQSRFR \ SURQXQFL ORVPLHPEURV SXHGHQ SDUWLFLSDU HQODRUJDQL]DFLyQ FLyQ PD\RU HV (O UHWR GHOD RUJDQL]DFLyQ FRQVLVWH HVWUXFWXUDU ODUHOD HQUHFRPS FLyQ GH ORV LQGLYLGXRV VXWUDEDMR \ FRQ FRQ VXV FRPSDxHURV SDUD GH HOORV IRUPD VD Efecto de las variaciones estructurales sobre los efectos de los incentivos de grupo /RV VLVWHPDV GH LQFHQWLYRV LQWHUGHSHQGLHQWHV YD VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH VREUH 3RU XQODGR HOIXQFLRQDPLHQWR ODV DFFLRQHV GHOJUX LQG FXDOTXLHU PLHPEUR SURGXFHQ UHFRPSHQVDV D WRGR HO EHQHILFLRV REWHQLGRV SRU DHVSHUDU HOWUDEDMR TXHVHUi RWUDSHUVRQD GHRWUR TXLHQ KDJD SXHGH HO WUDEDMRHQ VX OXJDU SURGXFLpQGRVH GHWHULRUR SURJUHVLYR WDQWR GH ā ODV HO DFWXDFLRQHV LQGL FRPR GHO JUXSR WRWDOLGDG *ODVHU\ HQVX .ODXV 6LQ HPEDUJR PX\ ORV H GLVWLQWRV FXDQGR HOLQGLYLGXR VHU UHFRPSHQVDGR SRU OD FRQGXFWDGH HQOXJDU RWUR UHVXOWD GH FDV GR SRU HOOD 6L ORV DFWRV WUDQVJUHVRUHV FRPHWLGRV SRU JUXSR HQWHUR ORVGHPiV UiSLGDPHQWH PLHPEURV UHJODV FDGDXQRSDUD VREUH LPSRQGUiQ HYLWDUVH DVt PLVPRV HO VXIULPLHQWR FRP~Q FRDFWLYRV H[SORWDQ /RV VLVWHPDV LQWHUGHSHQGHQFLD HVWDV VRFLDOH QHJDWLYDV SDUD LQGXFLU HQ ORV PLHPEURV OD YLJLODQFLD PXWX (QPXFKRV FDVRV SHVDU GHTXHYDULDV D WUDEDMDQMXQWDV SHUVRQDV FDGD GH HOODV XQD UHFLEH XQD FRPSHQVD GLVWLQWD HQ IXQFLyQ GHVXV KDELOLGDGHV (VWRV VLV \ WHPDV GH LQFHQWLYRV DXPHQWDQ OD SURGXFWLYLGDG MXVWD VXUH GHO FRPSHQVD SHUVRQDO \SHUPLWH DGHPiV SDUD HOGHVDUUROOR DPSOLDV 'H RSRUWXQLGDG RWUD LQGLYLG IRUPD ODVGLVSDULGDGHV LQKHUHQWHV MHUDUTXtD HQODVWDUHDV DODVUHFRPSHQV FROHFWLY VDWLVIDFFLyQ HQ ORV LQGLYLGXRV7DQQHQEDXP SHUWHQHFLHQWHV \FRO DO &XDQGR ODV FRQGLFLRQHV OLPLWDQ ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV 32*yV LQFHQWLYRV SDUD ODV HMHFXFLRQHV LQWHQWDU VXSHUDU &LHUWDV SDXWDV GH ODYLGD FRPSRUWDQ LQWHUGHSHQGHQFLDV GHOJUXSR WDQWR GH O ORV UHVXOWDGRV 0HGLDQWH OD FRRUGLQDFLyQ GH KDEL FRQVLJXHQ UHVXOWDGRV TXH 'DGR TXH OXHJR ORVEHQHILFLRV FRPSDUWHQ HQWUH SHUVRQDO Vt GHO QLYHO GH UHQGLPLHQWR GHO PDQWLHQHQ JUXSR E ORV )DUU *ODVHU HVIXHU]RV \ .ODXV HVWD IRUPD $GHPiV GH LQFHQWLYRV IDYRUHFH HOFRPSU 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV VXVPLHPEURVKDFLDODWDUHD FROHFWLYD /RVHIHFW FHQWLYRVLQIOX\HQHQHOUHQGLPLHQWR GHO JUXSRH TXHDFWLYDQHQHOPLVPR&XDQGR ORVEHQHILFLRVQ OD SURGXFWLYL GDGVHGHVDUUROODQ SUHVLRQHVSRUSDUWHGHORVV GH UHQGLPLHQ WRHOHYDGR VLQHPEDUJRFXDQGRORVEHQHILFLRVSHU /DZOHU DFXHUGR FRQHO UHQGLPLHQWR GHOJUXSRORVLQFHQWLYRV PRYLOL]DQ VHUYLFLRGHOD DFWLYLGDG FROHFWLYD /RV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV HQHVWXGLRV FRPSDUDWLY WLYDVHQODVTXHORV PLHPEURV VHHVWLPXODQ\HQVH GH HMHFXFLyQ PD\RUHV D ORV DOFDQ]DGRV R LQGLYLGXDOLVWD SRU ODV H -RKQVRQ 0DUX\DPD -RKQVRQ a 3DUHFH 1HOVRQ VHU TXH \ 6NRKQ DxDGLU OD HQWUH GLVWLQWRV JUXSRV DOHVIXHU]R FRRSHUDWLYR GHVDUUROODG JXHPHMRUDUHOUHQGLPLHQWR GHOJUXSR6LQHPEDUJR SRUWDQFLD HVPiVSUREDEOH FRPSHWLWLYLGDG DXPHQWH TXHOD HQWUH ā HOHVIXHU]R JUXSRVGHVDUUR GHQWUR GHFDGD XQR GH HOORV DXPHQWH \ WDPELpQ SRU WDQWR VXUHQGLPLHQWE ā /RV IDFWRUHV āHVWUXFWXUDOHV WDPELpQ LQIOX\HQHQODV DXW YLGXRKDFLD Vt PLVPR\KDFLD VXVFRPSDxHURV $PHV FDMDQPXFKRPHMRUHQORVVLVWHPDVFRRSHUDWLYRVTX FDSDFHV VH FRQVLGHUDQ PiV PHUHFHGRUHV VDWLVIHFKRV GH UHFRPSHQVD ā FRQVLJR \ PLVPRV (VWRV EHQHILFLRV SHUVRQDOHV QR VHFRQVLJ FXDQGR ID DFWLYLGDG GHO JUXSR IXQFLRQD HYDO~DQ FRUUHFWDP D Vt PLVPRVWDQSRVLWLYDPHQWHFRPR OR KDFHQ HQORVVLVWHPDVFRPSHWLWLYRV IXHU]RVFRRSHUDWLYRVIUDFDVDQ ORVVXMHWRVPiVKi UHFRPSHQVDGRV GHIRUPD \ FRQVLGHUDQ LQGHSHQGLHQWH TXHORVPLHPEURV SRF PHUHFHGRUHV GH UHFRPSHQVD /RV WLHQHQ HMHFXWRUHV SHRU RSLQLyQ GH Vt PHQRV PLVPRVHQHVWDVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV (QORVVLVWHPDV EURVKiELOHVUHSUHVHQWDHOIUDFDVRSDUDORVPHQRV FLyQORVSHUGHGRUHV VXIUHQXQDDXWRGHYDOXDFLyQ SHUVRQDVHQFXHQWUDQGLVWLQWDVWDUHDV HQODVFXDO JRVFRPELQDGRVVXJLHUHQTXHWDQWRORVORJURVGHH FRQVLJXHQPHMRUSRUPHGLRGHODUHFRPSHQVD GHOH UHVXOWH HILFD] ā/RV VLVWHPDVGHLQFHQWLYRVGHJUXSRSXHGHQGLVW UHJXOD (Q ORVVLVWHPDVGHDXWRJRELHUQRORVSURSLRVPLH XQ SDSHODFWLYR\ VHDGLUHFWDPHQWH RSRU PHGLRGHVXVUHSUHVHQWDQWHV GHORV YDORUHV\DFWLYLGDG HQODGHFL KDQGHVHUSURPRYLGDVRGHVHFKDGDV (Q ORVVLVWHPDVPiVDXWRULWDULRV O GHILQHQHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWR HVSHUDGR GHVXVPLHPEU GHU/DDXWRLQIOXHQFLDTXH VXUJH GHO FRPSURPLVR FRQFULWHULRVSHUVRQDOHV GH DFFLRQHVDXWRHYDOXDWLYDV GHODVSURSLDV SRU OD HMHFXFLR DXWRSDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQIDVGHFLVLRQHVWDQWR TXHSRUORV JH QHUDOPHQWH ODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ PHMRUD HOIXQFLRQDPL :ROI ā (VWUXFWXUDFLyQ GH VRFLHGDGSRU OD LQFHQWLYRV LQGLYLGXDOHV R FROHFWLYRV /DVVRFLHGDGHV\VXVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV VXEJUXSRV YRVHVWiQHVWUXFWXUDGRV HQHOODVVHJ~QXQDEDVH DXWRGHVDUUROOR \ORVORJURVSHUVRQDOHV GHILHQGHQ LQFHQWLYRVOLJDGRVD OD MHUDUTXtD VRFLDO RSRUWXQLGDGHV SHUVRQDO\JHQHURVD UH SDUD HO FRPSHQVDV y PDWHULDOHV VRFLDOHV SRULQWHQWDU HOp[LWRSHUVRQ FLyQTXHGHpVWHVHKDJD/DV HVWUXFWXUDV VRFLDO HVWiQGHWHUPLQDGRV SHUVRQDOPHQWH HVWLPXODQ ODDX EDVDGD HQODFRPSDUDFLyQ GHORVSURSLRVSURJUHVR 0RWLYDGRUHV ā LQFHQWLYRV FKDV DFWLYLGDGHV QRSXHGHQHMHUFHU ORV FRQWURO VXMHWRV ORV UHVXOWDGRV VREUH GHIRUPD FRPSOHWDPHQ WH LQGHSHQGLHQWH GH ORVGHPiV GDGR y KD\ TXHODV JUDQ QXPHUR UHFRPSHQV GH WRV TXHSRU FRPSLWHQ HOODV 3RUWDQWR OD FRPSDUDFtyQ \ OD FRPSHWLWLYLGDG VRFLDO VH LQP ORV VLVWHPDV GH LQFHQWLYRV LQGLYLGXDOHV āā ā ā /RV VLVWHPDV āGH GH JUXSR VRQ LQFHQWLYRV ā PiV IUHFXHQWHV DTXHOODV HQ VRFLHGDGHV PXHVWUDQ TXH XQD pWLFD FROHFWLYD (Q HVWRV %URQIHQEUHQQHU VLVWHPDV HOLQWHUpV LQG GR DOELHQHVWDU GHO JUXSR ORFXDO SXHGH FRQVHJXLU PLHQWR āJUXSR GHOGHFDGD PRGR PLHPEUR TXH UHVXOWHDIHFWDGR SRU FRPSRUWDPLHQWRG HO p ORV GH PiV /RV EHQHILFLRV LQGLYLGXDOHV GpO JUXSR \ā ODV FRQGXFWDV HVWiQ FHQVXUDEOHV EDVDGRV HQ GHVDUUROODGDV SRUORV PLHPEURV LQGLYLGXDOHV VHUHIOHMDQ QHJDWLY LQWURGXFHQ LQFHQWLYRV SDUD HOORJUR FROHFWLYRFUHDQG WHV GHO VLVWHPD &XDQGR ODV SHUVRQDV VXV GHFLVLRQHV FRPSDUWHQ āDF ODV \GH F WRV SXHGHQ VHUYLU PHMRU DVXVLQWHUHVHV HVIXHU]RV ā HQPHWDV FRPXQHV FRPSURPHWL D\ GRVH.sHQWUH í \ DVXPLHQGR XQD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG PXWXD OR FXDO QR TXLHUH GHFLU T FROHFWLYRV HVWpQ GHVSURYLVWRV y' GH SULYLOHJLRV GH UHFRPSHQVDV /DV SHUVRQDV TXH GLIH DOFDQ]DQ ORV ORJURV FXDOTXLHUDFWLYLGDG PiVT HOHYDGRV XH YDORUH ā ODVRFLHGDG HQ DVt FRPR EXURFUiWLFD muchos JR]DQ SULYLOHJLRV y OXMRV GH ā 'DGR TXH ODV PHWDV GLVWLQWDV VRFLDOHV UHTXLHUHQ SUiFWLFDV LQFHQWL KD\ XQD HVWUXFWXUD ~QLFD TXH SXHGD FRQVLGHUDUVH SDUD OD FUHDU SHUVRQDV LQGHSHQGLHQWHV SRU RWUR ODGR \HJRtVWDV XQD VRFLHGDG 6L GHV GRGH UHVSRQVDELOLGDG FRPSDUWLGD <āGH SUHRFXSDFLyQ SRULQFHQWLYRV ORV rnás GHPiV HO DGHFXDGR HQ HVWH JUXSR /RV FDVR HIHFWRV VHUi HOGH DGYHUVRV FRUQR WDQWR GHO CO"" GHO LQ OHFWLYLVPR H[FHVLYRV SXHGHQ āLQFHQWLYyV PLWLJDUVH āGH DPEDV FODVHV En XWLOL]DQGR pVWRV VLVWHPDV ORVUHVXOWDGRV GHO āLQGLYLGXR GHWHUPLQDGRV HVWiQ SRU VXV SHUVRQDOHV ORJURV \ SRU ORV GHO JUXSR Generalización y estabilidad GHO cambio /D WHRUtD FRJQLWLYD SURFHVRV VRFLDO E iVLFRVGH GLVWLQJXH FDPELR adquisición, OD WUHV lagéne-ra.,. lización y OD estabilidad GHO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR SVLFROyJLFR/D DGTXLVLFLyQ UHODFLRQDGD HVWi ā FRQ HO āGHVDUUROOR GH \ GFRQRFLPLHQWRV H KDELOLGDGHV TXH UHJXODQ <āODV ā DFFLRQHV ORV SHQ /D JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ WLHQH TXHYHU FRQTXH VH XWLOL]DQODV FRQ FDSDFLGDGHV HOJUDGR GH DGTX DP ULGDV 3XHGH IRUPDV WRPDU JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ YDULDV HQ GLVWLQWDV VLWXDFLRQHV KD QDV \DWUDYpV PRGDOLGDGHVGH GHGLVWLQWDV SHQVDPLHQWR DFFLyQ DIHFWR /D HVWDELOLGDG \ VHU re, DO PDQWHQLPLHQWR FDPELRV D ODUJRGHO OR GH ORV WLHPSR āā ā 6H UHTXLHUH XQ DQiOLVLV ā\D TXH PXOWLSURFHVR HVWDV IDFHWDV no VyOR WUHV GHO VRQFDPELR SDUFLD PHQWH LQGHSHQGLHQWHV HQWUH VLQR TXH Vt DGHPiV HVWiQUHJXODGDVSRU GHWHUPLQDQWHV GLV XQ WDQ WLQWRV /DV FRQGLFLRQHV SDUD FXOWLYDU QHFHVDULDV ODV KDELOtGDGHVGtxHUHQ ORVIDFWRUHV HO BP TXH RPHQWR GHWHUPLQDQ \HOOXJDU HQTXH VHUiQ XWLOL QRVHJHQHUDOL]DQ GHIRUPD DXWRPiWLFD GHWHUPLQ QLVRQQHFHV iGR GH ā LQIOXHQFLDV SRGUtDQ RULJLQDU XQRV FDPELRV TXH I SHUR GH YLGD FRUWD OLPLWDGRV GXUDGHURV \ GXUDGHURV R ELHQ ([LVWH XQFRQRFLPLHQWR VXVWDQFLDO JUDQ SDUWH GH VHJXLU FDPELRV SVLFROyJLFRV FRQ FLHUWR JUDGR GHFR ELRV DPSOLRV \HVWDEOHV ORFXDO GHSHQGH \ GHO YDORU GH ODFDS IXQFLRQDO GH OR TXH IUHFXHQFLD KDQ āUHSUHVHQWD DSUHQGLGR XQGHVDItR FRQ (VWR VH GLItFLO GHEH DTXH HQODVFRQGXFWDVXHOH LQWHUDFFLRQHV HVWDU VXMHWD GLDULDV DLQIOXHQFLDV OD < FRQIOLFWLYDV \ ODV W SRU HQGHQFLDV HOOR SDUD FRQGXFWXDOHV TXH SXHGDQ VR WUDQVLJLU ODV LQIOXHQFLDV DQWH GLVFRUGDQWHV ā ā 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ)XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV &RQFHSFLRQHVDOWHUQDWLYDV āGHIXHQWHV ODV GH JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ \ HVWDELOLGDG /DWHRUtDRSHUDQWH JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ UHGXFHORVDVSHFWRVGH \H VWDELOLGDG GHOIXQFLRQ FROyJLFRDOFRQWUROGH ORV HVWtPXORV &XDQGR H[WHUQRV ODFRQGXFWD HVUHIRU]DGD E FLRQHVGHHVWtPXORVHJHQHUDOL]D \ DRWUDV DRWUDV UHVSXHVWDV 'DGR VLWXDFLR VLPL TXHVHFRQVLGHUD TXHODFRQGXFWD SDUD TXH VH GHSHQGHGHOUHIR JHQHUDOLFH D WLQWRV y VREUHYLYDGXUDQWH PHGLRV WLHPSR HVQHFHVDULR XQU TXHVHD HOSDWUyQGH DFFLyQHQ HOHVTXHPD ID JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ\ RSHUDQWH HVWDELOLGDG āGHOIXQFLRQD PLHQWRQRFRPSRUWDQLQJ~Q SURFHVR HVSHFLDODSDUWH deestímulosapoyado GHOFRQWURO SRUHO UHIRU ]DQWH GLIHUHQFLDO -RKQVWRQ 3RU WDQWRODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV SHUVSHFWLYD VH LQVSL OLPLWDQHQJUDQPHGLGDDLQGDJDUHOSDSHOGHVHPSH SRGDV VHxDOHVGHODVLWXDFLyQ y SRUORV LQ FHQWLYRV H[WUtQVHFRV (Q ODFRQFHSFLyQ FRJQLWLYDVRFLDO FLHUWD ODVSHUVRQDV LQIOXHQ FLDVREUH VXSURSLD PRWLYDFLyQ \DFWRV GHORV LQFHQWLYRV (VWR QR FRPRGHWHUPLQDQWHV GHODFRQGXFWD OXJDUHV GHODVSHUVRQDV eVWRV VRQIDF WRUHVFODUDPHQWH LQIOX\HQWHV 3HWR ODFRQVHFXFLyQ GH XQIXQFLRQDPLHQWR JHQHUDOL]DGR y HVWDEOH QR GHSHQGH ~QLFDPHQWHGHODVUHFRPSHQVDV VLWXDFLRQDOHV/D WHRUtDFRJQLWLYD \FDVWLJRV VRF PHQWDHOQ~PHUR OH HOHPHQWRVTXHFRQVWLWX\HQUHFRPSHQVDV FRQGXFWD \SRVWXOD YDULRVIDF SDU WRUHVWDQWR SHUVRQDOHV FRUQR VLWXDFLRQDOHV FRQWULEX\HQ TXH DODJHQHUDOL]DFL FRPSRUWDPLHQWR KXPDQR$GHPiV GH āORVLQFHQWLYRV FRQYHQFLRQDOHV ODVUHFRPSHQVDV GH ODHILFD FLDSHUVRQDO ODV VDWLVIDFFLRQHV y ORVEHQHILFLRVGHULYDGRV ORV āDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV GHOGRPLQ RFXSDQ XQ OXJDUGHVWDFDGR y FRQVWDQFLD HQ ODJHQHUDOL]DFLyQ GH ODV *UDQ DFWLYLGDG SDUWHGHOFRQWURO PHGLR FRQGXFWXDO GHIXQFLRQHV QRVHHMHUFHSRU DXWRUUHJXODGRU HQWUH RWUDV FRVDVYDORUHV\ FULWHULRV LQWHUQRV HILFDFLD FRJQLWLYDV KDELOLGDGHV āJHQHUDWLYDV ā\RWURV HOHPHQWRV GHGHWHUPLQDFLyQ SHUVR IXHQWHVGH DXWRLQIOXHQFLD VHFRQVLGHUDUiQ GHWDOODGDPHQW DTXt VHUiQ VyOR PHQFLRQDGDV EUHYHPHQWH $GTXLVLFLyQ GH āKDELOLGDGHV IXQFLRQDOHV &RQIUHFXHQFLD VH GLVFXWHDFHUFDGHOD JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ\OD SHUVLVWHQFLD UDVJRV FRPRVLHV GHO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR IXHUDQYLUWXGHVSURIXQGDV (V GLILFLOFRQVHJXLUFDPE FXDQGR OL]DGRV y GXUDGHURV ODV DFWLYLGDGHV FXDQGR TXHVHUHFRPSHQVDQ SDUD ODFRQYH DFW~DQEiVLF QLHQFLD HO EHQHILFLR R FXDOQRHV GHRWURV GHOWRGR OR ODPHQWDEOH(Q HIHFWR DSOLFDFLyQGH XQDUHFRPSHQVD GXUDGHURV H SXGLHUDQ QODFRQGXFWD LQGXFLUVHF TXHE UDQ DORVSURPRWRUHV pero.noa ORVUHFHSWRUHV VRPHWHU D VHUtDSRVLEOH ODVSHUVRQDV a. XQFRQWURO JH QHUDOL]DGR y DUELWUDULR 'HELGR DTXHHOUHIRU]DPLHQWR SDUD ODFRQGXF D WD TXHFRPRLQGXFWRUDXWRPiWLFR GHOD PLVPD HO LQGLYLGXR UHWLHQHORTXHOHU GHPiV ā (Q DTXHOODVDFWLYLGDGHV TXHUHVXOWDQ GHVGH āXQSXQWR SRFRFRQYHQ GHYLV SHUVRQDO SHURTXHVRQLPSRUWDQWHV SDUD HO ELHQHVWDU JHQHUDOKD\TXHSURSRUFLRQ DSR\R FRQV WDQWHPHGLDQWHVDQFLRQHVHLQFHQWLYRV&DGDVRFL SDUD HOOR/RPLVPRRFXUUHHQ DTXHOODV DFWLYLGDGHVGHVHUYLFLRVRGH LQWHUHVHVHPSUHVDULDOHV 1R KD\PpWRGRVSDUDKDFHUTXHXQ \QRSRUODVRFLHGDG FRQYLHUWDHQLQWUtQVHFDPHQWH LQWHUHVDQWH \VHUH FDVR R 6L HVWR QXOR IXHUDSRVLEOH ODVSHUVRQDV VHULDQ H FDSDFLGDG GH āLGHDU LQWHUHVHV LQWUtQVHFRV TXH VLUYLHUDQ D VXVSURS /RV LQFHQWLYRV FDPELRV SURPXHYHQ y DPSOLRV GXUDGHURV FXDQGR SURPRFLRQDQ KDELOLG JHQHUDOL]DEOHVIXQFLRQDO TXHSRVHHQXQYDORU LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GHOPRPHQWR GRV$VtSRUHMHPSORLQLFLDOPHQWH DSUHQGHU ORVQLxRVU DOHHU SHURXQDYH]TXHGRPLQDQHVWDKDELOLGDGOHHQSRU āSRUOD GtVWUDFLyQ TXHOHVVXSRQH \SRUODLQIRUPDFLyQ~WLOTXHOHVSURSRUFLRQD LUUHYHUVLEOHV $VtOD / LQWHUUXSFLyQ GHORVLQFHQWLYRVH[WUtQVHFRV ERUUD OR TXHVH KD DSUHQGLGR /RVOHFWRUH QR 0RWLYDGRUHVLQFHQWLYRV GRV QR VH YXHOYHQ DQDOIDEHWRVFXDQGR TXH OHV VH KDQ UHWLUDQ D\XGDGR ORV D DD GHU OHHU D 1R REVWDQWH ODV KDELOLGDGHV FRPSOHMDV VH DGTXLHUH VHFRQVLJXHQ FRQ HOODV UHVXOWDGRV YDOLRVRV SDUD HO LQ BELWUDULDV +DUW \ 5LVOH\ 8QD YH] TXH HO LQGLYLGXR KD GHVDUURO FRPXQLFDWLYDV FRJQLWLYDV y VRFLDOHV ODVXWLOL]D HQYDULDGDV PDQXDOHV FLUFXQVWDQFL WDOHV KDELOLGDGHV OH SHUPLWHQ DIURQWDUGH B B IRUPD ,QFOXVR ODV KDELOLGDGHV PiV ~WLOHV SXHGHQ DFDEDU FRPSRUWDU UHVXOWDGR (Q WDOHV FRQGLFLRQHV DOJXQR HO DGYHUVDV IXQFLRQDPLHQWR HOGHVFH P TXH UHIOHMDU XQD SpUGLGD GH ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV DGT /RYDDV .RHJHO y /RQJ 6LPPRQV /DGLVPLQXFLyQ GHODFRQ SXGLpQGRVH UHLQVWDXUDU UiSLGDPHQWH ODVKDELOLGDGH VHU UHVSRQVLYR Aproximación a la discordancia de la· YLGD diaria . ' (Q ODV SULPHUDV IDVHV GHO GH ODHUUDGLFDFLyQ DSUHQGL]DMH GHKDELOLGDG GHODV G IDYRUHFH HQ JUDQ PHGLGD DOSURJUHVR HQ DPERV SURF ]DMH FRKHUHQWHV FRQ UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ 3RU GHVJUDFLD HOHQWRUQR SRVLWLYD VRFLD DUPRQLRVR QLWDQ SRUWDGRU GH DSR\R 'H KHFKR y FR GHVDWHQWR 3RU WDQWR DVHJXUDUOD SDUD JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ y SHUVLVWHQFLD GHODVKDELOL ULGDV LQFOXVR HQ HVWDV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV PHQRV IDYRUDEOHV YDV TXH YD\DQ DSUR[LPiQGRVH DODV GHOHQWRUQR GHXQD IRUPD VRFLDOQDWXUD JUDGXDO PXFKDV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV HQFDPLQDGDV DGHWHUPLQDU F WDU OD SUREDELOLGDG GH FRQVHJXLU (VWD OLQHD GH FDPELRV LQYHVWLJDFLyQ JHQHUDO DFODUDGR DOJXQRV GHORVSURFHVRV TXH UHJXODQ KD SUR ODJ SRUFLRQDGR WDPELpQ ODV JXtDV QHFHVDULDV SDUD SUR WRPDQ IRUPDV GLVWLQWDV y %DHU 6WRNHV HVHQFLDOPHQWH SDUD WRGDV GHPRVWUDU TXH XQD KDELOLGDG SDUWLFXODU WLHQH XQ 8QD IRUPD GH LQIRUPDU VREUH ODXWLOLGDG IXQFLRQDO VLPLODUHV HQ FRQGLFLRQHV GLVWLQWDV /RV SDWURQHV PpWRGR GHSHQGHUiQ GHORVDVSHFWRV GHOHQWRUQR TXH VHIDYRUHFH UHFRPSHQVDQGR ODFRQGXFWD y EDMRFLUFXQVWDQFLDV VLPLODU HQ ELDQWHV )LOLSF]DN\ )ULHGPDQ )LRUGDOLRV \ +DUULV +DQGOHPDQ \ .RHJHO 5LQFRYHU /D JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ LQWHUSHUVRQDO VHSURPXHYH UHFR KDFLD SHUVRQDV +RXVWRQ\+ROPHV GLVWLQWDV 0DUEXUJ /D YHULILFDFLyQGH KDEtOLGDG GHWHUPLQDGD HQGLVWLQWRV PRPHQWRV\ SHUVRQDV DXPHQWDOD OXJDUHV SUREDELOLGDG GH TXHā HVDV KDELOLGDGHV VHDQSDUD XWLOL]DGDV SURSyVLWRV GH YDULDGRV IRUPD JHQHUD /DV DFFLRQHV GHOKRPEUH QRVRQ HOHPHQWRV 3RUWDQ WR DLVODGR HO FDPELR LQWURGXFLGR HQXQD FRQGXFWD SXHGH DIHFWDU SXHVWD 3DUD DQDOL]DU HVWH y FRODERUDGRUHV SXQWR :DKOHU KDQ cluster XWLOL]DGR GH ODV X LQWHUFRUUHODFLRQHV HQWUH GLVWLQWDV DFWLYLGDGHV F FRQGXFWD KXPDQD :DKOHU %HUODQG \&RH / EDVH SDUD SUHGHFLU yODGLUHFFLyQ PDJQLWXG GHORV FDPELRV SVLFROyJLFR ODV FRQGXFWDV HVWDEOHFLGDV 3RU HMHPSOR VLHQHO PHQWH FRQ ORV ORJURV y FRQ ODV DFDGpPLFRV EXHQDV UHODFLRQHV VH DVRFLD FRQ ORV QHJDWLYDPHQWH FRQ ODDJUHVLyQ FRRSHUDFL yQ DXPHQWDUiQ FXOWLYDQGR ODVSULPHUDV OD GXFWXDOHV y GLVPLQXLUi'DGR OD TXH VHJXQGD ORV HQWRUQRV VRFLDOHV GLIL YDORUDQ y IDYRUHFHQ ORVWLSRV GHFRQGXFWD UHODFLRQDGDV GXR D RWUR H LQFOXVR SDUDVRFLDO XQ PLVPR HQ LQGLYLGXR HO TXH VH VH H IRUPD GH DJUXSDFLyQ GH OD FRQGXFWD Ja TXH VH OD HQ GD HVFXHOD FDVD HQ SXHGH S HMHPSOR &XDOHVTXLHUD TXH VHDQ ODV FRQGXFWDV HQ HO FRY SDWUyQ XQD UHVSXHVWD GH GHWHUPLQDGD WLHQGH DDXPHQWDU ODV PHQWH y D GLVPLQXLU ODV TXH FRUUHODFLRQDQ QHJDWLYDPHQ 3HQVDPLHQWRā y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV /RVLQFHQWLYRVLQIOX\HQVREUHODJHQHUDOL]DFLy GHVDVtFRPRVREUH OD WUDQVIHUHQFLD OD DFFLyQ \HOPRGHODGRGH (Q ORVHVWXGLRVVREUHGL IyELFDVTXHVHUiQUHYLVDGRV HQEUHYHODVH[SHUL PLQDQODFRQGXFWDIyELFD VLQRTXHDGHPiVUHGXFHQ PLHQWDV IyELFRV OD /D %DQGXUD UHFRPSHQVDāGH ODV DXPHQWD H[SUHVLRQH āODV DFFLRQHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV /HYDDV /RHZ FRQVLJXHGHXQDIRUPDPiVILDEOHODWUDQVIHUHQFL WUDYpVGHGLVWLQWDV IRUPDVGHH[SUHVLyQ OR6LVHU TXHGLFHODVSDODEUDV DFDEDQ UHODFLRQiQGRVH IX HQVLWXDFLRQHVQXHYDVODVSURPHVDV YHUEDOHVLQI GHVDUUROOR GHOOHQJXDMHHQVHxDU DFRPSUHQGHUIDV āāJUDPDWLFDOSHURHVWDVGRVIXQFLRQHVOLQJtVWLFD ā VHFXOWLYDQSRU TXH VVH L HVSHUD VHSDUDGR TXHVHSURGX]FD ODWUDQVIH SUHQVLyQ GHOOHQJXDMH D VXSURGXFFLyQ ā +DUULV ā 7DQWR GHQWURGHFDGD PRGDOLGDG GHH[SUHVLyQ FR ā JUDQYDULDELOLGDG(Q HOWHUUHQR GHODDFFLyQHOLQGLYLGXRPXHVWUD GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR UHDOL]DQGR IRUPDVGH DJUHVLyQ SRU SHUR HMHPSOR QRRWUD FLH \·w DOWHUV 0LVFKHO (Q HOWHUUHQR I DWLWRQyPLFDFRPRVRQODWUDQVSLUDFLyQ ODIUHF ā FLRQDQ HVWUHFKDPHQWH /DFH\ OD UHDFWLYLGDG 5HFRPSHQVDU ILVLR WDPELpQ SXHGH DXPHQWDU,D JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ GHQWUR GH HVWD PRGDO UHFRPSHQVD Dlos VXMHWRV FXDQGR HOHYDQ VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH O VDQJXtQHD HVWDVGRVIRUPDVGHUHDFWLYLGDG la UHFRPSHQVD DXWRQyPLFD VHDGPLQLVWUD~QLFDPHQWH FXDQGRXQWLSRGHUHVSX āILVLROyJLFDVVH , GLVRFLDUiQ 3RUWDQWRORVLQFHQWLYRV 6FKZDUW] āIXQFLRQDPLHQWR ILVLROyJLFR R SRU HO FRQWUDULR \ DPSOLDUOR LQWHJUDUOR (QORVHQWRUQRV VRFLDOHV GHODYLGDGLDULD OD GLDWRV āVLHO LQGLYLGXR HVSHUD FRQVHJXLU HOp[LWRGHIRUPDLQP GLVXDGLUiQ 'DGR IiFLOPHQWH TXH ORV UHVXOWDGRV GHODVDFFLRQHV FR ā WDQWHV H LQFLHUWRV FRPSRUWDPLHQWR ODVSDXWDV KDQ GH GH PDQWHQHUVH SRU ODV H EHQHILFLRVILQDOHV\SRUODVDWLVIDFFLyQ GHOD DFWLYLGDG SHUVH TXHFRP /D YHUDQFLDVHIRUWDOHFH FRQODDSOLFDFLyQ GHLQFHQWLYRV TXHDVRFLHQODVDF DVXV UHVXOWDGRV IXW URV DWUDYpVGHODVH[SHFWDWLYDV KDFLHQGRSRU WDQWR TXHODFRQGXFWD UHVXOW EOH DVXV HIHFWRVLQPHGLDWRV &XDQGROD UHODFLyQ GHVDOHQWDGRUHV GHSUREDELOLGDG ORV UHVXOWDGRV y FXDQGR GHVHDGRV āFDUHFH VHHV GH EDMi RWURV UHFRPSHQVD PHGLRVPHMRUH ā RFDVLRQDOSXHGH VRVWHQHU HVIXHU]RV SURORQJDGRV U pSH TXHQRU WLGRV (ODSUHQGL]DMHGHKDELOLGDGHVFRPSOHMDV UHTXLHU GHODVUHJODVVXE\DFHQWHVHMHFXFLyQ \GHORDGHFXDGD /DUHWURDOLPHQWDFL TXHK FRPSHQVDQWH VHXWLOL]D y PRWLYDDODYH] PXFKDVYHFHVSRUTXHLQIR /DUHFRPS IDYRUHFH HO DSUHQGL]DMH SHURGLVPLQX\H ODSHUVHYHUDQFL GDGHVODVSUiFWLFDV LQFHQWLYDGRUDV LQWHUDFWLYDV KDQGHXWLO GHViQLPR(VWDV SUiFWLFDV DGRSWDQIRUPDV GLYHUVD SDUD FRQVHJXLU ORV UHVXOWDGRV GHVHDGRV HV QHFH SURORQJDFLyQGH OD GHPRUD HQWUHODDFFLyQ\ORVUHVXOWDGRV FLHQGR TXHORVEHQHILFLRVVHREWHQJDQDSDUWLUGHXQ UHQGLPLHQWRV āVHHVSHFtILFRV FRQVLJXHIDYRUHFHU HO HMHUFLFLRFRQWLQXDGR GHOD OQ DPSOLRPDUFRGH DFWLYLGDGHV (VWDV SUiFWLFDV LQWHUDFWLYDVSXHGHQ OD HVWDELOLGDG LQ G ORVFDPELRVSHUVRQDOHVHQ XQDYH] TXHKDQVLGRUHWLUDGRV HOHQWRUQR QDWXUDO ORV GRVSDUD LQGXFFLyQ VX t .D]GLQ 6WRNHV\ ā%DHU 6LQHPEDUJRKD\ H[LVWHQLQJ~QWDOLVPiQ SVLFROyJLFRTXHSHUPLWDL WD TXHXQ LPSOLFDQ ā FRVWR āVLQ FRPSRUWDU āD āFDPELR 'ningún EHQHILFLR SHUVRQDO (OFDPLQR KDVWDDOFDQ]DUOD FRPSHWHQFLD \HOp[LWRVXHOHVHUOD āUHVXOWD 0RWLYDGRUHV LQFHQWLYRV GRV GHVHDGRV QR UHVXOWDQ IiFLOHV GH FRQVHJXLU OD PDQWHQHU HOHVIXHU]R 0XFKDV WLHQHQXQD GHODVDFWLYLGDGHV LPSRUWDQFLD FRQVLGH KX āHVWiQ GLULJLGDV KDFLD UHVXOWDGRV SOD]RTXH DODUJR REOLJDQ DDxRV /D SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GHGHGLFDFLyQH HVIXHU]RV GH HVD PDJQLWXG HVWi VRVWHQLGD SRUORVV PXWXDV GH FRPSDxHURV SUy[LPRV FRPSURPHWLGRV ā .HQLVWRQ FRQ O Fortalecimientode la .autoet.icacia de· afrontamiento (Q ODPD\RUtD H LQKLELFLRQHV GHPLHGRV TXH QHFHVLWDQ DOJR WUDWDPLHQW TXH FDUHFH GHSHOLJUR DOJXQR LQFHVDQWHQR 6LQHPEDUJR VyORLPSLGH ODHYLWDFLy FXDOTXLHU D WRGHODVDPHQD]DV VXEMHWLYDV VLQRTXHDGHPiV H[FO EOHV SRU PLHGR DOD DSDULFLyQ UHPRWD TXH GHOD VHD GLFKD DPHQD]D SRVLELOLG SRU F 3RU HMHPSOR ODFRQIRELD YLGD DODV GH VHUSLHQWHV ODVYH SHUVRQDV JUDYHPHQWH VH OLPLWD SRU ODHYLWDFLyQ GHIHQVLYD GHDFWLYLGDGHV VRFLDOHV ODH[SRVLFLyQ XQD VHUSLHQWH D 3HUR QLVLTXLHUD ODUHVWULFFLyQ WDUOHV HO GLVWUpV D HVWDV HVWiQ SHUVRQDV DWRUPHQWDGDV SRU SHQVDPLHQWRV /D PD\RUtD REVHVLYRV \ SHVDGLOODV UHFXUUHQWHV 'H HQ LJXDO ODV IRUPD TXH DSD ORVVXMHWRV REVHVLYRFRPSXOVLYRV YHQOLPLWDGD GH VXY VtPLVPRV \GHODV SHUVRQDV TXHYLYHQ FRQ HOORV S SRU ODUHDOL]DFLyQ GHULWXDOHV HODERUDGRV SDUD SU +RGJVRQ 3RU WDQWR HOYHQFHU ODV IRELDV \ OD ā YLGD GLDULD (O PRGHODGR KD SDUWLFLSDQWH GHPRVWUDGR VHUXQRGHORVPHGLRV SDUD FRQVHJXLUXQD PiV UiSLGD FRPSUREDFLyQ GH ODUHDOLGDG SURSRUFLRQDQGR FRQVHJXLU HO FDPELR ā E GH 8QD FRQGXFWD YH] UHVWDXUDGR %DQGXUD pVWH HOIXQFLR FRPSRUWD VX YH] DDPSOLRV EHQHILFLRV \ UHIXHU]DQ TXH H[SDQGHQ ORV FDPELRV SH SHUVRQDV TXH SDGHFHQ PLHGRV SHUVLVWHQWHV QR VXHO KDFLD ODV TXH VLHQWHQ WHUURU 3RU WDQWR DO DSOL HQWRUQR DGHFXDGR SDUD TXH DFWXDU FRQ ORV VXMHWRV p[LWR DSHVDU IyELFRV GH SXH VX GHV (VWR VHFRQVLJXH SURSRUFLRQDULGROLVWLQWDV SDUDOD HMHFXFLyQ y HOGRPLQLR TXHLQ D HOPRGHODGR GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV DPHQD]DQWHV OD HMHFXFLyQ ODSU GXUDQWH SHUtRGRVGH WLHPSR SURJUHVLYDPHQWH PiV ODUJRV ā OD DF D\XGDV SURWHFWRUDV TXH ODV UHGXFHQ FRQVHFXHQFLDV OD\ SUREDELOLGDG YDULDFLyQ WHPLGDV GH OD G JUDYHGDG GHIDSURSLDDPHQD]D^%DQGXUD-HIIHUH\ \:ULJKW SURJUHVDHOWUD $PHGLGDTX B WDPLHQWR VH YDQ UHWLUDQGR ODV D\XGDV FRPSOHPHQWD VLWXDFLyQ HILFD]PHQWH Vt PLVPR 0iV SRU WDUGH VHSURSRUFLRQDQ H[S JLGDV GLVHxDGDV SDUD SURSRUFLRQDU GLVWLQWDV y IRUWDOH] SUXH FDQ HO VHQWLGR GH DXWRHILFDFLD GHDIURQWDPLHQWR (Q WLHPSR XQā UHODWLYDPHQWH FRUWR FRQVLJXH HOFDPELRV PRGHODGRSVLFROyJL SDUWLFLS DPSOLRV $Vt HOLPLQD OD FRQGXFWD IyELFD ā WUDWDGDV UHGXFH GH IRUPD HVSHFtILFD y SHUPLWH DOLQGLYLGXR UHDOL]DU DFWLYLGDGHV /RV HIHFWRV EHQHILFLRVRV D WRGDV VXHOHQ ODV PRGDOLGDGHV JHQHUDOL]DUVH DGHPi FDSDFLGDGHV FRQGXFWXDOHV HOGRPLQLR SHUVRQDO GLV GHV SRVLWLYDV \ HOLPLQD ORV SHQVDPLHQWRV \SHVDGL TXHSURGXFH GHODV HOGRPLQLR DPHQD]DV HVXQHIHFWR DFRPSDxDQWH HV KDQ REWHQLGR EHQHILFLRV GLVWLQWRV WLSRV JHQHUDOL]DGRV IRELDV GH %DQGXUDFRQ %ODQFKDUG %DQGXUD -HIIHU\ \ *DMGRV )HUJXVRQ7D\ORU\: %LUDQ \ : /DVVHQ \ 0FIORQQHOO 5DFKPDQ\ FRQ +RGJVRQ WUDVWRUQRV \FRQ GLVIXQFLRQHV VH[XDOHV 1HPHW] &UDLJ Q~DQ REVHUYiQGRVH GXUDQWH ā PHVHV \ DxRV GHVSXpV /D QDWXUDOH]D \ HOSDWUyQ GHORVFDPELRV TXH OD FRQGXFWD DFRPSDxDQ IyELF D LQGLFDQ TXH OD HVWi JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ PHGLDGD SRU PHFDQLVPRV yDXWRUUHJXODGRUH QR FRQWURODGD L 3HQVDPLHQWR y· DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV DXWRPiWLFDPHQWH OD VLPLOLWXG SRU GH ORV HVWtPXORV %DQGXUD -HIIHU\ \ *DMGRV 'XUDQWH HO WUDWDPLHQWR ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV DIURQWDPLHQWR GHODVDPHQD]DV JHQHUDOL]DEOHV \X PLHQWR WRGR ORFXDO OHVSHUPLWH PHMRUDU JXDUGDU SRFD VXIXQF VHPHMDQ]DFRQDTXHOODVTXHKDQVLGRWUDWDGDV HVS VRQ SRU VXSXHVWR PiVHYLGHQWHV SDUHFHQ DODVWUDWDGDV HQDTXHOODV iUHDV GHQL TXH VHKDOODQ YLQFXODGDV SRUODVLPLOLWXGGH \OD DPSOLWXGGH ORVHVW ORVFDP TXH FRQVLJXH āHO LQGLYLGXR āUHVXOWDQ āSUHGHFLEOHV D ā SDUWLUāGp OD JHQHUDOL]DFLy FHSFLRQHV GH HILFDFLD ~ULD vez TXHKDVLGRYHQFLGRHOPLHGRODVH[SHULHQFL IDOHFHQIDV āDXWRSHUFHSFLRQHV GH HILFDFLD JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ GH DIURQWDPLHQ G FDPELR -HIIHU\ %DQGXUD y *DMGRV 6PLWK \ &ROHPDQ 'HEH GRPLQLRDXWRGLULJLGRVHUHILHUHD ODUHDOL]DFLyQ VLQD\XGDGHDFWLYLGDGHVWLQD UHVWDXUDGR HOIXQ FLRQDPLHQWR QR DOD SUHVHQFLDXQD RDXVHQFLD YH]TXHHOLQGLYLGXRHV FDSD] GHSHUVRQDV GHKDFHU ODVFRVDV SRU Vt VROR 2 %ULHQ ā ā \ ā .HOOH\ ā &RQIUHFXHQFLD ODV H[WUDSRODFLRQHV GHOD DWULEXFLyQ GH ODDXWRSHUFHSFLyQ \ GHODV WH FDPSRGHOFDPELRFRQGXFWXDO ODV SHUVRQDV LPSOLFDQTXHVL KDQGHFRQYHQFHUVH FDSDFLGDGHV SHUVRQDOHVKDQ GHWUDEDMDU VLQD\XGDDOJXQDRFRQD\ ā .RSHO \$UNRZLW] (VWDV āUHFRPHQGDFLRQHV UHTXLHUHQ /DV HYDOXDFLRQHV XQDPDWL āHUUyQHDVTXH SXHGHQGLVPLQXLUHO HIHFWR GHOp[LWRSXHGHQPLQLPL]DUVHIiF EHQHILFLRV VXVWDQFLDOHV D\XGDV GHGRPLQLRSRWHQWHV GHODV (VWR VHF WXQLGDGH āVSDUD DOFDQ]DU ORJURVDXWRGLULJLGRV QHFHVDULDV XQDYH]HVWD 'H āHVWD IRUPDSXHGHGLVLSDUVHFXDOTXLHUGXGDSHUVL FLGDGHV RVREUHORVULHVJRVGHGHWHUPLQDGDV DFFLyQ &XDQWR UQiV YDULDGDV āVHDQ ODVFLU SDXW FXQVWDQFLDV TXHVH KD\D HQODV GRPLQDGR SHUVRQDOPHQWH ORVDFRQWHFL ā pVWDEO pFHUiOD HILFDFLD SHUVRQDO\ KDEUi PHQRVSUREDELOLGDG GHTXHGL ULHQFLDV FRQp[LWR/RV FDPELRV GXUDGHURV SXHGHQ FRQVHJXLUVH P SURSLDHMHFXFLyQXWLOL]DQGR LQLFLDOPHQWH āD\XGDV H[WHUQDV DILQGHGHVDUUR PLQDQGROXHJRGLFKDV SDUD FRPSUREDU D\XGDV ODHILFDFLDSHUVRQDO H[WHUQDV aGRpO GRPLQLR āDXWRGLULJLGR SDUD ODVDXWRSHUFHSFLRQHVGH IRUWDOHFHU HILFDFLD \JHQHUDOL]DU /DVH[SHULHQFLDV GHGRPLQLR TXHSHUIHFFLRQDQ \ IRUWDOHFHQODDXWRHIL ODVKDELOLGD ā FtELGDSXHGHQUHGXFLUODYXOQHUDELOLGDG DODVGL SHUVRQDV TXHWLHQHQKDELOLGDG SDUD DIURQWDUODVDPHQD]DV SRWHQFLDOHV DYHUVLYDVFRQ TXHPHQRV DTXHOORV FDSDFLGDG HVWH VHQWLGR HQ /DV SHUVRQDV TXH tarnenté VHJXUDV GHā VXHILFDFLDGHDIURQWDPLHQWR KDEHU WULXQIDGR HQXQQ~PHUR WUDV H WHUDF&LRQHV D ODV TXH KDEtDQ SULQFLSLRQRUHVXOWDUiQGHPDVLD WHPLGR HKXQ DIHFWDGDV SRUORV FXHQWURV GHVDJUDGDEOHV ā&RPR āPXFKR WDOHV D PH[SHULHQFLDV HQRV VHDQ TXH ā PX\ DYHUVLYDV IDYRUHFHQGH ODHYLWDFLyQ DPHQD]DV UHDOHV SRVHH YDORU OR FXDO DGDSWDWLYR 6L āSHUVRQDV VyORWLHQHQXQFRQWDFWR OLPLWDGRFRQHO XQRVFXDQWRV FRQWUDWLHPSRV VHUiQVXILFLHQWHVSDU DGTXLULGD HILFDFLD\UHLQV UDU OD FRQGXFWD GHIHQVLYD UHVWDXUDGR āāH3RU O IXQFLRQDPLHQWR WDQWR XQD YH] FRQGXF FKDQGRODV RSRUWXQLGDGHV TXHVHSUHVHQWHQ GHHMHUFHUHO IRUPDHILFD] ODSUREDELOLGDG GHTXH VHSURGX]FDQ HIHFWRV FDVR GHSURGXFLUVH ā 6LORVQXHYRV SDWURQHV GHFRQGXFWD SURGXFHQ FR FRUUHFWDPHQWH ORVFDPELRVLQWURGXFLGRV QRWDUGD FRQGLFLRQHV SHUQLFLRVDV GHO PHGLR 1R H[LVWH QLQJ ~Q PpWRGR SVLFROyJLFR SDUD KDFHU TXH ODV SHUVRQDV VHDQSHUPDQHQWHPHQWH LQVHQVLEOHV HIHFWRV āDGYHUVRV DORV GHVXV (Q UHDOLGDG DFWRV WDO āLQVHQVLELOLGDG QRVHUtD GHVHDEOHSXHVWR VtOD JHQWHSHUPDQHFLHUD TXH WRWDOPHQWH ORV UHVXOWDGRV GH VXV VHUtD PDFWRV X\ SRFR VX DGDSWDWLYR ā FRPSRUWDPLHQWR ā ā 8QD YH]HOLPLQDGRVORVPLHGRVLQMXVWLILFDGRV O yV VXMHWRVQRVHFRPSRUWDQSR de IRUPDWH ā āPHUDUtD 9HQFHU DXWRPyYLOHV HOQRSUHGLVSRQH PLHGRDORV DOLQGLYLGXRDV aaHQWH DORVYHKtFXORVSRUXQD FDUUHWHUD DWHVWDGD GHFLUFXODFLyQ 3RUHO OD • .,» 0RWLYDGRUHV LQFHQWLYRV HV OD VXVWLWXFLyQ GH XQD OD FRQGXFWD HYLWDFLyQ DGDSWDWLYD IOH[LEOH UtJLGD FRQWURODGD FRJQLWLYD SRU PHQWH SRU ORV ODV MXLFLRV FRQVHFXHQFLDV VREUHODV SUREDEOHV DFFLRQHV IXWXUDV GH ,QLFLDFLyQ HQ ODV UHODFLRQHV y PHGLRVVRFLDOHV QXHYRV &XDQGR SHTXHxRV FDPELRV HQODFRQGXFWD al LQGLYL IDFLOLWDG GXR HQUHODFLRQHV VRFLDOHV QXHYDV /D SXHGHQ LQIOXHQFLD RULJLQDU GH ORVLQFHQWLYRV y GHOPRGHODGR GHQWUR GHHVWD UHDOLGDG VRFLDO SDWURQHV GHyFRQGXFWD :ROI GHPRVWUDURQ %DHU HOGHVDUUROOR HVWHSURFHVRHQ XQD VHULH GH GH SURJUDPDV SDUD GLVPLQXLU GLVHxDGRV GpILFLW JUDYHV 3DUD XQ FLWDU GH HMHPSOR FRPSRUWDP PHGLDQWH VX DSR\R D\XGDQ VRFLDO DORV UHWUDtGRV QLxRV ORV D UHODFLRQDUVH DGXOWRV FRQ VXV FRPSD xHURV KDVWD TXH pVWRV āFRQVLJXHQ UHDOL]DU LQWHUDFFLRQHV UHFRPSHQVDGRUDV PXWXDPH FRQ 8QD YH] TXH ORVQLxRV FDSDFHV GHREWHQHU VRQ VDWLVIDFFLyQGH UHODFLyQ FRQ VXV FRPSDxHURV SRUVt VX VRORV PDQWLHQHQ D SHVDU VX VRFLDELOLGDG ORV GH DGXOWRV TXH GHMHQ GH SURSRUFLRQ VRFLDO SDUD FRQGXFWD OD LQWHUDFWLYD (Q PXFKDV RFDVLRQHV ODV SHUVRQDV \D VHDQFRPSDxHURV FRQ TXLHQHV KHP GHFODVH SURIHVRUHVSHUVRQDOPHQWH RVXSHUYLVRUHV ā VLQRTXHYLHQHQ QRVHHOLJHQ GHWHUPLQD HVWUXFWXUD VRFLDO 'HELGR DVXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SH VXDWHQFLyQ HV SRVLEOH TXH ODV SHUVRQDV FRQ TXH UHVSRQVLYDV QR KD OR GH FXDO VHU PRWLYR \D TXH GH GHVHVSHUDFLyQ GDGR LQWHUDFFLRQHV TXH V ODV R FLDOHV LPSOLFDQ XQD LQIOXHQFLD PXWXD HO LQGLYLGXR TXH Gp VH DVXV HVIXHU]RV &XDQGR VHHQVHxD DORV QLxRV OD FODVH TXH EXVFDU D UH VRQ LJQRU WURDOLPHQWDFLyQ y DREWHQHU UHFRQRFLPLHQWRSRU XQ HQWRUQR PXFKRPiV VX WUDEDMR IDYRUHFHGRU GHVXGHVDUUROOR FRQ PiV LQWHOHFWXDO IUHFXHQFLD y ORV /RV VXWUD SURI QLxRV DVXFDOLGDG YH] GH PHMRUDQ VXUHQGLPLHQWR OD )RZOHU DFDGpPLFR \ %DHU 6WRNH /RV QLxRV TXH SDUD SRVHHQ HVWLPXODUOD UHFXUVRV UHVSRQVLYLGDG VRFLDO FRQVLGHUDUVH LQWHOHFWXDOPHQWH &DQWRU PiV \ *HOIDQG FDSDFHV /D \ PiV FRQGXFWD VHJHQHUDOL]D y VHPDQWLHQH PiV IiFLOPHQWH FXDQGR HOLQ VHJXLU DSR\R VRFLDO (VWD HVWUDWHJLD D VXV HVIXHU]RV OH HQVHxD D FUHDU VX /DV LQIOXHQFLDVPiV LQLFLDGRUDV SRGHURVDV FXDQGR UHVXOWDQ KDFLD GLULJHQ QXHYDV DO LG SDXWDV GHYLGD /RV SDUWLHQGR HVWXGLRV GHXQ RULJHQVRFLDOEDMR GHQLxRV DFFHGHQ TXH DHVWXGLRV GLRV \VXSHULRUHV \ /DQH .UDXVV (OOLV GRFXPHQWDQ ELHQ HVWH KHFKR (Q HVWDVIDPL OLDV ORV SDGUHV QR SXHGHQ SURSRUFLRQDU SUHSDUDWRULDV DVXV QH KLMR FHVDUtDV 6LQ HPEDUJR HVWRV FDVRV HQ GHORV XQR SDGUHV RXQIDPLOLDU YDORUD HQJUDQ FHUFDQR PHGLGD ORV DVSHFWRV HGXFDWLYRV VXHOH MXJDU XQ SDS WHOHFWXDO GHOQLxR GXUDQWH ORV DxRV GHIRUPDFLyQ VRQ GHVDUUR OODGRV SRVWHULRUPHQWH SRUORV (VWDV SURIHVRUHV SUHIHUHQFLDV a DORV HYROXWL TXH YDQDVRFLDFLyQ DODVHOHFWLYD DFRQ ORV DJUDGD QLxRV TXH HVWXGLDU TXLHQHV VX LQWHUpV FRQ \HMH IDYRUHFHQ ODV DFWLWXGHV ORV FULWHULRV SDUD VXVDFWL GH ORJUR \ YLGDGHV LQWHOHFWXDOHV $OJXQDV YHFHV HO SURFHVR GH LQLFLDFLyQ FRPSRUWD VRFLDO <DYLPRV DQWHULRUPHQWH TXH ORVJUXSRV YDUt ODYLGD SHUVRQDO GH VXV PLHPEURV \HQ VXJUDGR GH FLDOHV FHUUDGRV TXH PDQHMDQ UHFRPSHQVDV VXVWDQFLD FDPELRV SURIXQGRV \GXUDGHURV HQODV FUHQFLDV \HQ DILOLDFLyQFHUUDGRV DHVWRV VHFRQVLJXH PHGLRV SRUPHGLR GHUHFRPSHQVDV āF (Q VXVSUiFWLFDV GHUHFOXWDPLHQWR FROPDU DVXVLQLFLDGRV ODV VHFWDV GH DP V WDGLQFRQGLFLRQDO 3DUD ODV /RIODQG SHUVRQDV LQVHJXUDV RFRQIXVDV GDG y HOVLJQLILFDGR \ODGLUHFFLyQ TXH GDQ HVWRV JUXS DWUDFWLYR 2WUDV SXHGHQ DGKHULUVH (Q ORV DOJUXSR FDVRV HQTXH SRU O SURGXFH OD DILOLDFLyQ FDVXDO DFROHFWLYRV HQXQ SULQFLSLR SHUMXGLF GH LPiJHQHV KLSQRWL]DGRUDV GH VRFLHGDGHV y 6ROHGDG XWySLFDV :LQIUH\ 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV &DSDFLGDGHV DXWRUUHJXODGRUDV 'DGR TXH HO LQGLYLGXR BHV TXLHQ SUHVLGH FRQVWDQWHPHQWH V BX FRQGXFWD TXLHQ VLHPSUH HV pO TXH VHD QHFHVDULR SRGUi LQIOXLUPHMRU VREUH VXVDFWRV 3DUD HMHUFHU SHUVRQDO FRQWURO LQGLYLGXR HO DGRS WD FULWHULRV DFWXDFLyQ LQWHUQRV REVHUYD GH VXV y XWLOL]D DFWRV DXWRLQFHQWLYRV SDUD PRYLOL]DU \ PDQWHQHU VXV HVIXHU]RV KDVWD FRQVHJXLU ORTXH &RPR GHVHD \DKHPRV REVHUYDGR DQ ORV LQFHQWLYRV RWUDV LQIOXHQFLDVGH H[WUtQVHFRV \ OD VLWXDFLyQ SDUWH D ORV SRU DFWRV DIHFWDQ PHGLR GHWHUPLQDFLyQ GHOD GHOD DFFLyQ SHUVRQDO $Vt LQFOXVR ODV LQIOXHQFLDV G VLGHUDGDV KDELWXDOPHQWH SXUDPHQWH H[WHUQDV GHSHQGHQ GH OD LQIOXHQFLD DXWRUUHJXODGRUD (Q RWUR FDStWXOR UHYLVDUi HQH[WHQVLyQ VH FRQGXFWDSRU ODUHJXODFLyQ OD DXWRLQIOXHQFLD B/D GHOD DSOLFDFLyQ BGH ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV REWHQLGRVD GH HVWD OtQHD SDUWLU GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GHPXHVWUD TXH ODV SHUVRQDV SXHGHQ GHVDUUROODU \ PDQWHQHU FDPELRV LPSRUWDQWHV VX FRQGXFWD OD HQ D\XGD FRQ GH KDELOLGDGHV DXWRUUHJXODGRUDV 1HOODQV H ,VUDHO 5KRGH 0DUJDQ \<RXQJ 6DQGHUV \ -DPHV /DV DWULEXFLRQHV FDXVDOHV TXH SHUVRQDV ODV GHFRQGXFWD KDFHQ VX SXHGHQ WDPELpQ DXPHQWDU ODGXUDELOLGDG JHQHUDOLGDG GHO \ FDPELR /DVGLVHxDGDV LQIOXHQFLDV LQGXFLU SDUD VRFLDO FULWHULRV DXWRHYDOXDWLYRV SURGXFHQ FDPELRV GXUDGHURV PiV TXH ORV TXH FRQVHJXLUVH SXHGHQ UHFRP SHQVDQGR ~QLFDPHQWH ORV SDWURQHV GH FRQGXFWD GHVHDGRV %DOHQ 0LOOHU ,QGH %ULFNP SHQGLHQWH KD\DQ GH FyPR ORV FUHDGR VH FDPELRV FRPSRUWDPHQWDOHV GLVSRVLFLRQHV DWULEXLUO SHUVRQDOHVPD\RU SURGXFH JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ XQD DODV GLVWLQWDV QXHYDV IRUPDV VLWXDFLRQH GH FRQ GXFWD TXH DGVFULELUORV LQGXFFLyQ H[WHUQD DOD KDEHU VLGR RD HORJLDGRV SRU HOOR *UXVHF .XF]\QV NL 5XVKWRQ \ 6LPXWLV *UXVHF \ 5HGOHU /RV GDWRV HPStULFRV DSR\DQ HOVXSXHVWR TXH GHTXH FDXVDOHV HVWDELOL]DQ ODVDWULEXFLRQHV B\ JHQH UDOL]DQ OD FRQGXFWD GHMDQ VLQUHVSRQGHU FXHVWLRQHV VREUH PHFDQLVPRVTXHUHODFLR ORV ODV ODFDX VDOLGDG SHUFLELGD \OD DFFLyQ (QDQiOLVLV XQ FRJQLWLYR DWULEXFLyQ GH FRQGXFWD VRFLDO OD BD ODGH OD WHUPLQDFLyQ SHUVRQDO SURSRUFLRQD FULWHULRV DXWRHYDOXDWLYRV IRUWDOHFH OD DXWRHILFDFLD SHUFLELGD \ 3HUU\ \ VXV FRODERUDGRUHV DOJXQRV SURSRUFLRQDQ GDWRV UHDOPHQWH HPStULFRV ORV FULWHULRV GH TXH DXWRHYDOXDGRUHV SXHGHQ SRU ODV VHU DWULEXFLRQHV PRGLILFDGRV FDXVDOHV %XVVH\ 3HUU\ 3HUU (QJOLVK $UQROG \ /RV QLxRV OHVD TXH GHFtD TXLHQHV HUDQ DXWRFRQWURODGRUHV EXHQRV VH VH £ā FRQYHUWtDQ HQ FUtWLFRVGH FRPHWtDQ VtPLVPRV DOJXQD falta HQ V FXDQGR LWXDFLRQHV DSDUHQWHPHQWH GR PLQDEOHV B B 5HVXOWDPiV GLItFLO PDQWHQHU FDPELRV GXUDGHURV HQ FRQGXFWDV TXHUHFRPSHQVDGDV VRQ GH IRU t PD LQPHGLDWD SRL\ WDQWR VH KDFHQ TXH UHIUDFWDULDV DO FRQWURO (VWR UHVXOWD SUR HVSHFLDO EOHPiWLFR FXDQGR OD FRQGXFWD WDPELpQ SURGXFH HIHFWRV DGYHUVRV GHPDVLDGR DOLQ TXH QR LQ GLYLGXR SRUWDUGDU HQ DSDUHFHU \ SRU VHUGHDFXPXODFLyQ 8Q SHUIHFWR OHQWD HMHPSOR ORUHSUH GH HOO VHQWD OD UHJXODFLyQ SRU ORV REHVRV GH (VWUDWHJLDV ODGH LQJHVWD PDQWHQLPLHQWR HILFD TXH UHVX FHV RWUDV HQ IRUPDV GH FRQGXFWD WLHQHQ XQ ELHQ p[LWR HVFDVR HQ HO PiV FDVR GH OD REHVLGDG 6WXQNDUG \ 3HQLFN :LOV BRQ \%URZQHOO /D HOLPLQDFLyQ GH aLQFHQWLYRVB DUELWU UHVXOWD HQ HO FDVR ~WLO FRPSHWHQFLDV GHODV VRFLDOHV y FRJQLWLYDV SRUTXHKD\RWUDV IXHQWHV GHUHFRP SHQVD ORV EHQHILFLRV QDWXUDOHV TXH FRPSRUWDQ KDELOLGDGHV ODV DGTXLULGDV QXHYDV TXH DSR\DQ HVWDV DFWLYLGDGHV /RV WUDWDPLHQWRV GHIRUWDOHFLPLHQWR ORV VXMHWRV HQORVTXH YXHOYHQ SHULyG WH HQEXVFD GH LQVWUXFFLyQ VXSOHPHQWDULD WDPSRFR SDUD VLUYHQ PHMRUDU PHGLGD HQHOPDQWHQL JUDQ PLHQWR 8QD SHUVRQD TXH KD SHUPLWLGR FRQGXFWD TXHVX DOLPHQWDULD GHVXSURSLR HVFDSDUD FRQWU TXH KDYXHOWR JDQDUORV NLORV D GH KDEtD PiV FRQVHJXLGR TXH SUREDEOH SHUGHU TXH VHEHQHILFLH QRHV GHPDVLDGR GH ORV FRQWDFWRV SHULyGLFRV /D DXWRUUHJXODFLyQ SURORQJDGD UHTXLHUH GH PHGLRV SDUD FRQWURODU OD HILFDFHV SURSLD FRQGXFWD \ GHFULWHULRV LQWHUQRV ODVRFDVLRQHV HQTXH TXH HVSHFLILTXHQ DSOLFDU KD\ ODV TXH DXWRLQIOXHQFLDV 3DUD GHPRVWUDU HVWH WLSR GH D GHPRGHOR XWRUUHJXODFLyQ VREUHLQJHVWD GH OD y 6LPRQV %DQGXUD VH HQVHxy VXMHWRV D D ORV UHGXFLU FDQWLGDG GH OD FRPLGD 8QD LQJHULGD YH] DOFDQ]DGD UHGXFFLyQ OD GH SHVR GHVHDGD VH āLQWHUUXPSLHURQ RV SURFHGLPLHQWRV GH ELHQ ORV DXWRLQIOXHQFLD LQGLYLGXRV FR V QXDURQ FRQWURODQGR VXSHVR XWLOL]DQGR GH XQD FLHUWD HOHYDFLyQ PLVPR HQ ILMDGD GH HO DQWHPDQR FRPR VHxDO SDUD YROYHU D UHLQVWDXUDU la DXWRLQIOXHQFLD KDVWD DOFDQ]DU GH QXHYR HO SHVR GHV 0HGLDQWH UHLQVWDXUDFLyQ ODWHPSRUDO GH ODV LQIOXHQFLDV DXWRFRUUHFWLYDV HO DXPHQWR GHSHVR VH GHWXYR UiSLGDPHQWH \ fa WHQGHQFLD ā FRQGXFWXDO IXH LQYHUWLGD ¡ 0RWLYDGRUHV LQFHQWLYRV 3DUD HO PDQWHQLPLHQWR HILFD] GHO FDPELR QR KDQ GH DSOLF IRUPD FRQWLQXD \D TXH GH OR FRQWUDULR UHVXOWDU ODSXHGH DXWRGLUHFFLyQ PiV HQJRUURVD SUREOHPD /D DXWRLQIOXHQFLD UHLQVWDXUD ~QLFDPHQWH VH DQWH ORV GHWHULRUR SULPHURV HQ OD VLJQRV DXWRUUHJXODFLyQ 'DGR TXH ORV KiELWRV ~WLOHV QRUPDOPHQWH KDELWXDO GH VH FRQY QXHVWUD YLGD GLDULD QHFHVLWDQ VRODPHQWH DXWRFRUUHFWLYDV QRUPDV VH FXDQGRVXUJHQ GLILFXOWDGHV 3RU WDQWR UHVXOWDQ HVFODUHFHGRUHV PiV GH ORV SURFHVRV GH PDQWHQLPLHQWR FXUVR GH OD ORV DXWRUUHJXODFLyQ TXH FRQGXFWD OD PRGLILFDFLyQ \ VX VLPSOH UHHYDOXDFLyQSRVWHULRU GH OD DOFDER GH VHPDQDVR PHVHV DxRV /RVDQiOLVLV FRQWLQXDGRV FODULILFDQOD IRUPD GH FDQLVPRV DXWRUUHJXODGRUHV \ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV IXQFLRQDPLHQWR HQ ODV UHVXOWD TXH VX LQFRUUHFWR PLHQWUDV TXH ODV PHGLFLRQHV WDQ VyOR GH HVFODUHFHUWDOHV ORV SXQWRVILQD PHFDQLVPRV ā ā (Q ODGLVFXVLyQ HVIXHU]RV DQWHULRU āDXWRUUHJXODGRUHV ORV SDUD PDQWHQHU VHXWLOL]DQ GHa XQ QLYHO WHUPLQDGR GH IXQFLRQDPLHQWR FDQWLGDG /RV GH KRUDVGLDULDV QRYHOLVWDV TXH HV TXH GHW FULEHQ HVWXGLDQWHV RORV OD FDQWLGDG GHKRUDV GH HVWXGLRGH UHSUHVHQWDQ ORJUR GHHV RWU WDELOLGDG HQ OD FRQGXFWD ā /D DXWRGLUHFFLyQ DGHPiV SDUD FRQVHJXLU GH HVWDELOLGDG XWLOL]DUVH HVWD WDPELpQ SXHGH SDUD DXPHQWDU VHUYLU FDQWLGDG OD GH FRQGXFWD )DYRUHFLHQGR HPLWLGD DXWRGHVD HO UUROOR ORV PHFDQLVPRV DFW~DQ GH OD PLVPD DXWRUUHJXODGRUHV āIRUPD SHUR FULWHULRGHDFWXD FRQ XQ FLyQ SURJUHVLYDPHQWH FUHFLHQWH TXH GD OXJDU D KDEL 'HVLQFHQWLYRV y disuasores (O LQGLYLGXR QR SXHGH OLEHUWDG GLVSRQHU LOLPLWDGD GH SXHVWR XQD TXH VXV DF UHSHWLGDPHQWH āOD OLEHUWDG \HO ELHQHVWDU GH ORV GHPiV VL ORV 3RU DXWRPRYLOLVWDV HMHPSOR QR UDQ FRQ XQ FyGLJR GH FLUFXODFLyQ FRQWLQXDPHQWH PLHQWUDV TXH DGRSWDQ VHHQWR GR XQDV FXDQWDV DGHFXDGDV UHJODV HV SRVLEOH ELHQHVWDU GH HO WRGRV (Q WRGDV āODV VRFLHGDGHV V PLHPEURV LQVWLWX\HQ FLHUWDV FRVWXPEUHV EXVFD VXSURSLR \UHJODV LQ GH WHUpV \QR HV GHPDVLDGR DPLJD GH GHPDQGDV \OLPLWDF IOLFWRV LQWHUSHUVRQDOHV HQHO FXUVR āGaODYLGD GLDULD $OJXQRV SHUWXUEDGRUHV GH VXV DFW GHVGH XQSXQWR YLVWD SHUVRQDO GH RWURV SXHGHQ VHU SXHGHQFRQVWLWXLU SHUMXGLFLDOHV JUDYHV LQIUDFFLRQHV FRQGXFWD TXH SHUMXGLFDQ GH OD *UDQ HORUGHQ SDUWH GHO VRFLDO HVIXHU]R HVWi GLULJLGR DODLPSRVLFLyQ GHDXWRUUHVWULFFLRQHV GHODV SURKLELFLRQHV TX VRFLDOHV &RQ IUHFXHQFLD SDUD HOOR VH XWLOL]DQ ODV VDQFLRQHVā QHJDWLYDV ā ā Fuentes de las restricciones de la conducta- /DV UHVWULFFLRQHV ODFRQGXFWDSXHGHQ VREUH GHGRV SURFHGHU IXHQWHV XQD GH WLSR GLVWLQWDV VRFLDO · y RWUD LQWHUQD /DV restricciones sociales VH EDVDQ DPHQD]DV HQ GH FDVWLJR /DV FRQVH H[WHPR FXHQFLDV QHJDWLYDV REVHUYDGDV HQ WUDQVPLWHQ RWURV LQIRUPDFL y RH[SHULPH Q VREUH FLUFXQVWDQFLDV ODV HQODVTXH VRQVRFLDOPHQWH GHVDSUREDGRV (Q ODV VLWXDFLRQHV TXH FRPSRUWDQ HVWi UHJXODGD ULHVJR SDUWHSRU HQ ODV GHFDVWLJR FRQ VHFXHQFLDV DQWLFLSDGDV QHJDWLYDV /DV UHVWULFFLRQHV DPHQD]DV TXH H[WHUQDV SURYLH EDVDQ HQ ODV YDORUDFLRQHV FRJQLWLYDV GH ORVIDFWRUHV 3RU WDQWR V ODV UHVWULFFLRQHV YDUtDQ HQ LQWHQVLGDG HQ IXQFLyQ GH ORV IDFWRUH SUHGLFHQ SUREDELOLGDG OD GH FRQVHFXHQFLDV DPHQD]DQWHV $O SULQFLSLR HV QHFHVDULR TXH H[LVWD GHSHQGHQ XQ GH FRQWURO OD H JXtD \ODGLUHFFLyQ SDUD HYLWDU GH ORV ORVGHPiV SHOLJURV WDUGDQ PXFKR 6LQHPEDUJR DGRSWDU HQ Q FULWHULRV FRQGXFWD LQWHUQRV TXH DFW~DQFRPR GH JXtDV \GLVXDVLYRV DFWRV LásrestrÜ:ciónes GH VXV internas DFW~DQ PHGLDQWH DXWRFHQVXUD OD DQWLFLSDWRULDGH (O ODSURSLD FRQWURO LQWHUQR FRQGXF VH PDQLILHVWD GH GRVIRUPDV (Q SULPHU OXJDU SULQFLSDOHV UHVLVWHQD ORVLQGLYLGXRV ODUHDOL]DFLyQGH VH DFWRV VRQ FRQWUDULRV TXH DVXV FULWHULRV FRPSRUWDPLHQWR DXQ FXDQGR VHD ā QRUHVX GHVFXELHUWR (Q VHJXQGR OXJDU VLWHPSRUDOPHQWH FRQGXFWDVDFFHGHQ WUDQVJUHVR DULWH DU LQGXFWRUHV PX\ SRWHQWHV UHDFFLRQDQ SURFHVR GH VRFLDOL]DFLyQ FRQ SUHWHQGH DXWRUUHSUL ā 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV VXVWLWXLUODVVDQFLRQHV \GHPDQGDV H[WHUQDV SRU XQDVRFLHGDGWXYLHUDTXHGHSHQGHU ~QLFDPHQWHGH SHWDVHQ VXV UHJODV VHUtD QHFHVDULD XQD YLJLODQ &RQIUHFXHQFLD VHGLVFXWH ODHILFDFLDGLVXDVRU GHSHUVRQDV\QRGHGHWHUPLQDQWHV LQWHUDFWLYRV GHUDTXHQRHVSUREDEOH TXH,RV LQGLYLGXRVTXH FRQGXFWDVWUDQVJUHVRUDV LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH H[WHUQRV /DVSHUVRQDV GH TXH FDUHFHQ GHFULWHULRVLQWHUQRV R TXHKDQLQWHULRUL]DGR QRUPDVDQWL SUREDEOHV WUDQVJUHVRUHV DPHQD]DQWH D QR VHU TXH TXHOLPLWH H[LVWD XQ VX DTXHOODVTXHGLVSRQHQGHXQFRQWUROLQWHUQRSRFR ODV FRQGXFWDV SURKLELGDV SHUVSHFWLYD GHO FDVWLJR SRU ā OD &LHUWDPHQWH ODVVDQFLRQHV DXWRLPSXHVWDVMXHJDQ FLDDODFRQGXFWD WUDQVJUHVRUD SHURHOSODQWHDP GHODUHJXODFLyQFRQGXFWXDO /RVFRPSRUWDPLHQWRV WHUDFFLyQ GHVDQFLRQHV GHWLSR VRFLDO \ GHFDUiFWHU DXWRLPSXHVWR 'DGR TXH PXFKDV YHF GLVWLQWDV FRPSRUWDPLHQWR iUHDVGHO HVWiQUHJXODGDV \ QRSRUXQDVRODQ SRUQRUPD JOREDO OD WLSRORJtD DQWHULRU WRGD HOODHQXQVROR\PLVPRLQ SXHGH HQFRQWUDUVH XQDPLVPDSHUVRQD SXHGHUHSULPLU DFFLRQHVFUXHOH GRUDVLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV ODVDPHQD]DV GHSHQDOL]DFLyQ GHORVUHFDXGDGRUHV WDV VH[XDOHV SURKLELGDVāVRFLDOPHQWH DSHVDU G ā,QFOXVR āHQ DFWLYLGDGHVTXHKDELWXDOPHQWH HVWiQPX\ UHVXOWDU LQVXILFLHQWHV ORV SRGHURVRV SDUDLQGXFWRUHV FRQWUDUUHVWDU TXHSXHGD SRUWDQWR QHFHVDULD ODD\XGDUHVWULFWLYD GHOD DXWRUUHJXODGRUHV SXHGHQ GHOD FRQGXFWD VHSDUDUVH FHQVXUDEOH WHPSRUDOPHQWH PHGLDQWH RSHUDFLRQHV DXWRH[FXOSDQWHV H[LPLFLyQ /DVVDQFLRQHVVRFLD GHODUHVSRQVDEL GDGSHUVRQDO GLILFXOWDQOD GLVRFLDFLyQ GH ORV )XQFLRQHV GHODV VDQFLRQHV VRFLDOHV 1 /DVVDQFLRQHV VRFLDOHVWLHQHQGRVIXQFLRQHVFR (Q SULPHUOXJDUOD SXHVWDV VRFLDOHV HYDOXDWLYDV SHUPLWHQ WUDQVPLWL SDSHOHGXFDWLYR /DV UHVSXHVWDVy GHDSUREDFLyQ GHVDSUREDFLyQ LQIRUPDQGHO GXFWDFRQVLGHUDGRV VRFLDOPHQWHSRVLWLYRVRQHJDW VDULDPHQWH FRPRFULWHULRVSHUVRQDOHV /RVWLSR āFDOLGDGGHODVUHODFLRQHVKXPDQDV LPSOLFDGDVLQ ORV GHPiV āVHDFHSWHQ QRUPDV U FRPR HJXODGRUDV GHOD SURSLD FRQGXFW /D VHJXQGDIXQFLyQ SULQFLSDO GH ODVVDQFLRQHV VHUHILHUH DOFR FXHQFLDVDPHQD]DQWHV VHXWLOL]DQ FRPRGLVXDVRUHV FLRVTXHSXGLHUD FRPSRUWDUOD FRQGXFWDGHVDSUREDGD GHPRGRTXHO WHVVXSHUHQDODVJDQDQFLDVHVSHUDGDV \SRUWDQ KDGHKDFHUVH Vt PLVPRQRSURSRUFLRQD SHURSRU QLQJXQDJXtDGH FLyQ GH OD FRQGXFWD IXWXUD SRU HO FDVWLJR DXQ GHSHQGHUi GH ODV DOWHUQDWLYDV y GH ORVEHQHILFLRV GLVSRQLEOHV DVRFLDGRV D &RQ IUHFXHQFLD HOFDVWLJR VHXWLOL]D FRPRPHG FRQGLFLRQHV PDQWHQHGRUDV GH OD FRQGXFWD SURKLEL GLILFLOHVGHPRGLILFDU3RUHMHPSORODPD\RUtD D ODVFRQGL FLRQHV VRFLDOHV TXH IDYRUHFHQ ORVQR DFWRV SXHGHQ GHOLFWL HOLPLQDUOD ODIDOWD SREUH]DQL GHHPSOHRDEROLUORV WUDWDPLHQWRV G IDPLOLDV GHVLWHQJUDGDV 3RU WDQWR LQWHQWDQ OD āFRQGXFWD GHWHQHU FULPLQDOIDYRUH HVWDVVLWXDFLRQHV LQFUHPHQWDQGR ODVIXHU]DVGHR FRQRFHQODVFDXVDV SHURVXUHPHGLRUHSUHVHQWD X TXLHQGHWHUPLQD HQSDUWH ODXWLOL]DFLyQ GHOR UHFHGRUDV GH OD FRQGXFWD WUDQVJUHVRUD RSDUD U 0RWLYDGRUHV LQFHQWLYRV )RPHQWR GH ODV UHVWULFFLRQHV SRU PHGLRGH āODV VDQFLRQHV VRFLDOHV /DV WHRUtDV GHO FRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR ORV HIHFWRV LQKLELGRUHV DWULEX\HQ DO FRQGLFLRQD GHO FDVW PLHQWR GHO DODV VHxDOHV PLHGR SURGXFLGDV XQD UHVSXHVWD SRU0RZUHU /D XQD DFFLyQ JHQHUD VHQVRULDOHV QD VHULH VL OD FRQGXFWD GH VHxDOHV UHVXOWD FDVWLJDGD HUUyQHD UHSH WLGDPHQWH DVR HOPLGR BFLiQGRVH D ODV DFDED VHxDOHV TXH DFRPSDxDQ y la VXSULPHQ DOD 6HPL SHQVyTXH HO FDVWLJR DSOLFDGR DOSULQFLSLRGH HO PLHGR OD D FRQGLFLRQDGR LQLFLR DSDUHFHUtD GāH ODPLVPD DO PLHQWUDV VL HOFDVWLJR TXH DO VyOR ILQDO DSDUHFLH GHO DFWR HO PLHGR WDPSRFR KDVWD OD FRQVXPDFLyQ VHUtD DFWLYDGR GHO PLVPR *HQHU KDOOD]JRV GHPXHVWUDQ SUHFR]UHVXOWD TXH PiVHOFDVWLJR UHVWULFWLYR TXH HOFDVWLJ 6LQ HPEDUJR ODV WHRUtDV TXH HQ OD VLW~DQ DQVLHGDG HO VXVFLWDGD FRQWURO G VHxDOHV SURGXFLGDV SRGD UHVSXHVWD KDQ GHHQIUHQWDUVH'DGR FRQ LPSRUWD TXH XQD PLVPD FRUSRUDOKD HVWUXFWXUD GH UHDOL]DU LQQXPHUDEOHV ORV āPIXQFLRQHV LVPRV DFWRV FRP BSRQHQWHV SDUD VHXWLOL]DQ DFWLYLGDGHV \SDUD FDVWLJDGDV DFWLYLGDGHV UHFRPSHQVDGDV ODVVHxDOHV SURSLRFHSWLYDV TXH RWUDSHUVRQD DFRPSDxDQ VRQODVPLVPDV DODFWR G TXH DFRPSDxDQ BDO GH HO FRJHU GLQHUR SURSLR VLQ HPEDUJR HVWH ~OW PLHQWUDV SULPHUR TXH HO KDELWXDOPHQWH Vt VXHOH LQKLELUVH VLPLODUHV LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GH TXH UHVXOWH FDVWL PDQ $GHPiV REVHUYDU RWURV UHVXOWDQ TXH FDVWLJDGRV UHDOL]DU DFFLRQHV SRU SURKLELGDV GXFH DXWRUUHVWULFFLRQHV SHVDU GH TXH HQQR HOHPLWD REVHUYDGRU QLQJXQD DUHVSXH PHQWR %HQWRQ ā /D HOHFFLyQ GH āUHJXODGD ODV DFFLRQHV PiV SRU HVWi HO SHQVDPLHQWR SRU ODV D VHxDOHV SURYHQLHQWHV PLHPEURV/RV GHORV IDFWyUHV P~VFXORV GHGHPRUD \ORV WHPSRUD SUREDEOHPHQWH H[SOLFDQ VXV HIHFWRV FDVWLJR ā SUHFR] UHVWULFWLYRV HQ HO PLVP G āPRPHQWR GHLQLFLDGD XQD SURKLELFLyQ ODDFFLyQHVWULFDTXH FRPSRUWD PXFKR VLpVWH PiV QR VHDS FD KDVWD GHVSXpV GH FLHUWR WLHPSR GH HPLWLGD OD FRQGXFW DPHQD]DQWH HOFDVWLJR OD DFFLyQ DSOLFDGR ~QLFDPHQWH DOSULQFLSLR SURSRUFLRQD GH WUDV TXH SRGHU GLVIUXWDU GH XQD UHVXOWD FDVWLJDGD DFWLYLGDG SURSRUFL DJUDGDEO WDPELpQ UHFRPSHQVDV GLVXDVRUTXH (O FDVWLJR VLKD HQWUDU GH HQ VROR FRPSHWHQFLD HV PiV FRQ FRPSHQVDV GH OD DFFLyQ (Q OD FRQFHSFLyQ OD LQWHPDOL]DFLyQ GH HQWpUPLQRV SRU GH $URQ FRQGLFLR IUHHG TXH VH DVHPHMD OD FRQFHSFLyQ D GHO SURFHVR GH HYLWDFLyQ7D GXDO GHO DS DQVLHGDG DWUDYpV GHO FDVWLJR VHxDOHV GH TXHGD WLSR PRWRU DVRFLDGD D ORV VLQR QR WDP Vy SHQVDPLHQWRV TXH OD DFFLyQ DFRPSDxDQ y DODV VHxDOHV D 3RU HOOR H[WHUQDV SRVWHULRUPHQWH VHxDOHV GH DODUPD RULJLQDQ DQVLHGDG LQKLEHOD FRQGXFWD ODFXDO /D GHEL WHRUtD GHO FRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR GHVSURYHH GH HILFDFLD RSHUDQWH WDQWR DOSHQVDPLHQWR FDXVDO FRPR DQVLHGDG SHUR PDQWLHQH ODV VHxDOHV DFFLyQ H[WHUQDV 6L XQD FRPR GHWHUPLQDGD FODVH GH FRQGXFWD UHVXOWD fa· DSDULFLyQ FDVWLJDGD H SRVWHULRU GH HVH PLVPR SDUD LQKLELU HVWLPXOR OD FRQGXFWD VHUYLUi (Q HO DQiOLVLV FRJQLWLYR VRFLDO VH FRQVLGHUD TXH FULWHULRV y SRU LQWHUQRV ORVUHVXOWDGRV DQWLFLSDGRV 3RU WDQWR FRPSOHWR FDUiFWHU GH H[WHUQR QL HV QHFHVDULR SDUD LQKLELU H[SHULPHQWDU FRPSRUWDPL DQ WRVFHQVXUDEOHV (O SHQVDPLHWQR FRQGXFWD SXHGH VLQQHFHVLGDG JXLDU OD GHODH[FLWD /DDXWRFHQVXUD DQWLFLSDGD SRUYLRODU ORVSURSLRV F SRU YLRODU ORVFyGLJRV VRFLDOHV VRQ 1R HVTXHORV ORVSULQFLSDOH SHQV PLHQWRV OLJDGRV DODV DFFLRQHV DQVLHGDG GHOLFWLYDV TXH VHKDDFWLYHQ FRQGLFL GR ORV PLVPRV VLQR TXH ORV SHQVDPLHQWRV SHUVRQDOHV ā \ VRFLDOHV VREUHDG OD YHUVDV GH ODV DFFLRQHV DO LQGLYLGXR GHOLFWLYDV D LQKLELU OOHYDQ ODV DFFLRQH D 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ )XQGDPHQWRV VRFLDOHV 7LSRV GH VDQFLRQHV Y: GH DXWRUUHVWULFFLRQHV QHJDWLYDV /D VDQFLRQHV QHJDWLYDV OD GHVDSDULFL SXHGHQ yQGH DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV FRPSRUWDU UHFRUQ RELHQ SHQVDQWHV RELHQODSUHVHQWDFLyQ /DVVDQFLRQHV GHOVHJXQGRWLSR GHDFRQWHFLPLHQ OHQDGRSWDU OD IRUPDGHFDVWLJRVItVLFRVUHSULPHQGDV DY pUVLYRV YHU /DV VDQFLRQHV SULPHUD GHOD LQFOX\HQOD FDWHJRUtD LPSRVLFLyQ y. ODSULYDFLyQ GHPXOWDV GH F DJUDGDEOHV FRPRSXHGHQ VHU DFWLYLGDGHV SODFHQWHUDV \ UHFRPSHQVDV VRFLDOHV $XQTXH SULYLOHJLRV DPERVWLSRVGHVDQFLRQHVUHSUHVHQWDQ IRUPDV VR GHF EUH FRQGXFWD OD ODV UHODFLRQHV ā VRFLDOHV ā ā ā ā ā (OFDVWLJRLQKLEH āODFRQGXFWD SURKLELGDFXDQGRODVDPHQD]D WDPELpQFRPSRUWDHOULHVJRGHTXHVHSURGX]FDQ HI :DOWHUV \*UXVHF /DVH[SHULHQFLDV GRORUR ELGDVVRFLDOPHQWHVLQRTXHORV FDVWLJRV VREUH WRULD SXHGHQ FUHDU LQKLELFLRQHV TXHVHJHQHUDOLFHQ SRU OD VRFLHGDG 8QDYH]TXHVHKDGHVDUUROODGR y ODLQKLELFLyQQRUHV HVWDYXOQHUDELOLG HOLPLQDU B +RIIPDQ $GHPiV FXDQGR H[LVWHQLQWHUUXSFL ODV GHPDQGDV GH . la FXOWXUDFRPRRFXUUHSRUHMHPSORFRQODVDFWLYL -D LQIDQFLDVHHVSHUDTXH VHDGHVDUUROODGD PiVWDUG KLELGDV HQFLHUWDVVLWXDFLRQHV VRQSHUPLWLGDV HQ DGDSWDELOLGDG DODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV LQGXFLGDV PHGLDQWH FDPELDQWHV H[SHULHQF / GRORURVDV SXHGHQ FUHDULQ-H[LELOLGDGHQ y 0RZUHU OD FRQGXFWD ā :K (O FDVWLJR DYHUVLYRWDPELpQ SURYRFD ODHYLWDFL . .i GRQHV VRFLDOHV R GH UHFRPSHQVDV LQWHUSHUVRQDOHV TXHFUHHQYt FDVWLJRVGHPDVLDGR SDUD VXSULPLUODFRQGXFWD GpELOHV IDYRUHFHUiQ T GHORV FDVWLJDGRUHV $]ULQ\ +RO] ā /DHYLWDFLyQLQWHUSHUVRQDO ODRSRUWXQLGDG GHTXH BVH HMHU]D LQIOXHQFLD VRFLDO FRQVWUXFWLYD WDPELpQ SXHGH KDFHU (O TXH FDVWLJR ORV LQGLYLGXR DVRFLHQ FRQSHUVRQDVTXHPRGHODQ \ HVWLPXODQORVSDWURQHVGHFRQGXFWD GtDQ HUUDGLFDU \ :DOWHUV %DQGXUD \ %DQN 3DWWHUVRQ 'LVKLRQ FRPSUREDU SURFHVRHQHOGHVDUUROORGHWHQGHQFLDV DJUHVLYDV FLyQ SRU SDUWH GH ORVSDGUHV GHIRUPDVSXQLWLYDV GHFRQWURO KLMRVODFXDOHYROXFLRQDKDFLD 'DGR TXHWDOHVFRQGXF HVWLORVGHFRQGX DOHMDQ D O RVDJUHVRUHVGH OD PD\RUtD GHVXVFRPSDxHURV ORVMyYHQH SDxHURVDQWLVRFLDOHV B a 2WUR SRVLEOH HIHFWR QRGHVHDGR ODV VDQFLRQHV GH HV āHSXQLWLYDV OPRGHODGR (Q āXQHV QHJDWLYR āBFHQDULR GLVFLSOLQDULR KDELWXDOORVSDGUHVGDQXQD]RWHDVXV DORVGHPiV (OPRGHODGR ORV āSXQLWLYR FXDOHV WLHQGHQ LQIOX\HVREUH DDGRSWDU H FRQGXFWDVLPLODUHV HQVLOWUDWRFRQODVGHPiVSHU HVWiQD IDYRUGHXQD GLVFLSOLQD FRDFWLYD WLHQHQKLMRVTXHGHO PLVPR PRGR TXHHOORV XWLOL]DQ PHGLRVFRDFWL FRQVXV FRPSDxHURV GHHGDG +RIIUQDQ GHPXHVWUDQ /RVHVWXGLR TXHOD YLROHQFLDIDPLOLDUHQJHQGUDYLROHQFLD \ /RXULH 6ZHHW\ 5HLVFN 6LOYHU' / . niños TXH VXIUHQXQWUDWREUXWDO GHPDQRV GHVXVSDGUH OHQWDV FRQVXVSURSLRVKLMRV/RV GDWRVHPStULFR PXHVWUDQ TXHORVQLxRVTXHHVWiQ VXMHWRVDFDVWL f t HOORVPLVPRV UHFLEHQ DSR\DQ HOVXSXHVWR GHTXH £ i 0DKDQ DJUHVLYD *HOIDQG +DUWPDQQ \ 3DXO /DPE \ *UXVHF 0LVFKHO 6PLWK W /DV VDQFLRQHV QHJDWLYDV TXH FRPSRUWDQ ODGHVDS SXHGHQ UHGXFLUOD FRQGXFWD SURKLELGD FRQXQPtQLPRGH DYHUVLyQ y GHHIHFWRV FRODWHUDOHV QRGHVHD GRV (VWR VXFHGH VREUHWRGR FXDQGR ODV VDQFLRQHV SUH UiSLGD FODUD y REMHWLYD 3RU HOOR ORVUHVXOWDGRV YLHQHQDFRQVLGHUDU PHQRV QDWXUDOHV H LQHYLWDEOHV GH OD FRQGXFWD WUDQVJUHVRUD \ QR FRP PDOpYROR&XDQGRODUHLQVWDXUDFLyQ GH ODVUHFRPSHQVDV VHKDFHFRQWLQJH WUXFWLYD HVWHWLSR GHVDQFLRQHV SXHGHDODYH]UHVWULQJXLU QD JXtDSRVLWLYD SDUD HOFRPSRUWDPLHQWR ā ! l 0RWLYDGRUHV LQFHQWLYRV /DV VDQFLRQHV TXH VH EDVDQ ~QLFDPHQWH ā HQ FRQVHFXHQFLDV ODV FDVWLJDGRUDV GH ODV DF VLW~DQ WRGR HO FRQWURO HQ ORV GHPiV EDVDQ &RPR ~QLFDPHQWH FRQVHFXHQFLD HQ UHVWULFFLRQHV GH XQD WLSR DPSOLD H[WHUQR YLJLODQFLD /DVVDQFLRQHV UHTXLHUHQ VRFLDO QHJDWLYDV HMHUFHQ XQD LQIOXHQFLD PiV VHJXUD \GXUDGHUD VREUH OD GXFHQ DSR\DQFULWHULRV \ SHUVRQDOHV GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR VDQFLRQHVVRFLDOHVSXHGHQ IDYRUHFHU /DV HO DXWRFRQWURO PRGHODQGR QRUPDV DSOLFiQGRODV GH IRU GH ORVSURYRFDGRV HIHFWRV ā SRU ODV DFFLRQHV WUDQVJUHVRUDV DVt FRPR SHUVRQDO KDFLD ORV PLVPRV SURSRUFLRQDQGR DXWRGLUHFFLyQ RSRUWXQLGDGHV (Q HVWD DPSOLD GH HMH IXQFLyQ ODV VDQFLRQHV FRQ ORV DFW~DQ SUHFHSWRV < ORV FRQMXQWDPHQWH HMHPSORV Mediación cognitiva /D FRQWULEXFLyQ la FRJQLFLyQ GH HQ HOHIHFWR GH ODV VDQFLRQHV ODFLyQ KD VLGR HVWXGLDGD H[WHQVDPHQWH (O UD]RQDPLHQWR FRQ UHVSHFW VH XW SDUDWUDQVPLWLU YDULRV WLSRV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ ODV LQGLFD PDODV FRQGXF FyPR FR WDV GH LQDSURSLDGDV LGHQWLILFD ORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV TXH SXHGHQ FRPSRUWDU WUDQVJUHVRU WDOHV \ DRWUDV DFFLRQHV SHUVRQDV /RV HVWXGLRV DO VREUH O SUiFWLFDV GH VRFLDOL]DFLyQ GHPXHVWUDQ TXH HO FDVW HILFD] TXH SRU VtVROR \ /HYLQ6HDUV 0DFFRE\ /DV FDSDFLGDGHV VHDVR D FLDQ FRQ XQ XVR ā GHO HOHYDGR UD]RQDPLHQWR DSHOD ODV D TXH QRUPDV GH< FRPSRUWDPLH D ,D SUHRFXSDFLyQ HPSiWLFD SRU HO VXIULPLHQWR : DOWHUV +RII LQIOLJLGR PDQ \ %XVVH\ 3HUU\ /RV HVWXGLRV FRUUHODFLRQDOHV QRHVWDEOHFHQ ODGL PLHQWR ODV KDELOLGDGHV DXWRUUHJXODGRUDV GLULJLU RHV VX TXH SURSLD FRQGXFWD UHVXOWDQ HOUD]RQDPLHQWR LQIOXLGDVIiFLOPHQWH \SRUWDQWR QRQHFHVLW SRU VDQFLRQHV PiV HQpUJLFDV" /RVāHVWXGLRV KDQ DQDOL]DGRGH GH TXp ODERUDWR IRUPD HOUD]RQDPLHQWR HOHIHFWR TXHWLHQHQ LQIOX\H VREUH ODV VDQFLRQHV QHJDW DXWRUUHVWULFFLRQHV &KH\QH :DOWHUV HQORV \ QLxRV 3DUNH :DOWHUV /DV UD]RQHV FRPELQDGDV FRQ FRQVHFXHQFLDV QHJDWLYD PiV IXHUWHV y GXUDGHUDV TXH ODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV QHJDWLYDV SR WUDQVJUHVRUD FODUR VLHVODDFFLyQ QRTXHGD SDUWLFXODU ORTXH VHFRQVLGHUD HVHOWLSR LQDFHSW JHQHUDO GH FRQGXFWD DO TXH SDUD OD SHUWHQHFH DXWRUUHJXODFLyQ 5HVXOWD GH PiV VLPLODUHV XWLOL]DU ODGLVFLSOLQD FRPR RFDVLyQ SDUD WLJDU OD DFFLyQ HVSHFtILFD /D 9RLH LQFRUUHFWD H[SHULHQFLDV 3RU āDYHUVLYDV WDQWR ODV SXHGH LQGXFLU XQD REHGLHQFLD UtJLGD HQGHWHUPLQDGDV VLW FHQ ODV SDUD EDVHV UHJXODU OD FRQGXFWD IXWXUD HQ FLUFXQVWDQF /D PHGLGD HQTXH HOUD]RQDPLHQWR la LQIOXHQFLD GHODV VDQFLRQHV LQFUHPHQWD GHSHQGH QHJDWLYDV GHO GH DTXpO \FRJQLWLYDV GH ODV GHO FDSDFLGDGHV VXMHWR SRFR ā~WLOUHFXUULU 5HVXOWD DODV DEVWUDF FLRQHV HQ HO FDVR GH FDUHFHQ QLxRV GH OD SHTXHxRV H[SHULHQFLD QHFHVDULD SDUD TXLHQHV FRPSUHQ GHUODV eVWRV UHVXOWDQ PiV LQIOXLGRV EDVDGDV HQ FRQVHFXHQFLDV SRU UD]RQHV WDQJLEOH QHVLQDGHFXDGDV TXH SRU UHJODV $ PHGLGD elDEVWUDFWDV QLxR TXH YD DGTXLULHQG 3DUNH SHULHQFLD VRFLDO \FRQRFLPLHQWRV VREUH ORTXH HVW SRQVLYR D ODV DSHODFLRQHV DEVWUDFWDV &KH\QH :DOWHUV DODV \ UHJOD /D9RLH /DV FRQVHFXHQFLDV VRFLDOHV TXH SXHGHQ DFDUUHDUO OOHJDQ DPDWHULDOL]DUVH VLVRQ FDSDFHV\ GHHYLWDU HO VX IULPLHQWR TXH WDOHV DFWRV FDXVDQ DORVGHPiV GHVFXEUD R VHSU QRDOPDOKHFKRU (O SRGHU UHVWULFWLYR GHODDQWLFL YpV GHO DXWRLQWHUpV HO FDVWLJR 6LQ HPEDUJR VH FRQVLGHUD IiFLOPHQWH VL WROHUDEOH HYLWDEOH SXHG R UHVXOWDU PHQRV UHVWULFWLYR SRU HOSRVLEOH TXH ODSUHRFXSDFLyQ GDxR SURGXFLGR ([LVWHQ D DOJXQRV GDWRV TXH VXJLHUHQ acompañaa TXH ODV VLVH VDQFLRQHV GH āUD]RQHVTXHLQGX]F QHJDWLYDV ernpatía āKDFLD ODV YtFWLPDV VH LQGXFHQ DXWRUUHVWULFFLRQHV ODV TXH VH FRQVLJ LQWHQWDQGR FRQYHQFHU D ORV WUDQVJUHVRUHV GH TXH V 3HQVDPLHQWR y DFFLyQ)XQGDPHQWRVVRFLDOHV WLYDV :DOWHUV\*UXVHF HUQSDWtD DXPHQWD /D HILFDFLDGH FRQODH /D9RLH GLIHUHQFLDVFXDOL

674527159-322569550-Pensamiento-y-Accion-Fundamentos-Sociales

Productos

Apoyo

674527159-322569550-Pensamiento-y-Accion-Fundamentos-Sociales

Añadir este documento a la recogida (s)

Añadir a este documento guardado

Sugiéranos cómo mejorar StudyLib