Moth Diversity & Abundance in Bahawalpur, Pakistan

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Diversity and Abundance of Moths
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Vol 24, No. 8;Aug 2017
Diversity and
Abundance of Moths
in Bahawalpur,
Punjab, Pakistan
Nuzhat Sial1, Sajjad
Shafeeq1, Hafiz
Muhammad Ali2,
Mirza Imran
Shahzad2, Sobia
Abid1, Saima
Hashim1, Tariq
Hussain1, Aqib
Javed1, Iqra Saif1
1
Department of Life
Sciences, Islamia
University of
Bahawalpur, Punjab,
Pakistan, 63200.
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Vol 24, No. 8;Aug 2017
2University College
of veterinary and
animal sciences. The
Islamia University of
Bahawalpur,
Pakistan.
*Correspondence:
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Moths constitute the
larger division of the
order
Lepidoptera.
The samples were
collected from 4
different habitats as
Desert
area,
vegetation,
landscapes,
crop
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Vol 24, No. 8;Aug 2017
fields and grassy
lawns.
Specimens
were captured by
direct hand picking
and with the help of
hand nets. They were
preserved later by
mean
of
dry
preservation.
The
taxonomic status was
determined with the
help of available
identification
keys
and online web sites.
During
September
2015 to June 2016
research resulted in 1
order, 7 families and
12 species of moths in
Bahawalpur, Punjab,
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Vol 24, No. 8;Aug 2017
Pakistan. In total
count,
maximum
diversity of Utetheisa
pulchella
(74
samples)
were
reported
and
minimum value was
Acherontia Styx (09
samples).
It
is
concluded that these
findings seemed to be
helpful in ecological
management of the
ecosystem.
Key words: Moths,
diversity,
identification,
abundance.
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INTRODUCTION
Insects are a class of
living creatures within
the arthropods that
have a
chitinous
exoskeleton, a threepart body (head,
thorax, and abdomen),
three pairs of jointed
legs, two compound
eyes,
and
two
antennae
(Wilson,
2009). All insects
fertilize the soil with
the nutrients from
their
droppings
(Wilson,
1987).
Agricultural
intensification often
reduces biodiversity
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Vol 24, No. 8;Aug 2017
and
associated
ecosystem functions,
while trophic guilds
can be differentially
affected
and
contradictory effects
have been found in
different
regions
(Rothenwohrer et al.,
2011).
Arthropoda, including
insects,
comprise
approximately 2/3 of
known organisms in
the world. They are
both abundant and
diverse, and different
species have adapted
to
different
environmental
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Vol 24, No. 8;Aug 2017
conditions (Samways,
1994). Moths are in
the
insect
Order
Lepidoptera,
and
share this Order with
Butterflies. There are
some 160,000 species
of moths in the world,
compared to 17,500
species of butterflies.
In the United States,
there
are
nearly
11,000 species of
moths
(encyclopedia).Moths
and butterflies have
been widely used in
ecological
and
conservation research
worldwide
because
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Vol 24, No. 8;Aug 2017
they are abundant,
easy to sample, have a
well-resolved
taxonomy, and high
habitat
conformity
(Kitching et al., 2000;
Summerville et al.,
2001;
Summerville
and
Crist,
2002;
Brehm and Fiedler,
2003; Fiedler and
Beck, 2008; Fiedler et
al., 2008). They also
serve
as
major
herbivores,
linking
primary
producers
and consumers in
ecosystems (Scoble,
1992). Moths are one
of the groups playing
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Vol 24, No. 8;Aug 2017
a central role in
numerous ecosystem
processes as prey,
herbivores
and
pollinators (Barlow &
Woiwod 1989, Janzen
1987). Insects make
an
enormous
contribution to both
tropical
diversity
(Lewinsohn et al.
2005) and ecosystem
functioning (Wilson
1987).
Research
point is to study the
abundance
and
diversity of moth
fauna and to identify
the moth fauna in
Bahawalpur situated
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Vol 24, No. 8;Aug 2017
in southern Punjab,
Pakistan.
METHODOLOGY
Sample collection:
Species
abundance
and diversity of the
moths were compared
among
the
four
experimental
sites.
The
each
experimental site was
divided in to four
locations (East, West,
North, and South) in
four habitats namely
Experimental Site-H
1, mixed vegetation,
Experimental Site-H
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2,
scattered
vegetation,
Experimental Site-H 3
vegetation or fields of
abbasia
campus,
Experimental Site-H
4, park Grass land. A
preliminary
survey
was carried out and
field
tour
was
initiated
as
per
schedule
from
September 2015 to
June
2016.
In
experimental habitats
Moths
specimens
were collected by
sweep nets and then
killed by using insect
killing
bottles.
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Vol 24, No. 8;Aug 2017
Specimens identified
with the help of fauna
of British India and
Oxford
Pakistan
edition hand book and
some more species
were identified with
the help of Moths of
Pakistan
and
Indomalian fauna of
Moths online.
Statistical Analysis
Simpson’s
and
Shannon’s
weiner
index is calculated for
the available research
data in MS. excel.
Shannon’s
weiner
diversity
index
formula:
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Where, n i = No. of
individuals , N= Total
no. of species ,LN=
Natural log
Simpson’s diversity
index formula:
Where, n i = No. of
individuals
,N=
Total no. of species
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RESULTS
AND
DISCUSSION
During study period
total no. of samples
347 were collected
from 4 habitats like
H1, H2, H3, and H4.
After
identification
the 347 samples, 7
families,
and
12
species were found. In
total count, maximum
diversity of Utetheisa
pulchella
was
reported
and
at
minimum value of
diversity the species
explore
was
Acherontia
styx.
During sampling of
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research conduction,
347 Moths
were
collected
and
identified
by
following the keys
resulted respectively
as 1 order, 07 families
and
12
species.
Utetheisa pulchella is
found in different
habitats
of
Bahawalpur Punjab
Pakistan.
During
September 2015 to
June 2016, There
were 36 individuals in
habitat 1, 20 were
found in habitat 2, 10
were found in habitat
3 and 8 were found in
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habitat
4.Total
number of reported
moths in all habitats
were 74 .Amerila
crokeri
individuals
reported
during
sampling
duration
were 12 in habitat-1,
02 were found in
habitat-2,
02
individuals in habitat3 and there was no
individual in habitat4. Cyana selangorica
individuals reported
were 16 in habitat-1
and 04 in habitat-2.
There
were
no
individuals
even
under observation in
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habitat-3. Cydalima
perspectalis belongs
to family Crambidae
and their individuals
reported were 24 in
habitat-1,
08
individuals in habitat2, 02 individuals in
habitat-3
and
4
individuals
were
found in habitat-4.
Hapola
reversa
belongs to family
Erebidae and their
total
individuals
reported were 32. 22
specimens found in
habitat-1, 4 in habitat2, 0 in habitat-3 and 6
individuals in habitat-
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4. Agape chloropyga
belongs to family
Erebidae and total no.
of species individual
reported was 34. 28
moths reported in
habitat-1, 6 in habitat2 while absent in
habitat-3 and habitat-.
Cymaenes tripunctus
belongs to family
Hesperiinae and their
total
individuals
reported were 30. 20
specimens found in
habitat-1, 6 in habitat2, 4 in habitat-3 and 0
individuals in habitat4. Schinia trifascid
belongs to family
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noctuidae and their
total
individuals
reported were 22. 08
specimens found in
habitat-1, 0 in habitat2, 12 in habitat-3 and
2
individuals
in
habitat-4.
Pyrrhia
cilisca belongs to
family Noctuidae and
their total individuals
reported were 29. 7
specimens found in
habitat-1, 2 in habitat2, 6 in habitat-3 and
14 individuals in
habitat-4. Spodoptera
litura belongs to
family Noctuidae and
their total individuals
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reported were 28. 6
specimens found in
habitat-1, 4 in habitat2, 16 in habitat-3 and
2
individuals
in
habitat-4. Citheronia
regalis belongs to
family
Saturniidae
and
their
total
individuals reported
were 17. 8 specimens
of this species found
in habitat-1, 6 in
habitat-2, 0 in habitat3 and 3 individuals in
habitat-4. Acherontia
styx belongs to family
Sphingidae and their
total
individuals
reported were 09. 07
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specimens of this
species found in
habitat-1, 2 in habitat2, while absent in
habitat-3 and habitat4. These results are
showed by tables and
Graphs as follows
(Table no. 1.1 and
Figure 1.1 to 1.2)
CONCLUSION
Biodiversity
is
generally a measure
of the relative number
and
types
of
organisms
present.
When considering the
effects of biodiversity
on a system, two
concepts
are
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especially important
to consider: stability
and
productivity
(Schowalter, 2006).
The present study has
been carried out for
taxonomic
understanding
of
moth species from
Bahawalpur region. A
comprehensive report
of moth diversity has
been carried out that
results in 7 families,
and
12
species
reported
from
different habitats of
University
campus
from September 2015
to June 2016.Carried
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Vol 24, No. 8;Aug 2017
research reported that
moth diversity of
specie
Utethesia
pulchells is maximum
and Acherontis styx is
minimum
in
distribution.
All
identified species are
found in habitat 1 and
2 due to favorable
surrounding
environment of mixed
vegetation
while
habitat 3 and 4 had
only 7 species due to
only grass nlocations.
ACKNOWLEDGE
MENT
I am grateful to those
persons of Islamia
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University
of
Bahawalpur,
Who
contributed in sample
collection
and
analysis.
REFERENCES
Barlow, H. S. &
Woiwod, I. P.
1989.
Moth
diversity of a
tropical forest
in Peninsular
Malaysia.
Journal
of
Tropical
Ecology 5:37–
50.
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Vol 24, No. 8;Aug 2017
Daily, G. C. 2001.
Ecological
forecasts.Natu
re411:245.
David
L. Wagner
(2013)
Encyclopedia
of
Biodiversity
(Second
Edition) Pages
384-403
Hahn et al.2 April
,2015 Institute
for
Environmental
Sciences,
University
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Vol 24, No. 8;Aug 2017
KoblenzLandau,
Fortstraße
76829
Landau,
Germany.
7,
Lewinsohn, T. M.,
Freitas, A. V.
L. & PRADO,
P. I. 2005.
Conservation
of terrestrial
invertebrates
and
their
habitats
in
Brazil.Conser
vation
Biology19:64
0–645.
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Vol 24, No. 8;Aug 2017
Muhammad
Aslam
(2009)
Diversity,
Species Richness And
Evenness Of Moth
Fauna Of Peshawar
Pak. Entomol. Vol.
31, No.2
Rothenwohrer
C,
Scherber
C,
Tscharntke
T(2011).
Effects
of
grassland
intensification
on functional
insect
diversity on
trophic levels.
In:
Biodiversity,
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Vol 24, No. 8;Aug 2017
trophic
interactions
and
global
change,
Entomologent
agung.
Samways,
M.J.,
1994.Insect
Conservation
Biology.
Chapman
and Hall, London.
Scoble, M., 1992.The
Lepidoptera.
Form,
Function and
Diversity.
Oxford
University
Press, Oxford.
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Schaffers,
A.P.,
Raemakers,
I.P., Sykora,
K.V.,
ter
Braak, C.J.F.,
2008.
Arthropod
assemblages
are
best
predicted by
plant species
composition.
Ecology 89,
782–794.
Stork,
115
N.E.,
Samways,
M.J.,
1995.
Inventorying
and
monitoring of
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Vol 24, No. 8;Aug 2017
biodiversity.
In: Heywood,
V.H.
(Ed.),
Global
biodiversity
assessment.
Cambridge
Univ. Press,
Cambridge,
pp. 453–543
Sobia Malik, Tahira
Ruby, Nuzhat
Sial,
Muhammad
Shafique
Chaudhary
and
Mirza
Imran
Shahzad
(2014)
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Vol 24, No. 8;Aug 2017
Diversity and
abundance of
zoophagous
insects in and
around Islamia
University
campus,
Bahawalpur,
Punjab,
Pakistan,
Standard
Scientific
Research and
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(8): 328-332.
Wilson, E. O. 1987.
The
little
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the world (the
importance
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Vol 24, No. 8;Aug 2017
and
conservation
of
invertebrates).
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Biology1:344
–346.
Wilson
EO(2009).
“Threats
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Retrieved
2009-05-17.
Facts and figures:
Table1.1:
Distribution
of
moths in different
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Vol 24, No. 8;Aug 2017
habitats
Bahawalpur.
of
Class
Order
Family
Taxa
H1
H2
H3
H4
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Arctiidae
Utetheisa pulchella
Amerila crokeri
Cyana selangorica
36
12
16
20
02
04
10
02
00
08
00
00
Total
no.
74
16
20
Crambidae
Cydalima
perspectalis
Hapola reversa
Agape chloropyga
Cymaenes
tripunctus
Schinia trifascid
Pyrrhia cilisca
Spodoptera litura
24
08
02
04
38
22
28
20
04
06
06
00
00
04
06
00
00
32
34
30
08
07
06
00
02
04
12
06
16
02
14
02
22
29
28
Saturniidae
Citheronia regalis
08
06
00
03
17
Sphingidae
Acherontia styx
07
02
00
00
09
Erebidae
Hesperiinae
Noctuidae
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Vol 24, No. 8;Aug 2017
Shannon’s wiener diversity index
2.32
2.13
1.72
1.71
Simpson’s diversity Index
No. of individual
0.89
0.85
0.80
0.80
No. of species
120
347
12
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Figure1.1: Graphical
distribution of moth
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1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Figure 1.2: Number of
moth
species
in
different
habitats
during (September
2015- June 2016)
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