English Course for Adults: UNED Coursebook

CURSO DE INGLÉS
PARA ADULTOS
M.ª Ángeles Escobar Álvarez (Coord.)
Iria da Cunha Fanego
M.ª Teresa González Mínguez
Alba Luzondo Oyón
Curso de Inglés
para Adultos
M.ª ÁNGELES ESCOBAR ÁLVAREZ (coord.)
IRIA DA CUNHA FANEGO
M.ª TERESA GONZÁLEZ MÍNGUEZ
ALBA LUZONDO OYÓN
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA
CURSO DE INGLÉS PARA ADULTOS
Quedan rigurosamente prohibidas, sin la autorización escrita
de los titulares del Copyright, bajo las sanciones establecidas
en las leyes, la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra
’‘” —ƒŽ“—‹‡”‡†‹‘‘’”‘ ‡†‹‹‡–‘ǡ ‘’”‡†‹†‘•Žƒ”‡’”‘‰”ƒϔÀƒ
y el tratamiento informático, y la distribución de ejemplares
de ella mediante alquiler o préstamo públicos.
̹Ԙ‹˜‡”•‹†ƒ†ƒ ‹‘ƒŽ†‡†— ƒ ‹×ƒ‹•–ƒ ‹ƒ
ƒ†”‹†ʹͲͳ͹
™™™Ǥ—‡†Ǥ‡•Ȁ’—„Ž‹ ƒ ‹‘‡•
̹ԘǤ͐‰‡Ž‡•• ‘„ƒ”Ž˜ƒ”‡œȋ ‘‘”†ǤȌǡ ”‹ƒ†ƒ—Šƒ ƒ‡‰‘ǡ
Ǥ͐‡”‡•ƒ ‘œžŽ‡œÀ‰—‡œ›Ž„ƒ—œ‘†‘›×
̹Ԙ ‘–‘‰”ƒϐÀƒ•†‡ —„‹‡”–ƒ‡‹–‡”‹‘”‡•ǣ—‹• ‘ƒ‹”ƒ„ƒŽ‘†”À‰—‡œ
‡Ž‡ –”א‹ ‘ǣͻ͹ͺǦͺͶǦ͵͸ʹǦ͹ʹͶͳǦ͵
†‹ ‹×†‹‰‹–ƒŽǣ‘ –—„”‡†‡ʹͲͳ͹
Contents
”‡•‡–ƒ ‹×
ԘԘԘԘ
„„”‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘•
ԘԘԘ
‹–ͳǤ†—
ƒ–‹‘
ԘԘԘ
‹–ʹǤƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ •
ԘԘԘ
‹–͵Ǥƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•
ԘԘԘ
‹–ͶǤ•› Š‘Ž‘‰›
‹–ͷǤ ‹•–‘”›ԘԘ
‹–͸Ǥƒ••‡†‹ƒ ԘԘ
‹–͹Ǥƒ™ԘԘ
‹–ͺǤ‘—”‹•
’’‡†‹š ǣ‡›ˆ‘”‡ŽˆǦ••‡••‡–ԘԘ
’’‡†‹š ǣ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”ƒƒ”‘–‹‘•
"RVÎQPESÃFODPOUSBSJOGPSNBDJÓOBEJDJPOBM
ZBDUVBMJ[BEBEFFTUBQVCMJDBDJÓO
Presentación
–—ƒŽ‡–‡ǡŽƒ—–‹Ž‹†ƒ††‡ŽƒŽ‡‰—ƒ‹‰Ž‡•ƒ‡•—Š‡ Š‘‡˜‹†‡–‡
‡–‘†‘•Ž‘• ƒ’‘•†‡Žƒ˜‹†ƒ ‘–‹†‹ƒƒ›‡–‘†‘•Ž‘•ž„‹–‘•†‡Žƒ
‡†— ƒ ‹×Ǥ ‘–‹—ƒ ‹×•‡’”‡•‡–ƒŽƒ†‹•–”‹„— ‹×†‡Ž‘• ‘–‡‹Ǧ
†‘•†‡Žƒ—ƒŽ†‡Žƒƒ•‹‰ƒ–—”ƒ†‡‹‰Ž±•’ƒ”ƒ‡Ž —”•‘†‡ ‡•‘ƒŽƒ
‹˜‡”•‹†ƒ†’ƒ”ƒƒ›‘”‡•†‡ʹͷ›ͶͷƒÓ‘•Ǥ
ǭ2 ǫ
Ž Ž‹„”‘ ‡•–ž ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ†‘ ‡ ocho unidades ‘ Ž‡ –—”ƒ• •‘„”‡
–‡ƒ•”‡Žƒ ‹‘ƒ†‘• ‘†‹˜‡”•ƒ•†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ•“—‡•‡‡•–—†‹ƒ‡†‹ˆ‡Ǧ
”‡–‡• ‰”ƒ†‘• —‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ”‹‘• ‡ Žƒ ǡ –ƒŽ‡• ‘‘ ‡†— ƒ ‹×ǡ ƒǦ
–‡ž–‹ ƒ•ǡ‹†‹‘ƒ•ǡ’•‹ ‘Ž‘‰ÀƒǡŠ‹•–‘”‹ƒǡ‡†‹‘•†‡ ‘—‹ ƒ ‹×ǡ†‡Ǧ
”‡ Š‘›–—”‹•‘Ǥ‡‡•–‡‘†‘ǡ’”‡–‡†‡‘•ƒ›—†ƒ”ƒŽ‡•–—†‹ƒ–‡ƒ
ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹œƒ”•‡ ‘‡Ž˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”‹‘„ž•‹ ‘”‡Žƒ–‹˜‘ƒ‡•–ƒ•ž”‡ƒ•ǡƒŽƒ˜‡œ
“—‡•‡”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ‡Œ‡” ‹ ‹‘•†‡ ‘’”‡•‹×Ž‡ –‘”ƒǡ†‡ ‘•–”— ‹×†‡
‘”ƒ ‹‘‡•›†‡”‡†ƒ ‹×†‡ˆ‘”ƒ ‘–‹—ƒ†ƒǤ
ƒ†ƒ—ƒ†‡Žƒ•‘ Š‘—‹†ƒ†‡•“—‡ ‘’‘‡‡Ž’”‡•‡–‡Ž‹„”‘
‘•–ƒƒ•—˜‡œ†‡cuatro secciones’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ‡•ǣͳȌ ‘’”‡•‹×Ž‡ Ǧ
–‘”ƒǡʹȌ—•‘†‡Ž‹‰Ž±•ǡ͵Ȍ—•‘ ‘˜‡”•ƒ ‹‘ƒŽ†‡Ž‹‰Ž±• ‘†‹ˆ‡”‡–‡•
”‡‰‹•–”‘•ǡ›ͶȌ†‹• —”•‘›‡•–”— –—”ƒ–‡š–—ƒŽ‡‡•–‡‹†‹‘ƒǤŽÀ‡ƒ•
‰‡‡”ƒŽ‡•ǡ†‹ Šƒ••‡ ‹‘‡••‡ ‘””‡•’‘†‡ ‘Žƒ• —ƒ–”‘†‡•–”‡œƒ•
„ž•‹ ƒ•‡‡Žƒ’”‡†‹œƒŒ‡†‡—ƒŽ‡‰—ƒ‡š–”ƒŒ‡”ƒǡ“—‡‡‹‰Ž±••‡
‘‘ ‡ ‘‘listening, reading, speaking › writing.
•–ƒ• —ƒ–”‘•‡ ‹‘‡•ǡ†‡Žƒ•“—‡Šƒ„Žƒ”‡‘• ‘ƒ›‘”†‡–ƒŽŽ‡
‡‡Ž•‹‰—‹‡–‡ƒ’ƒ”–ƒ†‘ǡ–”ƒ–ƒ†‡’‘–‡ ‹ƒ”Žƒ•Šƒ„‹Ž‹†ƒ†‡•‡ ‡•ƒ”‹ƒ•
‡‡Žƒ’”‡†‹œƒŒ‡†‡—ƒŽ‡‰—ƒ‡š–”ƒŒ‡”ƒƒ–”ƒ˜±•†‡ǣ‹Ȍ‡Œ‡” ‹ ‹‘•†‡
‘’”‡•‹×Ž‡ –‘”ƒƒ’ƒ”–‹”†‡—–‡š–‘ǡ‹‹Ȍ†‡• ”‹’ ‹×†‡ˆ‡×‡‘•
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Ž‹‰òÀ•–‹ ‘• ‘’”ž –‹ ƒ•†‡‰”ƒž–‹ ƒ„ž•‹ ƒ‡‹‰Ž±•ǡ‹‹‹Ȍ†‹žŽ‘‰‘•
“—‡•‡’‘†”ž–ƒ„‹±‡• — Šƒ”‡‡Ž —”•‘˜‹”–—ƒŽ›ǡ’‘”‹‘ǡ‹˜Ȍ
‘”‹‡–ƒ ‹‘‡••‘„”‡ ׏‘”‡†ƒ –ƒ” ‘ϐŽ—‹†‡œǡƒ–‡†‹‡†‘ƒ—ƒ•‡”‹‡
†‡ —‡•–‹‘‡•†‹• —”•‹˜ƒ• ‘ï‡–‡—–‹Ž‹œƒ†ƒ•‡‹‰Ž±•‡• ”‹–‘Ǥ
ǭ2 ǫ
Ž‡•–—†‹ƒ–‡‡ ‘–”ƒ”ž‘”‹‡–ƒ ‹‘‡•’ƒ”ƒƒ›—†ƒ”Ž‡ƒ’‘‡”‡
’”ž –‹ ƒŽƒŽ‡‰—ƒ‹‰Ž‡•ƒƒ–”ƒ˜±•†‡–ƒ”‡ƒ•‡š’ŽÀ ‹–ƒ•†‡ ‘’”‡•‹×
Ž‡ –‘”ƒ›†‡ƒ’”‡†‹œƒŒ‡†‡‡•–”— –—”ƒ•‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ‡•ǡƒ•À ‘‘†‡‡Œ‡”Ǧ
‹ ‹‘•†‡˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”‹‘ǡ–ƒ–‘‡ ‘–‡š–‘•†‡‡š’”‡•‹×‘”ƒŽ ‘‘†‡
‡š’”‡•‹×‡• ”‹–ƒǤ
Žƒ•‡ ‹×†‡comprensión lectoraǡ‡Ž‘„Œ‡–‹˜‘‡•‹ ‡–‹˜ƒ”
Žƒ Ž‡ –—”ƒ ‡†‹ƒ–‡ –‡ƒ• ‹–‡”‡•ƒ–‡• › ƒ –—ƒŽ‡• “—‡ †‡•’‹‡”–‡ Žƒ
—”‹‘•‹†ƒ††‡Ž‘•ƒŽ—‘•ǤŽ‰—ƒ•†‡Žƒ• —‡•–‹‘‡•–”ƒ–ƒ†ƒ•‡Ž‘•
–‡š–‘•‹ Ž—‹†‘••‘Žƒ••‹‰—‹‡–‡•ǣǬ‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡Ž‘“—‡‡ƒ’ƒ”‹‡ ‹ƒ’ƒǦ
”‡ ‡ƒŽ–ƒ‡–‡‹’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡ǫǡǬ‡š‹•–‡”‡ƒŽ‡–‡—ƒŽ‡‰—ƒƒƒœ×‹ ƒ
–‘–ƒŽ‡–‡†‹ˆ‡”‡–‡ƒŽ”‡•–‘†‡Ž‡‰—ƒ•ǫǡǬ“—±‘ —””‡‡—‡•–”‘ ‡Ǧ
”‡„”‘ —ƒ†‘–‡‡‘•“—‡‡Ž‡‰‹”ǫǡǬ‡•˜‡”†ƒ†“—‡Žƒ•–‡‘”Àƒ•†‡ ”‡—†
•‡Šƒ‡’Ž‡ƒ†‘’ƒ”ƒ‡Ž ‘–”‘Ž†‡ƒ•ƒ•ǫǡǬ•‡ ‘‡–‡‡””‘”‡•‡Žƒ•
•‡–‡ ‹ƒ•†‡’‡ƒ†‡—‡”–‡ǫǡ‡– Ǥ•‹‹•‘ǡ•‡‹ Ž—›‡”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‹ƒ•
ƒ†‹ˆ‡”‡–‡•”‡ —”•‘•‡ŽÀ‡ƒ‰”ƒ–—‹–‘•“—‡ ’—‡†‡•‡”˜‹”†‡ƒ›—†ƒ
‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”‹ƒǡ–ƒŽ‡• ‘‘’”‘‰”ƒƒ•†‡”ƒ†‹‘ȋ’‘† ƒ•–•Ȍǡ’‡ŽÀ —Žƒ•ǡ
†‘ —‡–ƒŽ‡•ǡ˜À†‡‘•†‡‘——„‡›†‹ ‹‘ƒ”‹‘•†‡†‹˜‡”•‘•–‹’‘•Ǥ
”ƒ•Ž‘•‡Œ‡” ‹ ‹‘•†‡ ‘’”‡•‹×Ž‡ –‘”ƒǡ•‡‹ Ž—›‡ƒ•’‡ –‘•
’”ž –‹ ‘• •‘„”‡ el uso de la lengua inglesa “—‡ ‘”‹‡–ƒ”ž •‘„”‡
׏‘—–‹Ž‹œƒ”Ž‘•–‹‡’‘•˜‡”„ƒŽ‡•ǡ ׏‘†‹•–‹‰—‹”Ž‘•’”‘‘„”‡•ǡ
“—±–‹’‘†‡†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‡ƒ ‘’ƒÓƒƒ ƒ†ƒ•—•–ƒ–‹˜‘ǡ ׏‘•‡ˆ‘”ƒ
Žƒ’‘•‡•‹×ǡ ׏‘•‡ ‘•–”—›‡Žƒ•‘”ƒ ‹‘‡•‡‰ƒ–‹˜ƒ•‡‹–‡””‘‰ƒǦ
–‹˜ƒ•ǡ“—±–‹’‘†‡’”‡’‘•‹ ‹‘‡••‡—–‹Ž‹œƒž•ˆ”‡ —‡–‡‡–‡›“—±
–‹’‘• †‡ ˜‡”„‘• Žƒ• ŽŽ‡˜ƒ ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ†ƒ• › “—± •‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ†‘ –‹‡‡ Ž‘•
˜‡”„‘•‘†ƒŽ‡•ž• ‘—‡•ǡ‡–”‡‘–”‘•Ǥ
Ž—•‘ ‘˜‡”•ƒ ‹‘ƒŽ†‡ŽƒŽ‡‰—ƒ•‡ ‡–”ƒ‡†‹žŽ‘‰‘•›‡Ǧ
–”‡˜‹•–ƒ•‡–”‡ƒ‹‰‘•ǡˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‡•ǡ’”‘ˆ‡•‘”‡•ǡƒŽ—‘•›’”‘ˆ‡•‹‘ƒŽ‡•
†‡†‹˜‡”•‘• ƒ’‘••‘„”‡–‡ƒ•†‡‹–‡”±•‰‡‡”ƒŽǤ‘ ƒ•‹‘‡••‡
—–‹Ž‹œƒŽ‡‰—ƒŒ‡ ‘Ž‘“—‹ƒŽ›ǡ‡‘–”‘• ƒ•‘•ǡž•‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œƒ†‘Ǥƒ•†‹Ǧ
˜‡”•ƒ••‹–—ƒ ‹‘‡•‘ˆ”‡ ‡—‡˜‘•”‡‰‹•–”‘•†‡Ž‹‰Ž±•Šƒ„Žƒ†‘ ‘‡Ž
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Presentación
ϐ‹†‡’”‘’‘” ‹‘ƒ”‹ˆ‘”ƒ ‹×ƒŽ‡•–—†‹ƒ–‡ƒ ‡” ƒ†‡Žƒ‹†‹‘•‹ ”ƒǦ
•‹ƒ†‡Ž‘•’ƒÀ•‡•†‡Šƒ„Žƒ‹‰Ž‡•ƒ‡Žƒƒ –—ƒŽ‹†ƒ†ǡƒ•À ‘‘†‡•—˜‹†ƒ
›•—• ‘•–—„”‡•Ǥ
Žƒ•‡ ‹×ϐ‹ƒŽ†‡ ƒ†ƒ—‹†ƒ†•‡‹–”‘†— ‡ —‡•–‹‘‡•”‡ŽƒǦ
‹‘ƒ†ƒ• ‘el discurso y la estructura de los textosǡ ‘‡Ž‘„Œ‡Ǧ
–‹˜‘†‡‘ˆ”‡ ‡”ƒŽ‡•–—†‹ƒ–‡‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ƒ•›Š‡””ƒ‹‡–ƒ•“—‡Ž‡•‹”˜ƒ
†‡ƒ’‘›‘ƒŽƒŠ‘”ƒ†‡”‡†ƒ –ƒ”†‹ˆ‡”‡–‡•–‹’‘•†‡–‡š–‘•‡‹‰Ž±•Ǥ‘”
—Žƒ†‘ǡ•‡‡š’Ž‹ ƒŽƒ‡•–”— –—”ƒ†‡–‡š–‘•ˆ”‡ —‡–‡‡–‡‡’Ž‡ƒ†‘•
‡Žƒ—‹˜‡”•‹†ƒ†ǡ ‘‘•‘Žƒ• ƒ”–ƒ•ǡŽ‘• ‘””‡‘•‡Ž‡ –”א‹ ‘•›Ž‘•
‡•ƒŒ‡•‡ˆ‘”‘•‡ŽÀ‡ƒǤ‘”‘–”‘Žƒ†‘ǡ•‡ƒ„‘”†ƒ†‹ˆ‡”‡–‡•”‡ŽƒǦ
‹‘‡•†‹• —”•‹˜ƒ•’ƒ”ƒ‡š’‘‡”‹ˆ‘”ƒ ‹×‡—–‡š–‘†‡ˆ‘”ƒ ‘Ǧ
Š‡”‡–‡›•‡‹ Ž—›‡‡Œ‡’Ž‘•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‘•“—‡ƒ›—†ƒƒ‘•–”ƒ”
‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ƒ•“—‡†ƒ ‘Š‡•‹×ƒŽ–‡š–‘Ǥ
‹ƒŽ‡–‡ǡ ‡Ž Ž‹„”‘ †‹•’‘‡ †‡ — ƒ’±†‹ ‡ ŽŽƒƒ†‘ Key for
‡ŽˆǦ••‡••‡– ‘ Žƒ• ”‡•’—‡•–ƒ• †‡ –‘†‘• Ž‘• ‡Œ‡” ‹ ‹‘• › –ƒ”‡ƒ•
‹ Ž—‹†ƒ•‡ ƒ†ƒ—ƒ†‡Žƒ••‡ ‹‘‡•†‡Ž‘•†‹ˆ‡”‡–‡• ƒ’À–—Ž‘•Ǥ
ǭ2 ǫ
Ž‹‰Ž±•—–‹Ž‹œƒ†‘‡Žƒ•Ž‡ –—”ƒ•›‡Žƒ•‘”‹‡–ƒ ‹‘‡•’ƒ”ƒ‡Ž
—•‘‡• ”‹–‘†‡‡•–‡‹†‹‘ƒ ‘””‡•’‘†‡ƒŽ‹‰Ž±•ƒ‡”‹ ƒ‘ǡ‹‡–”ƒ•
“—‡Ž‘•†‹žŽ‘‰‘•‡•–ž”‡†ƒ –ƒ†‘•‡‹‰Ž±•„”‹–ž‹ ‘Ǥ‡‡•–‡‘†‘
•‡’”‡•‡–ƒ†‹•–‹–ƒ•˜ƒ”‹‡†ƒ†‡•†‡’”‘— ‹ƒ ‹×†‡ŽƒŽ‡‰—ƒ‹Ǧ
‰Ž‡•ƒǡƒŽƒ˜‡œ“—‡•‡‡ˆƒ–‹œƒ†‹ˆ‡”‡ ‹ƒ•”‡Žƒ–‹˜ƒ•ƒŽƒ‘”–‘‰”ƒϐÀƒ›
ƒŽ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”‹‘Ǥ
Ž‘Žƒ”‰‘†‡Žƒ—ƒŽǡŽ‘•‡•–—†‹ƒ–‡•‡ ‘–”ƒ”ž†‹˜‡”•ƒ•‡•Ǧ
–”— –—”ƒ•‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ‡•›‰Ž‘•ƒ”‹‘• ‘’ƒŽƒ„”ƒ•–”ƒ†— ‹†ƒ•ƒŽ‡•’ƒÓ‘Ž
‡‡Ž ‘–‡š–‘‡•’‡ Àϐ‹ ‘‡‡Ž“—‡•‘—–‹Ž‹œƒ†ƒ•Ǥ•‹‹•‘ǡƒŽϐ‹ƒŽ
†‡ŽŽ‹„”‘ǡ†‹•’‘†”ž†‡—•‡‰—†‘ƒ’±†‹ ‡ ‘‘ ‹‘‡•‰”ƒƒ–‹Ǧ
ƒŽ‡•ƒ†‹ ‹‘ƒŽ‡• ‘‘•‘‡Ž‰”ƒ†‘†‡Ž ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‘›•—’‡”Žƒ–‹˜‘†‡Ž
ƒ†Œ‡–‹˜‘ǡŽƒ•‘”ƒ ‹‘‡•†‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‘›—ƒŽ‹•–ƒ ‘Ž‘•˜‡”„‘•‹””‡‰—ŽƒǦ
”‡•ž• ‘—‡•Ǥ
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Abbre
viations
Abbreviations
adj.
ƒ†˜Ǥ
conj.
idiom.
interj.
n.
prep.
’”‡’˜Ǥ
sb.
sth.
˜Ǥ
˜‡š’”Ǥ
˜‹’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤ
˜–”’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤ
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡
ƒ†˜‡”„
‘Œ— –‹‘
‹†‹‘ƒ–‹ ‡š’”‡••‹‘
‹–‡”Œ‡ –‹‘
‘—
’”‡’‘•‹–‹‘
’”‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒŽ˜‡”„
•‘‡„‘†›
•‘‡–Š‹‰
˜‡”„
˜‡”„ƒŽ‡š’”‡••‹‘
‹–”ƒ•‹–‹˜‡’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ˜‡”„
–”ƒ•‹–‹˜‡’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ˜‡”„
1
Education
Education
Reading
Comprehension
Reading Comprehension
INTRODUCTION: UNED DISTANCE LEARNING METHODOLOGY
“Nowadays we live in the digital era and the era of technology is turning our lives
upside down at such a fast pace that it is a bit overwhelming for university students to
decide on the relevant technology that can enhance their study habits, especially, if they
are enrolled in a distance college.
The learning methodology found in the Spanish University of Distance Education
(UNED) is based on the hypothesis that if students are able to make the most of the
improvements which technology brings to their lives, they will improve if they use study
materials that are related to their routine tasks on their laptops, smartphones, or tablets.
In fact, most online courses at UNED make use of electronic or digital materials that
‘‡‘–‘Ž› ƒ†‘™Ž‘ƒ†‘Ž‹‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘”‡ƒ†‘ˆϐŽ‹‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽǡ’”‘˜‹†‡†–Šƒ–‘‡
has the right software installed on one’s computer, laptop or smartphone.
Besides, these online courses have many other advantages over traditional face-toface lectures such as the promptness one gets from Internet, since there is no need to wait
to receive anything, and study materials are easy to download without any delays.
The UNED platform ALF aims to allow students to: (i) have access to study materials;
(ii) manage and share documents; (iii) upload timed online activities; and (iv) conduct a
ϐŽ—‹† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡‹”–‡ƒ Š‡”•ƒ† Žƒ••ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• ƒ› •–ƒ†ƒ”† —‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ —†‡”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ •–—†‡–• ƒ– ‡‡† –‘ „‡ ϐ‹ƒŽŽ›
‡šƒ‹‡†–Š”‘—‰Šƒϐ‹ƒŽ‹Ǧ•‹–—‡šƒƒ–ƒ”‡‰‹•–‡”‡† ‡–‡”ǤŠ‹•‹•‹ˆƒ –ƒ ‘’—Ž•‘”›
requirement to complete their degree subjects” (Escobar, 2016, page 45).
Source: Escobar Álvarez, M. A. (2016). “L2 English learning and performance through online activities: A case
study”. In E. Martin Monje, I. Elorza & B. García Riaza (Eds.): Technology-Enhanced Language Learning for
Specialized Domains (pp. 47-58). Devon (Uk): Routledge Research in Education.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Education
Exercise (see answers)
Exercise 1:
Choose the answer which you think is best according to the article.
ͳȌ The expression to turn someone’s life upside down means that…
ƒȌ ‘—ƒ”‡‘–ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„›ƒ‰‹˜‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
„Ȍ ‘—”Ž‹ˆ‡ Šƒ‰‡• ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›Ǥ
ʹȌ What aspect of the learning methodology at UNED is emphasized in the
second paragraph?
ƒȌ
„Ȍ
Ȍ
†Ȍ
–•ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ ”‘••†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‡˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
–•‡ˆˆ‘”–Ǥ
–•’”‹ ‡Ǥ
–• ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡••Ǥ
͵Ȍ Why do most online courses at UNED make use of digital materials?
ƒȌ —‡–‘–Š‡‹”—‹˜‡”•‹–›•–ƒ–—•Ǥ
„Ȍ —‡–‘–Š‡‹”’”‹ ‡Ǥ
Ȍ ‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡› ƒ‘Ž›„‡”‡ƒ†‘ˆϐŽ‹‡Ǥ
†Ȍ ‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡› ƒƒŽ•‘„‡”‡ƒ†‘ˆϐŽ‹‡Ǥ
ͶȌ In the fourth paragraph of the text, it is argued that traditional face-to-face
lectures have many advantages over online courses, since students can
download study materials at any given time. True or false?
ƒȌ ”—‡Ǥ
„Ȍ ƒŽ•‡Ǥ
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Reading Comprehension
Glossary
nowadays
adv.
actualmente, hoy en día
to turn sth. upside down
v expr.
cambiar algo por completo
pace
n.
ritmo
overwhelming
adj.
abrumador, -a
to enhance
v.
mejorar, aumentar, realzar
to enroll
v.
inscribirse, matricularse
hypothesis (pl. hypotheses)
n.
hipótesis
task
n.
tarea, deber
in fact
adv.
de hecho, en realidad
as well
adv.
también
advantage
n.
ventaja
promptness
n.
rapidez, punctualidad
to aim (to)
v.
pretender, tener como objetivo
to allow
v.
permitir
to manage
v.
gestionar
standard
adj.
común, estándar
undergraduate student
n.
estudiante universitario
compulsory
adj.
obligatorio, -a
requirement
n.
requisito
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Education
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Use of English
Use of English
Language Point: Nouns and Pronouns
ͳǤ౧
• Common nouns
ƒ”ǡ†‘‰ǡ Šƒ‹”ȋ•‹‰—Žƒ”ȌԘq cars, dogs, chairs (plural).
milk, sugar, air, oil (substances with no plural form).
• Proper names
People: Mary, John, Susan, Philip.
‹–‹‡•ǣ‘†‘ǡƒ†”‹†ǡ‡™‘”ǡ•–‡”†ƒǤ
Rivers and Lakes: The Thamesis, The Mississipi, The Rhin, Lake Erie.
Mountains: The Pyrinees, The Alps, Mt. Olympus, San Juan Hill.
Monuments: The Eiffel Tower, The Statue of Liberty, The White House,
The Golden Gate Bridge.
Schools and Universities: Cape Elementary School, Harvard University.
Subjects: Physics, Mathematics, Phylosophy, Grammar.
Remember: Proper names with a capital letter.
ʹǤ౧
Pay attention: Subject and object pronouns replace nouns that are either subjects or
objects in the sentence.
Personal Pronouns: ǡ‘—ǡ ‡ǡŠ‡ǡ –ǡ‡ǡ‘—ǡŠ‡›Ǥ
Examples:ԘԘI have a small cottage.
You have a dog.
He teaches English.
She works in London.
It is a big city.
We love chocolate.
You live in Madrid.
They are from Burgos.
Object Pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them.
Examples:ԘԘƒ”›Ž‹‡•me.
Peter likes you.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Education
The children like him.
The child likes her.
The woman likes us.
The man likes you.
The boy likes them.
Pay attention: Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns are two different ways
to show possession in English.
Possessive Adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their.
Examples:ԘԘŠ‹•‹•my book.
That is your book.
This is his book.
This is her magazine.
This is its leg.
These are our books.
These are your books.
Those are their books.
Possessive Pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs.
Examples:ԘԘŠ‹•„‘‘‹•mine.
That book is yours.
The book is his.
The magazine is hers.
These books are ours.
The books are yours.
Those books are theirs.
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Use of English
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 1:
Match the questions with the correct answers.
ͳȌ Š‘ƒ”‡›‘—ǫ
ʹȌ Š‡”‡†‘›‘—Ž‹˜‡ǫ
͵Ȍ Š‡”‡†‘›‘—™‘”ǫ
ͶȌ Šƒ–†‘›‘—–‡ƒ Šǫ
ͷȌ Š‡”‡†‘›‘—‰‘‘Š‘Ž‹†ƒ›•ǫ
͸Ȍ ‘›‘—Šƒ˜‡ƒŠ‘—•‡–Š‡”‡ǫ
ƒȌ
„Ȍ
Ȍ
†Ȍ
‡Ȍ
ˆȌ
”‡–ƒ•ƒŽŽ ‘––ƒ‰‡‹‘‘Ž‡Ǥ
‰‘–‘–Š‡‘—–Š‘ˆ‰Žƒ†Ǥ
–‡ƒ Š‰Ž‹•ŠǤ
™‘”ƒ––Š‡—•‡—‘ˆ”–•Ǥ
Ž‹˜‡‹ƒ†”‹†Ǥ
ƒ‹†ƒǤ
Exercise 2:
Use the correct personal pronouns to replace the words in brackets.
ͳȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ԙ‹•†”‡ƒ‹‰Ǥȋƒ”›Ȍ
ʹȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ԙ‹•‰”‡‡ǤȋŠ‡–”‡‡Ȍ
͵Ȍ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ԙƒ”‡‘–Š‡™ƒŽŽǤȋŠ‡’‹ –—”‡•Ȍ
ͶȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ԙ‹•”—‹‰ǤȋŠ‡ ƒ–Ȍ
ͷȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ԙƒ”‡™ƒ– Š‹‰Ǥȋ›ˆ”‹‡†ƒ† Ȍ
͸Ȍ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ԙƒ”‡‹–Š‡’ƒ”‹‰ǤȋŠ‡ ƒ”•Ȍ
͹Ȍ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ԘŽ‹‡•Š‹•„‹‡Ǥȋ‘Ȍ
̴
Exercise 3:
Turn the subject pronoun into the corresponding object pronouns by
ϐ‹ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡„Žƒ•‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡šƒ’Ž‡•Ǥ
ͳȌ
ʹȌ ‘—
͵Ȍ Š‡
ͶȌ ‡
ͷȌ –
͸Ȍ ‡
͹Ȍ ‘—
ͺȌ Š‡›
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
‡–‡”Ž‹‡•̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
‘ŽŽ›‹˜‹–‡†̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
—‡‘™•̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
‘Šƒ†‡–‡”˜‹•‹–‡†̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
‡„‘—‰Š–̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴‹–Š‡•Š‘’Ǥ
Š‡‹•’‡ –‘”•ƒ•‡†̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
Š‡‡‹‰Š„‘”••ƒ™̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴‹–Š‡’ƒ”–›Ǥ
›’ƒ”‡–•Ž‹•–‡‡†–‘̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
Exercise 4:
Possessive Adjective or Possessive Pronoun? Fill in the gaps with the corresponding pronoun.
ͳȌ
ʹȌ ‘—
͵Ȍ Š‡
ͶȌ ‡
ͷȌ –
͸Ȍ ‡
͹Ȍ ‘—
ͺȌ –Š‡›
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴†‘‰‹•„‹‰Ǥ
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ ƒ”‹•‡™Ǥ
Š‡„”‘™ ƒ–‹•̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
Š‡Š‘—•‡‹•̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴–ƒ‹Ž‹••Š‘”–Ǥ
Š‡ Š‹Ž†”‡ƒ”‡̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‹•̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴•‹•–‡”™‘”•†‘™–‘™Ǥ
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Education
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Oral Skills
Oral Skills
ͳǤ౧ BLANKS IN THE CONVERSATION BELOW BETWEEN A CLERK
AND A STUDENT WHO WANTS TO ENROLL AT HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
(I¿RMXMSRW
Dorm: a college or university building
containing living quarters for
students. Also dormitory, residence
hall, students residence, hall (of
residence).
Campus: the grounds and buildings of
an institution, especially a college,
a university or other institution of
learning, a hospital, or a corporation.
Plural: campuses.
To register:–‘‡”‘ŽŽ‘ˆϐ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ›‘”
formally, especially in order to vote or
attend classes.
Majors:ƒϐ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ•–—†› Š‘•‡ƒ•ƒ
academic specialty.
Programmes: syllabuses or curricula.
Class: a group of students who are taught
together, usually at a regularly
scheduled time and in the same subject.
Cafeteria: a dining area, at a school or
‘ˆϐ‹ ‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ™Š‡”‡‡ƒŽ•ƒ›„‡
purchased or brought from home and
eaten.
College: incorporated within a
university, an institution of higher
learning that grants the bachelors
degrees in liberal arts or science or
both.
University: an institution for higher
learning with teaching and research
facilities, typically including a
graduate school and professional
schools that award master’s degrees
and doctorates and an undergraduate
division that awards bachelor’s
degrees.
Credits:‘ˆϐ‹ ‹ƒŽ ‡”–‹ϐ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘””‡ ‘‰nition that a student has successfully
completed a course of study.
Professor: a college or university
teacher who ranks above an associate
professor.
Teacher: a person whose occupation is
teaching others especially children.
Club: a group of people organized for a
common purpose, especially a group
that meets regularly.
Honour societies: an organization
to which students are admitted in
recognition of academic achievement.
Greek life: social organization at a
college or university, traditionally
consisting of students and designated
by Greek letters.
Fraternity: social organization at a
college or university, traditionally
consisting of male students and
designated by Greek letters.
Sorority: social organization at a
college or university, traditionally
consisting of female students and
designated by Greek letters.
Tuition: a fee for instruction, especially
at a college, university, or private
schools.
Fee: ƒϐ‹š‡†•— Šƒ”‰‡†ǡƒ•„›ƒ
institution or by law, for a service
or privilege.
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Education
‫ۄ‬
Loan: a sum of money that is lent,
usually with an interest fee.
Scholarship:ϐ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽƒ‹†’”‘˜‹†‡†ˆ‘”ƒ
scholar because of academic merit.
Facilities: a building, room, array of
equipment, or a number of such
things, designerd to serve a particular
function.
Library: a place in which reading
materials, such as books, periodicals,
and newspapers, and often other
materials such as musical and video
recordings, are kept for use or
lending.
Freshman:ƒ•–—†‡–‹–Š‡ϐ‹”•–›‡ƒ”Ǧ
class of a high school, college, or
university.
Sophomore: a second-year student in a
US college.
Junior: a student who is in the third
year of a US high school or college.
Senior: a student in the fourth year of a
college.
Trimester: one of the three terms into
which an academic year is divided in
some universities and colleges.
Quatrimester: one of the two terms
into which an academic year is
divided in some universities and
colleges.
Semester: one of the two divisions of
twelve to eighteen weeks each of an
academic year in some universities
and colleges.
Exercise (see answers)
'SRZIVWEXMSR:
Fill in the blanks.
CLERK: ‘‘†‘”‹‰ǡŠ‘™ ƒ Š‡Ž’›‘—ǫ
STUDENT: I would like to know how to (1) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ˆ‘” Žƒ••‡•ǫŽ‹‡
‘”‹’‡”•‘ǫ
CLERK:‘— ƒ”‡‰‹•–‡”„‘–Š™ƒ›•ǤŠ‡†‡ƒ†Ž‹‡‹•–Š‡ͳstt of August.
STUDENT: I spent my (2) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴›‡ƒ”ƒ–‘”‡ŽŽǡ•‘ ™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘
–”ƒ•ˆ‡”›ϐ‹”•–Ǧ›‡ƒ” ”‡†‹–•–‘ ƒ”˜ƒ”†Ǥ ‘™ ƒ †‘–Šƒ–ǫ
CLERK: Just send an application form with your transcripts.
STUDENT: ǡ–Šƒ•Ǥ—–ǡϐ‹”•–ǡ ǯ†Ž‹‡–‘‘™ƒ„‘—––Š‡’”‡”‡“—‹•‹–‹–‡•ˆ‘” ‡”–ƒ‹
(3) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ƒ†ȋͶȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
CLERK: ‘ ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ ‘— ƒ ϐ‹† ƒŽŽ –Šƒ– ‹ –Š‡ ȋͷȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ ƒ†
(6) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴‘Ž‹‡Ǥ‘—™‹ŽŽ•‡‡–Šƒ–‘•–•—„Œ‡ –•ƒ”‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–™‘
terms, that is (7) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ˆ”‘‡’–‡„‡”–‘‡ ‡„‡”ƒ†ˆ”‘
February to June with a special winter term consisting of three weeks in January.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
‫ۄ‬
Oral Skills
‫ۄ‬
STUDENT:Š‡”‡ ƒ „—›„‘‘•ǫ
CLERK:‘— ƒ„—›ƒŽŽ›‘—”„‘‘•ƒ––Š‡—‹˜‡”•‹–›„‘‘•–‘”‡ƒ–ƒ‡š‘”„‹–ƒ–’”‹ ‡‘”
you can borrow them from the (8) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
STUDENT:Š‡”‡‡šƒ –Ž›‹•–Š‡Ž‹„”ƒ”›ǫ
CLERK: It’s very easy. Here, take a (9) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ƒ’•‘›‘— ƒϐ‹†ƒŽŽ
the buildings.
STUDENT: By the way, I’d also like to know how to get involved in other campus
activities such as honour societies and (10) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
CLERK: Sure, are you not interested in Greek life? We have a large variety of
(11) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ ƒ† (12) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ ™Š‡”‡ •–—†‡–• ƒ
participate in a variety of fun and rewarding activities.
STUDENT: †™Šƒ–ƒ„‘—–Š‘—•‹‰ǫ›Š‘‡‹•–‘‘ˆƒ”ƒ™ƒ›–‘ ‘—–‡–‘ ƒ’—•
every day.
CLERK: We can provide you with a room in a (13) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡
comfy and well-equipped.
STUDENT:ƒ›‘—ƒŽ•‘–‡ŽŽ‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡‡ƒŽ’Žƒ•ǫ
CLERK: Sure. We have several (14) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴‘— ƒ„”‹‰›‘—”‘™
ˆ‘‘†ƒ†‡ƒ–‹––Š‡”‡‘”„—›ˆ‘‘†–Š‡”‡ƒ–ƒ˜‡”›Ž‘™ ‘•–Ǥ‘— ƒƒŽ•‘„—›‡ƒŽ’Žƒ•
that include a certain number of meals per week each semester.
STUDENT:ƒŽ‹‰ƒ„‘—– ‘•–•ǡƒ•‹†‡ˆ”‘–—‹–‹‘ǡ†‘ Šƒ˜‡–‘’ƒ›ˆ‘””‘‘ƒ†„‘ƒ”†ǫ
CLERK:‡•ǡ„—–‹ˆ›‘—ƒ”‡•Š‘”–‘ˆ‘‡›ǡ›‘— ƒƒ’’Ž›ˆ‘”ȋͳͷȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
ƒ†ϐ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽƒ‹†ǡ™Š‹ Š™‹ŽŽ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›Š‡Ž’›‘—™‹–Š›‘—”’ƒ›‡–•Ǥ
STUDENT: •‹–‡ƒ•›–‘”‡ƒ Šƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”™‹–Š“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ„‘—– Žƒ••ǫ
CLERK: Absolutely, our teaching staff are really accessible. Academic advising is one of
our quality features at Harvard. We also provide our students with medical check-ups,
ϐ‹–‡••ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǥ
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Education
ʹǤ ǧǧ WHO LIVES IN MANCHESTER. HER YOUNGER SISTER PAT
ASKS HER ABOUT WHAT SHE DOES AT SCHOOL. ANALYSE
VOCABULARY AND EXPRESSIONS. YOU CAN WRITE ANOTHER
CONVERSATION FOLLOWING THIS PATTERN
PAT:Š›‹••‹š–‡‡•— Šƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”›‘—ƒ–• Š‘‘Žǫ
NICKY: Because I have to decide which course I will take in order to pass the exams that
will allow me to go to university.
PAT:Šƒ–ƒ”‡›‘—”•—„Œ‡ –•–Š‹•›‡ƒ”ǫ
NICKY: My subjects are Spanish, French, English, History, Latin, Mathematics, Web Design
and Physical Education. But I’m mostly interested in modern languages.
PAT:‘—•‡‡˜‡”›„—•›ǤŠƒ–‹•›‘—”–‹‡–ƒ„Ž‡ǫ
NICKY: I have classes from 9 to 12:30, with only one break of a quarter of an hour at 11
o’clock. At 12.30 there is a longer break for lunch. Most of the students stay at school and
have lunch there, but some of them, who live nearby, go home and come back in an hour’s
time. Classes are resumed at 1:30 and they go on until 4:00 o´clock.
PAT:Šǡƒ†™Šƒ–ƒ„‘—–•’‘”–•ǫ
NICKY: I have Physical Education classes two afternoons a week, either in the gymnasium
‘”‘–Š‡’Žƒ›‹‰ϐ‹‡Ž†•Ǥ
PAT: But you also belong to the school football team.
NICKY:‡ƒŠǨ†™‡Šƒ˜‡‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ƒŽ‡ƒ‰—‡™‹–Š–Š‡•–—†‡–•ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”• Š‘‘Ž•ǡƒ†
™‡ ’Žƒ› ƒ ƒ– Š ‡˜‡”› ƒ–—”†ƒ›Ǥ ‘— ‘™ǡ •‘‡–‹‡• › –‡ƒƒ–‡• ƒ† •–ƒ› ‘ ‹
order to train for the next match.
PAT: Tell me about your youth club.
NICKY: My friends and I usually meet there two or three evenings a week. The club is a
lively place, and there is always a lot of things to do there. We spend lots of time listening
to music, playing videogames or just talking. Since many members of the youth club are
girls, we very often dance to music.
PAT:—–›‘—ƒŽ•‘Ž‹‡’ƒ‹–‹‰ǡ†‘ǯ–›‘—ǫ
NICKY: Absolutely. One of my hobbies is painting and I spend a great deal of my time at
the club painting posters. Some boys and girls take painting very seriously and have long
discussions about art.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Oral Skills
PAT: Šǡ‹ ›ǡ™Š‡†‘›‘—†‘›‘—”Š‘‡™‘”ǫ
NICKY:ƒ•›Ǩˆ–‡”Ͷ‘ǯ Ž‘ ™Š‡ ƒ””‹˜‡Š‘‡Ǥ ‰‘•–”ƒ‹‰Š––‘›„‡†”‘‘–‘•–—†›–Š‡
lessons for the next day.
PAT: ‹ ‡Ǩ †‘”‡ƒŽŽ›Ž‘˜‡™Š‡–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡ˆƒ‹Ž›Šƒ•†‹‡”–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹–Š‡‡˜‡‹‰Ǥ want to be like you when I am older.
͵Ǥ౧ UNED PROFESSOR AND A STUDENT. ANALYSE VOCABULARY
AND EXPRESSIONS. YOU CAN WRITE ANOTHER
CONVERSATION FOLLOWING THIS PATTERN
STUDENT: Good morning, Professor Johnson.
PROFESSOR: Good morning, Mr Smith.
STUDENT: I’m in my senior year and I’d like to know about the “must do’s” or compulsory
subjects for the English Studies degree.
PROFESSOR: Of course, to earn your degree you must take all the subjects indicated in our
‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•Ǥ‘— ƒϐ‹†–Š‡‘Ž‹‡Ǥ
STUDENT: ǯ†Ž‹‡–‘ˆ‘ —•‘‰Ž‹•Š‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ ‘™ƒ›•—„Œ‡ –•†‘ Šƒ˜‡–‘•–—†›ǫ
PROFESSOR: Our course of study focuses on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and
it’s divided into two semesters. We deal with drama, novel, essay and poetry.
STUDENT: ‘™ ƒ ‘„–ƒ‹–Š‡„‘‘•ƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǫ
PROFESSOR: All the recommended texts are online but if you prefer printed versions you
can purchase them at the bookshop or on the Internet.
STUDENT: I’m worried about how I’m going to be assessed.
PROFESSOR: I know exams are horrible but they have to be done. Like I said, the subject is
divided into two semesters, four units each. Then, you’ll have two exams, one in February
and another one in June.
STUDENT: ƒ ƒŽ•‘™”‹–‡’ƒ’‡”•ǫ
PROFESSOR: ˆ ‘—”•‡›‘— ƒǤ‘—ǯŽŽŠƒ˜‡–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘•‡‡™Šƒ––Š‡‡šƒ‹•Ž‹‡
if you write a couple of Continuous Assessment Tests. That way you can do some research
on the subject.
STUDENT: †™Šƒ–ƒ„‘—–‡Ž‡ –‹˜‡•ǫ
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Education
PROFESSOR:Šǡ ”‹•Š‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ƒ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰‘‡‹–Š‡ϐ‹”•–•‡‡•–‡”Ǥ‘—ǯŽŽ†‡Ž˜‡
‹–‘ –Š‡ ‘•– ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ‰Ž‹•ŠǦ•’‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ—–Š‘”• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ϐ‹”•– ™”‹––‡ –‡š–• –‘
contemporary writers such as James Joyce and Iris Murdoch.
STUDENT: Professor, I’d like your opinion about my own timetable. How can I organize
›–‹‡ǫ
PROFESSOR: I recommend you dedicate two or three hours every day to your studies in
addition to participating in the forums. That’s where students exchange academic ideas
and professors provide you with useful information.
STUDENT:†™Šƒ–ƒ„‘—––—–‘”‹ƒŽ•ǫ
PROFESSOR: ‡•ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”‡˜‡”›•–—†‡–Ǥ—ƒŽ‹ϐ‹‡†’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•ƒ†–‡ƒ Š‡”•
deal with the different subjects at least twice a week.
STUDENT:ƒ•–“—‡•–‹‘Ǥ ‘™ ƒ ‘–ƒ –™‹–Š›’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•ǫ
PROFESSOR: We are available by phone and email and, on occasions, you can also visit us
ƒ–‘—”‘ˆϐ‹ ‡•Ǥ
STUDENT: Thanks very much for the information, madam.
PROFESSOR: At your service.
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Oral Skills
Glossary
subject
n.
asignatura
break
n.
recreo
lunch
n.
comida del mediodía
league
n.
liga
teammates
n.
compañeros, -as de equipo
match
n.
partido
youth
n.
juventud
hobby
Ǥ
ƒϐ‹ ‹×
dinner
n.
comida principal del día
to focus
v.
concentrar(se)
to assess
v.
evaluar
elective
n.
optativa
timetable
n.
horario
forums
n.
foros
“—ƒŽ‹ϐ‹‡†
ƒ†ŒǤ
—ƒŽ‹ϐ‹ ƒ†‘ǡǦƒ
available
adj.
disponible
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Education
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Writing Skills
Writing Skills
AT THE UNIVERSITY
Writing: Text Structure
Nowadays people write different texts to communicate with other people: family,
friends, teachers, classmates, etc. Some examples are letters, e-mails and posts on online
ˆ‘”—•Ǥ‡––‡”•ƒ†‡ƒ‹Ž•Šƒ˜‡ƒ•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ •–”— –—”‡Ǥ
The main parts of these texts are:
ͳǤԘƒ–‡Ǥ
ʹǤԘ’‡‹‰Ǥ
͵ǤԘ‘†›ȋ–Š‡ ‘–‡–†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡’—”’‘•‡ȌǤ
ͶǤԘ”‡Ǧ Ž‘•‹‰Ǥ
ͷǤԘŽ‘•‹‰Ǥ
͸ǤԘ‘—”ƒ‡Ǥ
Some options for the opening:
Hi Jenny,
very informal
Hello Jenny,
informal
Dear Jenny,
informal
Dear teacher(s) and
classmates,
formal (appropriate for an academic online
forum)
Dear Mrs Smith,
formal (for women)
Dear Ms Smith,
formal (for women)
Dear Mr Smith,
formal (for men)
Dear Jenny Smith,
formal
Dear Sir or Madam,
very formal
Some options for the closing:
See you,
very informal
Take care,
very informal
Best wishes,
informal
All the best,
informal
Regards,
formal (appropriate for an academic online forum)
Best regards,
formal (appropriate for an academic online forum)
Kind regards,
formal (appropriate for an academic online forum)
Yours sincerely,
very formal
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Education
See an example of a letter for a friend:
ᬅ 15th May 2016
Dear Jenny,
ᬆ
ƒ–
›ϐ‹”•–†ƒ›
•
‹
›
ƒ
†
–‘
–
ƒ
‡
‘–‡ŽŽ›‘—–Š
Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ– –Š
ǯ™”‹–‹‰–
•›
›
†
–—
•
‡†–‘
king for
ϐ‹ƒŽŽ›†‡ ‹†
—‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ
e library loo
th
in
y
ll
a
tu
t now I’m ac
UNED. Righ
read.
that I have to
s
k
o
o
b
e
m
so
is is a very
. I feel that th
n
io
is
c
e
d
y
ith m
ity, I can
I’m happy w
nce univers
ta
is
d
a
’s
it
online
rsity. Since
, there is an
good unive
o
ls
A
.
lf
se
y
about
timetable m
eir teachers
organize my
th
sk
a
n
a
c
to
the students
n, I’m going
o
r
forum where
te
a
L
s.
ncern
ᬇ
–•
ions and co
˜‘”‹–‡•—„Œ‡
ƒ
ˆ
›
their quest

ˆ
‘
‡

‘—–‘
“—‡•–‹‘ƒ„
’‘•–›ϐ‹”•–
š ‹–‹‰ǫ
Ǥ •ǯ––Šƒ–‡

”—
‘
ˆ
••
Žƒ
‘–Š‡
next
ard over the
h
ry
e
v
y
d
u
going to st
g to
Anyway, I’m
that I’m goin
se
o
p
p
su
I
.
e
get my degre
pe we can
four years to
mily, so I ho
fa
d
n
a
s
d
n
e for frie
have less tim
ail.
letter or e-m
y
b
h
c
u
to
keep in
soon.
ng from you
ri
a
e
h
to
rd
a
Looking forw
ᬈ
best,
ᬉ All the
ᬊ Ana
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Writing Skills
Pay attention: In e-mails and posts on online forums, it is necessary to write a subject.
‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣDz›ϐ‹”•–†ƒ›ƒ–—‹˜‡”•‹–›dzǡ‘”Dz—‡•–‹‘•ƒ„‘—–‡š‡” ‹•‡ͳdzǤ
Glossary
nowadays
people
to write
to communicate
family
friend
teacher
classmate
letter
e-mail
post
online forum
•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ structure
date
opening
body
purpose
pre-closing
closing
library
distance university
timetable
to post
adv.
n.
v.
v.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
ƒ†ŒǤ
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
v.
actualmente
gente
escribir
comunicar
familia
amigo, -a
profesor, -a
compañero, -a de clase
carta
correo electrónico
mensaje (en un foro en línea)
foro en línea
‡•’‡ Àϐ‹ ‘ǡǦƒ
estructura
fecha
apertura
cuerpo del texto
propósito
fórmula de cierre
cierre (nombre del emisor)
biblioteca
universidad a distancia
horario
subir (un mensaje en un foro en línea)
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Education
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 1:
Fill in the blanks in the following text with these words.
teacher
post
term
manual
page
regards
understand
question
Subject: Questions about Chapter II
Dear (1) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ƒ† Žƒ••ƒ–‡•ǡ
I’m writing this (2) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ –‘ ƒ• ƒ ȋ͵Ȍ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ ƒ„‘—– •‘‡ ‡Ž‡‡–• ‘ˆ
Chapter II of the (4) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ˆ‘”–Š‹••—„Œ‡ –ǡ•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ƒŽŽ›‘’ƒ‰‡ͳ͵ͷǤ
First, I’m not sure I (5) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡–‡”Dz ‘‰‹–‹‘dzǤŠ‡†‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘
in the manual is too complex for me. Can anyone give me an more simple explanation of
this (6) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ǡ’Ž‡ƒ•‡ǫ
Second, the link to the webpage of the “International Association of Applied Psychology”, included on (7) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ͳͶͲǡ‹•‘–™‘”‹‰Ǥ‘‡•ƒ›‘‡‘™Š‘™–‘ƒ ‡••
–Š‹•”‡•‘—” ‡ǫ
Š‘’‡›‘— ƒŠ‡Ž’‡Ǩ
Thanks in advance.
Best (8) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ǡ
Laura
Exercise 2:
Reply to this e-mail.
Subject: Some news
Hello Hugo,
‘™ƒ”‡›‘—ǫ Š‘’‡›‘—ƒ†›‘—”ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ”‡™‡ŽŽǤ ”‡ƒŽŽ›™ƒ–‡†–‘™”‹–‡–‘›‘—•‘‘‡”ǡ
but I’ve been very busy over the last few months.
•›‘—‘™ǡ–Š‹•‹•–Š‡Žƒ•–›‡ƒ”ƒ–—‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ›ϐ‹ƒŽ’”‘Œ‡ –‹•“—‹–‡†‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž–ƒ†‹–
requires a lot of time and preparation. Fortunately, my advisor at the UNED has helped
‡ƒŽ‘–•‹ ‡–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰ǡƒ†‘™ ƒϐ‹ƒŽŽ›”‡ƒ†›–‘•—„‹–‹–Ǥ ǯƒ„‹–‡”˜‘—•ǡ
but I’m sure everything will go well, because I’ve worked hard. My exam is next week.
Please write back and tell me how you are. It would be great to have dinner together
after my last exam.
See you soon.
Best wishes,
Max
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
2
Mathematics
Reading
Comprehension
Reading Comprehension
MATHEMATICS: WHAT ARE THE ODDS?
The world is full of odd coincidences: apparently impossible or very unlikely situations
like the one I am going to tell you about.
There is a ten-year-old girl named Laura Buxton who lives in England. She is holding
a red balloon with her name and address written on it. She goes out to the yard and lets
the balloon go. The wind quickly blows it away and takes it 140 miles south of where
Laura Buxton lives. The balloon eventually begins to descend and lands on another yard
where there is a girl who picks it up off the ground. This girl is also named Laura Buxton
ƒ†•Š‡‹•–‡›‡ƒ”•‘Ž†ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†–”—‡•–‘”›–Šƒ–ϐ‹–•‹‹ ‡Ž›™‹–Š
the expression: “What are the odds!”, or putting it simply: “That’s incredible”. But what can
mathematics tell us about this apparently odd situation? To answer this question, I am
going to tell you another real story that I heard on a radio show called RadioLab. RadioLab
is available at http://www.radiolab.org/.
A professor of mathematics wants her students to experience how things that may be
believed to be very improbable are actually not that improbable. At least, they are not so
when you do the math. To prove this point, she divides her students into two groups. Group
Šƒ•–‘ϐŽ‹’ƒ ‘‹‘‡Š—†”‡†–‹‡•Ǥ ”‘—’Šƒ•–‘’”‡–‡†–‘ϐŽ‹’ƒ ‘‹‘‡Š—†”‡†
–‹‡•Ǥ‘–Š–‡ƒ•Šƒ˜‡–‘™”‹–‡†‘™–Š‡‹””‡•—Ž–•‘ƒ„Žƒ „‘ƒ”†Ǥ„˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡ–Š‡ϐ‹”•–
‰”‘—’™‹ŽŽ™”‹–‡†‘™–Š‡”‡ƒŽ”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆϐŽ‹’’‹‰ƒ ‘‹ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‰”‘—’™‹ŽŽ’”‘†— ‡‘‡
hundred fake or unreal results. The teacher leaves the room not knowing which group is
–Š‡‘‡–Šƒ–‹•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›‰‘‹‰–‘ϐŽ‹’–Š‡ ‘‹ƒ†™Š‹ Š‘‡‹•‘–Ǥ
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Mathematics
Both groups get down to work and start writing their results. Group B begins to
record their imaginary results: heads, tails, tails, heads, tails, heads, and so on. Group
†‘‡• –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –Š‹‰Ǥ Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹• –Šƒ– ‰”‘—’ ‹• ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ϐŽ‹’’‹‰ –Š‡ ‘‹ ‘‡
hundred times. Throughout the tossing of the coin, group A gets seven tails in a row, that
is: heads, tails, tails, tails, tails, tails, tails, tails, heads… This seems very unlikely! Seven
tails in a row!
When both groups are done, the teacher is allowed into the room again. She looks
at each board: the real list and the fake list. Right away, she points at the real list and says:
Dz ”‘—’™ƒ•–Š‡‘‡–Šƒ–ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ϐŽ‹’’‡†–Š‡ ‘‹dzǤŠ‡™ƒ•”‹‰Š–Ǩ—–Š‘™†‹†•Š‡‘™ǫ
The key to the answer lies precisely in those “weird” little details: seven tails in a
”‘™ǤŠ‹•‹•™Šƒ–Ž‡––Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘™–Šƒ– ”‘—’™‡”‡–Š‡”‡ƒŽϐŽ‹’’‡”•Ǥ ”‘—’ǡ„›
contrast, had no more than four consecutive heads or four consecutive tails written on
their blackboard. That is, Group B tried to avoid repeating the same result on more than
four occasions because they thought it would appear as if they were doing it on purpose.
However, what they thought would be considered as random or odd, is really not so
strange. Actually, when you do the math, the chances of getting seven tails in a row in a set
‘ˆ‘‡Š—†”‡†ϐŽ‹’•‹•ƒ„‘—–‘‡‹•‹šǤŠƒ–‹•‘––Šƒ–‹’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡ǨŠƒ–Šƒ’’‡•‹•–Šƒ–
we often focus our attention on these apparently strange things and forget about the rest
of the context. Math can make us see the big picture, although, truth be told, sometimes it’s
more fun to pay attention to the strangeness of things.
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Reading Comprehension
Exercise (see answers)
Exercise 1:
After carefully reading the above text, answer the following questions.
1) Which of these options is incorrect?
ƒȌ ƒ—”ƒ—š–‘•‡†•ƒ”‡†„ƒŽŽ‘‘™‹–ŠŠ‡”ƒ‡ƒ†ƒ††”‡••™”‹––‡‘‹–Ǥ
„Ȍ ‘–Š–Š‡ƒ—”ƒ™Š‘•‡†•–Š‡„ƒŽŽ‘‘ƒ†–Š‡ƒ—”ƒ™Š‘”‡ ‡‹˜‡•–Š‡„ƒŽŽ‘‘
are ten years old.
Ȍ Š‡ƒ—”ƒ—š–‘™Š‘ϐ‹†•–Š‡„ƒŽŽ‘‘‹Š‡”›ƒ”†Ž‹˜‡•ͳͶͲ‹Ž‡•ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘
the other Laura Buxton.
†Ȍ Š‡ƒ—”ƒ—š–‘‹™Š‘•‡›ƒ”†–Š‡„ƒŽŽ‘‘Žƒ†•†‘‡•‘–‘™™Š‘•‡––Š‡
balloon because there is nothing written on it.
2) Which of these is wrong? In the experiment…
ƒȌ
„Ȍ
Ȍ
†Ȍ
”‘—’ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒ –—ƒŽϐŽ‹’’‡”•Ǥ
”‘—’Šƒ•–‘’”‡–‡†–‘ϐŽ‹’ƒ ‘‹Ǥ
”‘—’ƒ”‡–Š‡ˆƒ‡”•Ǥ
”‘—’‰‡–••‡˜‡ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡–ƒ‹Ž•Ǥ
3) Which of these options is incorrect?
ƒȌ ‰Ž‹•Šǡ‘‡•‹†‡‘ˆƒ ‘‹‹• ƒŽŽ‡†DzŠ‡ƒ†•dzƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡”•‹†‡‹• ƒŽŽ‡†Dz–ƒ‹Ž•dzǤ
„Ȍ ˆ•‘‡–Š‹‰‹• fake it means that it is not real.
Ȍ ‘ϔŽ‹’ a coin and to tosss a coin means the same.
†Ȍ ˆ•‘‡–Š‹‰‹• —Ž‹‡Ž›› it means that it is very possible that it will happen.
4)
‘™†‹†–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘™™Š‹ Š‰”‘—’™‡”‡–Š‡ƒ –—ƒŽϐŽ‹’’‡”•ǫ
ƒȌ ‡ ƒ—•‡•Š‡•ƒ™–Šƒ–„‘–Š‰”‘—’•Šƒ†•‡˜‡–ƒ‹Ž•‹ƒ”‘™Ǥ
„Ȍ ‡ ƒ—•‡•Š‡•ƒ™–Šƒ–„‘–Š‰”‘—’•Šƒ†•‡˜‡Š‡ƒ†•‹ƒ”‘™Ǥ
Ȍ ‡ ƒ—•‡•Š‡•ƒ™–Šƒ–‘‡‰”‘—’Šƒ†•‡˜‡–ƒ‹Ž•‹ƒ”‘™™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‘–Š‡”†‹†‘–Ǥ
†Ȍ ‡ ƒ—•‡•Š‡•ƒ™–Šƒ–‘‡‰”‘—’Šƒ†ƒ ‘‹ƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡”†‹†ǯ–Ǥ
5) Which of these words do not mean something similar?
ƒȌ Odd
d and ™‡‹”†.
„Ȍ Ž‹‡Ž›› and ‹’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡.
Ȍ Odd
d and •–”ƒ‰‡.
†Ȍ Fake and ”‡ƒŽ.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Mathematics
Glossary
odd
adj.
raro, -a
apparently
adv.
aparentemente
remarkable
adj.
extraordinario, -a
–‘ϐ‹–‹™‹–Šȋ•–ŠǤȌ
vtr phrasal.
encajar, cuadrar
what are the odds
idiom.
qué casualidad, increíble
actually
adv.
en realidad, realmente
at least
adv.
al menos
to do the math
idiom.
calcular, echar cuentas
to prove
v.
demostrar
–‘ϐŽ‹’
v.
lanzar, tirar
to pretend
˜Ǥ
•‹—Žƒ”ǡϐ‹‰‹”
obviously
adv.
obviamente
fake
adj.
falso, -a
to get down to work (informal)
idiom.
ponerse manos a la obra
heads
n.
cara (de una moneda)
tails
n.
cruz (de una moneda)
to toss
v.
lanzar, tirar
in a row
adv.
seguido, -a
to seem
v.
parecer
unlikely
adj.
improbable
weird (informal)
adj.
raro, -a; extraño, -a
by contrast
adv.
por el contrario
consecutive
adj.
consecutivo, -a
to avoid
v.
evitar
(to do sth.) on purpose
v expr.
hacer algo a propósito
random
adj.
aleatorio
chance
n.
probabilidad
to focus (sb.’s attention) on
v.
centrarse en, centrar la atención en
truth be told
idiom.
a decir verdad, la verdad sea dicha
to pay attention to
v expr.
prestar atención a
strangeness
n.
rareza
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Use of English
Use of English
Language Point A
ͳǤ౧ Remember: Verb to be (Present Tense).
I am.
You are.
He/She/ It is.
We are.
You are.
They are.
• Questions and Short Answers
How old are you?
I am 40.
Is 5 a prime number?
Yes, it is.
‘™ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡‹–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹Ž›ǫ
Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ϐ‹˜‡Ǥ
• ‡‰ƒ–‹‘•
Are you a teacher?
No, I am not.
Is he a student?
No, he isn't.
Are there six people in your family?
No, there aren't.
• Questions and Long Answers
How old are you?
I am 40 years old.
How old am I?
You are 23 years old.
How old is he?
He is 19 years old.
What is a prime number?
5 is a prime number.
How many neighbors are there?
There are six neighbors.
Who are they?
They are new students.
‘™ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡‹–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹Ž›ǫ
Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ϐ‹˜‡’‡‘’Ž‡‹–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ
Pay attention: How to spell out numbers.
21
q
Twenty-one.
99
q
Ninety-nine.
100
q
One hundred.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Mathematics
150
q
‡Š—†”‡†ƒ†ϐ‹ˆ–›Ǥ
1,000
q
One thousand.
2,267.20
q
Two thousand two hundred sixty-seven point twenty.
Remember: Hyphenate all compound numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine.
ǣ‹‡Š‘—”•
• Use numerals for the time of day followed by “a.m.” before 12 noon in the morning
and “p.m.” after 12 noon in the evening:
Examples:
Š‡ϔŽ‹‰Š–Ž‡ƒ˜‡•ƒ–ͽǣ͹ͶƒǤǤ
Ž‡ƒ•‡ƒ””‹˜‡„›;ǣͶͶ’ǤǤ
• Spell out the time when using ‘ǯ Ž‘ Ǥ
Examples:
–ƒ‡–Š‡•‡˜‡Ǧ–Š‹”–›–”ƒ‹Ǥ
ƒ””‹˜‡ƒ–‡‹‰Š–‘ǯ Ž‘ Ǥ
ʹǤ౧ Dz dz
Remember: There is / There are
There is (Singular) / There are (Plural)
Examples:
There is a new student in my class.
There are thirty students in your class.
• Questions and Long Answers
Is there a computer on the table?
Yes, there is a computer on the table.
Are there any new students in your class?
Yes, there are nine new students.
• Learn: how to make negative sentences
There is no light in the room.
There isn’t any sugar in the coffee.
There are no new students in the class.
There aren’t any pencils on the table.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Use of English
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 1:
Choose the correct option.
ͳȌ ‘™‘Ž†ƒ”‡›‘—ǫ
ʹȌ Who are you?
͵Ȍ Are you a student?
ͶȌ Are there many students in your class?
ƒȌ ǯϐ‹‡ǡ–Šƒ•Ǥ
ƒȌ I’m Peter.
ƒȌ No, I’m not.
ƒȌ Yes, there is.
„ȌԘ ǯʹͲ›‡ƒ”•‘Ž†Ǥ
„Ȍ ƒϐ‹‡Ǥ
„Ȍ No, I am.
„Ȍ No, there aren’t.
Exercise 2:
Choose the correct option for each question.
ͳȌ How much is it?
ʹȌ How many people are there?
͵Ȍ What time is it?
ͶȌ Is this your train?
ƒȌ It’s ten o’clock.
„Ȍ It’s thirty euros.
Ȍ Yes, it is my six-thirty train.
†Ȍ Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‡–›Ǧϐ‹˜‡.
Exercise 3:
Match the questions and answers.
Ȍ —‡•–‹‘•
ͳȌ What’s your telephone number?
ʹȌ How many questions are there?
͵Ȍ Are there any apples?
ͶȌ Is there any butter on the fridge?
ͷȌ Are you a teacher?
Ȍ •™‡”•
ƒȌ No, I am not.
„Ȍ No, there aren’t any.
Ȍ Yes, there is some.
†Ȍ It’s 915776543.
‡Ȍ There are six questions.
ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘‹–
Remember: Countable nouns are things that we can count. They usually take “s” in
the plural.
ͳǤ Examples:
Pen: n. Count.
We can count pens, i.e. one pen, two pens, three pens…
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Mathematics
More examples:
Dog, cat, sheep, man, woman, person, bottle, box, litter, coin, note, cup, plate, fork,
table, chair, suitcase.
‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—Žǣ Regular / Irregular plurals
Regular plurals:
- +“s” : dogs, cats, persons, bottles, litters, coins, notes, cups, plates, forks, tables,
chairs, suitcases.
- + “es”: boxes.
Irregular plurals: sheep, men, women, children.
Pay attention: Countable nouns go with: a lot of, few, a few and some.
• —‡•–‹‘•ƒ†‡‰ƒ–‹‘ǣƒ›ǡƒ›Ǥ
ʹǤ౧
Remember: Uncountable nouns are substances or concepts that cannot be divided
into separate elements. They never take “s” in the plural.
Examples:
Oxygen, oil, milk, water, rice, sugar, etc. Or concepts: love, happiness, freedom, money,
music, advice.
We can only count bottles of oxygen, oil, milk, or cans of beer. We can also count
concepts by inserting a word like “a piece of”; i.e. we can count two pieces of advice.
Pay attention: Uncountable nouns go with: a lot, little, much, and some.
• —‡•–‹‘•ƒ†‡‰ƒ–‹‘ǣ— Šǡƒ›Ǥ
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Use of English
Exercise (see answers)
Exercise 4:
A Choose some or anyy to correctly complete the answer to the question.
ͳȌ
ƒ˜‡›‘—‰‘–ƒ›‘‡›‹–Š‡„ƒǫ
No, I haven’t got (some/any) money in the bank.
ʹȌ ƒ˜‡›‘—‰‘–ƒ›ˆ”‹‡†•‹–Š‡ ‹–›ǫ
Yes, I have (some, any) friends in the city.
͵Ȍ ƒ˜‡›‘—‰‘– ‘ˆˆ‡‡‹–Š‡’‘–ǫ
No, I haven’t got (any, some) coffee in the pot.
ͶȌ ƒ˜‡›‘—‰‘–ƒ•’ƒ”‡’‡ ‹Žǫ
‡•ǡ Šƒ˜‡ȋ•‘‡ǡ— ŠȌ•’ƒ”‡’‡ ‹Ž•‹›‘ˆϐ‹ ‡Ǥ
ͷȌ ƒ˜‡›‘—‰‘–ƒ›„‘‘•Š‡”‡ǫ
Yes, I have (a little, a few) books here.
Complete the sentences by choosing one of these words.
bread
ice
burgers
cream
chicken
pizza
chips
rice
eggs
tomatoes
ͳȌ ‡‘’Ž‡‡ƒ–ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ _______________ in Asia.
ʹȌ ‘ƒ‡ƒ•ƒ†™‹ Š›‘—ƒŽ™ƒ›•‡‡†•‘‡ _______________ .
͵Ȍ ‡Ž‡–•ƒ”‡ƒ†‡ˆ”‘ƒˆ‡™ _______________ .
ͶȌ ‘—‰‡–‡‰‰•ˆ”‘ƒ _______________ .
C Fill in the blanks with the correct option in brackets.
ͳȌ Š‡”‡‹•‘– _______________ money in the wallet. (any/some)
ʹȌ Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ _______________ pens in the basket. (a lot of/little)
͵Ȍ Š‡”‡‹• _______________ milk in this tiny plate. (a little/few)
ͶȌ Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ _______________ animals on the farm. (a few/ much)
ͷȌ Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘– _______________ oranges in the bowl. (some/any)
͸Ȍ Š‡”‡‹•‘– _______________ information in the news. (much/many)
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Mathematics
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Oral Skills
Oral Skills
Prepositions of time
I usually work from eight o’clock to half-past three.
I was born on the 27th (twenty-seventh) of August.
It happened in 2016 (twenty sixteen/two thousand sixteen).
He departed on–Š‡ϐŽ‹‰Š–ƒ–ͳͲǣͳͷȋ–‡ϐ‹ˆ–‡‡ȌǤ
My cousins lived there in June.
He does it once/twice/three times a/per week.
Prepositions of place
John lives at 24 (twenty-four) King’s Road.
Mary lives on Oxford Street.
The little boy was on–Š‡ϐ‹ˆ–ŠȋͷthȌϐŽ‘‘”Ǥ
Figures
It is two poundsϐ‹ˆ–›penceα –‹•–™‘ϐ‹ˆ–›ȋ͉ʹǤͷͲȌǤ
– ‹• –™‘ Š—†”‡† ‹‡–›Ǧϐ‹˜‡ dollars and thirty centsα – ‹• –™‘ ‹‡–›Ǧϐ‹˜‡ –Š‹”–›
($295.30).
‹• ‡ŽŽ’Š‘‡—„‡”‹•–™‘•‡˜‡ϐ‹˜‡‡‹‰Š–‡‹‰Š–ȋ‘”double eight) nine (275889).
‡”‘„‹Ž‡’Š‘‡—„‡”‹•–™‘ˆ‘—”ϐ‹˜‡•‡˜‡•‡˜‡•‡˜‡‘‡ȋʹͶͷ͹͹͹ͳȌǤ
›’Š‘‡—„‡”‹•‡‹‰Š–•‹š•‡˜‡ϐ‹˜‡–Š”‡‡‘‹‡ȋͺ͸͹ͷ͵ͲͻȌǤ
Percentages
Thirty percent (30%) of the population supported the politician.
Temperatures
It is two degrees centigrade below zero./It is minus two (-2o).
It is three degrees centigrade above zero./It is two above (+2o).
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Mathematics
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 1:
A businesswoman is trying to buy a train ticket over the phone. Fill in
–Š‡ „Žƒ• „› ™”‹–‹‰ –Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ —„‡”• ƒ† ϐ‹‰—”‡• ‹
brackets.
ǣ Could I have a return ticket to Edinburgh tomorrow, please?
CLERK: Certainly. Where are you travelling from?
ǣ From York.
CLERK: And when do you want to arrive?
ǣ I’ve got a meeting at (1) ________________________ (12:20). Will the
(2) ________________________ (6:45) train get me in time there?
CLERK: Yes, sir, but unfortunately there are no seats left on that train. I can book you
on the (3) ________________________ (9:15) train, but I think you’ll be late for your meeting.
ǣ Oh, I really can’t miss it. What about the sleeper train at
(4) ________________________ (11:30) tonight?
CLERK: Hold, please. I’ll check. Yes, you are in luck. There are four seats left. According
to the company’s policies, I can offer you a (5) ________________________ (50%) discount if
you book two seats.
ǣ Superb! How much is it?
CLERK: It’s (6) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ȋ͉ͷͲȌ‡ƒ ŠǤ
ǣ OK. Can you reserve one for my husband as well? What time do we
have to be at the station this evening?
CLERK: Of course, I can reserve two tickets. It’s (7) ________________________ (50) pounds
per person. You have to be at the station at (8) ________________________ (11:10). You’ll
arrive in Edinburgh at (9) ________________________ (7:00) tomorrow morning. Can I have
your credit card number?
ǣ Sure. My VISA number is (10) ________________________ (2087 2777
2599 2354).
CLERK: Thanks. And your security code?
ǣ It’s (11) ________________________ (235)
CLERK: Thanks, sir. Finally, can I have your email address to send the tickets?
Exercise 2:
Mary and Phillippa are having a cup of tea in a teashop after work. Fill in
–Š‡„Žƒ•™‹–Š–Š‡—„‡”•ƒ†ϐ‹‰—”‡•‹„”ƒ ‡–•ǤŽ‡ƒ•‡ǡ—•‡Ž‡––‡”•Ǥ
MARY: What date is it today?
PHILLIPPA: It’s the (1) ________________________ (21), I believe.
MARY: The (2) ________________________ 21)? Isn’t it the (3) ________________________ (23)?
PHILLIPA:‘ǡ‹–ǯ•†‡ϐ‹‹–‡Ž›–Š‡ȋͶȌ ________________________ (21).
MARY: Oh no! It’s my husband’s birthday! What time is it?
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
‫ۄ‬
Oral Skills
‫ۄ‬
PHILLIPPA: It’s too late to go shopping and buy a present. It’s (5) _____________________
(5:00/17:00)!
MARY: Oh, my! What can I do?
PHILLIPPA: Why don’t you try King George (6) ____________________ (VI) Shopping Mall?
It’s open late today.
MARY: You mean the one on the (7) ________________________ (2nd) turning on the right?
PHILLIPPA: Yes, the (8) ____________________ (1st) building just around the corner, the
one that looks so (9) ____________________ (19th) century. Just (10) ___________________
(700) metres from here.
MARY: You must be kidding! It’s freezing cold out there. It’s (11) ____________________ (-2º)!
PHILLIPPA: Come on! Shoes are on sale. A nice pair for only (12) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ȋ͉ͷͻǤ͵ͷȌǤ
Exercise 3:
Candidate is having a job interview. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate
answers.
ǣ Good morning! What is your name?
ǣ John Mellow.
ǣ What is your date of birth?
ǣ (1) ________________________ (Day/Month/Year).
ǣ Where do you live?
ǣ I live at (2) ________________________ (number/street/city/postcode).
ǣŠ‹ ŠϐŽ‘‘”†‘›‘—Ž‹˜‡ǫ
ǣ I live on the (3) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ȋͶ–ŠȌϐŽ‘‘”Ǥ
ǣ What is your cellphone number?
ǣ My cell number is (4) ______________________________ (+/country code/number).
ǣ Are you married?
ǣ Yes, sir, I am.
ǣ How many sons and daughters do you have?
ǣ I’ve got (5) ________________ (4 daughters and 4 sons).
ǣ How much would you like to earn per month?
ǣ (6) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ ȋ͉͵ͲͲͲȌ ’Ž—• ȋ͹Ȍ __________________________
(2) extra bonuses, (8) ____________________________ (30%) of every transaction and
(9) ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ȋͲǤͷȌ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ„‡‡ϐ‹–•™‘—Ž†„‡ϐ‹‡Ǥ
ǣ†ϐ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ›‘— ‘˜‡”––Šƒ–‹–‘†‘ŽŽƒ”•ƒ†–Š‡‹–‘—”‘•ǫ
ǣ Yes, it’s exactly (10) __________________________ dollars ($ 3,900) and
(11) _________________ Euros (€ 3,580).
ǣ What is your ideal timetable?
ǣ• †‘ǯ–Ž‹˜‡‡ƒ”–Š‡‘ˆϐ‹ ‡ǡ›‹†‡ƒŽ–‹‡–ƒ„Ž‡‹•ˆ”‘ȋͳʹȌ _______________
(10:30) to (13) _________________ (16:00) from Monday to Friday.
ǣ Alright, thanks for your time, Mr. Mellow. We’ll be in touch.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Mathematics
Glossary
businesswoman
n.
mujer de negocios, ejecutiva
clerk
Ǥ
‘ϐ‹ ‹‹•–ƒ
discount
n.
descuento
sleeper train
n.
tren nocturno
company’s policies
n.
políticas de la compañía
security code
adj.
código de seguridad
superb
v.
fenomenal
to book
v.
reservar
tea shop
n.
salón de té
to be kidding
v.
bromear
freezing
adj.
helador, -a
building
Ǥ
‡†‹ϐ‹ ‹‘
pair
n.
par
sale
n.
rebajas
timetable
n.
horario
to be in touch
v.
estar en contacto
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Writing Skills
Writing Skills
Writing: Coherence and Cohesion (ĘĊĖĚĊēĈĊ)
All texts have discourse relations. They are necessary to provide coherence. Discourse
relations usually include connectors. These connectors give cohesion to the text. When we
write a text, both coherence and cohesion are important in order to create an effective text
that is understandable for the reader.
One of these discourse relations is SEQUENCE. SEQUENCE includes a succession of
situations, facts, states, etc. For example:
“In the morning, I usually have breakfast ϐ‹”•–. Then I take a shower.
Afterwards, I get dressed. †ϐ‹ƒŽŽ›, I go to work.”
These four sentences are in a chronological order. They could be represented in
this way:
1-4
Sequence
In the morning,
I usually have
breakfast irst.
Then I take a
shower.
Afterwards,
I get dressed.
And inally, I go
to work.
With connectors, we can understand the different elements of a SEQUENCE relation.
There has to be a correlation among these connectors. See for example the items in bold
in the previous passage.
More connectors of SEQUENCE:
1
‹–Š‡ϐ‹”•–’Žƒ ‡ǡ
ϐ‹”•–ǡ
ϐ‹”•–Ž›ǡ
ϐ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽǡȀϐ‹”•–ǡ
2
in the second place,
second,
secondly,
then / after that, / next / afterwards,
3
in the third place,
third,
thirdly,
Žƒ•–‘ˆƒŽŽǡȀŽƒ•–Ž›ǡȀŽƒ•–ǡȀϐ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ
4
etc.
etc.
etc.
Pay attention: To conclude the succession of a SEQUENCE, you can use the connectors
DzŽƒ•–‘ˆƒŽŽdzǡDzŽƒ•–dzǡDzŽƒ•–Ž›dz‘”Dzϐ‹ƒŽŽ›dzǤ
Examples:
“At primary school, ϐ‹”•–, children learn to add. Second, they learn to subtract. Third,
they learn to multiply. And ϐ‹ƒŽŽ›, they learn to divide.”
“At primary school, ϐ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽ, teachers explain ordinal numbers, then they refer to
cardinal numbers and lastly, they teach prime numbers.”
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Mathematics
Glossary
discourse relation
to provide
coherence
connector
cohesion
effective
understandable
reader
sequence
situation
fact
state
ϐ‹”•–
then
afterwards
lastly
chronological
correlation
passage
‹–Š‡ϐ‹”•–’Žƒ ‡
ϐ‹”•–Ž›
ϐ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽ
in the second place
second
secondly
after that
next
in the third place
third
thirdly
last of all
last
ϐ‹ƒŽŽ›
to add
to subtract
to multiply
to divide
ordinal number
cardinal number
prime number
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
n.
v.
n.
n.
n.
ƒ†ŒǤ
adj.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
adv.
adv.
adv.
adv.
adj.
n.
n.
adv.
adv.
adv.
adv.
adv.
adv.
adv.
adv.
adv.
adv.
adv.
ƒ†˜Ǥ
ƒ†˜Ǥ
ƒ†˜Ǥ
v.
v.
v.
v.
n.
n.
n.
relación discursiva
aportar
coherencia
conector
cohesión
‡ϐ‹ ƒœ
comprensible
lector, -a
secuencia
situación
hecho
estado
primero
después, entonces
después
por último
cronológico, -a
correlación
fragmento
en primer lugar
en primer lugar
en primer lugar
en segundo lugar
segundo
en segundo lugar
después de eso
después
en tercer lugar
tercero
en tercer lugar
ϐ‹ƒŽ‡–‡
’‘”ϐ‹
ϐ‹ƒŽ‡–‡
sumar
restar
multiplicar
dividir
número ordinal
número cardinal
número primo
Writing Skills
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 1:
‹ŽŽ‹–Š‡„Žƒ•‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•„›—•‹‰ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡
connectors.
ͳȌ In Maths, different prizes exist. For example, __________, the ‘Žˆ”‹œ‡‹ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ •
was established in 1978. Secondly, the „‡Ž”‹œ‡ was created in 2003. __________, the
Š‡”‡†ƒŽŽ was introduced in 2010.
ʹȌ __________, pure mathematics was proposed and second, applied mathematics was
developed.
͵Ȍ ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ •Šƒ•„‡‡•–—†‹‡†„›ƒ› —Ž–—”‡•ƒ†–Š‹•ϐ‹‡Ž†Šƒ•’ƒ••‡†–Š”‘—‰Š
several stages: __________, a prehistoric stage; __________, a Babylonian stage; __________,
an Egyptian stage; fourth, a Greek stage, and so on.
ͶȌ Modern mathematics can be divided into three consecutive periods: ϐ‹”•–, the 19th
century; __________, the 20th century, and third, the 21st century.
Exercise 2:
Among the options a, b, c and d, select the adequate connector that should
be inserted in the blank. Only one option is correct.
ͳȌ When she discovered she was pregnant, ϐ‹”•–, she told her husband; second, she
told her parents; __________, she phoned all her friends, and, ϐ‹ƒŽŽ›, she informed
her boss.
ƒȌ •‡ ‘†
„Ȍ –Š‹”†
Ȍ Žƒ•–Ž›
†Ȍ ƒˆ–‡”
ʹȌ First of all, she decided that she wanted to get her job back, then she spoke with
her boss and __________ she started working again.
ƒȌ ‹–Š‡–Š‹”†’Žƒ ‡
„Ȍ –Š‹”†Ž›
Ȍ ϐ‹ƒŽŽ›
†Ȍ •‡ ‘†
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Mathematics
‫ۄ‬
͵Ȍ When the baby was six months old, her mother’s daily routine was as follows: ϐ‹”•–Ž›,
she fed the baby; __________, she dressed him, and thirdly, she took him to day care.
ƒȌԘ–Š‡
„ȌԘ‹–Š‡•‡ ‘†’Žƒ ‡
ȌԘ •‡ ‘†Ž›
†ȌԘŽƒ•–Ž››
Exercise 3:
–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•ǡƒ”–Š‡ ‘‡ –‘”–Šƒ–‹•ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡‹
–Šƒ–•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ‘–‡š–ǤŽ›‘‡‘’–‹‘‹• ‘””‡ –Ǥ
ͳȌ  ‘”†‡” –‘ ‹•‡”– ’ƒ‰‡ —„‡”• ‹ ƒ †‘ —‡–ǡ ϐ‹”•– ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ you should open the
document with a text editor; then you should go to the tools menu; in the second
place, you should select the option “page number” and lastly, you should decide
the format that you prefer.
ʹȌ ˆ ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ’”‡’ƒ”‡ ƒ ‘”ƒŽ ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ›‘— ‡‡† –‘ ƒ‡ •‘‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘•
beforehand: ϐ‹”•–Ž›, you have to decide which program you will use; secondly, you
have to select the font, and in the third place, you have to choose a range of colors
for the slides.
͵Ȍ –‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ’Š‘–‘ ‘ŽŽƒ‰‡„›—•‹‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘ǦŽ‹‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡Ǥ‘ƒ‡ƒ
photo collage, ϐ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽǡ›‘——•– Š‘‘•‡–Š‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡–Šƒ–„‡•–ϐ‹–•›‘—”’—”’‘•‡Ǥ
Then, the photos have to be uploaded to the software. Third, the collage format has
to be selected. Finally, the collage will be created automatically.
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
3
Languages
Reading
Comprehension
Reading Comprehension
LANGUAGES: THE PIRAHÃ
It is estimated that there are over 6,800 different languages in the world. Unfortunately,
many of these languages are rapidly becoming extinct due to environmental destruction,
war, epidemics, and globalization, among other reasons.
In the UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, South America is described
as a textbook case of an area in which a high linguistic diversity is combined with a severe
extinction rate. In fact, it is argued that all the indigenous languages in this part of the
world are unstable and, therefore, vulnerable. This is the case for the Amazonian tribe
known as the Pirahã, whose native language is currently spoken by less than 400 people.
Pirahã can be spoken, but it can also be sung, hummed and whistled. The Pirahã have
no words for colors, they have no past or future tense, and surprisingly enough, Pirahã
has no numbers. In their language, the words for ‘ear’ (xáoói), ‘skin’ (xaoóí), ‘foreigner’
(xaoói), or ‘hand’ (xaóoi) are only distinguished by their tones. Interestingly, Professor
Daniel Everett, who is one of the three outsiders who can speak the language, argues that
‹”ƒŠ •Š‘™•‘‡˜‹†‡ ‡ˆ‘””‡ —”•‹‘Ǥ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ •ǡ”‡ —”•‹‘‹•†‡ϐ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘
create never-ending sentences (e.g. Mary said that David said that John saw Peter buying
apples at the market which is...ȌǤ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‘•–‹ϐŽ—‡–‹ƒŽŽ‹‰—‹•–‹Š‹•–‘”›ǡ‘ƒ
Chomsky, recursion is the basis of all human languages. Pirahã, however, seems to break
this fundamental rule. These are some of the remarkable features of Pirahã, which Everett
discusses in a fascinating documentary called The Amazon Code (you can watch it on
YouTube, if you are interested).
Sadly, the Pirahã community has recently been transformed. A few years ago, the
Brazilian government built houses, toilets, and schools where children can now learn
Portuguese. As a result of this environmental change, some argue that the unique culture
and language of the Pirahã may now be lost. In line with Professor of psychology Steven
Pinker, it is important to be aware of the fact that the loss of a language is also a loss of a
source of data on how the human mind works, and, in general, the loss of a unique product
of human creativity.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Languages
Exercise (see answers)
Exercise 1:
After carefully reading the above text, answer the following questions.
1) Only one of these statements is correct.
ƒȌ Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͸ǡͺͲͲˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•‘ˆŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‘‡ƒ”–ŠǤ
„Ȍ Š‡‡š–‹ –‹‘‘”†‡ƒ–Š‘ˆƒ›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹• ƒ—•‡†„›‡ ‘‘‹ ˆƒ –‘”•ǡƒ–—”ƒŽ
disasters like epidemics, etc.
Ȍ Š‡—„‡”‘ˆŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†‹•”ƒ’‹†Ž›‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ǥ
†Ȍ Š‡‡š–‹ –‹‘‘ˆƒ›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Šƒ’’‡•‘˜‡”ƒ˜‡”›Ž‘‰’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–‹‡ǤŠƒ–
is, very slowly, many languages are becoming extinct.
2) When something is described as a textbook case of a situation, it means that.
ƒȌ
„Ȍ
Ȍ
†Ȍ
–‹•ƒ Ž‡ƒ”ƒ†‰‘‘†‡šƒ’Ž‡Ǥ
–‹•‘–ƒ˜‡”›‰‘‘†‡šƒ’Ž‡Ǥ
–‹•ƒ’‘‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡Ǥ
–‹•ƒ‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡šƒ’Ž‡Ǥ
3) Which of these statements is incorrect?
ƒȌ ‹”ƒŠ Šƒ˜‡‘—‡”ƒ ›ǤŠƒ–‹•ǡ–Š‡‹”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Šƒ•‘—„‡”•Ǥ
„Ȍ ‹”ƒŠ –Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‹‹Žƒ”•‘—†‹‰™‘”†•™‹–Šƒ˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‡ƒ‹‰™Š‹ Š
are only distinguished by their tones.
Ȍ ‹”ƒŠ ƒ„‡™Š‹•–Ž‡†ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•Š—‡†Ǥ
†Ȍ ‹”ƒŠ ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆŠ—ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǡŠƒ•”‡ —”•‹‘Ǥ
4) Which of these statements is incorrect?
ƒȌ ‹”ƒŠ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡• Šƒ˜‡ •—ˆˆ‡”‡† ‘ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •–‹ŽŽ ”‡ƒ‹ ‡šƒ –Ž› –Š‡
same.
„Ȍ Š‡”ƒœ‹Ž‹ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–”‡ ‡–Ž›’”‘˜‹†‡†–Š‡‹”ƒŠ ™‹–Š• Š‘‘Ž•ƒ†Š‘—•‡•Ǥ
Ȍ  ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ „—‹Ž†‹‰ Š‘—•‡•ǡ • Š‘‘Ž•ǡ ‡– ǤȌ ƒ› ƒ—•‡ ƒ
cultural and linguistic change.
†Ȍ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‰‹˜‡—•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡™ƒ›–Š‡Š—ƒ‹†™‘”•Ǥ
5) To be aware of something means.
ƒȌ ‘ know
w that something exists.
„Ȍ ‘ forgett that something exists.
Ȍ ‘ worry aboutt something.
†Ȍ ‘ believe in something.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Reading Comprehension
Glossary
to estimate
v.
calcular, estimar
unfortunately
adv.
desafortunadamente
rapidly
adv.
rápidamente
to become extinct
v expr.
extinguirse
due to
adj. + conj.
debido a
textbook case/example
adj. + n.
claro ejemplo
severe
adj.
grave, serio, -a
extinction
n.
extinción
rate
n.
tasa, índice
in fact
adv.
de hecho
unstable
adj.
inestable
therefore (formal)
adv.
por lo tanto
vulnerable
adj.
vulnerable
currently
adv.
actualmente, en este momento
to hum
v.
tararear
to whistle
v.
silbar
surprisingly
adv.
sorprendentemente
to distinguish
v.
distinguir, diferenciar
outsider
n.
extranjero, -a, forastero, -a
never-ending
adj.
interminable
according to
prep.
de acuerdo con, según
‹ϐŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ
ƒ†ŒǤ
‹ϐŽ—›‡–‡
basis (of) (pl. bases)
n.
base (de)
however
adv.
sin embargo
remarkable
adj.
notable, extraordinario, -a
feature
n.
característica
fascinating
adj.
fascinante
to transform
v.
transformar
unique
adj.
singular, único, -a
(to be) aware (of)
adj.
(ser) consciente (de)
loss
n.
pérdida
source
n.
fuente
data
n.
información, datos
creativity
n.
creatividad
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Languages
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Use of English
Use of English
Word order (Sentences)
ͳǤ౧ Remember: Subjects are required in English.
ƒȌԘŠ‡–Š‡•—„Œ‡ –‹•–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–‡ ‡ǣ—•‡ƒƒ –‹˜‡•‡–‡ ‡Ǥ
George Gershwin composed many arias.
(Subject-Agent + Active Verb + Object)
„ȌԘŠ‡–Š‡•—„Œ‡ –‹•–Š‡–‘’‹ ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–‡ ‡ǣ—•‡ƒ’ƒ••‹˜‡•‡–‡ ‡Ǥ
“Summertime” was composed by George Gershwin in 1934.
(Subject-Topic + Passive Verb* + by Agent + Time Reference)
Pay attention: Verb to be + Past Participle (Passive Verb*)
Verb Forms
Tense
Active
Passive
Present simple
I clean my room.
My room is cleaned (by me).
Present continuous
I am cleaning my room.
My room is being cleaned (by me).
Past simple
I cleaned my room.
My room was cleaned (by me).
Past continuous
I was cleaning my room.
My room was being cleaned (by me).
Present perfect
I have cleaned my room.
My room has been cleaned (by me).
Present perfect
continuous
I have been cleaning my
room.
My room has been being cleaned
(by me).
Past perfect
I had cleaned my room.
My room had been cleaned.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Languages
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 1:
Complete the following text with passive verb forms of the verbs given in
parentheses.
Many languages (1) _______________ (speak) today in Europe. Today, we (2) _______________
(expect) to speak at least two foreign languages. Many new grammar books
(3) _______________ (write) to help students. At the beginning, we cannot pronounce a
foreign language well even if we (4) _________________________ (tell) how to pronounce
ˆ‘”‡‹‰™‘”†•™‡ŽŽǤ‡ȋͷȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ȋ–‡ƒ ŠȌ‘—”ϐ‹”•–™‘”†•„›‘—”‘™’ƒ”‡–•
when we are toddlers. As adults, we can also (6) _______________ (help) by our foreign
language teachers.
Exercise 2:
Fill in the gaps (Present Tense).
ͳȌ ›‘–Š‡”ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ†‡Ž— ŠǤ
_____________ is always made by ____________.
ʹȌ ‡–‡”‡˜‡”†‘‡•Š‹•‰Ž‹•ŠŠ‘‡™‘”Ǥ
_____________ is never done by _____________.
͵Ȍ ‘‡„‘†› Ž‡ƒ•–Š‡™‹†‘™•‡˜‡”›™‡‡Ǥ
____________ are cleaned by ______________.
ͶȌ †”ƒ™’‹ –—”‡•˜‡”›‘ˆ–‡Ǥ
_______________ are drawn very often by ___________.
ͷȌ ›ˆ”‹‡†‘—‹•‡™”‹–‡•˜‡”›‹ ‡’‘‡•Ǥ
______________ are written by ______________.
Exercise 3:
Match Questions with Short Answers.
ͳȌ ‘™‹•Dzϐ‹•Šdz•’‡ŽŽ‡†ǫ
ʹȌ •‰Ž‹•Š•’‘‡–Š‡”‡ǫ
͵Ȍ ‘™ƒ›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡•’‘‡‹ƒ–ƒŽ‘‹ƒǫ
ͶȌ ‡”‡›‘—”’ƒ”‡–•”ƒ‹•‡†‹‰Žƒ†ǫ
ͷȌ ƒ˜‡›‘—„‡‡’”‘‘–‡†ǫ
͸Ȍ ƒ•–Š‡™‹†‘™„”‘‡„›–Š‡Š‘‘Ž‹‰ƒ•ǫ
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
ƒȌ ‡•ǡ Šƒ˜‡Ǥ
„Ȍ –‹•Dzˆǡ‹ǡ•ǡŠdzǤ
Ȍ ‡•ǡ‹–‹•Ǥ
†Ȍ ™‘ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–Ǥ
‡Ȍ ‡•ǡ‹–™ƒ•Ǥ
ˆȌ ‘ǡ–Š‡›™‡”‡ǯ–Ǥ
‫ۄ‬
Use of English
‫ۄ‬
Exercise 4:
Fill in the gaps (Present Tense).
ԘͳȌ ‘’‡‡†–Š‡†‘‘”™‹–Š›‡›•Ǥ
___________ was opened by______.
ԘʹȌ ƒ”›Šƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›†‘™Ž‘ƒ†‡†–Š‡˜‹†‡‘Ǥ
___________ has been already downloaded by__________.
Ԙ͵Ȍ „—”‰Žƒ”•–‘Ž‡›Žƒ’–‘’Žƒ•–™‡‡Ǥ
__________ was stolen last week by__________.
ԘͶȌ Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‹–”‘†— ‡†–Š‡‡™‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
______________ was introduced by___________.
ԘͷȌ ƒœ‘™‹ŽŽ†‡Ž‹˜‡”›„‘‘‡š–™‡‡Ǥ
_____________ will be delivered next week by___________.
Ԙ͸Ȍ Š‡• Š‘‘Ž—•–‘–‰‹˜‡’—’‹Ž•–‘‘— ŠŠ‘‡™‘”Ǥ
____________ must not be given too much homework by__________.
Ԙ͹Ȍ ‡–‡”†‹†‘–‹˜‹–‡ƒ–Š›–‘–Š‡’ƒ”–›Ǥ
____________was not invited to the party by____________.
ԘͺȌ ‘‡‘‡”‡’ƒ‹”‡†–Š‡Š‡ƒ–‹‰Žƒ•–‘–ŠǤ
___________ was repaired last month by_____________.
ԘͻȌ Š‡„ƒ‡”ƒ‡•–Š‘•‡†‡Ž‹ ‹‘—• ƒ‡•Ǥ
____________are made by___________.
ͳͲȌ –‡˜‡’‹‡Ž„‡”‰†‹”‡ –‡† —”ƒ••‹ ƒ”Ǥ
______________ was directed by_____________.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Languages
ʹǤ౧ Remember: Some verbs are followed by two objects (Indirect Object, Direct Object /
Direct Object, Indirect Object).
Verbs: ask, promise, offer, give, etc.
Examples:
–‹˜‡ǣ
My boss has offered me
a promotion thanks to my good results.
Subject
D Object
I Object
ƒ••‹˜‡ͳǣ
I have been offered a promotion by my boss thanks to my good results.
Subject
D Object
ƒ••‹˜‡ʹǣ
A promotion has been offered to me by my boss thanks to my good results.
Subject
I Object
Pay attention: Objects that turn into subjects agree with the verb.
I have been offered. / A promotion has been offered.
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Use of English
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 5:
Change the active sentences into passive. More than one option is possible
for the active sentences that have two objects (direct and indirect).
ͳȌ
‡”— Ž‡Ž‡ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‰”‡ƒ–ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‘‡›Ǥ
ƒ••‹˜‡ͳǣ
ƒ••‹˜‡ʹǣ
ʹȌ
ƒ˜‡›‘—‹–”‘†— ‡†‡–‡”–‘›‘—”—ǫ
ƒ••‹˜‡ͳǣ
ƒ••‹˜‡ʹǣ
͵Ȍ Š‡–‡ƒ Š‡”Šƒ••Š‘™‡–Š‡• Š‘‘ŽǤ
ƒ••‹˜‡ͳǣ
ƒ••‹˜‡ʹǣ
ͶȌ Š‡›Šƒ˜‡™‹•Š‡†–Š‡‡™Ž›ƒ””‹‡† ‘—’Ž‡ƒŠƒ’’›ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ
ƒ••‹˜‡ͳǣ
ƒ••‹˜‡ʹǣ
ͷȌ ‘——•––›’‡–Š‡•‡Ž‡––‡”•„‡ˆ‘”‡ͷ‘ǯ Ž‘ Ǥ
ƒ••‹˜‡ǣ
͸Ȍ —•–Šƒ˜‡Ž‡–›‘—–Š‡—„”‡ŽŽƒǤ
ƒ••‹˜‡ͳǣ
ƒ••‹˜‡ʹǣ
͹Ȍ †”‡™‹•™ƒ– Š‹‰–Š‡ƒ– Š”‹‰Š–‘™Ǥ
ƒ••‹˜‡ǣ
ͺȌ Žƒ”‰‡’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•‘ ‹‡–›–Š‹•–Šƒ––‘„ƒ ‘‹•ƒ†”—‰Ǥ
ƒ••‹˜‡ǣ
ͻȌ Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–›‘—Ž‹‡†ƒ„‘—–›‘—”Œ‘„Šƒ••—”’”‹•‡†‡Ǥ
ƒ••‹˜‡ǣ
ͳͲȌ ‡‘’Ž‡—•—ƒŽŽ›–”ƒ‹ƒ„”ƒ†‘””‡–”‹‡˜‡”•–‘„‡‰—‹†‡†‘‰•Ǥ
ƒ••‹˜‡ǣ
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Languages
͵Ǥ౧ Remember: The impersonal passive is characterized by the use of the impersonal
form ‘it is’ and it can only be used with verbs of perception (intransitive) such as say,
perceive, think, notice, feel, discover, suppose, etc. Consequently, this construction
is formed by ‘it is + past participle’. In these cases the by-agent is not required in the
passive sentence.
Examples: It is said that…, it is perceived that…, it is felt that…, it is supposed that…,
it is noticed that…
–‹˜‡ǣ
They believe that tobacco kills.
ƒ••‹˜‡ͳǣ
It is believed that tobacco kills. (Impersonal passive)
ƒ••‹˜‡ʹǣ
Tobacco is believed to kill. (Impersonal passive with –to)
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Use of English
Exercise (see answers)
Exercise 6:
Change these active sentences into passive. Recall that you can omit the
by-agent when it is unknown.
ͳȌ ˜‡”›„‘†›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡•–Šƒ––‘„ƒ ‘‹ŽŽ•Ǥ
ƒ••‹˜‡ǣ
ʹȌ ‡‘’Ž‡‰‹˜‡’”‡•‡–•‘„‹”–Š†ƒ›•Ǥ
ƒ••‹˜‡ǣ
͵Ȍ Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ Ž‡ƒ‡†›‘—””‘‘Ǥ
ƒ••‹˜‡ǣ
ͶȌ –Š‹‡ˆ•–‘Ž‡› ƒ”‹–Š‡’ƒ”‹‰Ǥ
ƒ••‹˜‡ǣ
ͷȌ ‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ˜‹•‹––Š‡‘—˜”‡—•‡—‹ƒ”‹•Ǥ
ƒ••‹˜‡ǣ
͸Ȍ ƒ›™‘”‡”•ƒ”‡„—‹Ž†‹‰–Š‡‡™ ‹–›ŠƒŽŽǤ
ƒ••‹˜‡ǣ
͹Ȍ ‡‘’Ž‡‘™–Šƒ––‡ƒ Š‡”•ƒ”‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–’ƒ”–•‘ˆ‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
ƒ••‹˜‡ǣ
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Languages
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Oral Skills
Oral Skills
GIRL: ‘‘†‘”‹‰ǡ• ‘Š•‘Ǥ Šƒ˜‡ƒ‡‘”‘—•‹–‡”‡•–‹Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ƒ† ǯ†Ž‹‡–‘
know more about English.
ǣ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž›ǤŠƒ–™‘—Ž†›‘—Ž‹‡–‘ƒ•ǫ
GIRL: ‘™ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡•’‡ƒ‰Ž‹•Š‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǫ
ǣ The English language is spoken by more than 360 million people.
GIRL:”‡ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹˜‡•’‡ƒ‡”•ǫ
ǣ No, there are at least 400 million people who speak English as a second
Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†͹ͲͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‡‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ
GIRL:Šƒ–‹•ƒ™‡•‘‡Ǩ ‘™ ƒ‰Ž‹•Š„‡•‘™‹†‡Ž›•’”‡ƒ†ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǫ
ǣ‡ŽŽǡ–Š‡‰”‘™–Šƒ†‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‹•ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•ƒ‡š–”ƒ‘”†‹ƒ”›
’Š‡‘‡‘Ǥ –Š‡‡Ž‡˜‡–Š ‡–—”›‘Ž›‘‡ƒ†ƒŠƒŽˆ‹ŽŽ‹‘’‡‘’Ž‡•’‘‡‹–Ǥ ͳ͹ͲͲ
the number was eight million, but still many languages were more important than English
‹ —”‘’‡ ˆ‘” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‡ ‘‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‘•ǣ ’ƒ‹•Šǡ ”‡ Šǡ —••‹ƒǡ ‡”ƒǡ ƒ†
–ƒŽ‹ƒǤ›ͳͻͲͲ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š•’‡ƒ‡”•Šƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–‘ͳʹ͵‹ŽŽ‹‘Ǥ
GIRL: ǯ˜‡Š‡ƒ”†–Šƒ–‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ Šƒ‰‡†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‡ ‘†‘”Ž†ƒ”Ǥ
ǣ Yes, when the economic power declined in Europe, the United States took
the lead and English became the universal language throughout the world. You know,
money speaks English.
GIRL: Oh! They say money speaks American English. But, apart from this country and, of
‘—”•‡ǡ–Š‡‹–‡†‹‰†‘ǡ™Š‡”‡‹•‰Ž‹•Š•’‘‡ǫ
ǣ It’s the most commonly spoken language in the UK, Canada, Australia,
Ireland and New Zealand and it’s widely spoken in some areas of the Caribbean, Africa and
‘—–Š•‹ƒǤ‡ ƒ•ƒ›–Šƒ–‰Ž‹•ŠƒŽ•‘Šƒ•ƒ•–”‘‰‹’ƒ –‘–Š‘•‡ ‘—–”‹‡•™Š‡”‡–Š‡
‹ϐŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šƒ†‡”‹ ƒ —Ž–—”‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ–•— Šƒ• †‹ƒǡƒ‹•–ƒǡ
—‡”–‘‹ ‘ǡ‹‰‡”‹ƒǡ ƒƒ‹ ƒǡ›ƒƒ”ǡ”‹ƒƒǡ •”ƒ‡Žǡ ‘‰‘‰ǡǥǡ•‘ƒ›Ǥ
GIRL:—–ǡ‹•ǯ–‰Ž‹•Š–Š‡‘Ž›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•’‘‡‹–Š‡ǫ
ǣ ‘ǡ –Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ •’‡ƒ ‡Ž•Š ‹ ƒŽ‡•ǡ ‘”‹•Š ‹ ‘”™ƒŽŽ ƒ† ƒ‡Ž‹ ‹
Scotland, in addition to many different dialects such as Manx in the Isle of Man.
GIRL: ‘ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡•’‡ƒ ƒ‡Ž‹ ǫ
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Languages
ǣ Gaelic is compulsory at school in the Republic of Ireland but only 1.1 % of
the Scottish population over three years old can speak that language.
GIRL:‘‡• ƒ‡Ž‹ „‡Ž‘‰–‘–Š‡•ƒ‡ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ•‰Ž‹•Šǫ
ǣ‘ǡ ƒ‡Ž‹ ‹•ƒ‡Ž–‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†‰Ž‹•Š‹•ƒ‡•– ‡”ƒ‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡƒ
†‹ƒŽ‡ –‘ˆ‘Ž†‰Ž‘Ǧ ”‹•‹ƒǤ
GIRL:ƒ•ǯ– ”‹•‹ƒ–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•’‘‡„›–Š‡‰Ž‡•ǡ —–‡•ƒ†ƒš‘•™Š‡–Š‡› ƒ‡
–‘‘—” ‘—–”›ǫ
ǣ Yes, English has developed over the course of more than 1400 years. The
‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•–ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šǡƒ•‡–‘ˆ‰Ž‘Ǧ ”‹•‹ƒ†‹ƒŽ‡ –•„”‘—‰Š––‘ ”‡ƒ–”‹–ƒ‹„›‰Ž‘Ǧ
ƒš‘•‡––Ž‡”•‹–Š‡ϐ‹ˆ–Š ‡–—”›ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†Ž†‰Ž‹•ŠǤ‹††Ž‡‰Ž‹•Š„‡‰ƒ‹–Š‡Žƒ–‡
eleventh century with the Norman conquest of England.
GIRL: I’ve heard that Shakespeare represents the transition between Middle English and
ƒ”Ž›‘†‡”‰Ž‹•Šǡ• ‘Š•‘Ǥ
ǣ Yes he does, and Chaucer symbolizes the evolution from Old English to
‹††Ž‡‰Ž‹•ŠǤŠƒ•–‘‹–•ϐŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›ǡ—•‹ ƒŽ‹–›ƒ††›ƒ‹•ǡ‰Ž‹•ŠŠƒ•„‡ ‘‡
the most important language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many
regions and in professional contexts such as science, computing, navigation, sports,
business and law.
GIRL: ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡•ƒ›‹–ǯ•ƒ†‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‘Ž‡ƒ”Ǥ
ǣ Totally, not only because of its large variety of vocabulary but because it
relies on auxiliary verbs and word order and every grammar rule has many exceptions.
GIRL: Nevertheless, it is essential in international affairs and in many other aspects of
‘†‡”Ž‹ˆ‡ǤŠ‡”‡˜‡”›‘—‰‘ǡ›‘—™‹ŽŽƒŽ™ƒ›•ϐ‹†•‘‡„‘†›™Š‘•’‡ƒ•‰Ž‹•ŠǤ
PROFESSOR ON A TV PROGRAMME
INTERVIEWER: –‹•ƒŠ‘‘—”–‘Šƒ˜‡”‘ˆ‡••‘” ƒ‡ƒ†™‡ŽŽˆ”‘–Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ
‹‰—‹•–‹ •ƒ†‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ‹‡ ‡ƒ––Š‡‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆ”–•ƒ† ‹‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ
Delaware here on our programme to talk about the importance of Black English nowadays.
PROFESSOR: My pleasure. Thank you for having me.
INTERVIEWER: Professor Cadwell, it is believed that eloquent orators abound in African‡”‹ ƒ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ •–Šƒ––”—‡ǫ
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Oral Skills
PROFESSOR: ‡•ǡƒ†™‡ƒ”‡‘–‘Ž›”‡ˆ‡””‹‰–‘ƒ”‹—–Š‡”‹‰ǡ ‡••‹‡ ƒ •‘‘”
Barack Obama in the US, but also to well-known African orators such as Nelson Mandela
or Desmond Tutu in Africa. Not to mention all those anonymous speakers at religious
meetings, political rallies and other social gatherings who demonstrate dynamic, effectual
discourses every day.
INTERVIEWER: ‘›‘—–Š‹–Š‹•’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž˜‡”˜‡‹•˜ƒŽ—‡†ǫ
PROFESSOR: Certainly. Even political and social opponents of these outstanding black
orators remark on the power and utility of their speaking skills.
INTERVIEWER: ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ”‘ˆ‡••‘”ǡ –Š‡ ‹ϐŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ Žƒ  ‰Ž‹•Š ‰‘‡• „‡›‘† –Š‡
’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ”‡ƒǤƒ›‘—‡š’Žƒ‹–Šƒ–ǫ
PROFESSOR:‡•ǡϐ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽǡ™‡—•–’‘‹–‘—––Šƒ–˜‡”„ƒŽƒ”–‹•ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ ‘’‘‡–‘ˆ
„Žƒ  —Ž–—”‡Ǥ –•‹ϐŽ—‡ ‡‘’‘’—Žƒ” —Ž–—”‡ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š”ƒ’’‡”•ǡŠ‹’ǦŠ‘’ƒ”–‹•–•ƒ†•Žƒ‰
expressions is obvious, but, in fact, it is much more than this. Its origins come from the
oral tradition of the African slaves and it extends to every area of communicative activity
within black culture.
INTERVIEWER: Thus, is it not ironic that African-American children are described as
DzŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹’‘˜‡”‹•Š‡†dzǫ
PROFESSOR: It is quite clear that some African-Americans do no sound the same as AngloAmericans whey they speak. Centuries ago, when people from different cultures came
–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡”‡ϐŽ‡ –‹‰–Š‘•‡ —Ž–—”‡•‹š‡†ƒ†ƒ†ƒ’–‡†Ǥ†™Š‡‰”‘—’•ƒ”‡
segregated, then language differences increase.
INTERVIEWER: It is also acknowledged that Black English often breaks rules and, at
times, differs from standardized English speech patterns.
PROFESSOR: Yes, it is commonly said that African-Americans violate language patterns
ƒ†—•‡•‡–‡ ‡••— Šƒ•DzŠ‡›†‹†ǯ–†‘‘–Š‹‰dzǤ–Š‡”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡••— Šƒ• ”‡ Š‘”
’ƒ‹•Š —•‡ ‹– Dz ‡ ‡ •ƒ‹• ”‹‡dz ȋ †‘ǯ– ‘™ ‘–Š‹‰Ȍ ‘” Dz‘ Šƒ ‡ ƒ†ƒdz ȋ ‡Ȁ•Š‡ ‹•ǯ–
†‘‹‰‘–Š‹‰ȌǤ‘ǡ™Š›†‘‡•ˆ”‹ ƒǦ‡”‹ ƒ˜‡”ƒ —Žƒ”Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡’—–‹–‘“—‡•–‹‘ǫ
Millions of people speak like that! It’s absolutely contagious!
INTERVIEWER: Yes, that’s very true and we’re really happy to see how languages are
ƒŽ™ƒ›•‘–Š‡‘˜‡Ǥ‘ϐ‹‹•Š–Š‹•‹–‡”˜‹‡™ǡ –Š‹ˆ”‹ ƒǦ‡”‹ ƒ‰Ž‹•Š•Š‘—Ž†„‡
recognized and appreciated for contributing to conversation with its creation of other
ways of speaking that improve our lives.
PROFESSOR: And I’d like to add that we must try to deconstruct the relationships of social
and political inequality that involve a particular kind of language and their speakers.
INTERVIEWER: Very much so. Thank you, Professor.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Languages
Glossary
awesome
adj.
sorprendente, increíble
widely
adv.
ampliamente
growth
n.
crecimiento
to increase
v.
incrementar
lead
n.
liderazgo
compulsory
adj.
obligatorio, -a
development
n.
desarrollo
settler
n.
poblador, -a; colono, -a; colonizador, -a
law
n.
derecho, ley
rule
n.
regla
fallacy
n.
falacia
meeting
n.
encuentro
rally
n.
mitín
gathering
n.
reunión
verve
n.
brio, empuje
outstanding
adj.
relevante; espectacular; destacado, -a
beyond
adv.
más allá
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Writing Skills
Writing Skills
Writing: Coherence and Cohesion (ėĊċĔėĒĚđĆęĎĔē)
‘–Š‡” †‹• ‘—”•‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– ƒ „‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ –‡š–• ‹• Ǥ
‹ Ž—†‡•–™‘ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•ǣ–Š‡•‡ ‘†ˆ”ƒ‰‡–”‡’Š”ƒ•‡•–Š‡ϐ‹”•–‘‡Ǥ
‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ„‘–Š‡Ž‡‡–•‡š’”‡•••‹‹Žƒ”‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘„—–™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™‘”†•Ǥ ‘”
‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣ
Dz Ž‘˜‡’‹‡ƒ’’Ž‡ǡ™ƒ–‡”‡Ž‘ƒ†’‡ƒ Š‡•ǡthat isǡ Ž‘˜‡•—‡”ˆ”—‹–Ǥdz
Š‹•‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘—Ž†„‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‹•™ƒ›ǣ
1-2
Reformulation
that is, I love summer
fruit.
I love pineapple,
watermelon and
peaches,
‹–Š ‘‡ –‘”•ǡ™‡ ƒŽ‹„‘–Šˆ”ƒ‰‡–•–‘ƒ‡ƒ Ǥ‡‡ˆ‘”
example the item in bold in the previous fragment.
‘”‡ ‘‡ –‘”•‘ˆ ǣ
1
in other words,
2
that is,
3
that is to say,
4
i.e.
5
to put it another way,
Pay attention: You can link two fragments in the same sentence (as in the previous
example) but also two different sentences.
Example:
Dz Ž‘˜‡’‹‡ƒ’’Ž‡ǡ™ƒ–‡”‡Ž‘ƒ†’‡ƒ Š‡•ǤIn other wordsǡ Ž‘˜‡•—‡”ˆ”—‹–Ǥdz
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Languages
Glossary
reformulation
n.
reformulación
to rephrase
v.
reformular, parafrasear
to express
v.
expresar
pineapple
n.
piña
watermelon
n.
sandía
peach
n.
melocotón
that is
adv.
es decir
to link
v.
conectar
previous
adj.
previo, -a
in other words
adv.
en otras palabras
that is to say
adv.
es decir
i.e.
adv.
es decir
to put it another way
adv.
dicho de otro modo
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 1:
Read the following conversation and mark the REFORMULATION connectors.
‘Šǣš —•‡‡ǡ ǯƒˆ‘”‡‹‰•–—†‡–ƒ†–Š‹•‹•›ϐ‹”•–†ƒ›‘ ƒ’—•Ǥ‘›‘—•’‡ƒ
‰Ž‹•Šǫ
Ana: Yes, a bit.
‘Šǣ ”‡ƒ–Ǩ‘—Ž†›‘—Š‡Ž’‡–‘ϐ‹†–Š‡ ƒ —Ž–›‘ˆ ‘‘‹ •ǡ’Ž‡ƒ•‡ǫ
Ana: Yes, of course! You have to go straight down this road. After 100 meters turn right;
then turn right at the next street, and turn right again. I know that this route seems like
ƒƒœ‡Ǩ‡ŽŽǡ–‘’—–‹–ƒ‘–Š‡”™ƒ›ǡ‹‘”†‡”–‘ϐ‹†–Š‡ ƒ —Ž–›‘ˆ ‘‘‹ •›‘—•Š‘—Ž†
turn right at every point on the route.
‘Šǣ Oh, thanks. You’re very kind. Besides English, I speak Chinese and Vietnamese,
that is, Asian languages, but I still don’t speak Spanish. I’ll try to learn Spanish during
my stay here.
Ana:‡•ǡ›‘—•Š‘—Ž††‡ϐ‹‹–‡Ž›†‘–Šƒ–Ǥ Š‘’‡›‘—ƒƒ‰‡–‘†‘‹–Ǥ ‘‘†Ž— ƒ†‹ ‡
to meet you!
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Writing Skills
‫ۄ‬
Exercise 2:
Fill in the blanks in the following fragments with these words (only four
words have to be used).
information
peaches
public
example
watermelon
English
linguistics
advantages
ͳȌ Šƒ˜‡ Š‘•‡ •—„Œ‡ –• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ’Š‘‡–‹ •ǡ ‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ Ž‡š‹ ‘ ƒ† †‹• ‘—”•‡ǡ
that is, subjects related to ____________.
ʹȌ Šƒ˜‡Ž‹˜‡†‹‰Žƒ†ǡ‹–Š‡ƒ†‹ƒƒ†ƒǤIn other words, I have lived in
____________ speaking countries.
͵Ȍ Ž‹‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‘™••–—†‡–•–‘‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡–Š‡‹”–‹‡–ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ•–—†›ƒ–
home and have a job during the week. To put it another way, online education has
many _____________.
ͶȌ ‰‘–‘—‹˜‡”•‹–›„›„—•‘”„›‡–”‘ǡthat is to say, I usually use __________ transport.
Exercise 3:
Match each fragment 1-4 with another fragment a-d to form a sentence
with a REFORMULATION relation.
ͳȌ Šƒ– †‡’ƒ”–‡– ‹• ˜‡”› ’”‡•–‹‰‹‘—• „‡ƒ—•‡‹–•”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”••–—†›’ƒ‹•Šǡ ”‡ Š
and Italian,
ƒȌ –Šƒ– ‹•ǡ ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– —”‘’‡ƒ
countries.
ʹȌ Š‹•—‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆˆ‡”••–—†‡–•–Š‡‘’’‘”–—nity to study abroad in England, Germany
and Netherlands,
„Ȍ ‹ ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ –Š‹• ‹• ƒ —Ž–‹cultural group.
͵Ȍ –Š‹• Žƒ••–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•–—†‡–•ˆ”‘ †‹ƒǡ
Colombia, Russia and Egypt, among other
countries,
Ȍ ‘ ’—– ‹– ƒ‘–Š‡” ™ƒ›ǡ Šƒ˜‡
always studied English.
ͶȌ •–ƒ”–‡†–‘Ž‡ƒ”‰Ž‹•Š™Š‡ ™ƒ•ƒ Š‹Ž†Ǥ
I continued learning it at school and university. Even now I do some English courses.
†Ȍ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ‘ƒ ‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Ǥ
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Languages
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
4
Psychology
Reading
Comprehension
Reading Comprehension
PSYCHOLOGY: MAKE YOUR CHOICE
“In most developed countries, the use of antidepressants has risen over the past
15 years”.1 In Spain, for example, the number of people taking antidepressants tripled
between 2000 and 2013.2 Likewise, nowadays counseling centers, psychological service
‡–‡”•ǡ‡– Ǥǡƒ”‡‘˜‡”ϐŽ‘™‹‰™‹–Š’ƒ–‹‡–•Ǥ
There are obviously many reasons why this is the case, but here we are going to
concentrate on one: choice. To illustrate this particular issue, just think about the cereal
aisle in a big supermarket. Although we hardly even notice it, we are constantly presented
with an impressive amount of different options from which to choose. This situation applies
to every area of life. We have 22 different speeds on our bikes and tons of t-shirts stored in
our closets. Traveling to any country in the world is just one click away. We can choose to be
hipsters, punks, hippies, goths, rappers, and so on. You name it! In our society, having more
choice clearly means having more freedom. Paradoxically, however, some believe that such
freedom of choice generates paralysis and anxiety instead of liberation, and this is one of
the reasons that may cause people to rely on antidepressants, psychological therapy, etc.
In other words, it may be the case that we just cannot cope with a world where everything
‹•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǡƒ™‘”Ž†™Š‡”‡™‡ ‘•–ƒ–Ž›Šƒ˜‡–‘ Š‘‘•‡ƒ‘‰ƒƒŽ‘•–‹ϐ‹‹–‡”ƒ‰‡
of options.
‘ǡ–Š‡ϐ‹”•–“—‡•–‹‘™‡ ƒƒ•‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•‹•Š‘™— Š ƒ™‡”‡ƒŽŽ›Šƒ†Ž‡™Š‡‹–
comes to choosing. To better understand this dilemma, consider the following experiment
carried out by Professor Baba Shiv (Stanford Graduate School of Business): A group of
subjects are given a number that they have to memorize. They then have to walk down
a long hall, enter another room and recite the number. Some participants are given twodigit numbers. Others are given seven-digit numbers, which is more or less the amount of
digits that humans can hold at any given moment in working memory. As each subject is
walking alone down the hall trying to remember the number they were given, a woman
shows up unexpectedly in the middle of the hall and says: “As a thank you for participating
in our experiment, we would like to offer you a snack. You can either choose a healthy
bowl of fruit or a fat slice of chocolate cake.” Obviously, each participant has to choose
either one of these options while still trying to remember a number. Results from the
experiment showed that those participants with two-digit numbers almost always chose
the healthy snack, while those that had to memorize seven-digit numbers almost always
picked the cake.
1
Ԙ‘—” ‡ǣ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‹ˆŽ• ‹‡ ‡Ǥ ‘ȀŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠǦƒ†Ǧ‡†‹ ‹‡Ȁ™Š‹ ŠǦ ‘—–”‹‡•Ǧ ‘•—‡Ǧ‘•–Ǧƒ–‹†‡’”‡••ƒ–•Ȁ
Ԙ ‘” ‘”‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ’Ž‡ƒ•‡ ˜‹•‹– –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ Ž‹ǣ Š––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥƒ‡’•Ǥ‰‘„Ǥ‡•Ȁ‡†‹ ƒ‡–‘••‘
—ƒ‘Ȁ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‘”‹‘Ȁ†‘ •Ȁƒ–‹†‡’”‡•‹˜‘•ǦʹͲͲͲǦʹͲͳ͵Ǥ’†ˆ
2
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Psychology
he reason o
T
f r this si the o
f llow
ing.T
he rbain is anatom
ically organized n
i to dief rent
system
s. O
ne is the rational system
and the other is the em
otional or unconscious system
.
hese tw
T
o parts are constantly com
peting to direct our ebhav
ior. In the experim
ent
describ
ed ab
oev, the em
otional systemo
wuld tell you, “eat the cak
e, its’ yum
ym, its’
delico
i us,do ti ,do it.!”T
he rational system
,on the other hand,o
wuld suggest choosing the
snackthat is healthier o
f r your o
bdy.u
Bt,ifthe rational b
rain is u
bsy trying to ekep track
ofsom
ething, ev
en som
ething rather easy liek a sev
en-dgi it num
er, the em
b
otional b
rain
easily w
ins ov
er reason.It is that easy.
Considering that the human brain can only hold so much data at once, the more facts
or information we are exposed to when choosing something, the easier it is for our rational
brain to get tired. Would it then be better if our decision making process were entirely
†”‹˜‡ „› –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ „”ƒ‹ǫ Š‡ ƒ•™‡” ‹• ‘ǡ ‹– ™‘—Ž† ‘–Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ
patient whose emotional response had been compromised due to a brain surgery. This
person seemed to have become an entirely rational man. He was, however, completely
incapable of making even the smallest decisions because he would keep on analyzing and
analyzing the pros and cons of choosing one thing over the other: “Should I wear the black
shirt or the blue one?”
It thus seems that the only way forward is to stop thinking and just go with your gut
feeling. Gut feelings are powerful and they push us toward a solution. In other words,
whenever you have to choose, your brain calls up all the previous experiences you have
had with that particular thing. All the stored information we have about that thing gets
somehow added up in our subconscious and then bubbles up as a feeling. In a way, gut
feeling is a kind of shorthand average of all our past wisdom.
To sum up, if you have to make a choice and you are having a hard time deciding, just
go with your gut feeling.
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Reading Comprehension
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 1:
Fill in the boxes by choosing a synonym of the word or words highlighted
in yellow [a synonym is a word with the same meaning as another word].
deal with
retain
follow your instinct
focus on
increased
continue
ͳȌ ‘•–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‘—–”‹‡•ǡ–Š‡—•‡‘ˆƒ–‹†‡’”‡••ƒ–•Šƒ• risen over the past 15
years.
ʹȌ Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘„˜‹‘—•Ž›ƒ›”‡ƒ•‘•™Š›–Š‹•‹•–Š‡
”‡‘„
ƒ•‡ǡ„—–Š‡”‡™‡ƒ”‡‰‘‹‰–‘
concentrate on one: choice.
p with a world where
͵Ȍ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ ‹– ƒ› „‡ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ –Šƒ– ™‡ Œ—•– ƒ‘– cope
everything is available.
ͶȌ –Š‡”•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡•‡˜‡Ǧ†‹‰‹–—„‡”•ǡ™Š‹
˜‡Ǧ
Š‹•‘”‡‘”Ž‡••–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ†‹‰‹–•
that humans can hold at any given moment.
ͷȌ
‡ ™ƒ•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› ‹ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‹‰ ‡˜‡ –Š‡ •ƒŽŽ‡•– †‡ ‹•‹‘•
because he would keep
p on analyzing and analyzing the pros and cons of choosing
one thing over the other.
͸Ȍ Š‡‘Ž›™ƒ›–‘ Š‘‘•‡‹•–‘•–‘’–Š‹‹‰ƒ†Œ—•–go
g with y
your ggut feeling.
g
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Psychology
‫ۄ‬
Exercise 2:
Write a 100-word text describing a real or imaginary situation in which
›‘—Šƒ†‘”™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–‘ƒ‡ƒ†‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž– Š‘‹ ‡Ǥ”›–‘—•‡•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡
vocabulary and expressions from the text “Psychology: Make a choice”.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Reading Comprehension
Glossary
developed country
n.
país desarrollado
to rise
v.
aumentar
likewise
adv.
asimismo
–‘‘˜‡”ϐŽ‘™™‹–Šȋ•–ŠǤȌ
v.
desbordarse
to concentrate on (sth.)
vtr phrasal. centrarse en
aisle
n.
pasillo
hardly
adv.
casi no
to notice
v.
darse cuenta
ton(s) (informal)
n.
montones de
(just) a click away
idiom.
a solo un clic
you name it
idiom.
por mencionar algunos
paradoxically
adv.
paradójicamente
to rely (on sth.)
v.
depender de
to cope with (sth.)
vtr phrasal. lidiar con
available
adj.
disponible
range
n.
gama, variedad
to handle
v.
poder con
hall/hallway
n.
pasillo
to hold
v.
retener
to show up
vi phrasal.
aparecer
unexpectedly
adv.
inesperadamente
snack
n.
tentempié
healthy
adj.
sano, -a
behavior
n.
comportamiento
yummy (informal)
adj.
rico, -a; delicioso, -a
busy
adj.
ocupado, -a
to keep track (of sth.)
v.
seguir el hilo de algo
entirely
adv.
completamente
to keep on doing sth.
vtr phrasal. seguir haciendo algo
pros and cons
n.
pros y contras, ventajas y desventajas
gut feeling (informal)
n.
corazonada, sensación, presentimiento
to have a hard time doing sth. ˜‡š’”Ǥ
–‡‡”†‹ϐ‹ —Ž–ƒ†‡• ‘ƒŽ‰‘ǡ ‘•–ƒ”–‡ƒŽ‰‘
to go with sth.
dejarse llevar, guiarse por algo
v expr.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Psychology
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Use of English
Use of English
Word order in questions
ͳǤ౧Ȁ Remember:•‡—š‹Ž‹ƒ”›‘Ȁ‘‡•Ȁ‹†Ϊ—‡•–‹‘•Ǥ
ƒȌԘ ȋȀȌǣ
‹–Š ‹”•–‡”•‘‹‰—Žƒ”ǣDo
Do you
speak
German?
ȋ‘Ϊ—„Œ‡ –Ϊ‡”„Ϊ„Œ‡ –Ȍ
With Third Person Singular: Does
Does
your friend live
in Germany?
ȋ‘‡•Ϊ—„Œ‡ –Ϊ‡”„ΪŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘Ȍ
‹–ŠŽ—”ƒŽ ‘”•ǣDo
Do your children go to university?
ȋ‘Ϊ—„Œ‡ –Ϊ‡”„ΪŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘Ȍ
„ȌԘ ȋ Ȍ
With all forms: Did
Did you learn German last year? (2nd Person Singular)
Did your friend live in Germany last year? (3rd Person Singular)
Did your children go to university last year? (3rd Person Plural)
Open question
ˆϐ‹”ƒ–‹˜‡
‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡
Do you speak German?
Yes, I do (Singular)
Yes, we do (Plural)
‘ǡ †‘ǯ– (Singular)
‘ǡ™‡†‘ǯ–(Plural)
Does your friend live in Germany?
Yes, he does
(Masculine)
Yes, she does
ȋ ‡‡‹‡Ȍ
‘ǡŠ‡†‘‡•ǯ–
(Masculine)
‘ǡ•Š‡†‘‡•ǯ–
ȋ ‡‡‹‡Ȍ
Did you live in Germany last year?
Yes, I did (Singular)
Yes, we did (Plural)
‘ǡ †‹†ǯ– (Singular)
‘ǡ™‡†‹†ǯ–(Plural)
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Psychology
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 1:
Complete the questions and answers in the following questionnaire.
ͳȌ ”‡›‘—ƒ•–—†‡–ǫ
ʹȌ ‘›‘—•’‡ƒ ‡”ƒǫ
͵Ȍ ̴̴̴̴›‘—” Š‹Ž†”‡Ž‹˜‡™‹–Š›‘—ǫ
ͶȌ ‘‡•›‘—”Œ‘„•ƒ–‹•ˆ››‘—ǫ
ͷȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴›‘—‰‡–›‘—”Œ‘„Žƒ•–›‡ƒ”ǫ
ƒȌ ‡•ǡ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
„Ȍ ̴̴̴ǡ †‘ǯ–Ǥ
Ȍ ‘ǡ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
†Ȍ ‡•ǡ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
‡Ȍ ‘ǡ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
Exercise 2:
Fill in the gaps in the following dialogues.
ͳȌ Ǥ›‘–Š‡”ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ‡•Ž— ŠǤ
Ǥ ̴̴̴•Š‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ‡‹–‘—†ƒ›•ǫ
Ǥ ‘ǡ•Š‡̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
ʹȌ Ǥ‡–‡”‡˜‡”†‘‡•Š‹•‰Ž‹•ŠŠ‘‡™‘”Ǥ
Ǥ ̴̴̴̴̴Š‡•’‡ƒ‰Ž‹•Š™‡ŽŽǫ
Ǥ ‘ǡ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
͵Ȍ Ǥ †”ƒ™’‹ –—”‡•˜‡”›‘ˆ–‡Ǥ
Ǥ ̴̴̴̴›‘—ƒŽ•‘†”ƒ™’‘”–”ƒ‹–•ǫ
Ǥ ‡•ǡ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
Exercise 3:
Match the questions with their short answers.
ͳȌ ‘›‘—” Š‹Ž†”‡Ž‹˜‡™‹–Š›‘—ǫ
ʹȌ ‘‡•›‘—”ˆƒ‹Ž›‰‡––‘‰‡–Š‡”‘Š”‹•–ƒ•ǫ
͵Ȍ ‹†›‘—”ˆƒ–Š‡”‰‹˜‡›‘—ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ‘‡›ǫ
ͶȌ ‘›‘—‰‘–‘‰Ž‹•ŠŽ‡••‘•ǫ
ͷȌ ‹†›‘—”‘–Š‡”–ƒ‡›‘—–‘• Š‘‘Žǫ
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
ƒȌ ‡•ǡ™‡†‘Ǥ
„Ȍ ‡•ǡ–Š‡›†‘Ǥ
Ȍ ‡•ǡ †‘Ǥ
†Ȍ ‘ǡ•Š‡†‹†ǯ–Ǥ
‡Ȍ ‘ǡŠ‡†‹†ǯ–Ǥ
Use of English
ʹǤ౧ ǧ ȋ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ȌǤ
ƒȌԘŠ‡–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‹•ƒ„‘—––Š‡•—„Œ‡ –ǣWho
Who is your teacher?
Ǧǣȋ͵”†‡”•‘‹‰—Žƒ”Ȍ
My teacher is Paul.
„ȌԘŠ‡–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‹•ƒ„‘—––Š‡‘„Œ‡ –ǣWhat
What do you study?
Ǧǣȋͳ•–‡”•‘‹‰—Žƒ”Ȍ
I study Modern Languages.
ȌԘŠ‡–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‹•ƒ„‘—–ƒ’Žƒ ‡ǣWhere
Where were you born?
Ǧǣȋͳ•–‡”•‘‹‰—Žƒ”Ȍ
I was born in Valencia.
†ȌԘŠ‡–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‹•ƒ„‘—––‹‡ǣWhen
When did you start school?
Ǧǣȋͳ•–‡”•‘‹‰—Žƒ”Ȍ
I started school when I was three years old.
‡ȌԘŠ‡–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‹•ƒ„‘—–ƒ‡”ǣHow
How did you learn to ride a bicycle?
Ǧǣȋͳ•–‡”•‘‹‰—Žƒ”Ȍ
I learnt it by my self.
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Psychology
Exercises (see answersȌ
Exercise 4:
Include the correct wh-word in the following questions.
™Š‘ԘԘԘ™Šƒ–ԘԘԘ™Š‹ ŠԘԘԘ™Š‡”‡ԘԘԘŠ‘™ԘԘԘ™Š‡
ͳȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴•’‡ƒ•–Š”‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•–‘†ƒ›‹—”‘’‡ǫ
ʹȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴†‘›‘—–Š‹‹–‹•„‡•––‘•–ƒ”–Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒˆ‘”‡‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǫ
͵Ȍ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴‹•–Š‡„‡•–‡–Š‘†–‘Ž‡ƒ”ƒ•‡ ‘†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǫ
ͶȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴†‘‰Ž‹•Š’‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹˜‡ǫ
ͷȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴‹•›‘—”–‡ƒ Š‡”Ž‹‡ǫ
͸Ȍ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ƒ”‡›‘—ǫ
Exercise 5:
Fill in the gaps with the corresponding wh-word.
ͳȌ ›‘–Š‡”ƒŽ™ƒ›•’”‡’ƒ”‡•Ž— ŠǤ
ƒȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴‹•Š‡”„‡•–†‹•Šǫ
ʹȌ ‡–‡”‹•ϐ‹‹•Š‹‰• Š‘‘ŽǤ
„Ȍ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴†‘‡•Š‡Šƒ˜‡Š‹•ϐ‹ƒŽ‡šƒ•ǫ
͵Ȍ ‘‡„‘†›‹•‘ ‹‰ƒ––Š‡†‘‘”Ǥ
Ȍ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴‹•‹–ǫ
ͶȌ ›ˆ”‹‡†˜‹•‹–•‡˜‡”›‘ˆ–‡Ǥ
†Ȍ ̴̴̴̴̴̴†‘‡••Š‡Ž‹˜‡ǫ
ͷȌ ›ˆ”‹‡†‘—‹•‡Šƒ•‰‘–ƒ„ƒ„›Ǥ
‡Ȍ Šǡ̴̴̴̴̴̴‹••Š‡ǫ
Exercise 6:
Match questions with short answers.
ͳȌ Šƒ–‹•›‘—”„‡•–•—„Œ‡ –ǫ
ʹȌ Š‘–ƒ—‰Š–›‘—–‘’Žƒ›–‡‹•ǫ
͵Ȍ ‘™‹•›‘—”Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šǫ
ͶȌ Š‡”‡†‹†›‘—”’ƒ”‡–•”ƒ‹•‡›‘—ǫ
ͷȌ Š‡ƒ”‡›‘—Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰ǫ
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
ƒȌ –ǯ•ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†Ǥ
„Ȍ –ǯ•‰Ž‹•ŠǤ
Ȍ ›ˆƒ–Š‡”†‹†Ǥ
†Ȍ ‡”›•‘‘Ǥ
‡Ȍ ƒ†”‹†Ǥ
Oral Skills
Oral Skills
Ȁ ǣ Good morning. Today in our weekly interview
programme, we have a look at how psychologists and therapists carry out their everyday
activities and how they help their clients. We’re pleased to have Catherine Smith, a mental
health counselor and group therapist, as our guest today. Ms Smith has a psychotherapy
practice in Boston where she works with many different types of people. Catherine, what
exactly does your work consist of?
ǣ Well, roughly speaking, there are different types of therapy:
behaviour therapy, cognitive therapy, dialectical behaviour therapy, interpersonal therapy,
family therapy, and group therapy. In broad terms, I specialize in helping people of all ages,
adults, teens and kids, with self-esteem and identity issues. I analyse the circumstances
–Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ Ž‡† › Ž‹‡–• –‘ –Š‡‹” •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –‡ƒ Š –Š‡ –‡ Š‹“—‡• –‘ ƒ‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡
Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡‹”Ž‹˜‡•‘”ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ǡ–‘ϐ‹†™Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡Ž‘‘‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ††‘ǯ–‘™Š‘™
to manage. Also I have recently opened a practice diagnosing patients with Asperger’s
syndrome.
Ȁ ǣ What is the most striking thing about being a
therapist?
ǣ The really surprising thing is to realise that it doesn’t matter how
different people are in terms of culture, education or social background because their
’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ–Š‡‹”‹••—‡•ƒ”‡„ƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ›–Š‡•ƒ‡Ǥˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ•‘‡•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ †‡–ƒ‹Ž•ƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”
but they often feel alone and helpless when trying to live a meaningful life. Meeting other
people with their same experiences can help them create a network of relationships and
ϐ‹†‘—––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘–Š‡”•™Š‘•Šƒ”‡–Š‡‹”–”‘—„Ž‡•Ǥ
Ȁ ǣ ‘— ‡–‹‘‡† –Š‡ †‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž–‹‡• ‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰
relationships. How do you think this problem can be solved?
ǣ In today’s world, human beings can’t live in isolation in their own
bedroom. Relationships are such a remarkable part of people’s lives but they’re hard and
•‘‡–‹‡• ‘ϐŽ‹ –‹˜‡ǤŽƒ ‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‹•ǡ‹’ƒ”–ǡ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‹•Ǥ‘™‹‰
how to effectively use language and what others think can help you express yourself and
ask for what you need.
Ȁ ǣ Catherine, maybe this is a fallacy, but I’ve heard
that psychologists and therapists always put the blame on the past. What’s really the point
of that?
ǣ This is clearly a misconception. Sometimes, when clients are on the
couch, we look to their past, their experiences, parents, relatives, old wounds which have
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Psychology
nev
er eben healed,u
bt w
ith the ultim
ate goal ofm
ak
ing them
concentrate on the here and
‘™–‘ϐ‹†ƒ™ƒ›–‘‰‡––Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”–”ƒ—ƒ–‹ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•Ǥ
Ȁ ǣ I personally believe your work is fascinating but
you’re a human being like your clients. What happens when you don’t feel well and have
to go into a session?
ǣ As a therapist, I have tools such as personal strength, healthy eating
habits, doing exercise and a supportive bunch of friends to overcome illness and stress and
always be on at work. Just at the very moment my patients start opening their minds and
seeing their real selves, I forget about my own issues and feel at ease.
Ȁ ǣ What is the best advice you can give your clients
and the people who are listening to us right now to have a wholly satisfying life?
ǣ Indulge yourself! Be nice to others but also look after yourselves.
—‹–‡‘ˆ–‡™‡ƒ”‡‘—”™‘”•–‡‡‹‡•Ǥ ’”‘˜‡›‘—”•‡ŽˆǦ‹ƒ‰‡ǡ•Š‘™‘ˆˆ›‘—”•‹ŽŽ•ƒ†„‡
•‡Žϐ‹•ŠǨ –ǯ•‘––Šƒ–„ƒ†Ǩ
Exercise (see answers)
Exercise 1:
Fill in the blanks with the words you hear in this oral exam between a
Psychology student and his teacher.
PROFESSOR: Good morning, Ms Reynolds.
ǣ Good morning, Professor.
PROFESSOR: ‘™ǡ ǯ ‰‘‹‰ –‘ ƒ• ›‘— •‘‡ “—‡•–‹‘• ƒ„‘—– ––‡–‹‘ ‡ϐ‹ ‹–
›’‡”ƒ –‹˜‡‹•‘”†‡”‹Š‹Ž†”‡Ǥ‘—Ž†›‘—’Ž‡ƒ•‡–‡ŽŽ‡™Šƒ–™ƒ•–Š‡ȋͳȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿
source you have used in your research?
ǣ —•‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ„‘‘•„—–‹•„‘—”‡ƒ†ƒ’Žƒǯ•Š‹Ž†”‡ǯ• Learning and
Attention Problemss made a strong impression on me.
PROFESSOR: –Š‹–Šƒ–„‘‘™ƒ•ȋʹȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿‹–Š‡ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ǡ™ƒ•ǯ–‹–ǫ
ǣ ‡•ǡ „—– –Š‡› ‹ Ž—†‡ ƒ •—’‡”„ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ȋ͵Ȍ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ ‘ˆ
‹’—Ž•‹˜‡‡••‹ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Ǥ
PROFESSOR: Can you enumerate them?
ǣ Š‡› ƒ”‡ Žƒ••‹ϐ‹‡† —†‡” ˆ‘—” Š‡ƒ†‹‰•ǣ ‘–‘” „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ǡ ’”‘„Ž‡
ȋͶȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•ǡƒ†‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ•–›Ž‡Ǥ
PROFESSOR: Which one is, in your view, the most problematic when children grow
older?
ǣ ‘ †‘—„–ǡ ‘–‘” ƒ„‘”ƒŽ‹–› ‹• ”‡ƒŽŽ› –”‘—„Ž‡•‘‡ ™Š‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ˜‡”›
›‘—‰ǡ•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ––Š‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•‡˜‡Ǥ—–ˆ‘”ƒ†—Ž–•ǡ‹–‹•†‡ϐ‹‹–‡Ž›–Š‡‡‘–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž ‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Oral Skills
‫ۄ‬
„‡ ƒ—•‡ƒ†—Ž–• ƒ„‡Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ•ȋͷȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ǡ ƒ—•‹‰’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ–™‘”ƒ†™‹–Š
people in general.
PROFESSOR: You said that at an early age disproportionate activity is said to be more
ȋ͸Ȍ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ǡ„—–‹•‹––”—‡–Šƒ–™Š‡ƒ Š‹Ž†•–‘’•‘˜‹‰‡š ‡••‹˜‡Ž›ǡŠ‡‘”•Š‡
has recovered?
ǣ Š‹• ‹• ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž› —–”—‡Ǥ Š‹Ž†”‡ ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ ‹’—Ž•‹˜‡ „—– –Šƒ–
†‘‡•ǯ–‡ƒ–Š‡›ƒ‹ˆ‡•––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•„›„‡‹‰ȋ͹Ȍ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ǡ‘—–‘ˆ ‘–”‘Ž‘”
disrupting everyone around them. Some of them are inattentive, unmotivated and,
airheaded but not very active.
PROFESSOR: So then, what are other symptoms and signs that can label children as
ǫ
ǣ Sometimes they don’t follow instructions, or act out with inappropriate
‘‡–• ƒ– ‹ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ –‹‡•ǡ ‘” –Š‡› ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ †‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž–› ’ƒ›‹‰ ƒ––‡–‹‘ ƒ–
• Š‘‘Žǡƒ†•–”—‰‰Ž‡ȋͺȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ˆ‘”‰‡–ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†Ȁ‘”–ƒŽ‘•–‘’Ǥ
PROFESSOR:‘›‘—‡ƒ–Š‡› ƒǯ– ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡‘ƒ›ƒ –‹˜‹–›ǫ
ǣ Oh, they certainly can, but only on those which are not boring and repetitive.
Š‡”‡ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”•™Š‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡†‹•”—’–‹˜‡ƒ†ȋͻȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿™‹–Š‘–Š‡”
kids at school or playing in the park.
PROFESSOR: Can all this also be related to medical conditions?
ǣ Totally, some of these patients have problems with their thyroid
ȋͳͲȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ǡ•—ˆˆ‡”ˆ”‘‡’‹Ž‡’•›ƒ†•Ž‡‡’†‹•‘”†‡”•Ǥ –Š‹• ƒ•‡ǡ‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘
‹•”‡“—‹”‡†Ǥ
PROFESSOR: I guess treatments must begin at an early age but how can we help these
children?
ǣ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ ‹†• ƒ”‡ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ •’‘–ƒ‡‘—•ǡ ϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ǡ
ȋͳͳȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ ƒ† ’‡” ‡’–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– ‘–Š‡”• †‘ǯ– •‡‡ǡ ™‡ ƒ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‡ –Š‡
by making them help others with their lively personalities. A doctor, a therapist and
specialized personnel at school are really effective. Training parents is essential to
ƒƒ‰‹‰–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ•ƒ”‡•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†‘”ƒŽ•—’’‘”–ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤŽ‹––Ž‡ȋͳʹȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿
from time to time is also a real ego-booster!
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Psychology
Glossary
therapist
n.
terapeuta
consellor
n.
consejero, -a
behaviour
n.
comportamiento
practice
n.
consulta
self-esteem
n.
autoestima
issues
n.
temas, asuntos
to manage
v.
gestionar, arreglarse, apañarse
striking
adj.
sorprendente; llamativo, -a; chocante
background
n.
transfondo, fondo, ambiente
network
n.
entramado, red
fallacy
n.
falacia
misconception
Ǥ
‹†‡ƒ‡“—‹˜‘ ƒ†ƒǡ‡””א‡ƒ
couch
n.
diván
the here and now
‹†‹‘Ǥ
‡Žƒ“—À›ƒŠ‘”ƒ
to get through
’”‡’˜Ǥ
ŽŽ‡‰ƒ”ƒŽϐ‹ƒŽǡ’ƒ•ƒ”
to feel at ease
prep v.
sentirse cómodo, -a
to indulge
˜Ǥ
‘’Žƒ ‡”ǡ•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ ‡”ǡ‰”ƒ–‹ϐ‹ ƒ”
to highlight
v.
resaltar, recalcar
skill
n.
habilidad
•‡Žϐ‹•Š
adj.
egoísta
source
n.
fuente
research
n.
investigación
to label
˜Ǥ
Žƒ•‹ϐ‹ ƒ”ǡ†‡‘‹ƒ”
dreamy
adj.
soñador, -a
forgetfulness
n.
olvido
lively
adj.
vivaz
personnel
n.
personal, plantilla
support
n.
apoyo
ego-booster
n.
estímulo para el ego
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Writing Skills
Writing Skills
Writing: Coherence and Cohesion (ĈĎėĈĚĒĘęĆēĈĊ)
‘–Š‡”†‹• ‘—”•‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘–Šƒ– ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹–‡š–•‹• ǤŠ‹•”‡Žƒ–‹‘
‹ Ž—†‡•–Š”‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•ǣƒ‡”ǡ’Žƒ ‡ƒ†–‹‡Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣ
Manner: “John is going to play football, as his parents suggested.”
Place: “She is always happy, wherever she is.”
Time: “When I am on holiday, I read a lot of books.”
These examples could be represented in this way:
1-2
Circumstance Manner
as his parents
suggested.
John is going to play
football,
1-2
Circumstance Place
wherever she is.
She is always happy,
1-2
Circumstance Time
I read a lot of books.
When I am on holiday,
‘‡ ‘‡ –‘”••Š‘™ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡‡ˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡–Š‡‹–‡•‹„‘Ž†
in the sentences above.
‘”‡ ‘‡ –‘”•‘ˆ ǣ
Manner
Place
‹‡
1
how
where
when
2
however
wherever
whenever
3
as
anywhere
from the moment
4
at the same time
5
as soon as
6
before
7
after
8
since
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Psychology
Pay attention:•—ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡‘”†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•‹ Ž—†‡†‹ƒ relation can be inverted without changing the meaning of the phrase.
See for example:
Manner: “As his parents suggested, John is going to play football.”
Place: “Wherever she is, she is always happy.”
Time: “I read a lot of books when I am on holiday.”
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Writing Skills
Glossary
circumstance
n.
circunstancia
manner
n.
manera
place
n.
lugar
time
n.
tiempo
to play
v.
jugar
football
n.
fútbol
as
adv.
como
parents
n.
padres
to suggest
v.
sugerir
always
adv.
siempre
happy
adj.
contento, -a
wherever
ƒ†˜Ǥ
‡ —ƒŽ“—‹‡”Ž—‰ƒ”ǡ†‘†‡“—‹‡”ƒ
when
adv.
cuando
on holiday
adv.
de vacaciones
to read
v.
leer
book
n.
libro
how
adv.
como
where
adv.
donde
however
adv.
sin importar cómo, da igual cómo
whenever
ƒ†˜Ǥ
‡ —ƒŽ“—‹‡”‘‡–‘ǡ•‹‡’”‡“—‡
anywhere
ƒ†˜Ǥ
‡ —ƒŽ“—‹‡”Ž—‰ƒ”
from the moment
adv.
en el momento
at the same time
adv.
al mismo tiempo
as soon as
adv.
tan pronto como, desde el momento
before
adv.
antes
after
adv.
después
since
to invert
meaning
ƒ†˜Ǥ
v.
Ǥ
†‡•†‡“—‡ǡ†‡•†‡‡–‘ ‡•
invertir
•‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ†‘
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 1:
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with these words (only four
words have to be used; words cannot be repeated in different sentences).
wherever
whenever
ͳȌ
yesterday
when
soon
well
as
far
—‰Š ƒ‘– ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Š‡‹•ǡ•‘Š‡‹•‰‘‹‰–‘ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒƒ’’‘‹–‡–
with his psychologist.
ʹȌ Š‹•‘”‹‰ǡ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ ƒ‡ˆ‡Ž–•‹ ǡ•Š‡”ƒ‰Š‹•†‘ –‘”‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ
͵Ȍ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴›‘—‡‡†•‘‡–Š‹‰ˆ”‘‡ǡˆ‡‡Žˆ”‡‡–‘ƒ•ǣ–Šƒ–‹•™Šƒ–ˆ”‹‡†•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”Ǥ
ͶȌ Š‡‹•‰‘‹‰–‘†‘ƒ‡™–›’‡‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ’›‹‘”†‡”–‘‹’”‘˜‡Š‡”„ƒ†‘‘†ǡ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
her doctor has recommended to her.
Exercise 2:
–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•‡–‡ ‡•ǡƒ”–Š‡‘’–‹‘Dz ‘””‡ –dz‹ˆ–Š‡ ‘‡ –‘” ȋ‹ „‘Ž†Ȍ ‹• ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” –Šƒ– •’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ‘–‡š– ƒ† ƒ”
Dz‹ ‘””‡ –dz‹ˆ–Š‡ ‘‡ –‘”‹•ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ˆ‘”–Šƒ–•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ‘–‡š–Ǥ
Correct
Incorrect
ͳǤ However you explain the
”‡ƒ•‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡ϐ‹‰Š–ǡ ƒ‘–
going to agree with you.
ʹǤ Since my best friend goes,
I will go with him, even to the
end of the world.
͵Ǥ › •‹•–‡” ‹• ˜‡”› Ž‡˜‡”ǣ
•Š‡ ‹• •–—†›‹‰ ‘‘‹ •
ƒ† ™‘”‹‰ ‹ ƒ ‘ˆϐ‹ ‡ at
the same time.
ͶǤ Before having the twins,
she is very happy with them,
but she also suffers from anxiety.
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Writing Skills
‫ۄ‬
Exercise 3:
 –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ •‡–‡ ‡•ǡ •—„•–‹–—–‡ –Š‡ ‘‡ –‘” ȋ‹
„‘Ž†Ȍ ™‹–Š ƒ‘–Š‡” ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡– ‘‡ –‘” ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” –Šƒ– •’‡ ‹ϐ‹
context. You must choose a connector from the following list (only one
option is correct; each connector cannot be used more than once).
from the moment
whenever
wherever
however
when
before
ͳȌ From the momentt she understood that here colleagues were bullying her, she
became stronger and decided to tell her boss.
ʹȌ › „”‘–Š‡” ‹• ˜‡”› ‰‡‡”‘—•ǣ ™Š‡ ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ Ž— Š –‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ Š‡ ’ƒ›• –Š‡ „‹ŽŽ
anywhere we are.
͵Ȍ When her mother saw that her daughter did not want to eat at all for one month,
she realized that she had anorexia.
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Psychology
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
5
History
Reading
Comprehension
Reading Comprehension
HISTORY: THE UNCORRUPTED ELIZABETHAN ENGLISH
OF TANGIER ISLAND
‡ˆ‘”‡”‡ƒ†‹‰–Š‡–‡š–ǡ’Ž‡ƒ•‡ϔ‹†ƒ‰‹‡” •Žƒ†ȋ‹”‰‹‹ƒǡȌ‘ ‘‘‰Ž‡ƒ’•Ǥ ‡”‡
‹•–Š‡ǣŠ––’•ǣȀȀƒ’•Ǥ‰‘‘‰Ž‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ
When it comes to the history of any country there are a million things one could talk
about. In the case of the history of the USA, we could discuss facts and events related to
‹†‹‰‡‘—• ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ ™Š‘ ™‡”‡ –Š‡”‡ Ž‘‰ „‡ˆ‘”‡ —”‘’‡ƒ• ϐ‹”•– •‡– ˆ‘‘– ‹ –Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
We could deal with slavery and how racial issues in the US are an extremely delicate topic
nowadays. We could address other major events in the history of this country, such as the
Declaration of Independence (July4th, 1776); Lewis and Clark’s expedition, thanks to which
a practical route to the West Coast was found; the American Civil War, which took place from
1861 to 1865; the Wall Street Crash of 1929; President Truman’s authorization to drop the
atomic bomb on Hiroshima or, more recently, Donald Trump being elected president.
Clearly, history is made up of important turning points like the ones listed above.
Usually, these are the events, heroes, and places that make their way into textbooks,
movies, novels, etc. But, hidden in the vastness of a country like the US, there are also
less well-known events and places which also deserve some attention. This is the case of
ƒ‰‹‡” •Žƒ†ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆ‹”‰‹‹ƒǯ•Š‡•ƒ’‡ƒ‡ƒ›ȋƒ›‘—ϐ‹†
Chesapeake Bay on Google Maps?).
‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ •‹‰—Žƒ”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‹• ’Žƒ ‡ǡ Ž‡– —• „”‹‡ϐŽ› ‰‘ „ƒ  ‹ –‹‡Ǥ • ›‘—
probably know, England and the country we now know as the US bare a close historical
relation. In what was called the New World (that is, America), Jamestown (Virginia) was
–Š‡ϐ‹”•–”‹–‹•Š’‡”ƒ‡–•‡––Ž‡‡–ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ͳ͸Ͳ͹ǤŠ‡–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‹”‰‹‹ƒ
was named after Queen Elizabeth I, who was also known as the Virgin Queen.
—‡‡ Ž‹œƒ„‡–Š †‹‡† ‹ ͳ͸Ͳ͵ǡ ƒ† ƒ‡• ™ƒ• ’”‘ Žƒ‹‡† ‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ‡™ ‘”Ž†
•–‹ŽŽƒ™ƒ‹–‡†‘”‡‡š’Ž‘”‡”•ǤŠ—•ǡ™‹–Š‹‰ ƒ‡•ǯ„Ž‡••‹‰ǡƒ’–ƒ‹ ‘Š‹–Šƒ†ƒ
‰”‘—’‘ˆ‡Ž‡ˆ–‰Žƒ†‹‡ ‡„‡”ͳ͸Ͳ͸ƒ† ”‘••‡†–Š‡–Žƒ–‹ ‘–Š”‡‡•Š‹’•ǣ–Š‡
Discovery, the Susan Constant, and the Godspeed.1 ‘—”‘–Š•Žƒ–‡”ǡ‘’”‹Žͳ͸Ͳ͹ǡ–Š‡›
arrived in Virginia, and eventually Jamestown was established, which was named after
‹‰ ƒ‡• Ǥ›‡ƒ”Žƒ–‡”ǡ ‘Š‹–Š†‹• ‘˜‡”‡†ƒ‰‹‡” •Žƒ†ǡƒ†–Š‡”‹–‹•Š Žƒ‹‡†
‹–ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‹•™ƒ•–Š‡ϐ‹”•––‹‡–Šƒ–™Š‹–‡‡•‡–ˆ‘‘–‘–Š‹•‹•Žƒ†ǡ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ™ƒ•‘–
unknown to the Pocomoke Indians, who had been using the place as a summer retreat for
ƒ››‡ƒ”•ǤŠ‡ϐ‹”•–’‡”ƒ‡–—”‘’‡ƒ•‡––Ž‡‡–‘–Š‡‹•Žƒ†™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‡†‹ͳ͸ͺ͸ǡ
and most of the original settlers came from Southwest England.
1
Ԙ —•– •‘ ›‘— ‘™ǡ Dz ‘†•’‡‡†dz ‹• ƒ ‘Ž†Ǧˆƒ•Š‹‘‡† ™‘”† —•‡† –‘ ™‹•Š •‘‡„‘†› ‰‘‘† Ž—  „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡‹”
journey.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
History
Ifyou lookat th
e amp on G
oogle, you w
ill notice th
at aTngier Island sits righ
t in th
e
iddle ofCh
m
esapeak
eB
ay,af r from
th
em
ainland in all directions. h
iTs ob
iously m
v
ade it
evry ahrd o
f r its inh
ab
itants to trav
el offth
e island.As a result ofth
is peculiar geograph
iac l
situation,th
e island rem
ained an isolated place,th
us an old-af sh
ioned n
Eglishaccent could
e preserv
b
ed.In h
is o
bokcalled
‡ƒ Š‹‰‰Ž‹•Šƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‡ƒ”‡”•‘”Ž†™‹†‡ǡT. J. Baker
ȋʹͲͳʹǣͳʹ͸Ȍ•ƒ›•–Šƒ–‹–•‘—†•Ž‹‡Dzƒ— ‘””—’–‡†Ž‹œƒ„‡–ŠƒǦ‡”ƒ‰Ž‹•ŠdzǤ
ˆ›‘—™ƒ––‘Ž‹•–‡–‘–Š‡™ƒ›–Š‡•‡’‡‘’Ž‡–ƒŽǡŒ—•––›’‡Dz–Š‡‘††ƒ ‡–‘ˆƒ‰‹‡”
dz‘‘——„‡ƒ†›‘— ƒ•‡‡ˆ‘”›‘—”•‡ŽˆǤ ˆ›‘—†‘ǡ–Šƒ–‹•ǡ‹ˆ›‘—Ž‹•–‡–‘–Š‡‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǧ
era English of Tangier Island, you will in fact be witnessing a piece of American history.
And, if you feel like making a trip there, I’d suggest you do it soon, because it seems that
the sea level is rising and this fascinating place is slowly being swallowed by seawater.
Unfortunately, Tangier may eventually disappear, and with it, a piece of the history
of both America and Britain will vanish, a piece of history which is still alive in the 21st
century through the unique dialect of Tangier Island.
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Reading Comprehension
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 1:
Fill in the gaps with the suitable verb form of the verbs in the following
table.
know
(saber)
arrive
(llegar)
drop
(tirar)
remain
(permanecer)
travel
(viajar)
take place
(tener lugar)
call
(llamar)
live
(vivir)
ͳȌ Indigenous people ______________ in America before the Europeans ______________.
ʹȌ The Wall Street Crash ______________ in 1929.
͵Ȍ Š‡ϐ‹”•–ƒ–‘‹ „‘„™ƒ•̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴‘ ‹”‘•Š‹ƒǤ
ͶȌ Queen Elizabeth I of England was also ______________ the Virgin Queen.
ͷȌ John Smith and a group of English men ______________ to the New World on three
ships.
͸Ȍ The Pocomoke Indians already ______________ of Tangier Island.
͹Ȍ Because Tangier Island is so isolated its dialect has ______________ intact.
Exercise 2:
Complete the following sentences using information from the text. There
may be more than one possible answer to each sentence!
ͳȌ Among the important events in the history of the US, we could…
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
ʹȌ There is an island in the Chesapeake Bay…
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
͵Ȍ After Queen Elizabeth died…
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
ͶȌ Capitan John Smith arrived in…
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
History
‫ۄ‬
ͷȌ The majority of the original settlers of Tangier Island...
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
͸Ȍ Tangier Island is an isolated place because…
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
͹ȌԘ ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ•™ƒŽŽ‘™•ƒ‰‹‡” •Žƒ†ǡƒ’‹‡ ‡‘ˆŠ‹•–‘”›ǥ
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Reading Comprehension
Glossary
to set foot in (some place)
v expr.
pisar
to address
v.
abordar, tratar
to take place
idiom.
ocurrir, tener lugar
to be made up of (sth.)
expr.
estar compuesto, -a de
hidden
adj.
escondido, -a
vastness
n.
inmensidad
well-known
adj.
conocido, -a
settlement
n.
asentamiento, colonia
to establish
v.
establecer
to await
v.
esperar, aguardar
blessing
n.
bendición
eventually
ƒ†˜Ǥ
ϐ‹ƒŽ‡–‡ǡ ‘‡Ž–‹‡’‘
to found
v.
fundar
settler
n.
colono, -a
to sit
v.
estar (en un lugar), encontrarse
isolated
adj.
aislado, -a
to witness
v.
presenciar
to swallow
v.
tragar, engullir
to vanish
v.
desvanecerse
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
History
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Use of English
Use of English
Past Tenses
ͳǤ Remember:††Dz‡†dz–‘–Š‡‹ϐ‹‹–‹˜‡–‘ˆ‘””‡‰—Žƒ”’ƒ•–Ǥ
Intransitive Verbs: Verb+ed + Prepositional Phrase + Adverbial Phrase
™ƒŽ‡†–‘–Š‡’‘•–‘ˆϐ‹ ‡–‘•‡†›Ž‡––‡”•›‡•–‡”†ƒ›Ǥȋ™ƒŽΪ‡†Ȍ
‡‘˜‡†–‘‡™‘”Žƒ•–›‡ƒ”Ǥȋ‘˜‡Ϊ†Ȍ
The water evaporated very quickly. (evaporate + d)
Transitive Verbs: Verb+ed + Nominal Phrase + Adverbial Phrase
‘—˜‹•‹–‡†›„”‘–Š‡”Žƒ•–•—‡”Ǥȋ˜‹•‹–Ϊ‡†Ȍ
She kissed her daughter last night. (kiss + ed)
They watched a movie last Saturday. (watch + ed)
Pay attention: To the spelling conditions of some regular verbs in the past.
ͳȌ ˆƒ”‡‰—Žƒ”˜‡”„‡†•‹ƒ•‹Ž‡–eǡƒ††ȀǦ†Ȁ‹–Š‡•‹’Ž‡’ƒ•–ǣ
Example:Ԙ Ž‘•‡α Ž‘•‡†
ʹȌ ˆƒ”‡‰—Žƒ”˜‡”„‡†•‹ƒ˜‘™‡ŽΪyǡƒ††ȀǦ‡†Ȁ‹–Š‡•‹’Ž‡’ƒ•–ǣ
Example:Ԙ’Žƒ›α’Žƒ›‡†
͵Ȍ ˆ ƒ ”‡‰—Žƒ” ˜‡”„ ‡†• ‹ ƒ ‘•‘ƒ– Ϊ y, add /-ied/ in the simple past (the y
becomes an iˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›ȀǦ‡†ȀȌǣ
Example:Ԙƒ””›αƒ””‹‡†
ͶȌ ˆƒ”‡‰—Žƒ”˜‡”„Šƒ•ƒ ‘•‘ƒ–ƒˆ–‡”ƒ•–”‡••‡†˜‘™‡Žƒ––Š‡‡†ǡ–Š‡ ‘•‘ƒ–
‹•†‘—„Ž‡†ǣ
Examples:Ԙ•–‘’Ȃ•–‘’’‡†
„ƒȂ„ƒ‡†
•™ƒ’Ȃ•™ƒ’’‡†
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
History
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 1:
Choose the correct past tense for each sentence.
ͳȌ ‘Š̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴–Š‡•–ƒ‹”•“—‹ Ž›Ǥ
ʹȌ ‡”‹ ƒ™‘‡̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ˆ‘”–Š‡ϐ‹”•––‹‡‹ͳͻʹͲǤ
͵Ȍ Š‡̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Š‡”Šƒ–†‘™‘˜‡”Š‡”‡ƒ”•Ǥ
ͶȌ ‡̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴–Š‡ ƒ‘‡‹–‘–Š‡Žƒ‡Ǥ
ͷȌ Š‡—”‹–ƒ•̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴–‘‡‹‰”ƒ–‡–‘‡”‹ ƒ‹–Š‡ͳ͹–Š ‡–—”›Ǥ
ƒȌ ’—ŽŽ‡†
„Ȍ ’—•Š‡†
Ȍ †‡ ‹†‡†
†Ȍ Ž‹„‡†
‡ȌԘ˜‘–‡†
Exercise 2:
Put the verbs in parentheses in simple past tense.
ͳȌ Š‡ Š‹Ž†ȋ’Žƒ›Ȍ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴™‹–Š–Š‡„ƒŽŽ‘Š‹•„‹”–Š†ƒ›Ǥ
ʹȌ Š‡ ƒ”ȋ•–‘’Ȍ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴“—‹ Ž›–Šƒ–†ƒ›Ǥ
͵Ȍ ‘ŠȋŠ—””›Ȍ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴–‘ƒ””‹˜‡‘–‹‡Žƒ•–ƒ–—”†ƒ›Ǥ
ͶȌ Š‡‰‹”Žȋ ”›Ȍ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴„‡ˆ‘”‡‰‘‹‰–‘„‡†Ǥ
ͷȌ Š‡‘Ž††‘‰ȋ†‹‡Ȍ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ƒ–Š‘‡Ǥ
ʹǤ Remember: Irregular verbs have different patterns such as •‹‰Ȃ•ƒ‰Ȃ•—‰or stand–
stood–stood,ȋ ϐ‹‹–‹˜‡Ȃƒ•–•‹’Ž‡Ȃƒ•–ƒ”–‹ ‹’Ž‡Ȍȋ•‡‡Ž‹•–‘’ƒ‰‡•͵ͳͳǦ͵ͳͷȌǤ
The colonists came to America in the 16th and 17th centuries for several reasons, such
as overpopulation, religious persecution and poverty. In those centuries England had an
—•–ƒ„Ž‡‡ ‘‘›ƒ†ǡƒ•‹ϐŽƒ–‹‘ƒ†’‘˜‡”–›grew, English immigrants chose to seek
out new sources of economic prosperity in the New World.
‘‡ȂcameȂ ‘‡
ƒ˜‡Ȃ hadȂŠƒ†
”‘™Ȃ grewȂ‰”‘™
Š‘‘•‡Ȃ choseȂ Š‘•‡
‘–‡ǣŠ‡’ƒ•–•‹’Ž‡‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ•—„Œ‡ –•ȋ‹‰—Žƒ”‘”Ž—”ƒŽȌǡ„—––Š‡˜‡”„Dz–‘
„‡dz‹•‹””‡‰—Žƒ”ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ•‹‰—Žƒ”•—„Œ‡ –•ƒ†–Š‡”‡‹•‘‡ˆ‘”ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ–Š‡’Ž—”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•ǣ
Singular:Ԙ ™ƒ•Ǧ›‘—™‡”‡ǦŠ‡™ƒ•Ǧ•Š‡™ƒ•Ǧ‹–™ƒ•
Plural:Ԙ™‡™‡”‡Ǧ›‘—™‡”‡Ǧ–Š‡›™‡”‡
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Use of English
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 3:
Choose the correct past tense verb for each sentence.
ͳȌ ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ˆ”‡‡†‘̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ƒŽ•‘ƒ‘–‹˜‡ˆ‘”‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
ʹȌ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ™ƒ”•̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴’Žƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹‹‰”ƒ–•Ǥ
͵Ȍ Š‡”‹–‹•Š̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴–Š‡™ƒ”‹ͳ͹͸͵Ǥ
ͶȌ Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‡ ‘‘›̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴–‘ˆ‘ —•‘ ”ƒˆ–•ƒ†–”ƒ†‡Ǥ
ͷȌ Š‡‡”‹ ƒ‡’”‡••‹‘̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴–Š‡”‡‰‹‘Šƒ”†‹ͳͻ͵ͲǤ
ƒȌ ™‘
„Ȍ „‡‰ƒ
Ȍ Š‹–
†Ȍ –‘‘
‡Ȍ ™ƒ•
Exercise 4:
Fill in the blanks in the following story about Abraham Lincoln with a
regular or irregular verb forms using the verbs in brackets.
„”ƒŠƒ ‹ ‘Ž ȋͳȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ ȋ„‡ „‘”Ȍ ‹ ƒ Ž‘‰ ƒ„‹ ‹ ƒ”†‹ ‘—–›ǡ ‡–— ›
‘ ‡„”—ƒ”›ͳʹǡͳͺͲͻǤŽ‹‡–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆŠ‹•ˆƒ‹Ž›Š‡ȋʹȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ȋŽ‘˜‡Ȍ„‘‘•ƒ†
ȋ͵Ȍ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ ȋƒ––‡†Ȍ • Š‘‘Ž ™Š‡ Š‡ ȋͶȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ ȋ ƒȌǤ Š‡ Š‡ ȋͷȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿
ȋ‰”‘™—’ȌǡŠ‡ȋ͸Ȍ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ȋ„‡ ‘‡ȌƒŽƒ™›‡”ƒ†ȋ͹Ȍ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ȋ‡–‡”Ȍ’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ 
ͳͺͶʹŠ‡ȋͺȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ȋƒ””›Ȍƒ”›‘††ǤŠ‡›ȋͻȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ȋŠƒ˜‡Ȍˆ‘—” Š‹Ž†”‡„—–
‘Ž›–™‘ȋͳͲȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ȋ•—”˜‹˜‡ȌǤ ͳͺͶ͸Š‡ȋͳͳȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ȋ„‡‡Ž‡ –‡†Ȍ–‘‘‰”‡••
ƒ†Š‡ȋͳʹȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ȋ•’‡ƒ‘—–Ȍƒ‰ƒ‹•–•Žƒ˜‡”›ƒ†–Š‡‡š‹ ƒ‡”‹ ƒ™ƒ”Ǥ 
ͳͺ͸ͲŠ‡ȋͳ͵Ȍ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ȋ™‹Ȍ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –‹‘Ǥ ‡ȋͳͶȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ȋˆ”‡‡ȌƒŽŽ
–Š‡ •Žƒ˜‡• ‹ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ‡”‹ ƒ •–ƒ–‡•Ǥ ƒ› ˆ‘”‡” •Žƒ˜‡• ȋͳͷȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ ȋŒ‘‹Ȍ –Š‡
‹‘”›Ǥ’”‹ŽͳͶǡͳͺ͸ͷǡ”‡•‹†‡–‹ ‘Žȋͳ͸Ȍ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ȋ„‡ƒ••ƒ••‹ƒ–‡†Ȍ
„› ‘Š‹Ž‡•‘‘–ŠǤ‡‘’Ž‡‹–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ǯ• ƒ’‹–ƒŽȋͳ͹Ȍ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ȋ‘—”ȌŠ‹•†‡ƒ–Š
for months.
͵Ǥ Remember: Use the auxiliary verb did in past tense questions with the main verb in
–Š‡‹ϐ‹‹–‹˜‡ˆ‘”ǡ—Ž‡••–Š‡˜‡”„Dz–‘„‡dz‘”‘–Š‡”‘†ƒŽ˜‡”„•ƒ”‡—•‡†Ǥ
Examples:
Why did Europeans come to Europe?
Why did so many people move to Colonial America?
Why did America expand westwards?
Where did English immigrants settle in America?
Where did the American Depression take place?
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
History
Did Abraham Lincoln ϐ‹† the United States of America?
Did he win the second presidential election?
Did he abolish slavery in America?
Verb “to be” and modal verb “can” in the past:
Was Lincoln a Puritan? We
W re his children very famous?
W re the Puritans a large group then?
We
Could Lincoln abolish slavery?
Exercise (see answers)
Exercise 5:
Match questions with the suitable answers.
—‡•–‹‘•
ͳȌ ‹†‹ ‘Ž‘™•Žƒ˜‡•ǫ
ʹȌ ‹†‹ ‘Ž™”‹–‡–Š‡ ‡––›•„—”‰††”‡••‘–Š‡„ƒ ‘ˆƒ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡ǫ
͵Ȍ ƒ•–Š‡”‡ƒ†‡ƒ–Šƒ•ƒ†‡‘ˆ‹ ‘Žǫ
ͶȌ ‹†‹ ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ˜‡ƒ†‹ƒ”›ǫ
ͷȌ ‘™‘Ž†™ƒ•Š‡™Š‡Š‡†‹‡†ǫ
Long Answers
ƒȌ ‘ǡ–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ǯ–ǡ„—––™‘Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ••™‡”‡ƒ†‡ǡ‘‡‹ͳͺ͸Ͳƒ†‘‡‹ͳͺ͸ͷǤ
„Ȍ ‡™ƒ•ͷ͸›‡ƒ”•‘Ž†™Š‡Š‡†‹‡†Ǥ
Ȍ Š‡”‡‹•‘‡˜‹†‡ ‡–Šƒ–‹ ‘Ž‡’–ƒ†‹ƒ”›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡŠ‡†‹†‡‡’ ‘””‡•’‘†‡ ‡
and scraps of speeches in the lining of his hat.
†Ȍ ‘ǡŠ‡†‹†ǯ–‘™•Žƒ˜‡•Ǥ
‡Ȍ ‘ǡŠ‡†‹†ǯ–Ǥ ‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†Š‹••’‡‡ Š‡•™‹–Š‰”‡ƒ– ƒ”‡Ǥ
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Use of English
Glossary
Regular Verbs
to abolish
to attend
to climb
to decide
to enter
to evaporate
to expand
to found
to free
to join
to kiss
to love
to marry
to mourn
to move
to own
to pull
to push
to settle
to survive
to visit
to vote
to walk
to watch
abolir
asistir
subir, escalar
decidir
entrar
evaporarse
expandirse
fundar
liberar
unirse
besar
encantar
casarse
lamentar, llorar (la muerte de alguien), estar de luto
trasladarse
tener, poseer
tirar
empujar
asentarse
sobrevivir
visitar
votar
caminar
ver
Irregular Verbs
ϐ‹‹–‹˜‡Ȁƒ•–‡•‡
„‡„‘”ǣƒ ‡”
be born/was born (sing.); were born (pl.)
„‡ǣ•‡”‘‡•–ƒ”
be/was (sing.); were (pl.)
„‡‰‹ǣ‡’‡œƒ”
begin/began
ƒǣ’‘†‡”ȋ‘†ƒŽ˜‡”„Ȍ
can/could
Š‘‘•‡ǣ‡• ‘‰‡”
choose/chose
‘‡ǣ˜‡‹”
come/came
‰”‘™ǣ ”‡ ‡”
grow/grew
Šƒ˜‡ǣ–‡‡”
have/had
Š‹–ǣ‰‘Ž’‡ƒ”
hit/hit
•’‡ƒ‘—–ǣ†‡— ‹ƒ”
speak/spoke
–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡ǣ–‡‡”Ž—‰ƒ”
take place/took place
™‹ǣ‰ƒƒ”
win/won
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
History
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Oral Skills
Oral Skills
READ AND LISTEN TO THIS CONVERSATION BETWEEN A
GRANDMOTHER AND HER GRANDDAUGHTER ABOUT THE
TWENTIETH CENTURY IN AMERICA
GRANDDAUGHTER: Grandma, can you tell me something that was genuinely born in the
United States?
GRANDMOTHER: ‡ϐ‹‹–‡Ž› †‡‹ǡ Š‘– †‘‰•ǡ •›• ”ƒ’‡”•ǡ •—’‡”ƒ”‡–• ƒ† ƒ••
production and rock music. All these things can be found in every country and most
importantly, they have conquered the world.
GRANDDAUGHTER: That’s awesome but I think you forgot a powerful new force—
television.
GRANDMOTHER:‡ƒŠǨŠƒ–ǯ•‡šƒ –Ž›”‹‰Š–Ǩ•‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ•ͳͻͶ͹ǡƒ”‘—†ͳ͹ͲǡͲͲͲ‡”‹ ƒ
ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•Šƒ†–‡Ž‡˜‹•‹‘•‡–•ϐŽ‹ ‡”‹‰‹–Š‡‹”Ž‹˜‹‰”‘‘•Ǥ
GRANDDAUGHTER:‘™Ǩƒœ‹‰ǨŠƒ–‹†‘ˆ’”‘‰”ƒ‡•†‹†–Š‡›„”‘ƒ† ƒ•–ǫ
GRANDMOTHER: As far as I remember most early television programmes were general
entertainment. I was especially fond of stories about policemen and detectives. The goal
of such shows was to attract all kinds of audiences. Then, CBS and NBC paid a lot of money
to show advertisements during the programmes.
GRANDDAUGHTER: Do you remember any show that the whole family watched together?
GRANDMOTHER: But of course. ‘˜‡ — ›ǡ ƒ ͳͻͷͲ• ‘‡†› •‡”‹‡•ǡ ™ƒ• › ’ƒ”‡–•ǯ
favourite. People watched it not only in the United States but all over the world for decades.
GRANDDAUGHTER:‡ƒŽŽ›ǫ‹†–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‡š’‘”–’”‘‰”ƒ‡•ǫ
GRANDMOTHER: Ha ha, it was of course part of the process of Americanization. And
besides, it was cheaper for other countries to buy American TV shows than to make their
own.
GRANDDAUGHTER:ƒ•ǯ–‹–‹–Š‡ͳͻͷͲ•™Š‡”‘ Ǧƒ†Ǧ”‘ŽŽ„‡‰ƒǫ
GRANDMOTHER: Šƒ–ǯ• ”‹‰Š–Ǩ – ƒ‡ ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‡”‹ ƒ ‘—–Šǡ ƒ† „‡Ž‹‡˜‡‹–‘”‘–ǡ
it combined black blues with the country music of working-class whites to produce that
Dz”‘ ‹‰ǦŽ‹‡dz•‘—†Ǩ
GRANDDAUGHTER:ŠǨ ǯ˜‡Š‡ƒ”†‘ˆŠ— ‡””›ƒ†‹––Ž‡‹ Šƒ”†„—–ǡƒ„‘˜‡ƒŽŽǡ ǯ
impressed by Elvis Presley.
GRANDMOTHER:‘–ƒŽŽ›Ǩ ‡•›„‘Ž‹œ‡†ƒ‡™›‘—–Š —Ž–—”‡ǤŠ‹•‰—›ˆ”‘‹••‹••‹’’‹
„‡ ƒ‡ƒ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•—’‡”•–ƒ”„›–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡†‡ ƒ†‡ǤŠ› ‘†Ǩ ‹•™ƒ›‘ˆ–ƒŽ‹‰ǡ
dressing, even hair styles rejected the norms of social behaviour.
GRANDDAUGHTER:—–‘–‘Ž†‡–Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•”‘ –Šƒ– Šƒ‰‡†‹†‡ƒ•‹–Š‡͹Ͳ•Ǥ
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
History
GRANDMOTHER: Well, on the other hand, fast food, hamburgers and fried chicken spread
American habits throughout the world. Along with blue jeans and chinos they americanized
daily life on every continent.
GRANDDAUGHTER: Shopping culture in supermarkets and malls. Is it true that Mr
Š”—•Š Š‡˜™ƒ•–ƒ‡–‘˜‹•‹–ƒ•—’‡”ƒ”‡–ǫ
GRANDMOTHER:Šƒ–ǯ•ƒ–”—‡•–‘”›Ǩ –Š‹–Š‡›Œ—•–™ƒ–‡†–‘•Š‘™‘ˆˆ‡ ‘‘‹ superiority and did just that.
GRANDDAUGHTER: Didn’t skyscrapers contribute to make America great?
GRANDMOTHER:‘†‘—„–ƒ„‘—–‹–ǡ•™‡‡–‹‡Ǥ‹ ‡–Š‡ͳͻʹͲ•–Š‡›ǯ˜‡‡Šƒ ‡† ‹–‹‡•ƒ†
Š‘—•‡†’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ‘ˆϐ‹ ‡•ƒ†ˆƒ –‘”‹‡•„›—•‹‰–Š‡ˆ”‡‡•’ƒ ‡‹–Š‡•›Ǥ
GRANDDAUGHTER:Šǡ›ǨŠ‘•‡–‘™‡”•ƒ”‡•‘‹•’‹”‹‰ǤŠ‹ ƒ‰‘ƒ†‡™‘”™‡”‡
examples for other nations. They are symbols of the twentieth century—the American
Century.
LISTEN TO THIS CONVERSATION BETWEEN A UNIVERSITY
STUDENT AND HER PROFESSOR AT UNIVERSITY ABOUT TUDOR
ENGLAND
STUDENT: Good morning, Professor Smith. I’d like to ask you some questions about the
Tudor period and England’s relationship with Spain for my PhD thesis.
PROFESSOR: –—ƒŽŽ›‹–ǯ•›ˆƒ˜‘—”‹–‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤŠ‡’‡”‹‘†ˆ”‘ͳͶͺͷ–‘ͳ͸Ͳ͵‹•
ˆƒ• ‹ƒ–‹‰Ǩ
STUDENT: I think the kings and queens of the Tudor dynasty based their foreign policy
on trade, didn’t they?
PROFESSOR:‡•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›Ž‹œƒ„‡–Š Ǥ‹‡Š‡”‰”ƒ†ˆƒ–Š‡” ‡”› ǡ•Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†
trade to be the most important foreign policy matter. Her father Henry VIII was more
interested in politics and her half-sister Mary allied England to Spain by her marriage, but
that move was an unpopular and politically unwise.
STUDENT:‡ƒŽŽ›ǫŠ›ǫ
PROFESSOR: Because England gained nothing from being allied to a more powerful
country. Spain was a trade rival and thus, its greatest enemy.
STUDENT: I believe that Spain ruled the Netherlands, right?
PROFESSOR: And England took advantage of the Spanish rivalry with France and
technically declared the war on Spain.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Oral Skills
STUDENT: In what ways?
PROFESSOR: Simply because the Netherlands wanted to be independent from Catholic
Spain and the only way that Spanish soldiers could reach the country was by sea. England
supported the Dutch Protestants by letting their ships use English harbours and attack
Spanish ships when they sailed up the English Channel.
STUDENT: And what about America? Didn’t the English also attack Spanish ships when
they returned from America loaded with silver and gold?
PROFESSOR: That was the result of Spain’s refusal to allow England to trade freely with
’ƒ‹•Š‡”‹ ƒ ‘Ž‘‹‡•ƒ”‘—†ͳͷ͹ͲǤ
STUDENT: Wasn’t Sir Francis Drake involved in this venture?
PROFESSOR:‡•ǡŠ‡™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‘ ƒŽŽ‡†Dz•‡ƒ†‘‰•Ǥdz
STUDENT:Šƒ–ƒƒ‡Ǩ
PROFESSOR: Historically these seamen were traders as well as pirates and adventurers
encouraged by the Queen to take her share from Spanish ships.
STUDENT: And what about the Spanish Armada?
PROFESSOR:ŠǨŠ‡‰”‡ƒ–ˆƒ‘—•ϐŽ‡‡–‘ˆ•Š‹’•„—‹Ž–„›Š‹Ž‹’ –‘‘˜‡Š‹•ƒ”›ƒ ”‘••
the English Channel from the Netherlands.
STUDENT: I’ve heard they were defeated because they were not as good as the English
ones, which were longer, narrower, faster and their guns could also shoot further than the
Spanish ones.
PROFESSOR: To tell you the truth, the Spanish Armada was defeated more by harsh
weather than by English guns.
STUDENT: How was that possible?
PROFESSOR: Some Spanish ships were sunk, but most were blown by the wind onto the
rocky coasts of Scotland and Ireland.
STUDENT:Šƒ–—•–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‰Ž‘”‹‘—•ˆ‘”‰Žƒ†Ǩ
PROFESSOR:„•‘Ž—–‡Ž›Ǩ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–†‹†ǯ–’—–ƒ‡†–‘–Š‡™ƒ”™‹–Š’ƒ‹Ǥ‡ƒ ‡™ƒ•
only made when Elizabeth died.
STUDENT:Šƒ•˜‡”›— Šǡ”‘ˆ‡••‘”Ǥ‡”›‹•–”— –‹˜‡Ǩ
PROFESSOR:›’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡Ǩ ‘‘†Ž— ™‹–Š›‘—”–Š‡•‹•Ǥ
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
History
Glossary
genuinely
adv.
auténticamente
denim
n.
mezcla de tejido de algodón azul para vaqueros
skyscraper
n.
rascacielos
awesome
adj.
increíble, impresionante
–‘ϐŽ‹ ‡”
v.
parpadear
shocking
adj.
impactante
to broadcast
v.
retransmitir
entertainment
n.
espectáculo, entretenimiento
goal
Ǥ
’”‘’ו‹–‘ǡϐ‹ƒŽ‹†ƒ†
advertisement
n.
anuncio
chinos
n.
pantalón de algodón
to enhance
v.
mejorar
research
n.
investigación
foreign
adj.
extranjero, -a
policy
n.
política
trade
n.
comercio
to rule
v.
gobernar
rivalry
n.
rivalidad
harbour
n.
puerto
to load
v.
cargar
to allow
v.
permitir
to trade
v.
comerciar
to encourage
v.
animar
to defeat
v.
derrotar
gun
n.
arma
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Writing Skills
Writing Skills
Writing: Coherence and Cohesion (ĈĆĚĘĊ)
Another discourse relation that can be found in texts is CAUSE. This relation is usually
„‡–™‡‡–™‘ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•‹ƒ•‡–‡ ‡ǣ‘‡ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•Š‘™•–Š‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
included in the other fragment. The fragment that expresses the cause can be placed
„‡ˆ‘”‡‘”ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‘–Š‡”ˆ”ƒ‰‡–Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣ
Dz ‡†‡ ‹†‡†–‘‡‹‰”ƒ–‡–‘ƒ‘–Š‡” ‘—–”›becauseŠ‡ ‘—Ž†‘–ϐ‹†ƒŒ‘„Ǥdz
DzAsŠ‡ ‘—Ž†‘–ϐ‹†ƒŒ‘„ǡŠ‡†‡ ‹†‡†–‘‡‹‰”ƒ–‡–‘ƒ‘–Š‡” ‘—–”›Ǥdz
Š‡•‡‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘—Ž†„‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‹•™ƒ›ǣ
1-2
Cause
because he could
not ind a job.
He decided to emigrate
to another country
1-2
Cause
As he could not ind
a job,
he decided to
emigrate to another
country.
With connectors, we can link both fragments to show a CAUSE. See for example the
items in bold in the previous sentences.
‘”‡ ‘‡ –‘”•‘ˆǣ
1
as
2
because
͵
because of
4
due to
5
owing to
6
since
Pay attention: Some connectors of CAUSE are usually preceded by a comma.
Examples:
Dz ‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–Š‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡasŠ‹•„‘••Šƒ†‘”†‡”‡†Ǥdz
DzŠ‡›•–ƒ›‡†ƒ–Š‘‡›‡•–‡”†ƒ›ǡsince‹–™ƒ•”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥdz
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
History
Glossary
cause
n.
causa
to hold
v.
mantener
to place
v.
colocar
to emigrate
v.
emigrar
country
n.
país
because
conj.
porque
–‘ϐ‹†
v.
encontrar
job
n.
trabajo
as
conj.
porque, como, puesto que
because of
conj.
porque, ya que, puesto que
due to
conj.
debido a
owing to
conj.
debido a
since
conj.
ya que
to precede
v.
preceder
to develop
v.
desarrollar
software
n.
programa informático
boss
n.
jefe, -a
to order
v.
ordenar
to stay
v.
quedarse
to rain
v.
llover
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Writing Skills
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 1:
Match each fragment 1-4 with another fragment a-d to form a sentence
with a CAUSE relation.
ͳȌ ‘Š‡‹‰”ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡
ƒȌ due to –Š‡ †‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž– ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •‹–—ƒtion in their country.
ʹȌ ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡›Šƒ†–‘‡‹‰”ƒ–‡
„Ȍ because off the terrible damage in
their villages.
͵Ȍ Š‘•‡ ‰”ƒ†’ƒ”‡–• ™‡”‡ ˜‡”› „”ƒ˜‡ǣ
they decided to sell their house and
‘˜‡–‘–Š‡
Ȍ since their daughter was working
there and she had a newborn.
ͶȌ ˆ–‡”–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ǡƒŽ‘–‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡Šƒ†
to leave their homes very quickly
†Ȍ because he got a great job at one of
the top American universities.
Exercise 2:
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the provided words (there
are four extra words).
persecution
poverty
town
economy
emigrate
country
politician
decision
ͳȌ ƒ› ‰Ž‹•Š ’‡‘’Ž‡ †‡ ‹†‡† –‘̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ –‘ ‡”‹ ƒ ‹ –Š‡ ͳ͸ͲͲ• owing to the
founding of English colonies on the east coast of North America.
ʹȌ ‡ˆ‘”‡‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‘–‘‡”‹ ƒ„‡‰ƒǡƒŽ‘–‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•Ž‹˜‡†‹ƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
__________ due to–Š‡—•–ƒ„Ž‡‡ ‘‘›ƒ†‹ϐŽƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
͵Ȍ As many families desired a better life and to own a house and some land, they made
the __________ to move to America.
ͶȌ Ž‘–‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒŽ•‘†‡ ‹†‡†–‘‡‹‰”ƒ–‡because off religious and political __________.
Exercise 3:
Read the following conversation and mark the CAUSE connectors.
Mary: ‡ŽŽ‘ǡƒ—ŽǨ ‘™™ƒ•• Š‘‘Ž–‘†ƒ›ǫ
Paul: Fine, mum. I’m happy because we had history class today and I loved it.
Mary: What was the subject today?
Paul:‡”‹ ƒ ‹•–‘”›ƒ†ǡ•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ‰Ž‹•Š‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‘–‘‡”‹ ƒǤ Ž‡ƒ”‡†Ž‘–•
‘ˆ–Š‹‰•Ǩ
Mary:Šƒ–•‘—†•‡š ‹–‹‰ǨŽ‡ƒ•‡–‡ŽŽ‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‘•‡‡™–Š‹‰•›‘—Šƒ˜‡Ž‡ƒ”‡†Ǥ
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
History
‫ۄ‬
Paul: Well, for example, I have learned that in the beginning, in New England, there
were many farmers, who produced their own food. Then, during the period between
ͳ͹ͻͲ ƒ† ͳͺͷͲ –Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ‹ ”‡†‹„Ž‡ Šƒ‰‡• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡ ‘‘› ‘ˆ ‡™
England due to the rise of its manufacturing industry, that is, industrialization. I didn’t
know that.
Mary:Šƒ–‹•‹–‡”‡•–‹‰Ǩ ǯ‰Žƒ†›‘—‡Œ‘›‡†›‘—”Š‹•–‘”› Žƒ••Ǥ
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
6
Mass Media
Reading
Comprehension
Reading Comprehension
MASS MEDIA: A WAY TO CONTROL THE MASSES
This text discusses a fascinating documentary called The Century of the Self. Part 1:
Happiness Machines (by Adam Curtis). You can watch it online (with Spanish subtitles) on
YouTube. It is a must-see!
The documentary talks about Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), the father of
psychoanalysis. Freud explored a hidden part of human beings that we know as the
unconscious, and which he saw as a storehouse of our repressed emotions and impulses.
More concretely, Curtis’s documentary shows how Freud’s theories have been used
by people such as Edward Bernays (1891-1995). Clearly, most of us know who Freud was,
but does the name Edward Bernays ring a bell?
Bernays was Freud’s American nephew. Surprisingly, although most of us have never
Š‡ƒ”†‘ˆ‡”ƒ›•ǡŠ‹•‹ϐŽ—‡ ‡‘–Š‡ʹͲ–Š ‡–—”›™ƒ•ƒŽ‘•–ƒ•‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ•Š‹•— Ž‡ǯ•ǡ
Freud. Bernays is also referred to as the father of public relations, the father of propaganda
or as one of the inventors of consumerism.
—”–‹•ǯ• †‘ —‡–ƒ”› ˆ‘ —•‡• ‘ ‡”ƒ›• „‡ ƒ—•‡ Š‡ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ϐ‹”•– ’‡”•‘ –‘ —•‡
Freud’s theories about humans’ hidden irrational emotions in order to manipulate and
control the masses. He was the one to teach big American corporations how to make people
want, desire, and buy things they did not really need. In other words, Bernays found a way
to manage and change the way large groups of regular people thought and felt and he did
so using his uncle’s theories. Bernays’s techniques are still used nowadays, and that is why
–Š‡†‘ —‡–ƒ”›•ƒ›•–Šƒ–‡”ƒ›•Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ•‹ϐŽ—‡–‹ƒŽƒ• ”‡—†Ǥ
‡‘ˆ‡”ƒ›•ǯ•ϐ‹”•–‡š’‡”‹‡–•–‘ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•‹†•™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣ
George Hill, the president of the American Tobacco corporation, had told Bernays
–Šƒ––Š‡›™‡”‡Ž‘•‹‰ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ƒ”‡–„‡ ƒ—•‡ǡƒ––Šƒ––‹‡Ȃ–Š‹•™ƒ•–Š‡ʹͲǯ•Ȃ‡Šƒ†
invoked a taboo against women smoking in public. This meant that half of the population,
–Šƒ–‹•ǡ™‘‡ǡ†‹†‘–„—› ‹‰ƒ”‡––‡•ǤŠƒ–ǯ•™Š› ‹ŽŽ™ƒ–‡†‡”ƒ›•–‘ϐ‹†ƒ™ƒ›–‘
ƒ‡™‘‡•‘‡‹‘”†‡”–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡‹”’”‘ϐ‹–•Ǥ
So this is what Bernays did… With the help of a well-known American psychoanalyst,
Bernays learnt that cigarettes were a symbol of male power, a phallic symbol. So Bernays
asked himself, if I manage to connect cigarettes to the idea of women challenging male
power, then, women would start smoking in order to show that they were as powerful
and independent as men were at that time. To achieve this, Bernays convinced a group of
New York women to appear smoking in public in the middle of an Easter Parade. Then,
Bernays called the press and told them that he had seen a group of women smoking in
the parade as a way of protesting. They were, Bernays said to the press, “lighting the
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Mass Media
torch
es offreedom
.”W
ithth
is sim
ple sentence, B
ernay
s aws ab
le to connect a product
ithan em
w
otion or unconscious desire. h
aTt is, h
e
link
ed th
e idea ofo
w
‘ emn sm
oikng in
pub
lic’w
ithth
e sy
ol ofef‘ amle lib
b
m
eration and independence’or ef‘ amle em
pow
erm
ent’.
[If you’re interested, look up “Edward Bernays’s tobacco campaign” on Google Images].
The very next day the news spread around the globe, and from that moment on,
females started smoking simply because this meant that they were as powerful and
independent as men. Obviously, this all boiled down to tobacco corporations increasing
–Š‡‹”’”‘ϐ‹–•Ǥ
Before Bernays’s techniques were used, products were sold to the masses only on the
basis of need. That is, ads focused on showing the product as a necessity. Except for the rich,
the majority of Americans simply bought what they needed. But corporations soon realized
–Šƒ– –Š‡› Šƒ† –‘ Šƒ‰‡ –Š‡ ™ƒ› ‘•—‡”• –Š‘—‰Š– ƒ„‘—– ’”‘†— –•ǣ ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ Šƒ˜‹‰
products advertised as necessities, corporations had to make the masses want or desire
a product, and Bernays was in charge of changing this mentality. He thus created many
techniques of mass consumer persuasion that linked products to emotions (e.g. Bernays
linked products to famous movie stars, cars were connected to male sexuality, etc.).
Think of most ads we see on TV nowadays. Ads no longer sell us something we really
need, what they sell is the idea that if you purchase this product you will feel sexier, prettier,
more powerful, manlier, etc. What a subtle way to manipulate us into consuming!
After watching this documentary, I believe we will all remember who Edward
Bernays was.
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Reading Comprehension
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 1:
Match the fragments in each column to make a complete sentence.
ͳȌ —”–‹•ǯ•†‘ —‡–ƒ”›ˆ‘ —•‡•‘
ʹȌ †™ƒ”†‡”ƒ›•
͵Ȍ ‡”ƒ›•‹•‘™ƒ•
ͶȌ ‡”ƒ›•ǯ•‹ϐŽ—‡ ‡‘–Š‡ʹͲ–Š ‡–—”›
ͷȌ ‡”ƒ›• ‘‡ –‡† ‹‰ƒ”‡––‡•
͸Ȍ ‡ˆ‘”‡‡”ƒ›•ǯ•–‡ Š‹“—‡•™‡”‡‡’Ž‘›‡†
͹Ȍ ‡”‹ ƒ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•™ƒ–‡†–Š‡ƒ••‡•
ͺȌ ƒ›–‡ Š‹“—‡•‘ˆƒ•• ‘•—‡”’‡”•—ƒ•‹‘
ƒȌ –Š‡ˆƒ–Š‡”‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
„Ȍ ™‹–Šˆ‡ƒŽ‡‡’‘™‡”‡–Ǥ
Ȍ Š‘™‡”ƒ›•—•‡† ”‡—†ǯ•
theories to control the
masses.
†Ȍ ™ƒ• ”‡—†ǯ•‡’Š‡™Ǥ
‡Ȍ ™ƒ•ƒŽ‘•–ƒ••‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ–ƒ•
Freud’s.
ˆȌ –‘ ˆ‡‡Ž –Šƒ– –Š‡› ™ƒ–‡† ‘”
desired a product.
‰Ȍ ™‡”‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†„›‡”ƒ›•Ǥ
ŠȌ ’”‘†— –•™‡”‡ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡†ƒ•
necessities.
Exercise 2:
There are seven underlined words and expressions in the text. Match
–Š‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ †‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘Ǥ ˆ ›‘— ƒ”‡ ‘– •—”‡ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡
‡ƒ‹‰•ǡ‰‘„ƒ –‘–Š‡–‡š–ƒ†–”›–‘•‡‡‹ˆ›‘— ƒ‰—‡••ˆ”‘ ‘–‡š–Ǥ
must-see
masses
hidden
link
emotion
realize
rings a bell
ƒȌ ‘̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴‹•–‘ ‘‡ ––™‘‘”‘”‡–Š‹‰•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥƒ‡‘–‹‘ƒ†ƒ’”‘†— –ȌǤ
„Ȍ ˆ•‘‡–Š‹‰‹•̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴‹–‹•†‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž––‘•‡‡‘”‘–‡ƒ•›–‘‘–‹ ‡Ǥ
Ȍ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴‹•ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ›”‡ ‘‡†‡†‘˜‹‡ǡ„‘‘ǡ†‘ —‡–ƒ”›ǡ‡– Ǥ
†Ȍ Š‡ ‘”†‹ƒ”› ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™Š‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– ‰”‘—’ ‹ ƒ •‘ ‹‡–› ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
‡Ȍ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴‹•ƒˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ȋ‡Ǥ‰ǤŠƒ’’‹‡••ǡˆ‡ƒ”ǡƒ‰‡”ǡ‡– ǤȌǤ
ˆȌ ‘̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴‹•–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
‰Ȍ ˆ•‘‡„‘†›ƒ••›‘—‹ˆ–Š‡ƒ‡†™ƒ”†‡”ƒ›•̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴–Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ–Š‡
name sounds familiar to you.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Mass Media
Glossary
†‘ —‡–ƒ”›
a must-see ȋ‘˜‹‡Ȁ†‘ —‡–ƒ”›Ȍ
(informal)
hidden
unconscious
storehouse
repressed
emotion
impulse
–‘”‹‰ƒ„‡ŽŽ (informal)
nephew
uncle
consumerism
to focus (on)
mass(es)
n.
adj.
documental
que no te lo puedes perder,
obligatorio, -a
adj.
n.
n.
adj.
n.
n.
v expr.
n.
n.
n.
v.
n.
to manage
mind
’”‘ϐ‹–
male power
to connect
to challenge
powerful
to achieve
to light
torch
freedom
desire
to link
empowerment
to spread
–‘„‘‹Ž†‘™–‘
ad (informal)
‡ ‡••‹–›
to realize
to advertise
to purchase
v.
n.
Ǥ
n.
v.
˜Ǥ
adj.
v.
v.
n.
n.
n.
v.
n.
v.
vtr phrasal.
n.
n.
v.
v.
v.
escondido, -a
inconsciente
almacén
reprimido, -a
emoción
impulso
sonarte algo/alguien
sobrino
tío
consumismo
centrarse (en)
la gente, las masas (que
forman el grupo más
grande de una sociedad)
dirigir, manejar, gestionar
mente
„‡‡ϐ‹ ‹‘
poder masculino
conectar, ligar
†‡•ƒϐ‹ƒ”ǡ”‡–ƒ”
poderoso, -a
conseguir, lograr
encender
antorcha
libertad
deseo
ligar, conectar
apoderamiento
extenderse
reducirse a
anuncio
necesidad
darse cuenta
anunciar (en los medios)
comprar
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Use of English
Use of English
Possession and Collective Nouns
ͳǤ౧ ౧q౧They always appear before a noun.
ƒȌ౧›ǡ›‘—”ǡŠ‹•ǡŠ‡”ǡ‹–•ȋ•‹‰—Žƒ”Ȍ
My old TV set (1st person singular).
‘—”„”ƒ†‡™ ƒ”ȋʹ†’‡”•‘•‹‰—Žƒ”ȌǤ
His microphone (3rd person singular, + masc.).
Her computer (3rd person singular, + fem.).
Its entry into force (3rd person singular, + neutral).
„Ȍ౧—”ǡ›‘—”ǡ–Š‡‹”ȋ’Ž—”ƒŽȌ
Our interview (1st person plural).
‘—”„‘‘•ȋʹ†’‡”•‘’Ž—”ƒŽȌǤ
Their papers (3rd person plural).
ʹǤ౧ ౧q౧††ƒDz•dzǣ›‘—”•ǡŠ‡”•ǡ‘—”•ǡ–Š‡‹”•Ǥ
ƒȌ౧‹‡ǡ›‘—”•ǡŠ‹•ǡŠ‡”•ȋ•‹‰—Žƒ”Ȍ
This pen is mine (1st person singular).
Šƒ–‘–‡„‘‘‹•›‘—”•ȋʹ†’‡”•‘•‹‰—Žƒ”ȌǤ
This computer is his (3rd person singular, + masc.).
That bag is hers (3rd person singular, + fem.).
„Ȍ౧—”•ǡ›‘—”•ǡ–Š‡‹”•ȋ’Ž—”ƒŽȌ
These books are ours (1st person plural).
Š‘•‡”‡’‘”–•ƒ”‡›‘—”•ȋʹ†’‡”•‘’Ž—”ƒŽȌǤ
These photographs are theirs (3rd person plural).
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Mass Media
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 1:
Use the correct possessive adjective according to the words in parentheses.
ͳȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴ Š‹Ž†‹••‹ Ǥȋƒ”›Ȍ
ʹȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴Ž‡ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡ˆƒŽŽ‹‰ǤȋŠ‡–”‡‡Ȍ
͵Ȍ ̴̴̴̴̴̴’‹ –—”‡‹•‘–Š‡™ƒŽŽǤȋ ‘ŠȌ
ͶȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴–ƒ‹Ž‹•‘˜‹‰ǤȋŠ‡ ƒ–Ȍ
ͷȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴ƒ’’‘‹–‡–‹•‘‘†ƒ›ǤȋŠ‡›Ȍ
͸Ȍ ̴̴̴̴̴̴†‘ –‘”–ƒ‡• ƒ”‡‘ˆ—•Ǥȋ‡Ȍ
͹Ȍ ̴̴̴̴̴̴Š—•„ƒ† ƒŠ‡Ž’›‘—Ǥȋ Ȍ
Exercise 2:
Match the questions with correct answers.
ͳȌ •–Š‹•’‡›‘—”•ǫ
ʹȌ ”‡–Š‡•‡–Š‡‹”’‹ –—”‡•ǫ
͵Ȍ Š‘•‡„‘‘‹•–Š‹•ǫ
ͶȌ ”‡–Š‡•‡†‘‰•›‘—”•ǫ
ͷȌ Š‘•‡ Šƒ‡Ž‹•–Š‹•ǫ
͸Ȍ ”‡–Š‡•‡†”ƒ™‡”•›‘—”•ǫ
ƒȌ Š‹• Šƒ‡Ž‹•Š‹•Ǥ
„Ȍ ‘ǡ–Š‡›ǯ”‡Š‡”•Ǥ
Ȍ ‘ǡ‹–ǯ•Š‹•Ǥ
†Ȍ ‡•ǡ–Š‡›ǯ”‡–Š‡‹”•Ǥ
‡Ȍ Š‡„‘‘‹•‹‡Ǥ
‡Ȍ ‡•ǡ–Š‡›ǯ”‡‘—”•Ǥ
͵Ǥ q This construction involves a relation of possession,
where an “s” is added to proper names (human nouns or names of companies).
Examples:
ǯ•Ž‘‰‘ǣŠ‡”‡‹•ƒŽ‘‰‘‘–Š‡ Ǥ
‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•Š‘‡•ǣ‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹˜‡‹Š‘‡•Ǥ
‹ ”‘•‘ˆ–ǯ•ǣŠ‡ ‘’ƒ›‹ ”‘•‘ˆ–Šƒ•ƒ‹ϐ‹‹–‡—„‡”‘ˆ’”‘†— –•Ǥ
Š‡ƒš‘ ‡‹–‹˜‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ƒŽ•‘Š‘Ž†•ˆ‘”ǣ
ƒȌ ‹‡‡š’”‡••‹‘••— Šƒ•ǣ–‘†ƒ›ǯ•’ƒ’‡”ǡƒ†ƒ›ǯ•™‘”ǡƒ‘–Šǯ••ƒŽƒ”›ǡƒ
fortnight’s holiday, yesterday’s newspaper, tomorrow’s weather, in two
years’ time, ten minutes’ break.
„Ȍ Žƒ ‡•ǣ‡™‘”ǯ•–Š‡ƒ–”‡•ǡ‰Žƒ†ǯ•’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ•ǡ‡– Ǥ
Ȍ ‘—• ‘ˆ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”‡•– –‘ Š—ƒ ƒ –‹˜‹–›ǣ • ‹‡ ‡ǯ• ϐ‹†‹‰•ǡ ‡‘”›ǯ•
selective power, etc.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Use of English
™‹–Š–Š‡ Read the following text and examine the instances in which the possessor noun
appears with an “s” like “IBM’s logo”, “Microsoft’s”, “people’s homes”.
The history of the IBM PC
Š‡ ϐ‹”•– ™ƒ• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† —•‹‰ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ƒŽ ‘’‘‡–• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡
available at the time. With IBM’s logo on the box, it became the standard
machine for large corporations to purchase. When IBM was looking for an
operating system, they initially went to Digital Research, which was a market
leader in command-based operating systems (i.e. operating systems in which
the users type in commands to perform a function). When the collaboration
between IBM and Digital Research failed, IBM turned to Bill Gates, who was
–Š‡ʹͷ›‡ƒ”•‘Ž†ǡ–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰•›•–‡Ǥ
Bill Gates founded Microsoft on the basis of the development of MS/DOS,
the initial operating system for the IBM PC. Digital Research has continued
to develop their operating system, DR/DOS, and many people consider it a
better product than Microsoft’s. However, without an endorsement from IBM,
it has become a minor player in the market. Novell, leaders in PC networking,
now own Digital Research, so things may change.
The original IBM PC had a minimum of 16K of memory, but the memory of the
‘’—–‡” ‘—Ž†„‡—’‰”ƒ†‡†–‘ͷͳʹ‹ˆ‡ ‡••ƒ”›ǡƒ†”ƒ™‹–Šƒ’”‘ ‡••‘”
speed of 4.77MHz. Ten years later, in 1991, IBM was making PCs with 16Mb
of memory, expandable to 64Mb, running with a processor speed of 33MHz.
The cost of buying the hardware has come down considerably as the machines
have become commodity items. Large companies are considering running
major applications on PCs, something which, ten years ago, no one would
have believed a PC could do. In contrast, many computers in people’s homes
are just used to play computer games.
The widespread availability of computers has in all probability changed the
world forever. Microchip technology which made the PC possible has put
chips not only into computers, but also into washing-machines and cars. Some
books may never be published in paper format, but may only be made available
as part of public databases. Networks of computers are already being used to
make information available on a world-wide scale.
†ƒ’–‡†–‡š–ˆ”‘ǣǤ‘‡ ‡”ƬǤŠƒ”Ž‡•”‘™ȋͳͻͻ͵Ȍǡͻ–Š‹’ǤʹͲͲʹ
Computing, Oxford University Press, page 6.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Mass Media
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 3:
Join the following nouns using “ ‘s ” or simply an apostrophe “ ‘ ”.
ƒȌ —•ƒȀŽƒ’–‘’
„Ȍ ‘ƒ†ƒ”›Ȁ’ƒŽ–‘’
Ȍ ‘ŠȀŠ‹•‘‹–‘”
†Ȍ Ȁ–Š‡ ‘’ƒ›
‡Ȍ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ȁ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡’ƒ ƒ‰‡•
ˆȌ —”‘’‡Ȁ‹–•’”‘–‘ ‘Ž•
‰Ȍ ‹ŽŽǯ•ˆƒ–Š‡”ȀŠ‹•™‘”•–ƒ–‹‘
ŠȌ Š‹•‡’Š‡™•Ȁ‡›„‘ƒ”†
‹Ȍ ››‘—‰‡”•‹•–‡”ȀŽƒ›•–ƒ–‹‘
ŒȌ ‹ƒ†‘ŽŽ›Ȁ–Š‡‹””ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘• ”‡‡
Ȍ ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ȁ†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡
Exercise 4:
Identify the function of “ 's ” in each case, ranging from verb “to be”, “have
got” or Saxon Genitive (SG).
ͳȌ ‘ǯ•‰‘–ƒ„‹‰Š‘—•‡Ǥ
ʹȌ ƒǯ• ƒ–Ǥ
͵Ȍ ‹ǯ•–ƒŽŽǤ
ͶȌ Š‡—‡‡̵•‘Ž†Ǥ
ͷȌ ‡̵•‰‘–ƒ„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—ŽŠ‘—•‡Ǥ
͸Ȍ ƒ‡ǯ•†‘‰‹•„‹‰Ǩ
͹Ȍ —ǯ•‰‘–Ž‘‰Šƒ‹”Ǥ
ͺȌ ‡‘ˆˆ”‡›ǯ•”‹ ŠǤ
ͻȌ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǯ•†ƒ†Šƒ•‰‘–”‡†Šƒ‹”Ǥ
ͳͲȌ —Ž‹ƒǯ•‰‘–„Ž—‡‡›‡•Ǥ
Exercise 5:
Explain the difference between the following expressions by deciding
™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡’‘••‡••‡†‘‹ƒŽ‹•†‡ϐ‹‹–‡‘”‹†‡ϐ‹‹–‡Ǥ
Examples:
‘Šǯ• ‘’—–‡” q ‘ŠŠƒ•‰‘–ƒ ‘’—–‡”Ǥȋ‡ϐ‹‹–‡Ȁ †‡ϐ‹‹–‡
†‡ϐ‹‹–‡ȌǤ
‘’—–‡”‘ˆ ‘Šǯ• q ‘ŠŠƒ••‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘’—–‡”•Ǥȋ‡ϐ‹‹–‡
‡ϐ‹‹–‡Ȁ †‡ϐ‹‹–‡ȌǤ
ƒȌ ƒ”›ǯ•’Žƒ‡–‹ ‡–Ǥȋ‡ϐ‹‹–‡Ȁ †‡ϐ‹‹–‡Ȍ
„Ȍ ƒ‹”’Žƒ‡–‹ ‡–‘ˆƒ”›ǯ•Ǥȋ‡ϐ‹‹–‡Ȁ †‡ϐ‹‹–‡Ȍ
Ȍ ‘‡ˆ”‹‡†•‘ˆƒ”›ǯ•Ǥȋ‡ϐ‹‹–‡Ȁ †‡ϐ‹‹–‡Ȍ
†Ȍ ƒ”›ǯ•ˆ”‹‡†Ǥȋ‡ϐ‹‹–‡Ȁ †‡ϐ‹‹–‡Ȍ
‡Ȍ ™‘‘ˆƒ”›ǯ•ˆ”‹‡†•Ǥȋ‡ϐ‹‹–‡Ȁ †‡ϐ‹‹–‡Ȍ
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Use of English
Glossary Collective nouns
Collective noun is the name given to a group of nouns to refer to them as one entity. In
order to identify them, you can use words like group or bunch.
Please learn the following list of the most commonly used collective nouns for humans,
animals and objects.
People
Animals
„Œ‡ –•
An army of soldiers
• Š‘‘Ž‘ˆϐ‹•Š
A group of islands
A choir of singers
An army of ants
A galaxy of stars
A crew of sailors
A kennel of dogs
A pair of shoes
A band of musicians
ϐŽ‘ ‘ˆ„‹”†•
A forest of trees
A bunch of crooks
Šƒ—Ž‘ˆϐ‹•Š
A stack of wood
A crowd of people/
spectators
ϐŽ‘ ‘ˆ•Š‡‡’
ϐŽ‡‡–‘ˆ•Š‹’•
A gang of thieves
A herd of deer/cattle/
elephants/goats/
buffaloes
A string of pearls
A group of dancers
•Š‘ƒŽ‘ˆϐ‹•Š
An album of stamps/
autographs/
photographs
A team of players
A swarm of bees
A hedge of bushes
A troupe of artists/
dancers
A host of sparrows
A library of books
A pack of thieves
A team of horses
A basket of fruit
A staff of employees
A troop of lions
A bowl of rice
A board of directors
A zoo of wild animals
A pack of cards
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Mass Media
Exercise (see answers)
Exercise 6:
Fill in the gaps with the corresponding word from the table above.
ͳȌ A __________ of employees.
ʹȌ An army of ________ .
͵Ȍ A _________ of playing cards.
ͶȌ A swarm of ________.
ͷȌ A _________ of sailors.
͸Ȍ A bunch of _______.
͹Ȍ A _________ of musicians.
ͺȌ A hedge of ________ .
ͻȌ A _________ of thieves.
ͳͲȌ ϐŽ‡‡–‘ˆ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
ͳͳȌ A ________ of wild animals.
ͳʹȌ A library of _________ .
ͳ͵Ȍ A ________ of players.
ͳͶȌ A shoal of ________ .
ͳͷȌ A ________ of dogs.
ͳ͸Ȍ A _________of people.
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Oral Skills
Oral Skills
ǡ
ǣ ‘‘† ‘”‹‰ǡ ƒ‡Ǥ ‡Ž ‘‡ –‘ –Š‹• ’”‘‰”ƒ‡ ƒ„‘—– •— ‡••ˆ—Ž
entrepreneurs. Today is a special occasion because we are celebrating our twentieth
anniversary.
ǣ Thank you! It’s always nice to get some recognition after so much hard work.
ǣ When did you discover you wanted a career in media?
ǣ Ever since I read about nineteenth-century female reporters I knew I wanted
to do something like they did. Their bravery encouraged me to follow in their footsteps.
ǣHow did you get started in the media?
ǣ My teacher at school advised me to set up an online newsletter. I remember
making a lot of mistakes, especially when I published an article about the school
administration with the photo of a party on a boat in the Greek Islands or when, by mistake,
I said that the tea in the canteen was radioactive. But it all was so challenging!
ǣ ƒ‡ǡ †‘ ›‘— –Š‹ –Šƒ– ‘™ –Šƒ– ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ Šƒ‡”‹‰ ƒ™ƒ› ‘ ƒ
computer keyboard, texting on a mobile phone or twittering on a Blackberry, we are likely
to forget about writing by hand?
ǣ It’s true that today most people rarely need to write more than a shopping
list or a birthday card, but I strongly believe that penmanship must be protected because
it is a way to maintain a direct connection with our ancestors and the past, and discover
the unique qualities of individuals as well.
ǣ I completely agree. In fact, your handwriting can be as personal as your
voice or your laugh.
ǣ Besides, there’s always the possibility that a computer is not available
sometimes or there could be a blackout and then you would have to write information on
paper.
ǣ ƒ‡ǡŽ‡–ǯ•–ƒŽƒ„‘—––Š‡•‡•‡•Ǥ ”‡ ‡–Ž›”‡ƒ†–Šƒ–›‘—” ‘’ƒ›Šƒ•
invented a device for mobile phones that can record smells just as video cameras record
pictures.
ǣ Yes. It can store smells in its memory and they can be played back and sent
to your friends when you need them.
ǣ That’s amazing! You could smell food before ordering it or going to a
particular restaurant, even food from restaurants in other countries.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Mass Media
ǣ And also perfumes, fragrances, air fresheners, and so on, all before actually
making a purchase.
ǣ I’m worried though. I hope that nasty smells aren’t going to be recorded!
ǣ Unfortunately, we can’t avoid that but we’re developing something that could
block the smell receptor in the phone and restrict users from sending them to others.
ǣ That’s impressive! When will this new mobile phone be available?
ǣ ‘’‡ˆ—ŽŽ›„›–Š‡‡†‘ˆʹͲʹͲǤŠ‡”‡ǯ••–‹ŽŽƒŽ‘‰™ƒ›–‘‰‘Ǥ
ǣŠƒ•˜‡”›— Šǡ ƒ‡Ǥ
ǣ It’s always nice to talk about new technologies.
SOCIAL WORKER: Good morning, Mrs Ellis. As a concerned parent, what do you think
of the government’s policy on strengthening the Children’s Online Privacy Protection
Act 1998?
MRS ELLIS: I think it sounds perfect. I have four kids, ages 9 to 16, and I spend most of my
time monitoring their online activities. You know, lecturing them on inappropriate content
or uploading photos of themselves onto suspicious commercial sites.
SOCIAL WORKER: So you’re aware that your kids could be using their laptops just two
metres away from you, and still be at risk?
MRS ELLIS: Yes, and this frightens me because they have this constant need to socialize
all the time.
SOCIAL WORKER: And why do you think, as a mother of four, that texting, Twitter, mobile
phones, iPods, kindle and IPads have overtaken typewriters or conversations on a landline
in such a short period of time?
MRS ELLIS: ǯ‘–•—”‡„—–ǡ –Š‹ǡ‹–ǯ•Œ—•––Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ‹•–ƒ–‰”ƒ–‹ϐ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹‡†‹ƒ–‡
response.
SOCIAL WORKER: ”‡ ‡–Ž›”‡ƒ†‹ƒ’‘’—Žƒ”ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡–Šƒ–ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–͹Ǥͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘ͳʹǦ›‡ƒ”Ǧ
old children and some even younger are on Facebook with their parents’ permission.
MRS ELLIS: Yeah, and, in return, these kids complain that their parents are so hooked on
the Internet that they don’t talk to them or spend time with them.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Oral Skills
SOCIAL WORKER: That’s probably the reason why they look for friends online, that is,
friends they never see.
MRS ELLIS: And surprisingly those who don’t succeed at making friends online are
starting to detest the Internet because, on one hand, it’s hurting them so badly, and, on the
other, they can’t stop using it because they’re constantly pressured to socialize.
SOCIAL WORKER: So, are parents totally responsible?
MRS ELLIS: •‘‡™ƒ›ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡ǤŠ‡‹”Žƒ ‘ˆ•—’‡”˜‹•‹‘’Ž—•‹‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡–Žƒ™•’—•Š
kids to give up their privacy and their integrity as individuals.
SOCIAL WORKER: Are the new technologies, in your opinion, harmful for the children’s
development as human beings?
MRS ELLIS: Not necessarily. They could be used to prevent children from leading sedentary
lives, and that would be great.
SOCIAL WORKER: Yes, but how?
MRS ELLIS: I’ve heard of a university that is conducting a study in which every kid who
participates is connected to a sort of mobile network. If the data they receive indicates that
the participating teenager has been sitting by his or her computer too much, he or she is
bombarded with text messages ordering them to do some exercise.
SOCIAL WORKER: Wow! It sounds like a good solution to combat obesity.
MRS ELLIS: Absolutely. These kids are our future.
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Mass Media
Glossary
entrepreneur
n.
empresario, -a
reporter
n.
reportero, -a; periodista
footsteps
n.
pasos
canteen
n.
cantina, cafetería
–‘Šƒ‡”ƒ™ƒ›
prep v.
martillear
to tweet
v.
colgar mensajes en Twitter
penmanship
Ǥ
ƒŽ‹‰”ƒϐÀƒ
ancestor
n.
antepasado, -a; ancestro
laugh
n.
risa
„Žƒ ‘—–
n.
apagón, corte eléctrico
air freshener
n.
ambientador
ƒ•–›
adj.
desagradable
concerned
adj.
preocupado, -a; interesado, -a
to lecture
v.
regañar, sermonear
–›’‡™”‹–‡”
n.
máquina de escribir
to succeed
v.
tener éxito
’”‹˜ƒ ›
n.
intimidad
harmful
adj.
dañino, -a
to conduct
v.
dirigir, llevar a cabo
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Writing Skills
Writing Skills
Writing: Coherence and Cohesion (ĕĚėĕĔĘĊ)
Another discourse relation that can be found in texts is PURPOSE. This relation is
—•—ƒŽŽ›Š‡Ž†„‡–™‡‡–™‘ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•‹ƒ•‡–‡ ‡ǣ‘‡ˆ”ƒ‰‡–‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ
–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•Š‘™‹–Š‡‘–Š‡”ˆ”ƒ‰‡–Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣ
“He went there to talk with his friend.”
“She is studying with the aim of improving her English.”
Š‡•‡‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘—Ž†„‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‹•™ƒ›ǣ
1-2
Purpose
to talk with his friend.
He went there
1-2
Purpose
with the aim of
improving her English.
She is studying
Connectors link the fragments to show a PURPOSE. The fragment expressing purpose includes the connector. See, for example, the items in bold in the previous sentences.
–Š‡” ‘‡ –‘”•‘ˆǣ
1
in order to
ʹ
so as to
3
so that
4
to
5
with the aim of
‘‡ ‘‡ –‘”•‘ˆ—•–„‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›ƒ‹ϐ‹‹–‹˜‡˜‡”„ˆ‘”ǣ
‹‘”†‡”–‘ԘΪԘ‹ϐ‹‹–‹˜‡
•‘ƒ•–‘ԘΪԘ‹ϐ‹‹–‹˜‡
–‘ԘΪԘ‹ϐ‹‹–‹˜‡
™‹–Š–Š‡‰‘ƒŽ–‘ԘΪԘ‹ϐ‹‹–‹˜‡
™‹–Š–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡–‘ԘΪԘ‹ϐ‹‹–‹˜‡
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Mass Media
–Š‡” ‘‡ –‘”•‘ˆ—•–„‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›ƒ‰‡”—†˜‡”„ˆ‘”ǣ
™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ‹‘ˆԘΪԘ‰‡”—†
™‹–Š–Š‡‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆԘΪԘ‰‡”—†
™‹–Š–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆԘΪԘ‰‡”—†
™‹–Š–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆԘΪԘ‰‡”—†
The connector “so that” must be followed by a subject and a verb.
Examples:
“He went to the party to see her.”
“He went to the party with the aim of seeing her.”
“He went to the party so that he could see her”.
ƒ›ƒ––‡–‹‘ǣ In general, the fragment that expresses purpose can be placed before
or after the other fragment.
For example:
“He is listening to his teacher in order to understand the subject.”
“In order to understand the subject, he is listening to his teacher.”
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Writing Skills
Glossary
purpose
Ǥ
’”‘’ו‹–‘ǡϐ‹ƒŽ‹†ƒ†
to go
v.
ir
to
prep.
para
to talk
v.
hablar
–‘•–—†›
v.
estudiar
with the aim of
prep.
con el objetivo de
to improve
v.
mejorar
in order to
prep.
para, a
so as to
prep.
para que
so that
prep.
para que
with the goal of / to
prep.
con el objetivo de
™‹–Š–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆȀ–‘
prep.
con el objetivo de
with the purpose of
prep.
con el propósito de
’ƒ”–›
Ǥ
ϐ‹‡•–ƒ
to listen
v.
escuchar
teacher
n.
profesor, -a
•—„Œ‡ –
n.
materia, asignatura
to write down
v.
anotar
to feel
v.
sentirse
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Mass Media
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 1:
Match each item 1-4 with another item a-d to form a sentence with a
PURPOSE relation.
ͳȌ ‘Šǯ•’ƒ”‡–•„—›•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‡™•’ƒ’‡”•
every day
ƒȌ so as to relax before sleeping.
ʹȌ Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒŠ—‰‡ƒ–Š‘‡
„Ȍ in order to be well informed.
͵Ȍ Š‡ —•—ƒŽŽ› Ž‹•–‡• –‘ —•‹ ’”‘‰”ƒ•
on her tiny radio at night
Ȍ with the aim off being innovative
in that sector.
ͶȌ ‘ǯ•‰‹”Žˆ”‹‡†™ƒ–•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ
publicity career
†Ȍ so thatt their guests can watch
movies.
Exercise 2:
‘‹ –Š‡•‡ ’ƒ‹”• ‘ˆ •‡–‡ ‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘‡ –‘”• ‘ˆ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†
at the end of each pair.
ͳȌ ‹ŽŽǯ• ‘–Š‡” ™‡– –‘ –Š‡ ‹‡ƒ ™‹–Š Š‡” ˆ”‹‡†•Ǥ Š‡ ™ƒ–‡† –‘ Šƒ˜‡ •‘‡ ˆ—
after a hard week. USE: to.
ʹȌ ‡†› ƒ† ƒ˜‹†ǯ• †ƒ—‰Š–‡”•–—†‹‡† Œ‘—”ƒŽ‹•Ǥ Š‡ ™ƒ–‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ ™ƒ”
correspondent. ǣ™‹–Š–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ.
ˆ
͵Ȍ The advertisements’ messages should be sincere. If so, customers really appreciate
the products. USE: so that
ͶȌ
‡” ƒ—– ™ƒ• ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡† ‘ ƒ •Š‘™Ǥ Š‡ •’‘‡ ƒ„‘—– Š‡” Žƒ•– „‘‘Ǥ USE: in
order to.
Exercise 3:
‹ŽŽ ‹ –Š‡ „Žƒ• ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ •‡–‡ ‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘‡ –‘”• ‘ˆ
’”‘˜‹†‡†ǤŽ›‘‡‘’–‹‘‹• ‘””‡ –Ǥ
with the goal of
so that
in order to
ͳȌ ˆ›‘—”‡ƒŽŽ›™ƒ––‘‘™™Šƒ–‹•Šƒ’’‡‹‰‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ”‡ƒ†‡™•’ƒ’‡”•ƒ†
™ƒ– Š‡™•’”‘‰”ƒ•̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴›‘— ƒ„‡‹ˆ‘”‡†Ǥ
ʹȌ Š‡ ’”‡•‹†‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘’ƒ› †‡ ‹†‡†–‘ ‘–”ƒ – ƒ ’—„Ž‹ ‹–› ƒ‰‡ › ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
selling more products.
͵Ȍ ƒ—Žǯ•†ƒ—‰Š–‡”™”‹–‡•ˆ‘”ƒ˜‡”›™‡ŽŽǦ‘™ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴†‹••‡‹ƒ–‡Š‡”
point of view about the current political situation.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
7
Law
Reading
Comprehension
Reading Comprehension
LAW: DEATH PENALTY
“Death Penalty: death as a punishment given by a court of law for very serious crimes”
“Capital punishment: punishment by death”
(Merriam-Webster Dictionary, freely available at: http://www.merriam-webster.com/)
Death penalty laws are as old as the hills. According to the web
’ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡Dz‡ƒ–Š‡ƒŽ–› ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‡–‡”dzǡƒ‘Ǧ’”‘ϐ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘
„ƒ•‡†‹ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ–Š‡ϐ‹”•–†‡ƒ–Š’‡ƒŽ–›Žƒ™•™‡”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†
in the 18th century B.C.
China, Pakistan, Iran, North Korea and the USA are some of the
countries that still embrace capital punishment. In the case of the
US, out of the 50 states that make up the country, 31 have the death
’‡ƒŽ–›Ǥ Šƒ– ‹• ‘”‡ –Šƒ ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǩ Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘
mentioned above explains that Britain had a huge historical
‹ϐŽ—‡ ‡‘‡”‹ ƒǯ•—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡ƒ–Š’‡ƒŽ–›ȏ”‡ ƒŽŽ–Šƒ–‹‹–ͷ
we talked about the special historical relationship between Britain
and the US]. When European settlers arrived to the new world
(America), they also brought with them the practice of capital
punishment. Remember the Jamestown colony of Virginia
ˆ”‘‹–ͷǫ‡ŽŽǡ–Š‹•‹•™Š‡”‡–Š‡ϐ‹”•–”‡ ‘”†‡†‡š‡ —–‹‘
took place in 1608.
Besides the fact that the death penalty is inhumane,
expensive and immoral, do you believe that the system always
Free image from:
https://pixabay.com
executes people who are really guilty of a crime? Or might mistakes
be made and the law could end up condemning innocent people?
Let us take a look at the interesting case of a man called John Doe.1 The setting is
‡šƒ• ‹ –Š‡ ͻͲǯ•Ǥ ‘Š ™ƒ• ƒ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ’”‘ˆ‡••‘” ƒ– –Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ —•–‹ ȋ‡šƒ•ȌǤ
Something happened to John, which is not important to our story here, and, as a result,
‘ŠŽ‘•–Š‹•Œ‘„ǡŠ‹•™‹ˆ‡Ž‡ˆ–Š‹ǡƒ†Š‡Ž‘•– —•–‘†›‘ˆŠ‹•‹†Ǥ ‘Šǯ•Ž‹ˆ‡™ƒ•ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž›
destroyed. Later on, John was sentenced to death for the rape and murder of his university
colleague and dear friend Jane Smith. Both were activists against capital punishment and
„‘–Š™‡”‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰†‡ƒ–Š’‡ƒŽ–›ƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘‹•–•Ǥ ‘Š•’‡–•‹š›‡ƒ”•‘†‡ƒ–Š
row before the state of Texas executed him.
1
Ԙ ‘Š‘‡‹•–Š‡ƒ‡‰‹˜‡–‘ƒƒ™Š‘•‡‹†‡–‹–›‹•—‘™Ǥ ‹†‘—–‘”‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‹•‘
Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page).
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Law
ƒ‡™ƒ•ˆ‘—††‡ƒ†‘Š‡”‹– Š‡ϐŽ‘‘”ǤŠ‡™ƒ•ƒ‡†ǡŠƒ† —ˆˆ‡†ǡƒ†•Š‡Šƒ†
been bagged, that is, she had a plastic bag over her head, which means that she choked to
†‡ƒ–ŠǤ ‘Šǯ•™ƒ•ƒŽŽ‘˜‡” ƒ‡ǯ•„‘†›Ǥ ‡Šƒ†ƒŽ•‘„‡‡•‡‡Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰Š‡”Š‘—•‡–Š‡
†ƒ›•Š‡™ƒ••—’’‘•‡†Ž›—”†‡”‡†Ǥ˜‡”› Ž—‡’‘‹–•–‘ ‘Šƒ• ƒ‡ǯ•—”†‡”‡”ǡ”‹‰Š–ǫ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘‡–Š‹‰™ƒ•‹••‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡ ”‹‡• ‡‡Ǥ‘‡„‘†›Šƒ†Ž‡ˆ–ƒ–”‹’‘†ƒ†ƒ
ƒ‡”ƒ‹ ƒ‡ǯ•‹– Š‡ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–•‘‡„‘†›Šƒ†”‡ ‘”†‡†–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡ ”‹‡ǡ„—–
the tape was missing and the video was never found until the day John was executed.
The person who found the tape was a New York reporter who had interviewed John
in jail three days before he was executed. During the interview, the reporter learned that
Jane had leukemia and that she was dying. The tape showed that everything had been
’Žƒ‡†„› ƒ‡ƒ† ‘ŠǤ ‘ŠŠƒ†”‡ ‘”†‡† ƒ‡ ‘‹––‹‰•—‹ ‹†‡ǣŠƒ† —ˆϐ‹‰ƒ†
„ƒ‰‰‹‰ Š‡”•‡ŽˆǤ Š‡› ™ƒ–‡† –‘ ƒ‡ ‹– •‡‡ Ž‹‡ ‘Š ™ƒ• –Š‡ —”†‡”‡”Ǥ ‡ ™‘—Ž†
thus be convicted and sentenced to death. Why did they do that? Well, Jane was going
–‘†‹‡ƒ›™ƒ›ƒ† ‘Šǯ•Ž‹ˆ‡Šƒ†‘‡ƒ‹‰ƒ›‘”‡Ǥ—––Š‡› ‘—Ž††‘‘‡Žƒ•––Š‹‰
–‘‰‡–Š‡”–‘ϐ‹‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ’‹–ƒŽ’—‹•Š‡–ǤŠ‡› ‘—Ž†’”‘˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡•›•–‡ ‘˜‹ –•
and kills innocent people. They could make a point about the potential for error in capital
punishment cases, which is what happens sometimes: people who are executed are later
ˆ‘—†–‘„‡‹‘ ‡–Ǥ ‡”‡‹•™Šƒ––Š‡‡™•’ƒ’‡”The Guardian published on April 28,
20142:
ƒ‡ƒ† ‘Šǯ••–‘”›‹•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ϐ‹ –‹‘ǤŠƒ–‹•ǡ–Š‡•–‘”› ‘‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡‘˜‹‡ ƒŽŽ‡†
The life of David Gale, which is a must-see. Another strongly recommended movie is Dancer
in the dark, which also discusses a similar case. Both stories are not real, but they do make
ƒ•–”‘‰’‘‹–ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ’‹–ƒŽ’—‹•Š‡–ǡ†‘ǯ–›‘—–Š‹ǫ
2
Ԙ ”ƒ‰‡–‘ˆ‘Ž‹‡‡™•’ƒ’‡”ƒ”–‹ Ž‡–ƒ‡ˆ”‘ǣ
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/28/death-penalty-study-4-percent-defendants-innocent
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Reading Comprehension
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 1:
Fill in the gaps with the following words taken from the text (if you do
not know the meaning of every word, try to guess their meaning from the
context).
executed
guilty
crime
innocent
jail
convicted
sectenced to death
death row
murder
crime scene
ͳȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ǡ‘”’”‹•‘ǡ‹•ƒ’Žƒ ‡™Š‡”‡ ”‹‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡‡’–‹‘”†‡”–‘’—‹•Š–Š‡Ǥ
ʹȌ ˆ›‘—̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴•‘‡‘‡ǡ›‘—†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡Ž›‹ŽŽ–Šƒ–’‡”•‘Ǥ
͵Ȍ ƒ•’‡–ͳͺ›‡ƒ”•‘̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴„‡ˆ‘”‡Š‡™ƒ•‡š‘‡”ƒ–‡†ǡ–Šƒ–‹•ǡ„‡ˆ‘”‡
it was shown that he was not guilty.
ͶȌ ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ •‡š ‘ˆˆ‡†‡” ™ƒ• ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴‘ ”‹†ƒ› ˆ‘” ‹†ƒ’’‹‰ ƒ†
murdering four women.
ͷȌ •‹‰–Š‡ Ž—‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ǡ’‘Ž‹ ‡‘ˆϐ‹ ‡”•†‡–‡”‹‡†™Š‘™ƒ•–Š‡
murderer.
͸Ȍ  —‰—•– ͸ǡ ͳͺͻͲǡ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ ‡Ž‡” ™ƒ• –Š‡ ϐ‹”•– ƒ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ ‹ –Š‡
electric chair.
͹Ȍ ˆ•‘‡„‘†›‹•̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴‘ˆƒ ”‹‡ǡ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ ‘‹––‡†–Šƒ– ”‹‡Ǥ
ͺȌ ‘™ƒ›̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴’‡‘’Ž‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡™”‘‰Ž›‡š‡ —–‡†‹–Š‡Žƒ•–͵Ͳ›‡ƒ”•ǫ
ͻȌ ‘Š‘‡™ƒ••‡‡‡ƒ” ƒ‡ǯ•Š‘—•‡–Š‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥ
ͳͲȌ ˆƒ’‡”•‘‹•̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴‘ˆƒ ”‹‡ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†‰—‹Ž–›‘ˆ–Šƒ– ”‹‡‹ƒŽƒ™ ‘—”–Ǥ
Exercise 2:
Write a summary (70-80 words) of the text “Law: Death Penalty”. Remember
that you do not need to deal with or talk about everything that is said in
the text. Try to write about the most important facts.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Law
Glossary
death penalty
capital punishment
as old as the hills (informal)
‘Ǧ’”‘ϐ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘
to be based in
n.
n.
idiom. (adj.)
Ǥ
˜‡š’”Ǥ
to embrace
to mention
to make up
huge
to recall
practice
execution
besides
inhumane
expensive
immoral
guilty
crime
mistake
to end up (doing sth.)
to condemn
innocent
to take a look at sth.
case
setting
custody
to sentence (sb. to death)
rape
(to) murder
colleague
activist
abolitionist
death row
naked
to handcuff
to choke (sb.) to death
supposedly
v.
v.
vtr phrasal.
adj.
v.
n.
Ǥ
prep.
adj.
adj.
adj.
adj.
n.
n.
vi phrasal.
v.
adj.
˜‡š’”Ǥ
n.
n.
n.
v.
v.
n. / v.
n.
n.
n.
n.
adj.
v.
v.
adv.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
pena de muerte, pena capital
pena de muerte, pena capital
muy viejo, más viejo que Matusalén
‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ ‹×•‹ž‹‘†‡Ž— ”‘
‡•–ƒ”ȋƒŽ‰‘ȌŽ‘ ƒŽ‹œƒ†‘‡ǡ–‡‡”
sede en
aceptar, acoger
mencionar
formar, constituir
enorme, gran
recordar
práctica, costumbre
‡Œ‡ — ‹×
aparte
inhumano, -a; salvaje
caro, -a
inmoral
culpable
delito, crimen
error
acabar
condenar
inocente (de un crimen)
‡ Šƒ”—˜‹•–ƒœ‘
caso
escenario
custodia (de un menor)
condenar (a alguien a muerte)
violar
asesinato / asesinar
colega; compañero, -a de trabajo
activista
abolicionista
corredor de la muerte
desnudo, -a
esposar
ahogar (a alguien hasta matarlo, -a)
supuestamente, presuntamente
‫ۄ‬
Reading Comprehension
‫ۄ‬
clue
to point to
crime scene
to record
reporter
to interview
jail
to die
to commit suicide
to convict
anyway
–‘ϐ‹‰Š–ȋƒ‰ƒ‹•–•–ŠǤȌ
to prove
to make a point
n.
v. + prep.
n.
v.
n.
v.
n.
v.
v. + n.
v.
adv.
v.
v.
˜‡š’”Ǥ
prueba, pista
apuntar a, señalar, indicar
escena del crimen
grabar
periodista
entrevistar
cárcel
morir
suicidarse
condenar
de todos modos
luchar (contra algo)
probar
ŽŽƒƒ”Žƒƒ–‡ ‹×•‘„”‡ƒŽ‰‘ǡ†‡Œƒ” Žƒ”‘
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Law
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Use of English
Use of English
Prepositions and Verb-Preposition Combinations
Pay attention: Prepositions are words that introduce information about where
something takes place (position and location), when something takes place (time) and
how the movement is carried out (direction).
ͳǤ౧ ƒȌ౧‘•‹–‹‘”‡’‘•‹–‹‘•
on + the desk / in + the drawer / under + the table / next toڏ›‘ˆϐ‹ ‡
›‘ˆϐ‹ ‡ǣ
The computer is on the desk, but I keep my pens in –Š‡†”ƒ™‡”Ǥ‘— ƒϐ‹†
a dustbin under the table. I usually have lunch next to ›‘ˆϐ‹ ‡Ǥ
„Ȍ౧‘ ƒ–‹‘”‡’‘•‹–‹‘•
at + home / in + the hospital / on + the street
My company:
The bank branch is on Richmont Street. Unfortunately my secretary is now
in the hospital and I cannot work at home.
Ȍ౧‹‡”‡’‘•‹–‹‘•
in + year (or) season / in + months/ on + days / at + time / until + hour
My work hours:
I started working there in 1983. I will be retired in a few months. I will be
on holiday on ”‹†ƒ›Ǥ —•—ƒŽŽ›Ž‡ƒ˜‡›‘ˆϐ‹ ‡ at ͷǤͲͲ’ǤǤ ‘™‡˜‡” †‘‘–
get home until 1 hour later.
†Ȍ౧‹”‡ –‹‘”‡’‘•‹–‹‘•
up + the stairs / down + the street / off + the elevator / up to + the top
When I talk to my boss I go up to Š‹•‘ˆϐ‹ ‡Ǥ ‡†‘‡•ǯ–Ž‹˜‡ˆƒ”ˆ”‘–Š‡‘ˆϐ‹ ‡Ǥ 
fact he lives down –Š‡•–”‡‡–Ǥ ‡–‘Ž†‡ƒ„‘—–‹–‘‡†ƒ›™Š‡Š‡™ƒ•‰‡––‹‰ off
the elevator and I wanted to go up to the top of the building.
ʹǤ౧Ϊ Remember: Sometimes a verb followed by a preposition can be transitive (vtr.) when
the verb is followed by a noun, or intransitive (vi.) when that same verb is not followed
by a noun.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Law
Example: The prepositions UP and DOWN together with a verb often relate to a
physically higher or a physically lower position and can appear with both transitive and
intransitive verbs.
•Ԙ”ƒ•‹–‹˜‡˜‡”„ȋ˜–”ǤȌ
Put up your hand, vtr. “levantar la mano”
Pick up something, vtr. “recoger del suelo”
Put down something, vtr. “bajar algo”
•Ԙ –”ƒ•‹–‹˜‡˜‡”„ȋ˜‹ǤȌ
Stand up, vi. “levantarse”
Sit down, vi. “sentarse”
͵Ǥ౧ Remember: English verbs may take a preposition and act as prepositional verbs or a
particle and act as phrasal verbs with a different meaning.
ƒȌԘ”‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡”„•ȋ˜ǤΪ’”‡’ǤȌǣŠ‡ƒ’”‡’‘•‹–‹‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ƒ˜‡”„ƒ††‹‰•‘‡
meaning like place, direction, or origin, among other things.
•ԘŽƒ ‡ǣ‡ƒ–Š‘‡Ȁ‘”ƒ–ƒ‘ˆϐ‹ ‡
Ex. John is at homeǢŠ‡†‘‡•ǯ–™‘”at an‘ˆϐ‹ ‡Ǥ
•Ԙ‹”‡ –‹‘ǣ‘‘ƒ–‡Ȁ’‡ƒ–‘‡ȀƒŽ–‘‡
Ex.: Peter looks at me when he talks to me.
•Ԙ”‹‰‹ǣ‘‡ˆ”‘
Ex.: Peter comes fromƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒƒ††‘‡•ǯ–•’‡ƒ ‡”ƒǤ
„ȌԘŠ”ƒ•ƒŽ‡”„•ȋ˜’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȌǣŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒ—’”‡†‹ –ƒ„Ž‡‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ
šǤǣŽ‘‘ƒˆ–‡”ǡ ‘‡ƒ ”‘••ǡ‰‡–‘™‹–Šǡϐ‹†‘—–ǡ‡– Ǥ
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Use of English
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 1:
Position and Location Prepositions.
Fill in the gaps with the following prepositions: at / next to / on / under / in.
ͳȌ Š‡Žƒ’–‘’‹•̴̴̴̴̴–Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡‡š––‘–Š‡Žƒ’Ǥ
ʹȌ Š‡™‘ƒ•–‘‘†̴̴̴̴̴–Š‡–”‡‡™ƒ‹–‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡”ƒ‹–‘•–‘’Ǥ
͵Ȍ ›ˆ”‹‡†™ƒ••‹––‹‰̴̴̴̴̴–Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡™ƒ‹–‹‰ˆ‘”†‹‡”–‘„‡•‡”˜‡†Ǥ
ͶȌ ›‡‹‰Š„‘”ǯ•†‘‰ƒŽ™ƒ›••‹–•̴̴̴̴̴–Š‡†‹‡”–ƒ„Ž‡„‡‰‰‹‰ˆ‘”ˆ‘‘†Ǥ
ͷȌ ˆ‘—†Š‹•‰Žƒ••‡•̴̴̴̴̴‡‘–Š‡„—•ƒ† ‰ƒ˜‡–Š‡„ƒ –‘Š‹Ǥ
͸Ȍ ‡ Šƒ˜‡ –‡”‡– ƒ ‡•• ̴̴̴̴̴ ™‘”ǡ „—– ™‡ †‘̵– Šƒ˜‡ ƒ Š‹‰ŠǦ•’‡‡† ‘‡ –‹‘
_____ home.
͹Ȍ Š‡‹†•ƒ”‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ„‘—–’”‡’‘•‹–‹‘•‹–Š‡‹”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Žƒ••̴̴̴̴• Š‘‘ŽǤ
ͺȌ ›‘–Š‡”™ƒ•̴̴̴̴–Š‡Š‘•’‹–ƒŽˆ‘”–™‘™‡‡•ƒˆ–‡”Š‡” ƒ”ƒ ‹†‡–Ǥ
ͻȌ Š‡‹” Š‹Ž†”‡•ƒ™†‘Ž’Š‹•̴̴̴̴̴–Š‡‘ ‡ƒŽƒ•–•—‡”Ǥ
ͳͲȌ ‘— ƒ„—›„ƒ––‡”‹‡•ƒ––Š‡•–‘”‡̴̴̴̴̴šˆ‘”†–”‡‡–Ǥ
Exercise 2:
Time Prepositions.
Fill in the gaps with the following prepositions: at / in /on / until / Ø.
ͳȌ –—•—ƒŽŽ›•‘™•̴̴̴̴‡ ‡„‡”Ǥ
ʹȌ ƒŽ‡ƒ˜‹‰̴̴̴̴ ”‹†ƒ›Ǥ
͵Ȍ Š‡•–ƒ”–‡†™‘”‹‰ˆ‘”Š‡” ‘’ƒ›̴̴̴̴ͳͻͻͻǤ
ͶȌ
”ƒŽ‹„‡‰ƒ™‘”‹‰‘–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –̴̴̴̴›‡•–‡”†ƒ›Ǥ
ͷȌ Š‡’Žƒ‡Ž‡ƒ˜‡•–‘‘””‘™‘”‹‰̴̴̴̴ͺǣͲͲƒǤǤ
͸Ȍ Š‡•–”‡‡–•ƒ”‡ ‘˜‡”‡†™‹–Š‹ ‡̴̴̴̴™‹–‡”Ǥ
͹Ȍ ›Š—•„ƒ†‹•ƒ””‹˜‹‰̴̴̴̴ ƒ—ƒ”›ʹ͸̴̴̴̴ʹ‘̵ Ž‘ ̴̴̴̴–Š‡ƒˆ–‡”‘‘Ǥ
ͺȌ ̴̴̴̴‡™‡ƒ”̵•˜‡ǡ‹–̵•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘–‘‹••–Š‡‘‡›‘—Ž‘˜‡̴̴̴̴‹†‹‰Š–Ǥ
ͻȌ Š‡›‡–̴̴̴̴–Š‡”‡•–ƒ—”ƒ–ƒ–ͻǣ͵Ͳƒ†•–ƒ›‡†̴̴̴̴ͳͳǣ͵ͲǤ
ͳͲȌ Š‡–‡Ž‡’Š‘‡™ƒ•‹˜‡–‡†̴̴̴̴–Š‡ͳͺ͹Ͳ•Ǥ
Exercise 3:
Direction Prepositions.
Fill in the gaps with the following prepositions: on / down / down from
/ out / out of / up / up to / into / out.
ͳȌ Š‡„ƒ‹•Œ—•–̴̴̴̴̴̴–Š‡•–”‡‡–‡ƒ”–Š‡Š‘•’‹–ƒŽǤ
ʹȌ Š‡„—‹Ž†‡”Šƒ†’”‘„Ž‡• Ž‹„‹‰„ƒ †‘™ˆ”‘–Š‡”‘‘ˆ„‡ ƒ—•‡Š‡Šƒ†‹Œ—”‡†
his ankle as she was climbing _____ .
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Law
‫ۄ‬
͵ȌԘŽ–Š‘—‰Š›‘— ƒ–ƒ‡ƒ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‘”̴̴̴̴̴–Š‡–‘’‘ˆ–Š‡‹ˆˆ‡Ž‘™‡”ǡ ™ƒ•–‹”‡†Ǥ
ͶȌ —” —•–‘‡”•‡”˜‹ ‡ ‡–‡”™‹ŽŽŠ‡Ž’›‘—•‘Ž˜‡–Šƒ–’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ —•–™ƒŽ̴̴̴̴̴–Š‡ŠƒŽŽǤ
ͷȌԘ ™ƒ•‰‡––‹‰̴̴̴̴̴–Š‡‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‘”™Š‡ Š‡ƒ”†–Š‡‘‹•‡Ǥ
͸ȌԘŠ‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† ™ƒ•̴̴̴̴̴–Š‡™”‘‰ϐŽ‘‘”Ǥ
͹Ȍ —•–ƒ•‡–‡”™ƒ••–‡’’‹‰‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‘”ǡŠ‡”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†Š‡™ƒ•‘–Š‡™”‘‰ϐŽ‘‘”ǡ
so he quickly jumped back ____ before the doors closed.
ͺȌ ‘ŽŽ› ™‡– ̴̴̴̴̴ –Š‡ •–‘”‡ǡ „—– †‘̵– –Š‹ •Š‡ ˆ‘—† ™Šƒ– •Š‡ ™ƒ• Ž‘‘‹‰ ˆ‘”
because she came back _____ almost immediately.
Exercise 4:
Phrasal Verbs.
Read the following 4 stories and identify each type of verb according to the
translations provided below.
ͳȌ ‡–‡””‘™ƒ†‘ŽŽ› ”‡‡ƒ”‡ƒ ‘—’Ž‡‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†–Š‹‡˜‡•Ǥƒ•– ”‹†ƒ›–Š‡›
tried to steal from a luxury fashion shop in London. They went into the shop in the
middle of the night wearing smart clothes. They were putting accessories worth
̀ͶͲǡͲͲͲ‹–‘ƒ„ƒ‰™Š‡–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ‡ƒ””‹˜‡†Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”–Š‡ ”‹‹ƒŽ•†‹†ǯ–run away.
They stood completely still. The police looked forr –Š‡„—–†‹†ǯ–•‡‡–Š‡ǤŠ‡
one of them moved. The police arrested them immediately.
ȋ˜–”’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȀ˜ǤΪ’”‡’ǤȌ
ƒȌԘ–‡ƒŽˆ”‘ǡDz”‘„ƒ”†‡ƒŽ‰ï•‹–‹‘dz
„ȌԘ ‘‹–‘ǡDz‡–”ƒ”†‡–”‘dz
ȋ˜–”’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȀ˜ǤΪ’”‡’ǤȌ
ȌԘ —ƒ™ƒ›ǡDz‡• ƒ’ƒ”dz
ȋ˜‹’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȀ˜ǤΪ’”‡’ǤȌ
†ȌԘ‘‘ˆ‘”ǡDz„—• ƒ”dz
ȋ˜–”’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȀ˜ǤΪ’”‡’ǤȌ
ʹȌ ‘Ž‹ ‡ ‹ •–‡”†ƒ Šƒ† –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ƒ †‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž– ƒ•‡ Žƒ•– ™‡‡Ǥ ™‘” ‘ˆ ƒ”–
disappeared from a literary festival. The work of art was a bottle of wine. It was
special because the liquid came from animal blood. An English biologist called Peter
Brown brought backk two liters of blood from an African elephant and an artist made
a bottle for it. The work represented the problem of endangered animals. It was
˜ƒŽ—‡† ƒ– ‘˜‡” ̀ͶʹǡͲͲͲǡ •‘ ”‘™ ™ƒ•ǯ– ˜‡”› Šƒ’’› ƒ„‘—– –Š‹• †‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡Ǥ
Did an art thief take it? Or maybe somebody came across the bottle, thought it was
rubbish and threw it in the bin. The police looked into the case but no evidence has
turned up.
‡ȌԘ‘‡ˆ”‘ǡDz’”‘˜‡‹”†‡ƒŽ‰ï•‹–‹‘dz
ȋ˜–”’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȀ˜ǤΪ’”‡’ǤȌ
ˆȌԘ ”‹‰„ƒ ǡDz–”ƒ‡”†‡˜—‡Ž–ƒdz
ȋ˜–”’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȀ˜ǤΪ’”‡’ǤȌ
‰ȌԘ‘‡ƒ ”‘••ǡDz‡ ‘–”ƒ”•‡†‡ ƒ•—ƒŽ‹†ƒ†dz
ȋ˜‹’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȀ˜ǤΪ’”‡’ǤȌ
ŠȌԘ‘‘‹–‘ǡDz‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ”dz
ȋ˜–”’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȀ˜ǤΪ’”‡’ǤȌ
‹ȌԘ —”—’ǡDzƒ’ƒ”‡ ‡”dz
ȋ˜‹’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȀ˜ǤΪ’”‡’ǤȌ
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Use of English
‫ۄ‬
͵Ȍ Š‘’•—•‡ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†•›•–‡•–‘•–‘’•Š‘’Ž‹ˆ–‡”•Ǥ‘™Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡‡†Žƒ•–™‡‡‡†
ƒ– ƒ •Š‘’ ‹ ƒ”‹• ™ƒ• ˜‡”› •—”’”‹•‹‰Ǥ – ™ƒ• —†ƒ› †‹‡” –‹‡Ǥ ”‡ Š •Š‘’•
†‘ǯ– —•—ƒŽŽ› ‘’‡ ƒ– –Šƒ– –‹‡ ‘ —†ƒ›•Ǥ ‘—’Ž‡ ƒ† –Š‡‹” •‘ ™‡”‡ ‘—–•‹†‡
one store. The child disappeared for a minute when he came back,
k he said: “Dad
–Š‡•Š‘’ǯ•‘’‡dzǤ ‹•ˆƒ–Š‡”†‹†ǯ–„‡Ž‹‡˜‡Š‹••‘ƒ–ϐ‹”•–Ǥ—–Š‡found outt it was
true. The door was open! Nobody was inside but they saw cash register machines
unprotected. They called the police and waited forr them to arrive. They ϔ‹‰—”‡†‘—–
that there was a problem with the door and sent somebody to lock it. They thanked
the couple and gave them a big present as reward.
ȋ˜‹’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȀ˜ǤΪ’”‡’ǤȌ
ŒȌԘ ‘‡„ƒ ǡDz”‡‰”‡•ƒ”dz
ȌԘ ‹†‘—–ǡDz†‡• —„”‹”dz
ȋ˜–”’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȀ˜ǤΪ’”‡’ǤȌ
ŽȌԘ ƒ‹–ˆ‘”Dz‡•’‡”ƒ”ƒdz
ȋ˜‹’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȀ˜ǤΪ’”‡’ǤȌ
ȌԘ ‹‰—”‡‘—–Dz”‡•‘Ž˜‡”dz
ȋ˜–”’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȀ˜ǤΪ’”‡’ǤȌ
Exercise 5:
Phrasal Verbs.
Find the phrasal verbs in the stories above and match them with the
†‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘•„‡Ž‘™ǣ
–—”—’ԘԘԘԘϐ‹†‘—–ԘԘԘԘŽ‘‘ˆ‘”ԘԘԘԘϐ‹‰—”‡‘—–ԘԘԘԘ ‘‡ƒ ”‘••ԘԘԘԘŽ‘‘‹–‘
ͳȌ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
ʹȌԘϐ‹†„›ƒ ‹†‡–̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
͵ȌԘ•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡„› ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡ˆƒ –•̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
ͶȌԘ–”›–‘ϐ‹†̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
ͷȌԘ†‹• ‘˜‡”̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
͸ȌԘƒ””‹˜‡‘”ƒ’’‡ƒ”—‡š’‡ –‡†Ž›̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
Exercise 6:
Phrasal Verbs.
Use the correct phrasal verb from exercise 5 to rephrase each of the following
sentences.
‡–‡ ‡ͳǣ
Rephrase:
Š‡’‘Ž‹ ‡ƒ”‡–”›‹‰–‘ϐ‹†–Š‡Šƒ ‡”•Ǥ
The police are looking for the hackers.
ͳȌԘ‘„‘†›Šƒ•‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†–Š‡ ƒ•‡Ǥ
Nobody ____________________________
ʹȌԘŠ‡ˆ‘—†Š‡””‹‰„›ƒ ‹†‡–‹Š‡” ƒ”Ǥ
She _________________________________
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Law
‫ۄ‬
͵ȌԘŠ‡‡›ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†—‡š’‡ –‡†Ž›‹–Š‡ ‘— ŠǤ
The key ____________________________
ͶȌԘ •’‡ –‘”•‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡Š‘™ƒ ”‹‡–ƒ‡•’Žƒ ‡Ǥ
Inspectors ____________________________
ͷȌԘˆ–‡”–Š‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡŠ‡•‘‘†‹• ‘˜‡”‡†™Š‡”‡–Š‡–Š‹‡ˆ™ƒ•Ǥ
After the investigation, he ____________________________
ƒ– Š–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰•‘–Š‡”‹‰Š–™‹–Š–Š‡’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ˜‡”„•‘–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–Ǥ
Ԙ͸ȌԘ Ԙ͹ȌԘ
ԘͺȌԘ
ԘͻȌԘ ͳͲȌԘ
ͳͳȌԘ ͳʹȌԘ
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
ƒȌԘ ‹†„› Šƒ ‡
„ȌԘ‡‰‹•–‡”
ȌԘ ‡ƒ˜‡‰”‘—†
†ȌԘ‡ƒ” Š
‡ȌԘ‘–‹—‡
ˆȌԘ ƒ–Š‡”
‰ȌԘ—–•‘‡–Š‹‰ƒ•‹–•„ƒ•‡
”ƒŽ‹ŽŽ•
Oral Skills
ǣ ‘‘†‘”‹‰ǡ•‹”Ǩ ƒ˜‡›‘—‰‘–ƒˆ‡™‹—–‡•ǫ ǯ˜‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡‡˜‡”›‹–‡”‡•–‡†
‹–Š‡‘ƒ”‹‰™‡–‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡ ‘•—’–‹‘‘ˆƒŽ ‘Š‘Ž‹ †”‹•ƒ† ǯ†Ž‹‡–‘ƒ•›‘—ƒ
few questions.
ǣ—”‡Ǩ‘—•Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‡ƒƒ’’‘‹–‡–„—– ǯƒ–›‘—”†‹•’‘•ƒŽ”‹‰Š–
now.
ǣ When did the American people vote in favour of the Eighteenth Amendment?
ǣ –™ƒ•ƒŽ‘‰–‹‡ƒ‰‘ǡ‹ͳͻͳͻǤ‡ŽŽǡƒ –—ƒŽŽ›’‡‘’Ž‡†‘ǯ–˜‘–‡ˆ‘”ƒ‡†‡–•Ǥ
ǣ‡ƒŽŽ›ǫŠƒ–ǯ•–Š‡ƒ‡†‡–’”‘ ‡••ǫ
ǣ Amendments are submitted to the states following a two thirds vote in favour
from chambers of Congress, and three quarters of the state legislatures must ratify it.
ǣ ǯ˜‡„‡‡–‘Ž†–Š‡”‡ǯ•ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‘’–‹‘—•‹‰ ‘˜‡–‹‘•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡•ˆ‘”•—„‹••‹‘ƒ†”ƒ–‹ϐ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
ǣ ‡•ǡ „—– –Šƒ– ’”‘ ‡•• Šƒ• ‘Ž› „‡‡ —•‡† ‘ ‡ǣ –‘ ”ƒ–‹ˆ› –Š‡ ™‡–›Ǧϐ‹”•–
Amendment, which repealed Prohibition.
ǣ What did the Eighteenth Amendment consist of?
ǣ It prohibited the making or selling of alcoholic drinks in the United States.
ǣ But why did people support prohibition?
ǣ Because they thought that it would stop alcoholism and drunkenness and
make the US a happier country.
ǣ Was it effective?
ǣ Unfortunately, many Americans were not willing to give up alcoholic drinks.
Many of them, actually millions began to break the prohibition law.
ǣ But where did they get alcoholic drinks from?
ǣ Well, there were illegal drinking places called speakeasies in basements and
backrooms all over the country. There were thousands especially in big cities, of course.
ǣ Really?
ǣ Yes. In fact, New York had about 32,000 and Chicago had around 10,000.
ǣ And who provided those speakeasies with spirits?
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Law
ǣ”‹‹ƒŽ• ƒŽŽ‡†„‘‘–Ž‡‰‰‡”•ǡ™Š‘™‘”‡†‹†ƒ‰‡”‘—•‰ƒ‰•Ǥ ƒ˜‡›‘—‡˜‡”
heard of “Scarface” Al Capone in Chicago?
ǣ Sure! And I learnt that bootlegging was basically a war between rival gangs or
ƒϐ‹ƒ•–Šƒ–•‘‡–‹‡• ƒ—•‡†Š‘””‹„Ž‡•–”‡‡–ϐ‹‰Š–•™‹–Šƒ Š‹‡‰—•Ǥ—–™Šƒ–ƒ„‘—–
–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ‡ǫ‹†ǯ––Š‡›’—––Š‘•‡‘ˆˆ‡†‡”•„‡Š‹†„ƒ”•ǫ
ǣ ƒ‰•–‡”• —•‡† –‘ „”‹„‡ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹ ‡ ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ• –‘ –—” ƒ „Ž‹† ‡›‡Ǥ 
•‘‡™ƒ›ǡ™‡ ƒ•ƒ›–Šƒ–Žƒ’‘‡”—Ž‡†Š‹ ƒ‰‘Ǥ ‡„‡ ƒ‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡•–‡
‹ –Š‡ ‘—–”› ƒ† Šƒ† ƒ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ —‘ˆϐ‹ ‹ƒŽ ƒ”› –Šƒ– ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† ‡˜‡”› ‡‹‰Š„‘—”Š‘‘†Ǥ
Interestingly, Capone was eventually thrown in jail for tax evasion.
ǣ But prohibition did not last for a long time.
ǣ Indeed. Widespread corruption made people lose respect for the new law
ƒ†•‘‹–™ƒ•ϐ‹ƒŽŽ›”‡’‡ƒŽ‡†‹ͳͻ͵͵Ǥ
ǣ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž› ƒ „ƒ† ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ˆ‘” ‹–‹œ‡•Ǥ ‘—Ž† ™‡ •ƒ› –Š‹• ’‡”‹‘† ƒ”• –Š‡
beginning of law-breaking as a kind of habit even for respectable Americans?
ǣ˜‹ŽŠƒ•ƒŽ™ƒ›•‡š‹•–‡†ƒ†™‡ǯ˜‡„‡‡ƒ–‹–— ŠŽ‘‰‡”–Šƒ–Š‹•„—–•—”‡ǡ
you could say that! We can also say that those gangs set up other apparently respectable
businesses and have remained powerful since then.
ǣ Thank you, sir. This is fascinating!
Glossary
amendment
basement
backroom
bootlegger
gang
to turn a blind eye
army
neighbourhood
‹–‹œ‡
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
n.
Ǥ
n.
n.
n.
v expr.
n.
n.
n.
enmienda
•×–ƒ‘
cuarto trasero
contrabandista de licores
banda
hacer oídos sordos
ejército
barrio
ciudadano, -a
”‹–‹‰‹ŽŽ•
Writing Skills
Writing: Coherence and Cohesion (ĈĔēĉĎęĎĔē)
Another discourse relation that can be found in texts is CONDITION. This relation
is usually held between two fragments in a sentence: one fragment includes an action or
•‹–—ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–†‡’‡†•‘ƒ ‘†‹–‹‘ǡƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡”ˆ”ƒ‰‡– ‘–ƒ‹•–Š‹• ‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ ‘”
example:
“I will go to the party if you come with me.”
“Unless it rains, I will go to the beach.”
These examples could be represented in this way:
1-2
Condition
if you come with me.
I will go to the party
1-2
Condition
Unless it rains,
I will go to the beach.
With connectors, we can link both fragments to show a CONDITION. The fragment
expressing the condition includes the connector. See, for example, the items in bold in the
previous sentences.
Other connectors of CONDITION:
1
as long a
2
if
3
in case
4
provided
5
providing
6
unless
͹
whether
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Law
Pay attention: In general, the fragment that expresses the condition can be placed
before or after the other fragment.
For example:
“ ˆŠ‡ƒ’‘Ž‘‰‹œ‡•, I will forgive him.”
“I will forgive him ifŠ‡ƒ’‘Ž‘‰‹œ‡•.”
Glossary
condition
Ǥ
‘†‹ ‹×
action
Ǥ
ƒ ‹×
situation
Ǥ
•‹–—ƒ ‹×
to depend on
prep v.
depender de
party
Ǥ
ϐ‹‡•–ƒ
to rain
v.
llover
beach
n.
playa
as long as
conj.
siempre que, mientras
if
conj.
si
in case
adv.
en caso de que, por si acaso
provided
conj.
siempre que, mientras
providing
conj.
siempre que, mientras
unless
conj.
a menos que
whether
conj.
si
–‘ƒ’‘Ž‘‰‹œ‡
v.
disculparse
to forgive
v.
perdonar
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Writing Skills
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 1:
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with these words (each word
has to be included in a different sentence).
Žƒ™›‡”ԘԘԘԘŽ‡––‡”ԘԘԘԘƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡ԘԘԘԘ ‘–”ƒ –ԘԘԘԘˆƒ‹Ž›ԘԘԘԘŽ‡‰ƒŽ
ͳȌ ‘̵–‰‘–‘–Š‡ ‘—”–unless they send you a ___________.
ʹȌ ƒ•—”‡–Šƒ–iff she does not sign the ___________, she is going to regret it.
͵Ȍ As long as you are a resident in the country, you can ask for legal ___________ from the
social service department of your town.
ͶȌ Provided you need ___________ advice, you should call her.
ͷȌ ˆ the situation becomes worse at work, maybe you will need a ___________.
͸Ȍ ƒ‡–Š‹•’Š‘‡—„‡” in case you need ___________ mediation.
Exercise 2:
Choose the correct connector for each sentence from the two options
provided in bold.
ͳȌ As long as/Unless–Š‡Žƒ™”‡ƒ‹•— Ž‡ƒ””‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Šƒ–•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ƒ•’‡ –ǡ•–ƒ–‡•
will continue arguing about it.
ʹȌ Š‡ ™‘†‡”• ‹ˆ ‹– ‹• ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ –‘ „”‡ƒ –Š‡ Žƒ™ providing/unless you do not hurt
anyone.
͵Ȍ Šƒ–•–—†‡–™‹ŽŽ‘–ϐ‹‹•ŠŠ‹•ƒ™†‡‰”‡‡whether/unless he works harder.
ͶȌ ‡ ƒ•‡† Š‹• –‡ƒ Š‡” ™Š‡–Š‡” ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Žƒ™• ƒ „‡ ”‡ƒŽŽ› ‘•‹†‡”‡† Žƒ™•
if/unless they do not have an equivalent in national laws.
Exercise 3:
ƒ– Š ‡ƒ Š ‹–‡ ͳǦͶ ™‹–Š ƒ‘–Š‡” ‹–‡ ƒǦ† –‘ ˆ‘” ƒ •‡–‡ ‡ ™‹–Š ƒ
”‡Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
ͳȌ ƒ”‡™ƒ”† ‘–”ƒ –ǡƒ’‡”•‘™Š‘Šƒ•Ž‘•–ƒ
ƒ–ƒ†’”‘‹•‡•ƒ”‡™ƒ”†ˆ‘”ϐ‹†‹‰‹–•Š‘—Ž†
pay the reward
ƒȌ then you are bound by its
terms.
ʹȌ As long as the circumstances imply that different people have reached an agreement (even
though they have not done so expressly),
„Ȍ provided someone returns it
safe and sound.
͵Ȍ ‘”ƒŽ ‘–”ƒ –‹•˜ƒŽ‹†
Ȍ a contract is considered implied-in-fact.
ͶȌ ˆ a contract is in a written form, and you
sign it,
†Ȍ providing the contract is not
required by law to be written.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Law
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
8
Tourism
Reading
Comprehension
Reading Comprehension
DO NOT BE EMBARRASSED! WE’VE ALL BEEN THERE!
A few years ago, my brother came to Austin, Texas, to visit me. We went to a diner
ƒ† ‘”†‡”‡† ’ƒ ƒ‡• ˆ‘” „”‡ƒˆƒ•–Ǥ ‡ ”‘ŽŽ‡† —’ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ ƒ‡•ǡ ϐ‹ŽŽ‡† ‹– —’ ™‹–Š
as much syrup as he could and, using his hands, he pushed the pancake into his mouth.
–”‹ Ž‡‘ˆ•›”—’”ƒ†‘™Š‹• Š‹Ǥ›„”‘–Š‡”ǡ™Š‘ǡƒ––Š‡–‹‡ǡ™ƒ•‘–˜‡”›ϐŽ—‡–‹
English, called the waiter and said: “Excuse me. Could you please bring me a kidnap?”. Both
the waiter and I started laughing: “He means a napkin, sorry”, I said. To my brother, the
words “kidnap” and “napkin” sounded somewhat alike. Clearly, however, their meaning is
very different. The verb “to kidnap” means “to take someone somewhere illegally by force,
often in order to get money for returning them” (Longman Dictionary online; available at
http://www.idoceonline.com/). A “napkin”, by contrast, is a piece of paper or cloth that
you use to clean your hands and lips while eating.
When we go abroad to a non-Spanish speaking country, we often have to use English
to communicate, and regardless of how well we have mastered the language, funny or
confusing situations like the one described above can happen to all of us. Far from the
•‘‡™Šƒ–ƒ”–‹ϐ‹ ‹ƒŽ•’ƒ ‡–Šƒ–‹•–Š‡‰Ž‹•Š Žƒ••”‘‘ǡ™Š‡™‡–”ƒ˜‡Žǡ™‡ ‘‡ˆƒ ‡Ǧ
to-face with the reality of using another language. It is then and there that we realize that
handling even the most basic situations in another language can sometimes be tricky. We
can get lost, lose our wallet, our cellphone, we may need to make an urgent phone call,
ϐ‹†–Š‡ Š‡ƒ’‡•–Š‘–‡Ž‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǡŽ‘ ƒ–‡‘—”‹••‹‰Ž—‰‰ƒ‰‡ǡƒ‘‰ƒ›‘–Š‡”–Š‹‰•Ǥ
In some of these cases, most of us have felt the helplessness of being incapable of fully
expressing ourselves in English, and of fully understanding what somebody who seems
very interesting is telling us. Other times, even though we are not aware of it, we can come
off as impolite due to cultural barriers that are unknown to us. For example, my dearest
friend Beatrix went to a coffee shop in England and ordered a cup of American coffee. The
waiter asked: “Do you want room for your milk?”. Room for my milk? What on earth is that?
—Beatrix thought—, so she answered: “What?”. The waiter told her that saying “what?”
as a way to have somebody repeat what they have just said was very impolite. The correct
way, the waiter said, is “excuse me?” or “pardon?”.
Likewise, most of us have probably made use of false friends, also called false
cognates, that is, a word in one language that has a very different meaning from a similarsounding word in another language (e.g. “actually” does not mean “actualmente”). False
friends can make for some humorous miscommunications between Spanish and English
speakers. A good example is the following: you just arrived to the US and you have a cold,
so you decide to go the pharmacy and buy something, but you have no idea what to buy.
You wonder, “Would they know what Frenadol is?”. You soon realize that the easiest way
is to tell the pharmacist what your symptoms are: “Hi, I am constipated. What should
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Tourism
I tak
e?”Th
e ph
armacist is surelygoing to giv
eo
yu a drug th
at w
ill h
elp o
yu w
itho
yur
constipation:a laxativ
e!
ispronunciation is also a source ofconfusion.D
M
oo
yu lik
e th
e TVsh
ow
called
Modern
Family? Go to YouTube and type this: “the many, many, many mispronunciations of Gloria”.
You are going to crack up! I especially enjoyed the way she pronounces we live in a dogeat-dog world as we live in a “doggy dog” world. Similarly, minimal pairs (i.e. two words
that differ only in one phonological element and have very different meanings) like ‘sheep’
and ‘ship’, ‘thin’ and ‘thing’, ‘three’ and ‘tree’, ‘big’ and ‘pig’, ‘her’ and ‘hear’, ‘sink’ and ‘think’,
etc., need to be distinguished carefully.1 That is, speaking with accurate pronunciation
is very important in the case of English. Doing so can prevent miscommunication and
embarrassment, since it is clearly not the same to say “I went to England on a French ship”,
than “I went to England on a French sheep”.
Yes, being a tourist can be tough sometimes. But try your best, use your English as
much as you can, get immersed in the language, and do not feel embarrassed if you do not
get everything right, or if you speak English with a Spanish accent (or any other accent).
Remember that we have all been there… and if you make a mistake, there is always the
possibility of simply excusing yourself: “I’m sorry. I am not from here”.
1
Ԙ ˆ›‘—ƒ”‡‹–‡”‡•–‡†ǡ˜‹•‹–Š––’ǣȀȀŠ‘™Œ•ƒ›Ǥ ‘Ȁǡƒ—•‡ˆ—Ž‘Ž‹‡–ƒŽ‹‰†‹ –‹‘ƒ”›‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Type the words above to compare the way each is pronounced.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Reading Comprehension
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 1:
Here is a list of easy-to-remember, useful travel expressions. Match each of
them with their corresponding translation.
ͳȌ š —•‡‡ǡ™Š‡”‡ ƒ ϐ‹†ƒ„—•Ȁ–ƒš‹ǫ
ƒȌ Ǭ ‡’–ƒ–ƒ”Œ‡–ƒ•†‡ ”±†‹–‘ǫ
ʹȌ Š‡”‡‹•–Š‡‡ƒ”‡•–‰”‘ ‡”›•–‘”‡ǫ
„Ȍ •–‘›’‡”†‹†‘ǡǦƒǤ
͵Ȍ ƒ›‘—–ƒ‡‡–‘–Š‡ƒ‹”’‘”–ǡ’Ž‡ƒ•‡ǫ
Ȍ ‹ƒŒ‘•‘Ž‘ǡǦƒǤ
ͶȌ
‘™— Š†‘‡•–Š‹• ‘•–ǫ
†Ȍ ‹• —Ž’‡ǡǬ ׏‘’—‡†‘ŽŽ‡‰ƒ”ƒŽƒ
puerta de embarque…?
ͷȌ ‘›‘—–ƒ‡ ”‡†‹– ƒ”†•ǫ
‡Ȍ ‹• —Ž’‡ǡǬ†×†‡’—‡†‘‡ ‘–”ƒ”
un autobús/taxi?
͸Ȍ Š‡”‡‹•–Š‡„ƒ–Š”‘‘ǫ
ˆȌ Ǭ‘†”Àƒ‡• ”‹„À”‡Ž‘ǡ’‘”ˆƒ˜‘”ǫ
͹Ȍ Š‡”‡ ƒ ‰‡–•‘‡–Š‹‰–‘‡ƒ–ǫ
‰Ȍ Ǭ‘†”Àƒ”‡’‡–À”‡Ž‘ǡ’‘”ˆƒ˜‘”ǫ
ͺȌ ƒ›‘—•Š‘™‡‘–Š‡ƒ’Š‘™–‘
get there?
ŠȌ ‡ ‡•‹–‘‡ ‘–”ƒ”— ƒŒ‡”‘Ǥ
ͻȌ ‘—Ž† ›‘— ’Ž‡ƒ•‡ ™”‹–‡ –Šƒ– †‘™ ˆ‘”
me?
‹Ȍ
Ǭא†‡‡•–žŽƒ‘ϐ‹ ‹ƒ†‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ‹×ǫ
ͳͲȌ Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹ƒƒ ‹†‡–Ǥ ‡‡†Š‡Ž’Ǥ
ŒȌ
Ǭא†‡‡•–ž‡Ž•—’‡”‡” ƒ†‘ž•
cercano?
ͳͳȌ ǯŽ‘•–Ǥ
Ȍ ‹‡“—‹’ƒŒ‡•‡Šƒ’‡”†‹†‘ǡǬ’‘†”Àƒ
ayudarme, por favor?
ͳʹȌ Š‡”‡‹•–Š‡‡ƒ”‡•–Š‘•’‹–ƒŽǫ
ŽȌ
ͳ͵Ȍ ǯƒŽŽ‡”‰‹ –‘ǥ
Ȍ Ǭא†‡’—‡†‘‡ ‘–”ƒ”ƒŽ‰‘’ƒ”ƒ
comer?
ͳͶȌ ‘—Ž†›‘—”‡’‡ƒ––Šƒ–ǡ’Ž‡ƒ•‡ǫ
Ȍ Ǭא†‡‡•–ž‡ŽŽƒ˜ƒ„‘ǫ
ͳͷȌ Š‡”‡‹•–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆϐ‹ ‡ǫ
‘Ȍ
ͳ͸Ȍ ‡‡†–‘ϐ‹†ƒǤ
ͳ͹Ȍ ǯ–”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‰ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ
’Ȍ Ǭ—‡†‡ŽŽ‡˜ƒ”‡ƒŽƒ‡”‘’—‡”–‘ǡ’‘”
favor?
“Ȍ ‘›ƒŽ±”‰‹ ‘ǡǦƒƒǥ
ͳͺȌ Š‡”‡ ƒ ”‡–ƒ ƒ”ǫ
”Ȍ Ǭא†‡’—‡†‘ƒŽ“—‹Žƒ”— ‘ Š‡ǫ
ͳͻȌ ›Ž—‰‰ƒ‰‡‹•‹••‹‰Ǥ‘—Ž†›‘—Š‡Ž’
me, please?
•Ȍ Ǭא†‡‡•–ž‡ŽŠ‘•’‹–ƒŽž• ‡” ƒno?
ʹͲȌ š —•‡‡Ǥ ‘™†‘ ‰‡––‘‰ƒ–‡ǥǫ
–Ȍ
Ǭ—ž–‘ —‡•–ƒǫ
‡ –‡‹†‘ — ƒ ‹†‡–‡Ǥ ‡ ‡•‹–‘
ayuda.
Ǭ—‡†‡‘•–”ƒ”‡‡‡Žƒ’ƒ ×Ǧ
‘ŽŽ‡‰ƒ”ƒŠÀǫ
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Tourism
‫ۄ‬
Exercise 2:
This is a list of some of the most common false cognates. In this exercise,
›‘— Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ϐ‹ŽŽ ‹ –Š‡ ‰ƒ’• ‹ –Š‡ –ƒ„Ž‡ „‡Ž‘™Ǥ ‘‘ ƒ– –Š‡ ϐ‹”•– ‡šƒ’Ž‡
to see how it is done: column 1 lists a false cognate (whose meaning is
’”‘˜‹†‡†‹ ‘Ž—ʹȌǤŠ‡ˆƒŽ•‡ ‘‰ƒ–‡ ‘—Ž†„‡‹•–ƒ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡™‘”†
in column 3, whose translation is given in column 4.
Use the following dictionaries if you need help:
http://dictionary.reverso.net/English-cobuild/and/or
http://www.wordreference.com/
FALSE COGNATE
actually
it means …
en realidad, de hecho
nowadays
argumento
plot
alfombra
carpeta
ϔ‹Ž‡
universidad
colegio
to be constipated
contest
estar acatarrado
concurso
contestar
postre
desierto
avergonzado
embarazada
fabric
library
horno
Ž‹„”‡”Àƒ
molest
abusar sexualmente
molestar
sensible
sensato
sensible
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
to have a cold
ˆž„”‹ ƒ
cuerno
Notes
… which is …
actualmente
argument
college
… but not …
bookshop
Reading Comprehension
Glossary
embarrassed
diner
–‘ϐ‹ŽŽȋ•–ŠǤȌ—’ȏ™‹–Šȋ•–ŠǤȌȐ
–”‹ Ž‡
chin
–‘‹†ƒ’
ƒ’‹
ƒŽ‹‡
to go abroad
regardless (of)
to come face to face with
to realize
to handle
–”‹ ›
luggage
helplessness
to come off as
impolite
cultural barrier
room
what on earth…? (informal)
miscommunication
to have a cold
to wonder
constipated
drug
mispronunciation
–‘ ”ƒ —’ȋ•Žƒ‰Ȍ
†‘‰Ǧ‡ƒ–Ǧ†‘‰ȋϐ‹‰—”ƒ–‹˜‡Ȍ
accurate
embarrassment
tough
adj.
Ǥ
vtr phrasal.
Ǥ
Ǥ
v.
n.
adj.
v expr.
prep.
˜‡š’”Ǥ
v.
v.
adj.
n.
n.
vi phrasal.
adj.
n.
n.
‹–‡”ŒǤ
Ǥ
v expr.
v.
adj.
n.
Ǥ
vi phrasal.
ƒ†ŒǤ
adj.
n.
ƒ†ŒǤ
avergonzado, -a
ƒˆ±Ǧ”‡•–ƒ—”ƒ–‡
llenar (algo) de/con
Š‹Ž‘ȋ†‡ŽÀ“—‹†‘Ȍ
„ƒ”„‹ŽŽƒǡ‡–א
secuestrar, raptar
servilleta
parecido, -a
viajar al extranjero
independientemente de
‡ˆ”‡–ƒ”•‡ƒȋ—ƒ•‹–—ƒ ‹×Ȍ
darse cuenta
manejarse, lidiar
complicado, -a
equipaje
impotencia
resultar
maleducado, -a
barrera cultural
espacio
Ǭ“—±†‡‘‹‘•ǥǫ
‡””‘”†‡ ‘—‹ ƒ ‹×
estar o tener un resfriado
preguntarse
estreñido, -a
medicamento
’”‘— ‹ƒ ‹×‹ ‘””‡ –ƒ
partirse de la risa
Œ—‰Žƒȋϐ‹‰—”ƒ†‘Ȍ
precioso, -a
bochorno, vergüenza
†—”‘ǡǦƒǢ†‹ϐÀ ‹Ž
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Tourism
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Use of English
Use of English
Modal verbs
ͳǤ౧
Remember:‘†ƒŽ˜‡”„•ƒ”‡ƒ—š‹Ž‹ƒ”‹‡•ƒ†ƒ’’‡ƒ”„‡ˆ‘”‡‹ϐ‹‹–‹˜‡˜‡”„•Ǥ
ƒȌ౧‹ŽŽǣFuture
They will be my parents-in-law soon.
ȋ™‹ŽŽΪ‹ϐ‹‹–‹˜‡Ȍ
„Ȍ౧‘—Ž†ǣConditional
I would like a cup of coffee.
ȋ™‘—Ž†Ϊ‹ϐ‹‹–‹˜‡Ȍ
Modal Verb Forms & Contractions
ˆϐ‹”ƒ–‹˜‡
Negative
Interrogative
I will be your friend.
I will not be a stranger.
Will you marry me?
I’ll answer your letters.
I won’t lie to you.
Will you live with me?
I would buy a car.
I would not have any problems.
Would you work at home?
I’d sell my house.
I wouldn’t change my job.
Would you have kids?
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Tourism
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 1:
Put the verbs into the correct form using willl and ONE of the following
verbs: travel, earn, serve, adore, meet, anticipate, be, not be, happen, not have.
Susan asked a fortune teller about her future. Here is what she was told:
ͳȌ ‘—̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ‘‡›Ǥ
ʹȌ ‘—̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ
͵Ȍ ‘—̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ž‘–•‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
ͶȌ ˜‡”›„‘†›̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴›‘—Ǥ
ͷȌ ‘—̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ƒ›’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ
͸Ȍ ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴›‘—Ǥ
͹Ȍ ‘—”ˆ”‹‡†•̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴›‘—”™‹•Š‡•Ǥ
ͺȌ Š‡”‡̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ƒ›–Š‹‰Ž‡ˆ––‘™‹•Šˆ‘”Ǥ
ͻȌ ˜‡”›–Š‹‰̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴’‡”ˆ‡ –Ǥ
ͳͲȌ —–ƒŽŽ–Š‡•‡–Š‹‰•̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴‹ˆ›‘—‰‡–ƒ””‹‡†Ǥ
Exercise 2:
Put the verbs into the correct form using conditional would
d and ONE of the
following verbs: help, wake, not wait, give, not do, not say, watch, go, tell,
walk.
ͳȌ Š‡›̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
ʹȌ ‡̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴›‘—–Š‡–”—–ŠǤ
͵Ȍ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Š‘‡Ǥ
ͶȌ Š‡›̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ƒ• ƒ”›‘˜‹‡Ǥ
ͷȌ ‘—̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴–Šƒ–Ǥ
͸Ȍ Š‡̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴–Š‹•Ǥ
͹Ȍ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴›‘—̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Š‹–Š‹•Ž‡––‡”ǫ
ͺȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ƒ›Ž‘‰‡”Ǥ
ͻȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴•Š‡̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴‡—’ƒ–•‹š‘̵ Ž‘ ǫ
ͳͲȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴–Š‡›̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Š‹‹–Š‡‰ƒ”†‡ǫ
Exercise 3:
Put the verbs into the correct form using will, won’t, would
d or wouldn’t,
when needed.
When I have enough ‘‡› ȋͳȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ ‰‘ –‘ —”‘’‡ –‘ ˜‹•‹– •‘‡ ˆ”‹‡†•Ǥ
ȋʹȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿™ƒ•–‡–‹‡„‘‘‹‰ Š‡ƒ’ϐŽ‹‰Š–•Ǥ ˆ ™‡––‘ ‡”ƒ›ǡ ȋ͵Ȍ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿
•–ƒ›™‹–Š›ˆ”‹‡† ƒ‡–Ǥ ƒ•—”‡™‡ȋͶȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿•’‡†ƒˆ‡™†ƒ›•ƒ–Š‡”’ƒ”‡–•ǯ
house if they were in Dublin. If we wanted to visit her grandparents in Konstanz we
ȋͷȌ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴–”ƒ˜‡Ž„›train there.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Use of English
ʹǤ౧ Remember: Some modal verbs incorporate some additional meaning to the verbs
they precede such as: ability, possibility, obligation or lack of obligation.
ƒȌ౧„‹Ž‹–›ǣ ƒ
ˆϐ‹”ƒ–‹˜‡ǣ ƒ•’‡ƒ‰Ž‹•ŠǤ
‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ǣ‘ǡ ƒ‘–Ȁ ƒǯ–•’‡ƒ ‡”ƒǤ
Interrogative: Can you speak German?
Typical responses: Certainly. Yes, certainly. Of course. Of course, you can. Sure
(informal), etc.
„Ȍ౧‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›ǣ ƒȀƒ›
One may (not) win money in the lottery.
Summers can (not) be very hot in London.
Ȍ౧ „Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǣ—•–ȀŠƒ˜‡–‘
You must be in time to get the job.
‘—Šƒ˜‡–‘†”‹•—ˆϐ‹ ‹‡–™ƒ–‡”‘ƒ†ƒ‹Ž›„ƒ•‹•Ǥ
‘–‡ǣŠ‡˜‡”„Dz—•–dz‹•—•‡†–‘‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Š‡•‡•‡‘ˆǮ ‘’—Ž•‹‘ǯ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡
verb “have to” is used to indicate “necessity”.
†Ȍ౧”‘Š‹„‹–‹‘ǣ—•–ǯ–
You mustn’t smoke in public places.
‡Ȍ౧ƒ ‘ˆ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǣ†‘ǯ–Šƒ˜‡–‘
You don’t have to pay for school supplies in Spanish public schools.
ˆȌ౧ —‰‰‡•–‹‘‘”ƒ†˜‹ ‡ǣ•Š‘—Ž†
Example:
You should pay more attention to your teacher.
Pay attention: Modal verbs cannot appear together preceding another verb.
*I must have to payǤԘqԘ —•–’ƒ››–ƒš‡•ǤȀ‘—Šƒ˜‡–‘’ƒ››‘—”•Ǥ
ǣ
You will have to pay for your retirement.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Tourism
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 4:
Put the correct modal verb (can or can’t)
t in each case.
ͳȌ My daughter ________________ ride a bike.
ʹȌ We ________________ cook in our new kitchen.
͵Ȍ My friend ________________ visit me this week.
ͶȌ A child ________________ lift 100 kilos.
ͷȌ A baby ________________ eat meat.
͸Ȍ __________ you help me?
͹Ȍ __________ you tell me the way to the museum?
ͺȌ __________ you come here a minute please?
ͻȌ __________ I use your cell phone?
ͳͲȌ __________ I smoke here?
Exercise 5:
Choose the modal verb (have to, must, or mustn’tȌ–‘ϐ‹ŽŽ‹–Š‡‰ƒ’•‹–Š‡
t
following sentences.
ͳȌ ‘†ƒ› ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ϐ‹‹•Š›‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ
ʹȌ She will ________________ wait in line like everyone else.
͵Ȍ All employees ________________ be on time for work.
ͶȌ We ________________ forget to take the chicken out of the freezer.
ͷȌ ˆ›‘—ƒ”‡—†‡”ͳ͵›‘—̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴–‘‰‡–›‘—”’ƒ”‡–•̵’‡”‹••‹‘Ǥ
͸Ȍ Your daughter may ________________ try on a few different sizes.
͹Ȍ The doctor ________________ get here as soon as he can.
ͺȌ Do you ________________ work next weekend?
ͻȌ Bicyclists ________________ remember to signal when they turn.
ͳͲȌ ‰‡Žƒǡ›‘—̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴Ž‡ƒ˜‡›‘—” Ž‘–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‘˜‡”–Š‡ϐŽ‘‘”Ž‹‡–Š‹•Ǥ
Exercise 6:
Choose the correct modal (mustt or should)
d for the following sentences.
ͳȌ Tenants ________________ pay their rent.
ʹȌ Pedestrians ________________ look both ways before they cross the street.
͵Ȍ Drivers ________________ stop for pedestrians at marked crossings.
ͶȌ Telephone callers ________________ give their names.
ͷȌ Homeowners ________________ report thefts to the police.
͸Ȍ All workers ________________ pay unemployment insurance.
͹Ȍ In order to vote you ________________ come in person.
ͺȌ People who are sick ________________ stay home from work.
ͻȌ Construction workers ________________ wear hard hats.
ͳͲȌ Waiters ________________ be pleasant to customers.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
‫ۄ‬
Use of English
‫ۄ‬
Exercise 7:
Choose the correct modal verb (must, have to, should, can) for the gaps
in the following dialogues. More than one modal verb is possible in some
cases.
Dialogue 1
A: Šƒ–†‘›‘—–Š‹ ȋͳȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿•‡‡‹‘†‘ϐ‹”•–ǫ
B: ‡ŽŽǡŠ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ’Žƒ ‡•ǡ –Š‹Ǥ‘—ȋʹȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿‰‘–‘‡•–‹•–‡”„„‡›ǡ
ƒ†‹ˆ›‘—ȋ͵Ȍ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ǡ‰‘–‘–Š‡ ‘—•‡•‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ†–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‡”›Ǥ
A: †™Šƒ–ƒ„‘—––Š‡”‹–‹•Š—•‡—ǫ ™ƒ•–‘Ž†‘‡ȋͶȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿•‡‡‹–Ǥ
B: •—’’‘•‡›‘—ȋͷȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿‰‘–Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡”‡›‘—ȋ͸Ȍ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ϐ‹†ƒ•–‡”’‹‡ ‡•
of the world’s best artists.
A: ‘™ȋ͹Ȍ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ ‰‡––‘–Š‡ ‡–‡”ǫ
B: –Š‹ ›‘— ȋͺȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ ‰‘ „› •–‡ƒ‡” †‘™ –Š‡ Šƒ‡• ˆ”‘ ‡•–‹•–‡”
–‘ ‘™‡” ”‹†‰‡Ǥ Šƒ–ǯ• ƒ ˜‡”› ’Ž‡ƒ•ƒ– ™ƒ› –‘ –”ƒ˜‡Žǡ ƒ† ›‘— ȋͻȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ •‡‡
London bridges and quite a number of buildings on the way.
Dialogue 2
A: ȋͳͲȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿’”‡’ƒ”‡–Š‡˜‹•‹––‘–Š‡—•‡—–‘‘””‘™Ǥ
B:Šƒ–ȋͳͳȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿›‘—†‘ǫ
A: ȋͳʹȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ ”‡ƒ–‡•‘‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡˜‹•‹–‘”•ƒ†ƒ‡ ‘’‹‡•Ǥ
B:ȋͳ͵Ȍ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿›‘—†‘–Šƒ––‘‹‰Š–ǫȋͳͶȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿›‘—™ƒ‹–—–‹Ž‘”‹‰ǫ
A:‘ǡ ȋͳͷȌ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿†‘‹––‘‹‰Š–Ǥ ȋͳ͸Ȍ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿ϐ‹‹•Š„‡ˆ‘”‡ͻ’ǤǤ„‡ ƒ—•‡
the copy shop will close by 10 p.m.
B: Š‘’‡›‘—†‘̵–ȋͳ͹Ȍ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴᩿†‘–‘‘— ŠǨ
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Tourism
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
”ƒŽ‹ŽŽ•
Oral Skills
READ AND LISTEN TO THIS CONVERSATION BETWEEN TWO
LADIES, JANE AND ELIZABETH, VISITING LONDON
JANE: What are our plans for today?
ELIZABETH:‡Šƒ˜‡–‘˜‹•‹–‡•‹‰–‘ƒŽƒ ‡Ǥ
JANE: Should we take a taxi?
ELIZABETH: Oh, no it’s too expensive. Why don’t we take the tube?
JANE: We are at Leicester Square. How would we get to the Kensington area?
ELIZABETH: Let’s have a look at the map. Yes, there’s a station near the palace called
Kensington High Street. Do you see it?
JANE:‡•ǡ™‡ ƒ–ƒ‡–Š‡‹ ƒ†‹ŽŽ›‹‡ƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ• Ž‘— ‡•–‡”‘ƒ†ǡ–”ƒ•ˆ‡”–Š‡”‡ƒ†–ƒ‡
the Circle Line, which will take us straight to Kensington High Street.
ELIZABETH:‡‡ǥ‹–ǯ•‡ƒ•‹‡”–Šƒ™‡–Š‘—‰Š–Ǥ†ƒˆ–‡”™ƒ”†•™‡ ƒ‰‘–‘‘”–‘„‡ŽŽ‘
Road.
JANE: Is it very far from Kensington?
ELIZABETH: According to Google Maps, it’s a nice thirty minutes’ walk. It’s a lovely spring
day to wander the streets of London!
JANE:Š›†‘›‘—™ƒ––‘‰‘–‘‘”–‘„‡ŽŽ‘ǫ
ELIZABETH: Because I’m dying to see the exotic shops there. They are famous all over the
world. George Orwell’s house is also on that very street!
JANE:‹•–‡ǡ‹ˆ™‡‰‘–‘‘”–‘„‡ŽŽ‘™‡ǯŽŽ•’‡†–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡ƒˆ–‡”‘‘–Š‡”‡ƒ† ǯ†Ž‹‡–‘‰‘
sightseeing today as the weather is so nice. We could go tomorrow and do some shopping.
ELIZABETH: All right. Why don’t we go to the Temple today? It’s a city within the city.
JANE: Is it far from Kensington?
ELIZABETH: A bit. But we can take both the District and Circle lines and get there in
ϐ‹ˆ–‡‡‹—–‡•Ǥ –ǯ•™‘”–Š•‡‡‹‰Ǩ
JANE: The Temple is near Covent Garden, you see. We could walk by the Strand to the old
market and have dinner there.
ELIZABETH: I’m always ready for a good dinner in an English pub. What about going to
the Haymarket later and getting tickets for the theatre?
JANE: Sounds good! What shall we see?
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Tourism
ELIZABETH: ǯ˜‡Š‡ƒ”†ƒ„‘—–•‘‡‘‡Ž‘™ƒ”†Ǥ‡ ƒ„—›ƒ‡™•’ƒ’‡”ƒ†Šƒ˜‡ƒ
look at the theatre guide while we have dinner.
JANE: Just check it out on the Internet and buy the tickets online.
ELIZABETH: Alright! But I’m afraid I forgot my credit card. What about you?
JANE: Oh, my!
READ AND LISTEN TO THIS CONVERSATION BETWEEN A TRAVEL
AGENT AND A CLIENT
CLIENT: Good morning, my husband and I would like to spend our summer holidays away
ˆ”‘‡™‘”‹–›ǤŠƒ–™‘—Ž†›‘—•—‰‰‡•–ǫ
TRAVEL AGENT: Have you ever been to Scotland?
CLIENT:‡˜‡”Ǥ –—ƒŽŽ››ƒ‹†‡ƒ‡‹•ƒ ‡‘†Ǥ‘ ǯ˜‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•ˆ‡Ž–˜‡”› Ž‘•‡–‘–Š‡
country.
TRAVEL AGENT:‘†‘—„–ǡ ‘–Žƒ†‹•ƒ‡š ‡ŽŽ‡– Š‘‹ ‡ǤŠ‹••ƒŽŽ ‘—–”›•–‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ‹•
unknown to hundreds of thousands of people.
CLIENT:Šƒ–•‘—†•‡š ‹–‹‰Ǩƒ™‡ϐŽ›ˆ”‘ –‘†‹„—”‰Šǫ
TRAVEL AGENT: Certainly, madam. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland and the airport is
very close to the city centre.
CLIENT: What are the most important landmarks in the city?
TRAVEL AGENT: The past and the present mix together. The castle, situated on a rock high
above, was the house of Mary Queen of Scots and also the location for the famous military
parades which take place during the Edinburgh Festival.
CLIENT: Mary Stuart! That’s ancient history! What about the modern city?
TRAVEL AGENT: It’s great too! Its historic monuments and narrow cobbled streets blend
™‹–Š–Š‡‘†‡”‘ˆϐ‹ ‡„Ž‘ •ƒ†•Š‘’’‹‰ƒŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡†›ƒ‹ ”‹ ‡ǯ•–”‡‡–Ǥ
CLIENT: I’ve heard wonderful things about Glasgow.
TRAVEL AGENT: Absolutely! You can’t miss its twelfth-century cathedral and Mackintosh’s
buildings. Its football clubs and the wide variety of entertainments provide visitors with
excitement.
CLIENT: A friend told me it’s wild in the north!
TRAVEL AGENT: Just an hour from Glasgow you can have a picnic on the banks of Loch
Lomond. Or you can sail down the River Clyde, or explore the Highlands, or visit the cottage
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Oral Skills
ewre th
h
e af m
ous poet o
Rb
ie u
Brns aws b
orn in Allow
a.y
CLIENT:‘‡•‡••‹‡Ž‹˜‡ˆƒ”ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡ǫ
TRAVEL AGENT: ŠǨŠ‡›•–‡”‹‘—•‘•–‡”Ž‹˜‡•ˆ—”–Š‡”‘”–Šǡ‹‘ Š‡••ǡŒ—•––Š‹”–›
miles away from Inverness.
CLIENT: My husband once told me he was interested in the whisky industry. Could we
possibly visit a distillery?
TRAVEL AGENT: There are so many interspersed with the beautiful castles! Whisky is
blended and distilled in the Highlands of Scotland, and then exported all over the world.
CLIENT: Sure, he’ll enjoy a glass of Grouse!
(I¿RMXMSRW
‡•‹‰–‘ƒŽƒ ‡ǣ a residence of the
George Orwell:ȋͳͻͲ͵ǦͳͻͷͲȌ‰Ž‹•Š
”‹–‹•Š‘›ƒŽ ƒ‹Ž›•‹ ‡–Š‡ͳ͹th
novelist, essayist and critic, best
century in the Royal Borough of
known for his novels Nineteen
Kensington and Chelsea.
Eighty-Four and Animal Farm.
Leicester Square: a pedestrianized
The Temple: an area in central London
square in the West End of London
that contains many barristers’
which holds a number of important
Šƒ„‡”•ƒ†•‘Ž‹ ‹–‘”•ǯ‘ˆϐ‹ ‡•Ǥ –‹•
cinemas.
named after a church belonging to the
‡•‹‰–‘ ‹‰Š–”‡‡–ǣ one of the
western London’s most popular
shopping streets.
Picadilly Line: a line of the London
Underground that is coloured dark
blue on the Tube map.
Circle Line: a line of the London
‹‰Š–•‡’Žƒ”‹–Š‡ͳʹth century.
District Line: a line of the London
Underground that is coloured green
on the Tube map.
Covent Garden: a borough in the
West of London famous for its
shops, entertainment and street
Underground which is coloured
performances.
yellow on the Tube Map.
ƒ›ƒ”‡–ǣa street in the St James’s
Portobello Road: a street in the
area of the City of Westminster in
‘––‹‰ ‹ŽŽ†‹•–”‹ –‘ˆ–Š‡‘›ƒŽ
London famous for its restaurants,
Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.
cinemas and theatres.
On Saturdays, it is home to the
Noel Coward:ȋͳͺͻͻǦͳͻ͹͵Ȍ‰Ž‹•Š
‘”–‘„‡ŽŽ‘‘ƒ†ƒ”‡–ǡ‘™ˆ‘”
playwright. Many of his works such
its second-hand clothes and antiques.
ƒ• ƒ› ‡˜‡”‘””‹˜ƒ–‡‹˜‡•Šƒ˜‡
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Tourism
‫ۄ‬
remained in the regular theatre
River Clyde: the eight-longest river in
repertoire.
the United Kingdom, and the second
ǣ the John Fitzgerald Kennedy’s
longest in Scotland.
ƒ‹”’‘”–Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹‡™‘”Ǥ
Mary Queen of Scots: ȋͳͷͶʹǦͳͷͺ͹Ȍǡ
The Highlands: a historic region of
Scotland that includes the highest
also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I
mountain in the British Isles, Ben
of Scotland, reigned in Scotland from
‡˜‹•Ǥ
ͳͷͶʹ–‘ͳͷ͸͹Ǥƒ”›™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‰—‹Ž–›
Robbie Burns:ȋͳ͹ͷͻǦͳ͹ͻ͸Ȍ‹•™‹†‡Ž›
of plotting to assassinate her cousin
regarded as the national poet
Elizabeth I of England, and was
of Scotland. His poem “Auld Lang
beheaded.
Syne” served for a long time as
Edinburgh Festival: the largest arts
festival in the world which takes
place every August for three weeks in
Edinburgh.
Šƒ”Ž‡•‡‹‡ƒ ‹–‘•Šǣ
ƒ—‘ˆϐ‹ ‹ƒŽƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ–Š‡‘ˆ
the country.
Loch Ness: a freshwater lake in
the Scottish Highlands in the
southwest of Inverness best
ȋͳͺ͸ͺǦͳͻʹͺȌƒ ‘––‹•Šƒ” Š‹–‡ –ǡ
known for alleged sightings of
designer, water colourist and artist.
–Š‡‘ Š‡••‘•–‡”ǡƒŽ•‘‘™
Loch Lomond: the largest inland
stretch of freshwater in Great Britain
situated in the Highlands.
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
ƒ•‡••‹‡Ǥ
The Famous Grouse: a famous brand
of blended Scotch whisky.
”‹–‹‰‹ŽŽ•
Writing Skills
Writing: Coherence and Cohesion (ĈĔēęėĆĘę)
‘–Š‡”†‹• ‘—”•‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘–Šƒ– ƒ„‡—•‡†™‹–Š‹ƒ–‡š–‹•ǤŠ‹•”‡Žƒ–‹‘
indicates an opposition between two ideas, facts, situations, actions, etc. For example:
“She invited me to the party but I didn’t go.”
“Although it was raining, he went to the football match.”
Dz‹ŽŽŽ‘˜‡•ϐ‹•Šǡwhile his sister loves meat.”
These examples could be represented in this way:
1-2
Contrast
but I didn’t go.
She invited me
to the party
1-2
Contrast
he went to the
football match.
Although it
was raining,
1-2
Contrast
Bill loves ish,
while his sister
loves meat.
‘‡ ‘‡ –‘”• ƒ„‡—•‡†–‘‹†‹ ƒ–‡ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡‡ˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡–Š‡
items in bold in the sentences above.
‘”‡ ‘‡ –‘”•‘ˆǣ
1
although
ʹ
but
͵
however
Ͷ
nevertheless
ͷ
nonetheless
͸
though
͹
whereas
ͺ
while
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Tourism
Pay attention: The two elements in contrast can be placed in the same sentence or
in different sentences. If they are placed in different sentences, the recommended
connectors are “however”, “nevertheless” and “nonetheless”. These connectors must
be followed by a comma.
For example:
“She invited me to the party. However, I didn’t go.”
“It was raining. Nevertheless, he went to the football match.”
Glossary
contrast
opposition
idea
fact
situation
action
but
although
football match
ϐ‹•Š
while
meat
however
nevertheless
nonetheless
though
whereas
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
n.
Ǥ
n.
n.
Ǥ
Ǥ
conj.
conj.
n.
n.
conj.
n.
adv.
ƒ†˜Ǥ
adv.
conj.
conj.
contraste
‘’‘•‹ ‹×
idea
hecho
•‹–—ƒ ‹×
ƒ ‹×
pero
aunque
partido de fútbol
pescado
mientras que
carne
sin embargo
•‹‡„ƒ”‰‘ǡƒ—ƒ•À
no obstante, sin embargo
aunque
mientras que
Writing Skills
Exercises (see answers)
Exercise 1:
Among the options a, b, c and d, select the adequate connector that should
„‡‹•‡”–‡†‹–Š‡„ŽƒǤŽ›‘‡‘’–‹‘‹• ‘””‡ –Ǥ
ͳȌ ™ƒ–‡†–‘‰‘–‘ƒ”‹•‘Š‘Ž‹†ƒ›̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴‹–Š‡‡† Šƒ†–‘•–ƒ›ƒ–Š‘‡Ǥ
ƒȌ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••
„Ȍ „—–
Ȍ ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••
†Ȍ Š‘™‡˜‡”
ʹȌ Š‡Šƒ•˜‹•‹–‡†Š—†”‡†•‘ˆ ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ǡ•Š‡Šƒ•‡˜‡”„‡‡–‘ ”ƒ ‡Ǥ
ƒȌ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š
„Ȍ –Š‘—‰Š
Ȍ Š‘™‡˜‡”
†Ȍ ™Š‹Ž‡
͵Ȍ ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ Šƒ‹Žƒ† ‹• ‘– Š‹• ˆƒ˜‘”‹–‡ ’Žƒ ‡ǡ Š‡ ™‡– –Š‡”‡ ‘ Š‹• Š‘‡›‘‘
because his wife really wanted to go to that country.
ƒȌ Ž–Š‘—‰Š
„Ȍ ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••
Ȍ —–
†Ȍ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••
Exercise 2:
In the following sentences, substitute the CONTRAST connector (in bold)
™‹–Šƒ‘–Š‡”‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡– ‘‡ –‘”ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ˆ‘”–Šƒ–•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ‘–‡š–Ǥ
You must choose a connector from the following list (only one option is
correct; each connector cannot be used more than once).
‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ԘԘԘԘԘԘ„—–ԘԘԘԘԘԘ–Š‘—‰ŠԘԘԘԘԘԘƒŽ–Š‘—‰ŠԘԘԘԘԘԘ™Š‡”‡ƒ•
ͳȌ Although the plane ticket was expensive, he decided to buy it.
ʹȌ ƒ”›Ž‘˜‡•–‘–”ƒ˜‡Ž„›–”ƒ‹Ǥ Nevertheless, her husband hates it.
͵Ȍ ‘™‡––‘”ƒ‰—‡„›’Žƒ‡while Sally went by car.
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Tourism
‫ۄ‬
Exercise 3:
Match each fragment 1-4 with another fragment a-d to form a sentence
with a CONTRAST relation.
ͳȌ Š‡Ž‹‡•ƒ†˜‡–—”‡•’‘”–•
ʹȌ
‹• •‹•–‡” ƒŽ™ƒ›• –ƒŽ• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡
ƒƒœ‹‰•Š‘’’‹‰‹‡™‘”Ǥ
ƒȌ However, unfortunately, she has
never been there.
„Ȍ Nevertheless, until now they have
never had the opportunity to do it.
͵Ȍ ›’ƒ”‡–•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•™ƒ–‡†–‘‰‘‘
a cruise.
Ȍ butt I don’t know how to swim.
ͶȌ Ž‘˜‡–Š‡„‡ƒ Šƒ†–Š‡•‡ƒ
†Ȍ while he prefers to visit cities with
famous museums.
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
I
Key for
Self-Assessment
word
r
y fo
Ke
answer
–
f
l
e
S
Assessment
exercises
question
word
r
y fo
Ke
answer
Self –
Assessment
exercises
question
UNIT 1
Education
Education
Reading Comprehension
Key
Exercise 1:
ͳȌԘ„
ʹȌԘƒ
͵ȌԘ†
ͶȌԘ„
Use of English
Key
Exercise 1:
ͳȌԘˆ
ʹȌԘ‡
͵ȌԘ†
ͶȌԘ
ͷȌԘ„
͸ȌԘƒ
Exercise 2:
ͳȌԘƒ”›‹•†”‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ
ʹȌԘŠ‡–”‡‡‹•‰”‡‡Ǥ
͵ȌԘŠ‡’‹ –—”‡•ƒ”‡‘–Š‡™ƒŽŽǤ
ͶȌԘŠ‡ ƒ–‹•”—‹‰Ǥ
ͷȌԘ›ˆ”‹‡†ƒ† ƒ”‡™ƒ– Š‹‰Ǥ
͸ȌԘŠ‡ ƒ”•ƒ”‡‹–Š‡’ƒ”‹‰Ǥ
͹ȌԘ‘Ž‹‡•Š‹•„‹‡Ǥ
Exercise 3:
ͳȌԘ ʹȌԘ‘—
͵ȌԘŠ‡
ͶȌԘ ‡
ͷȌԘ –
͸ȌԘ‡
͹ȌԘ‘—
ͺȌԘ–Š‡›
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
‡–‡”Ž‹‡•meǤ
‘ŽŽ›‹˜‹–‡†youǤ
—‡‘™•herǤ
‘Šƒ†‡–‡”˜‹•‹–‡†himǤ
‡„‘—‰Š–it‹–Š‡•Š‘’Ǥ
Š‡‹•’‡ –‘”•ƒ•‡†usǤ
Š‡‡‹‰Š„‘”••ƒ™you‹–Š‡’ƒ”–›Ǥ
›’ƒ”‡–•Ž‹•–‡‡†–‘themǤ
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Education
‫ۄ‬
Exercise 4:
ͳȌԘ ʹȌԘ‘—
͵ȌԘŠ‡
ͶȌԘ ‡
ͷȌԘ –
͸ȌԘ‡
͹ȌԘ‘—
ͺȌԘ–Š‡›
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
My†‘‰‹•„‹‰Ǥ
Your ƒ”‹•‡™Ǥ
Š‡„”‘™ ƒ–‹•hersǤ
Š‡Š‘—•‡‹•hisǤ
Its–ƒ‹Ž‹••Š‘”–Ǥ
Š‡ Š‹Ž†”‡ƒ”‡oursǤ
Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‹•yoursǤ
Their•‹•–‡”™‘”•†‘™–‘™Ǥ
Oral Skills
Key
Answers for conversation 1:
ԘͳȌԘ”‡‰‹•–‡”
ԘͷȌԘ•›ŽŽƒ„—•‡•
ԘͻȌԘ ƒ’—•
ͳ͵ȌԘ”‡•‹†‡ ‡ŠƒŽŽ
ԘʹȌԘˆ”‡•Šƒ
Ԙ͸ȌԘ —””‹ —Žƒ
ͳͲȌԘ Ž—„•
ͳͶȌԘ ƒˆ‡–‡”‹ƒ•
Ԙ͵ȌԘƒŒ‘”•
Ԙ͹ȌԘ•‡‡•–‡”•
ͳͳȌԘˆ”ƒ–‡”‹–‹‡•
ͳͷȌԘŽ‘ƒ•
ԘͶȌԘ’”‘‰”ƒ‡•
ԘͺȌԘŽ‹„”ƒ”›
ͳʹȌԘ•‘”‘”‹–‹‡•
Writing Skills
Key
Exercise 1:
ͳȌԘ–‡ƒ Š‡”
ʹȌԘ’‘•–
͵ȌԘ“—‡•–‹‘
ͶȌԘƒ—ƒŽ
ͷȌԘ—†‡”•–ƒ†
͸ȌԘ–‡”
͹ȌԘ’ƒ‰‡
ͺȌԘ”‡‰ƒ”†•
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
‫ۄ‬
Education
‫ۄ‬
Exercise 2:
Example of a possible reply to the e-mail.
‹ƒšǡ
ǯ‰Žƒ†–‘Š‡ƒ”–Šƒ–›‘—ƒ”‡™‡ŽŽƒ†›‘—™‹ŽŽ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•‘‘ǤŠ‹•‹•‡š ‡ŽŽ‡–‡™•ǡ
‘‰”ƒ–—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǩ
‡†›ƒ† ƒ”‡ϐ‹‡ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘‘— Š™‘”ǤŠ‡ˆ‘—†ƒ˜‡”›‰‘‘†Œ‘„‹ƒ
‘’ƒ›ƒ†•Š‡™‘”•‹–Š‡‘ˆϐ‹ ‡‡ƒ”Ž›ƒŽŽ†ƒ›Ǥ › ƒ•‡ǡƒ–’”‡•‡– ǯ™‘”‹‰
’ƒ”–Ǧ–‹‡ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡‘™ ǯ•–—†›‹‰ƒ†‡‰”‡‡Ǥ‡•ǡƒˆ–‡”›‘—”‰‘‘†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ––Š‡
ǡ †‡ ‹†‡†–‘•–—†›ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ„—– ǯ˜‡ Š‘•‡ƒ ‹•–‘”›‡‰”‡‡Ǥ ǯ‹›ϐ‹”•–›‡ƒ”Ǥ
ǯ†Ž‘˜‡–‘Šƒ˜‡†‹‡”–‘‰‡–Š‡”–‘ ƒ– Š—’ǨŽ‡ƒ•‡”‹‰‡™Š‡›‘—ǯ˜‡ϐ‹‹•Š‡†›‘—”
ϐ‹ƒŽ‡šƒǤ›–Š‡™ƒ›ǡ‰‘‘†Ž— Ǩ
‡•–™‹•Š‡•ǡ
—‰‘
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Education
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
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r
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answer
Self –
Assessment
exercises
question
Unit 2
Mathematics
Mathematics
Reading Comprehension
Key
Exercise 1:
ͳȌԘ†
ʹȌԘ„
͵ȌԘ†
ͶȌԘ
ͷȌԘ†
Use of English
Key
Language Point A
Exercise 1:
ͳȌԘ„
ʹȌԘƒ
͵ȌԘƒ
ͶȌԘ„
Exercise 2:
ͳȌԘ„
ʹȌԘ†
͵ȌԘƒ
ͶȌԘ
Exercise 3:
ͳȌԘ†
ʹȌԘ‡
͵ȌԘ
ͶȌԘƒ
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Mathematics
‫ۄ‬
Language Point B
Exercise 4:
AԘͳȌԘ‘ǡ Šƒ˜‡ǯ–‰‘–any‘‡›‹–Š‡„ƒǤ
ʹȌԘ‡•ǡ Šƒ˜‡someˆ”‹‡†•‹–Š‡ ‹–›Ǥ
͵ȌԘ‘ǡ Šƒ˜‡ǯ–‰‘–any ‘ˆˆ‡‡‹–Š‡’‘–Ǥ
ͶȌԘ‡•ǡ Šƒ˜‡some•’ƒ”‡’‡ ‹Ž•‹›‘ˆϐ‹ ‡Ǥ
ͷȌԘ‡•ǡ Šƒ˜‡a few„‘‘•Š‡”‡Ǥ
BԘͳȌԘ‡‘’Ž‡‡ƒ–ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ rice ‹•‹ƒǤ
ʹȌԘ‘ƒ‡ƒ•ƒ†™‹ Š›‘—ƒŽ™ƒ›•‡‡†•‘‡ breadǤ
͵ȌԘ‡Ž‡–•ƒ”‡ƒ†‡ˆ”‘ƒˆ‡™ eggsǤ
ͶȌԘ‘—‰‡–‡‰‰•ˆ”‘ƒ chickenǤ
CԘ ͳȌԘŠ‡”‡‹•‘– any ‘‡›‹–Š‡™ƒŽŽ‡–Ǥ
ʹȌԘŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ a lot of ’‡•‹–Š‡„ƒ•‡–Ǥ
͵ȌԘŠ‡”‡‹• a little ‹Ž‹–Š‹•–‹›’Žƒ–‡Ǥ
ͶȌԘŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ a few ƒ‹ƒŽ•‘–Š‡ˆƒ”Ǥ
ͷȌԘŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡‘– any ‘”ƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡„‘™ŽǤ
͸ȌԘŠ‡”‡‹•‘– much ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡‡™•Ǥ
Oral Skills
Key
Exercise 1:
ԘͳȌԘ™‡Ž˜‡–™‡–›ȀȀ–™‡–›’ƒ•––™‡Ž˜‡
ԘʹȌԘ‹šˆ‘”–›ϐ‹˜‡ȀȀƒ“—ƒ”–‡”–‘•‹š
Ԙ͵ȌԘ‹‡ϐ‹ˆ–‡‡ȀȀƒ“—ƒ”–‡”’ƒ•–‹‡
ԘͶȌԘŽ‡˜‡–Š‹”–›ȀȀŠƒŽˆ’ƒ•–‡Ž‡˜‡
ԘͷȌԘ ‹ˆ–›’‡” ‡–
Ԙ͸ȌԘ ‹ˆ–›’‘—†•
Ԙ͹ȌԘ ‹ˆ–›
ԘͺȌԘŽ‡˜‡–‡ȀȀ–‡’ƒ•–‡Ž‡˜‡
ԘͻȌԘ‡˜‡‘ǯ Ž‘ ȀȀ•‡˜‡•Šƒ”’
ͳͲȌԘ™‘‘ȋȀ‘—Ȁ‘”œ‡”‘Ȍ‡‹‰Š–•‡˜‡–™‘•‡˜‡•‡˜‡•‡˜‡–™‘ϐ‹˜‡†‘—„Ž‡‹‡–™‘
ͳͳȌԘŠ”‡‡ϐ‹˜‡ˆ‘—”
ͳʹȌԘ™‘–Š”‡‡ϐ‹˜‡
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
‫ۄ‬
Mathematics
‫ۄ‬
Exercise 2:
ԘͳȌԘ™‡–›Ǧϐ‹”•–
ԘʹȌԘ™‡–›Ǧϐ‹”•–
Ԙ͵ȌԘ™‡–›Ǧ–Š‹”†
ԘͶȌԘ™‡–›Ǧϐ‹”•–
ԘͷȌԘ ‹˜‡‘ǯ Ž‘ Ȁϐ‹˜‡•Šƒ”’Ȁ•‡˜‡–‡‡Š—†”‡†
Ԙ͸ȌԘŠ‡•‹š–Š
Ԙ͹ȌԘ‡ ‘†
ԘͺȌԘ ‹”•–
ԘͻȌԘ‹‡–‡‡–Š
ͳͲȌԘ‡˜‡Š—†”‡†
ͳͳȌԘ™‘†‡‰”‡‡•„‡Ž‘™œ‡”‘Ȁ‹—•–™‘†‡‰”‡‡•
ͳʹȌԘ ‹ˆ–›Ǧ‹‡’‘—†•–Š‹”–›ϐ‹˜‡’‡ ‡Ȁϐ‹ˆ–›‹‡–Š‹”–›ϐ‹˜‡
Exercise 3:
ԘͳȌԘšǣ–Š‡‹–Š‘ˆƒ›‹‡–›•‡˜‡–›–™‘Ȁƒ›–Š‡‹–Š‹‡–›•‡˜‡–›–™‘
ԘʹȌԘ‡˜‡–›Ǧϐ‹˜‡šˆ‘”†–”‡‡–‘†‘͵
Ԙ͵ȌԘ ‘—”–Š
ԘͶȌԘŽ—•ˆ‘”–›Ǧˆ‘—”–™‘•‡˜‡–Š”‡‡‘‡•‹š•‡˜‡ϐ‹˜‡–Š”‡‡‘Ȁ‘—Ȁ‹‡
ԘͷȌԘ ‘—”†ƒ—‰Š–‡”•ƒ†ˆ‘—”•‘•
Ԙ͸ȌԘŠ”‡‡–Š‘—•ƒ†’‘—†•
Ԙ͹ȌԘ™‘
ԘͺȌԘŠ‹”–›’‡” ‡–
ԘͻȌԘ‡”‘Ȁ‘—‰Š–’‘‹–ϐ‹˜‡’‡” ‡–
ͳͲȌԘŠ”‡‡–Š‘—•ƒ†‡‹‰Š–Š—†”‡†‡‹‰Š–‡‡†‘ŽŽƒ”•
ͳͳȌԘŠ”‡‡–Š‘—•ƒ†ϐ‹˜‡Š—†”‡†‡‹‰Š–›‡—”‘•
ͳʹȌԘ ƒŽˆ’ƒ•––‡Ȁ‡–Š‹”–›
ͳ͵ȌԘ ‘—”’ǤǤȀˆ‘—”‹–Š‡ƒˆ–‡”‘‘Ȁ•‹š–‡‡Š—†”‡†
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Mathematics
Writing Skills
Key
Exercise 1:
ͳȌԘϐ‹”•–Ž›
Š‹”†Ž›ǡƒ•–‘ˆƒŽŽǡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ•–Ž›ǡƒ•–
ʹȌԘ ‹”•–
͵ȌԘϐ‹”•–
•‡ ‘†
–Š‹”†
ͶȌԘ•‡ ‘†
Exercise 2:
ͳȌԘ–Š‹”†
ʹȌԘϐ‹ƒŽŽ›
͵ȌԘ•‡ ‘†Ž›
Exercise 3:
ͳȌԘ‹–Š‡•‡ ‘†’Žƒ ‡
ʹȌԘ‹–Š‡–Š‹”†’Žƒ ‡
͵ȌԘŠ‹”†
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
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r
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Ke
answer
Self –
Assessment
exercises
question
Unit 3
Languages
Languages
Reading Comprehension
Key
Exercise 1:
ͳȌԘ„
ʹȌԘƒ
͵ȌԘ†
ͶȌԘƒ
ͷȌԘƒ
Use of English
Key
Exercise 1:
1ȌԘƒ”‡•’‘‡
ʹȌԘƒ”‡‡š’‡ –‡†
͵ȌԘƒ”‡™”‹––‡
ͶȌԘƒ”‡–‘Ž†
ͷȌԘƒ”‡–ƒ—‰Š–
͸ȌԘ„‡Š‡Ž’‡†
Exercise 2:
ͳȌԘ— Š‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ†‡„››‘–Š‡”Ǥ
ʹȌԘ ‹•Š‘‡™‘”‹•‡˜‡”†‘‡„›Š‹Ǥ
͵ȌԘŠ‡™‹†‘™•ƒ”‡ Ž‡ƒ‡†„›•‘‡„‘†›Ǥ
ͶȌԘ‹ –—”‡•ƒ”‡†”ƒ™˜‡”›‘ˆ–‡„›‡Ǥ
ͷȌԘ‡”›‹ ‡’‘‡•ƒ”‡™”‹––‡„››ˆ”‹‡†‘—‹•‡Ǥ
Exercise 3:
ͳȌԘ„
ʹȌԘ
͵ȌԘ†
ͶȌԘˆ
ͷȌԘƒ
͸ȌԘ‡
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Languages
‫ۄ‬
Exercise 4:
ͳȌ Š‡†‘‘”™ƒ•‘’‡‡†„››‡›•Ǥ
ʹȌ Š‡˜‹†‡‘Šƒ•„‡‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›†‘™Ž‘ƒ†‡†„›ƒ”›Ǥ
͵Ȍ ›Žƒ’–‘’™ƒ••–‘Ž‡Žƒ•–™‡‡„›ƒ„—”‰Žƒ”Ǥ
ͶȌ Š‡‡™‰‘˜‡”‡–™ƒ•‹–”‘†— ‡†„›–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ
ͷȌ ›„‘‘™‹ŽŽ„‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†‡š–™‡‡„›ƒœ‘Ǥ
͸Ȍ —’‹Ž•—•–‘–„‡‰‹˜‡–‘‘— ŠŠ‘‡™‘”„›–Š‡• Š‘‘ŽǤ
͹Ȍ ƒ–Š›™ƒ•‘–‹˜‹–‡†–‘–Š‡’ƒ”–›„›‡–‡”Ǥ
ͺȌ Š‡Š‡ƒ–‹‰™ƒ•”‡’ƒ‹”‡†Žƒ•–‘–Š„›•‘‡‘‡Ǥ
ͻȌ Š‘•‡†‡Ž‹ ‹‘—• ƒ‡•ƒ”‡ƒ†‡„›–Š‡„ƒ‡”Ǥ
ͳͲȌ —”ƒ••‹ ƒ”™ƒ•†‹”‡ –‡†„›–‡˜‡’‹‡Ž„‡”‰Ǥ
Exercise 5:
ͳȌ ƒ••‹˜‡ͳǣŠ‡™ƒ•Ž‡ˆ–ƒ‰”‡ƒ–ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‘‡›„›Š‡”— Ž‡Ǥ
ƒ••‹˜‡ʹǣ‰”‡ƒ–ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‘‡›™ƒ•Ž‡ˆ––‘Š‡”„›Š‡”— Ž‡Ǥ
ʹȌ ƒ••‹˜‡ͳǣ ƒ•‡–‡”„‡‡‹–”‘†— ‡†–‘›‘—”—ǫ
ƒ••‹˜‡ʹǣ ƒ•›‘—”—„‡‡‹–”‘†— ‡†–‘‡–‡”ǫ
͵Ȍ ƒ••‹˜‡ͳǣ ™ƒ••Š‘™–Š‡• Š‘‘Ž„›–Š‡–‡ƒ Š‡”Ǥ
ƒ••‹˜‡ʹǣŠ‡• Š‘‘Ž™ƒ••Š‘™–‘‡„›–Š‡–‡ƒ Š‡”Ǥ
ͶȌ ƒ••‹˜‡ͳǣŠ‡‡™Ž›ƒ””‹‡† ‘—’Ž‡™ƒ•™‹•Š‡†ƒŠƒ’’›ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ
ƒ••‹˜‡ʹǣŠƒ’’›ˆ—–—”‡™ƒ•™‹•Š‡†–‘–Š‡‡™Ž›ƒ””‹‡† ‘—’Ž‡Ǥ
ͷȌ Š‡•‡Ž‡––‡”•—•–„‡–›’‡†„››‘—„‡ˆ‘”‡ͷ‘ǯ Ž‘ Ǥ
͸Ȍ ƒ••‹˜‡ͳǣ‘——•–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡Ž‡––Š‡—„”‡ŽŽƒǤ
ƒ••‹˜‡ʹǣŠ‡—„”‡ŽŽƒ—•–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡Ž‡––‘›‘—Ǥ
͹Ȍ Š‡ƒ– Š‹•„‡‹‰™ƒ– Š‡†„›†”‡™”‹‰Š–‘™Ǥ
ͺȌ ‘„ƒ ‘‹•–Š‘—‰Š––‘„‡ƒ†”—‰„›ƒŽƒ”‰‡’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
ͻȌ Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•—”’”‹•‡†„›–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–›‘—Ž‹‡†ƒ„‘—–›‘—”Œ‘„Ǥ
ͳͲȌ ƒ„”ƒ†‘””‡–”‹‡˜‡”•ƒ”‡—•—ƒŽŽ›–”ƒ‹‡†–‘„‡‰—‹†‡†‘‰•Ǥ
Exercise 6:
1Ȍ ‘„ƒ ‘‹•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘‹ŽŽǤ
ʹȌ ”‡•‡–•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡‘„‹”–Š†ƒ›•Ǥ
͵Ȍ ‘—””‘‘Šƒ•„‡‡ Ž‡ƒ‡†Ǥ
ͶȌ › ƒ”™ƒ••–‘Ž‡‹–Š‡’ƒ”‹‰Ǥ
ͷȌ Š‡‘—˜”‡—•‡— ƒ„‡˜‹•‹–‡†‹ƒ”‹•Ǥ
͸Ȍ Š‡‡™ ‹–›ŠƒŽŽ‹•„‡‹‰„—‹Ž–Ǥ
͹Ȍ ‡ƒ Š‡”•ƒ”‡‘™–‘„‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–’ƒ”–•‘ˆ‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Languages
Writing Skills
Key
Exercise 1:
ͳȌԘ–‘’—–‹–ƒ‘–Š‡”™ƒ›
ʹȌԘ–Šƒ–‹•
Exercise 2:
ͳȌԘŽ‹‰—‹•–‹ •
ʹȌԘ‰Ž‹•Š
͵ȌԘƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•
ͶȌԘ’—„Ž‹
Exercise 3:
ͳȌԘ†
ʹȌԘƒ
͵ȌԘ„
ͶȌԘ
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Languages
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
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r
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Ke
answer
Self –
Assessment
exercises
question
Unit 4
Psychology
Psychology
Reading Comprehension
Key
Exercise 1:
ͳȌԘ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†
ʹȌԘˆ‘ —•‘
͵ȌԘ†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š
ͶȌԘ”‡–ƒ‹
ͷȌԘ ‘–‹—‡
͸ȌԘˆ‘ŽŽ‘™›‘—”‹•–‹ –
Exercise 2:
Here is one possible text:ˆ‡™›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ Šƒ†–‘ Š‘‘•‡„‡–™‡‡–™‘Œ‘„’‘•‹–‹‘•
ƒ––™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–—‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•ǣ‘‡‹‡ƒ––Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡”‹›Š‘‡–‘™ǡ‘•–‘Ǥ Šƒ†ƒ˜‡”›Šƒ”†–‹‡†‡ ‹†‹‰„‡ ƒ—•‡‡ƒ Š‘’–‹‘Šƒ†‹–•’”‘•ƒ† ‘•Ǥ–Š‡‘‡
Šƒ†ǡ–Š‡Œ‘„‹‡ƒ––Ž‡•‡‡‡†‘”‡‡š ‹–‹‰–Šƒ–Š‡Œ‘„‹‘•–‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ ‡’–‹‰
–Š‡Œ‘„‹‡ƒ––Ž‡‡ƒ– Šƒ†–‘‘˜‡–‘–Š‡‡•–‘ƒ•–ƒ†„‡ˆƒ”ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘›ˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ
Š‡Œ‘„‹‘•–‘ƒŽŽ‘™‡†‡–‘•–ƒ› Ž‘•‡–‘›ˆƒ‹Ž›„—–‹–™ƒ•’‘‘”Ž›’ƒ‹†Ǥ ‡’–‘
ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰–Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•ƒ††‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ‡ƒ Š‘’–‹‘ǤŠ‡‘”‡ –Š‘—‰Š–ƒ„‘—–
‹–ǡ –Š‡ Šƒ”†‡” ‹– ™ƒ• –‘ ƒ‡ ƒ †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǥ  –Š‡ ‡†ǡ Œ—•– ™‡– ™‹–Š › ‰—– ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰Ǥ
•–ƒ›‡†‹‘•–‘„‡ ƒ—•‡„‡‹‰ Ž‘•‡–‘›ˆƒ‹Ž›‹•‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ––Šƒ‘‡›Ǥ
Use of English
Key
Exercise 1:
ͳȌԘ”‡›‘—ƒ•–—†‡–ǫ
ƒȌԘ‡•ǡI amǤ
ʹȌԘ‘›‘—•’‡ƒ ‡”ƒǫ
„ȌԘNo, †‘ǯ–Ǥ
͵ȌԘDo›‘—” Š‹Ž†”‡Ž‹˜‡™‹–Š›‘—Ǥ
ȌԘ ‘ǡthey don’tǤ
ͶȌԘ‘‡•›‘—”Œ‘„•ƒ–‹•ˆ››‘—ǫ
†ȌԘ‡•ǡit doesǤ
ͷȌԘDid›‘—‰‡–›‘—”Œ‘„Žƒ•–›‡ƒ”ǫ
‡ȌԘ‘ǡI didn’tǤ
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Psychology
‫ۄ‬
Exercise 2:
ͳȌԘǤ›‘–Š‡”ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ‡•Ž— ŠǤ
ǤDoes•Š‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ‡‹–‘—†ƒ›•ǫ
Ǥ‘ǡ•Š‡doesn'tǤ
ʹȌԘǤ‡–‡”‡˜‡”†‘‡•Š‹•‰Ž‹•ŠŠ‘‡™‘”Ǥ
ǤDoesŠ‡•’‡ƒ‰Ž‹•Š™‡ŽŽǫ
Ǥ‘ǡhe doesn'tǤ
͵ȌԘǤ †”ƒ™’‹ –—”‡•˜‡”›‘ˆ–‡Ǥ
ǤDo›‘—ƒŽ•‘†”ƒ™’‘”–”ƒ‹–•ǫ
Ǥ‡•ǡI doǤ
Exercise 3:
ͳȌԘ„
ʹȌԘƒ
͵ȌԘ‡
ͶȌԘ
ͷȌԘ†
Exercise 4:
ͳȌԘWho•’‡ƒ•–Š”‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•–‘†ƒ›‹—”‘’‡ǫ
ʹȌԘWhen†‘›‘—–Š‹‹–‹•„‡––‡”–‘•–ƒ”–Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒˆ‘”‡‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǫ
͵ȌԘWhich‹•–Š‡„‡•–‡–Š‘†–‘Ž‡ƒ”ƒ•‡ ‘†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǫ
ͶȌԘWhere†‘‰Ž‹•Š’‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹˜‡ǫ
ͷȌԘWhat‹•›‘—”–‡ƒ Š‡”Ž‹‡ǫ
͸ȌԘHowƒ”‡›‘—ǫ
Exercise 5:
ƒȌԘWhat‹•Š‡”„‡•–†‹•Šǫ
„ȌԘWhen†‘‡•Š‡Šƒ˜‡Š‹•ϐ‹ƒŽ‡šƒ•ǫ
ȌԘ Who‹•‹–ǫ
†ȌԘWhere†‘‡••Š‡Ž‹˜‡ǫ
‡ȌԘŠǡhow‹••Š‡ǫ
Exercise 6:
1ȌԘ„
ʹȌԘ
͵ȌԘƒ
ͶȌԘ‡
ͷȌԘ†
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Psychology
Oral Skills
Key
Exercise 1:
ͳȌԘ’”‹ƒ”›
ͷȌԘƒ–‹•‘ ‹ƒŽ
ͻȌԘƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡
ԘʹȌԘ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†
Ԙ͸ȌԘ’”‘‹‡–
ͳͲȌԘ‰Žƒ†
Ԙ͵ȌԘƒ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘•
Ԙ͹ȌԘϐ‹†‰‡–›
ͳͳȌԘ‡‡”‰‡–‹ ԘͶȌԘ•‘Ž˜‹‰
ԘͺȌԘ™‹–Š
ͳʹȌԘ”‡™ƒ”†
Writing Skills
Key
Exercise 1:
ͳȌԘ™Š‡”‡˜‡”
ʹȌԘ™Š‡
͵ȌԘŠ‡‡˜‡”
ͶȌԘƒ•
Exercise 2:
ͳȌԘ‘””‡ –
ʹȌԘ  ‘””‡ –ȋ‘””‡ –ǣŠ‡”‡˜‡”Ȍ
͵ȌԘ‘””‡ –
ͶȌԘ  ‘””‡ –ȋ‘””‡ –ǣˆ–‡”Ȍ
Exercise 3:
ͳȌԘ™Š‡
ʹȌԘ™Š‡”‡˜‡”
͵ȌԘ ”‘–Š‡‘‡–
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Psychology
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
word
r
y fo
Ke
answer
Self –
Assessment
exercises
question
Unit 5
History
History
Reading Comprehension
Key
Exercise 1:
ͳȌԘŽ‹˜‡†Ȁƒ””‹˜‡†
ʹȌԘ–‘‘’Žƒ ‡
͵ȌԘ†”‘’’‡†
ͶȌԘ ƒŽŽ‡†
ͷȌԘ–”ƒ˜‡Ž‡†ȋȌȀ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡†ȋȌ
͸ȌԘ‡™
͹ȌԘ”‡ƒ‹‡†
Exercise 2:
These are some possible answers to the sentences in Exercise 2:
ͳȌԘ‘‰–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‡˜‡–•‹–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡ǡ™‡ ‘—Ž†{talk about/ discuss/
address/deal with} the Declaration of Independence, the American Civil War, the Wall
Street Crash, etc.
ʹȌԘŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ‹•Žƒ†‹–Š‡Š‡•ƒ’‡ƒ‡ƒ›called Tangier Island.
͵ȌԘˆ–‡”—‡‡Ž‹œƒ„‡–Š†‹‡†James I was proclaimed king of England.
ͶȌԘƒ’‹–ƒ ‘Š‹–Šƒ””‹˜‡†‹Virginia on April 1607.
ͷȌԘŠ‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ •‡––Ž‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ‰‹‡” •Žƒ† {were/came} from South
West England.
͸ȌԘƒ‰‹‡” •Žƒ†‹•ƒ‹•‘Žƒ–‡†’Žƒ ‡„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–™ƒ•†‹ˆϔ‹ —Ž––‘–”ƒ˜‡Ž‘ˆˆ–Š‡‹•Žƒ†Ȁ‹–
is far from the mainland.
͹ȌԘ ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ•™ƒŽŽ‘™•ƒ‰‹‡” •Žƒ†ǡƒ’‹‡ ‡‘ˆŠ‹•–‘”›{will be lost/will vanish/ will
disappear}.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
History
Use of English
Key
Exercise 1:
ԘͳȌԘ†
ԘʹȌԘ‡
Ԙ͵ȌԘƒ
ԘͶȌԘ„
ԘͷȌԘ
Exercise 2:
ԘͳȌԘ’Žƒ›‡†
ԘʹȌԘ•–‘’’‡†
Ԙ͵ȌԘŠ—””‹‡†
ԘͶȌԘ ”‹‡†
ԘͷȌԘ†‹‡†
Exercise 3:
ԘͳȌԘ‡
ԘʹȌԘ†
Ԙ͵ȌԘƒ
ԘͶȌԘ„
ԘͷȌԘ
Exercise 4:
ԘͳȌԘ™ƒ•„‘”
ԘʹȌԘŽ‘˜‡†
Ԙ͵ȌԘƒ––‡†‡†
ԘͶȌԘ ‘—Ž†
ԘͷȌԘ‰”‡™—’
Ԙ͸ȌԘ„‡ ƒ‡
Ԙ͹ȌԘ‡–‡”‡†
ԘͺȌԘƒ””‹‡†
ԘͻȌԘŠƒ†
ͳͲȌԘ•—”˜‹˜‡†
ͳͳȌԘ™ƒ•‡Ž‡ –‡†
ͳʹȌԘ•’‘‡‘—–
ͳ͵ȌԘ™‘
ͳͶȌԘˆ”‡‡†
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
‫ۄ‬
History
‫ۄ‬
ͳͷȌԘŒ‘‹‡†
ͳ͸ȌԘ™ƒ•ƒ••ƒ••‹ƒ–‡†
ͳ͹ȌԘ‘—”‡†
Exercise 5:
ԘͳȌԘ†
ԘʹȌԘ‡
Ԙ͵ȌԘƒ
ԘͶȌԘ ԘͷȌԘ„
Writing Skills
Key
Exercise 1:
ͳȌԘ†
ʹȌԘƒ
͵ȌԘ
ͶȌԘ„
Exercise 2:
ͳȌԘ‡‹‰”ƒ–‡
ʹȌԘ’‘˜‡”–›
͵ȌԘ†‡ ‹•‹‘
ͶȌԘ’‡”•‡ —–‹‘
Exercise 3:
ͳȌԘ„‡ ƒ—•‡
ʹȌԘ†—‡–‘
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
History
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
word
r
y fo
Ke
answer
Self –
Assessment
exercises
question
Unit 6
Mass Media
Mass Media
Reading Comprehension
Key
Exercise 1:
ͳȌԘ
ʹȌԘ†
͵ȌԘƒ
ͶȌԘ‡
ͷȌԘ„
͸ȌԘŠ
͹ȌԘˆ
ͺȌԘ‰
Exercise 2:
ƒȌԘŽ‹
„ȌԘŠ‹††‡
ȌԘ —•–Ǧ•‡‡
†ȌԘƒ••‡•
‡ȌԘ‡‘–‹‘
ˆȌԘ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡
‰ȌԘ”‹‰•ƒ„‡ŽŽ
Use of English
Key
Exercise 1:
ͳȌԘ ‡”
ʹȌԘ –•
͵ȌԘ ‹•
ͶȌԘ –•
ͷȌԘŠ‡‹”
͸ȌԘ—”
͹ȌԘ›
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Mass Media
‫ۄ‬
Exercise 2:
ͳȌԘ
ʹȌԘ†
͵ȌԘ‡
ͶȌԘˆ
ͷȌԘƒ
͸ȌԘ„
Exercise 3:
ƒȌԘ—•ƒǯ•Žƒ’–‘’
„ȌԘ‘ƒ†ƒ”›ǯ•’ƒŽ–‘’
ȌԘ ‘Šǯ•‘‹–‘”
†ȌԘǯ• ‘’ƒ›
‡ȌԘ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǯ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡’ƒ ƒ‰‡•
ˆȌԘ —”‘’‡ǯ•’”‘–‘ ‘Ž•
‰ȌԘ‹ŽŽǯ•ˆƒ–Š‡”ǯ•™‘”•–ƒ–‹‘
ŠȌԘŠ‹•‡’Š‡™•ǯ‡›„‘ƒ”†
‹ȌԘ ››‘—‰‡”•‹•–‡”ǯ•Žƒ›•–ƒ–‹‘
ŒȌԘ ‹ƒ†‘ŽŽ›ǯ•”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘• ”‡‡
ȌԘ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǯ•†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡
Exercise 4:
ԘͳȌԘŠƒ•‰‘–ȋ˜‡”„Ȍ
ԘʹȌԘ
Ԙ͵ȌԘ‹•ȋ˜‡”„Ȍ
ԘͶȌԘ‹•ȋ˜‡”„Ȍ
ԘͷȌԘŠƒ•‰‘–ȋ˜‡”„Ȍ
Ԙ͸ȌԘ
Ԙ͹ȌԘŠƒ•‰‘–ȋ˜‡”„Ȍ
ԘͺȌԘ‹•ȋ˜‡”„Ȍ
ԘͻȌԘ
ͳͲȌԘŠƒ•‰‘–ȋ˜‡”„Ȍ
Exercise 5:
ƒȌԘ‡ϐ‹‹–‡
„ȌԘ †‡ϐ‹‹–‡
ȌԘ †‡ϐ‹‹–‡
†ȌԘ‡ϐ‹‹–‡
‡ȌԘ †‡ϐ‹‹–‡
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
‫ۄ‬
Mass Media
‫ۄ‬
Exercise 6:
ԘͳȌԘ•–ƒˆˆ
ԘʹȌԘƒ–•
Ԙ͵ȌԘ‹•ȋ˜‡”„Ȍ
ԘͶȌԘ„‡‡•
ԘͷȌԘ ”‡™
Ԙ͸ȌԘ ”‘‘•
Ԙ͹ȌԘ„ƒ†
ԘͺȌԘ„—•Š‡•
ԘͻȌԘ‰ƒ‰
ͳͲȌԘ•Š‹’•
ͳͳȌԘœ‘‘
ͳʹȌԘ„‘‘•
ͳ͵ȌԘ–‡ƒ
ͳͶȌԘϐ‹•Š
ͳͷȌԘ‡‡Ž
ͳ͸ȌԘ ”‘™†
Writing Skills
Key
Exercise 1:
ͳȌԘ„
ʹȌԘ†
͵ȌԘƒ
ͶȌԘ
Exercise 2:
ͳȌԘ‹ŽŽǯ•‘–Š‡”™‡––‘–Š‡ ‹‡ƒ™‹–ŠŠ‡”ˆ”‹‡†•toŠƒ˜‡•‘‡ˆ—ƒˆ–‡”ƒŠƒ”†
™‡‡Ǥ
ʹȌԘ‡†›ƒ†ƒ˜‹†ǯ•†ƒ—‰Š–‡”•–—†‹‡†Œ‘—”ƒŽ‹•with the objective of„‡‹‰ƒ
™ƒ” ‘””‡•’‘†‡–Ǥ
͵ȌԘŠ‡ ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡–•ǯ ‡••ƒ‰‡• •Š‘—Ž† „‡ •‹ ‡”‡ so that —•–‘‡”• ”‡ƒŽŽ›
ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡–Š‡’”‘†— –•Ǥ
ͶȌԘ ‡”ƒ—–™ƒ•‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘ƒ•Š‘™in order to•’‡ƒƒ„‘—–Š‡”Žƒ•–„‘‘Ǥ
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Mass Media
‫ۄ‬
Exercise 3:
ͳȌԘ•‘–Šƒ–
ʹȌԘ™‹–Š–Š‡‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ
͵ȌԘ‹‘”†‡”–‘
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
word
r
y fo
Ke
answer
Self –
Assessment
exercises
question
Unit 7
Law
Law
Reading Comprehension
Key
Exercise 1:
ԘͳȌԘŒƒ‹Ž
ԘʹȌԘ—”†‡”
Ԙ͵ȌԘ†‡ƒ–Š”‘™
ԘͶȌԘ•‡–‡ ‡†–‘†‡ƒ–Š
ԘͷȌԘ ”‹‡• ‡‡
Ԙ͸ȌԘ‡š‡ —–‡†
Ԙ͹ȌԘ‰—‹Ž–›
ԘͺȌԘ‹‘ ‡–
ԘͻȌԘ ”‹‡
ͳͲȌԘ ‘˜‹ –‡†
Exercise 2:
Here is one possible summary:
Š‡–‡š––ƒŽ•ƒ„‘—–†‡ƒ–Š’‡ƒŽ–›Ǥ‘”‡ ‘ ”‡–‡Ž›ǡ‹–†‡ƒŽ•™‹–Š–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ—‹˜‡”•‹–›
’”‘ˆ‡••‘”ǡ ‘Š‘‡ǡ™Š‘™ƒ••‡–‡ ‡†–‘†‡ƒ–Šˆ‘”–Š‡”ƒ’‡ƒ†—”†‡”‘ˆ ƒ‡‹–Šǡ
Š‹•ˆ”‹‡†ƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡Ǥ‘–Š™‡”‡ƒ –‹˜‹•–•ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ’‹–ƒŽ’—‹•Š‡–‹‡šƒ•Ǥˆ–‡”
‘Š™ƒ•‡š‡ —–‡†ǡƒ–ƒ’‡™ƒ•ˆ‘—†ǤŠ‡–ƒ’‡•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ– ‘Š™ƒ•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›‹‘ ‡–Ǥ
Š‡•–‘”›‹•„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ‘˜‹‡ ƒŽŽ‡†DzŠ‡Ž‹ˆ‡‘ˆƒ˜‹† ƒŽ‡dzǤ
Use of English
Key
Exercise 1:
ԘͳȌԘ‘
ԘʹȌԘ—†‡”
Ԙ͵ȌԘƒ–
ԘͶȌԘ—†‡”
ԘͷȌԘ‡š––‘
Ԙ͸ȌԘƒ–ǡƒ–
Ԙ͹ȌԘƒ–
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Law
‫ۄ‬
ԘͺȌԘ‹
ԘͻȌԘ‹
ͳͲȌԘ‘
Exercise 2:
ԘͳȌԘ‹
ԘʹȌԘ‘
Ԙ͵ȌԘ‹
ԘͶȌԘ]
ԘͷȌԘƒ–
Ԙ͸ȌԘ‹
Ԙ͹ȌԘ‘Ȁƒ–Ȁ‹
ԘͺȌԘ‘Ȁƒ–
ԘͻȌԘƒ–Ȁ—–‹Ž
ͳͲȌԘ‹
Exercise 3:
ͳȌԘ†‘™‘”—’
ʹȌԘ—’
͵ȌԘ—’–‘
ͶȌԘ†‘™
ͷȌԘ‘ˆˆ
͸ȌԘ‘
͹ȌԘ‹
ͺȌԘ‹–‘‘”‹Ȁ‘—–
Exercise 4:
ƒȌԘ ȋ˜ǤΪ’”‡’ǤȌ
„ȌԘ ȋ˜ǤΪ’”‡’ǤȌ
ȌԘ ȋ˜‹’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȌ
†ȌԘ ȋ˜–”’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȌ
‡ȌԘ ȋ˜ǤΪ’”‡’ǤȌ
ˆȌԘ ȋ˜ǤΪ’”‡’ǤȌ
‰ȌԘ ȋ˜‹’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȌ
ŠȌԘ ȋ˜–”’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȌ
‹ȌԘ ȋ˜‹’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȌ
ŒȌԘ ȋ˜‹’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȌ
ȌԘ ȋ˜–”’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȌ
ŽȌԘ ȋ˜ǤΪ’”‡’ǤȌ
ȌԘȋ˜–”’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȌ
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
‫ۄ‬
Law
‫ۄ‬
Exercise 5:
ͳȌԘ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ǣŽ‘‘‹–‘ȋ˜–”’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȌ
ʹȌԘϐ‹†„›ƒ ‹†‡–ǣ ‘‡ƒ ”‘••ȋ˜–”’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȌ
͵ȌԘ•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡„› ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡ˆƒ –•ǣϐ‹‰—”‡‘—–ȋ˜–”’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȌ
ͶȌԘ–”›–‘ϐ‹†ǣŽ‘‘ˆ‘”ȋ˜–”’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȌ
ͷȌԘ†‹• ‘˜‡”ǣϐ‹†‘—–ȋ˜–”’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȌ
͸ȌԘƒ””‹˜‡‘”ƒ’’‡ƒ”—‡š’‡ –‡†Ž›ǣ–—”—’ȋ˜‹’Š”ƒ•ƒŽǤȌ
Exercise 6:
ԘͳȌԘ‘„‘†›Šƒ•Ž‘‘‡†‹–‘–Š‡ ƒ•‡Ǥ
ԘʹȌԘŠ‡ ƒ‡ƒ ”‘••Š‡””‹‰‹Š‡” ƒ”Ǥ
Ԙ͵ȌԘŠ‡‡›–—”‡†—’‹–Š‡ ‘— ŠǤ
ԘͶȌԘ •’‡ –‘”•ϐ‹‰—”‡‘—–Š‘™ƒ ”‹‡–ƒ‡•’Žƒ ‡Ǥ
ԘͷȌԘˆ–‡”–Š‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡŠ‡•‘‘ˆ‘—†‘—–™Š‡”‡–Š‡–Š‹‡ˆ™ƒ•Ǥ
Ԙ͸ȌԘ ǣ
Ԙ͹ȌԘǣ ԘͺȌԘǣ ԘͻȌԘ ǣ
ͳͲȌԘ ǣ ͳͳȌԘ ǣ ͳʹȌԘǣ Writing Skills
Key
Exercise 1:
ͳȌԘŽ‡––‡”
ʹȌԘ ‘–”ƒ –
͵ȌԘƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡
ͶȌԘŽ‡‰ƒŽ
ͷȌԘŽƒ™›‡”
͸ȌԘˆƒ‹Ž›
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Law
‫ۄ‬
Exercise 2:
ͳȌԘ•Ž‘‰ƒ•
ʹȌԘ’”‘˜‹†‹‰
͵ȌԘ—Ž‡••
ͶȌԘ‹ˆ
Exercise 3:
ͳȌԘ„
ʹȌԘ
͵ȌԘ†
ͶȌԘƒ
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
word
r
y fo
Ke
answer
Self –
Assessment
exercises
question
Unit 8
Tourism
Tourism
Reading Comprehension
Key
Exercise 1:
ԘͳȌԘ‡
ԘʹȌԘŒ
Ԙ͵ȌԘ’
ԘͶȌԘŽ
ԘͷȌԘƒ
Ԙ͸ȌԘ
Ԙ͹ȌԘ
ԘͺȌԘ–
ԘͻȌԘˆ
ͳͲȌԘ‘
ͳͳȌԘ„
ͳʹȌԘ•
ͳ͵ȌԘ“
ͳͶȌԘ‰
ͳͷȌԘ‹
ͳ͸ȌԘŠ
ͳ͹ȌԘ
ͳͺȌԘ”
ͳͻȌԘ
ʹͲȌԘ†
Exercise 2:
FALSE COGNATE
it means …
… but not …
… which is …
actually
‡”‡ƒŽ‹†ƒ†ǡ†‡
Š‡ Š‘
ƒ –—ƒŽ‡–‡
nowadays
argument
discusión
ƒ”‰—‡–‘
plot
carpet
ƒŽˆ‘„”ƒ
ƒ”’‡–ƒ
ϔ‹Ž‡
college
—‹˜‡”•‹†ƒ†
‘Ž‡‰‹‘
school
constipated
estar estreñido
‡•–ƒ”ƒ ƒ–ƒ””ƒ†‘
to have a cold
contest
‘ —”•‘
‘–‡•–ƒ”
answer, reply
dessert
’‘•–”‡
†‡•‹‡”–‘
desert
embarrassed
ƒ˜‡”‰‘œƒ†‘
‡„ƒ”ƒœƒ†ƒ
pregnant
fabric
tejido
ˆž„”‹ ƒ
factory
horn
—‡”‘
Š‘”‘
oven
library
biblioteca
Ž‹„”‡ƒ”Àƒ
bookshop
molest
ƒ„—•ƒ”•‡š—ƒŽ‡–‡
‘Ž‡•–ƒ”
bother
sensible
•‡•ƒ–‘
•‡•‹„Ž‡
sensitive
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Tourism
Use of English
Key
Exercise 1:
ԘͳȌԘ™‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”
ԘʹȌԘ™‹ŽŽ–”ƒ˜‡Ž
Ԙ͵ȌԘ™‹ŽŽ‡‡–
ԘͶȌԘ™‹ŽŽƒ†‘”‡
ԘͷȌԘ™‹ŽŽ‘–Šƒ˜‡Ȁ™‘ǯ–Šƒ˜‡
Ԙ͸ȌԘ™‹ŽŽ•‡”˜‡
Ԙ͹ȌԘ™‹ŽŽƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡
ԘͺȌԘ™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡Ȁ™‘ǯ–„‡
ԘͻȌԘ™‹ŽŽ„‡
ͳͲȌԘ™‹ŽŽŠƒ’’‡
Exercise 2:
ԘͳȌԘ™‘—Ž†™ƒŽ
ԘʹȌԘ™‘—Ž†–‡ŽŽ
Ԙ͵ȌԘ™‘—Ž†‰‘
ԘͶȌԘ™‘—Ž†™ƒ– Š
ԘͷȌԘ™‘—Ž†ǯ–•ƒ›
Ԙ͸ȌԘ™‘—Ž†ǯ–†‘
Ԙ͹ȌԘ‘—Ž†›‘—‰‹˜‡
ԘͺȌԘ™‘—Ž†ǯ–™ƒ‹–
ԘͻȌԘ‘—Ž†•Š‡™ƒ‡
ͳͲȌԘ‘—Ž†–Š‡›Š‡Ž’
Exercise 3:
ͳȌԘ™‹ŽŽ
ʹȌԘ™‘ǯ–
͵ȌԘ™‘—Ž†
ͶȌԘ™‘—Ž†
ͷȌԘ™‘—Ž†
Exercise 4:
ԘͳȌԘ ƒ
ԘʹȌԘ ƒ
Ԙ͵ȌԘ ƒ
ԘͶȌԘ ƒǯ–
ԘͷȌԘ ƒǯ–
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
‫ۄ‬
Tourism
‫ۄ‬
Ԙ͸ȌԘƒ
Ԙ͹ȌԘƒ
ԘͺȌԘƒ
ԘͻȌԘƒ
ͳͲȌԘƒ
Exercise 5:
ԘͳȌԘŠƒ˜‡–‘
ԘʹȌԘŠƒ˜‡–‘
Ԙ͵ȌԘ—•–
ԘͶȌԘ—•–ǯ–
ԘͷȌԘŠƒ˜‡
Ԙ͸ȌԘŠƒ˜‡–‘
Ԙ͹ȌԘ—•–
ԘͺȌԘŠƒ˜‡–‘
ԘͻȌԘ—•–
ͳͲȌԘ—•–ǯ–
Exercise 6:
ԘͳȌԘ—•–
ԘʹȌԘ•Š‘—Ž†
Ԙ͵ȌԘ—•–
ԘͶȌԘ•Š‘—Ž†
ԘͷȌԘ•Š‘—Ž†
Ԙ͸ȌԘ—•–
Ԙ͹ȌԘ—•–
ԘͺȌԘ•Š‘—Ž†
ԘͻȌԘ—•–
ͳͲȌԘ•Š‘—Ž†
Exercise 7:
ԘͳȌԘ•Š‘—Ž†
ԘʹȌԘ•Š‘—Ž†
Ԙ͵ȌԘ ƒ
ԘͶȌԘ•Š‘—Ž†Ȁ—•–
ԘͷȌԘ ƒ
Ԙ͸ȌԘ ƒ
Ԙ͹ȌԘ ƒ
ԘͺȌԘ ƒ
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Tourism
‫ۄ‬
ԘͻȌԘ ƒ
ͳͲȌԘŠƒ˜‡–‘
ͳͳȌԘ—•–
ͳʹȌԘŠƒ˜‡–‘
ͳ͵ȌԘ—•–ǥǫ
ͳͶȌԘƒǥǫ
ͳͷȌԘŠƒ˜‡–‘
ͳ͸ȌԘ—•–
ͳ͹ȌԘŠƒ˜‡–‘
Writing Skills
Key
Exercise 1:
ͳȌԘ„—–
ʹȌԘŠ‘™‡˜‡”
͵ȌԘŽ–Š‘—‰Š
Exercise 2:
ͳȌԘ–Š‘—‰Š
ʹȌԘ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••
͵ȌԘ™Š‡”‡ƒ•
Exercise 3:
ͳȌԘ†
ʹȌԘƒ
͵ȌԘ„
ͶȌԘ
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
II
Additional
Grammar Notions
word
Notions
ional
adjective
Addit
adverb
verbs
G
r
a
m
m
ra
word
Notions
na l
Additio
adjective
adverb
verbs
r
a
m
ram
G
Relative
Clauses
Relative Clauses
A relative clause tells us which person or thing (or what kind of person or thing) the
speaker means.
Relative pronouns are: WHO, THAT, WHICH, WHOSE, WHOM, WHERE.
There are two types of relative clauses: †‡ϐ‹‹‰”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ Žƒ—•‡• and ‘Ǧ†‡ϐ‹‹‰
relative clauses.
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
‡ —•‡ †‡ϐ‹‹‰ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ Žƒ—•‡• –‘ ‰‹˜‡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘—– •‘‡‘‡ ‘”
something in order to identify it clearly.
Type of Relative
People
Š‹‰•
—„Œ‡ –
WHO/THAT*
WHICH/THAT*
„Œ‡ –
Ø
Ø
With a preposition
Ø … preposition/
prep + WHOM
Ø … preposition/
prep + WHICH
Possessive
WHOSE
WITH (instead
of WHOSE and WHICH)
Location
WHERE
Time
WHEN
* more informal
Examples:
ԘͳȌԘŠ‡‰‡–Ž‡ƒwho/that spoke the other day is the Chancellor.
ԘʹȌԘ‡‘’Ž‡who live in glasshouses shouldn’t throw stones.
Ԙ͵ȌԘŠ‡Žƒ†›who/that we met at the restaurant is Sarah’s sister.
ԘͶȌԘŠ‡‘‡›Ø™‡•’‡†‘–‘„ƒ ‘•Š‘—Ž†„‡•’‡–‘„‘‘•Ǥ
ԘͷȌԘŠ‡’‡ƒ Š‡• ؙ‡„‘—‰Š–›‡•–‡”†ƒ›ƒ”‡ǯ–˜‡”›‰‘‘†Ǥ
Ԙ͸ȌԘŠ‡„‘›]™‡™‡”‡–ƒŽ‹‰aboutŠƒ•Œ—•–ƒ””‹˜‡†‹‘†‘Ǥ
Ԙ͹ȌԘŠ‡„‘›about whom™‡™‡”‡–ƒŽ‹‰Šƒ•Œ—•–ƒ””‹˜‡†‹‘†‘Ǥ
ԘͺȌԘŠ‡ƒwhose motorbike was stolen two days ago is a patrolman.
ԘͻȌԘŠ‹•‹•–Š‡’‘‡–whose works are so successful.
ͳͲȌԘŠ‡„‘‘that‹•‘–Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡‹•ƒ”›ǯ•Ǥ
ͳͳȌԘŠ‡ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡Ø I am reading is really interesting.
ͳʹȌԘŠ‡‘ˆϐ‹ ‡Ø he works in is very far away.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Relative Clauses
ͳ͵ȌԘŠ‡‘ˆϐ‹ ‡in which he works is very far away.
ͳͶȌԘŠ‡–‘™Ø™‡ǯ˜‡Œ—•–’ƒ••‡†–Š”‘—‰Š™ƒ•„—‹Ž–ƒˆ–‡” Ǥ
ͳͷȌԘŠ‡Š‘—•‡with–Š‡”‡†„”‹ •‹•›‰”ƒ†‘–Š‡”ǯ•Ǥ
ͳ͸ȌԘ‡–Š”‡™ƒ™ƒ›–Š‡ƒ” Šƒ‹”with–Š‡„”‘‡ƒ”Ǥ
ͳ͹ȌԘŠ‡Š‘–‡Žwhere™‡•–ƒ›‡†™ƒ•‡ƒ”–Š‡„‡ƒ ŠǤ
ͳͺȌԘ‡‡„‡”–Š‡–‹‡when™‡ϐ‹”•–‡–Ǥ
ǧ ‡—•‡‘Ǧ†‡ϐ‹‹‰”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ Žƒ—•‡•–‘‰‹˜‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–•‘‡–Š‹‰
without starting another sentence.
Type of Relative
People
Š‹‰•
—„Œ‡ –
WHO
WHICH
„Œ‡ –
WHOM*
WHICH
With preposition
prep+WHOM
prep+WHICH
Possessive
WHOSE
OF WHICH
Location
WHERE
Time
WHEN
* very formal
Examples:
ԘͳȌԘ‘„„‹‡—”•ǡwho™ƒ• ‘––‹•Šǡ™”‘–‡„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—ŽŽ‘˜‡’‘‡•Ǥ
ԘʹȌԘ ‘Šǡwho is really smart, did most of the work.
Ԙ͵ȌԘ ‡”ˆƒ–Š‡”ǡwhom we only met yesterday, departed to India this morning.
ԘͶȌԘ—”„‘••ǯ••‘ǡwith whom you used to hang out years ago, is a famous musician.
ԘͷȌԘŠ‡ǯ•‰‘‹‰–‘ƒ†ƒ‰ƒ• ƒ”ǡabout which she doesn’t know anything at all.
Ԙ͸ȌԘ ǤǤŠƒ™ǡwhose literary works›‘—Ž‹‡•‘— Šǡ ‘‡•ˆ”‘—„Ž‹Ǥ
Ԙ͹ȌԘƒ ‘‰Šǡ whose pictures ™‡”‡ ‘– —†‡”•–ƒ† ƒ– ϐ‹”•–ǡ ‹• ‘™ ™‡ŽŽǦ‘™
worldwide.
ԘͺȌԘ ‡” †”‡••ǡ which was the newest model a couple of years ago, is now out of
fashion.
ԘͻȌԘŠ‡†”‹˜‹‰–‡•–ǡwhich ˆ‡ƒ”‡†˜‡”›— ŠǡŠƒ’’‡‡†–‘„‡˜‡”›‡ƒ•›Ǥ
ͳͲȌԘ‰Ž‹•Š‰”ƒƒ”ǡwhich‡˜‡”›„‘†›†‹•Ž‹‡•ǡ‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘„‡–ƒ‡•‡”‹‘—•Ž›Ǥ
ͳͳȌԘ ‹•„‹‡ǡwithout whichŠ‡ ƒǯ–‰‘–‘™‘”ǡŠƒ•ƒϐŽƒ––‹”‡Ǥ
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Relative Clauses
ͳʹȌԘŠ‹• ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ ™‹‡ǡ the name of which ‹• ”‡ƒŽŽ› †‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž– –‘ ’”‘‘— ‡ǡ ‹•
ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž›†‡Ž‹ ‹‘—•Ǥ
ͳ͵ȌԘŠ‡”‹–‹•Š—•‡—ǡwhere we met, is now closed.
ͳͶȌԘŠ‡ ‹”•–‘”Ž†ƒ”ǡwhen–Š‡”‡™‡”‡•‘ƒ›†‡ƒ–Š•ǡ™ƒ•ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ™ƒ”Ǥ
WHAT OR THAT?
WHAT must be used when there is not any antecedent:
ͳȌԘWhat you need is a cup of coffee.
ʹȌԘWhat I was really interested in were ancient codices.
͵ȌԘ †‹†ǯ–—†‡”•–ƒ† what you said.
THAT—•–„‡—•‡†ǣ
A.ԘAfter a superlativeǤ – ƒ„‡‘‹––‡†™Š‡‹–‹•–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –ǣ
ͳȌԘŠ‡‹•–Š‡‘•–‡Ž‡‰ƒ–Žƒ†›that ever came to my summer parties.
ʹȌԘŠƒ–‹•–Š‡‘•–‹ ”‡†‹„Ž‡‹†‡ƒthat he has ever had.
͵ȌԘ”ƒ„‹ ‹•–Š‡‘•–†‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡that I have studied.
ͶȌԘŠ‡‹•–Š‡„‡•–ˆ”‹‡†that I have.
B.Ԙˆ–‡”‹†‡ϐ‹‹–‡’”‘‘—• (all, everything, something…):
ͳȌԘ –‹•‘–‰‘Ž†ƒŽŽthat glitters.
ʹȌԘ˜‡”›–Š‹‰that happened after the concert was shameful.
C.ԘAfter much, anything/anywhere and few:
ͳȌԘŠ‡”‡™ƒ•ǯ–— Šthat ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‘‡Ǥ
ʹȌԘŠ‡”‡‹•ǯ–ƒ›–Š‹‰Ȁƒ›™Š‡”‡that pleases her.
͵ȌԘŠ‡ˆ‡™that ƒ‡‡Œ‘›‡†–Š‡’ƒ”–›Ǥ
C.ԘAfter “it is …”:
ͳȌԘ –‹•›‘—that„”‘‡–Š‡‰Žƒ••Ǥ
ʹȌԘ •ǯ––Šƒ––Š‡™”‹–‡”that™‘ƒ’”‹œ‡‹ƒ›ǫ
͵ȌԘ –™ƒ•ƒ‡š‘–‹ ’ƒ””‘–that spoke to us.
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Relative Clauses
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
word
Notions
na l
Additio
adjective
adverb
verbs
r
a
m
ram
G
Comparative and
Superlative Forms
Comparative and Superlative Forms
COMPARISON
‡˜‡”ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡• ƒ„‡—•‡†ˆ‘” ‘’ƒ”‹‰Ǥ
ͳǤ౧“—ƒŽ‹–›
Her face is as red as your dress.
I have as much money as him.
ʹǤ౧ ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ȋ‘”‡Ȍ
She’s (much) older than them.
That lady is more attractive than you.
The car is running more“—‹ Ž› since it was repaired.
The cat is getting fatter and fatter everyday. (repeated comparative)
The more you study, the more you learn. (correlative comparative)
͵Ǥ౧ ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ȋŽ‡••Ȍ
She’s less‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–than you.
I’ve got less physical activity than a year ago.
SUPERLATIVES
Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘–›’‡•‘ˆ•—’‡”Žƒ–‹˜‡‹‰Ž‹•Šǣ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ǥ
ͳȌԘRelative: with respect to a group.
ƒš‹•–Š‡„”‹‰Š–‡•–„‘› of all in the class.
ʹȌԘAbsolute: without any reference to any group.
ƒš‹•˜‡”›„”‹‰Š–.
Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡•—’‡”Žƒ–‹˜‡‹•ˆ‘”‡†„›—•‹‰–Š‡™‘”†Dz‘•–dz™‹–ŠŽ‘‰ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡•‘”
–Š‡‡†‹‰DzǦ‡•–dzˆ‘”•Š‘”–ȋ‘‘•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡Ȍƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ
ƒš‹•–Š‡„”‹‰Š–‡•–„‘› of all in the class.
ƒš‹•–Š‡‘•–‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–‘ˆƒŽŽ„‘›•‹–Š‡ Žƒ••Ǥ
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Comparative and Superlative Forms
’ƒ‹•Šǡ–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡•—’‡”Žƒ–‹˜‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‹••‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡ ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ„—–‹–
uses preposition “de” twice at the end:
Dzƒš‡•‡Ž Š‹ ‘ž•ȋ‡‘•Ȍ‹–‡Ž‹‰‡–‡de todos de su clase.”
ƒš‹•–Š‡‘•–‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–‘ˆƒŽŽ„‘›• in the class.
—•–Ž‹‡‹‰Ž‹•Šǡ–Š‡‘—ƒ†–Š‡’”‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒŽ’Š”ƒ•‡• ƒ„‡‘‹––‡†Ǥ
Dzƒš‡•‡Žž•‹–‡Ž‹‰‡–‡Ǥdz
ƒš‹•–Š‡„”‹‰Š–‡•–Ǥ
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES. FORMATION
‡Ǧ•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡• —•—ƒŽŽ› Šƒ˜‡ ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡• ƒ† •—’‡”Žƒ–‹˜‡• ‡†‹‰ ‹
–er, –est.
‘‡ –™‘Ǧ•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡• ƒ”‡ •‹‹Žƒ”Ǣ ‘–Š‡”• Šƒ˜‡ more and most. Longer
ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Šƒ˜‡more and most.
‡‰—Žƒ” ‘’ƒ”‹•‘Ǥ‘•– ‘‘‘‡Ǧ•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡•
†Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ȁ†˜‡”„
Comparative
Superlative
old
older
(the) oldest
tall
taller
(the) tallest
cheap
cheaper
(the) cheapest
late
later
(the) latest
nice
nicer
(the) nicest
fat
fatter
(the) fattest
„‹‰
„‹‰‰er
ȋ–Š‡Ȍ„‹‰‰est
thin
thinner
(the) thinnest
fast
faster
(the) fastest
early
earlier
(the) earliest
loud
louder
(the) loudest
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Comparative and Superlative Forms
””‡‰—Žƒ” ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†•—’‡”Žƒ–‹˜‡
†Œ‡ –‹˜‡
Comparative
Superlative
‘‘†
„‡––‡”
„‡•–
Ġ
worse
worst
Ill
worse
Far
further/farther
furthest/farthest
Old
older/elder
oldest/eldest
†Œ‡ –‹˜‡
Comparative
Superlative
Little
less
least
Much/many
more
most
Few
fewer/less
fewest/least
””‡‰—Žƒ” ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡
‰Ž‹•Š‡šƒ’Ž‡•–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†‹–‘’ƒ‹•Šǣ
Š‡ ƒ”‹•„‡––‡”–Šƒ–Š‡„‹‡Ǥ
DzŽ ‘ Š‡‡•‡Œ‘”“—‡Žƒ„‹ ‹Ǥdz
That pen is worse than yours.
Dz•‡„‘ŽÀ‰”ƒˆ‘‡•’‡‘”“—‡‡Ž–—›‘Ǥdz
‡‹•–Š‡„‡•–‘ˆƒŽŽǤ
Dz2Ž‡•‡Ž‡Œ‘”†‡–‘†‘•Ǥdz
This is the worst that could happen to us.
Dz•–‘‡•Ž‘’‡‘”“—‡‘•’—†‘’ƒ•ƒ”Ǥdz
There is less snow than we thought.
Dz ƒ›‡‘•‹‡˜‡†‡Ž‘“—‡’‡•ž„ƒ‘•Ǥdz
Š‡›„”‘—‰Š–‘”‡„‘‘•–ŠƒŽƒ•–›‡ƒ”Ǥ
DzŽŽ‘•–”ƒŒ‡”‘ž•Ž‹„”‘•“—‡‡ŽƒÓ‘’ƒ•ƒ†‘Ǥdz
There are fewer chairs in the room now than in the previous meeting.
Dz ƒ›‡‘••‹ŽŽƒ•‡ŽƒŠƒ„‹–ƒ ‹×ƒŠ‘”ƒ“—‡‡ŽƒïŽ–‹ƒ”‡—‹×Ǥdz
–‹•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡„‘‘ˆ‘”–Š‹• Žƒ••Ǥ
Dz•‡ŽŽ‹„”‘‡‘•ƒ’”‘’‹ƒ†‘’ƒ”ƒ‡•–ƒ Žƒ•‡Ǥdz
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Comparative and Superlative Forms
™‘Ǧ•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡•
•Ԙ‘‡‘–Š‡”–™‘Ǧ•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡•–ƒ‡–er and –est:
narrow
narrower
narrowest
simple
simpler
simplest
clever
cleverer
cleverest
“—‹‡–
“—‹‡–‡”
“—‹‡–‡•–
•Ԙ™‘Ǧ•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡• ending in –y change into –i + –er /–est:
„—•›
„—•‹‡”
–Š‡„—•‹‡•–
funny
funnier
the funniest
happy
happier
the happiest
unhappy
unhappier
the unhappiest
•Ԙ‹–Šƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡••— Šƒ• —‹‰, wicked, useful and useless only more/most is
’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ
‘‰‡”ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡•
•Ԙ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š”‡‡‘”‘”‡•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡•–ƒ‡more and most:
‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡
‘”‡ ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡
ȋ–Š‡Ȍ‘•– ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡
‡š–”‘˜‡”–‡†
‘”‡‡š–”‘˜‡”–‡†
ȋ–Š‡Ȍ‘•–‡š–”‘˜‡”–‡†
„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž
‘”‡„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž
ȋ–Š‡Ȍ‘•–„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž
‘’‘—†ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡•
•Ԙ‘’‘—† ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡• Ž‹‡ ‰‘‘†ǦŽ‘‘‹‰ or well-known Šƒ˜‡ –™‘ ’‘••‹„Ž‡
comparatives and superlatives:
good-looking
more good-looking
(the) most good-looking
„‡––‡”ǦŽ‘‘‹‰
ȋ–Š‡Ȍ„‡•–‰‘‘†ǦŽ‘‘‹‰
well-known
more well-known
(the) most well-known
„‡––‡”Ǧ‘™
ȋ–Š‡Ȍ„‡•–‘™
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
word
Notions
na l
Additio
adjective
adverb
verbs
r
a
m
ram
G
””‡‰—Žƒ”
Verbs
Irregular Verbs
Base Form
Past Simple
Past Participle
Gerund
Translation
arise
arose
arisen
arising
surgir
awake
awoke
awoken
awaking
despertarse
„‡
was/were
„‡‡
„‡‹‰
ser/estar
„‡ƒ”
„‘”‡
„‘”
„‡ƒ”‹‰
soportar
„‡ƒ–
„‡ƒ–
„‡ƒ–‡
„‡ƒ–‹‰
golpear
„‡ ‘‡
„‡ ƒ‡
„‡ ‘‡
„‡ ‘‹‰
convertirse en
„‡‰‹
„‡‰ƒ
„‡‰—
„‡‰‹‹‰
‡’‡œƒ”
„‡†
„‡–
„‡–
„‡†‹‰
†‘„Žƒ”ȋ•‡Ȍ
„‡–
„‡–
„‡–
„‡––‹‰
apostar
„‹†
„‘—†
„‘—†
„‹†‹‰
atar
„‹–‡
„‹–
„‹––‡
„‹–‹‰
morder/picar
„Ž‡‡†
„Ž‡†
„Ž‡†
„Ž‡‡†‹‰
sangrar
„Ž‘™
„Ž‡™
„Ž‘™
„Ž‘™‹‰
soplar
„”‡ƒ
„”‘‡
„”‘‡
„”‡ƒ‹‰
romper
„”‡‡†
„”‡†
„”‡†
„”‡‡†‹‰
criar
„”‹‰
„”‘—‰Š–
„”‘—‰Š–
„”‹‰‹‰
traer
„—‹Ž†
„—‹Ž–
„—‹Ž–
„—‹Ž†‹‰
construir
„—”
„—”–Ȁ„—”‡†
„—”–Ȁ„—”‡†
„—”‹‰
“—‡ƒ”
„—”•–
„—”•–
„—”•–
„—”•–‹‰
estallar
„—›
„‘—‰Š–
„‘—‰Š–
„—›‹‰
comprar
catch
caught
caught
catching
coger/atrapar
choose
chose
chosen
choosing
elegir/escoger
come
came
come
coming
venir
cost
cost
cost
costing
costar
cut
cut
cut
cutting
cortar
deal
dealt
dealt
dealing
tratar
dig
dug
dug
digging
cavar
do
did
done
doing
hacer
draw
drew
drawn
drawing
†‹„—Œƒ”
drink
drank
drunk
drinking
„‡„‡”
drive
drove
driven
driving
conducir
eat
ate
eaten
eating
comer
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Irregular Verbs
‫ۄ‬
Base Form
Past Simple
Past Participle
Gerund
Translation
fall
fell
fallen
falling
caerse
feed
fed
fed
feeding
alimentar
feel
felt
felt
feeling
sentir
ϐ‹‰Š–
fought
fought
ϐ‹‰Š–‹‰
pelear
ϐ‹†
found
found
ϐ‹†‹‰
encontrar
ϐ‹–
ϐ‹–Ȁϐ‹––‡†
ϐ‹–Ȁϐ‹––‡†
ϐ‹––‹‰
•‡–ƒ”„‹‡
ϐŽ‡‡
ϐŽ‡†
ϐŽ‡†
ϐŽ‡‡‹‰
huir
ϐŽ›
ϐŽ‡™
ϐŽ‘™
ϐŽ›‹‰
volar
ˆ‘”„‹†
ˆ‘”„ƒ†‡
ˆ‘”„‹††‡
ˆ‘”„‹††‹‰
’”‘Š‹„‹”
foresee
foresaw
foreseen
foreseeing
prever
forget
forgot
forgotten
forgetting
olvidar
forgive
forgave
forgiven
forgiving
perdonar
ˆ”‡‡œ‡
ˆ”‘œ‡
ˆ”‘œ‡
ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰
congelar
get
got
got/gotten
getting
‘„–‡‡”
give
gave
given
giving
dar
go
went
gone
going
ir
grow
grew
grown
growing
crecer
hang
hung/hanged
hung/hanged
hanging
colgar
have
had
had
having
tener
hear
heard
heard
hearing
‘À”
hide
hid
hidden
hiding
esconderse
hit
hit
hit
hitting
pegar/golpear
hold
held
held
holding
•—Œ‡–ƒ”
hurt
hurt
hurt
hurting
herir
keep
kept
kept
keeping
guardar
know
knew
known
knowing
•ƒ„‡”Ȁ ‘‘ ‡”
lay
laid
laid
laying
‡š–‡†‡”Ȁ
poner
lead
led
led
leading
guiar/conducir
learn
learnt/learned
learnt/learned
learning
aprender
leave
left
left
leaving
ƒ„ƒ†‘ƒ”Ȁ
salir
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
‫ۄ‬
Irregular Verbs
‫ۄ‬
Base Form
Past Simple
Past Participle
Gerund
Translation
lend
lent
lent
lending
prestar
let
let
let
letting
permitir
lie
lay
lain
laying
yacer/situarse
light
lit
lit
lighting
prender
lose
lost
lost
losing
perder
make
made
made
making
hacer
mean
meant
meant
meaning
•‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ”
meet
met
met
meeting
“—‡†ƒ”
mislead
misled
misled
misleading
‡‰ƒÓƒ”
mistake
mistook
mistaken
mistaking
confundir(se)
pay
paid
paid
paying
pagar
put
put
put
putting
poner
“—‹–
“—‹–
“—‹–
“—‹––‹‰
†‡Œƒ”Ȁ’ƒ”ƒ”
read
read
read
reading
leer
ride
rode
ridden
riding
montar
ring
rang
rung
ringing
llamar
rise
rose
risen
rising
•—„‹”Ȁ
aumentar
run
ran
run
running
correr
say
said
said
saying
decir
see
saw
seen
seeing
ver
seek
sought
sought
seeking
„—• ƒ”
sell
sold
sold
selling
vender
send
sent
sent
sending
enviar
set
set
set
setting
ponerse
shake
shook
shaken
shaking
agitar/
remover
shine
shone
shone
shining
ƒŽ—„”ƒ”
shoot
shot
shot
shooting
disparar
show
showed
shown
showing
mostrar
shrink
shrank
shrunk
shrinking
encogerse
shut
shut
shut
shutting
cerrar
‫ۄ‬
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Irregular Verbs
‫ۄ‬
Base Form
Past Simple
Past Participle
Gerund
Translation
sing
sang
sung
singing
cantar
sink
sank
sunk
sinking
hundirse
sit
sat
sat
sitting
sentarse
sleep
slept
slept
sleeping
dormir
slide
slid
slid
sliding
”‡•„ƒŽƒ”•‡
smell
smelt/smelled
smelt/smelled
smelling
oler
sneak
sneaked/snuck
sneaked/snuck
sneaking
‡• ƒ„—ŽŽ‹”•‡
speak
spoke
spoken
speaking
Šƒ„Žƒ”
spell
spelt/spelled
spelt/spelled
spelling
deletrear
spend
spent
spent
spending
gastar
spill
spilt/spilled
spilt/spilled
spilling
derramar
spin
span/spun
spun
spinning
hacer girar
spit
spat/spit
spat/spit
spitting
escupir
split
split
split
splitting
“—‡„”ƒ”Ȁ
dividir
spoil
spoilt/spoiled
spoilt/spoiled
spoiling
echar a perder
spread
spread
spread
spreading
‡š–‡†‡”•‡
stand
stood
stood
standing
ponerse de pie
steal
stole
stolen
stealing
”‘„ƒ”
stick
stuck
stuck
sticking
clavar/pegar
sting
stung
stung
stinging
picar
strike
struck
stricken
striking
dar/golpear
strive
strove
striven
striving
‡•ˆ‘”œƒ”•‡
swear
swore
sworn
swearing
prometer/
Œ—”ƒ”
sweat
sweat/sweated
sweat/sweated
sweating
sudar
sweep
swept
swept
sweeping
„ƒ””‡”
swim
swam
swum
swimming
nadir
take
took
taken
taking
llevar/tomar
teach
taught
taught
teaching
‡•‡Óƒ”
tear
tore
torn
tearing
rasgar
tell
told
told
telling
decir/contar
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
‫ۄ‬
Irregular Verbs
‫ۄ‬
Base Form
Past Simple
Past Participle
Gerund
Translation
think
thought
thought
thinking
pensar
throw
threw
thrown
throwing
tirar
undergo
underwent
undergone
undergoing
‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒ”
understand
understood
understood
understanding
entender/
comprender
wake
woke
woken
waking
despertarse
wear
wore
worn
wearing
llevar puesto
weep
wept
wept
weeping
llorar
win
won
won
winning
ganar
wind
wound
wound
winding
enrollar/
envolver
withdraw
withdrew
withdrawn
withdrawing
retirar(se)
withhold
withheld
withheld
withholding
retener
wring
wrung
wrung
wringing
retorcer/
‡•–”—Œƒ”
write
wrote
written
writing
‡• ”‹„‹”
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Irregular Verbs
Notes
Curso de Inglés para Adultos
Curso de Inglés para Adultos está diseñado para el aprendizaje de la lengua inglesa en el contexto del acceso a la universidad. El libro está organizado en ocho
unidades con lecturas sobre temas relacionados con diversas disciplinas que se estudian en diferentes grados universitarios en la UNED, tales como educación,
matemáticas, idiomas, psicología, historia, medios de comunicación, derecho y turismo. De este modo, se pretende ayudar al estudiante a familiarizarse con el
vocabulario básico relativo a estas áreas, a través de ejercicios de comprensión lectora, de construcción de oraciones y de redacción.
M.ª Ángeles Escobar Álvarez. Profesora titular de Universidad. Licenciada en Filología Inglesa por la Universidad Complutense de Madrid y doctora en
Lingüística por la Universidad de Utrecht (Países Bajos, 1995). Ha sido profesora visitante en varias universidades extranjeras y desde 2003 imparte docencia
en lengua inglesa en diversos grados del Departamento de Filologías Extranjeras y sus Lingüísticas de la UNED. Desde 2015 lleva, además, la coordinación
del Curso de Inglés de Acceso para mayores de 25/40/45 años. Es especialista en la adquisición de la gramática en segundas lenguas.
Iria da Cunha Fanego. Investigadora contratada (Programa Ramón y Cajal, 2015). Doctora en Ciencias del Lenguaje y Lingüística Aplicada por la Universitat
Pompeu Fabra (UPF) en 2008. Ha trabajado durante 15 años como investigadora y docente en la UPF, y desde el año 2015 imparte docencia en varios
grados del Departamento de Filologías Extranjeras y sus Lingüísticas de la UNED. Es especialista en discurso, terminología, escritura académica y lingüística
computacional, con un gran número de publicaciones sobre estos temas en diversos medios internacionales.
M.ª Teresa González Mínguez. Profesora asociada. Doctora en Filología Inglesa por la UNED (2004). Desde 2010 imparte docencia en lengua inglesa
en el grado de Estudios Ingleses del Departamento de Filologías Extranjeras y sus Lingüísticas de la UNED. Además, es profesora de Inglés de Enseñanza
Secundaria desde 1988 y ha trabajado en proyectos sobre inglés australiano y organización del programa bilingüe en Educación Secundaria. Sus áreas de
especialización son la poesía modernista norteamericana y el periodo de la Regencia británica. Ha publicado numerosos artículos en prestigiosas revistas
y colecciones de ensayos en volúmenes nacionales e internacionales.
Alba Luzondo Oyón. Investigadora contratada (Programa Posdoctoral de la UNED, 2013). Licenciada en Filología Inglesa por la Universidad de La Rioja
y doctora por la misma Universidad en 2011, fue Premio Extraordinario de Doctorado en 2012. Desde 2013 imparte docencia en diferentes asignaturas del
Departamento de Filologías Extranjeras y sus Lingüísticas de la UNED. Es especialista en Lingüística Cognitiva y Gramáticas de Construcciones, y cuenta con
numerosas publicaciones en revistas y volúmenes internacionales.
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