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Verbos Irregulares en Inglés: Lista Completa con Traducción
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IRREGULAR ENGLISH VERBS Las Reglas: 1) Muchos verbos tienen más de un significado, y la lista no abarca todos. 2) La pronunciación es muy importante y tiene que aprenderse. 3) Memorizar vocabulario es bueno. 4) Hay muchos verbos irregulares que no están en la lista. La mayoría no son necesarios. Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle Spanish be was / were been ser, estar become became become convertirse en, hacerse begin began begun empezar, comenzar bite bit bitten morder blow blew blown soplar break broke broken romper bring brought brought llevar, traer build built built construir buy bought bought comprar can could been able poder catch caught caught coger, atrapar, tomar choose chose chosen elegir, escoger come came come venir cost cost cost costar cut cut cut cortar do did done hacer draw drew drawn dibujar drink drank drunk beber drive drove driven conducir eat ate eaten comer fall fell fallen caer feel felt felt sentir fight fought fought pelear, luchar find found found encontrar fly flew flown volar Imprime, comparte, y disfruta de la vida! Hecho por Daniel Welsch. En la web: http://madridingles.es Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle Spanish forget forgot forgotten olvidarse forgive forgave forgiven perdonar freeze froze frozen congelar get got got / gotten recibir, conseguir, llegar, etc give gave given dar go went gone ir grow grew grown crecer hang hung hung colgar have had had tener hide hid hidden esconder hit hit hit pegar, golpear hold held held sostener hurt hurt hurt hacer daño keep kept kept guardar, continuar know knew known conocer, saber lead led led liderar, guiar, conducir leave left left irse, dejar lend lent lent dejar prestado let let let permitir, alquilar lose lost lost perder make made made hacer mean meant meant significar, querer decir meet met met conocer, reunirse, encontrarse pay paid paid pagar put put put poner, colocar read /ri:d/ read /red/ read /red/ leer ride rode ridden montar (en transporte) ring rang rung llamar, sonar Imprime, comparte, y disfruta de la vida! Hecho por Daniel Welsch. En la web: http://madridingles.es Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle Spanish rise rose risen levantarse, alzarse, subir run ran run correr say said said decir, contar see saw seen ver sell sold sold vender send sent sent enviar, remitir set set set poner, colocar show showed shown mostrar, enseñar shut shut shut cerrar sing sang sung cantar sink sank sunk hundirse sit sat sat sentarse sleep slept slept dormir speak spoke spoken hablar spend spent spent gastar dinero, pasar tiempo steal stole stolen robar swim swam swum nadar take took taken tomar, llevar teach taught taught enseñar tell told told decir, contar think thought thought pensar throw threw thrown lanzar, tirar, arrojar understand understood understood entender, comprender wake woke woken despertarse wear wore worn llevar puesto win won won ganar write wrote written escribir Imprime, comparte, y disfruta de la vida! Hecho por Daniel Welsch. En la web: http://madridingles.es I. En cualquiera frase inglesa SIEMPRE debemos tener SUJETO/OBJETO + VERBO. En espanol uds.frencuentemente pierden este sujeto/objeto! To be (ser/estar) Verbos normales 1. Afirmacion (Infinitivo: -ar-/-er-/-ir- = to) (por ejemplo TRABAJAR) => TO WORK - trabajAR 1. Afirmacion. Yo soy / estoy Tu eres / estás Nosotros somos / estamos Ellos/Uds. son / están El/Ella/Eso/Ud. es / está I You (tu/Ud./Uds.) We They He/She/It Soy bueno. Es mala. Somos inteligentes. Estás aqui. Están en la escuela. Son mis padres. 2. Negacion ( to be + not) ESTOY AQUI PARA TRABAJAR I AM HERE TO WORK I AM HERE FOR TO WORK I You/we/they He/she/it am are are are is am not (I'm not) are not (aren't) is not (isn't) Yo trabajo Tu trabajas Nosotros trabajamos Ellos/Uds. trabajan El/Ella/Eso/Ud. trabaja work work work work He/She/it workS Trabajo aqui. Trabajamos juntos. Trabaja bien. Trabajan mal. 2. Negacion (agregamos DON'T) I You/we/they DON'T DON'T 3. Preguntas (to be va al primer lugar) Preguntas especiales (palabras especiales van al principio) Am I good? Are you here? Is she at school? What - qué DO I Which - cual DO you/we/they How - cómo Where - dónde DOES He/She/It Why - por qué / para qué When - cuándo Who - quién How old - cuantos años/qué edad How long - cuanto tiempo How much/many - cuanto / cuantos Dónde está Maria? Para qué estás aqui? Cómo está? Quién está aqui? Cuantos años tienes? Cuanto tiempo están en la escuela? Qué es eso? I You (tu/Ud/Uds) We They work. work 3. Preguntas (agregamos auxiliar DO al principio) work? work? He/She/it DOESN'T work_. Preguntas especiales (palabras especiales van al principio) Where Why How DO you DO we DOES she work? go? study_? work_? Donde trabajas? Para que trabajas aqui? Como trabajan ellos? Con quien trabaja Maria? Que hacemos aqui? II. En ingles NO HAY FORMA PLURAL de Adjetivos!!! Somos buenOS = We are good__! Son bonitAS = They are beautiful__! III. Conexiones para + verbo (to work) Estoy aqui PARA comprar un coche I am here TO buy a car Porque / ya que = because / since / as por eso = that is why (that's why) pero = but así que = so por lo tanto = thus Es + adjetivo = It is + adjective Es bonito – __ Is beautiful. = IT IS beautiful. Es peligroso. = It is dangerous Es dificil = It is difficult Es bonito aqui = IT IS BEAUTIFUL Es limpio en Cancun = IT IS CLEAN in Cancun Es bueno estar contigo = IT IS GOOD TO BE with you Es malo trabajar con drogas = IT IS BAD TO WORK with drugs Es facil comprar los coches = IT IS EASY TO BUY the cars LOS = “THE” SIEMPRE Y CUANDO SIGNIFICA “ESTOS”! LOS ABOGADOS ESTUDIAN EN LAS UNIVERSIDADES = _LAWYERS STUDY AT _UNIVERSITIES. (ESTOS ABOGADOS, ESTAS UNIVERSIDADES) Es profundo aqui para nadar = IT IS DEEP HERE FOR TO SWIM Excepciones: Hace calor (hot) / Hace frio (cold) / Hace tiempo (warm) = IT IS + ___ Hay + sustantivo + donde Singular = there is Plural = there are Hay + un restaurante + ahi Hay + muchos restaurantes + aqui There is + a restaurant + there. There are + many restaurants + here. Hay un gato en casa – There is a cat at the in the home Hay un perro en el trabajo Hay un amigo en la universidad Hay un lugar (place) en plaza las americas - Hay muchos gatos en casa Hay dos perros en el trabajo Hay tres amigos en la universidad Hay muchos lugares en plaza las americas - CONEXION -QUE- = THAT (WHICH, WHO) Hay un amigo QUE trabaja en el Servicio de Administracion Tributaria (en lo sucesivo denominado como “SAT”) – hereinafter referred to as “SAT” There is a friend THAT workS in the IRS. INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE WHICH PARA PERSONAS / WHICH OF YOU (THEM) WORKS HERE? QUIEN DE USTEDES / QUIENES DE USTEDES – TRABAJA / TRABAJAN AQUÍ? WHO OF YOU WHICH OF YOU WORKS HERE? – QUIEN DE USTEDES TRABAJA AQUI? WHICH OF YOU WORK HERE? – QUIENES DE USTEDES TRABAJAN AQUI? Hay muchos gatos QUE viven aqui. There are many cats THAT live here. Future Simple Sujeto/Objeto + WILL + verbo en infinitivo sin “to” 1. AFIRMACION I You We They WILL He She It 2. NEGACION work study speak jump use want travel I You We They WILL NOT He (won’t) She uÓÚnt It uont = want 3. INTERROGACION work study speak jump use want travel WILL I You We They He She It work study speak jump use want travel ? ***PREGUNTA ESPECIAL What Where How Why When How old How long How many times How far etc. WILL I You We They He She It work study speak jump use want travel be ? CASOS DE USO: 1) Accion espontanea en el futuro, toma la decision al momento de la conversacion, no tiene ningun plan todavia (You are right, I will invite her to dinner!) 2) Accion 100% segura (Who is knocking on the door? – It will be Mike as I saw him parking his car) Trabajar + ía = futuro en el pasado, bajo una duda Trabajaria, trabajarias, trabajariamos, trabajarian WOULD + work Will you take him to school? / lo llevaRÁS a la escuela? Would you take him to school? Lo llevaRÍAS a la escuela? Past Simple Sujeto/Objeto + 1) verbo regular con –ed- al final (workED) (trabajé / trabajaba o tuve / tenía) o 2) verbo irregular en la 2da forma (broke) 1. AFIRMACION I worked You studied We jumped They used He wanted She traveled It announced 2. NEGACION I You We They DID NOT He (didn’t) She It 3. INTERROGACION I You We They He She It DID spoke broke caught bought OT ate wore hid did Work_ study _ speak _ break_ eat_ wear_ do_ Work_ study _ speak _ break_ eat_ wear_ do_ ? ***PREGUNTA ESPECIAL What Where How Why When How old How long How many times How far etc. DID I You We They He She It work study speak break eat wear do ? CASOS DE USO: 1) Accion terminada en el pasado (I bought a car last week) = Compré, hice, hablé, trabajé 2) Acción no terminada en el pasado (I worked in Pemex) = compraba, hacía, hablaba, trabajaba 3) Acciones consecutivas en el modo descriptivo (Yesterday I came home, kissed my cat, prepared supper and started to watch a movie) 4) Accion que pasaba en el pasado durante un periodo de tiempo (Yesterday I walked in the park for 2 hours = Ayer yo estaba paseando en el parque durante 2 horas / yo paseaba / paseé; Last year she worked 150 days on this project; He studied hard for 6 years to become a doctor; I read a book for 3 hours yesterday) Yo paseé / paseaba / estaba paseando durante 2 horas = I WALKED FOR 2 HOURS. Palabras claves del pasado: ago, last (week, month, year), the other day, yesterday, the day before yesterday etc. Palabras claves del presente: every day (week, month, year, time), today, always, never, sometimes, from time to time, often, seldom / rarely, all the time etc. Palabras claves del future: tomorrow, next (week, time, month, year), in (en) a couple of years, the day after tomorrow etc. 1 Los verbos que terminan en —e, quitan la —e antes de añadir —ing. Si terminan en —ee, hacen el gerundio normalmente. love loving come coming see seeing 2 Los verbos formados por una sola sílaba que solo tienen una vocal y terminan en consonante, doblan esa consonante antes de añadir —ing. run running win winning sit sitting 3 Los verbos de dos sílabas con la acentuación en la segunda sílaba también doblan la consonante. begin beginning prefer preferring admit admitting 4 Los verbos terminados en una sola vocal + L, doblan la L antes de añadir — ing en inglés británico pero no en inglés americano. travel travelling (UK) Doblar la —L final es una regla general del spelling del inglés Británico, que se aplica en otros casos y también cuándo se dobla la consonante final. 5 Los verbos terminados en —y hacen el gerundio normalmente. play playing study studying carry carrying Present Continuous Sujeto/Objeto + to be conjugado + verbo en infinitivo con “ing” (Gerundio) I am working Yo estoy trabajANDO 1. AFIRMACION I Am You Are We Are They Are He Is She Is It Is 2. NEGACION I Am not You Are not We Are not They Are not He Is not She Is not It Is not 3. INTERROGACION Am Are Are Are Is Is Is I You We They He She It working studying speaking jumping using smiling travelling working studying speaking jumping using smiling travelling working studying speaking jumping using smiling travelling ? ***PREGUNTA ESPECIAL What Where How Why When How old How long How many times How far etc. Am Are Are Are Is Is Is I You We They He She It working studying speaking jumping using smiling travelling ? CASOS DE USO: 1) Accion que está pasando AHORA (What are you doing? – I am reading a book) 2) Accion temporal, excepcion de la rutina (I usually work out at night, but THIS WEEK I am working out early in the morning) 3) Reclamo, contexto negativo con ALWAYS y CONSTANTLY (You are always breaking everything! – He is always coming late – They are always talking on the phone) 4) Futuro planeado (We are leaving tomorrow – I am meeting Jane tonight – She is arriving next week – They are going to Russia next year) = PRESENTE SIMPLE EN ESPAÑOL Palabras indicadoras: now, at the moment, this (time, week, year, month etc.), always o constantly (solo negativo) etc. Past Continuous Sujeto/Objeto + to be conjugado en Past + verbo en infinitivo con “ing” / ESTABA – ESTUVE HACIENDO 4. AFIRMACION I Was You Were We Were They Were He Was She Was It Was 5. NEGACION I Was not You Were not We Were not They Were not He Was not She Was not It Was not 6. INTERROGACION Was Were Were Were Was Was Was I You We They He She It working studying speaking jumping using smiling travelling working studying speaking jumping using smiling travelling working studying speaking jumping using smiling travelling ? ***PREGUNTA ESPECIAL What Where How Why When How old How long How many times How far etc. Was Were Were Were Was Was Was I You We They He She It working studying speaking jumping using smiling travelling ? CASOS DE USO: 1) Accion que estaba/estuvo pasando en un momento exacto en el pasado (What were you doing at 9 p.m. yesterday? – I was reading a book) 2) Reclamo, contexto negativo con ALWAYS y CONSTANTLY en el pasado (You were always breaking everything! – He was always coming late – They were always talking on the phone) – PASADO SIMPLE EN ESPAÑOL 3) Acción en el fondo y con la palabra WHILE (When I came home, she WAS COOKING – We WERE TALKING when she called – WHILE she was cooking, Michael was talking to his friend) Palabras indicadoras: then, at that moment, always o constantly (solo negativo), the whole (morning), from…till(to)… etc. Future Continuous Sujeto/Objeto + WILL BE + verbo en infinitivo con “ing” 7. AFIRMACION I You We They WILL BE He She It 8. NEGACION working studying speaking jumping using smiling travelling I You We They WILL NOT BE He She It 9. INTERROGACION working studying speaking jumping using smiling travelling WILL I You We They He She It BE working studying speaking jumping using smiling travelling ? ***PREGUNTA ESPECIAL What Where How Why When How old How long How many times How far etc. WILL I You We They He She It BE working studying speaking jumping using smiling travelling ? CASOS DE USO: - Accion que estará pasando en un momento exacto en el futuro (What WILL you BE doing at 9 p.m. tomorrow? – I WILL BE reading a book) Ellos Estar ÁN hacIENDO They WILL BE doING Emociones: adore (adorar) desire (desear - querer) detest (detestar) dislike (no gustar) envy (envidiar) fear (temer) hate (odio) hope (esperar - esperanza) like (gustar) love (amar) mind (importar) regret (arrepentir) respect (respetar) want (querer) wish (desear) Pensamientos: agree (estar de acuerdo) care for (cuidar de) doubt (dudar) forget (olvidar) hear (oir) know (saber) mean (significar) notice (notar) prefer (preferir) realize (realizar) remember (recordar) seem (parecer) sound (sonar) suppose (suponer) understand (entender) Posesiones: be (ser, estar) belong (pertenecer) consist (consistir) contain (contener) depend (depender) exist (existir) have (tener) include (incluir) keep (guardar) lack (faltar) matter (significar) owe (deber) own (poseer) possess (poseer) Otros: appreciate (valorar) astonish (asombrar) can (saber hacer) concern (referirse a) cost (costar) dare (atreverse) deserve (merecer) imagine (imaginar) impress (impresionar) influence (influenciar) involve (involucrar) measure (medir) need (necesitar) please (agradar) require (exigir) resemble (asemejarse a) satisfy (satisfacer) suit (ajustarse) surprise (sorprender) weigh (pesar) Doble versión: Think I think he is a brave boy (creer), THINK=PENSAR (ING) I’m thinking to buy a new car (pensar hacer algo) THINK=PLANEAR (ING) Look You look sad (verse) Why are you looking at these pictures? (mirar) Taste The baked fish tastes good (sabor) John is tasting the baked fish (probar) Smell The flowers smell good (algo huele) Why is he smelling it? (alguien huele algo) See Do you see this building? (ver) We are seeing our relatives tomorrow. (verse con alguien) To be comportamiento extraño She is being a queen - usualmente es buena onda, pero ahora se está portando como una reyna. Have I have a car (tener, poseer) I´m having a shower, a bath, breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper, a class, a talk, fun etc. Futuro Perfecto Simple Sujeto/Objeto + will + have + verbo en PARTICIPIO (irregular – 3ra forma; regular – ed – ) Yo habré trabajado (ROTO) (habrás, habrá, habremos, habrán + ado/ido) I will have worked (BROKEN) (will have, will have, will have, will have + participio) 1. AFIRMACION I You We They WILL HAVE He She It 2. NEGACION worked BOUGHT SPOKEN jumped used smiled travelled I You We WILL NOT HAVE They He She It 3. INTERROGACION worked BOUGHT SPOKEN jumped used smiled travelled I You We They He She It worked BOUGHT SPOKEN jumped used smiled travelled WILL HAVE ? ***PREGUNTA ESPECIAL What Where How Why When How old How long How many times How far etc. WILL I You We They He She It HAVE worked BOUGHT SPOKEN jumped used smiled travelled ? CASOS DE USO: 1) Accion terminada en el futuro para alguna fecha especifica (I will have already finished the project by the end of the year) Palabras indicadoras: already, by Mañana habré trabajado aquí durante 15 años – Mañana cumplo 15 años trabajando aquí = HABRÉ TRABAJADO Tomorrow I WILL HAVE WORKED HERE FOR 15 YEARS I will pay vs. I will have paid Pagaré vs. Habré pagado (acción terminada en el futuro) Futuro Perfecto Continuo Sujeto/Objeto + will + have + BEEN + verbo en GERUNDIO Yo habré estado trabajando I will have been working 1. AFIRMACION I working You buying We speaking They will HAVE BEEN jumping He using She smiling It travelling 2. NEGACION I You We They WILL NOT HAVE He She It 3. INTERROGACION WILL I You We They He She It HAVE BEEN BEEN working buying speaking jumping using smiling travelling working buying speaking jumping using smiling travelling ? ***PREGUNTA ESPECIAL What Where How Why When How old How long How many times How far etc. WILL I You We They He She It HAVE BEEN working buying speaking jumping using smiling travelling ? CASOS DE USO: 1) Accion NO terminada que habrá estado pasando durante un periodo de tiempo en el futuro (I will have been working in this company FOR 5 years by the end of the year Palabras indicadoras: already, for (desde hace, por), by I WILL HAVE WORKED IN PEMEX FOR 53 YEARS BY THE END OF THIS YEAR I WILL HAVE BEEN WORKING IN PEMEX FOR 3 YEARS BY THE END OF THIS YEAR Pasado Perfecto Simple María me dijo que compró HABÍA COMPRADO un coche – Maria told me that SHE HAD BOUGHT a car. Sujeto/Objeto + HAD + verbo en PARTICIPIO (irregular – 3ra forma; regular – ed – ) Yo había trabajado (ROTO) (ado/ido) I had worked (BROKEN) 1. AFIRMACION I You We They HAD He She It 2. NEGACION worked BOUGHT SPOKEN jumped used smiled travelled I You We They HAD NOT He She It 3. INTERROGACION worked BOUGHT SPOKEN jumped used smiled travelled HAD I You We They He She It worked BOUGHT SPOKEN jumped used smiled travelled ? ***PREGUNTA ESPECIAL What Where I worked How You BOUGHT Why We SPOKEN When They jumped How old HAD He used How long She smiled How many It travelled times How far etc. CASOS DE USO: 1) Acción que ocurrió ANTES de otra acción en el pasado !!! Maria told me that she had bought a car – María me dijo que compró un coche (HABÍA COMPRADO!!!) Maria pensaba que Jose le había engañado, por eso lo mató – Maria thought that Jose had cheated on her, that is why she killed him. 2) Preposición BY I had already finished this project BY 5 p.m. yesterday. ? El profe dijo que reprobe el examen – QUE HABIA REPROBADO EL EXAMEN The professor said that I failed the exam – I HAD FAILED Pasado Perfecto Continuo Sujeto/Objeto + had + BEEN + verbo en GERUNDIO Yo había estado trabajando I had been working 1. AFIRMACION I Had You Had We Had They Had BEEN He HAD She HAD It HAD 2. NEGACION I Had not You Had not We Had not They Had not He HAD NOT She HAD NOT It HAD NOT 3. INTERROGACION Had Had Had Had HAD HAD HAD I You We They He She It BEEN working buying speaking jumping using smiling travelling BEEN working buying speaking jumping using smiling travelling working buying speaking jumping using smiling travelling ? ***PREGUNTA ESPECIAL What Where How Why When How old How long How many times How far etc. Had Had Had Had HAD HAD HAD I You We They He She It BEEN working buying speaking jumping using smiling travelling ? CASOS DE USO: 1) Accion NO terminada que había estado pasando durante un periodo de tiempo ANTES DE OTRA ACCIÓN EN EL PASADO (I had been working in this company FOR 5 years before you came / She had been living in Mexico FOR 8 years before they moved to the US / We had been discussing this issue since morning before you asked) The professor showed the answers after you had failed the exam Jose HAD BEEN CHEATING ON HER for 5 years before Maria found that out. – Jose la había estado engañando Jose HAD CHEATED ON HER FOR 30 YEARS before Maria found that out – Jose la HABÍA ENGAÑADO / había estado engañandola durante 30 años Tenses Present Simple He writes letters every day. (El escribe cartas cada dia) His plane arrives at 2 p.m. tomorrow (Su avion llega a las 2 pm manana) Pasado Simple He wrote a letter yesterday. (El escribió / escribía una carta ayer) He worked for 3 hours yesterday (El trabajó / estaba trabajando durante 3 horas ayer) Futuro Simple He will write a letter (He said that) he would write a tomorrow (no plan) letter the following week El escribirá / va a escribir una El dijo que escribiría / iba a carta manana escribir una carta la siguiente semana (ya pasó)! Presente Continuo Pasado Continuo Futuro Continuo He is writing a letter now / excepción de rutina. (El esta escribiendo una carta ahora) He was writing a letter at 5 o'clock yesterday / when I came (El estuvo / estaba escribiendo una carta a las 5 pm ayer / cuando llegué) He will be writing a letter at 5 o'clock tomorrow. (El estará escribiendo una carta a las 5 manana) He is meeting Marie on Friday (plan) (El se encuentra con Maria el viernes) YouPresente are always coming late Perfecto Simple Pasado Perfecto Simple Siempre vienes tarde (queja, He has (already) written a letter. He had written a letter by 5 molestia) Sin indicacion! yesterday. (El ha escrito una carta ya) (El habia escrito una carta para las 5 ayer) He has worked here for 10 years (El ha trabajado aqui desde hace He had written a letter before 15 anos / El trabaja aqui desde Maria came hace 10 anos / El lleva 10 años (El había escrito una carta antes trabajando aquí / Hace 10 años de que llegara María / cuando que él trabaja aquí) llegó María) Future-in-the-Past (simple) Future-in-the-Past (continuo) (He said that) he would be writing a letter at 5 o'clock the next day. El dijo que estaría / iba a estar escribiendo una carta a las 5 el dia siguiente Futuro Perfecto Simple Future-in-the-Past (perfecto) He will have written a letter by (He said that) he would have 5 o'clock written a letter by 5 o'clock the tomorrow. next day. (El habrá escrito una carta El dijo que habría escrito una para las 5 manana) carta para las 5 el día siguiente He will have finished the project when his mother comes back. (El habrá terminado el proyecto cuando regrese su madre) Presente Perfecto Continuo Pasado Perfecto Continuo Futuro Perfecto Continuo Future-in-the-Past (perfecto continuo) He has been writing a letter since morning. (El ha estado escribiendo / está escribiendo una carta desde la manana) He had been writing a letter for two hours when I came. (El habia estado escribiendo una carta desde hace 2 horas cuando yo llegué) He will have been writing a letter for two hours when I come. (El habrá estado escribiendo una carta durante 2 horas cuando llegue) (He said that) he would have been writing a letter for two hours the next day. (El dijo que habría estado escribiendo una carta durante 2 horas el día siguiente) He has been working here for 5 years (El ha trabajado / trabaja / esta trabajando aqui desde hace 5 anos / El lleva 5 años trabajando aquí / Hace 5 años que trabaja aquí) Desde – SINCE Desde hace - FOR LA VOZ ACTIVA: Él + cocina + tales pasteles He + makes + such cakes. Sujeto/objeto ACTIVO (quien actua) + verbo (accion) + sujeto/objeto PASIVO (quien recibe la accion) LA VOZ PASIVA: Tales pasteles + se cocinan / son cocinados / están cocinados + por él Such cakes + are made (by him). Sujeto/objeto PASIVO (quien recibe) + to be (conjugado en el tiempo correspondiente) + verbo en participio (3ª forma o –ed-) + “by” sujeto activo VOZ ACTIVA El compra las casas He buys x houses THE = THESE (ESTAS) VOZ PASIVA Las casas SE COMPRAN / SON COMPRADAS / ESTAN COMPRADAS por el Houses ARE BOUGHT (by him) Cambio del verbo TO BE en la VOZ PASIVA + verbo en participio Presente Simpleam / is / are Presente Continuoam being / is being / are being Presente Perfecto y Continuo has been / have been Pasado Simplewas / were Pasado Continuo was being / were being Futuro Simple y Continuo will be Futuro Perfecto Simple o Continuo will have been Pasado Perfecto y Continuo had been Futuro en el pasado would be Futuro Perfecto en el pasado would have been + made + made + made + made + made +made +made +made +made + made He makes the cake = The cake is made – El pastel se prepara / El pastel está preparado / El pastel es preparado He is making the cake = The cake is being made – El pastel se está preparando / Está siendo preparado He has made the cake + He has been making the cake = The cake has been made – El pastel se ha preparado / El pastel ha sido preparado / El pastel ha estado preparado / ha estado siendo preparado / se ha estado preparando He made the cake = The cake was made – El pastel fue preparado / El pastel era preparado / El pastel estuvo-estaba preparado / El pastel se preparó / El pastel se preparaba He was making the cake = The cake was being made – El pastel se estuvo-estaba preparando / Estaba-estuvo siendo preparado He will make the cake + He will be making the cake = The cake will be made – El pastel será-estará preparado/ El pastel se preparará / Estará siendo preparado / Se estara preparando He will have made the cake + He will have been making the cake = The cake will have been made – El pastel habrá sido preparado/ habrá estado preparado / se habrá preparado / habrá estado siendo preparado / se habrá estado preparando He had made the cake + He had been making the cake = The cake had been made- El pastel había sido-estado preparado / se había preparado / había estado siendo preparado – se había estado preparando He would make the cake + He would be making the cake = The cake would be made- El pastel sería-estaría preparado / se prepararía He would have made the cake + He would have been making the cake = The cake would have been made- El pastel habría sido-estado preparado / se habría preparado / habría estado siendo preparado Futuro en el pasado / ía que agregamos al infinitivo ComprarÍA = I WOULD buy The cake has been being made El pastel ha estado siendo preparado The cake will be being made El pastel estara siendo preparado The cake will have been being made El pastel habrá estado siendo preparado The cake had been being made El pastel habia estado siendo preparado The cake would have been being made El pastel habria estado siendo preparado • Grupos de verbos: 1. give, send, tell, show, pay, promise, offer y otros verbos (UNIVERSAL CASI TODOS LOS VERBOS) Se aplican en ambas estructuras: - Sujeto en la voz pasiva: I was given an apple - Me dieron una manzana - Objeto en la voz pasiva: An apple was given to me - Una manzana me fue dada = Me dieron una manzana I WAS GIVEN A VERY IMPORTANT DOCUMENT / A VERY IMPORTANT DOCUMENT WAS GIVEN TO ME • 2. buy, sell, sing, read, write, explain, describe, dictate, repeat, mention, introduce, declare, deliver, present, recommend, prove, point out, announce, suggest Se aplican solo en una estructura*: - Objeto en la voz pasiva: The house was sold to me = La casa fue vendida a mi / Me vendieron la casa I WAS SOLD THE HOUSE – YO FUI VENDIDO LA CASA The new rule was explained to me = Me explicaron la nueva regla I was explained the new rule ***PERO si NO HAY OBJETO- se agrega el objeto artificial - IT: Me explicaron QUE… It was explained to me that I am bad Me explicaron COMO llegAR a la playa IT was explained to me HOW TO GET to the beach • Me describieron el camino a la playa THE ROAD TO THE BEACH was described to me 3: ask, envy, teach Se aplican solo en una estructura con el Sujeto en la voz pasiva: - I was asked a question SHE WAS TAUGHT ENGLISH ENGLISH WAS TAUGHT TO ME CONDICIONALES 1. Presente/Futuro REAL (después del IF JAMÁS se pone WILL NI WOULD!!!!!) Te compro/compraré este coche, I Si WILL buy si haces tu tarea de casa this car TO you, if you do your homework terminas el proyecto hoy te llevo/llevaré al If you finish the project today I will take you to the cinema *** IF = SHOULD I WILL buy cine (NEGACION = SHOULD YOU FAIL TO …… ) NO SE APLICA “NOT”!!!!!!!!!! this car TO you, if SHOULD you do your homework – SI HACES I will buy this car to you SHOULD YOU FAIL TO DO your homework SHOULD YOU NOT TO DO – SI NO HACES If SHOULD you finish the project today I will take you to the cinema – SI TERMINAS SHOULD you FAIL TO FINISH the project today I will not take you to the cinema – SI NO TERMINAS 2. Presente IRREAL (Pasado – Would) Infinitivo + ía = WOULD Comprar + ía = comprarÍA = WOULD buy Subjuntivo Pasado = ara/iera En inglés NO existe Subjuntivo, pero si existe Pasado (Past Simple)!!! (comprara, compraras, compraramos, compraran) (comiera, comieras, comieramos, comieran) Te compraría este coche, si hicieras tu tarea de casa I WOULD buy this car TO you, if you DID your homework IF I-SHE-HE-IT WERE YOU ( WAS ) Si terminaras el proyecto hoy te llevaría If you finishED the project today I al cine WOULD take you to the cinema *** IF = WERE TO I WOULD buy this car TO you, if you DID WERE YOU TO DO your homework If you finishED WERE YOU TO FINISH the project today I WOULD take you to the cinema Te ayudaría con tu coche, si me compraras una botella de agua I WOULD help you with your car if you BOUGHT = WERE YOU TO BUY a bottle of water to me I would help you IF YOU WERE TO BUY a bottle of water NEGACIÓN I WOULD not buy this car to you WERE YOU NOT TO DO your homework Si estuvieras aqui te besaría WERE YOU (TO BE) here I WOULD kiss you 3. Pasado IRREAL (Pasado Perfecto – WOULD HAVE DONE) Hubiera – Hubiera HABRÍA = WOULD HAVE Habría – Hubiera/hubiese Hubiera/hubiese – Habría Hubiese - Hubiese Te habría / hubiera / hubiese comprado I WOULD HAVE BOUGHT este coche, si this car TO you, Si hubieses/hubieras terminado el proyecto hoy If you HAD FINISHED the project today if hubieras / hubieses hecho you HAD DONE your homework te habría / hubiese / hubiera llevado I tu tarea de casa WOULD HAVE TAKEN you al cine to the cinema Si hubieses llamado a tiempo, no HABRIAS perdido tu dinero If you HAD CALLED in time, you WOULD NOT HAVE LOST your money *** IF = HAD I WOULD HAVE BOUGHT this car TO you, IF HAD YOU DONE your homework I would have bought IF YOU HAD DONE IT = HAD YOU DONE IT. If HAD you FINISHED the project today I WOULD HAVE TAKEN NEGACIÓN HAD YOU NOT FINISHED the project……I WOULD NOT HAVE TAKEN YOU TO THE CINEMA you to the cinema 1. - Si me quieres, me compras / comprarás esta casa – - No ganarías mucho dinero, si no hicieras nada – If you love me, you will buy this house for me. Should you love me, you will buy this house for me. You would not earn much money if you did nothing. Were you to do nothing, you would not earn much money. - Si necesitas mi dinero, vas a trabajar bien – If you need my money, you will work well. Should you need my money, you will work well. - No ganarás mucho dinero, si no haces nada – You will not earn much money if you do nothing. Should you do nothing, you will not earn much money. YOU WILL NOT EARN MUCH MONEY SHOULD YOU FAIL TO DO ANYTHING - Perderás 100 usd, si no me ayudas – You will lose 100 USD if you do not help me. Should you fail to help me, you will lose 100 USD. YOU WILL LOSE 100 USD SHOULD YOU FAIL TO HELP ME 2. - Si me quisieras, me comprarías esta casa – If you loved me, you would buy this house for me. Were you to love me, you would buy this house for me. - Si necesitaras mi dinero, trabajarías bien –If you needed my money, you would work well. Were you to need my money, you would work well. - Perderías 100 usd, si no me ayudaras You would lose 100 USD if you did not help me. Were you not to help me, you would lose 100 USD. YOU WOULD LOSE 100 USD WERE YOU NOT TO HELP ME 3. - Si me hubieras querido, me hubieras/HABRÍAS comprado esta casa – If you had loved me, you would have bought this house for me. Had you loved me, you would have bought this house for me. - Si hubieras necesitado mi dinero, hubieras/HABRÍAS trabajado bien – If you had needed my money, you would have worked well. Had you needed my money, you would have worked well. - No hubieras/HABRÍAS ganado mucho dinero, si no hubieses hecho nada – You would not have earned much money if you had done nothing. Had you done nothing, you would not have earned much money. YOU WOULD NOT HAVE EARNED MUCH MONEY, HAD YOU DONE NOTHING - No hubieses/HABRÍAS perdido 100 usd, si no me hubieses ayudado – You would not have lost 100 USD if you had helped me. Had you helped me, you would not have lost 100 USD. YOU WOULD NOT HAVE LOST 100 USD, HAD YOU NOT HELPED ME. GERUNDIO Sustantivo verbonizado To work / verbo en infinitivo Quitar “to” y agregar “ing” al final del verbo = GERUNDIO “ workING” CASOS DE USO 1. Accion adicional Yo estoy en el supermercado COMPRANDO pan. / I am in the supermarket BUYING bread Yo trabajo en White&Case VIENDO asuntos inmobiliarios. / I work in WC DEALING with real estate issues 2. Despues de las preposiciones (of, at, in, with, without, by, from, after, before, on, upon etc.) En español se utiliza INFINITIVO despues de las preposiciones, pero en inglés – GERUNDIO! Gracias POR VENIR – Thank you FOR COMING Él vive en este depto SIN PAGAR – He lives in this apartment WITHOUT PAYING *** AL = ON To leave El se fue de la casa AL DESCUBRIR la verdad – He left home ON FINDING OUT the truth. 3. Despues de los verbos de la lista I keep WORKING She enjoys WATCHING TV We suggest HIS WORKING They postpone MEETING him etc. *** PARA AGREGAR SEGUNDO SUJETO EN LA ORACION – ANTES DEL GERUNDIO SE PONE EL PRONOMBRE POSESIVO (my, your, his, her, our, their) CORRESPONDIENTE!!! Yo sugiero ver la tele / Yo sugiero que veamos la tele Yo sugiero y YO veo / Yo sugiero y NOSOTROS vemos I suggest watching TV / I suggest OUR WATCHING TV Do you mind MY opening the window? No le molesta si YO abro la ventana? Do you mind if I open the window? Do you mind opening the window? – Le molesta abrir la ventana? I suggest (that) you (should) watch TV = I suggest YOUR watchING TV I suggest she watch_ TV = I suggest HER watchING TV VERBOS DESPUES DE LOS CUALES HAY QUE APLICAR GERUNDIO EN EL SIGUIENTE VERBO finish go on put off keep give up enjoy mind suggest dislike imagine admit deny avoid consider involve practice miss postpone plan Adore Avoid Can’t stand Can’t help Carry on (= continue) Escape Feel like doing Keep (on) (= continue) Look forward to Mention Mind Miss Quit Recall (= remember) Resent Resist Risk Tolerate Understand delay put off to be Worth Excepciones: 1) stop - ing = dejar de hacer algo - to do = pararse para hacer algo Stop smoking! Deja de fumar Stop to smoke! Parate para empezar a fumar 2) go on - ing = seguir haciendo - to do = seguir haciendo algo despues de hacer otra cosa 3) regret - ing = lamentar haber hecho - to do = lamentar hacer I regret not taking this course – lamento no haber tomado este curso (PARA PASADO) I regret to inform you that you are fired – lamento informarles de que estan despedidos 4) hate - ing = odiar hacer algo - to do = lamentar hacer I hate reading books – odio leer libros I hate to tell you that you are fired 5) prefer - ing = preferir hacer algo sin comparaciones con otras acciones - to do rather than do!!! – prefiero leer libros a ver la tele I prefer reading scientific books. I prefer to read books RATHER THAN WATCH TV. 6) forget - ing = olvido de haber hecho - to do = olvido de hacer algo I forgot closing the door. – No recuerdo haber cerrado la puerta I forgot to close the door – Se me olvidó cerrar la puerta 7) remember - ing = recordar haber hecho - to do = recordar hacer 8) mean - ing = significar - to do = desear, intentar He said that he wanted to go for a walk and it means going to the park – El dijo que queria dar un paseo y eso significa ir al parque I didn't mean to hurt you – No queria lastimarte 9) try - ing = intentar - to do = tratar de Try checking the flights on skyscanner – Intenta checar los vuelos en ... Try to learn all these words by heart till Monday – Trata de memorizar todas estas palabras para el lunes 10) to be afraid - of + ing = tener miedo de y no hacer - to do = tener miedo de y hacer I am afraid of singing – tengo miedo de cantar (y NO CANTO) I am afraid to sing – tengo miedo de cantar (y CANTO) 11) want / need - to do = querer-necesitar - ing = requerir en la voz pasiva incluida I want to fix the car – yo quiero reparar el coche I need to fix it – yo necesito reparar el coche The car wants / needs FIXING – el coche require reparacion can't help + ing!!! – no puedo no / no puedo resistir No puedo no llamarte / no puedo resistir llamarte - I can't help calling you No pude resistir venir - I couldn't help coming Mind: Do you mind opening the window? No le molesta abrir la ventana (no le molesta a USTED y USTED va a abrir la ventana) Do you mind if I open the window? No le molesta si YO abro la ventana? *Do you mind MY opening the window? No le molesta si YO abro la ventana? Sin importar to o ing start begin finish TO BE WORTH Y GERUNDIO SIEMPRE COLOCAR SUJETO-OBJETO ANTES!!! VALE LA PENA VER ESTA PELICULA – IT IS WORTH WARCHING THIS MOVIE THIS MOVIE IS WORTH WATCHING!!! 407 GERUNDIO O INFINITIVO 1. The machine needs (to clean) to be cleaned. 2. I am quite serious in (to say) saying that I don't want to go abroad. 3. He seemed sorry for (to be) being inattentive to his child. 4. She confessed to forgetting to send the letter. 5. The old man could not stand (to tell) being told what he should do. 6. Going to the party was no use: he had no talent for (to dance) dancing. 7. The Bronze Horseman is worth (to see) seeing. 8. After thoroughly (to examine) examining the student, the professor gave him a satisfactory mark. 9. After thoroughly (to examine) being examined by the examination commission, the student was given a satisfactory mark. 10. She accused him of (to steal) stealing her purse. 11. She reproached me for (not to write) not writing to her. 12. This job is not worth (to take) taking. 13. After (to look) looking through and (to mark) marking the students' papers, the teacher handed them back. 14. After (to look) being looked through and (to mark) marked, the papers were handed back to the students. 15. These clothes want (to wash) washing .16. David was very glad of (to find) finding his aunt. 17. Excuse me for (to break) breaking your beautiful vase. 18.You never mentioned (to be) being to Greece. 19. She was proud of (to award) being awarded the champion's cup. 20 I don't remember ever (to meet) meeting your sister. 21 I don't remember (to ask) being asked this question by anybody. 22. The cat was punished for (to break) breaking the cup. 23. The cat was afraid of (to punish) being punished and hid itself under the sofa. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. La máquina necesita ser limpiada. Estoy bastante serio al decir que no quiero ir al extranjero. Parecía estar arrepentido por no haber sido atento con su hijo. Ella confesó haber olvidado enviar la carta. El anciano no podía soportar que le dijeran qué debía hacer. 6. Ir a la fiesta no sirvió de nada: no tenía talento para bailar. 7. El Jinete de Bronce vale la pena verlo. 8. Después de examinar minuciosamente al estudiante, el profesor le dio una calificación satisfactoria. 9. Después de ser examinado minuciosamente por la comisión examinadora, el estudiante recibió una calificación satisfactoria. 10. Ella lo acusó de haber robado su bolso. 11. Me reprochó por no escribirle. 12. Este trabajo no vale la pena hacerlo. 13. Después de revisar y calificar los trabajos de los estudiantes, el profesor se los devolvió. 14. Después de ser revisados y calificados, los trabajos fueron devueltos a los estudiantes. 15. Esta ropa necesita ser lavada. 16. David estaba muy contento de haber encontrado a su tía. 17. Discúlpame por romper tu hermoso jarrón. 18. Nunca mencionaste haber estado en Grecia. 19. Ella estaba orgullosa de haber recibido la copa de campeona. 20. No recuerdo haber conocido a tu hermana. 21. No recuerdo haber sido preguntado por nadie esta cuestión. 22. El gato fue castigado por romper la taza. 23. El gato tenía miedo de ser castigado y se escondió debajo del sofá. 408 GERUNDIO O INFINITIVO 1. The girls were busy (to pack) packing when one of them suddenly remembered (to leave) leaving the milk on the stove which was probably boiling over. 2. Little David couldn't bear (to recite) reciting his lessons in the presence of his stepfather and Miss Murdstone. They frightened him so that he couldn't help (to make) making mistakes though he tried hard to avoid (to displease) displeasing them and (to scold) being scolded. 3. I landed in London on an autumn evening. My friends expected me home for the holidays, but had no idea of my (to return) returning so soon. I had purposely not informed them of my (to come) coming, that I might have the pleasure of (to take) taking them by surprise. And yet I had a feeling of disappointment in (to receive) receiving no welcome. I even felt like (to cry) crying. 4. The girl was proud of (to choose) being chosen to represent the sportsmen of the school at the coming competition. She thanked her classmates for (to choose) choosing her and promised to do her best to win. 1. Las chicas estaban ocupadas empacando cuando una de ellas recordó de repente haber dejado la leche en la estufa, probablemente derramándose. 2. El pequeño David no podía soportar recitar sus lecciones en presencia de su padrastro y la señorita Murdstone. Lo aterrorizaban tanto que no podía evitar cometer errores, aunque se esforzaba mucho por no desagradarles ni ser regañado. 3. Llegué a Londres en una tarde de otoño. Mis amigos me esperaban en casa para las vacaciones, pero no tenían idea de que regresaría tan pronto. Deliberadamente no les informé de mi llegada para tener el placer de sorprenderlos. Y, sin embargo, sentí una decepción al no recibir ningún recibimiento. Incluso sentí ganas de llorar. 4. La chica estaba orgullosa de haber sido elegida para representar a los deportistas de la escuela en la próxima competencia. Agradeció a sus compañeros por elegirla y prometió dar lo mejor de sí para ganar. 409 MODIFICAR LA ORACION APLICANDO LA PREPOSICION EN PARENTESIS 1. When they entered the house, they heard the last bell ringing, (on) 2. Thank you that you invited me to the theatre, (for) 3. The woman insisted that her husband should consult the doctor at once, (on) 4. She could not even think that the operation might be postponed, (of) 5. There was little hope that James would return on the same day. (of) 6. The thought that he had been turned away by the doorkeeper made him feel miserable, (of) 7. The pleasant-faced middle-aged woman insisted that Olga should come to her town to teach, (on) 8. Helen suggested that they should go on a trip. 9. There is a possibility that my father will join us for the trip, (of) 10. The girls knew that the sportsman had been awarded a prize, (of) 11. I don't mind if you walk to the underground station with me. When they entered the house, they heard the last bell ringing, (on) ON ENTERING the house, they heard the last bell ringing 1 On entering the house, they heard the last bell ringing. 2 Thank you that you invited me to the theatre, (for) / Thank you for inviting me to the theatre. 3 . The woman insisted that her husband should consult the doctor at once, (on) /The woman insisted on her husband’s consulting the doctor at once. posesivo 4 She could not even think that the operation might be postponed, (of) / She could not even think of the operation being postponed. 5 There was little hope that James would return on the same day. (of) /There was little hope of James’ returning on the same day. 6 The thought that he had been turned away by the doorkeeper made him feel miserable, (of) La idea de que el portero lo había rechazado lo hacía sentir miserable./The thought of having been turned away by the doorkeeper made him feel miserable. La idea de haber sido rechazado por el portero lo hacía sentir miserable 7 The pleasant-faced middle-aged woman insisted that Olga should come to her town to teach, (on)"La mujer de mediana edad, de rostro agradable, insistió en que Olga fuera a su ciudad a enseñar."/The pleasant-faced middle-aged woman insisted on Olga’s coming to her town to teach. 8 Helen suggested THEIR going on a trip. 9 There is a possibility of my father’S joining us for the trip. 10 The girls knew of the sportsman´S being awarded a prize. 11 I don't mind YOUR walking to the underground station with you. The Infinitive 1. The infinitive has simple, continuous, passive and perfect forms which correspond to the verb forms. Compare: VOZ ACTIVA: He is glad that he attends this conference (will attend) OJO He is glad to attend this conference today – tomorrow To attend – funciona para presente simple y futuro simple HE IS GLAD THAT HE LIVES IN CANCUN / THAT HE WILL LIVE IN CANCUN HE IS GLAD TO LIVE IN CANCUN. He is glad that he is attending this conference (NOW, AT 5 PM YESTERDAY) He is glad to be attending this conference (NOW) He WAS glad to be attending this conference (AT 5 PM YESTERDAY) To be attending – funciona para presente continuo y pasado continuo*** HE IS GLAD THAT HE IS LIVING HERE- HE IS GLAD TO BE LIVING HE IS GLAD THAT HE WAS LIVING HERE- HE WAS GLAD TO BE LIVING HE WAS GLAD THAT HE IS LIVING HERE- HE WAS GLAD TO BE LIVING HE WAS GLAD THAT HE WAS LIVING HERE- HE WAS GLAD TO BE LIVING He is glad he has attended this conference (“has attended/attended/ had attended”) He is glad to have attended this conference. HE IS GLAD THAT HE ATTENDED – HE IS GLAD TO HAVE ATTENDED HE WAS GLAD THAT HE HAD ATTENDED – HE WAS GLAD TO HAVE ATTENDED To have attended – funciona para presente perfecto, pasado perfecto y pasado simple He is glad he has been attending this conference for the past few days. He is glad to have been attending this conference for the past few days. HE WAS GLAD THAT HE HAD BEEN ATTENDING – HE WAS GLAD TO HAVE BEEN ATTENDING To have been attending – funciona para presente perfecto continuo y pasado perfecto continuo I AM HAPPY THAT I LIVE IN MEXICO I AM HAPPY TO LIVE IN MEXICO I AM HAPPY THAT I AM LIVING IN CANCUN I AM HAPPY TO BE LIVING IN CANCUN I AM HAPPY THAT I LIVED IN CANCUN 5 YEARS AGO I AM HAPPY TO HAVE LIVED IN CANCUN 5 YEARS AGO I AM HAPPY THAT I HAVE BEEN LIVING HERE FOR 3 YEARS I AM HAPPY TO HAVE BEEN LIVING HERE FOR 3 YEARS VOZ PASIVA: He is glad he is invited to attend this conference. (will be invited / is being invited) He is glad to be invited to attend this conference. TO BE INVITED – funciona para presente simple y continuo, futuro simple y continuo He is glad he has been invited to attend this conference. (was invited / had been invited) He is glad to have been invited to attend this conference TO HAVE BEEN INVITED – funciona para pasado simple, pasado perfecto simple y pasado perfecto continuo, presente perfecto simple y presente perfecto continuo I AM GLAD THAT I AM BEING INVITED – I AM GLAD TO BE INVITED I AM GLAT THAT I AM INVITED - I AM GLAD TO BE INVITED I AM GLAD I WILL BE INVITED – I AM GLAD TO BE INVITED I AM GLAD THAT I HAVE BEEN INVITED / I WAS INVITED / I HAD BEEN INVITED = I AM GLAD TO HAVE BEEN INVITED Infinitive forms Active Passive Present, Future to write to be written Continuous to be writing X Perfect, Past to have written Perfect Continuous to have been writing to have been written X Ejemplos Indefinite (Simple) I am glad to speak to you. Continuous I am glad to be speaking to you. Perfect I am glad to have spoken to you. Estoy alegre de hablar contigo (siempre alegre cada vez que hablo contigo) -hablo siempre - hablaré Estoy alegre de estar hablando contigo (AHORA) Estoy alegre de haber hablado contigo (alegre de que ya hablé) (hablé, he hablado, había hablado) Estoy alegre de haber estado hablando contigo (durante varias horas) (he estado hablando, habia estado hablando) Perfect Continuous I am glad to have been speaking to you. Indefinite (Simple) I am (always) glad to be told the news. Estoy alegre de que me cuenten las noticias (siempre cuentan) (me dicen, me dirán, me están diciendo) Perfect I am glad to have been told the news. Estoy alegre de haber sido contado las noticias o de que me contaron las noticias (acción única en el pasado) 2. Like the tenses of other verbals, the tenses of the infinitive are relative and show whether the action named by the infinitive took place before the action denoted by the finite verb or was simultaneous with it. E.g. The boy was proud to be riding his father’s horse. (Simultaneousness) I’m glad to have finished the work in time. (Priority) 3. Perfect infinitives are sometimes used to talk about ‘unreal past’: things that did not happen. E.g. I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot. I expected to call you last night / SI LLAMÉ I expected to have called you last night – NUNCA LLAMÉ I expected him to come / ESPERAMOS Y ÉL SI LLEGÓ I expected him to have come / ESPERAMOS, PERO ÉL NUNCA LLEGÓ 4. Negative infinitives are normally made by putting ‘not’ before the infinitive. E.g. Try not to be late. TRY TO NOT BE LATE You were silly not to have locked the car. 5. Infinitives are generally used with the particle ‘to’. However, there are exceptions: a) ‘Why’ can be followed by an infinitive without ‘to’. This structure is used to show that the action is unnecessary or pointless. E.g. Why argue with him? He’ll never change his mind. ‘Why not + infinitive without ‘to’ is used to make suggestions. E.g. You are tired. Why not take a holiday? b) ‘Rather than’ is also followed by an infinitive without ‘to’. E.g. Rather than wait any more, I decided to go home by taxi. c) The infinitive is used without ‘to’ after ‘had better’ and ‘would rather’. E.g. It’s late. You had better hurry up. You’d better not wake me up when you get in. I’d rather stay on my own. d) The infinitive is used without ‘to’ after modal verbs and in certain infinitive structures that will be discussed later. I CAN WORK, YOU SHOULD GO 6. Normally, the subject of the whole sentence is also the subject of the infinitive. E.g. Ann will be happy to help you. (Ann will be happy. Ann will help.) However, if the infinitive needs its own subject, it is introduced by ‘for’. EN GERUNDIO AL SEGUNDO SUJETO AGREGAMOS GRACIAS AL PRONOMBRE POSESIVO (HE INSISTED ON OUR COMING) EN INFINITIVO AL SEGUNDO SUJETO AGREGAMOS GRACIAS A LA PREPOSICIÓN “FOR”! ANNA ESTA FELIZ DE QUE ANNA (ELLA) TE VA A AYUDAR ANN IS HAPPY THAT SHE WILL HELP YOU ANN IS HAPPY TO HELP YOU (ES EL MISMO SUJETO EN AMBAS PARTES) ANN IS HAPPY THAT THE CHILDREN WILL HELP YOU ANN IS HAPPY FOR THE CHILDREN TO HELP YOU E.g. Ann will be happy for the children to help you. Note that the pronouns are used in the object form. E.g. Ann will be happy for them to help you. Anna was happy for him to have helped you Anna is happy FOR THEM to be helping you This structure is very common in English. It is used after adjectives, nouns, pronouns and verbs. ‘It’ can also be the subject of a clause here. It often has the same meaning as a thatclause. Compare: ES NECESARIO REDACTAR EL CONTRATO IT IS NECESSARY TO DRAFT THE CONTRACT ES NECESARIO QUE (TÚ) REDACTES EL CONTRATO IT IS NECESSARY FOR YOU TO DRAFT THE CONTRACT It’s important for the meeting to start in time. It’s important that the meeting should start in time. A that-clause is usually more formal than a for-structure. Examples: a) after adjectives I’m anxious for the party to be a success. She’s eager for us to see her play her part. b) after nouns It’s time for everybody to go to bed. There’s a plan for Jack to spend a year in Japan. c) after pronouns Have you got something for me to do? – TIENES ALGO PARA QUE YO LO HAGA I must find somewhere for them to live. I AM WAITING FOR THEM TO DO IT – ESTOY ESPERANDO QUE ELLOS LO HAGAN I AM WAITING FOR IT TO HAPPEN – ESTOY ESPERANDO QUE PASE d) after verbs – COMPLEX OBJECT Ann asked for the designs to be ready on Friday. I can’t wait for them to finish talking. 7. Many verbs in English are followed by ‘object + infinitive’ rather than by a that-clause. E.g. She didn’t want me to go. I. The most common verbs used in this structure are: advise, allow, ask, beg, command, compel, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, hate, instruct, invite, like, love, mean, order, permit, persuade, recommend, request, teach, tell, want, wish. PRONOMBRE #1 + VERBO + PRONOMBRE #2 + TO DO I WANT HER/HIM/US/THEM/YOU/ME TO COME HERE I SHE WE ADVISE ASKS EXPECT YOU HIM HER TO TO TO BUY IT COME CALL EN ESPAÑOL SE UTILIZA EL SUBJUNTIVO YO QUIERO QUE TU LO HAGAS II. Some verbs (let, make, have, see, hear, feel, watch, notice) are followed by object + infinitive without ‘to’. E.g. 1. I heard her open the door and come in. – escuché como ella abrió la puerta (la escuché abrir) 2. I heard her opening the door – escuché como ella estaba abriendo la puerta (la escuché abriendo la puerta) I saw her to get on the bus – la vi subirse I saw her to be getting on the bus – la vi subiendose Senti que el me estaba persiguiendo – I felt him chasing me Senti que me perseguia – I felt him chase me Note that only simple active and passive infinitives or participles can be used here. (See Grammar Reference Unit 5). E.g. I want you to invite her. I want her to be invited. If the verbs ‘see’, ‘feel’ and ‘hear’ are used in the meaning of ‘understand’ or ‘people say’ they are followed by a that-clause. E.g. I saw that Mary was dead tired. I felt that she didn’t like the idea. I hear that you’ve come here on business. 8. Many verbs can be used in passive structures with infinitives: COMPLEX SUBJECT subject + passive verb + infinitive. E.g. You are supposed to start work at 8.00 every morning. The most common verbs used here are: see, hear, make, suppose, expect, think, believe, know, consider, say, report, declare, deem SE CREE QUE TÚ….. (TÚ SE CREE QUE) ....... YOU ARE BELIEVED TO ..... Se reporta que las autoridades trabajan bien It is reported that THE AUTHORITIES ARE REPORTED TO WORK WELL THE AUTHORITIES WE THEY YOU ARE REPORTED TO ARE CONSIDERED TO ARE BELIEVED TO ARE SAID TO - WORK BE WORKING HAVE WORKED HAVE BEEN WORKING - BE GRANTED A PRIZE - HAVE BEEN GRANTED A PRIZE Note that in this structure all infinitives are used with ‘to’, and all infinitive tense forms occur here. E.g. He was made to sign the statement. The strike is reported to have come to an end. The police are said to be investigating the case. Since the infinitive has tense forms expressing simultaneousness and priority and does not have a special form to express relative future, the given structure can refer to a future action only if the main verb of the sentence suggests it. E.g. The talks are expected to be completed tomorrow. If the main verb does not have this meaning, a that-clause is used. E.g. It is reported that they will have solved the problem by next week. (NOT ‘They are reported to have solved the problem by next week.’) 9. Other infinitive structures which are quite common in English are as follows. A. Somebody/something is sure to do smth certain to be doing smth bound to be done likely to have been done unlikely to have done smth to have been doing smth The Russian equivalents are: конечно, обязательно, вероятно, вряд ли. E.g. This journalist is unlikely to have misinterpreted the statement. Вряд ли этот журналист неправильно истолковал заявление. This statement is sure to attract attention. Конечно, это заявление привлечет внимание. B. It is easy to do something. This structure is similar to: Something is easy to do. With a preposition: It is easy to work with him. He is easy to work with. C. Está padre bailar con ella It is cool to dance with her = She is cool to dance with Es triste hablar de estas cosas It is sad to talk about these things = These things are sad to talk about To be the first (second, third, last) to do something. E.g. He was the first to say it. – Он первый это сказал. D. There is something (nothing) to do (preposition). E.g. There is nothing to discuss. – Обсуждать нечего. There is something to think about. – Здесь есть, о чем подумать. E. A person (a thing) to do something. E.g. He was not a man to get frightened. – Не такой это был человек, чтобы испугаться. It is the only thing to do. – Это единственное, что можно сделать. Note that the structure ‘noun + infinitive’ can express the idea of obligation. Active and passive forms are both possible. However, a passive infinitive may have a reference to a future action. E.g. I’ve got letters to write. The carpets to be cleaned are in the garage. There is an exception: There is nothing to do here. – Здесь нечем заняться. There is nothing to be done. – Ничего не поделаешь. Gerund or Infinitive 1. There are verbs that can be followed only by an infinitive, and a group of verbs that can be followed only by a gerund. Verb + infinitive Agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, bother, care, choose, claim, consent, decide, determine (be determined), fail, guarantee, happen, hesitate, hope, learn, long, manage, neglect, offer, plan, prepare (be prepared), pretend, promise, prove, refuse, seem, tend, threaten, trouble, volunteer. The following word combinations are also followed by an infinitive: be about, do one’s best, make an effort, make up one’s mind, set out, take the trouble, etc. COMPLEX OBJECT I want him to help me. I'd like him to help me. 429 • E.g. "Bring me a book," said my brother to me. My brother wanted me to bring him a book. 1. The teacher said to the pupils: "Learn the rule." — The teacher wanted THE PUPILS TO LEARN THE RULE 2. "Be careful, or else you will spill the milk," said my mother to me. . MY MOTHER TOLD ME TO BE CAREFUL 3. "My daughter will go to a ballet school," said the woman. —THE WOMAN TOLD HER DAUGHTER TO GO TO A BALLET SCHOOL. 4. The man said: "My son will study mathematics." — THE MAN TOLD HIM TO STUDY MATHS 5. "Oh, father, buy me this toy, please," said the little boy. — THE LITTLE BOY TOLD HIS FATHER TO BUY THAT TOY TO HIM 6. "Wait for me after school," said Ann to me. — ANNA TOLD ME TO WAIT FOR HER 7. "Fix the shelf in the kitchen," my father said to me. —MY FATHER TOLD ME TO FIX 8. "It will be very good if you study English," said my mother to me. — MY MOTHER TOLD ME TO STUDY ENGLISH 9. "Bring me some water from the river, children," said our grandmother. — OUR GRANDMOTHER TOLD US TO BRING HER SOME WATER 10. "Come to my birthday party," said Kate to her classmates. — KATE TOLD HER CLASSMATES TO COME TO HER BD PARTY 11. The biology teacher said to us: "Collect some insects in summer." — THE TEACHER TOLD US TO COLLECT 12. "Don't eat ice cream before dinner," said our mother to us. – OUR MOTHER TOLD US NOT TO EAT… NOT TO DRINK, NOT TO GO ETC. I expect him to come. I know him to be a good pupil. 431 E.g. I expect that she will send me a letter. I expect her to send me a letter. I know that he is a great scientist. I know him to be a great scientist. 1. I know my friend TO BE a just man. 2. I expect HIM TO understand your problem and help you to solve it.. 3. I expected HER TO behave quite differently./ 4. I did not expect my brother TO forget to send her flowers. / 5. He knows my mother TO BE a very kind woman. 6. She expected her brother TO bring her the book.. 7. I know your uncle TO BE an excellent mathematician. /. 8. People expect the 21st century TO bring peace on the Earth. / I saw him enter. — I saw him entering. I heard her speak. — I heard her speaking. I noticed him frown. — I noticed him frowning. I felt him tremble. — I felt him trembling. 435 CONVERTIR E.g. He was reading in the garden. She saw him. She saw him reading in the garden. 1. We noticed a man. The man was cleaning his shoes.- WE NOTICED A MAN CLEANING HIS SHOES 2. He saw two girls DANCING. . They were dancing on the stage. 3. She watched the children running and playing in the garden. 4. I saw her arranging her hair. 5. We saw our neighbour listening to the latest news on the radio. 6. The cat was rubbing itself .on my leg. I felt it. – I FELT THE CAT RUBBING 7. They were fishing. We saw it. – WE SAW THEM FISHING. 8. The pupils were writing a paper. The teacher watched them. 9. A caterpillar was crawling on my arm. I felt it. 10. We heard I. Arkhipova last night. She was sing ing a Russian folk song. 11. I watched the sun. It was rising. 12. I heard him. He was singing an English song. 13. John heard his sister. She was talking loudly on the veranda. 14. We saw Ben. He was crossing the square. 15. They heard their father. He was playing the piano in the drawing room. 16. I can see the train. It is coming. 17. I watched the rain. It was beating down the flowers in the garden. 18. I saw a group of boys. They were eating ice cream. 19. We noticed a group of people. They were digging potatoes in the field. 20. Didn't you see her? She was smiling at you. 21. The girl was singing. I heard her. 22. They were talking about computers. He heard them. 23. You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday. I saw you. 24. The little girls were playing on the grass. We watched them. 25. The ship was leaving the port. He stood and looked at it. 26. She was sleeping peacefully in her bed. Mother watched her. I want the work to be done = I want the work done 1) FORMA BASICA I saw him enter (Yo lo vi entrar = Vi como el entró) 2) GERUNDIO I saw him entering (Yo lo vi entrando = Vi como él estuvo/estaba entrando) 444 CONVERTIR Y TRADUCIR 1. I felt that somebody touched me lightly on the shoulder. / I FELT SOMEBODY TOUCH ME. 2. He heard that someone called his name. HE HEARD SOMEONE CALL HIS NAME. 3. I saw that the telegraph boy handed the cable to the man. I SAW THE TELEGRAPH BOY HAND THE CABLE…4. They heard how the woman called the police. THEY HEARD THE WOMAN CALL THE POLICE. 5. I would like to see how he would say it to my face. I WOULD LIKE TO SEE HIM SAY IT TO MY FACE 6. I expect that you will join our excursion. I EXPECT YOU TO JOIN…7. We had not expected that she would reply, but she did. WE HAD NOT EXPECTED HER TO REPLY 8. We knew that he is a clever man. WE KNEW HIM TO BE A CLEVER MAN 9. I don't like it that you repeat this nonsense. I DON’T LIKE YOU TO REPEAT THIS NONSENSE. 10. I hate it when people speak so cynically. I HATE PEOPLE TO SPEAK …11. We expect that everybody will be ready by seven. WE EXPECT EVERYBODY TO BE READY BY 7 12. They showed themselves even more narrow-minded than we had expected they would be. They showed themselves even more narrow-minded than we had expected THEM TO BE. 13. We did not expect that he would return so soon. WE DIDN’T EXPECT HIM TO RETURN 14. He hated it when people argued about trifles. / HE HATED PEOPLE TO ARGUE… COMPLEX OBJECT 1. La lista de verbos que esta en su archivo (advise, allow, ask, beg, command, compel, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, hate, instruct, invite, like, love, mean, order, permit, persuade, recommend, request, teach, tell, want, wish, need, would like etc.) I YOU WE THEY HE SHE IT advise, allow, ask, beg, command, compel, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, hate, instruct, invite, like, love, mean, order, permit, persuade, recommend, request, teach, tell, want, wish, need, would like CUALQUIER VERBO EN FORMA BASICA! ME YOU US THEM HIM HER IT TO DO WORK BRING ENTER LIVE SWIM ETC. 2. see, hear, feel, watch, notice = no se usa la preposicion TO + hay 2 formas: - gerundial (lo vi entrando = I saw him entering) - infinitive sin TO (lo vi entrar = I saw him enter) • • let (permitir) = let me go make (obligar, hacer a alguien hacer algo) = don’t make me kill you COMPLEX SUBJECT Не is said to know six languages. SE DICE / DICEN que él habla 6 idiomas Не was said to know six languages. SE DECIA / DECIAN que él hablaba 6 idiomas Не is said to have gone to London. SE DICE / DICEN que él había ido ha ido/ fue a Londres Не was said to have gone to London. SE DECIA / DECIAN que él había ido a Londres ... was said to ... ... was seen to ... ... was heard to ... ... was supposed to ... ... was believed to ... ... was expected to ... ... was reported to ... ... was considered to ... ... was thought to ... ... was found to ... ... was announced to ... ... was known to ... 462 E.g. We heard that a car stopped outside the door / A car was heard to stop outside the door. t IT is believed that the poem was written by Byron. / The poem is believed to have been written by Byron. 1. People consider the climate there to be very healthy. / THE CLIMATE IS CONSIDERED TO BE VERY HEALTHY THERE. 2. It was announced that the Chinese dancers were arriving next week. / THE CHINESE DANCERS WERE ANNOUNCED TO BE ARRIVING. 3. It is expected that the performance will be a success. / THE PERFORMANCE IS EXPECTED TO BE A SUCCESS. 4. It is said that the book is popular with both old and young. / THE BOOK IS SAID TO BE POPULAR 5. It is believed that the poem was written by an unknown soldier. THE POEM IS BELIEVED TO HAVE BEEN WRITTEN… 6. It is supposed that the playwright is working at a new comedy. / THE PLAYWRIGHT IS SUPPOSED TO BE WORKING…7. It is reported that the flood has caused much damage to the crops. / THE FLOOD IS REPORTED TO HAVE CAUSED …..8.. It was supposed that the crops would be rich that year. / THE CROPS WERE SUPPOSED TO BE RICH THAT YEAR 9. It has been found that this mineral water is very good for the liver. / THIS MINERAL WATER HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE VERY GOOD … 10. Scientists consider that electricity exists throughout space. / ELECTRICITY IS CONSIDERED TO EXIST….11. It is said that the weather in Europe was exceedingly hot last summer. / THE WEATHER IS SAID TO HAVE BEEN EXCEEDINGLY HOT LAST SUMMER 12. It was reported that five ships were missing after the battle. / FIVE SHIPS WERE REPORTED TO BE MISSING… Los siguientes verbos en Complex Subject se aplican en Active Voice: to seem, to appear, to turn out, to happen 463 TRADUCIR 1. This work seems to take much time. 2. The operation seemed to be a complicated one. 3. Money just doesn't happen to interest me. 4. In the middle of the lecture Dr. Sommerville happened to pause and look out of the window. 5. From the very first mention of Long John, I was afraid that he might turn out to be the very one-legged sailor whom I had watched for so long at the inn. 6. Clyde seemed to have been thinking of no one else but Sondra since their last meeting. 7. Clyde appeared to have forgotten of his promise to spend his spare evenings with Roberta. 8. She appeared to be an excellent actress. 9. One day a Hare happened to meet a Tortoise. 10. The Tortoise seemed to be moving very slowly. 11. The Hare turned out to be the loser of the race. 12. The apparatus seemed to be in excellent condition. 13. You appear to have found in him something that I have missed. 14. The new methods of work appear to be very effective. 15. The percentage of carbon in this steel turned out to be low. 16. Irving turned out to be a long, pale-faced fellow. 17. His office turned out to be in one of the hack streets. 18. He appeared to be an ideal man. 19. She doesn't seem to want to do anything I suggest. 20. He turned out to have no feeling whatever for his nephew. 21. This appeared to amuse the policeman. 22. You can easily get in through the window if the door happens to be locked. 23. The peasants did not seem to see her. 24. The Gadfly seemed to have taken a dislike to Signora Grassini from the time of their first meeting. 25. You don't seem to have done any great thing for yourself by going away. 26. "Jim," he said at last, in a voice that did not seem to belong to him. Не is likely to win the prize. — Parece que va a ganar, muy probable que va a ganar Не is sure to come. — Es seguro que el venga 465 Traducir to be likely to, to be sure to. 1. We most of us want a good many things that we are not likely to get. 2. He is sure to tell me all about this even if I don't ask him. 3. When Sondra said that they were sure to meet again, she saw Clyde's face suddenly brighten. 4. If we go on arguing, we are sure to quarrel. 5. They are sure to acknowledge your talent. 6. He is sure to give us some useful information. 7. The article is likely to appear in the next issue of the journal. 8. Mr. Worthing is sure to be back soon. 9. These two young people are sure to be very good friends. 10. You are sure to be there tomorrow night, aren't you? 11. She is not likely to change her opinion. 12. They were sure to come to an understanding. 13. Don't worry: everything is sure to turn out all right. 14. This new course of treatment is sure to help your grandmother. 5. Analyze the structure of the following sentences and translate them into Spanish. a) It is reported that the Foreign Ministers have completed the talks. The Foreign Ministers are reported to have completed the talks. b) It is known that environmentalists have been fighting the project for months. Environmentalists are known to have been fighting the project for months. c) It is said that the project will have been completed by the end of next year. NB. The infinitive construction for this sentence is impossible. REPORTED SPEECH Mario: “Yo compré un coche” – Mario: “I bought a car”. Mario dice que él compró un coche – He says that he bought a car Él dijo que había comprado un coche – He said that he had bought a car Cuando la oración empieza con PAST SIMPLE, los tiempos que siguen tenemos que “equilibrar” (pasar a 1 tiempo atrás) María (en el año 1990): “Yo trabajo aquí” – “I work here” María dijo que trabajaba -trabajó allí – Maria said that she worked there DIRECT SPEECH Do / does Am / Is /Are doing Did Was /were doing Have /has done Have /has been doing Had done Had been doing Will do Will be doing Will have done Will have been doing DIRECT SPEECH Now Today Yesterday Tomorrow …ago This… These… Here Last year Last month Last … Next … Tonight ➔ ➔ REPORTED SPEECH Did Was / Were doing Had done Had been doing Had done Had been doing Sin cambio Sin cambio Would do Would be doing Would have done Would have been doing REPORTED SPEECH Then That day The day before The next / the following day …before That … Those … There The year before The month before The…before The next / the following… That night Reported Speech NO SE APLICA: 1) En la oración se indica el tiempo exacto de la acción (María dijo que vivió en Cancún en 2005 – Maria said that she lived in Cancun in 2005) 2) La acción aún sigue actual para nosotros (María dijo que irá a la fiesta esta noche – Maria said that she WILL go to the party tonight) PREGUNTAS EN REPORTED SPEECH SE CONVIERTEN EN AFIRMACIONES!!!!! Marco: “Where is my car?” = Marco ASKED where HIS car WAS. (Marco preguntó donde estaba su coche) MARIO ASKED WHERE IS HIS CAR WAS ? . Britney and John: “How are you?” = Britney and John ASKED how I WAS (Ellos preguntaron como yo estaba) Harry: “Are you alright?” = Harry ASKED IF/WHETHER I WAS alright (Harry preguntó SI yo estaba bien) 1. 'Did you see Jack?' - THEY ASKED ME WHETHER I HAD SEEN JACK. = I WAS ASKED WHETHER I HAD SEEN HIM 2. 'What's your address?' - THEY ASKED ME WHAT MY ADDRESS WAS. 3. 'Are you staying here?' - THEY ASKED ME WHETHER I WAS STAYING THERE. Verbos modales CAN – COULD, SHOULD = OUGHT TO, MAY – MIGHT, MUST – HAVE TO, WILL-SHALL-WOULD, TO BE TO 1. Tienen la misma forma gramatical para todos los pronombres (i, you, she, he, it, we, they) She cans swim. = She CAN swim 2. Verbos auxiliares NO se utilizan con verbos modales = Verbos modales son AUTONOMOS!!! Does she can go to the office? = CAN she go to the office? She doesn’t can go to the office = She CAN’T go to the office 3. Con los verbos modales NO se usa la preposición TO!!! She CAN GO – SHE CAN TO GO / SHE MUST TO STUDY – SHE MUST STUDY 4. 2 tipos de uso de los verbos modales: • Significado directo (ella debe trabajar / she must work) • Significado con probabilidades (debe ser/es muy probable que ella trabaje en Pemex / she must work) CAN 1) Poder - I can do it 2) Saber hacer – I can swim SIN “S”, SIN VERBOS AUXILIARES!!!!! 1. AFIRMATIVA I can do You, We, They can work She, He, It can go 2. NEGATIVA (can’t) I cannot do You, We, They cannot work She, He, It cannot go 3. INTERROGATORIA CAN I work? CAN you, we, they do? CAN he, she, it go? CAN IN THE FUTURE = WILL BE ABLE TO (voy a poder hacer algo) / WILL MANAGE TO (podré hacer algo) I can do it tomorrow – Puedo hacerlo mañana I will be able to do it tomorrow – Voy a poder hacerlo mañana I will manage to do it tomorrow – Podré hacerlo mañana CAN IN THE PAST = COULD / WAS-WERE ABLE TO / MANAGED TO COULD – podía (pude haber hecho) , podría (para el futuro cercano) WAS/WERE ABLE TO – podía, era capaz de, estaba en la condición de hacer algo MANAGED TO – PUDE hacer algo DID you manage to talk to her? – Yes, I managed to call her. No pude comprar la leche / I DIDN’T MANAGE TO BUY MILK. / I managed to drink it. ***COULDN´T – NO PUDE / no podía hacer algo TO WANT – QUERER I WANTED / QUERIA QUISE SIEMPRE HE QUERIDO / I HAVE ALWAYS WANTED TO MANAGE / PODER PUDE – I MANAGED SIEMPRE HE PODIDO – I HAVE ALWAYS MANAGED MUST – deber I, you, we, they, he, she, it must work MUST IN THE FUTURE = WILL HAVE TO (tendré que / voy a deber hacer algo) / SHALL (deberá - formal) Tendré que hablar con ella – I will have to talk to her Las partes deberán ponerse de acuerdo respecto a los pagos – The parties SHALL agree upon the payments. MUST IN THE PAST = HAD TO (tuve que, debí, debía) / SHOULD HAVE DONE (hubieras hecho / debiste haber hecho) – MUST HAVE DONE (MUY PROBABLE QUE LO HICISTE) Tuve que hablar con ella – I had to talk to her Debiste haber hablado con ella – You SHOULD HAVE TALKED to her SHOULD – debería Deberías ir al hospital – You should go to hospital MAY – poder con permiso / PODRÁ / TENER DERECHO A May I talk to you? May not – no se puede HE MAY BE ABLE TO FIRE EVERYONE LAS PARTES DEL CONTRATO TENDRÁN DERECHO A SER NOTIFICADOS POR CORREO ELECTRÓNICO – THE PARTIES TO THE CONTRACT MAY BE NOTIFIED BY EMAIL. EL SOLICITANTE PODRÁ RECIBIR EL REEMBOLSO THE APPLICANT MAY RECIEVE THE REIMBURSEMENT. EL DOCUMENTO PODRÁ SER ENTREGADO MAÑANA. THE DOCUMENT MAY BE DELIVERED TOMORROW. MIGHT – pudiera MIGHT HAVE DONE – reclamo muy fuerte para el pasado You might have helped her – PUDISTE HABERLA AYUDADO TO BE TO – debe de, debería (EN CONTEXTO DE TIEMPO) The meeting was to start at 10 a.m. – La reunion debía empezar a las 10 am The match I had been waiting for so long WAS TO start in half an hour, but it began raining and we HAD TO leave the stadium – El partido que HABÍA ESTADO ESPERANDO tanto tiempo DEBÍA COMENZAR en media hora, pero empezó a llover y TUVIMOS QUE retirarnos del estadio. DEADLINES: THIS DOCUMENT IS TO BE FINISHED TODAY – EL DOCUMENTO DEBE SER FINALIZADO HOY. THIS TRANLSATION IS TO BE READY TOMORROW! VERBOS MODALES EN FORMA DE POSIBILIDADES 1. MUST He MUST work in Pemex He MUST BE workING in the office NOW He MUST HAVE workED in Pemex 10 years ago DEBE SER / MUY POSIBLEMENTE Debe ser (es muy probable) que él trabaje en Pemex Debe ser (es muy probable) que él esté trabajando en la oficina (estará trabajando ?) Debe ser (es muy probable) que él haya trabajado en Pemex hace 10 años (habrá trabajado ?) 2. MAY He MAY work in Pemex He MAY BE workING in the office NOW He MAY HAVE workED in Pemex 10 years ago PUEDE SER / POSIBLEMENTE Puede ser (es probable) que él trabaje en Pemex Puede ser (es probable) que él esté trabajando en la oficina (será que esté trabajando ?) Puede ser (es probable) que él haya trabajado en Pemex hace 10 años (será que haya trabajado ?) 3. CAN´T He CAN´T work in Pemex He CAN´T BE workING in the office NOW He CAN´T HAVE workED in Pemex 10 years ago NO PUEDE SER NO puede ser que él trabaje en Pemex (no lo creo) NO puede ser que él esté trabajando en la oficina (no lo creo) NO puede ser que él haya trabajado en Pemex hace 10 años (no lo creo) 4. SHOULD HAVE DONE He SHOULD HAVE TOLD the truth! You SHOULDN´T HAVE CALLED him! DEBIÓ / DEBE HABER HECHO Él debió decir la verdad / debe haber dicho la verdad! No le debiste llamar / No debes haberle llamado! 1) Se considera que ha dejado de fumar. Ella siempre prefiere hacer lo SHE IS CONSIDERED TO HAVE STOPPED SMOKING. SHE ALWAYS que está prohibido. Se espera que le han descrito las consecuencias de este PREFERS DOING WHAT IS PROHIBITED. THE CONSEQUENCES OF comportamiento, así que vamos a ver si aprenderá.- Ella es terca, pero THIS BEHAVIOUR ARE EXPECTED TO HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED TO honesta, no recuerdo que ella te haya mentido, así que confia en ella. HER, SO LET´S SEE IF SHE WILL LEARN. SHE IS STUBBORN, BUT HONEST, I DON´T REMEMBER HER LYING TO YOU, SO TRUST HER! IT IS IMPORTANT FOR YOU TO COME HERE I WILL WAIT FOR IT TO HAPPEN I DON´T MIND THEIR OPENING THE WINDOW I REMEMBER OUR COMING LATE 2) Mario hubiera presentado mi declaración fiscal desde hace mucho HABRÍA = WOULD HAVE tiempo, si le hubiera proporcionado mis documentos a tiempo, pero estaba IT IS BELIEVED, IT IS SUPPOSED, IT IS CONSIDERED… con muchos problemas y lo ignoraba todo el tiempo – Se supone que terminó INFINITIVO: los cursos especializados justo para ayudarme con los impuestos y la verdad ACTIVE: lamento no haberle dado la oportunidad de implementar el conocimiento. TO DO, TO BE DOING, TO HAVE DONE, TO HAVE BEEN DOING PASSIVE: TO BE DONE, TO HAVE BEEN DONE MARIO WOULD HAVE SUBMITTED MY TAX RETURN A LONG TIME AGO HAD I PROVIDED HIM WITH MY DOCUMENTS ON TIME, BUT I HAD MANY PROBLEMS AND I IGNORED HIM ALL THE TIME. - HE IS SUPPOSED TO HAVE COMPLETED SPECIALIZED COURSES JUST TO HELP ME WITH TAXES, AND HONESTLY, I REGRET NOT GIVING HIM THE OPPORTUNITY TO APPLY THE KNOWLEDGE. 3) Ayer fui a una entrevista con el director de la empresa, pero me hizo YESTERDAY I WENT TO AN INTERVIEW WITH THE DIRECTOR OF unas preguntas que jamás había escuchado. Sé que fue necesario, pero me THE COMPANY, BUT HE ASKED ME SOME QUESTIONS THAT I HAD daba miedo de hablar con él, porque quería saber toda la información NEVER HEARD BEFORE. I KNOW THAT IT WAS NECESSARY, BUT I confidencial. Le dije que el departamento se le vendió a otro cliente porque WAS AFRAID TO TALK TO HIM, BECAUSE HE WANTED TO KNOW su dueño había evitado pagar la deuda a tiempo. ALL THE CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION. I TOLD HIM THAT THE MI DUEÑO, TU DUEÑO, SU (YOUR, THEIR, HER, HIS, ITS) DUEÑO, CONDO HAD BEEN SOLD TO ANOTHER CLIENT SINCE ITS OWNER NUESTRO DUEÑO. HAD AVOIDED PAYING THE DEBT ON TIME. TO BE AGRAID OF DOING – TEMER Y NO HACER TO BE AFRAID TO DO – TEMER Y HACER 4) No hubieramos/HABRÍAMOS perdido mucho dinero, si nos hubieran WE WOULD NOT HAVE LOST MUCH MONEY HAD IT BEEN explicado como tratar este asunto particular. Se sabe que firmamos un EXPLAINED TO US HOW TO DEAL WITH THIS EXACT MATTER. WE documento con errores, pero este documento nos pasaron los abogados de ARE KNOWN TO HAVE SIGNED A DOCUMENT WITH MISTAKES, nuestra empresa. Asimismo, se considera que ellos mandaron el documento BUT THIS DOCUMENT HAD BEEN GIVEN TO US BY THE COMPANY sin revisarlo bien. LAWYERS. THUS, THEY ARE CONSIDERED TO HAVE SENT THE DOCUMENT WITHOUT REVIEWING IT WELL. 5) Si David hubiera pagado las deudas a tiempo, ya se le HAD DAVID PAID HIS DEBTS ON TIME, THE MORTGAGE WOULD hubieran/HABRÍAN aprobado el crédito hipotecario. Su caso es complicado, HAVE BEEN APPROVED TO HIM. HIS CASE IS COMPLICATED AS HIS ya que sus tarjetas de crédito no han sido pagadas desde hace 3 años, por lo CREDIT CARDS HAVE NOT BEEN PAID FOR 3 YEARS (FOR SINCE 3 que está registrado como un deudor de alto riesgo a quien nadie le va a YEARS), THUS HE IS REGISTERED AS A HIGH RISK DEBTOR TO otorgar otro crédito hasta que haya liquidado sus deudas pendientes. WHOM NOBODY WILL GRANT ANOTHER CREDIT UNTIL HE HAS LIQUIDATED HIS PENDING DEBTS. 6) Se sabe que Mario está trabajando en un proyecto importante. Está MARIO IS KNOWN TO BE WORKING ON AN IMPORTANT PROJECT. tratando de arreglar un mecanismo que requiere reparación. Anna dijo que él HE IS TRYING TO FIX A MECHANISM THAT WANTS/NEEDS había estado tratando de repararlo durante toda la semana anterior, pero el REPAIRING. ANN SAID THAT HE HAD BEEN TRYING TO FIX IT FOR problema sigue. Si no lo repara dentro de 10 días hábiles, será multado por THE WHOLE PREVIOUS WEEK, BUT THE PROBLEM REMAINS. la empresa. SHOULD HE FAIL TO FIX IT WITHIN 10 WORK DAYS, HE WILL BE FINED BY THE COMPANY. 7) Se espera que el proyecto está siendo supervisado por el director hasta THE PROJECT IS EXPECTED TO BE SUPERVISED BY THE que lo hayan terminado los expertos. El anuncio ya se ha publicado en todos DIRECTOR UNTIL THE EXPERTS HAVE FINISHED IT (UNTIL IT HAS los periódicos, así que vale la pena leerlo! – Hasta los expertos tienen miedo BEEN FINISHED BY THE EXPERTS). THE ANNOUNCEMENT HAS de trabajar en el agua, pero tienen que hacerlo para pagar las deudas. Si la ALREADY BEEN PUBLISHED IN ALL THE NEWSPAPERS, SO IT IS empresa no hubiera sido vendida a otra perosa, los materiales se WORTH READING! – EVEN THE EXPERTS ARE AFRAID TO WORK IN hubieran/HABRÍAN entregado a tiempo. THE WATER, BUT THEY HAVE TO DO IT TO PAY THE DEBTS. HAD THE COMPANY NOT BEEN SOLD TO ANOTHER PERSON, THE MATERIALS WOULD HAVE BEEN DELIVERED ON TIME. 8) Gracias por traernos el pastel. Lamento informarte que Alex no está en casa, pero lo probará cuando haya regresado! Es que se fue a la oficina ya que había dejado sus documentos sin cerrar la puerta ahí. 9) Para qué le dijiste todo a Alex? Lamento haberte dado la información confidencial, ya que Alex la va a compartir con nuestras contrapartes. No puede ser que te conté tantos detalles! Se sabe que estás esperando cada chisme, así que ya no te voy a decir nada. 10) Vale la pena leer este libro! El autor describe las circunstancias del accidente sin mencionar los detalles. No me molesta que las describa, pero quisiera que lo haga con más detalles para que pueda imaginar los hechos de la mejor manera.
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