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  1. Ninguna Categoria
Subido por Carlos Lourenço

Faserverstärkte SMC: Mechanische Eigenschaften & Hybridharze

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FRAUNHOFER VERLAG
Fraunhofer-Institut
für Chemische Technologie ICT
David Bücheler
/Rcall\ &RQWiQXRXVğEer 5eiQIRrced
Sheet Molding Compound
Wissenschaftliche Schriftenreihe
des Fraunhofer ICT
Band 79
FRAUNHOFER VERLAG
Herausgeber:
Fraunhofer-Institut für Chemische Technologie ICT
Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Straße 7
76327 Pfinztal (Berghausen)
Telefon 0721 4640-0
Fax
0721 4640-111
Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der
Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im
Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.
ISBN (Print): 978-3-8396-1300-9
D 90
Zugl.: Karlsruhe, KIT, Diss., 2017
Druck: Mediendienstleistungen des
Fraunhofer-Informationszentrum Raum und Bau IRB, Stuttgart
Für den Druck des Buches wurde chlor- und säurefreies Papier verwendet.
© FRAUNHOFER VERLAG, 2018
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Locally Continuous-fiber Reinforced Sheet Molding Compound
—””Žƒ‰—‰†‡•ƒƒ†‡‹• Š‡ ”ƒ†‡•‡‹‡•
ȋ”ǤǦ ‰ǤȌ
„‡‹†‡” Ǧ ƒ—Ž–¡–ˆò”ƒ• Š‹‡„ƒ—†‡•
ƒ”Ž•”—Š‡” •–‹–—–•ˆò”‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡ȋ Ȍ
‰‡‡Š‹‰–‡
˜‘
‹’ŽǤǦ ‰Ǥƒ˜‹†ò Š‡Ž‡”
ƒ‰†‡”ò†Ž‹ Š‡”òˆ—‰ǣ
ƒ—’–”‡ˆ‡”‡–ǣ
ͳǤ‘””‡ˆ‡”‡–ǣ
ʹǤ‘””‡ˆ‡”‡–ǣ
‘”•‹–œ‡†‡”ǣ
ͳʹǤ–‘„‡”ʹͲͳ͹
”‘ˆǤ ”ƒ ‡‹‰
”‘ˆǤ‹Ǥ••™ƒŽ†
”‘ˆǤƒ›Ǥ‡‹†‡ƒ
”‘ˆǤ–‘Ú•Žƒ‰
—•ƒ‡ˆƒ••—‰
—” Š Ž‘ƒŽ‡• †Ž‘•ˆƒ•‡”˜‡”•–¡”‡ ˜‘ Š‡‡– ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘’‘—†
ȋȌƒƒ—ˆ™‹”–• Šƒˆ–Ž‹ Š‡‡‹•‡ƒ—–‡‹Ž•–‡‹ˆ‹‰‡‹–‹–‡•‹‰ˆ”‡‹Ǧ
Š‡‹–‘„‹‹‡”–™‡”†‡Ǥ†ƒ•‰‡•ƒ–‡‘–‡œ‹ƒŽ†‹‡•‡• ‡”–‹‰—‰•Ǧ
˜‡”ˆƒŠ”‡• ƒ—•œ—• ŠÚ’ˆ‡ —† — ƒ—–‡‹Ž‡ ‰Ž‡‹ Š„Ž‡‹„‡†‡” —ƒŽ‹–¡–
Š‡”œ—•–‡ŽŽ‡ǡ ò••‡ ƒŽŽ‡”†‹‰• †ƒ• ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•›•–‡ —† †‹‡ ‡”–‹Ǧ
‰—‰•• Š”‹––‡ ƒ‰‡’ƒ••– ‘†‡” –‡‹Ž™‡‹•‡ ‡— ‘œ‹’‹‡”– ™‡”†‡Ǥ ‹•Š‡Ǧ
”‹‰‡”„‡‹–‡‘–‡’‘•‹–‹‘•–”‡—‡ƒ‰‡—†”‹‡–‹‡”—‰†‡”†Ǧ
Ž‘•ˆƒ•‡”˜‡”•–¡”—‰ ‹ Š– ‹– †‡ ‘”–‡‹Ž‡ †‡” Ž‹‡éˆ¡Š‹‰‡‹– †‡•
• ˜‡”„‹†‡Ǥ ƒŠ‡” —•• ƒ Š –ƒ† †‡” ‡ Š‹ǡ •‘„ƒŽ† Ž‘ƒŽ‡
†Ž‘•ˆƒ•‡”˜‡”•–¡”—‰‡ œ— ‹•ƒ–œ ‘‡ǡ †ƒ• ˆ‘”‰‡Ǧ
’”‡••– ™‡”†‡ǡ — Ž‹‡é„‡™‡‰—‰‡ ‹‡”ŠƒŽ„ †‡• ‡”œ‡—‰‡• œ—
”‡†—œ‹‡”‡Ǥ
—” Š†‡‹•ƒ–œ‡‹‡• ƒ”œ‡•‹–œ™‡‹•–—ˆ‹‰‡”‡”‡–œ—‰•”‡ƒ–‹‘
ƒ†‹‡ƒ–”‹š†‡”†Ž‘•ˆƒ•‡”˜‡”•–¡”—‰‹‹Š”‡”‹•‘•‹–¡–‰‡‰‡Ǧ
ò„‡” –ƒ†ƒ”†ǦǦ ƒ”œ‡ — ‡‹‡ ”Ú釐‘”†—‰ ‡”ŠÚŠ– ™‡”†‡Ǥ
— Š †‡” ‹•‘•‹–¡–•ƒ„ˆƒŽŽ ‹ Š‡‹é‡ ”‡••™‡”œ‡—‰ ‹•– ‰‡”‹‰‡”Ǥ ‹‡
ƒ„‰‡• ŠŽ‘••‡‡ ‡”•–‡ ‡ƒ–‹‘••–—ˆ‡ ˆòŠ”– œ— ‡‹‡ •–‡‹ˆ‡ ‹Ž‡‰‡”ǡ
†‡”™¡Š”‡††‡•”‡••˜‘”‰ƒ‰•†‹‡”¡ˆ–‡†‡•ˆŽ‹‡é‡†‡•‡”–”¡‰–
—† ‹ Š– †‡ˆ‘”‹‡”– ™‹”†Ǥ —†‡ ƒ †—” Š †‹‡ œ™‡‹–‡ǡ ‘ Š ‹ Š–
‡”ˆ‘Ž‰–‡ ‡ƒ–‹‘••–—ˆ‡ǡ ‡‹‡ Š‡‹• Š‡ ‡”‡–œ—‰ ‹– †‡ ‡”Ǧ
ˆ‘Ž‰‡Ǥ  ‡‹‡ ‡”• Š‹‡„—‰ †‡” Ž‘ƒŽ‡ †Ž‘•ˆƒ•‡”˜‡”•–¡”—‰
ƒ—•œ—• ŠŽ‹‡é‡ǡ ™‹”† ‡‹‡ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹š‹‡”—‰ ‹––‡Ž• ƒ‰‡–‹• Š‡
‡Ž†‡” ‡–™‹ ‡Ž–Ǥ ‹‡”œ— —•• †‹‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ‘”—Ž‹‡”—‰ ™‡‹–‡” ƒǦ
‰‡’ƒ••–™‡”†‡Ǥ
—”•‡–œ—‰†‡•Š‹‡”„‡• Š”‹‡„‡‡ ‡”–‹‰—‰•‘œ‡’–‡•„‡†ƒ”ˆ‡•
†‡”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ–‡”‹•‹‡”—‰—†‘†‡ŽŽ‹‡”—‰ǡœ—†‡†‡”‹—Žƒ–‹Ǧ
‘†‡• Ž‹‡é’”‘œ‡••‡•—††‡”ƒ‰‡–‹• Š‡ ‡Ž†‡”Ǥš’‡”‹‡–‡†‹‡Ǧ
‡†‡”ƒŽ‹†‹‡”—‰†‡•‘œ‡’–‡•Ǥ ŠŽ‹‡éŽ‹ Š‘–‡ƒ—–‡‹Ž‡Š‘Š‡”
—†‰Ž‡‹ Š„Ž‡‹„‡†‡”—ƒŽ‹–¡–Š‡”‰‡•–‡ŽŽ–™‡”†‡—†•‘‹–‡‹™‹ ŠǦ
–‹‰‡” Š”‹––‹‹ Š–—‰ †—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•‹‡”—‰‰‡‰ƒ‰‡™‡”†‡Ǥ
‹
„•–”ƒ –
Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽŽ› ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡””‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†•–”— Ǧ
–—”‡•™‹–ŠŠ‡‡–‘Ž†‹‰‘’‘—†ȋȌŠƒ•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡
•–”— –—”‡• ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘„‹‹‰ Š‹‰Š •–‹ˆˆ‡•• ™‹–Š ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‹ †‡Ǧ
•‹‰Ǥ ‘”†‡”–‘‡š’Ž‘‹––Š‡ˆ—ŽŽ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽƒ†–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‘Ǧ
’‘‡–•ǡƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•’”‘ ‡•••–‡’•Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡–ƒ‹Ž‘”‡†‘” ‘Ǧ
’Ž‡–‡Ž›”‡–Š‘—‰Š–Ǥ”‡˜‹‘—•™‘”Šƒ•ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘ ‘„‹‡–Š‡ˆŽ‘™ƒ„‹Ž‹–›
‘ˆ–Š‡ǡ‡‡†‡†–‘ˆ‘””‹„•ƒ†–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡‹Žƒ›•ǡ™‹–Šƒ —”ƒ–‡
’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ† ‹–ƒ – •Šƒ’‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡” ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–Ǥ
–ƒ–‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡Ǧƒ”–‹ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰‹••–‹ŽŽƒ‡ƒ”‡–Ǧ•Šƒ’‡‘Ž† ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ
–Š‡–‘’”‡˜‡–ƒ›ˆŽ‘™Ǥ
Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆƒ–™‘Ǧ•–‡’ —”‹‰”‡•‹‡ƒ„Ž‡•–‘”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡˜‹• ‘•‹Ǧ
–› Ž‡˜‡Ž ƒˆ–‡” ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–”‹š‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡” ”‡‹Ǧ
ˆ‘” ‡‡–„›‘‡‘”†‡”‘ˆƒ‰‹–—†‡Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡˜‹• ‘•‹–›†”‘’
™Š‡’Žƒ ‡†‹–Š‡Š‘–‘Ž†‹•”‡†— ‡†ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‘••ǦŽ‹‹‰‘ˆ
–Š‡’‘Ž›‡”ƒ––Š‡ˆ‹”•–”‡ƒ –‹‘•–‡’Ǥ‘–Š”‡•—Ž–•‹ƒ•–‹ˆˆ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡Ǧ
‡–†—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ǡ™Š‹ Š‡†—”‡•–Š‡ˆ‘” ‡•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†„›–Š‡ˆŽ‘™Ǧ
‹‰ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹•‘–†‡ˆ‘”‡†Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡•‡ ‘†ǡ•–‹ŽŽ
Žƒ–‡–ǡ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ •–‡’ ƒŽŽ‘™• ˆ‘” Š‡‹ ƒŽ „‘†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ Ǥ ‘ ’”‡Ǧ
˜‡– †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–ǡ ƒ ‘˜‡Ž ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ‡–Š‘† ‹•
‹–”‘†— ‡†„›—•‹‰ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•–‘‡‡’–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ•
‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‹„‡” ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡† ’Žƒ•–‹ • „‡Šƒ˜‡ ‡—–”ƒŽ ‹ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ Šƒ• –‘ „‡ ‘†‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥ ‘” –Š‹• ’—”’‘•‡
ˆ‡””‹ƒ‰‡–‹ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ƒ”‡†‹•’‡”•‡†‹–Š‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–ǯ•ƒ–”‹šǤ
‘ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ –Š‹• ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘ ‡’– ƒ —Ž–‹†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”› ƒ’Ǧ
’”‘ƒ Š ‹• ‡‡†‡†ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰ǡ ’”‘ ‡•• •‹—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ† ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž† •‹—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ† Ž‹‡Ǧ
™‹•‡‡š’‡”‹‡–•Ǥ ‡”‡„›ǡ–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ
–Š‡•‡ Š›„”‹† •–”— –—”‡• ƒ”‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› ‹’”‘˜‡† ƒ† ƒ ƒŒ‘” •–‡’
–‘™ƒ”†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰‹•ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†Ǥ
‹‹‹
ƒ•ƒ‰—‰
Š„‹ˆ”‘Šƒ†‹‡•‡”–‡ŽŽ‡‡‹‡–‹‡ˆ‡—†ƒ—ˆ”‹ Š–‹‰‡ƒƒ—•Ǧ
†”ò ‡œ—Ú‡ǣ
—ƒŽŽ‡”‡”•–„‡‹”‘ˆǤ ”ƒ ‡‹‰ǡ†‡”‹”•‘™‘ŠŽ”‹‡–‹‡”—‰ǡƒŽ•
ƒ— Š ”‡‹”ƒ—‰ƒ„ǡ—††‡”‹”†‹‡—” ŠˆòŠ”—‰†‹‡•‡”‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘
ò„‡”Šƒ—’–‡”•–‡”Ú‰Ž‹ Š–‡Ǥ
‡‹ ”‘ˆǤ ‹ ••™ƒŽ† —† •‡‹‡” ”„‡‹–•‰”—’’‡ ‹ ƒ†‹•‘ ˆò” †‹‡
ˆƒ ŠŽ‹ Š‡ –‡”•–ò–œ—‰ǡ †ƒ• ‰”‘釕 –‡”‡••‡ ƒ †‹‡•‡ Š‡ƒ —†
†‹‡ Š‡”œŽ‹ Š‡ —ˆƒŠ‡ „‡‹ ‡‹‡ ‘”• Š—‰•„‡•— Š ‹ ‘‡”
ʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
‡‹ ”‘ˆ ƒ› ‡‹†‡ƒ ˆò” ƒŽŽ †‹‡ ‰‡• Š‡–‡ ‡‹– — œ— †‹•—–‹‡Ǧ
”‡ǡ†‹‡•‡”„‡‹–œ—•–”—–—”‹‡”‡—††‡Š¡‘‡‡ƒ—ˆ†‡ ”—†
œ—‰‡Š‡Ǥ
Š †ƒ‡ ‡‹‡” –—†‡–‹ —•ƒ‡ —† ‡‹‡ –—†‡–‡ ‹ Šƒ‡Žǡ
Š”‹•–‘’Šǡ ‡–‡”ǡ †›ǡ –‡’Šƒ —† ƒ–”‹  ˆò” ‹Š”‡ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–¡–ǡ †‹‡
†‹‡•‡”„‡‹–—†ƒ— Š‹ Š„‡”‡‹ Š‡”–Šƒ–Ǥ
™‡ǡŽŽ‹ǡ‡˜‹ǡ —ƒ”ǡŒƒ—†ƒ†ƒ‡‹ Šˆò”†‹‡•‘”‰ˆ¡Ž–‹‰‡
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’”òˆ—‰‡—††ƒ•‹„”‹‰‡‹Š”‡• ƒ Š™‹••‡•Ǥ
‘ Ú Š–‡ ‹ Š †ƒˆò” †ƒ‡ǡ †ƒ•• ‡” •‡‹ –‹‡ˆ‡• Š‡‹• Š‡• ‹••‡
‹–‹”–‡‹Ž–‡Ǥ
‡‹ —•‡”‡ ”‘†—–„‡”‡‹ Š —† ‹•„‡•‘†‡”‡ „‡‹ ‡‹‡” ”—’’‡
Ú Š–‡ ‹ Š ‹ Š ˆò” †‹‡ ˆƒ ŠŽ‹ Š‡ —† ƒ— Š –ƒ–”¡ˆ–‹‰‡ –‡”•–ò–œ—‰
‹ ‡ Š‹— „‡†ƒ‡Ǥ • ™ƒ” ‡‹‡ ƒ—ˆ”‡‰‡†‡ —† Ž‡Š””‡‹ Š‡ ‡‹–
‹–— ŠƒŽŽ‡Ǥ
‹‡ ‰”‘釐 ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆò” †‹‡ ڔ†‡”—‰ ƒ„ ƒ‰ ‡‹• —† ƒ ‡
ˆò” •‡‹‡ ‡Š”Ž‹ Š‡ ‹• Š¡–œ—‰‡ǡ ‡”—‰‡ —† ‘””‡–—”‡ǡ
†‹‡†‡”‡•„ƒ”‡‹–—†—ƒŽ‹–¡–†‹‡•‡”‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘‰‡Š‘Žˆ‡Šƒ„‡Ǥ
˜
‹‡ˆ˜‡”„—†‡„‹‹ Š‡‹‡” ƒ‹Ž‹‡ǡƒ—ˆ†‹‡‹ Š‹ ŠƒŽŽœ‡‹–˜‡”Žƒ•Ǧ
•‡ƒǤƒ‡ ”‡‡ǡ†ƒ‡‘Žƒ†ǡ†ƒ‡ƒƒ–ƒˆò”—”‡„‡†‹Ǧ
‰—‰•Ž‘•‡–‡”•–ò–œ—‰Ǥ
‡‹ †‡” ‡—–• Š‡ ‘”• Š—‰•‰‡‡‹• Šƒˆ– „‡†ƒ‡ ‹ Š ‹ Š ˆò” †‹‡
ˆ‹ƒœ‹‡ŽŽ‡–‡”•–ò–œ—‰†‹‡•‡””„‡‹–Ǥ
˜‹
‹•–‘ˆ—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•
Paper I: Mechanical Properties of Unidirectional Continuous Carbon Fiber Reinforced Sheet Molding Compoundsǡ
Ǥ”ƒ—–ŠǡǤò Š‡Ž‡”ǡǤǤ‡‹†‡ƒƒ† Ǥ ‡‹‰ǡ
ͳ͹–Š—”‘’‡ƒ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘‘’‘•‹–‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ȋͳ͹Ȍǡ
ǣͻ͹ͺǦ͵ǦͲͲǦͲͷ͵͵ͺ͹Ǧ͹ǡʹ͸Ǧ͵ͲǤͲ͸ǤʹͲͳ͸ǡ’’͸͹ͳ͸Ǧ͸͹ʹ͵Ǥ
Paper II: Hybrid Resin Improves Position and Alignment of Continuously Reinforced Prepreg During Compression Co-molding
With Sheet Molding Compoundǡ
Ǥò Š‡Ž‡”ƒ† Ǥ ‡‹‰ǡ
ͳ͹–Š—”‘’‡ƒ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘‘’‘•‹–‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ȋͳ͹Ȍǡ
ǣͻ͹ͺǦ͵ǦͲͲǦͲͷ͵͵ͺ͹Ǧ͹ǡʹ͸Ǧ͵ͲǤͲ͸ǤʹͲͳ͸ǡ’’͸͸ͻͻǦ͸͹Ͳ͵Ǥ
Paper III: Using Thermogravimetric Analysis to Determine Carbon
Fiber Weight Percentage of Fiber-Reinforced Plasticsǡ
Ǥò Š‡Ž‡”ǡǤƒ‹•‡”ƒ† Ǥ ‡‹‰ǡ
‘’‘•‹–‡•ƒ”–ǣ‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡ˜‘ŽǤͳͲ͸ǡ’’ǤʹͳͺȂʹʹ͵ǡʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
Š‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆ–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•–‘–Š‡ƒ’’‡†‡†’ƒ’‡”‹•ǣ
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ—• ”‹’–™”‹–‹‰
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ǡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ—• ”‹’–™”‹–‹‰
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ǡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ—• ”‹’–™”‹–‹‰
–Š‡”’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘–‹ Ž—†‡†‹–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ǣ
Expanding Applications Areas for Sheet Molding Compound (SMC)
Through New Material Compositions and New Hybrid Processes,
Ǥ ”›ƒǡǤò Š‡Ž‡”ǡ Ǥ ‡‹‰ǡǤ‰”‡•‹ ƒ†Ǥ ‘Š„‡”‰ǡ
͵͵”† –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž›‡””‘ ‡••‹‰‘ ‹‡–›ǡ
ƒ —ǡͳͲǤǦͳͶǤͳʹǤʹͲͳ͹Ǥ
˜‹‹
Rheological In-Mold measurements and characterizations of
Sheet-Molding-Compound (SMC) formulations with different constitution properties by using a compressible shell model,
Ǥ ‘Š„‡”‰ǡǤ¡”‰‡”ǡǤò Š‡Ž‡”ƒ† Ǥ ‡‹‰ǡ
–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘Ž›‡””‘ ‡••‹‰ǡ˜‘ŽǤ͵ʹǡ‘Ǥͷǡ’’Ǥ͸ͷͻǦ͸͸ͺǡʹͲͳ͹Ǥ
Processing of Continuous-discontinuous-fiber-reinforced Thermosets
Ǥò Š‡Ž‡”ǡǤ”ƒ—–ŠǡǤƒǡǤڊŽ‡ǡ Ǥ ‡‹‰ǡǤ¡”‰‡”ǡ
Ǥ‡‡Ž‹‰ƒ†ǤǤ‡‹†‡ƒǡ
—”‘’‡‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ʹͲͳ͹ǡ–—––‰ƒ”–ǡͳͷǤͳͳǤʹͲͳ͹Ǥ
MAI qfast - Assessment and direct comparison of various fiber
reinforced systems based on generic structuresǡ
ǤòŽŽ‡”ǡǤ„Ž‹ǡ Ǥ”¡‡”ǡ Ǥƒ—• Šǡ Ǥ–ƒ”‡ǡǤƒ” Š‡”ǡǤ ƒ‰•
ƒ†Ǥò Š‡Ž‡”ǡ
ͳ•– –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘’‘•‹–‡•‘‰”‡••ȋ Ȍǡ
–—––‰ƒ”–ǡʹͳǤȀʹʹǤͲͻǤʹͲͳͷǤ
Validierung eines Simulationsmodells für Wälzlager durch Abgleich von Simulations- mit Messdatenǡ
Ǥ ”‹–œǡǤò Š‡Ž‡”ƒ†Ǥ‡‡ƒǡ
Ǧ”‘ Ǥ’’ŽǤƒ–ŠǤ‡ Šǡ‘Ž—‡ͳͲǡ ••—‡ͳǡ’’ʹ͵ͻǦʹͶͲǡʹͲͳͲǤ
ƒ–‡–ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ǣ
Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von mit Einlegern
versehenen Polymer-Formteilen,
Ǥò Š‡Ž‡”ǡͳͲʹͲͳͶͲͳʹͻ͹ͳͳǣʹͲͳͶͲͻͲͺǤ
˜‹‹‹
‘–‡–•
ͳ
–”‘†— –‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ
ͳǤͳ
ͳǤʹ
ͳǤ͵
ʹ
Š‡ †‡ƒŽ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͳ
Š‡ †‡ƒŽ ‹„‡”•ˆ‘”‘‹ ‘ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͷ
Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹‘„›‡ƒ•‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹ ‹‡Ž†•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵͸
Š‡‹ ƒŽ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ͹
”‘ ‡••‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͷ
ͶǤͳ
ͶǤʹ
ͶǤ͵
”‡Ǧ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†‡‹Ǧˆ‹‹•Š‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ
Š‡‡–‘Ž†‹‰‘’‘—†ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹
‘ ˆ‘”‘’”‡••‹‘‘Ž†‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻ
”ƒ’‹‰‘ˆ‘ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳ
‘ ƒŽŽ›‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†‹ ‘ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶ
”‹ –‹‘‘ˆ‘ –‘‘Ž†ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͸
–”‘†— –‹‘–‘ƒ‰‡–‹•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͹
ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ •ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͸
–”‘†— –‹‘–‘Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͸
‡ƒ” ƒ–‹‘–‘–ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡ƒ†‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͻ
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͳ
͵Ǥͳ
͵Ǥʹ
͵Ǥ͵
͵ǤͶ
Ͷ
‘’‡‘ˆ‘”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ
ƒ ‰”‘—†ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ
„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†’’”‘ƒ ŠǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ
—””‡––ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ
ʹǤͳ
ʹǤʹ
ʹǤ͵
ʹǤͶ
ʹǤͷ
ʹǤ͸
ʹǤ͹
ʹǤͺ
ʹǤͻ
ʹǤͳͲ
͵
‡‹Ǧˆ‹‹•Š‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͷ
”ƒ’‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͻ
‘Ž†‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹͵
‹š
ͷ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͳ
ͷǤͳ
ͷǤʹ
ͷǤ͵
ͷǤͶ
ͷǤͷ
ͷǤ͸
ͷǤ͹
ͷǤͺ
ͷǤͻ
ͷǤͳͲ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ”‹ –‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͳ
‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽŠƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͻ
ƒ‰‡–‹ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻ͵
‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹ ”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻ͹
‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ‘ ƒŽ‘ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
—”‹‰‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰™‹–Š‹ ‘ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲ͵
‹—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹ ‹šƒ–‹‘ ‘” ‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͲ
‹—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͳ
‡ Šƒ‹ •‘ˆ‘ ƒŽ‘ —”‹‰‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳ͸
”ƒ’‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹ͵
‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰–‘‡ƒŽ‹œ‡‘’Ž‡šƒ”–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹͻ
͸
—ƒ”›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵ͷ
͹
—–Ž‘‘ƒ†—‰‰‡•–‹‘•ˆ‘” —”–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵͹
ͺ
’’‡†‹šǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵ͻ
ͻ
‹•–‘ˆ ‹‰—”‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶ͹
ͳͲ ‹•–‘ˆƒ„Ž‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͷͶ
ͳͳ —””‹ —Ž—‹–ƒ‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͷͷ
ͳʹ ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͷ͹
š
„„”‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘•
‘‹ ‘ ‘‹ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘
‹ ‘ ‹ ‘ ‡͵Ͷ
‰
Ԡ
† ‡
’
’Š”
‘’—–‡”Ǧƒ‹†‡††‡•‹‰
ƒ”„‘ˆ‹„‡”
‘’—–‡”‹œ‡†—‡”‹ ƒŽ ‘–”‘Ž
‘–‹—‘—•Ǧ†‹• ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡””‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†’Žƒ•–‹ ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧ†‹• ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡””‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†–Š‡”‘•‡–
‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡””‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†’Žƒ•–‹ ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡””‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†–Š‡”‘•‡–
‡•‹‰‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡–•
‹• ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡””‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†’Žƒ•–‹ ‹• ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡””‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†–Š‡”‘•‡–
”ƒ™‹‰‹–‡” Šƒ‰‡ˆ‹Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ–
Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‰‡–
’‘š›
ƒ‰‡–‹–‡
‹„‡””‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†’Žƒ•–‹ Žƒ••ˆ‹„‡”
‹Ǧ‹•‘ ›ƒƒ–‡
ƒ‰‡•‹—‘š‹†‡
‡–Š›Ž‡–Šƒ ”›Žƒ–‡
‘Ž—‡„ƒ•‡†‘†‡Ž
ƒ‰‡–‘”Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ
‘Ǧ ”‹’ˆƒ„”‹ ‡‘†›‹—ƒ‰‡–
ȋƒŽŽ‘›ˆ”‘‡‘†›‹—ǡ‹”‘ǡƒ†„‘”‘ǣ†ʹ ‡ͳͶȏͳȐȌ
‘Ž›„‡œ‘“—‹‘‡
”‡’”‡‰ ‘’”‡••‹‘‘Ž†‹‰
ƒ”–•’‡”Š—†”‡†”‡•‹
‡”ƒ‡–ƒ‰‡–
ƒ‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ”‘• ‘’‡
Š‡‡–‘Ž†‹‰ ‘’‘—†
‹‰—Žƒ”˜ƒŽ—‡†‡ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘
š‹
š‹‹
•ƒ–—”ƒ–‡†’‘Ž›‡•–‡”
•ƒ–—”ƒ–‡†’‘Ž›‡•–‡”’‘Ž›—”‡–Šƒ‡Š›„”‹†
‹›Ž‡•–‡”
‹„”ƒ–‹‰•ƒ’Ž‡ƒ‰‡–‘‡–‡”
‹•–‘ˆ•›„‘Ž•
Symbol
଴
‫צ‬
ୄ
ୢ୧ୱ ୣ୫୮ ୤୧୶ ୰
୅
େ
େ୊ ୈ୷ ୉୑ ୊ୣ ୑
Parameter
ˆ”‡‡•’ƒ ‡ǡˆ‘”˜ƒŽ—‡•–‘™ƒ”†•Ͳ
‘Ž†‹‰†‹”‡ –‹‘
‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ”–‘‘Ž†‹‰†‹”‡ –‹‘
‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–
’‹”‹ ‹šƒ–‹‘
‡Žƒ–‹˜‡
‹”‰ƒ’
‘‡” ‹˜‹–›
ƒ”„‘ˆ‹„‡”
›ƒ‹ Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‰‡–
”‘
ƒ‰‡–
୑ୟ୲୦୊୧୲ ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽˆ‹–
‘Ž—‡„ƒ•‡†‘†‡Ž
୑୭ୢ୚ ‘”ƒŽ
୒
‡”ƒ‡–ƒ‰‡–
୔୑ ‡ƒ‡–
ୖ
ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘
ୗ
Š‡ƒ”
ୗ୦ୣୟ୰ –ƒ–‹ ୗ୲ ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
୘ୣ୫୮ •ƒ–—”ƒ–‡†’‘Ž›‡•–‡”
୙୔ •ƒ–—”ƒ–‡†’‘Ž›‡•–‡”’‘Ž›—”‡–Šƒ‡Š›„”‹†
୙୔୔ୌ ‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ —”‡
‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›
୮
‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–
‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘†—‡–‘‰”ƒ˜‹–›
‡‹‰Š–
‘Ž–œƒ ‘•–ƒ–
୆
‡‰–Š
”‘••‡š’‘‡–
”‡••—”‡
Unit
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ψ
Ȁȋ‰Ȍ

Ȁ•;
ǡ
Ȁ

Ǧ
ƒ
š‹‹‹
‫כ‬
ᇱᇱ
ᇱ
ଶ
ଶ
଴Ǥଶ ୗ
େ
‫כ‬
୆
š‹˜
Ž‡ –”‹ Šƒ”‰‡
ƒ†‹—•
–ƒ’†‹•–ƒ ‡
‘••ˆƒ –‘”
‡Ž‘ ‹–›
‹†–Š
”‡ƒ
ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆŽ—š†‡•‹–›
Ž‡ –”‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•–”‡‰–Š
‘”
‘—‰ǯ•‘†—Ž—•ǡ‡Žƒ•–‹ ‘†—Ž—•
‘” ‡
Š‡ƒ”‘†—Ž—•
‘’Ž‡š•Š‡ƒ”‘†—Ž—•
–‘”ƒ‰‡‘†—Ž—•
‘••‘†—Ž—•
ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•–”‡‰–Š
ƒ‰‡–‹ ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘
‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘
†Œ—•–‡† ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘
‹‡Ž†•–”‡‰–Š
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘•–ƒ–
‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘•–ƒ–
—”‹‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
‘Ž—‡
‡”‰›
‘–ƒ–‹‘
Š‡ƒ””ƒ–‡
‹”‰ƒ’Š‡‹‰Š–
‹• ‘•‹–›
‘’Ž‡š˜‹• ‘•‹–›
Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›
ƒ‰‡–‹ ’‡”‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›
‘”
”‹ –‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–
‘Š”ƒ‰‡–‘ǡ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‘•–ƒ–
‡•‹–›
Š‡ƒ”•–”‡••


Ǧ
Ȁ•

;
Ȁ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
Ȁ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ȁ;
ĥ
ιǡ
ι
ι
Ϳ
†‡‰
ͳȀ•

ĥ
ĥ
ȀȋȌ
•Ȁ
Ǧ
Ȁ
‰Ȁ Ϳ
ƒ
‫כ‬
”ƒ•‹–‹‘’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”
‘Ž—‡ ‘–‡–
Šƒ‰‡‹Ž‡‰–Š
Šƒ‰‡‹™‹†–Š
ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆŽ—š
‰—Žƒ”ˆ”‡“—‡ ›
ƒ
˜‘ŽǤǦΨ
Ψ
Ψ
„
ͳȀ•
š˜
ͳ –”‘†— –‹‘
‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š– †‡•‹‰ ˆ‘” ƒ•• ’”‘†— ‡† ’ƒ••‡‰‡” ƒ”• ‹• Ž‡ƒ”Ž› ‘– ƒ
‡™ ˆ‹‡Ž† ‘ˆ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ† ™ƒ• †”‹˜‡ „› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘–‹˜‡• †—”‹‰ –Š‡
Žƒ•– †‡ ƒ†‡•Ǥ – Ž‡ƒ•– •‹ ‡ ͳͻ͹ʹ ƒ” ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”• Šƒ˜‡ ”‡†— ‡† –Š‡
™‡‹‰Š– ‘ˆ •‹‰Ž‡ ‘’‘‡–• •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› „› •—„•–‹–—–‹‰ ‘Ǧ
•–”— –—”ƒŽ ‡–ƒŽ ’ƒ”–• „› ‰Žƒ•• ˆ‹„‡” ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡† ’‘Ž›‡”‹ ‘’‘•‹–‡
‘’‘‡–•ǡ ƒ‹Ž› –‘ ”‡†— ‡ ˆ—‡Ž ‘•—’–‹‘ ȏʹǡ ͵ȐǤ ƒ–‡”ǡ –Š‡ ”‡Ǧ
†— –‹‘‘ˆ ƒ”„‘†‹‘š‹†‡™ƒ•‡ˆ‘” ‡†„›–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—”‘Ǧ
ିଵ
ିଵ
„›ʹͲͳͷǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›–‘
’‡ƒ—‹‘–‘
ଶ
ଶ
„›ʹͲʹͳȏͶȐǤŠ‡‡‡”‰‹‰‡‡”‰›–—”ƒ”‘—†‹• —””‡–Ž›†”‹˜‹‰–Š‡
ƒ—–‘‘–‹˜‡‹†—•–”›Ǥ‡’Žƒ ‹‰ƒ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ‡‰‹‡„›ƒ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ƒŽ
‡‰‹‡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡“—‹”‡† ‡‡”‰› •–‘”ƒ‰‡ Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ ƒ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹
–Š‡ ƒ”ǯ•™‡‹‰Š–ȏͷȐǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‹‰ˆƒ –‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡ ƒ”•”ƒ‰‡ȏ͸ǡ
͹ȐǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡŽ‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š–†‡•‹‰‹•ƒ•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ƒ•‡˜‡”ǡ„—–™‡‹‰Š–”‡Ǧ
†— –‹‘ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” ‘Ǧ•–”— –—”ƒŽ ’ƒ”–• ƒ’’‡ƒ” –‘ „‡ ƒŽ‘•– ‡šǦ
’Ž‘‹–‡†ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡•–”— –—”‡‹–•‡ŽˆŠƒ•–‘„‡–ƒ Ž‡†ƒ†™‡ ‘—Ž†„‡‹
–Š‡‹†•–‘ˆƒǮƒ‡Ǧ‘”Ǧ„”‡ƒǯ†‡ ƒ†‡ˆ‘” ƒ”„‘ˆ‹„‡””‡‹ˆ‘” ‡† ‘Ǧ
’‘•‹–‡•ȏ͵ȐǤ
ͳǤͳ ‘’‡‘ˆ‘”
Š‘’’‡† ‰Žƒ•• ƒ† ƒ”„‘ ˆ‹„‡” •Š‡‡– ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘’‘—†• ȋ Ǧ
ƒ† ǦȌ‘ˆˆ‡”‡š ‡ŽŽ‡– Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ˆ‘” ‘’Ž‡š’ƒ”–‰‡‘‡–”›ǡ
ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ƒ–”‡ƒ•‘Ǧ
ƒ„Ž‡ ‘•–•Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†Ž‹‹–‡†ˆ‹„‡”Ž‡‰–Šƒ†‹•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–’”‘Ǧ
‡•• ‘–”‘Ž ‘˜‡” ˆ‹„‡” ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ Ž‹‹–‡† ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ
•–”‡‰–Šƒ†•–‹ˆˆ‡••ǤȏͺȂͳ͵Ȑ
Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • ‘ˆ ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡” ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡† ’”‡’”‡‰ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•
•Š‘™–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǤŠ‡›‘ˆˆ‡”•—’‡”‹‘”‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•
ƒ– ˜‡”› Ž‹‹–‡† ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‘ˆ †‡•‹‰ ƒ† ƒ– Š‹‰Š ‘•–• ˆ‘” ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ†
•‘‡–‹‡•‡˜‡–Š‡’”‘ ‡••ǤȏͺȂͳͳǡͳͶǡͳͷȐ
ͳ
–”‘†— –‹‘
‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘ˆ ’”‡’”‡‰ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ™‹–Š •Š‡‡– ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘’‘—† ȋȌ
ƒŽŽ‘™• ˆ‘” ˆƒ•– ƒ† ‘•– ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘’Ž‡š „—– •–‹ŽŽ
•–”— –—”ƒŽ ‘’‘•‹–‡•Ǥ Š‡ ˆŽ‘™ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ‹• •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡
‘’Ž‡š‰‡‘‡–”‹‡•Ž‹‡”‹„•ƒ†–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡‹•‡”–•ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡ ‘Ǧ
–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡” ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡– ”‡ƒ–‡• –Š‡ •–”— –—”ƒŽ „ƒ „‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘’‘‡–ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†ƒŽ‹‰‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡”•
‹•‹†‡ƒ ‘’‘‡–†‡–‡”‹‡•–Š‡•–”— –—”ƒŽ‹–‡‰”‹–›Ǥȏͳ͸ȂʹʹȐ
ͳǤʹƒ ‰”‘—†
–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”– ’”‡’”‡‰ •›•–‡• —•‡† ‹ ‘’”‡••‹‘ ‘Ž†‹‰ ƒ”‡
„ƒ•‡† ‘ —•ƒ–—”ƒ–‡† ’‘Ž›‡•–‡” ȋȌ ȏʹ͵Ȑǡ ˜‹›Ž‡•–‡” ȋȌ ȏͳͺǡ ʹʹȐ ‘”
‡’‘š› ȋȌ ȏͳͻȂʹͳȐ ”‡•‹•Ǥ ŽŽ –Š‡•‡ ”‡•‹ Š‡‹•–”‹‡• Žƒ  –Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–›
–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ Š‡‹ ƒŽŽ› •–ƒ„Ž‡ǡ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ˜‹• ‘—• Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› ‘ˆ
‰Ǧ–Š‹ ‡‡† Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ƒ† Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ’”‡’”‡‰ †”‘’• †”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›
ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡’”‡’”‡‰ ƒ‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‘” ‡•
™Š‡‘Ž†‡†ƒ–
ƒ’’Ž‹‡†„›–Š‡ˆŽ‘™‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽȏͳ͸ȐǤǦ•–ƒ‰‹‰‘ˆ”‡•‹•
Ž‡ƒ†•–‘Š‹‰Š‡”˜‹• ‘•‹–›Ž‡˜‡Ž•—†‡” ‘’”‡••‹‘‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ
Š‘™‡˜‡”–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Š‘™•ƒƒ””‘™’”‘ ‡••™‹†‘™ˆ‘”†”ƒ’‹‰ȏͳͻǡ
ʹͲȐƒ†•Š‘”–•Š‡ŽˆŽ‹ˆ‡ȏʹͶȐǤ
–‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›‘™–Šƒ–ˆ‘”•–ƒ–‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡Ǧƒ”–”‡•‹•›•–‡•ƒ”‡‹ˆ‘” Ǧ
‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‡†’”‡’”‡‰ ƒ‘Ž›„‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†„›‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰
ˆŽ‘™‹•‹†‡–Š‡‘Ž†ȏͳͻǡʹ͵ǡʹͷȐǤ•‹•ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”‹–••—’‡”‹‘”
†‡•‹‰ˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ† ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘–Š‹•Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘
‹•‘–ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ǤŠ—•ǡƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†’”‘ ‡••†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”‡‡‡†‡†
–‘Ž‘ –Š‡ ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡”’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†ƒŽ‹‰‡–†—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ
ͳǤ͵„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†’’”‘ƒ Š
Š‡ƒ‹‹•–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ƒ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡’”‘ ‡••ˆ‘” ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰‘ˆ’”‡’”‡‰™‹–Š
ƒ–Š‹‰ŠˆŽ‘™”ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹•’‘•–—Žƒ–‡†ǣ
ʹ
„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†’’”‘ƒ Š
x Š‡ ’”‡’”‡‰Ǧƒ–”‹š —•– ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ •–ƒ„Ž‡ Š‹‰Š ˜‹• ‘—• Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡ –‘
ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ ƒ •–‹ˆˆ ƒ† •Šƒ’‡ ‘•‹•–‡– ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡– —†‡” ‘Ž†‹‰
‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ
x ‹šƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‡’”‡‰ ‹•‹†‡ –Š‡ ‘Ž† ‹• ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† ƒ †‹•Ǧ
’Žƒ ‡‡–†—‡–‘–Š‡ˆ‘” ‡•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†„›–Š‡ˆŽ‘™‹‰Ǥ
Š‡•‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ”‡•—’’‘•‡†–‘„‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†„›’”‘ ‡••ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǤŠ‡ƒ•’‹”‡†’”‘ ‡••ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͳǤͳǤ
Figure 1.1:
Concept for processing of locally continuous-fiber reinforced
SMC
–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”– Š‘’’‡† ‰Žƒ••Ǧ ‘” ƒ”„‘Ǧˆ‹„‡” ‹• ’”‘†— ‡† ‘ ƒ
ˆŽƒ– ‘˜‡›‘”’Žƒ–ȋͳƒȌǡ•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›ƒ–—”‡†ǡ —–ƒ† ‘„‹‡†–‘ƒ
•–ƒ  ‘ˆ ȋͳ„ȌǤ Š‡ ’”‡’”‡‰ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹• ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡† ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž›
‘ƒ‘†‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ†Š‡ƒ–ƒ„Ž‡ˆŽƒ– ‘˜‡›‡”’Žƒ–ȋʹƒȌǤ”‡’”‡‰•ǯƒ–”‹š‹•
͵
–”‘†— –‹‘
„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ—•ƒ–—”ƒ–‡†’‘Ž›‡•–‡”’‘Ž›—”‡–Šƒ‡Š›„”‹†”‡•‹ȋ Ȍ
ƒ† ‘„‹‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ͷͲ ƒ”„‘ ˆ‹„‡” ‘Ǧ ”‹’ ˆƒ„”‹ ȋ ȌǤ Š‡
”‡•‹ ‘ˆˆ‡”• ƒ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ –Š‹ ‡‹‰ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ ƒ
•–ƒ„Ž‡ǡ Š‹‰Š ˜‹• ‘—• Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‹• Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡ ‹• ”‡ƒ Š‡† ‹ Ž‡•• –Šƒ ˆ‹˜‡
Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹• ˜‹• ‘—• ‡‘—‰Š –‘ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ †‹Ǧ
‹—–‡• ƒ–
”‡ – —– –Š‡ ’”‡’”‡‰ –‘ †‹‡•‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–• ȋʹ„Ȍ
™‹–Š‘—–•—„•‡“—‡–ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡–Š‡’”‡’”‡‰Ǧƒ–”‹š ‘Ǧ
–ƒ‹•ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ƒ‘—–‘ˆˆ‡””‹ƒ‰‡–‹ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ„Ž‡•ˆ‘”†”ƒ’Ǧ
‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–„›‘‡•‘Ž‹†‘Ž†ŠƒŽˆ‘Ž›ȋʹ ȌǤˆ–‡”ƒ•‡ Ǧ
‘† Š‡ƒ–‹‰ •–‡’ ƒ– –Š‡ †”ƒ’‹‰ †‡˜‹ ‡ ȋʹ†Ȍǡ Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡† ƒ† –Š—• •–‹ˆˆ
”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–• ȋʹ‡Ȍ ƒ”‡ ‘„–ƒ‹‡†ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ „‡ •–‘”‡† ‘” ’”‘ ‡••‡†
•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›ǤŠ‡ˆ‹ƒŽ’ƒ”–ȋͶȌ‹•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„› ‘’”‡••‹‘‘Ž†‹‰
ȋ͵ȌǤ ‡”‡„›ǡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†• ƒ• ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–•
‹•‹†‡–Š‡‘Ž†ƒ”‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡††—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰™‹–ŠǤ
‘˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡–Š‡Š›’‘–Š‡•‡•ƒ†–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’–Š‡’”‘ ‡••Ǧ ‘ ‡’–˜ƒ”‹‘—•
‹–‡”†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”›‡š’‡”‹‡–•ǡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†•‹—Žƒ–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡
’‡”ˆ‘”‡†Ǥ‡ˆ‘”‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ Šƒ’–‡”ʹ‹–”‘†— ‡•–Š‡ —””‡–•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ
• ‹‡ ‡ƒ†–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ„ƒ ‰”‘—†Ǥ Šƒ’–‡”͵ƒ†Ͷ–Š‡
„ƒ•‹ ”ƒ™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ •‡Ž‡ –‡† ƒ† ‹–”‘†— ‡† ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‡’”‡‰ ˆ‘”Ǧ
—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‹‰‡“—‹’‡–‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ǤŠƒ’–‡”ͷ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡• –Š‡ ’”‡’”‡‰ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ –‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‘Ž†ǡ
‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ƒ† ‘†‡Ž• ‹–• ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ —”–Š‡”Ǧ
‘”‡ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ –”‹ƒŽ• ƒ† ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ •‹—Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡†Ǥ
Š‹•‡ƒ„Ž‡•–‘†‹• —••ƒŽŽ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ˆ‘” ‡•ƒ’’Ž›‹‰‘–Š‡’”‡’”‡‰†—”Ǧ
‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰™‹–Šƒ–ƒʹŽ‡˜‡ŽǤˆ–‡”™ƒ”†•ǡ–Š”‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘Ǧ
‡’–•‘ˆ†”ƒ’‹‰‘ˆ’”‡’”‡‰ƒ”‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†™‹–Š”‡•’‡ ––‘–Š‡‹”‰‡‘Ǧ
‡–”‹ ƒŽƒ —”ƒ ›Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‘’Ž‡š•–”— –—”‡•™‹–ŠŽ‘ ƒŽŽ› ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧ
ˆ‹„‡” ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡† Š‡‡– ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘’‘—† ƒ”‡ ’”‘†— ‡† ƒ† ‹˜‡•–‹Ǧ
‰ƒ–‡† ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ˆ‹„‡” ƒŽ‹‰‡–Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡•‹• Ž‘•‡• ™‹–Š ƒ •—ƒ”›
ƒ†ƒ‘—–Ž‘‘Ǥ
Ͷ
ʹ—””‡––ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡
Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ• ‹‡ ‡ˆ‘”ˆ‹„‡””‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†’Žƒ•–‹ •ȋ •Ȍ‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†
„› ƒ ™‹†‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ‹ ‘ Ž—•‹˜‡ –‡”• ƒ† ‘’‡–‹‰ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘•Ǥ
Š—•ǡ–Š‹••‡ –‹‘•ŠƒŽŽ’”‘˜‹†‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ƒ† Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”
–Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ† ’”‘ ‡••‡• —•‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– ™‘”Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ
”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ• ˆ‘” ƒ „‡––‡” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ™‹ŽŽ „‡
‹–”‘†— ‡†„”‹‡ˆŽ›Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ†‡ƒ” ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ• ‹‡ ‡™‹ŽŽ„‡
‰‹˜‡Ǥ
ʹǤͳ”‡Ǧ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†‡‹Ǧˆ‹‹•Š‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•
‹„‡”•™Š‹ Šƒ”‡’”‡Ǧ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†„›‡‹–Š‡”ƒ–Š‡”‘•‡–‘”ƒ–Š‡”‘Ǧ
’Žƒ•–‹ ’‘Ž›‡”ƒ”‡–‘†ƒ› ‘‘Ž›‘™ƒ•’”‡’”‡‰•Ǥ”‡’”‡‰•ƒ”‡
ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‹ ˆŽƒ– •Šƒ’‡ǡ ƒ• „—Ž ‘” ”‘ŽŽ‡†Ǧ—’ ‘ ‘‹Ž• ƒ• •‡‹Ǧˆ‹‹•Š‡†
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ȏͺǡ ͳͳǡ ʹ͸ȐǤ ”‡Ǧ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ™‡”‡ ˆ‹”•– —•‡† ‹
‘’”‡••‹‘‘Ž†‹‰—†‡”–Š‡ƒ‡Bakelite ‹ͳͻ͵Ͳ ȏʹ͸ȐǤŠ‡–‡”
Dz’”‡’”‡‰Dz ™ƒ• ‹–”‘†— ‡† ͵Ͳ ›‡ƒ”• Žƒ–‡” „› BoeingǤ Š‡ ‘’ƒ› †‡Ǧ
˜‡Ž‘’‡† ƒ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ ‘–‹—‘—•Ž› —‹Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽ‹‰‡† ˆ‹„‡”• ‹Ǧ
’”‡‰ƒ–‡†„›ƒ–Š‡”‘•‡–”‡•‹ˆ‘”•–”— –—”ƒŽ’ƒ”–•ȏͺǡʹ͸ȐǤ‹–Šƒ‡”‘Ǧ
•’ƒ ‡ ƒ• ƒ‹ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ Boeing ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ –Š‡ –‡” ‹• ‘ˆ–‡
”‡†— ‡† –‘ –Š‹• •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Žƒ•• ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š
Š‹‰Š ‘•–ƒ†•ƒŽŽ“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‹•–Š‡•‹•Š‘™‡˜‡”†‹• —••‡•’”‡’”‡‰
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹–Š‡ ‘–‡š–‘ˆƒ••’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ
Š‡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘’‘‡– ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ ˆ”‘ ˆ‹„‡” ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘
‹• ƒ ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ’”‡’”‡‰• –‘™ƒ”†• ’”‘ ‡•• –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ‘„‹‹‰
ˆ‹„‡”•ƒ†ƒ–”‹š†—”‹‰–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–Ǥ–Š‡‘‡Šƒ†ǡ
–Š‡ ‘’‘‡–ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”†‘‡•‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›‡‡†’”‘ˆ‘—†—Ǧ
†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‡‹•–”›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǦ–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ ‘Ǧ
’‘‡–• ƒ†‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‹„‡” ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡† ’Žƒ•–‹ • ‹• –Š—• ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› •–”ƒ‹‰Š–
ˆ‘”™ƒ”† ȏͳͷǡ ʹ͹ȐǤ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ ’”‡’”‡‰• ’”‘†— ‡† „› •—’’Ž‹‡”•
•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ •‡‹Ǧˆ‹‹•Š‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‡
ͷ
—””‡––ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡
•Š‘™‹‰Š‹‰Š“—ƒŽ‹–›„›Ž‘™†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ‹„‡” ‘–‡–ƒ–Ž‘™˜‘‹† ‘Ǧ
–‡–ȏͳͳǡͳͷǡʹͺȐǤ
‡•‹†‡•ƒ–”‹šƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ†‡Ž‹˜‡”›ˆ‘”‘”ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ’”‡’”‡‰• ƒ„‡
ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡† „› ˆŽ‘™ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ˆ‹„‡” –›’‡ ‘” ˆ‹„‡” ‘†‹–‹‘ ȏͺǡ ͻǡ ͳͳǡ ͳͶǡ
ʹ͸ȐǤ‹–Š‹–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•–™‘–›’‡•‘ˆ’”‡’”‡‰•ƒ”‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘ —•ǤŠ‡ˆ‹„‡”
‘†‹–‹‘‹•‡‹–Š‡” ‘–‹—‘—•ƒ†’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡ŽŽ›ƒŽ‹‰‡†‘”†‹• ‘–‹—‘—•
ƒ†”ƒ†‘Ž›†‹•–”‹„—–‡†‹–™‘†‹‡•‹‘•ǤŠ‡•‡–™‘ •›•–‡•
ƒ”‡ƒ‡†ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ‹‰—”‡ʹǤͳƒ•‘ ƒ†‹ ‘ ǤŠ‡‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Š‘—Ž†„‡‘ǦˆŽ‘™ƒ„Ž‡ǡ–Š‡‹ ‘ ˆŽ‘™ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ„‘–Šƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹•ƒ‡†‘‹ ‘ Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡˆ‘”–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•–Š‡
’”‡’”‡‰•ǯƒ–”‹šƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•Ž‹‹–‡†–‘–Š‡”‘•‡–•ȋȌǤ
Figure 2.1:
͸
Explanation of terms, according to [29]
Š‡‡–‘Ž†‹‰‘’‘—†
ʹǤʹŠ‡‡–‘Ž†‹‰‘’‘—†
—”‘’‡–Š‡ •›•–‡‘ˆŠ‹‰Š‡•–‡ ‘‘‹ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‹–‡”•‘ˆ
’”‘†— –‹‘˜‘Ž—‡‹•Š‡‡–‘Ž†‹‰‘’‘—†ȋȌȏͺǡ͵ͲȐǤ‹•ƒ
‹ ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ „‡ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• ˆŽ‘™ƒ„Ž‡ ’”‡Ǧ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†
•‡‹Ǧˆ‹‹•Š‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽȏʹ͸ȐǤ•‹‰”‡†‹‡–•˜ƒ”›‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›ȏ͵ͳȐǤ
—•—ƒŽ ‘’‘—† ‘—Ž†„‡ ‘’‘•‡†ˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ—•ƒ–—”ƒ–‡†’‘Ž›Ǧ
Ž‡‰–Šȋʹ‹ ŠȌǡ‹‡”ƒŽ
‡•–‡””‡•‹•ǡ Š‘’’‡†‰Žƒ••ˆ‹„‡”•‘ˆ
ˆ‹ŽŽ‡”•ƒ†ƒ††‹–‹˜‡•ȏͺǡ͵ͳȐǤŠ‡‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹„‡”•‹•ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†
„› –Š‡ Š‡Ž’ ‘ˆ ƒ ˆŽƒ– ‘˜‡›‘” ’Žƒ– ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ ʹǤʹǤȌ ƒ– ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Ž‘™
˜‹• ‘•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–”‹šƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ
Figure 2.2:
Schematic drawing of a flat conveyor plant, according to [14]
Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰‘ˆ ‘’‘‡–•‹•–Š‡†‘‡„› ‘’”‡••‹‘‘Ž†Ǧ
‹‰Ǥ‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡–™‘’”‘ ‡•••–‡’•–Š‡‹•—•—ƒŽŽ›•–‘”‡†ƒ–‡Ž‡Ǧ
˜ƒ–‡†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡˜‹• ‘•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–”‹šǤŠ‹•‹• ƒŽŽ‡†
–Š‹ ‡‹‰Ǥ ’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘Ž†‹‰ ƒ”‡ ‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž› †‡• ”‹„‡† ‹
Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ȏͺǡͻǡͳͳǡͳͶǡʹ͸ǡ͵ͳǡ͵ʹȐǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡‡ Šƒ‹•‘ˆ–Š‹ ‡Ǧ
‹‰‹••–‹ŽŽ–‘’‹ ‘ˆˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ
ʹǤʹǤͳ Š‹ ‡‹‰„›ƒ‰‡•‹—š‹†‡
–Š‡’‡”‹‘†„‡–™‡‡‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘Ž†‹‰–Š‡”‡•‹’ƒ•–‡Šƒ•–‘
ସ
ସ
–‘
ȏͻǡ
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–•˜‹• ‘•‹–›ˆ”‘ƒ„‘—–
͹
—””‡––ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡
͵ͳȐ –‘ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ Šƒ†Ž‹‰ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ’”‹‘” –‘ ‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ Š‹• †”ƒ•–‹ ‹Ǧ
”‡ƒ•‡ ‹• —•—ƒŽŽ› ƒ Š‹‡˜‡† „› ƒ††‹‰ ƒŽƒŽ‹‡ ‡ƒ”–Š ‡–ƒŽ ‘š‹†‡• ‘”
Š›†”‘š‹†‡•ƒ•–Š‹ ‡‹‰ƒ‰‡–Ǥ‡•‹†‡• ƒŽ ‹—‘š‹†‡ǡ ƒŽ ‹—Š›†”‘šǦ
‹†‡ ƒ† ƒ‰‡•‹— Š›†”‘š‹†‡ǡ –Š‡ –Š‹ ‡‹‰ ƒ‰‡– ‘•– —•‡† ‹ ‹Ǧ
†—•–”›‹•ƒ‰‡•‹—‘š‹†‡ȋ‰Ȍȏ͵ͳȐǤŠ‡–Š‹ ‡‹‰‡ Šƒ‹••‘ˆ
—•ƒ–—”ƒ–‡† ’‘Ž›‡•–‡” ”‡•‹ ƒ† ‰ ‹• ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† •‹ ‡ ͳͻ͹Ͳ ȏ͵͵Ȑǡ
„—– •–‹ŽŽ ‘– —†‡”•–‘‘† •ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰Ž› ȏ͵ͶȐǤ  ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†
™‘”•†‡• ”‹„‡‡‹–Š‡”ƒ–™‘‘”ƒˆ‘—”•–‡’‡ Šƒ‹••–ƒ”–‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡
†‹••‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡•‹— ‘š‹†‡ ƒ† ƒ •‹’Ž‡ ƒ ‹†Ǧ„ƒ•‡ ”‡ƒ –‹‘
ȏ͵ͳǡ͵͵ǡ͵ͷȂ͵ͻȐǤ ‡ƒ Š ƒ•‡ƒ•–ƒ„Ž‡ Šƒ‹‡š–‡•‹‘‹•ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†‡š–
–‘ƒ™‡ƒƒ†”‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡–Š”‡‡†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•Ǥ
•–Š‘•‡‘†‡Ž•ˆƒ‹Ž–‘‡š’Žƒ‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‡„›–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ
‰ǡ Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ƒ„•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹ ‡‹‰ ™Š‡ —•‹‰ ”‡ƒ‰‡– ‰”ƒ†‡ ‰ǡ
‹•‡‘ƒ†‡™‹•ȏͶͲǡͶͳȐ’”‘’‘•‡†ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‡ Šƒ‹•ǤŠ‹•
‡ Šƒ‹• ƒ••—‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ †‹••‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡•‹—
‘š‹†‡ǡ„—–”ƒ–Š‡”–Š‡‰‹•’”‡•‡–ƒ• ”›•–ƒŽƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡Šƒ˜‹‰ƒŽƒ”‰‡
•—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ ƒ––‹ ‡ †‡ˆ‡ –• ‹ –Š‹• •—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘—Ž† ƒ – ƒ• ƒ ƒ–ƒŽ›•– ˆ‘” ƒ
’‘Ž›‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ ‘” Š‡‹•‘”„ –Š‡ ’‘Ž›‡•–‡” ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡ ‹‰—”‡
ʹǤ͵ȌǤ ‡‹–Š‡” ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‹•™‘—Ž†Ž‡ƒ†–‘ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”™‡‹‰Š–
ƒ†–Š—•‹ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹˜‹• ‘•‹–›Ǥ
Figure 2.3:
ͺ
Mg0 thickening mechanism, according to Eisemon and Lewis
[34]
‘ ˆ‘”‘’”‡••‹‘‘Ž†‹‰
ʹǤʹǤʹ Š‹ ‡‹‰„› •‘ ›ƒƒ–‡
‘–Š‡”’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‹–Š‹ ‡‹‰‘ˆ’‘Ž›‡•–‡”•‹•–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‹•‘ ›ƒƒ–‡Ǥ
‡”‡„›ǡ –Š‡ Š›†”‘š›Ž ƒ† ƒ”„‘š›Ž ‰”‘—’• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘˜ƒŽ‡–
„‘†• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹•‘ ›ƒƒ–‡ ƒ† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž› –Š‡ ˜‹• ‘•‹–›
ȏͶʹȐǤ ‘•–Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‹•‘ ›ƒƒ–‡ –Š‹ ‡‹‰ ‘ •Š”‹ƒ‰‡ ™ƒ•
‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† ȏͶʹǡ Ͷ͵Ȑǡ ”ƒ”‡Ž› ‹–• ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•
ȏͶͶȐǤ ”‘ͳͻͺͶ‘™ƒ”†•ǡ†™ƒ”†•ȏͶͷȂͶͺȐ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ
’‘Ž›‡•–‡””‡•‹•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›‘†‹ˆ‹‡†ˆ‘”‹•‘ ›ƒƒ–‡–Š‹ ‡‹‰ƒ†–Š‡
‹†‡ƒ™ƒ•ƒ†‘’–‡†„›•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘–Š‡”•ȏͶͻȂͷ͵ȐǤŠ‹•‡™”‡•‹ Žƒ••™ƒ•
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–‘ ‘„‹‡–Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ’‘Ž›‡•–‡”ƒ†’‘Ž›—”‡–Šƒ‡•
ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ƒŽŽ‡† —•ƒ–—”ƒ–‡† ’‘Ž›‡•–‡” ’‘Ž›—”‡–Šƒ‡ Š›„”‹† ȋ Ȍ
‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Ǥ  ‘•– ƒ•‡• –Š‡ ”‡•‹ ™ƒ• ‘†‹ˆ‹‡† –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡
‘Ž›–‡”‹ƒŽŠ›†”‘š‹†‡‰”‘—’•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹•‘ ›ƒƒ–‡ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽŽ‡‰–Š
‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ ƒ””‹‡•Ž‘ƒ†•ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡•Š‡”‡„›–Š‡†— –‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒ–”‹šǤ —ƒ”‹œ‡†ǡ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• Ž‹‡ –‡•‹Ž‡ •–”‡‰–Šǡ
–‘—‰Š‡••ǡ‹’ƒ –”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ‡Ž‘‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ–„”‡ƒƒ†–Š‡–Š‡”ƒŽ•–ƒǦ
„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽ› —”‡†’‘Ž›‡” ƒ„‡‹’”‘˜‡†ȏͷ͵ȐǤ
ʹǤ͵‘ ˆ‘”‘’”‡••‹‘‘Ž†‹‰
‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ —•—ƒŽŽ› ’”‘†— ‡† „› ‡‹–Š‡” •‘Ž˜‡– ‘” Š‘– ‡Ž–
‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ȏͳͳǡͷͶȐǤ •‘Ž˜‡–‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘–Š‡ˆ‹„‡”•ƒ”‡‰—‹†‡†–‘
ƒ ƒ–”‹š †‹’Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‹ ‹ –Š‹• †‹’ ‹• „Ž‡†‡† ™‹–Š •‘Ž˜‡– –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡
Ž‘™˜‹• ‘•‹–›ƒ†‰‘‘†‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ƒ–‹‰–—‡Ž‹•–Š‡—•‡†–‘
”‡‘˜‡–Š‡•‘Ž˜‡–ƒ†–‘•–ƒ”–ƒ’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”› ”‘••Ž‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹
„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡’”‡’”‡‰‹•”‘ŽŽ‡†—’ȏͳͶȐǤ—‡–‘–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‡˜‹”‘‡Ǧ
–ƒŽƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ†–Š‡”‹•‘ˆ”‡•‹†—ƒŽ•‘Ž˜‡–ǡ–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ•‘Ž˜‡–•Šƒ•–‘
„‡ ƒ˜‘‹†‡† ƒ† –Š‡ Š‘– ‡Ž– ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‰ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ”‡– •Šƒ”‡•
ȏͳͳǡ ͷͷȐǤ ‘– ‡Ž– ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‘ˆ–‡ †‘‡ ‹ –™‘ •–‡’•Ǥ ‹”•– –Š‡
”‡•‹‹•Š‡ƒ–‡†–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡Ž‘™˜‹• ‘•‹–›ƒ†‹•ˆ‹Ž‡†‘ƒˆ‘‹Ž‘”’ƒ’‡”Ǥ
ƒ•‡ ‘†•–‡’–Š‹•”‡•‹ ƒ””‹‡”‰‡–•‹ ‘–ƒ –™‹–Š•’”‡ƒ†‘—–ˆ‹„‡”
ˆ‹Žƒ‡–•ǤƒŽ‡†‡”•ƒ†Š‡ƒ–‹‰†‡˜‹ ‡•‡•—”‡—‹ˆ‘”–Š‹ ‡••ƒ†
‘’Ž‡–‡ ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‹Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽ ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ —•—ƒŽŽ›
ƒ†‡„›Š‘–‡Ž–’”‘ ‡••‹‰ǤŠ‡•’”‡ƒ†‘—–ˆ‹„‡”••Š‘™Ž‘™–Š‹ ‡••
ͻ
—””‡––ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡
ƒ† ƒ „‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ Š‹‰Š ˜‹• ‘—• Š‘– ‡Ž– ”‡•Ǧ
‹•Ǥ ƒ„”‹ •ƒ”‡Ž‹‹–‡†”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰•’”‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‹‰Ž‡”‘˜‹‰ƒ†
•Š‘™ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” –Š‹ ‡••Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡† „› •‘Ž˜‡– ’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡ
„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘™‡””‡•‹˜‹• ‘•‹–›ƒ Š‹‡˜ƒ„Ž‡Ǥȏͳͳǡͷͷǡͷ͸Ȑ
‘•–’”‡’”‡‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ••Š‘™‹‰ƒ ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡” ‘†‹–‹‘ƒ”‡—•‡†
ˆ‘” ƒ—–‘ Žƒ˜‡ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ȏͳͷǡ ͷͶȐǤ Š‡ Š‡ƒ– –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ‹• Š‡”‡ †”‹˜‡ „›
‘˜‡ –‹‘ǤŠ‹•”‡•—Ž–•‹Ž‘‰ › Ž‡–‹‡•ǤŠ‡Ž‘™†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆƒ—–‘ƒǦ
–‹‘ Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ Š‹‰Š Žƒ„‘” ‘•–•Ǥ Ž‘‰ ™‹–Š Š‹‰Š ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‹˜‡•–‡– ”‡Ǧ
“—‹”‡†ǡ–Š‡ ‘’‘‡– ‘•–•ƒ”‡‹‡˜‹–ƒ„Ž‡Š‹‰Šˆ‘” ‘’‘‡–•ƒ—Ǧ
ˆƒ –—”‡†„›ƒ—–‘ Žƒ˜‡’”‘ ‡••‹‰Ǥȏͳͷǡͷͷǡͷ͹Ȑ
‘” ƒ•• ’”‘†— –‹‘ –Š‡ ‡˜‡ Š‹‰Š‡” ‹˜‡•– ‘•–• ˆ‘” Š›†”ƒ—Ž‹ ’”‡••
ƒ†‘Ž†ȏʹͶȐ ƒ„‡ƒ ‡’–‡††—‡–‘Ž‘™ › Ž‡–‹‡ƒ†Š‹‰Š†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ
ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹‘Ǥ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ †”‹˜‡ ‘Ž†• ƒ† ‘†— –‹˜‡
Š‡ƒ– –”ƒ•ˆ‡”ǡ –Š‡ › Ž‡ –‹‡ ‹• †‘‹ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ —”‹‰ –‹‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
”‡•‹ •›•–‡Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ˆƒ•– —”‹‰ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ › Ž‡
–‹‡•‘ˆ‘‡–‘ˆ‘—”‹—–‡•ȏͷͺȐǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘–‹‡ˆ‘” ‘Ǧ
’Ž‡š†”ƒ’‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡’”‡‰‹–Š‡‘Ž†ǤŠ—•ǡ’ƒ”–•‘ˆŠ‹‰Š ‘’Ž‡š‹–›
Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡’”‡ˆ‘”‡†’”‹‘”–‘‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ
ȌŽ‡ƒ†•–‘‡šǦ
Š‡Š‹‰Š’”‡••—”‡ƒ Š‹‡˜ƒ„Ž‡‹–Š‡‘Ž†ȋ—’–‘
‡ŽŽ‡– ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‹‰Ž‡ Žƒ›‡”• ƒ† Ž‘™ ’‘”‘•‹–› ȏͳͷȐǤ ’‘
”‡˜‡”•‹‘ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‹ ‘•– •ƒ˜‹‰ ƒ– –Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
•‡‹Ǧˆ‹‹•Š‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ –Š‡ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† ’”‘ ‡•• •–‡’ ‘ˆ
•’”‡ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‹„‡” –‘™• „‡ ‘‡• ‘„•‘Ž‡–‡Ǥ Š—•ǡ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ ˆŽƒ–
‘˜‡›‘”’Žƒ–•‡ƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ ƒ„‡—•‡†ȏʹͶȐǤ
— Š‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†‡ˆ‘” ‘’”‡••‹‘‘Ž†‹‰ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ ƒŽŽ‡†
”‡’”‡‰ ‘’”‡••‹‘ ‘Ž†‹‰ ȋȌ ȏͳͻǡ ʹͲȐ ‘” †˜ƒ ‡† ȏͷͻǡ
͸ͲȐǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘’ƒ‹‡•’”‘†— ‹‰ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ’”‘†— –••— Š
ĥ Polytec Composites GmbH, Quantum Composites, Mitsubishi Rayon
Europe GmbH, Polynt Composites Germany GmbH or Menzolit GmbHǤ
‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ ˆƒ•– —”‹‰ ’‘Ž›‡•–‡” ‘” ˜‹Ǧ
’ƒ”––Š‹ ‡••ȏ͸ͳȐȌǤ—–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ
›Ž‡•–‡””‡•‹•›•–‡ȋƒ”‘—†
–Š‡ ƒ„‡ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ˆŽ‘™ƒ„Ž‡’”‡’”‡‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤŠ‹•‹•‘–ƒ‹•Ǧ
ͳͲ
”ƒ’‹‰‘ˆ‘ •—‡ǡ™Š‡Šƒ˜‹‰
‘ˆ‘Ž† ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•‡•›•–‡•ƒ”‡
Ž‹‹–‡† ™Š‡ ‹– ‘‡• –‘ ‘’Ž‡š •Šƒ’‡• ƒ† ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ ƒ– –Š‡ ’”‘Ǧ
†— –‹‘‘ˆ‘‹ ‘ ‘’‘‡–•ǤŠ‡ˆ‘” ‡•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡‘ „›–Š‡ˆŽ‘™‹‰‹ ‘ Ž‡ƒ†–‘†‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡
‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡”•†—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ȏͳ͸ȐǤ ‘” ‘’Ž‡š•Šƒ’‡•ƒ†”ƒ’Ǧ
‹‰ •–‡’ ˆ‘”‹‰ –Š‡ ‘ ’”‹‘” –‘ ‘Ž†‹‰ ‹• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ȏʹ͵ǡ ʹͷȐǤ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒˆŽ‘™ƒ„Ž‡’”‡’”‡‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†•–‘ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•‘ˆ–‘ ’”‡ˆ‘”Ǥ Š‹• ‹• †‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘—• ˆ‘” Šƒ†Ž‹‰ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‡‡†‡† ‹
„‡–™‡‡‘ˆ†”ƒ’‹‰ƒ†‘Ž†‹‰ȏͳͺȐǤ
ʹǤͶ”ƒ’‹‰‘ˆ‘ ‘”’ƒ”–•ƒ†‡ˆ”‘‹ ‘ ƒ†”ƒ’‹‰’”‘ ‡•••–‡’‹•‘–”‡“—‹”‡†
ƒ•–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǯ•ˆŽ‘™ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒˆ‹ŽŽ ƒ˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆŠ‹‰Š ‘’Ž‡š‹–›†—”‹‰
‘’”‡••‹‘ ‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ‘Ǧ’Žƒƒ” •–”— –—”‡•
‘•‹•–‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Šƒ• –‘ „‡ †”ƒ’‡†Ǥ ˆŽ‘™ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘ ‹•‹†‡–Š‡‘Ž†™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†„›ƒ—™‡Ž ‘‡†‡Ǧ
ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹„‡”•Ǥ
Š‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•—•‡†ˆ‘”†”ƒ’‹‰‘ˆ–‡š–‹Ž‡•‘”’”‡’”‡‰• ƒ„‡ Žƒ••‹Ǧ
ˆ‹‡†‹–‘ƒ—ƒŽ†”ƒ’‹‰ǡ”‹‰‹†–‘‘Ž„ƒ•‡††”ƒ’‹‰ǡ”‘„‘–„ƒ•‡††”ƒ’‹‰
‘”†”ƒ’‹‰„›†‹ƒ’Š”ƒ‰ǣ
x Manual draping ‹• —•‡† ˆ‘” †”› –‡š–‹Ž‡• ƒ† ’”‡’”‡‰Ǥ – ‹• ™‹†‡Ž›
•’”‡ƒ†ƒ†‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›—•‡†ˆ‘”•ƒŽŽ’ƒ”–•‘”’ƒ”–•‘ˆŠ‹‰Š ‘’Ž‡š‹Ǧ
–›ȏͳͷȐǤŠ‡’‘•‹–‹‘‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‘ ƒ„‡ƒ••‹•–‡†„›Žƒ•‡”’”‘Ǧ
Œ‡ –‹‘•›•–‡•ȏ͸ʹȐǤ –‹•‘•–Ž›Ž‹‹–‡†–‘™‘˜‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•„‡ ƒ—•‡
‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Š‹‰Š ˆ‘”ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡ ‹‰—”‡ ʹǤͶȌ ƒ† ”‡’”‘†— ‹„Ž‡
†”ƒ’‹‰‡ Šƒ‹••ȏͳͷȐǤ
ͳͳ
—””‡––ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡
x
Figure 2.4:
Manual draping of woven prepreg [15]
x Rigid tool based draping‹• ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ•‡”‹‡•’”‘†— –‹‘ˆ‘”Žƒ”‰‡
’”‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ•‹’Ž‡–‘‡†‹— ‘’Ž‡š‹–›ǤŠ—•ǡ‹–‹•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‹•‡Ǧ
”‹‡•’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ–BMWǤ‹‰‹†–‘‘Ž•ƒ”‡—•‡†–‘†”ƒ’‡˜‡Š‹ Ž‡”‘‘ˆ•
‘—–‘ˆˆŽ‡‡ ‡ƒ†™‘˜‡ˆƒ„”‹ ˆ‘”–Š‡i3 ƒ†–Š‡M3 ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡ ‹‰Ǧ
—”‡ʹǤͷȌǤȏ͸͵Ȑ
x
Figure 2.5:
Rigid tool based draping at BMW
left: Draping of fleece for the i3 [64]
right: M3 roof made of impregnated woven textile [65]
‘ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š‹–›ǡ –Š‡ –‘‘Ž ƒ „‡ †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘
•ƒŽŽ‡”ǡ‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž›‘˜‡ƒ„Ž‡—‹–• ƒŽŽ‡†•–ƒ’•ǤŠ‹•”‡†— ‡•
ˆ‹„‡” ‹•ƒŽ‹‰‡– ƒ† ™”‹Ž‹‰ ȏ͸͸ȐǤ Š‡ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ ’”‘ ‡••
•‡“—‡ ‡ ‹• •Š‘™ ‹ ‹‰—”‡ ʹǤ͸ǣ • ‹’—– •‡”˜‡• –Š‡ –™‘Ǧ
†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽŽƒ›—’‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ„”‹ ǡ™Š‹ Š‹• ƒŽŽ‡†•–ƒ ǤŠ‡ƒ–‡††”ƒ’Ǧ
‹‰„‡Ž–•—’’Ž‹‡•–Š‹••–ƒ ȋƒȌ–‘–Š‡†”ƒ’‹‰‘Ž†ȋ„ȌǤ ƒ‡š–•–‡’
–Š‡•–ƒ ‹•ˆ‹š‡†ȋ Ȍƒ†’ƒ”–Ž›†”ƒ’‡†ȋ†ȌǤŠ‡–Š‡‘Ž†‹• ‘Ǧ
’Ž‡–‡Ž› Ž‘•‡† ȋ‡Ȍǡ –Š‡ „‹†‡” ‹• —”‡†Ǥ Š‡ ‘—–’—– ƒˆ–‡” †‡‘Ž†‹‰
ͳʹ
”ƒ’‹‰‘ˆ‘ ȋˆȌ ‹• ƒ •–ƒ„Ž‡ǡ –Š”‡‡Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ’”‡ˆ‘” ”‡ƒ†› ˆ‘” ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
–ƒ’†”ƒ’‹‰‹•—•‡†ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–‘ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡Ǧ’‹ŽŽƒ”•ˆ‘”–Š‡
Lamborghini Huracán LP 610-4ȏ͸͹ȐǤ
Figure 2.6:
Process flow of stamp draping, according to [66]
x Robot based draping ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘•‹•– ‘ˆ ƒ ˆ‹„‡” ’Žƒ ‡‡– •›•Ǧ
–‡ ƒ† ƒ •–ƒ†ƒ”† ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ”‘„‘– ƒ• —•‡† ‹ –Š‡ ƒ—–‘‘–‹˜‡ ‹Ǧ
†—•–”›ǤŠ‡•›•–‡•ƒ”‡ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆŽƒ›‹‰’”‡Ǧ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡† ‘–‹—Ǧ
‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡”• ’”‡ˆ‡”ƒ„Ž› ‘ ƒ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘Ž† ŠƒŽˆǤ Š‡ „‡‡ˆ‹– ‹ —•‹‰
”‘„‘–•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒˆ‹š‡†ƒ Š‹‡•‹•–Š‡Ž‘™‹˜‡•–ǡ’”‘˜‡–‡ Š‘ŽǦ
‘‰›ƒ†Š‹‰ŠˆŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›ȏ͸ͺȐǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡‹–‡”‡•–‘ˆ
–Š‡ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ •‘ ‹‡–› ‹ –Š‹• †”ƒ’‹‰ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ȏ͸ͻȂ͹ͳȐǤ ‘‡”Ǧ
‹ƒŽ •›•–‡• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘’ƒ‹‡• Coriolis
Composites ‘” M. Torres ™‹–Š ƒ‡”‘•’ƒ ‡ ƒ• –Š‡‹” ‘”‡ ƒ”‡– ȏͳͷȐǤ
Š‡†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‹•–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›‹•–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•Ž‘™Žƒ›—’ƒ†
–Š‡ Ž‹‹–‡† ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ —””‡–Ž› ƒ ƒš‹— ‘ˆ
ˆ‘—”’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Žˆ‹„‡”’Žƒ ‡‡–•›•–‡•ǡ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ’”‡’”‡‰™‹†–Š‘ˆ
‡ƒ Šǡƒ”‡‹—•‡ȏͳͷȐǤ
x Draping by diaphragm ™ƒ• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ
†‡‡’†”ƒ™‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡”‘•‡–•ǤŠ—•ǡ‹–‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›ƒ†”ƒ’‹‰
–‘‘Ž ƒ† ‘‡ ‘” –™‘ †‹ƒ’Š”ƒ‰• ‘˜‡”‹‰ ‘” ‡„‡††‹‰ ƒ –™‘Ǧ
†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ Žƒ›—’ ‘ˆ ’”‡’”‡‰Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‘”‹‰ ‹• †‘‡ „› ˜ƒ ——Ǥ ‘
•—’’‘”– ‹–‡”Žƒ‹ƒ” •Ž‹’ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‹• —•—ƒŽŽ› ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ƒ– ‡Ž‡Ǧ
˜ƒ–‡†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ȏͳͷǡ͹ʹȐǤ
ͳ͵
—””‡––ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡
”ƒ’‹‰ „› †‹ƒ’Š”ƒ‰ •Š‘™• Ž‘™ ‹˜‡•– ȏ͹ʹȐǡ ‹• ˜‡”› ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ ƒ†
’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›™‡ŽŽ•—‹–‡†–‘ˆ‘”Žƒ”‰‡‰‡‘‡–”‹‡•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•—†‡”Ǧ
—–•ȏͳͷǡ͹ʹȐǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡ƒŽŽƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•™Š‹ Š ƒ‘–„‡’”‘˜‹†‡†„›
”‹‰‹†–‘‘Ž•Ǥ
ʹǤͷ‘ ƒŽŽ›‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†‹ ‘  –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž† ‘ˆ –Š‡”‘’Žƒ•–‹ —‡”‘—• ”‡•—Ž–• ™‡”‡ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†
ƒ††”‡••‹‰–Š‡ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•Š‘”–Ǧ‘”Ž‘‰Ǧˆ‹„‡””‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†–Š‡”‘Ǧ
’Žƒ•–‹ • ™‹–Š ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡”• ’”‡Ǧ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ •— Š ƒ•
‘”‰ƒ‘Ǧ•Š‡‡–•ȏ͹͵Ȑǡ–ƒ’‡•ȏ͹ͶȐ‘”™‘—†•–”— –—”‡•ȏ͹ͷȐǤ –Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ
–Š‡”‘•‡–•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ˜‡”› ˆ‡™ ‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ”‡•—Ž–• ƒ”‡ ’—„Ǧ
Ž‹•Š‡†Ǥ ‹‰—”‡ ʹǤ͹ •Š‘™• –Š‡ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–• ‘ –Š‡ ’”‘†— – •‹†‡ǣ ‹•–ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ ™‹†•Š‹‡Ž† •—””‘—† ‘ –Š‡ ʹͲͲ͵ ‘†‰‡ ‹’‡” „ƒ•‡† ‘
–Š‡ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Ǧǡ Ǧƒ†–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡’ƒ”–•–‹ˆˆ‡••ȏʹʹȐǤ
‘”‡‘˜‡”ƒƒ„•–”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆƒ•—•’‡•‹‘ƒ”ƒ†ƒ•—„ˆŽ‘‘”•–”— –—”‡
™‡”‡ ’”‡•‡–‡† ™Š‹ Š ‘„‹‡ –Š‡ •–‹ˆˆ‡•• ƒ† •–”‡‰–Š ‹Š‡”‡– ‹
–Š‡ ’”‡’”‡‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‰‡‘‡–”‹ ƒŽ •–‹ˆˆ‡•• „› ˆ‘”‹‰ ‘’Ž‡š ”‹„•
™‹–Š ƒ”„‘ˆ‹„‡””‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†ȏʹͳǡ͹͸ȐǤ‘†‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ˆ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹Ǧ
–‹‘•ƒ”‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡•—•’‡•‹‘ƒ”Ǥ ‘”–Š‡•—„ˆŽ‘‘”•–”— –—”‡
–Š‡ ˆŽ‘™‘ˆ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹•‹†‡–Š‡‘Ž† Šƒ† –‘ „‡ ‹‹‹œ‡† –‘ ‡‡’ –Š‡
”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–ǯ• •–”— –—”‡ ‹–ƒ –Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ Šƒ”‰‡ ‘ˆ ƒ– –ƒ‹Ž‘”‡† –Š‹ ‡•• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡
•Š‘™‡† ‘Ž† ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ
–Š‹ ‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ’ƒ”–Ǥ
Figure 2.7:
ͳͶ
Structural components made of CoDicoFRTS
left: Windshield surround [22]
center: Suspension arm [21]
right: Subfloor structure [76]
‘ ƒŽŽ›‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†‹ ‘ ͳͻͺ͸ ƒŽŽ‹  ȏ͹͹Ȑ †‡• ”‹„‡† ƒ „‡‡ˆ‹– ‹ –‡•‹Ž‡ •–”‡‰–Š ‘ˆ ‘‹Ǧ
‘ ’Žƒ–‡• ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ’—”‡ ‹ ‘ ’Žƒ–‡•Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ Š‡
ˆ‘—† †‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–‡•‹Ž‡ •–”‡‰–Š ™‹–Š †‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‘Ž† ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ †—‡
–‘‹•ƒŽ‹‰‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡”•„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆŽ‘™Ǥ
‹›ƒƒȏͳͻǡʹͲȐƒ††”‡••‡†ʹͲͳͳƒ†ʹͲͳ͵†”ƒ’‹‰‘ˆ’”‡’”‡‰ƒ† ‘Ǧ
‘Ž†‹‰ ™‹–Š ǦǤ ‘” –Š‡ ’”‡’”‡‰ǡ ƒ ‡’‘š› ”‡•‹ •›•–‡ ‘’–‹Ǧ
‹œ‡† ˆ‘” †”ƒ’‹‰ ƒ† ‘’”‡••‹‘ ‘Ž†‹‰ ™ƒ• —•‡†Ǥ Š‡ ˆŽ‡š—”ƒŽ
„‡†‹‰ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ ‘—Ž† „‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† „› ‘Ǧ
‘Ž†‹‰ ™‹–Š ’”‡’”‡‰ǡ ‘ •’‡ ‹‡ Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ  ’ƒ”– Ž‡˜‡Ž ƒ •—„ˆŽ‘‘”
•–”— –—”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡† „› ‘„‹‹‰ ’”‡’”‡‰ †”ƒ’‡† „› ƒ ”‹‰‹†
–‘‘Ž™‹–Š Ǧ‹ ‘’”‡••‹‘‘Ž†‹‰ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ʹǤͺȌǤ ‡”‡„›ǡ–Š‡
Ǧ ˆ‘”• ”‹„• ƒ† ‹ Ž—†‡• ƒ • ”‡™ „‘••Ǥ ‡‰‹‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ ’”‘Ǧ
†— –‹‘ ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ʹͲͲ ’ƒ”–• ƒ ‘–Šǡ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• •Š‘™• ƒ ‡ ‘‘‹ „‡‡ˆ‹– ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ—–‘ Žƒ˜‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ† ”‡•‹ –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ‘Ž†‹‰
ȋȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š —––‹‰ ’ƒ––‡” ƒ† Žƒ›—’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘Ž†‹‰ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡•ǡ –Šƒ– ƒ Š‹‰Š ˆŽ‘™ ‘ˆ Š‘’’‡† ˆ‹„‡” ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
™‘—Ž† ‘’”‘‹•‡ –Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ† ƒŽ‹‰‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ —‹Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‹„‡”•Ǥ
Figure 2.8:
CF-SMC mold coverage before co-molding and final part [19]
—Žˆ•„‡”‰‡–ƒŽǤȏʹ͵Ȑ”‡’‘”–‡†ʹͲͳͶ‘ˆƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹’”‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡
–‡•‹Ž‡ •–”‡‰–Š ™Š‡ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ ‹ ‘ ™‹–Š ‘ Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ
–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•ƒ”‡„ƒ•‡†‘ʹ’Žƒ–‡•‘Ž›ǤŠ‡›•’‡ ‹ˆ›ƒˆ‹šƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡
‘ †—”‹‰–Š‡ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰’”‘ ‡••ƒ•‡›’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”ǡ™Š‹ Š‹ƒ
‘—–Ž‘‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹””‡•‡ƒ” ŠŠƒ•–‘„‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ
ʹͲͳͷǡ ‘”–‡”ȏ͹ͺȐ‹–”‘†— ‡†–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰—‹’”‡‰Ǧ
ƒ–‡† ˆƒ„”‹ • ™‹–Š ‹ ‘ Ǥ •‹‰ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ ‹ ‘ Ž‡ƒ†• –‘
ͳͷ
—””‡––ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡
’‘‘” ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ„”‹ ȋ˜‘‹† ‘–‡–
ȌǤ › ”‡†— ‹‰ –Š‡
‹ ‘ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› –Š‡ ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‹’”‘˜‡†Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ”‡Ǧ
ƒ† –Š‡ ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ ‘ ƒ‹‹‰ ˜‘‹† ‘–‡– ‘ˆ
‡‡†‡†ǡŽ‡ƒ†–‘—•ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹ ‘ •’‡ ‹‡•Ǥ
ʹͲͳ͸ǡ ƒ‰„‘‘›ƒ‘ ‡– ƒŽǤ ȏʹͷȐ †‡• ”‹„‡† ƒ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• ƒ•
‹•‹†‹•Ǧ
™‡ŽŽǤŠ‡› ‘ Ž—†‡–Šƒ–ƒ‹ ‘ ‘Ž† ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ
’‡•ƒ„Ž‡ƒ††”ƒ’‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‘ ‹’”‘˜‡•–Š‡ ‘’‘‡–•“—ƒŽ‹–›
ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ʹǤͻȌǤ
Figure 2.9:
Co-molded components of different DicoFRTS (yellow) mold
coverage [25]
parts on top: 100 % mold coverage
other parts: 25 % mold coverage
‘”„”‹†‰‡‡–ƒŽǤȏ͸ͲȐ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒƒƒŽ›•‹•‡–Š‘†‹ʹͲͳ͸–‘“—ƒ–‹ˆ›
†‹•–‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘ †—‡ –‘ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ ™‹–Š ‹ ‘ Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ
–Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• ™‡”‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› ”‡†— ‡ ˆ‹„‡” ‹•ƒŽ‹‰‡– „›
ƒ†˜ƒ ‹‰–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ —”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘ ’”‹‘”–‘ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ ‘™Ǧ
‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•–ƒ‰‹‰”‡†— ‡†–Š‡‹–‡”ˆƒ ‹ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ǥ
ʹǤ͸ ”‹ –‹‘‘ˆ‘ –‘‘Ž†
—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ ™‹–Š ‹ ‘ –Š‡ ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹• ˆ‹šƒ–‡† „›
–Š‡Š›†”‘•–ƒ–‹ ’”‡••—”‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†„›–Š‡’”‡••™Š‹ Š‹•–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†„›
–Š‡ ‹ ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ ‡”‡„›ǡ –Š‡ ˆ”‹ –‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– „‡–™‡‡
‘ ƒ†‘Ž††‡ˆ‹‡•–Š‡ƒš‹—†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ
–Š‹•ˆ”‹ –‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Šƒ•—’–‹ŽŽ‘™„‡‡Ž‹––Ž‡‡šƒ‹‡†Ǥ
ͳ͸
–”‘†— –‹‘–‘ƒ‰‡–‹•
‹ ȏ͹ͻȐ —•‡† Ž‘ ƒŽ ’ƒ– Š‡• ‘ˆ ‰Žƒ••Ǧˆ‹„‡”Ǧ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡† ’”‡’”‡‰ ‹ ‘Ǧ
’”‡••‹‘‘Ž†‹‰ƒ† ‘’ƒ”‡†–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆŽ‘™™‹–Š’”‘ ‡•••‹—ŽƒǦ
–‹‘•Ǥ ‡”‡’‘”–•‘ˆƒ•–”‘‰‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆŽ‘™–‘–Š‡‘Ž†Ǧ
’”‡’”‡‰ˆ”‹ –‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡŠ‡†‘‡•‡‹–Š‡”‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Š‡‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹Ǧ
–‹‘•ǡ‘”–Š‡’”‡’”‡‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ
Š‡ ‡– ƒŽǤ ȏͺͲȐ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ˆ”‹ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ƒ”„‘Ǧˆ‹„‡”Ǧ
”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†’”‡’”‡‰ƒ† ‘’”‡••‹‘‘Ž†•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘Ž†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•
ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†‘Ž†‹‰’”‡••—”‡ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•‹†‹ ƒ–‡ƒ
Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‹ –‹‘ƒŽ‡ Šƒ‹•„› Šƒ‰‹‰–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‡
‘Ž†• •—”ˆƒ ‡ ”‘—‰Š‡•• Šƒ• ‰”‡ƒ– ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ –Š‡ ˆ”‹ –‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ǥ
—”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡
‘ˆ‡š–‡”ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡•‹•›•–‡™ƒ•‘–˜ƒ”‹‡†ǤŠ—•ǡ
–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•ƒ”‡Ž‹‹–‡†–‘‡’‘š›„ƒ•‡†’”‡’”‡‰Ǥ
ʹǤ͹ –”‘†— –‹‘–‘ƒ‰‡–‹•
–‹•‹–‡†‡†–‘—•‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•–‘ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜Ǧ
‹‘” †—”‹‰ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ’”‘ ‡•• •–‡’• ‹ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‘ŽǦ
Ž‘™‹‰ •‡ –‹‘• ™‹ŽŽ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ •Š‘”– ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ ‹–‘ ƒ‰‡–‹• ™‹–Š
ˆ‘ —•‘ƒ‰‡–‹•‹–Š‡•‘Ž‹†•–ƒ–‡Ǥ
ͳͻͺʹ‘”‡–œȏͺͳȐ•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•ƒˆ‘” ‡ ‘ƒ Šƒ”‰‡ ‘˜Ǧ
‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ ‡Ž‡ –”‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ ‡”‡„›ǡ –Š‹•
‡Ž‡ –”‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž† ‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡† „› –Š‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ˆ‹‡Ž† ƒ† –Š‡
ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž† Ǥ
଴
(2-1)
Š‡ˆ‘” ‡ ƒ„‡•’Ž‹–‹–‘ƒ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ƒŽƒ†ƒ‰‡–‹ ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ǣ
୉
(2-2)
୚
୫
ͳ͹
—””‡––ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡
ୌ
(2-3)
଴
୅
୫
ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž† ™Š‹ Š‹•’”‡•‡–‹ƒƒ”‡ƒ ”‡•—Ž–•‹ƒƒ‰‡–‹ ˆŽ—š Ǥ Š‹• ˆŽ—š †‡’‡†• ‘ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡†‹—
™‹–Š‹ ǤŠ‡‡†‹—‹••’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†„›‹–•ƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ†‹–•’‡”Ǧ
‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–› Ǥ  ˆ”‡‡ •’ƒ ‡ –Š‡ ’‡”‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‹• †‡ˆ‹‡† „› –Š‡ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ
‘•–ƒ– ଴ ƒ†–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘‹•œ‡”‘ǤŠ‡ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆŽ—š‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†„›ȏͺͳȐǣ
(2-4)
଴
ି଻ ୚ୱ
୅୫
଴
Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆŽ—š†‡•‹–› ǡ‘”ƒ‰‡–‹ ‹†— –‹‘ǡ‹•‰‹˜‡„›ȏͺͳȐǣ
ࢶ
୚ୱ
஺
୫మ
(2-5)
Š‡Ž‹„‡–™‡‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•–”‡‰–Š ƒ†ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆŽ—š†‡•‹–›
‹ˆ”‡‡•’ƒ ‡”‡•—Ž–•ˆ”‘ȋʹǦͶȌƒ†ȋʹǦͷȌǣ
଴
(2-6)
—ƒ”‹œ‡†ǡ ‘‘ ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”• –‘ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†• ƒ”‡
–Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž† •–”‡‰–Š ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆŽ—š †‡•‹–› ƒ† –Š‡
ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆŽ—š Ǥ
ʹǤ͹Ǥͳ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹ƒ‰‡–‹ ‹‡Ž†•
‘”†‹‰–‘ȋʹǦ͸Ȍǡ–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•–”‡‰–Š ƒ†ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆŽ—š†‡•‹–› ‹•Ž‹‡ƒ”ˆ‘”ˆ”‡‡•’ƒ ‡Ǥ ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ™‹ŽŽ ‰‡– ƒ‰‡–‹œ‡† ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ –•
ƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ›•–”‡‰–Š‡‘”™‡ƒ‡–Š‡‡š–‡”ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ
ͳͺ
–”‘†— –‹‘–‘ƒ‰‡–‹•
Š‹• ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‹• †‡’‡†‡– ‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡
‡š–‡”ƒŽ ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ ‡Ž‡ –”‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‘‹ •Š‡ŽŽ• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ† –Š‡‹”
•’‹ȏͺʹǡͺ͵ȐǤ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’Š‡‘‡ƒ ƒ‘Ž› „‡
ƒ Š‹‡˜‡† „› –Š‡ Š‡Ž’ ‘ˆ “—ƒ–— ‡ Šƒ‹ • ƒ† ƒ „‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ
ȏͺͶǡͺͷȐǤ‘”‡†‡• ”‹’–‹˜‡‘†‡Ž‹•–Š‡•‘ ƒŽŽ‡†‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”ƒ‰‡–ǡ
™Š‹ Š‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–ƒ‰‡–‹ —‹–‹•‹†‡ƒƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ‘Ǧ
Ž‡ —Žƒ” ƒ‰‡– ‘’‡”ƒ–‡• ƒ• ƒ †‹’‘Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‘” ‡• ‘ Š‹• ’‘Ž‡• ƒ—•‡ ƒ
‘‡–ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ‘‡–Ǥ ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ƒ†Œƒ ‡– ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” ƒ‰‡–•
‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ‰‡–‹ †‘ƒ‹•‘”‡‹••†‘ƒ‹•
ȏͺ͵Ȑƒ†ƒ”‡˜‹•—ƒŽ‹œ‡†‹ ‹‰—”‡ʹǤͳͲǤ
Figure 2.10: Magnetic domains and material classification
Š‡ ‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ †‘ƒ‹• ‘–”‘Ž•–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘
ƒ† –Š‡”‡„› –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ™‹–Š‹ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•Ǥ ‘”—Žƒ
ȋʹǦ͹Ȍ‹•˜ƒŽ‹†ˆ‘”ƒ›ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘–Š‡”–Šƒˆ”‡‡•’ƒ ‡ȏͺͳȐǣ
଴
୅
୫
(2-7)
›‹–”‘†— ‹‰–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡’‡”‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ୰ ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒǦ
–‹‘‹•ˆ‘—†ȏͺʹȐǣ
଴ ୰
(2-8)
ͳͻ
—””‡––ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡
Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‰‹˜‡•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡
‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” ƒ‰‡–• ƒ• ‹– ‘•‹†‡”• ‘Ž› –Š‡ ’ƒ”– ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
†‡Ž‹˜‡”•–‘–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†ȏͺ͸Ȑǣ
଴
୰
଴
(2-9)
Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‹• –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒŽ ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡” –‘ ‘’ƒ”‡
–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡”‡ƒ• –Š‡ ‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰Ǧ
‡–‹ †‘ƒ‹• ‹• •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡ ™‹–Š
‹‰—”‡ʹǤͳͲȌǣ
:‹ƒƒ‰‡–‹ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ —”•–‘‡Ž‡‡–•
x Diamagnetism ‫ܚ‬
™‹–Š ƒ ˆ—ŽŽ Žƒ•– •Š‡ŽŽ ‘ˆ ‡Ž‡ –”‘• ȏͺ͹ȐǤ  ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ˆ‹‡Ž† ‹†— ‡• ƒ
‡Ž‡ –”‘‘–‹˜‡ˆ‘” ‡‹–Š‡‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”› —””‡–Ž‘‘’•ǤŠ‹•”‡•—Ž–•‹
ƒ ‹” —Žƒ–‹‰ —””‡–‹•‹†‡–Š‡ƒ–‘ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•„›‘”‡–œŽƒ™‘’’‘Ǧ
•‹–‡–‘ –Š‡ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ˆ‹‡Ž† ȏͺͳȐǤ Š‡ –‘–ƒŽƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž† ‰‡–• ™‡ƒ‡”
ȏͺͺȐǤŠ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•’—•Š‡†‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†ǤŠ‡’Š‡‘Ǧ
‡‘‘ˆ†‹ƒƒ‰‡–‹•‹•™‡ƒƒ†‘ˆ–‡ ‘˜‡”‡†„›‘–Š‡”–›’‡•‘ˆ
ƒ‰‡–‹•Ǥ ‹ƒƒ‰‡–‹• ‹• ‘”‡ ‘” Ž‡•• ‹†‡’‡†‡– ˆ”‘ –‡Ǧ
’‡”ƒ–—”‡ Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ šƒ’Ž‡• ˆ‘” †‹ƒƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ —ǡ ‹ǡ
—ǡ‰ƒ† ʹȏͺ͹Ȑƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ• Ǧˆ‹„‡”•ȏͺͻǡͻͲȐǤ
x Paramagnetism ‫ܚ‬
: Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‰‡–‹• ‘ —”• –‘ ‘–
ˆ—ŽŽ› ˆ‹ŽŽ‡† •Š‡ŽŽ• ‘ˆ ‡Ž‡ –”‘• ȏͺ͹ȐǤ ‹–Š‘—– ƒ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ˆ‹‡Ž† –Š‡
ƒ‰‡–‹ ‘‡–•ƒ”‡”ƒ†‘Ž›†‹•–”‹„—–‡†Ǥ –Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ
‡š–‡”ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ‘‡–•ƒ”‡‰‡––‹‰‘”‹‡–ƒ–‡†ƒ ‘”†Ǧ
‹‰–‘–Š‹•ˆ‹‡Ž†ǤŠ‡–‘–ƒŽƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†‰‡–••–”‘‰‡”ȏͺͺȐǤŠ‡”ƒŽ
‡‡”‰› ƒ—•‡• †‹•‘”†‡”‹‰ ƒ† †‹•–—”„• –Š‡ ‘”†‡”‹‰ ƒ‰‡–‹ ‡Ǧ
‡”‰›ȏͺͳȐǤŠ—•ǡ ୰ ‹•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥšƒ’Ž‡•ˆ‘”’ƒ”Ǧ
ƒƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡Žǡʹǡǡ–ƒ†ȏͺ͹ȐǤ
x Ferromagnetism ‫ܚ‬
: ‘” ˆ‡””‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• –Š‡ ƒ‰Ǧ
‡–‹ ‘‡–•ƒ”‡’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž‘”‹‡–ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‹ƒ‰‡–‹ †‘ƒ‹•‘ˆƒ
ƒ†
ȏͺ͹ȐǤ ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ‡š–‡”ƒŽƒ‰Ǧ
•‹œ‡„‡–™‡‡
‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ †‘ƒ‹•ƒ”‡‘”‹‡–ƒ–‡†‹•— Š™ƒ›–Šƒ––Š‡
‹–‡”ƒŽ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž† ‹• „ƒŽƒ ‡† ‘—–Ǥ  ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ˆ‹‡Ž† ‹• ƒ„Ž‡ –‘
ʹͲ
–”‘†— –‹‘–‘ƒ‰‡–‹•
”‡‘”‹‡–ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ †‘ƒ‹•’ƒ”–Ž›”‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡ƒ†’ƒ”–Ž›‹””‡Ǧ
˜‡”•‹„Ž‡ȏͺ͹ȐǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†‹••–”‘‰‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‘”‹‰Ǧ
‹ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ ˆ–Š‡‡š–‡”ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†‹•”‡‘˜‡†–Š‡‹””‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡”‡‘”‹‡–ƒǦ
–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ †‘ƒ‹• ƒ—•‡•ƒ•–ƒ›‹‰ƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽȏͺͺȐǤ‘‡—–”ƒŽ‹œ‡–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ‘’’‘•‹–‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†
Šƒ•–‘„‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†Ǥ ‘”•‘‡ˆ‡””‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘
‡—–”ƒŽ‹œ‡„›Š‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ—’ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
Š‹•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹• ƒŽŽ‡†—”‹‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ େ Ǥ– େ –Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
Šƒ‰‡•‹–•’Šƒ•‡ƒ†„‡Šƒ˜‡•’ƒ”ƒƒ‰‡–‹ ȏͺͳȐǤ ‡ǡ‘ƒ†‹ƒ”‡
‡šƒ’Ž‡•ˆ‘”ˆ‡””‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ȏͻͳȐǤ
x Antiferromagnetism ‫ܚ‬
: ‘–”ƒ”› –‘ ˆ‡””‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ–‡”‹Ǧ
ƒŽ•–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ‘‡–•‘ˆƒ–‹ˆ‡””‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡’ƒ‹”Ǧ
™‹•‡ ƒ–‹’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž ȏͻʹȐǤ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ‘‡–• ‘’‡•ƒ–‡
‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡” ƒ† –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ ୰ ‹• •ƒŽŽ ȏͻ͵ȐǤ› ‡š ‡‡†‹‰ –Š‡ ±‡Ž
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ȋ™Š‹ Š ‹• ‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ େ ˆ‘” ˆ‡””‘ƒ‰‡–‹•Ȍ –Š‡
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ„‡ ‘‡•’ƒ”ƒƒ‰‡–‹ ȏͻʹȐǤǡ‹ǡ‘ǡ” ͵ǡ ‡ ͵ƒ†
‘ ͵ƒ”‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹ˆ‡””‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ȏͻ͵ȐǤ
x Ferrimagnetism ‫ܚ‬
: ‘” ˆ‡””‹ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• –Š‡ ƒ‰Ǧ
‡–‹ ‘‡–•ƒ”‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡†’ƒ‹”™‹•‡ƒ–‹’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž„—–™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‡”•ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‘’‡•ƒ–‡‡ƒ Š
‘–Š‡” ȏͻʹȐǤ ‡Ž‘™ େ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ ’‡”‡ƒ„‹Ž–› ‹• †‡’‡†‹‰ ‘ –Š‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ š ‡‡†‹‰ େ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ „‡ ‘‡• ’ƒ”ƒƒ‰‡–‹ ȏͻ͵ȐǤ šƒ’Ž‡• ˆ‘” ˆ‡””‹ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ‹ ‡ʹ͵ǡ ‘ ‡ʹ͵
ȏͺ͹Ȑƒ†Š‡šƒ‰‘ƒŽˆ‡””‹–‡•‡͸ ‡ʹ͵ȋ™‹–Š‡ǣƒǡ”ǡ„Ȍȏͻ͵ȐǤ
‘”—Žƒ ȋʹǦͺȌ †‡• ”‹„‡• –Š‡ ’‡”‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘
–Š‡ ’‡”‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ”‡‡ •’ƒ ‡Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ƒ ‘˜‡‹‡– ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ
™ƒ› –‘ †‡• ”‹„‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡
†‹”‡ –†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‡”‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ™‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡„‡•–ˆƒ –‘”–‘
”‡Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ —– ‹ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ –Š‹• ‹• ‘– ‡š’‡†‹‡–
†‡• ”‹„‡ –Š‡
ȏͺͳȐǣ
x Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ ƒ† ‹•‘Ž‹‡ƒ”‹–Š‡’”‡†‘‹ƒ– ƒ•‡Ǥ
‘ƒˆ‹š˜ƒŽ—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡’‡”‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ‰‹˜‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘Ž›ˆ‘”ƒ
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†™‘”‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ
ʹͳ
—””‡––ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡
x Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹••Šƒ’‡†‡’‡†‡–Ǥ
x Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ‘•–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡ƒ‹•‘–”‘’‹ ǤŠ—•ǡ •Š‘—Ž†„‡†‡• ”‹„‡†ƒ•ƒ–‡•‘”Ǥ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‹–‹•—•‡ˆ—Ž–‘†‡• ”‹„‡ƒ–‡ Š‹ ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ„›‹–•ƒ‰‡–‹œƒǦ
–‹‘ —”˜‡Ǥ
ʹǤ͹Ǥʹ ƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘—”˜‡ƒ† ›•–‡”‡•‹•‘‘’
Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘ —”˜‡”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ˆŽ—š
†‡•‹–› ‹•‹†‡ ƒ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž† ™‹–Š –Š‡
•–”‡‰–Š Ǥ ‹‰—”‡ʹǤͳͳ•Š‘™•ƒ–›’‹ ƒŽƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘ —”˜‡ˆ‘”ˆ‡””‘Ǧ
ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• •–ƒ”–‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ ˆ—ŽŽ› †‡ƒ‰‡–‹œ‡† •–ƒ–‡ ȋ’”‹ƒ”›
ƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘ —”˜‡ȌǤ Š‹• —”˜‡ ƒ „‡ †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’ƒ”–•
ȏͺͳȐǣ
x › ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ ƒ •ƒŽŽ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž† –Š‡ †‘ƒ‹• ™‹–Š Ž‘•‡•– †‹”‡ Ǧ
–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ˆ‹‡Ž† ƒ”‡ ‡š’ƒ†‹‰ ƒ– –Š‡ ‡šǦ
’‡•‡‘ˆ‘–Š‡”†‘ƒ‹•ǤŠ‹•’”‘ ‡••‹•”‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡Ȃ‹ˆ–Š‡‡š–‡”ƒŽ
ˆ‹‡Ž† ‹• ”‡‘˜‡† –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ”‡–—”• –‘ ‹–• ‘”†‹ƒ”› •–ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š‘—–
Š›•–‡”‡•‹•Ǥ
x ‘” Š‹‰Š‡” ˆ‹‡Ž†• –Š‡ Šƒ‰‡• ƒ”‡ ‰‡––‹‰ ‹””‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ’‡”Ǧ
‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›”‡ƒ Š‡•‹–•ƒš‹—ǤŠ‡†‘ƒ‹™ƒŽŽ•ƒ”‡‘˜‹‰’ƒ”–Ǧ
Ž› ƒ„”—’–Ǥ Š‹• ƒ „‡ ƒ†‡ ƒ—†‹„Ž‡ „› ‘‡ –‹‰ ƒ •’‡ƒ‡” –‘ ƒ
‘‹Žǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ™”ƒ’’‡† ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ Š‡ †‘ƒ‹ ™ƒŽŽ•
‘˜‡‡– ™‹ŽŽ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ˜‘Ž–ƒ‰‡ ’—Ž•‡• ‹ –Š‹• ‘‹ŽǤ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰
•‘—†‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ”Šƒ—•‡‘‹•‡Ǥ
x Š‡ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž† •–”‡‰–Š ‹• ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ȋƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡
‡‡’‘‹–‹ ‹‰—”‡ʹǤͳͳȌǡ–Š‡‘˜‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡†‘ƒ‹™ƒŽŽ•˜ƒǦ
‹•Šƒ†–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ‘‡–•ƒ”‡•–ƒ”–‹‰–‘”‘–ƒ–‡‹†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡‡š–‡”ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†ǤŠ‡’‡”‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ
x ‘” ƒ ‡˜‡ Š‹‰Š‡” ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž† •–”‡‰–Š –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ‘‡–•
ƒ”‡ƒŽ‹‰‡†ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‡š–‡”ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†ǤŠ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ”‡ƒ Š‡•‹–•
•ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
ʹʹ
–”‘†— –‹‘–‘ƒ‰‡–‹•
B
ƒ”Šƒ—•‡
‘‹•‡
•ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘
”‘–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘
•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ
†‡ƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘
‹””‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡™ƒŽŽ•‘˜‡‡–
”‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡™ƒŽŽ•‘˜‡‡–
H
Figure 2.11: Primary magnetization curve of ferromagnetic materials,
according to [81, 94]
—ƒ”‹œ‡†ǡ–Š‡†‡’‡†‡ ›
‹•‘Ž‹‡ƒ”ˆ‘”’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒŽŽˆ‡”Ǧ
”‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ȏͺͳȐǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡’‡”‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ୰ ‹•ƒ
ˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ ୰ ‹•†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡Ǧ
”‹ƒŽǤ›ƒ’’Ž›‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†•–”‡‰–Š –‘ƒˆ—ŽŽ›†‡ƒ‰‡–‹œ‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
–Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆŽ—š †‡•‹–› ™‹ŽŽ „‡Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ’”‹ƒ”›
ƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘ —”˜‡ •Š‘™ ‹ ‹‰—”‡ ʹǤͳͳ ƒ† ”‡ƒ Š‡• ‹– •ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘
ˆŽ—š†‡•‹–› ୗ ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ʹǤͳʹȌǤˆ–‡””‡‘˜‹‰–Š‡‡š–‡”ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ–Š‡
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ”‡ƒ‹• ƒ‰‡–‹œ‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ”‡•‹†—ƒŽ ‘” ”‡ƒ‡– ˆŽ—š †‡•‹Ǧ
–› ୖ Ǥ‘‘„–ƒ‹ˆ—ŽŽ†‡ƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ‘’’‘•‡†ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†Šƒ•–‘
„‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†ȏͺͳȐǤŠ‹•ˆ‹‡Ž†‹• ƒŽŽ‡† ‘‡” ‹˜‹–› େ Ǥ
ʹ͵
—””‡––ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡
B
B
B
ǦH
ǦH
H
H H
-B
-B
Figure 2.12: Hysteresis loop and characteristic points, according to [87, 88]
ʹǤ͹Ǥ͵ ƒ‰‡–‹ ‘” ‡
Š‡ ˆ‘” ‡ ‘ˆ ”‡’—Ž•‹‘ ‘” ƒ––”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ‰‡– ‘ ƒ› ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹•
„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹’‡”‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ––Š‡ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰‹–‡”ˆƒ Ǧ
ଷ
Ȍƒ†ƒ‹”ȋ ୰
‡•Ǥ –Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡‹”‘ȋ ୰
Ȍ‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†Ǥ ‘”Š‹‰ŠŽ‡ƒ’•–Š‹•ˆ‘” ‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ŠŠ‹‰Š˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ†‹•
‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ˆ‘”–‡ Š‹ ƒŽƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡ˆ‘” ‡‹•’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ”–‘–Š‡
‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ ƒ† ƒš‹‘—• –‘ ƒš‹‹œ‡ –Š‡ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡
‹•ƒ”‡’—Ž•‹‘‘”ƒ––”ƒ –‹‘ˆ‘” ‡ǤŠ‡‡‡”‰›”‡“—‹”‡†–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡–Š‹•
ˆ‘” ‡‹••–‘”‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†ƒ† ƒ„‡™”‹––‡ƒ•‡ ŠƒǦ
‹ ƒŽ‡‡”‰›„›–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆƒƒŽ›–‹ ‡ Šƒ‹ •ƒ†–Š‡‡–Š‘†‘ˆ˜‹”–—ƒŽ
†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ȏͻͷȐǣ
பௐ
ப௫
(2-10)
Š‡‡‡”‰›†‡•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž† ௠ ‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆ
–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•–”‡‰–Š ƒ†–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆŽ—š†‡•‹–› Ǥ‡‰ƒ”†Ǧ
‹‰ –Š‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ •Š‘™ ‹ ‹‰—”‡ ʹǤͳ͵ǡ –Š‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‹” ୅ „‡–™‡‡
ʹͶ
–”‘†— –‹‘–‘ƒ‰‡–‹•
‹”‘ƒ†’‡”ƒ‡–ƒ‰‡–ȋȌ‹•†‡ ‹•‹˜‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•–‘”‡†‡‡”‰›ǤŠ‡
Š‡‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‹” ‰ƒ’ ‹• †‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ• ǡ • ƒ––‡”‹‰ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ƒ”‡ ‡‰Ž‡ –‡†
ȏͻ͸Ȑǣ
୫
ଵ
୅
ଶ
୅ ୅
ଵ
ଶ
୅
୅ ୅
(2-11)
ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡† Ž‘•‡†ǡ–Š‡ƒ––”ƒ –‹‘ˆ‘” ‡ȋƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•
”‡Ž— –ƒ ‡ ˆ‘” ‡ ‘” ƒš™‡ŽŽ ˆ‘” ‡Ȍ ƒ „‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡† ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘
ȋʹǦͳͲȌǣ
୫
பௐౣ
୅
பఋ
୅ ୅
మ
஻ఽ
஺ఽ
ஜబ
(2-12)
‘•‡“—‡–Ž› –Š‡ ”‡Ž— –ƒ ‡ ˆ‘” ‡ ‹• •–”‘‰Ž› †‡’‡†‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰Ǧ
‡–‹ ˆŽ—š †‡•‹–› ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‹” ‰ƒ’Ǥ ‘” Ž‘•‡” ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆŽ—š
†‡•‹–›ǡ’°”‡̵• ‹” —‹–ƒŽŽƒ™‹•‹–”‘†— ‡†ȏͻ͹Ȑǣ
஻ు౉
୊ୣ ஜ ఓ
బ ౨ూ౛
஻ఽ
ஜబ
୔୑ (2-13)
™Š‡”‡
୊ୣ ‹•–Š‡–‘–ƒŽŽ‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘’ƒ”–•
୉୑ ‹•–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆŽ—š†‡•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‰‡–ȋȌ
୅ ‹•–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆŽ—š†‡•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹”‰ƒ’
‹•–Š‡Š‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡’‡”ƒ‡–ƒ‰‡–•
‡
‹”
‡
•
Figure 2.13: Path of integration for a setup of magnets
‘” ‘”‡ ‘’Ž‡š •‡–—’• ‘ˆ ƒ‰‡–• ƒ† –Š”‡‡Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽ —ŽƒǦ
–‹‘• ˆ‹‹–‡ ‡Ž‡‡– ‡–Š‘† ȋ Ȍ •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ —•‡†Ǥ ƒ–Š‡Ǧ
ʹͷ
—””‡––ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡
ƒ–‹ ƒŽ„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”•— Šƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•‹—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒš™‡ŽŽ‡“—ƒǦ
–‹‘•ȋ’°”‡̵• ‹” —‹–ƒŽŽƒ™‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡„—–•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›‘†‹ˆ‹‡†ȌǤ
ʹǤͺƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ •
–ƒ–‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡Ǧƒ”– •ƒ”‡’ƒ”ƒƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ†„‡Šƒ˜‡‡—–”ƒŽ‹–Š‡’”‡•Ǧ
‡ ‡‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––™‘•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•–‘
Šƒ‰‡–Š‹•ǣ
x ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‹‰ ˆ‹„‡” ‹• ƒ†‡ ‘ˆ ƒ”„‘ǡ ‹– ‹• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ ‘†— –
‡Ž‡ –”‹ ƒŽ —””‡––Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ˆ‹„‡”Ǥ›‡š’‘•‹‰–Š‡ —””‡––”ƒ•Ǧ
‹––‹‰ˆ‹„‡”–‘ƒƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹„‡”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ƒˆ‘” ‡ǡ ƒŽŽ‡†
‘”‡–œ ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ Š‹• ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‹• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ”‡’‘”–‡† ‹ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǣ
‡Ž‹•Ž‡ ƒ† ƒ Šƒ”‹ƒ• ȏͻͺȐ †‡• ”‹„‡ ƒ ’”‘ ‡•• ˆ‘” ‘–ƒ –Ž‡•• †”ƒ’Ǧ
‹‰‘ˆ–‡š–‹Ž‡•„›—•‹‰–Š‡‘”‡–œˆ‘” ‡Ǥ
x Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‹• –‘ ‡“—‹’ –Š‡ ™‹–Š †‹ƒƒ‰‡–‹ ǡ ˆ‡””‘Ǧ
ƒ‰‡–‹ ‘” ˆ‡””‹ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ šƒ’Ž‡• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ „‡
ˆ‘—†‹Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ–‘‘ǣ–”ƒ••‡”ƒ†‹„‡”ȏͻͻȐ”‡’‘”–ƒ„‘—–ƒƒ‰Ǧ
‡–‹ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–•†—”‹‰‹Œ‡ –‹‘‘Ž†‹‰‘ˆ
–Š‡”‘•‡–•Ǥ ‡”‡„›ǡ –Š‡ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡– •ŠƒŽŽ ‘–ƒ‹ ˆ‡””‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ”ò‰‡”ƒ†ƒŽ‹ ȏͳͲͲȐ†‡• ”‹„‡–Š‡’”‘ ‡†—”‡‘ˆ†”ƒ’‹‰
‘ˆ –‡š–‹Ž‡• ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡””‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹„‡”• „› ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•Ǥ
ʹǤͻ –”‘†— –‹‘–‘Š‡‘Ž‘‰›
Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ• ‹‡ ‡‘ˆ”Š‡‘Ž‘‰›†‡• ”‹„‡•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‹‰’”‘’‡”–‹‡•
†‡• ”‹„‡†„›ƒ›”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ††‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡”‡„›ǡ
–Š‡ ‡™–‘Ǧ–‘‡ Žƒ™ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘‘‡ Žƒ™ ƒ”‡ ™‡ŽŽ ‘™ ‘†‡Ž• ˆ‘”
Ž‹‹–‹‰ ƒ•‡•‘ˆ”Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ȏͳͲͳȐǤŠ‡”Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆƒƒ–‡Ǧ
”‹ƒŽ ƒ„‡†‡• ”‹„‡†„›–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•˜‹• ‘•‹–› ǡ‡Žƒ•–‹ ‘†—Ž—• ƒ† •Š‡ƒ” ‘†—Ž—• ȏͳͲʹȐǤ  ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ ƒŽŽ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ‘ —””‹‰ ‹ ƒǦ
–—”‡•Š‘™‡Žƒ•–‹ ƒ†˜‹• ‘—•„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ƒ†ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡Ǧ
ˆ‘”‡˜‹• ‘‡Žƒ•–‹ ȏͳͲ͵ȐǤ
ʹ͸
–”‘†— –‹‘–‘Š‡‘Ž‘‰›
ʹǤͻǤͳ ‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹• ‘•‹–›ƒ†‹• ‘‡Žƒ•–‹ ‹–›
Š‡˜‹• ‘•‹–› ‘ˆƒ–Š‡”‘•‡–”‡•‹†‡’‡†•‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ǡ•Š‡ƒ”
”ƒ–‡ ƒ†–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ —”‡ ȏ͸ͳȐǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ƒ††‡†’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•Ž‹‡
ƒ͵ ‘” ˆ‹„‡”• ™‹ŽŽ ƒˆˆ‡ – –Š‡ ˜‹• ‘•‹–›Ǥ „•‘Ž—–‡ ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ‡–Š‘†•
–‘†‡–‡”‹‹‰ ƒ”‡–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡“—‘–‹‡–‘ˆ•Š‡ƒ”•–”‡•• –‘
•Š‡ƒ””ƒ–‡ ȏͳͲͳǡͳͲ͵Ȑǣ
(2-14)
ିଵ
•—ƒŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›†‡˜‹ ‡•ˆ‘”–Š‹•’—”’‘•‡ƒ”‡–Š‡ ƒ’‹ŽŽƒ”›˜‹• ‘•‹‡Ǧ
–‡”ƒ†–Š‡”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”Š‡‘‡–‡”ȏͳͲͳȐǤ
‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ –Š‡ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› ‘ˆ ˆ‹„‡” ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡† ”‡•‹• ‡ƒ– ˆ‘” ‘Ǧ
’”‡••‹‘‘Ž†‹‰–Š‡‡ƒ•—”‹‰˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›†‡˜‹ ‡•ƒ”‡
—•—ƒŽŽ›–‘‘•ƒŽŽǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡‹ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆŠƒ†Ž‹‰ƒ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ’‘”Ǧ
–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ–‹‰ ”ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡˜‹ ‡• ƒ”‡
–‘‘ Ž‘™ –‘ ‡—Žƒ–‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ Š—•ǡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•
™‡”‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†–‘†‡–‡”‹‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•˜‹• ‘•‹–›†—”‹‰’”‘ ‡••‹‰„›
–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆ‘Ž†•ƒ†’”‡••‡•‡“—‹’’‡†™‹–Š•‡•‘”•ȏͳͲʹǡͳͲͶȂͳͳͳȐǤ
Š‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ˜‹• ‘‡Žƒ•–‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ƒ”‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›
‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‡–Š‘†•ȏͳͲͳȐǤ—‡–‘˜‡”›•ƒŽŽ†‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•–Š‹•‡–Š‘†
‹•ƒ„Ž‡–‘ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡Ž‹“—‹†ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ••‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ—•ǡ‹–‹•‹†‡ƒŽ
–‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ ”‡•‹• †—”‹‰ —”‹‰ ƒ† ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• ™‡”‡
Š‘•‡–‘ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡–Š‡”‡•‹•‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǤŠ‡†‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹•
Š‡”‡„› †‡• ”‹„‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ‰—Žƒ” ˆ”‡“—‡ › Ǥ Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š •Š‡ƒ”
‘†—Ž—• ‫ •—Ž—†‘ ‡‰ƒ”‘–• ˆ‘ —• Žƒ‹”‘– ‡˜ •ƒ †‡–ƒŽ— Žƒ •‹ כ‬ᇱ ƒ†
Ž‘••‘†—Ž—• ᇱᇱ Ǥ
ʹ͹
—””‡––ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡
Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š˜‹• ‘•‹–› ‫‰‹™‘ŽŽ‘ˆ•ƒ†‡–ƒŽ— Žƒ ‡Š–•‹ כ‬ȏͳͳʹȐǣ
‫כ‬
ீᇲ
ఠ
ఠ
‫כ‬
ீ ᇲᇲ
ᇱ
(2-15)
ᇱᇱ
ିଵ
Š‡ “—‘–‹‡– ‘ˆ Ž‘•• ‘†—Ž—• –‘ •–‘”ƒ‰‡ ‘†—Ž—• ‹• †‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ• Ž‘••
ˆƒ –‘”
ȏͳͲ͵ȐǤŠ‡Ž‘••ˆƒ –‘”‰‹˜‡•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡’‘”–‹‘
‘ˆ˜‹• ‘•‹–›–‘‡Žƒ•–‹ ‹–›ƒ†‹• ‡–”ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆ
–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ––Š‡‘‡– ᇱ ‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘ ᇱᇱ –Š‡‰‡ŽǦ’‘‹–ˆ‘”–Š‡”‘Ǧ
•‡– ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ‹• ”‡ƒ Š‡† ȏͳͲ͵ȐǤ Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ˆ‘” –Š‹• ’”‡ ‹•‡ †‡–‡”‹ƒǦ
–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡ŽǦ’‘‹–‹•ƒ‘–Š‡”„‡‡ˆ‹–‘ˆ–Š‡‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‡–Š‘†• ‘Ǧ
’ƒ”‡†–‘”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡–Š‘†•Ǥˆ–‡”–Š‡‰‡ŽǦ’‘‹–‹•”‡ƒ Š‡†ǡ–Š‡‡Žƒ•–‹ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ”‡ †‘‹ƒ– ƒ† ˆ”‘ ƒ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ •‹†‡ ‘ˆ
˜‹‡™ –Š‡ –‡” ˜‹• ‘•‹–› ‹• ‹ ‘””‡ – ˆ”‘ ‘™ ‘ ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Šƒ•
„‡ ‘‡ƒ•‘Ž‹†Ǥ ‘””‡ƒ•‘•‘ˆ•‹’Ž‹ ‹–›–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‰”ƒ’Š•™‹ŽŽ‹‰Ǧ
‘”‡–Š‹•ˆƒ –—Ž‡••–Š‡•Šƒ”‡•‘ˆ‡Žƒ•–‹ ‹–›ƒ†˜‹• ‘•‹–›ƒ”‡‘ˆ‹–‡”Ǧ
‡•–Ǥ
ʹͺ
‡ƒ” ƒ–‹‘–‘–ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡ƒ†‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›
ʹǤͻǤʹ ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆ‹• ‘•‹–›
”‘••ȏͳͳ͵Ȑƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ””‡ƒ—ȏͳͳͶȐ’”‡•‡–‡†‡“—ƒ–‹‘•–‘†‡• ”‹„‡
–Š‡ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› ‘ˆ ’•‡—†‘‡Žƒ•–‹ ˆŽ—‹†•Ǥ Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ †‡Ǧ
• ”‹„‡–Š‡‡™–‘‹ƒŽ‹‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ˆƒ”‡•‹ƒ–Ž‘™•Š‡ƒ””ƒ–‡•ƒ†ƒ
’‘™‡”Žƒ™„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒ–Š‹‰Š•Š‡ƒ””ƒ–‡•Ǥƒ–‡”ǡ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•
‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‘†‡Ž• ™‡”‡ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ȏͳͳͷȐǤ  ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ƒ –”ƒ•‹–‹‘ ’ƒǦ
”ƒ‡–‡” ‫‡‡™–‡„‘‹‰‡”‘‹–‹•ƒ”––ˆ‘•ƒ‡˜‡‹Š ƒ‘–†‡ —†‘”–‹•ƒ™ כ‬
–Š‡ –™‘ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•Ǥ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ƒ–œ‹‰ ƒ† — ‡” ȏͳͳ͸Ȑ –Š‡ ‘•–
ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‘†‡Ž••Š‘™ƒˆ‘”Ž‹‡–Š‹•ǣ
ఎబ
ആబ ംሶ భష೙
ଵାቀ ‫ כ‬ቁ
ഓ
଴
‫כ‬
™Š‡”‡
(2-16)
ఊሶ ՜଴
଴ ǡ
ƒ† ‫•–ƒ–•‘ Žƒ‹”‡–ƒ‡”ƒ כ‬Ǥ
‘ ƒ†† –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‡’‡†‡ › –‘ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ȋʹǦͳ͸Ȍǡ ଴ ƒ „‡ ‡šǦ
’”‡••‡† ƒ• ƒ ˆ— –‹‘ ‘ˆ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ ””Š‡‹—•Ǧ–›’‡ †‡’‡†‡ ‡
ȏͳͳ͹Ȑǣ
்౏
଴
்
(2-17)
ୗ
™Š‡”‡ ୗ ƒ† ƒ”‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘•–ƒ–•Ǥ ‡”‡„›ǡ ୗ ‹•ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‡•‹˜‹–›Ǥ
ʹǤͳͲ ‡ƒ” ƒ–‹‘–‘–ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡ƒ†‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›
Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰‘ˆ‘ ™‹–Š‹ ‘ ‹•”ƒ”‡Ž›”‡’‘”–‡†
‹ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ ‡”‡„›ǡ –Š‡ †‹• ”‡’ƒ › „‡–™‡‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š
ʹͻ
—””‡––ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡
ƒ†’”‘Œ‡ –•‘ ‘’‘‡–Ž‡˜‡Ž‹•”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹ˆ‘‡–ƒ‡•
‹–‘ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‹• ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Žƒ•• ‹• ‘‡” ‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡
•‹ ‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ†‡ ƒ†‡•Ǥ
Š‡ Š‡”‡ ’”‡•‡–‡† ™‘” ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ ‘’Ž‡š‹–›ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ„Ž‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡ˆ—†ƒ‡Ǧ
–ƒŽ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡› ’Š‡‘‡ƒ ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ –Š‡
’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ ‘’Ž‡š ‘’‘‡–•Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•‹
‹•‹–”‘†— ‡†ǤŠ‹• ”‡•‹‹•”ƒ”‡Ž›†‡• ”‹„‡†‹Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ
Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡˜ƒŽ—‡•†‡• ”‹„‹‰–Š‡ˆ”‹ –‹‘‘ˆƒ „ƒ•‡†
’”‡’”‡‰–‘ƒ‘Ž†Ǥ—‡–‘–™‘‹†‡’‡†‡– ”‘••Ž‹‹‰”‡ƒ –‹‘•–Š‡
”‡•‹ ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ ’”‘ ‡•• ™‹†‘™ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ‹†‡ƒŽ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ”‡•‡ƒ” Š
Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•ǣ–Š‡‡‡†‘ˆƒ Š‡‹ ƒŽ•–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†Š‹‰ŠǦ˜‹• ‘—•Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡Ǥ
Š‡•‡ ‘†”‡•‡ƒ” ŠŠ›’‘–Š‡•‹•ƒ††”‡••‡•–Š‡†”ƒ’‹‰ƒ†ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡‘ †—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ǤŠ‹•‹•–ƒ Ž‡†„›ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ‹’—ŽƒǦ
–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ‘’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡‘™†‡• ”‹„‹‰–Š‹•‡–Š‘†
ˆ‘” ‘ Ǥ ˜‡ ‘”‡ǡ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘ †—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ ‹•‘Ž›
”‡’‘”–‡†„›•–ƒ‰‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‘ ȏ͸ͲȐǡŽ‹‹–‹‰ˆŽ‘™‘ˆ–Š‡‹ ‘ ȏͳͺǡ ʹͷȐ ‘” „‘–Š ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ ȏͳͻǡ ʹͲȐǤ Š‹Ž‡ •–ƒ‰‹‰ ”‡†— ‡• –Š‡
‹–‡”ˆƒ ‹ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ȏ͸ͲȐ ƒ† •Š‘™• ƒ ƒ””‘™ ’”‘ ‡•• ™‹†‘™ ȏʹͲȐ
–Š‡ ”‡†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹ ‘ ˆŽ‘™ –ƒ‡• ƒ™ƒ› –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ‹ ƒ†Ǧ
˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ǣ–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ†‡•‹‰Ǥ
Š‡ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Š›„”‹†”‡•‹™‹–Šƒƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ‘ ‡’–‹•
—‹“—‡Ǥ  ‹–‡”†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”› ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‹• ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ •–—†› ƒ† †‡Ǧ
• ”‹„‡–Š‡’Š‡‘‡ƒ†—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡‡™ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”Ǧ
‹œƒ–‹‘‡–Š‘†•ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•ƒ”‡‡‡†‡†Ǥ
͵Ͳ
͵ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–‘ˆ‹ ‘ ™‹–Š‘ ”‡“—‹”‡• —•–‘Ǧ
‹œ‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ† ‡™ ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰Ǥ  ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡ –Š‡ ƒ–”‹š
ˆ‘—† ‹ ‘ Šƒ• –‘ ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ”‡“—‹”‡‡–• –Šƒ
–Š‡ ƒ–”‹š ‘ˆ •–ƒ–‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡Ǧƒ”– ‹ ‘ Ǥ Š‡”‡ƒ• ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡
Žƒ–‡”‘’–‹‹œ‡•—”ˆƒ ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ’ƒ‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡˆŽ‘™ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡˆŽƒ‡”‡–ƒ”†ƒǦ
›ǡ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ƒŽ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ǡˆ‹ŽŽ‡” ‘–‡–ƒ†Ȁ‘”†‡•‹–›ǡ–Š‡‘ ƒǦ
–”‹š ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ‹• ˆ‘” ƒ ˆ‹š‡† ’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ† ƒŽ‹‰‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹„‡”•
†—”‹‰‘Ž†‹‰ǡƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹‰Šˆ‹„‡”˜‘Ž—‡ˆ”ƒ –‹‘•ǡ
Š‡ƒ–”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ƒ†‡š ‡ŽŽ‡–‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ǥ
͵ǤͳŠ‡ †‡ƒŽ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Š‘™••—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•–‹ˆˆ‡••†—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰
™‹–Š‹ ‘ –‘’”‡˜‡–†‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹•ƒŽ‹‰‡–ǤŠ‡‹’ƒ –
‘ˆ‹ ‘ ˆŽ‘™‘–Š‡–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹ ‘ •’‡ ‹‡
‹• •Š‘™ ‹ ‹‰—”‡ ͵ǤͳǤ ‡”‡ǡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ȋAMC8593ƒ†AMC-8595 ˆ”‘Quantum CompositesȌƒ”‡•–ƒ ‡†ƒ† ‘Ǧ
’”‡••‹‘ ‘Ž†‡† –‘ –Š”‡‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –›’‡• ‘ˆ ’Žƒ–‡•ǣ –›’‡ ͳ ‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ
‘Ž† ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡—†‡”‘‡Ǧ
ˆ‹˜‡ Žƒ›‡”• ‘ˆ‹ ‘ ǡ‘Ž†‡† ™‹–Š
†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽˆŽ‘™Ǣ–›’‡ʹ ‘•‹•–•‘ˆˆ‘—”‘ •Š‡‡–•ˆƒ ‡†™‹–Š‘‡
‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘‡ƒ Š•‹†‡Ǣ–›’‡͵ ‘•‹•–•‘ˆ–™‘Žƒ›‡”•
‹ ‘ ‘ˆ
‘ˆ‘ ™‹–Šˆƒ ‹‰‹ ‘ Ǥ ‘”ƒŽŽ’Žƒ–‡•ǡ ‹•„‘–Šǡ–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘
‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆŽ‘™ƒ†–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘ ˆ‹„‡”•ǤŠ‡‘Ž†–‡Ǧ
Ǣ –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ ’”‡••—”‡ ‹•
Ǥ Š‡ •’‡ ‹‡ ‹• ’”‡Ǧ
’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹•
’ƒ”‡†„›™ƒ–‡”Œ‡– —––‹‰ƒ†–Š‡–‡•–‹‰‹•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ƒ ‘”†‹‰ ͷʹ͹ǦͶȏͳͳͺȐǤ
͵ͳ
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
Figure 3.1:
Tensile strength as a function of layup and flow (left)
Crack path of flown CoDicoFRTS 0° type 2 specimen (right)
Š‡ –‡•‹Ž‡ •–”‡‰–Š ˆ‘” –›’‡ ͳ ’Žƒ–‡• ‹• ‹Š‘‘‰‡‡‘—•ǡ †—‡ –‘ ˆ‹„‡”
”‡‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ †—”‹‰ ˆŽ‘™Ǥ ›’‡ ʹ ’Žƒ–‡• ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ ‘Ž› ƒ •ƒŽŽ ˆ”ƒ –‹‘
‘ˆ –Š‡‹” –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ –‡•‹Ž‡ •–”‡‰–ŠǤ  ˆƒ –ǡ –Š‡ ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡”•
™‡ƒ‡ –Š‡ ‘‹ ‘ ǡ •‹ ‡ –Š‡ ˆŽ‘™‹‰ ‹ ‘ †‡•–”‘›• –Š‡
ƒŽ‹‰‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘ ǤŠ‡ ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡”•ƒ”‡ˆ‘” ‡†‹–‘ƒ–—”Ǧ
„—Ž‡– ƒ† ™ƒ˜‡† •–”— –—”‡ ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡ –‘ ‹‰—”‡ ͵Ǥͳǡ rightȌǤ Š‡ ”ƒ 
’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‘•‡†‡ˆ‘”‡†™ƒ˜› ‘–‹—‘—•ˆ‹„‡”•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡
•‘ˆ–ƒ–”‹šǤŠ‹•”‡•—Ž–•‹’‘‘”–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–ŠǤ›’‡͵’Žƒ–‡•†‡‘Ǧ
•–”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ ‘‹ ‘ Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ƒ• •–”‘‰ ƒ• ’—”‡
†‹”‡ –‹‘ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒŽ‘•–ʹǤͷ–‹‡•ƒ••–”‘‰
‹ ‘ ȋ–›’‡ͳȌ‹
‹–Š‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•–ƒ†ƒ”††‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘‹–›’‡͵•ƒ’Ž‡•
‹••ƒŽŽ‡”Ǥ
–‹•‘„˜‹‘—•ǡ–Šƒ–ˆ‘”•–ƒ–‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡Ǧƒ”–”‡•‹•›•–‡•ƒ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –
ƒ‘Ž›„‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†„›‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰ˆŽ‘™‹•‹†‡–Š‡‘Ž†Ǥ•‹ ‘ ‹• ‘™ ˆ‘” ‹–• •—’‡”‹‘” †‡•‹‰ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ƒ† ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ
‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ –Š‹• Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‘– ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ‹– ‘‡• †‘™ –‘
Ž‘ ƒŽ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–• –Š‡ ‘ Šƒ• –‘ „‡ ˆ‹š‡† ‹•‹†‡ –Š‡ ‘Ž† –‘
͵ʹ
Š‡ †‡ƒŽ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
’”‡˜‡––Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ”‘†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ǤŠ‹• ƒ„‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†„› —•Ǧ
–‘‹œ‹‰–Š‡ƒ–”‹š‘ˆ–Š‡‘ Ǥ
Š‡˜‹• ‘•‹–›’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡•‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡Ǧƒ”–‰–Š‹ ‡‡†‘””‡•‹•
ƒ”‡‘’–‹‹œ‡†–‘’”‘†— ‡ ‘•–‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›ˆ‹ŽŽ‡† Ǧ‹ ‘ ™‹–Š
‰‘‘† ˆŽ‘™ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘Ž†‹‰ ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ ͵Ǥʹǡ ƒȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ˆ‘” –Š‡
’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘ –Š‘•‡ ƒ–”‹ ‡• ƒ”‡ ‹ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ
–Š‡‹”—•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡˜‹• ‘•‹–›’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡Ǥ
Š‡‹†‡ƒŽƒ–”‹šˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆ‘ †‡Ž‹˜‡”••—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•–‹ˆˆǦ
‡••–‘–Š‡•‡‹Ǧˆ‹‹•Š‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ†—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰™‹–Š‹ ‘ –‘
’”‡˜‡––Š‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–ˆ‹„‡”•ˆ”‘‹•ƒŽ‹‰‡–ǤŠ—•ǡƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘
‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ– Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ‘ˆƒƒ–”‹š‹•
‹–•˜‹• ‘•‹–›†—”‹‰–Š‡ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰’”‘ ‡•••–‡’•ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡͵Ǥʹǡ„Ȍǣ
x ‘ƒ’’Ž›ƒŠ‘‘‰‡‘—•ƒ†•–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ–”‹šˆ‹Ž‘–Š‡ ƒ””‹‡”ˆ‘‹Žƒ
‡”–ƒ‹ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› Ž‡˜‡Ž ‹• ‡‡†‡†Ǥ – –Š‡ ‘‡– –Š‡ ”‡•‹ ‰‡–• ‹
‘–ƒ –™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‹„‡”•ǡ–Š‡˜‹• ‘•‹–›•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ•Ž‘™ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘
‹‹‹œ‡–Š‡”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹„‡”„› ƒ’‹ŽǦ
Žƒ”› ˆ‘” ‡•Ǥ –ƒ–‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡Ǧƒ”– ƒ–”‹ ‡• •Š‘™ ƒ Š‹‰Š ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ˜‹• ‘•‹–›ǡ
™Š‹ Š ‹• ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ ƒ† ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ –Š‡ ƒǦ
–”‹šƒ––Š‡ˆŽƒ– ‘˜‡›‘”’Žƒ–Ǥ
x Š‹ ‡‹‰ —•—ƒŽŽ› –ƒ‡• •‡˜‡”ƒŽ †ƒ›• ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ ƒ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› Ž‡˜‡Ž
ହ
ȏͻǡ ͵ͳȐǤ Š‹‰Š‡” ˜‹• ‘•‹–› Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡‹Ǧˆ‹‹•Š‡†
‘ˆ
‘ ™‘—Ž† „‡ „‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ Šƒ†Ž‹‰ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ Š‡
˜‡”›Ž‘‰–Š‹ ‡‹‰–‹‡‹Š‹„‹–•ˆ”‘†‹”‡ –’”‘ ‡••‹‰ƒ†ƒ‡•
“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ••—”ƒ ‡‘”‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–Ǥ
x Š‡ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆƒ –‘” ‘ˆ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‹• –Š‡ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› †”‘’ ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒ–”‹š™Š‡’Žƒ ‡†‹–Š‡Š‘–‘Ž†„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ’‘Ž›‡”‹œƒǦ
–‹‘ †‘‹ƒ–‡•Ǥ ‰Ǧ–Š‹ ‡‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• •Š‘™ ƒ ’”‘‘— ‡† ˜‹•Ǧ
‘•‹–›†”‘’ƒ•–Š‹•–Š‹ ‡‹‰‡ Šƒ‹•‹•’ƒ”–Ž›”‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡—†‡”
–Š‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ȏͳͳͻǡ ͳʹͲȐǤ ‡”‡„›ǡ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‰‡–•
•‘•‘ˆ–ǡ–Šƒ–”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•ƒŽŽˆ‘” ‡•™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ†–‘†‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹•Ǧ
ƒŽ‹‰‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡”•ǡ–Š‡”‡„› ‘’”‘‹•‹‰–Š‡‹””‡Ǧ
‹ˆ‘” ‹‰ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǤ Š—•ǡ ƒ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‡‡†‡†ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ‘–
•Š‘™‹‰–Š‹•†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡‹˜‹• ‘•‹–›†—”‹‰‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ
͵͵
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
x
‘” –Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‰‡‘‡–”‹‡• ‘ˆ Š‹‰Š‡” ‘’Ž‡š‹–›ǡ ƒ ’”‘ ‡••
™‹†‘™ Šƒ• –‘ „‡ ˆ‘—† ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ –‘ †”ƒ’‡ –Š‡ ‘ ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡
‹‰—”‡͵Ǥʹǡ ȌǤ
Figure 3.2:
Process steps and corresponding schematic resin viscosity
a) Conventional MgO thickened SMC resin, according to [26]
b) Ideal resin viscosity for 2 dimensional CoFRTS
c) Ideal resin viscosity for 2.5 dimensional CoFRTS
Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•‡ –‹‘•™‹ŽŽˆ‘ —•‘–Š‡ˆ‘”—ƒŽ–‹‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ
ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ–”‹šˆ‘”‘ ǤŠ‡ƒ‹‹•–‘ƒŽŽ‘™ˆŽ‘™‘ˆ–Š‡‹ ‘ ‹•‹†‡ –Š‡ ‘Ž† ƒ† –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ‘ ‡’– ˆ‘” ˜‡”› Ž‘ ƒŽ ”‡‹Ǧ
ˆ‘” ‡‡–•‹‘‹ ‘ ’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ
͵Ͷ
Š‡ †‡ƒŽ ‹„‡”•ˆ‘”‘‹ ‘ ͵ǤʹŠ‡ †‡ƒŽ ‹„‡”•ˆ‘”‘‹ ‘ ‘” •–”— –—”ƒŽ Ž‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š– ‘’‘‡–•ǡ ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”‡† Š‡”‡ǡ ‰Žƒ•• ƒ†
ƒ”„‘ˆ‹„‡”•ƒ”‡‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Š‹‰Š•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ
’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ȏͳͳȐǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒŽ ˆ‹„‡” –‘ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡ –Š‡ ƒ–”‹š
—•–Šƒ˜‡ƒƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡’”‹ ‡–‘ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘” ‘•–‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ƒ••’”‘†— Ǧ
–‹‘Ǥ
‘’ƒ”‡†–‘•–‡‡Žǡ–‡š–‹Ž‡‰Žƒ••ˆ‹„‡”•ƒ”‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›Š‹‰Š–‡•‹Ž‡
•–”‡‰–ŠǡŽ‘™†‡•‹–›ȏͳͶȐƒ†‡†‹—•–‹ˆˆ‡••ƒ–Ž‘™ ‘•–•ȏͳͳȐǤŠ‡›
ƒ”‡–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ‹ ‘ ‘’‘‡–•Ǥ
‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‹–•ˆŽ‘™ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•Ž‡••†‡’‡†‡–‘–Š‡ˆ‹„‡”•
•–‹ˆˆ‡••Ǥ †‡•‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘””—‰ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ”‹„• ƒ Š‹‡˜‡• Š‹‰Š ‰‡‘‡–”‹ ƒŽ
•–‹ˆˆ‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–”— –—”‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ –Š‡ ‹ ‘ ƒ „‡ —•‡† –‘
‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡‹Žƒ›•ǡˆ— –‹‘•ƒ†–‘ˆ‘” ‘’Ž‡š•Šƒ’‡•Ǥ
ƒ”„‘ˆ‹„‡”•ǡ‘–Š‡ ‘–”ƒ”›ǡƒ”‡•Š‘™‹‰˜‡”›Š‹‰Š•–‹ˆˆ‡••‹ˆ‹„‡”
†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒ–˜‡”›Ž‘™†‡•‹–›ȏͳͶȐǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡‹” ‘•–’‡”‹Ž‘‰”ƒ‹•
„‡–™‡‡ –‘ –‹‡• Š‹‰Š‡” –Šƒ ˆ‘” ‰Žƒ•• ˆ‹„‡”• ȏͻȐǤ Š—•ǡ –Š‡‹”
ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ••’”‘†— –‹‘Šƒ•–‘„‡Ž‹‹–‡†–‘Š‹‰ŠŽ›Ž‘ƒ†‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•
‘” •‡ –‹‘• ‘ˆ •ƒŽŽ ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ •’ƒ ‡ Ȃ ‹ ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†• –‘ •–”— –—”ƒŽ
ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ–‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡Š‹‰Š•–‹ˆˆ‡••‹Š‡”‡–‹–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•‹†‹•’‡Ǧ
•ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‡–ǡ –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ —Ž–‹ˆ‹Žƒ‡– ƒ”„‘ ˆ‹„‡” ›ƒ”• ‘ˆ Š‹‰Š ›ƒ”
ˆ‹‡‡••ǡ ƒŽŽ‡†Š‡ƒ˜›–‘™•ȏͳͶȐǡŠƒ•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘”‡†— ‡”ƒ™ƒ–‡Ǧ
”‹ƒŽ ‘•–•ȏͳʹͳȐƒ†’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘•–•„›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–Š”‘—‰Š’—–Ǥ
Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰‡ƒ„Ž‡•–Š‡ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–™‘ˆ‹„‡”
–›’‡•‹ƒ ‘•–‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡™ƒ›Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡–Š‡‘‰‘‹‰‹’”‘˜‡‡–•
ƒ† ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ”„‘ ˆ‹„‡” Š‡ƒ˜› –‘™• ȏ͸͵ǡ ͳʹͳǡ ͳʹʹȐ
‘ˆˆ‡” –Š‡ Šƒ ‡ –‘ ‹–”‘†— ‡ –Š‘”‘—‰Š‰‘‹‰ Ž‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š– †‡•‹‰ ‹
ƒ•• ’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ ‘–Š ’‘‹–• ƒ”‡ ‡› ˆƒ –‘”• ˆ‘” –Š‡ •— ‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘‹ ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Žƒ••Ǥ
͵ͷ
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
͵Ǥ͵Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹‘„›‡ƒ•‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹ ‹‡Ž†•
‘ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ ˆ‡””‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ‘” ˆ‡”Ǧ
”‹ƒ‰‡–‹ •—„•–ƒ ‡• ƒ „‡ ƒ††‡† –‘ –Š‡ –Š‡”‘•‡–• ƒ–”‹šǤ Š‡
‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ •— Š ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ‘ –Š‡ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• ‹• ‡šƒ‹‡†
™‹–Š‹–Š‹••‡ –‹‘Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡–›’‡‹•ˆ‘—†™Š‹ Š‹• ‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡
–‘–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
͵Ǥ͵Ǥͳ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ ‡””‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ† ‡””‹ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•
–Š‡ ‘–‡š–‘ˆ’”‘ ‡••‹‰–Š‡•—„•–ƒ ‡‡‡†•–‘‡‡––Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰
”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǣ
x „‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ —”ƒ–‡†‘•‹‰
x Š‡‹ ƒŽƒ†–Š‡”ƒŽ•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›
x ‘‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ ”‘••Ž‹‹‰”‡ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡”‘•‡–
x ‘‘‰‡‘—•†‹•’‡”•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›
x –ƒ„Ž‡†‹•’‡”•‹‘™‹–Š‹–Š‡”‡•‹
Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–•Š‘™•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Š‹‰Š‡”†‡•‹–›–Šƒ ‘‘
ˆ‹„‡”• ‘” ”‡•‹ •›•–‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ƒ ƒ††‡† ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‘—Ž† ƒ – ƒ• ƒ
†‡ˆ‡ –‹•‹†‡–Š‡ ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡƒ†‹–Š‡ ‘–‡š–‘ˆ•–”— –—”ƒŽŽ‹‰Š–Ǧ
™‡‹‰Š– †‡•‹‰ǡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ƒ”‡ ‡‡†‡† –‘ ‡•—”‡ ‰‘‘† ‡Ǧ
Šƒ‹ ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǣ
x ƒŽŽ•‹œ‡‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•
x ‹‰Š•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ‰‡–‹ ’‡”‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›
‹–Š‹–Š‹•ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‡‹‰Š–•—„•–ƒ ‡•ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ǤŠ‡‹”’”‘†— –
ƒ‡• ƒ† ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ †ƒ–ƒǦ•Š‡‡– ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡ Ž‹•–‡† ‹ ƒ„Ž‡
͵ǤͳǤ‘†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•„‡•–•—‹–‡†ˆ‘”’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆ‘ ǡƒ
–‡•–•–ƒ†‹•†‡•‹‰‡†ƒ† ‘•–”— –‡†ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ‹‰—”‡͵Ǥ͵Ǥ ‡”‡„›ǡ
–Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• –‘ „‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† ƒ”‡ †‹••‘Ž˜‡† ȋ†‹••‘Ž˜‡” –›’‡ 5BCu2042„›VMA-GetzmannȌ‹ƒ„— ‡–‘ˆ”‡•‹ȋPALAPREG PREMIUM G
ƒ†
22-01 LE „› DSM)ǤŠ‡–‘–ƒŽ™‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡‹š–—”‡‹••‡––‘
‡’– ‘•–ƒ–ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ–‡•–•ǤŠ‡„— ‡–‹•’Žƒ ‡†‘ƒ•‘Ž‹†•–ƒ–‡ƒ‰‡–
͵͸
Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹‘„›‡ƒ•‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹ ‹‡Ž†•
ƒ†–Š‡ƒš‹—ˆ‘” ‡’‡ƒ–‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡„— ‡–ˆ”‘ƒ‰‡–ȋ’—ŽŽǦ‘ˆˆ
ˆ‘” ‡Ȍ ‹• ‡ƒ•—”‡† ˆ‹˜‡ –‹‡• ‹ ƒ ”‘™Ǥ Š‡ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‡ ’‡ƒ• ƒ”‡
ƒ†Œ—•–‡†„›–Š‡™‡‹‰Š–ˆ‘” ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–—’ƒ†’Ž‘––‡††‡’‡†‹‰–‘–Š‡
™‡‹‰Š– ˆ”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡””‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ‘” ˆ‡””‹ƒ‰‡–‹ •—„•–ƒ ‡Ǥ
—”–Š‡”‘”‡–Š‡–‡•–’”‘ ‡†—”‡‹•”‡’‡ƒ–‡†ƒˆ–‡”•‡˜‡‹—–‡•ǡƒ•–Š‡
’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹š–—”‡–‘‘ ™‹ŽŽ–ƒ‡ˆ‹˜‡–‘–‡‹—–‡•ǤŠ‡
”‡•—Ž–‹‰ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡’—ŽŽǦ‘ˆˆˆ‘” ‡‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‘–‡–†‹ƒ‰”ƒ•
ƒ „‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ ‹‰—”‡ ͵ǤͶǤ ‡”‡ ‡ƒ Š ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– ’‘‹– ‹• •Š‘™
™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ •–ƒ†ƒ”† †‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ ‹•
–‘‘•ƒŽŽ–‘„‡˜‹•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”•‘‡‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•Ǥ
Table 3.1:
Ferro- and ferrimagnetic particles for further evaluation
Product
Molecular Density
name
formula
‹‰Ȁ Ϳ
‹ƒˆ‡ͷͲͲͲ
‡
͹Ǥͺ
‹ƒˆ‡͸ͲͲͲ
‡
͹Ǥͺ
‹ƒˆ‡͹ͷͲͲ
‡
͹Ǥͺ
ǦͷͲͲ
” ‡ͳʹͳͻ
ͷǤͳͳ
Ǧͷ͸
” ‡ͳʹͳͻ
ͷǤͳͳ
ƒ‹’‡”ͳ͹ ” ‡ͳʹͳͻ
ͷǤͳ
ƒ‹’‡”ͳͻ ” ‡ͳʹͳͻ
ͷǤͲ
ƒ›ˆ‡””‘š͵ͳͺ ‡͵Ͷ
ͶǤ͸
Avg. grain
‫܀‬
۱
size ‹ρ ‹ ‹Ȁ
ͷ
ͶǦ͹
ζ͹ͷ
ͳǤͶͲ ͳͻ͸
ͳʹ͵
ͳǤͲͷ ͳͻͲ
ͳ͵Ͳ
εʹͲ ͳ͸Ͷ
ͳͲͶ
εʹͲ ͳ͸ʹ
ͳͲͲ
ͲǤʹ
͵͹
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
Figure 3.3:
͵ͺ
Test stand to determine specific attraction force and dispersion
stability of ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials
Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹‘„›‡ƒ•‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹ ‹‡Ž†•
‹ƒˆ‡ͷͲͲͲǡ†‹”‡ –
‹ƒˆ‡ͷͲͲͲǡ͹‹
’—ŽŽǦ‘ˆˆˆ‘” ‡‹
’—ŽŽǦ‘ˆˆˆ‘” ‡‹
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‹™–ǤǦΨ
‹ƒˆ‡͹ͷͲͲǡ†‹”‡ –
‹ƒˆ‡͹ͷͲͲǡ͹‹
’—ŽŽǦ‘ˆˆˆ‘” ‡‹
’—ŽŽǦ‘ˆˆˆ‘” ‡‹
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‹™–ǤǦΨ
ǦͷͲͲǡ†‹”‡ –
ǦͷͲͲǡ͹‹
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‹™–ǤǦΨ
Ǧͷ͸ǡ†‹”‡ –
Ǧͷ͸ǡ͹‹
’—ŽŽǦ‘ˆˆˆ‘” ‡‹
’—ŽŽǦ‘ˆˆˆ‘” ‡‹
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‹™–ǤǦΨ
ƒ‹’‡”ͳ͹ǡ†‹”‡ –
ƒ‹’‡”ͳ͹ǡ͹‹
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‹™–ǤǦΨ
ƒ‹’‡”ͳͻǡ†‹”‡ –
ƒ‹’‡”ͳͻǡ͹‹
’—ŽŽǦ‘ˆˆˆ‘” ‡‹
’—ŽŽǦ‘ˆˆˆ‘” ‡‹
‹ƒˆ‡͸ͲͲͲǡ†‹”‡ –
‹ƒˆ‡͸ͲͲͲǡ͹‹
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‹™–ǤǦΨ
ƒ›ˆ‡””‘š͵ͳͺǡ†‹”‡ –
ƒ›ˆ‡””‘š͵ͳͺǡ͹‹
Figure 3.4:
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‹™–ǤǦΨ
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‹™–ǤǦΨ
Pull-off forces in relation to particle content
͵ͻ
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
‘ ‘’ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• •—‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘ ǡ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ƒ„‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ —”˜‡••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡
͵ǤͶǤƒ Š˜ƒŽ—‡‹•ƒ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”ˆ‘”ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–ǣ
x Homogenous dispersability: —†—†••‘‡–ƒŽǤȏͳʹ͵Ȑ”‡’‘”–‘ˆƒ
‡ƒ” Ž‹‡ƒ” †‡’‡†‡ › ‘ˆ •ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘ –‘ ƒ‰‡–‹ ‡†‹— ‘–‡–Ǥ Ž‹‡ƒ” ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ’‘‹–•
‰‡‡”ƒ–‡††‹”‡ –Ž›ƒˆ–‡”‹š‹‰‡ƒ„Ž‡•–‘ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡‹–‡”•‡ –‹‘
‘ˆ–Š‹••–”ƒ‹‰Š–Ž‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡›Ǧƒš‹•ƒ†–Š‡ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰•–ƒ†ƒ”†
†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘” Š‘‘‰‡‡‘—• †‹•’‡”•‡† ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• –Š‡ Ž‹‡ƒ” ƒ’’”‘šǦ
‹ƒ–‡†Ž‹‡•Š‘—Ž†•–ƒ”–ƒ––Š‡‘”‹‰‹Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›–Š‡›Ǧƒš‹•‹–‡”Ǧ
•‡ –‹‘ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ‡“—ƒŽ –‘ œ‡”‘Ǥ Š‡ †‹• ”‡’ƒ › –‘ –Š‹• ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‹• ƒ
‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•’‡”•‹‘“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
x High specific permeability: Š‡’‹– Š‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‡ƒ”ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‹‘
ƒ†–Š‡ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡’—ŽŽǦ‘ˆˆˆ‘” ‡ƒ”‡‡ƒ•—”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•’‡Ǧ
‹ˆ‹ ’‡”‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹š–—”‡Ǥ Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡” –Š‡•‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ƒ”‡ –Š‡
Š‹‰Š‡”‹•–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ’‡”‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
x Stable dispersion with resin: › ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡†‹• ”‡’ƒ ›‘ˆ–Š‡
’—ŽŽǦ‘ˆˆˆ‘” ‡†‹”‡ –Ž›ƒˆ–‡”‹š‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‘” ‡‡‡†‡†ƒˆ–‡”•‡˜‡
‹—–‡•ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡†‹•’‡”•‹‘•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹•ˆ‘—†Ǥ ƒ—•–ƒǦ
„Ž‡†‹•’‡”•‹‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•™‹ŽŽ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡•‹–‘„‡ˆ‘—†
‡‹–Š‡”ƒ––Š‡„‘––‘‘ˆ–Š‡„— ‡–‘”ƒ––Š‡–‘’‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹ǤŠ‹•™‹ŽŽ
”‡•—Ž–‹ƒŠ‹‰Š‡”’—ŽŽǦ‘ˆˆˆ‘” ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•– ƒ•‡‘”‹ƒŽ‘™‡”ˆ‘” ‡
ˆ‘” –Š‡ •‡ ‘† ƒ•‡Ǥ ‘” ƒ •–ƒ„Ž‡ †‹•’‡”•‹‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‘Ǧ
•–ƒ–ƒ† ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›–Š‡†‹• ”‡’ƒ ›•Š‘—Ž†„‡‡“—ƒŽ–‘œ‡”‘Ǥ
‹‰—”‡͵Ǥͷ†‹•’Žƒ›•–Š‡•‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†•—„Ǧ
•–ƒ ‡•ǤŽŽ‹ƒˆ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ••Š‘™ƒŠ‹‰Š•–”ƒ‹‰Š–Ž‹‡’‹– ŠǤŠ‹• ‘—Ž†
‡‹–Š‡”„‡„ƒ•‡†‘ƒŠ‹‰Š’‡”‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•—„•–ƒ ‡‘”‘‹Š‘‘Ǧ
‰‡‡‘—•†‹•’‡”•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡Š‹‰Š˜ƒŽ—‡ˆ‘”Dz‹–‡”•‡ –‹‘™‹–Š
›Ǧƒš‹•dz ‹†‹ ƒ–‡• ‹Š‘‘‰‡‡‘—• †‹•’‡”•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ Diafe 6000 ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
„‡Šƒ˜‡••Ž‹‰Š–Ž›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––Šƒ–Š‡‘–Š‡”‹ƒˆ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ –•Š‘™•Š‹‰Š
’‹– Šǡ –‘‘ǡ „—– –Š‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”† †‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‹• Ž‘™ ƒ† –Š‡ †‹•Ǧ
’‡”•‹‘•‡‡•–‘„‡˜‡”›•–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›–Š‹•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•‘Ž‘‰Ǧ
ͶͲ
Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹‘„›‡ƒ•‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹ ‹‡Ž†•
‡”‹’”‘†— –‹‘ǤŽŽ‘–Š‡”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ••Š‘™‡†„‡––‡””‡•—Ž–•ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘Ǧ
‡••”‡Žƒ–‡†’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•„—–Ž‘™‡”˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ’‡”‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
Figure 3.5:
ƒ›ˆ‡””‘š͵ͳͺ
ǦͷͲͲ
Ǧͷ͸
ƒ‹’‡”ͳͻ
ƒ‹’‡”ͳ͹
‹ƒˆ‡͹ͷͲͲ
‹ƒˆ‡͸ͲͲͲ
‹ƒˆ‡ͷͲͲͲ
‹–‡”•‡ –‹‘™‹–Š›Ǧƒš‹•‹
†‡Ž–ƒ’—ŽŽǦ‘ˆˆˆ‘” ‡‹Ψ
‹–‡”•‡ –‹‘™‹–Š›Ǧƒš‹•
•–”ƒ‹‰Š–Ž‹‡’‹– Š
†‡Ž–ƒ’—ŽŽǦ‘ˆˆˆ‘” ‡
•–”ƒ‹‰Š–Ž‹‡’‹– Š‹Ȁ™–ǤǦΨ
Characteristic values of mixtures to evaluate suitability for
CoFRTS manufacturing
• ƒ‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ”‘• ‘’‡ȋȌ‹•—•‡†–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ǯ
•‹œ‡ ƒ† •Šƒ’‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‡””‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ† ˆ‡””‹ƒ‰‡–‹ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ™Š‹ Š
†‹ˆˆ‡”‹–Š‡‹”‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”ˆ‘”—Žƒȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡͵Ǥ͸ȌǤŠ‡Diafe 5000ƒ–‡Ǧ
”‹ƒŽ •Š‘™• ƒ •’Š‡”‹ ƒŽ •Šƒ’‡ ƒ– ƒ •‹œ‡ ‘ˆ •‘‡ ‹ ”‘•Ǥ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ‘ˆ
Maniperm S17 Šƒ˜‡ ƒ —„‘‹† •Šƒ’‡ ƒ† •‹‰Ž‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ƒ”‡ •ƒŽŽ‡”
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡† ‹ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ •Š‡‡–Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
–Šƒ –Š‡
–‡†•–‘ƒ‰‰Ž‘‡”ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡SF-500ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘•‹•–•‘ˆ’Žƒ–‡Ž‡–•™‹–Šƒ
Ǥ Bayferrox 318m •Š‘™• •’Š‡”‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•
†‹ƒ‡–‡” ‘ˆ ƒ”‘—†
™‹–Šƒ†‹ƒ‡–‡”‹–Š‡ƒ‘‡–‡”• ƒŽ‡ƒ†ƒ–‡†‡ ›ˆ‘”ƒ‰‰Ž‘‡”ƒǦ
–‹‘Ǥ
Ͷͳ
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
Figure 3.6:
SEM images of ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic particles
Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǯ•”ƒ†‹—•Šƒ•ƒŽƒ”‰‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘–Š‡•—•’‡•‹‘ǯ••–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ
‹ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹†‡•‹–›„‡–™‡‡–Š‡†‹•’‡”•‡†’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ƒ†
–Š‡‡†‹—ȏͳʹͶȐǤ ‘”ƒ•ƒŽŽ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡”ƒ†‹—•–Š‡”‘™‹ƒ†‹ˆˆ—•‹‘‹•
ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‘˜‡” ‘‡ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ •‡†‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‹†— ‡† „› –Š‡ ‰”ƒ˜‹–›
ˆ‘” ‡ǤŠ‹•ƒ’’Ž‹‡•ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘‹•ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‡†ȏͳʹͷȐǣ
Ͷʹ
୆
୆
ସ
ଷ
ଷ
ିଶଷ
ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ȏͳʹ͸Ȑ
(3-1)
Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹‘„›‡ƒ•‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹ ‹‡Ž†•
™Š‡”‡ ୆ ‹•–Š‡‘Ž–œƒ ‘•–ƒ–ǡ ‹•–Š‡ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ ‹•–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡”ƒ†‹—•ǡ ‹•––Š‡†‡•‹–›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒ†
‡†‹—ǡ ‹•–Š‡ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘†—‡–‘‰”ƒ˜‹–›ƒ† ‹•–Š‡Š‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡
‘–ƒ‹‡”Ǥ
ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȋ͵ǦͳȌ‹•‘–˜ƒŽ‹†–Š‡‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽˆ‘” ‡•ƒ”‡†‘‹ƒ–ƒ†
™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ†–‘ƒ•‡†‹‡–ƒ–‹‘”ƒ–‡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–‘‡ǯ•Žƒ™ȏͳʹͷǡͳʹ͹Ȑǣ
ଶ௥ మ ୼ఘ୥
ଽఎ
(3-2)
଴
™Š‡”‡ ‹•––Š‡˜‹• ‘•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹—Ǥ
•‹‰–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆƒ„Ž‡͵Ǥͳ‹ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Šƒƒ„•‘Ž—–‡–‡’‡”ƒǦ
ǡƒ”‡•‹†‡•‹–›‘ˆ
ƒ†ƒ ‘–ƒ‹‡”Š‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ
–—”‡‘ˆ
ǡ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȋ͵ǦͳȌ‹•˜ƒŽ‹†ˆ‘”–Š‡Bayferrox 318 ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ„—–‘–
ˆ‘”DIAFE 5000 ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•‘‹•–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡”’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‹œ‡ƒ†–Š‡
Š‹‰Š‡” †‡•‹–› ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ DIAFE 5000 ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ”‘™‹ƒ
†‹ˆˆ—•‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒ •—•’‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ Bayferrox 318 ‹• Š‹‰Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ˜‹–›
ˆ‘” ‡ ƒ† ‘ •‡†‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ —”•Ǥ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–
”‡•—Ž–• •Š‘™ ‹ ‹‰—”‡ ͵Ǥͷǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‘ •‡†‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ ™Š‡ ‡šǦ
’‘•‡†–‘ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‘” ‡‹†— ‡†„›–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ
 ‘–”ƒ•–ǡ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‘ˆDIAFE 5000 ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™‹ŽŽ•‡†‹‡–ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘
‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ȋ͵ǦʹȌǡ †—‡ –‘ ‰”ƒ˜‹–›Ǥ Š‡ •‡†‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ ”ƒ–‡ ‹• ƒ„‘—–
ିଵ଼
ିଷ
™Š‡†‹••‘Ž˜‡†‹ƒ”‡•‹‘ˆ
Ǥ
‘”ˆ—”–Š‡”‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•–Š‡‘•–’”‘‹•‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹• Š‘•‡™‹–Š
Bayferrox 318mǤ Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ †‡Ž‹˜‡”• „‡•– ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ’”‘Ǧ
‡••‹‰Ǥ – •Š‘™• ƒ Š‘‘‰‡‡‘—• ƒ† •–ƒ„Ž‡ †‹•’‡”•ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ– ƒ Š‹‰Š
Ͷ͵
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
•–”ƒ‹‰Š– Ž‹‡ ’‹– ŠǤ –• •’Š‡”‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ •Šƒ’‡ ‹• „‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡
Ž‘™ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ȁ”‡•‹ ‹š–—”‡Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘”
ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ˆ‹„‡”‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‡‹– ‘‡•–‘Š‹‰Šˆ‹„‡”˜‘Ž—‡ ‘Ǧ
–‡–•ǤŽ•‘Bayferrox 318m•Š‘™•ƒŠ‘‘‰‡‡‘—•ƒ†•–ƒ„Ž‡†‹•’‡”•ƒǦ
„‹Ž‹–›ƒ–ƒŠ‹‰Š•–”ƒ‹‰Š–Ž‹‡’‹– ŠǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡
’—ŽŽǦ‘ˆˆˆ‘” ‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡‹†”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ
™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ’‡”‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹•„‡•–ˆ‘”Diafe 6000Ǥˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›
–Š‹•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•‘Ž‘‰‡”‹’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ
͵Ǥ͵Ǥʹ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹–‡
‘” –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘ –Š‡ Š‘•‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Šƒ• –‘ „‡ ˆ—”–Š‡”
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†Ǥ Š‡ ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” ˆ‘”—Žƒ ‘ˆ Bayferrox 318m ȋ•—’’Ž‹‡†„›
Lanxess AGȌ‹• ‡͵Ͷǡ™Š‹ Š‹•‹‡”ƒŽƒ‰‡–‹–‡Ǥ –‹• Š‡‹ ƒŽŽ›•–ƒ„Ž‡
ƒ•–Š‡‹”‘‹•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‘š‹†‹œ‡†Ǥ ‹‰—”‡͵Ǥ͹•Š‘™•ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ǯ•‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”
•–”— –—”‡ƒ†–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‹‰Ž‡ƒ‰‡–‹ •’‹ ‘‡–•Ǥ ‡”‡„›ǡ –Š‡ ‘Š” ƒ‰‡–‘ ୆ ‹• ƒ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‘•–ƒ–
ƒ† †‡• ”‹„‡• –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ‘‡– ‘ˆ ƒ ‡Ž‡ –”‘Ǥ • –Š‡ •’‹ ‘Ǧ
‡–•ƒ”‡ƒ–‹’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Žƒ†‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–˜ƒŽ—‡ǡ–Š‡› ƒ‘– ‘’‡•ƒ–‡
‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǤŠ—•ǡƒ‰‡–‹–‡‹•ƒˆ‡””‹ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ
Figure 3.7:
ͶͶ
Molecular structure and spin structure of Fe3O4 [84]
Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹‘„›‡ƒ•‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹ ‹‡Ž†•
Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆƒ –‘„‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡†‹ˆ—–—”‡–‹‡•
ƒ”‡†‡’‡†‡–‘˜‘Ž—‡’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡ȋ˜‘ŽǤǦΨȌ ‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•
‹•‹†‡–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤŠ‡†‘•‹‰†—”‹‰‹š‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‘’‘Ǧ
‡–•‹•†‘‡‰”ƒ˜‹‡–”‹ ƒŽŽ›ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡†‡•‹–›‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹–‡‹•‡‡†‡†
–‘ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡‹–•˜‘Ž—‡ˆ”ƒ –‹‘ǤŽ•‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ǯ˜‘Ž—‡‹•‡‡†‡†–‘
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡ ‹–• ƒ‰‡–‹ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ǥ • –Š‡ „—Ž †‡•‹–› ‘ˆ ’‘™†‡”•
†‹ˆˆ‡”•ˆ”‘‹–•’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡†‡•‹–›ƒŠ‡Ž‹—Ǧ’›‘‡–‡”‹•—•‡†ˆ‘”‡ƒ•Ǧ
—”‡‡–Ǥ ‡”‡„›ǡ–Š‡†‡•‹–›‹•‡ƒ•—”‡†„›–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•
Žƒ™ƒ†–Š‡‘™™‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡ǤŠ‡†‡˜‹ ‡ȋPycnomatic ATC
„› Porotec ƒ† Thermo FisherȌ †‡Ž‹˜‡”• ƒ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ
୥
ƒ–
Ǥ
ୡ୫Ϳ
•„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡•‹—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•ƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘ —”˜‡•ƒ”‡
‡‡†‡†Ǥ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ”‡”ƒ”‡Ǥ ‘•– ƒ•‡•‘Ž›ƒ•ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘’‘Ǧ
Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ ୱ ‹•‡–‹‘‡†Ǥ‘–‡‹‡–œƒ† ƒ›†‡ȏͳʹͺȐ”‡’‘”– ୱ
ǡ ˜‘„ƒ†ƒ ȏͳʹͻȐ ”‡’‘”–• ୱ
ƒ†
ˆ‘”ƒ‰‡–‹–‡Ǥ•–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹Ǧ
‘•‡•™‡‹‰ȏͳ͵ͲȐ’—„Ž‹•Š‡• ୱ
œƒ–‹‘•Š‘™•ƒ•–”‘‰Ž›‘Ž‹‡ƒ”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”–Š‘•‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ”‡‘–•—ˆˆ‹Ǧ
‹‡–Ǥ‘‡ƒ•—”‡–Š‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ƒ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰•ƒ’Ž‡ƒ‰‡–‘‡–‡”
ȋȌ ƒ „‡ —•‡†Ǥ ‹–Š‹ ȏͳ͵ͳȐ ƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘ —”˜‡• ‘ˆ ƒ‰‡–‹–‡
ƒ”‡•Š‘™‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆƒȋ–›’‡7404„›LakeshoreȌǤ
—– –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† ƒ‰‡–‹ ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ •ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘ ୱ ‹• •ƒŽŽ‡” –Šƒ
ǤŠ‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”••–”‘‰Ž›ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡’‘”–‡†˜ƒŽ—‡•ǤŠ‡†‹• ”‡’ƒ ›‹•
„ƒ•‡†‘ƒˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡˜‘Ž—‡—•‡†–‘–”ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡ƒ•—”‡†ƒ‰Ǧ
‡–‹ ‘‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‘ ƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡”‡ –Š‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
•ƒ’Ž‡ Šƒ„‡”™ƒ•—•‡†‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡‹–•‡ŽˆǤ•
ƒ‰‡–‹–‡‹’‘™†‡”ˆ‘”Šƒ••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž‘™‡”„—Ž†‡•‹–›–Šƒ’ƒ”Ǧ
–‹ Ž‡†‡•‹–›ǡ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•‘ˆȏͳ͵ͳȐ ƒ‘–„‡—•‡†Ǥ
Š—•ǡ‡™‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹–‡Bayferrox 318m Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡
‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†ǡ‹†‡ƒŽŽ›–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‡’‡†‡–ǤŠ‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡–›’‡
PPMS EverCool II„›LOT-QuantumDesign GmbH,Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ƒ––Š‡‹”„”ƒ Š
‹ ƒ”•–ƒ†–ǡ ‹• ‡“—‹’’‡† ™‹–Š •—’‡” ‘†— –‹‰ ‡Ž‡ –”‘ƒ‰‡–• ƒ– ƒ
Ǥ ‡–ǡ –Š‡ •ƒ’Ž‡ ƒ „‡ Š‡ƒ–‡† —’ –‘
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ Ž‘™‡” –Šƒ
™Š‹ Š ‘””‡•’‘†•–‘
ǡ”‘—†‡†ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡‹•ƒ„Ž‡–‘
Ͷͷ
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
ˆŽ—š†‡•‹–›
’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǧ
’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‹
ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆŽ—š†‡•‹–›‹
‡ƒ•—”‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ† ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž† †‡’‡†‡– ƒ‰‡–‹ ‘Ǧ
‡–•ǤŠ‘•‡ ƒ„‡ ‘˜‡”–‡†‹–‘ —”˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆŽ—š ƒ†
’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ Ǥ • ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹• †‘‡ ƒ– ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡† –‡’‡”ƒǦ
–—”‡•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹–‡ƒ”‡†‡’‡†‡––Š‡”‡‘ˆǡ
ƒ†
™‡”‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡†Ǥ ‹‰—”‡ ͵Ǥͺ•Š‘™•
‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• ƒ–
‘ –Š‡ Ž‡ˆ– •‹†‡ –Š‡ ˆŽ—š †‡•‹–› ǡ –Š‡ ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡‹” †‹ˆˆ‡”Ǧ
Ǥ ‡”‡ ‰‹˜‡•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡ƒ –—ƒŽˆŽ—š†‡•‹Ǧ
‡ ‡ƒ–
–› ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ’Ž‡ǡ
‹• –Š‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ˆŽ—š †‡•‹–› ’”‡•‡– ‹ ˆ”‡‡
•’ƒ ‡™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›•ƒ’Ž‡ǤŠ—•ǡ †‡• ”‹„‡•–Š‡ˆŽ—š†‡•‹–›ǡ™Š‹ Š–Š‡
ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ƒ††• –‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ˜‘Ž—‡ —† ‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‹†‡ƒŽ –‘
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡ –‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ‹‰—”‡ ͵Ǥͺ ȋ”‹‰Š–Ȍ •Š‘™•
ƒ
ƒ‰‡–‹ ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ —”˜‡• ˆ‘” –™‘ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ –
ƒ† ƒ–
ƒ •ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ୱ
‹•
•ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ୱ
‡ƒ•—”‡†Ǥ Š‡ ‡š’‡ –‡† –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‡’‡†‡ › ‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘Ǧ
ˆ‹”‡†Ǥ • –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ™‡”‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† ƒ– ”‘‘ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
–Š‡’”‡•‡– —”˜‡•ƒ”‡’Žƒ—•‹„Ž‡Ǥ
ͺͲι
ͳʹ͹ι
ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•–”‡‰Š– ‹Ȁ
Figure 3.8:
ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•–”‡‰Š– ‹Ȁ Magnetic properties of Bayferrox 318m
left: Flux density, polarization and their difference at 127 °C
right: Polarization at 80 and 127 °C
Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ ‘ ™‹ŽŽ ‘–ƒ‹ ‘Ž› ƒ ˆ”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ‰‡–‹–‡Ǥ Š‡
ƒ‰‡–‹ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ‘’‘—† ƒ „‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†
ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ȏͳʹ͵Ȑ„›—Ž–‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ —”˜‡••Š‘™
‘ˆ ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ Ǥ  –Š‡
‹ ‹‰—”‡ ͵Ǥͺ ȋ”‹‰Š–Ȍ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ –—ƒŽ
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‹•™‹ŽŽ„‡ ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡˜‘Ž—‡„ƒ•‡†‘†‡ŽŽȋ‘†Ȍǣ
Ͷ͸
Š‡‹ ƒŽ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘
୑୭ୢ୚
(3-3)
Š‹•Ž‹‡ƒ”‘†‡Ž‹•‘Ž›˜ƒŽ‹†ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡‘–Š‡” ‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’‘Ǧ
•‹–‡„‡Šƒ˜‡‡—–”ƒŽ‹ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•ǤŠ‹•‹•‰‹˜‡ˆ‘”–Š‡’‘Ž›‡”ƒ•
ȏͳ͵ʹȐǤ Š‡ Ǧˆ‹„‡”• „‡Šƒ˜‡ †‹ƒƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ† ୰
‹• ˆ—”Ǧ
୰
–Š‡”‘”‡ •–”‘‰Ž› †‡’‡†‡– ˆ”‘ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ȋ’”‡ —”•‘” –›’‡ ƒ†
Š‡ƒ– –”‡ƒ–‡– ȏͻͲȐȌ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ’Š‹–‡ Žƒ›‡”•
ȏͺͻȐǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡ˆ‡””‹ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ‰‡–‹–‡–Š‹•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡
‘–Š‡–‘–ƒŽƒ‰‡–‹ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’‘—†•Š‘—Ž†„‡‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡
•ƒŽŽȏͳ͵͵ȐǤ
‘–Š‡”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹•–Š‡‡’‹”‹ ‘†‡Ž’”‡•‡–‡†„›Ǥ Ǥƒ”Ž•‘‹
ʹͲͲͷǡ™Š‹ Š‹•—•‡†–‘†‡• ”‹„‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ‰‡–‘”Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽȋȌ
ˆŽ—‹†•ȏͳ͵ͶȐǣ
େ୅ୖ଴ହ
ଵ
ሺି஼మ ஜబ ுሻ
ଵǤଵଷଷ
ଵ
ଶ
(3-4)
ିଵ
ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘” ଵ ƒ† ଶ ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†„›–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆƒŽ‡ƒ•–Ǧ•“—ƒ”‡‡””‘”ˆ‹–Ǥ
ǡ ଵ ‹•
ƒ† ଶ ‘”–Š‡’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ–ƒ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ
ିଵ
ଶ
‹•
ƒ– ‘ˆ
Ǥ Š‡ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡
‘–‡– ‹• ‘•–ƒ–ƒ††‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•
ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‘Ž‹‡ƒ”Ǥ
–Š‡‹–‡”‡•–‘ˆ•‹’Ž‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȋ͵Ǧ͵Ȍ™‹ŽŽ„‡—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•–
†‹‡•‹‘‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘ ‡••Ǥƒ–‡”ǡ–‘†‡• ”‹„‡–Š‡ˆ‘” ‡•ƒ –‹‰†—”‹‰
‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ǡƒ‹’”‘˜‡†‘†‡Ž™‹ŽŽ„‡’”‡•‡–‡†Ǥ
͵ǤͶŠ‡‹ ƒŽ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘
‡•‹†‡•–Š‡’Š›•‹ ƒŽ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–”‹š™‹–Šƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•ǡƒ
ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ Šƒ• –‘ „‡ ˆ‘—†ǡ ™Š‹ Š ’”‘˜‹†‡• ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ™‹†‘™• ƒ Ǧ
‘”†‹‰–‘ ‹‰—”‡͵ǤʹǤ
Ͷ͹
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
Š‹••ŠƒŽŽ„‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†„›ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–Š‹ ‡‹‰ Š‡‹•–”›Ǥ
Š‹• •‡ –‹‘ ‹–”‘†— ‡• ƒ ʹǦ•–‡’Ǧ —”‹‰ –Š‡”‘•‡– ƒ† †‡• ”‹„‡• –Š‡
ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡‡†‡†–‘ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡‘ Ǥ
͵ǤͶǤͳ •ƒ–—”ƒ–‡†Ǧ‘Ž›‡•–‡”Ǧ‘Ž›—”‡–Šƒ‡Ǧ ›„”‹†”‡•‹
Š‡ ʹǦ•–‡’Ǧ —”‹‰ ”‡•‹ –‘ „‡ —•‡† ‹• ƒ •ƒ–—”ƒ–‡†Ǧ‘Ž›‡•–‡”Ǧ
‘Ž›—”‡–Šƒ‡Ǧ ›„”‹† ȋ ȌǤ Š‡ ”‡•‹ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ ‹• ƒ†‡ ‘ˆ –™‘
ƒ‹ ‘’‘‡–•ƒ†ǡ™Š‹ Š‹–—” ‘•‹•–‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Š‡‹ ƒŽ•ǣ
Component A:
ȋͳȌ Resin: ‘Ž›‡•–‡”’‘Ž›‘Ž†‹••‘Ž˜‡†‹•–›”‡‡ȋDaron 41ǡ„›aliancysȌ
ȋʹȌ Water desiccant:
ȋʹǤͳȌ Ǧ—–›ŽǦʹǦȋͳǦ‡–Š›Ž’‡–›ŽȌǦͳǡ͵Ǧ‘šƒœ‘Ž‹†‹‡
ȋIncozol 2ǡ„›IncorezȌ
ȋʹǤʹȌ ‡‘Ž‹–‡ȋUOP L-Powderǡ„›UOPȌ
ȋ͵Ȍ Mold release agent:BYK-P 9085ǡ„›BYK
’‘Ž› „‡œ‘“—‹‘‡ ȋ’Ȍ †‹••‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ‡Ǧ
ȋͶȌ Inhibitor:
–Š›Ž‡–Šƒ ”›Žƒ–‡ȋȌ
ȋͷȌ Accelerator: ‡–ƒŽ ƒ”„‘š›Žƒ–‡ ȋBorchi Kat 0243ǡ „› borchersȌ
Component B:
ȋ͸Ȍ Chain extender: ‹Ǧ‹•‘ ›ƒƒ–‡ ȋ Ȍǡ ȋLupranat M 20 Rǡ „›
BASFȌ
ȋ͹Ȍ Initiator:
ȋ͹ǤͳȌ ”‰ƒ‹ ’‡”‘š‹†‡ȋTrigonox 117ǡ„›AkzoNobelȌ
ȋ͹ǤʹȌ ”‰ƒ‹ ’‡”‘š‹†‡ȋPeroxan BECǡ„›PerganȌ
‹š‹‰ ‘’‘‡–™‹–Š ‘’‘‡–”‡•—Ž–•‹ƒŽ‘™˜‹• ‘—•Ž‹“—‹†ǡ
™Š‹ Š ˆ‹”•– ”‡ƒ –‹‘ •–‡’ ™‹ŽŽ •–ƒ”– –‘ ”‡ƒ – ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡
͵ǤͻȌǤŽ›„›—•‹‰ƒŠ‡ƒ–•–ƒ„Ž‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‘”ȋ͹Ȍ–Š‡–™‘”‡ƒ –‹‘•–‡’• ƒ
„‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†Ǥ–Š‡”™‹•‡„‘–Š”‡ƒ –‹‘•–‡’•™‘—Ž†‘ —”‹’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡ŽǤ
Š‡ˆ‹”•–”‡ƒ –‹‘•–‡’‹•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ȋ͸Ȍƒ†Š›†”‘š›Ž
ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ ‰”‘—’• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‹• „ƒ „‘‡ ȋͳȌǤ Š‡ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡ ‹• ƒ
Ͷͺ
Š‡‹ ƒŽ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘
Šƒ‹ ‡š–‡•‹‘ „› —”‡–Šƒ‡ Ž‹ƒ‰‡ •Š‘™‹‰ ƒ ”—„„‡”ǦŽ‹‡ Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡Ǥ
Š‹• ‘†‹–‹‘ ‹• ƒ”‘—† ‘‡ ‘”†‡” ‘ˆ ƒ‰‹–—†‡ Š‹‰Š‡” ‹ ˜‹• ‘•‹–›
–Šƒ ‰ –Š‹ ‡‡† ”‡•‹• ƒ† ‡ƒ„Ž‡• –‘ ’”‘†— ‡ •‡‹Ǧˆ‹‹•Š‡†
‘ ™‹–Š Š‹‰Š •–‹ˆˆ‡••Ǥ Š‡ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ –‹‡ ƒ „‡ •Š‘”–‡‡† „›
‹–”‘†— ‹‰ƒƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‘”ȋͷȌƒ†‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ
Š‡ •‡ ‘† ”‡ƒ –‹‘ ‹• ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹ ’‡”‘š‹†‡ ȋ͹Ȍ ƒ– ‡˜‡
–‘
ȌǤ Š‡”‡ ”‘••Ž‹‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡šǦ
Š‹‰Š‡” –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ȋ
–‡†‡† Šƒ‹• ™‹–Š •–›”‡‡ –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ ‡Ǥ Š‹• ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ ’‘Ž›‡”‹œƒ–‹‘
”‡•—Ž–•‹ƒ”‹‰‹†ƒ†͵Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ”‘••ǦŽ‹‡†–Š‡”‘•‡–Ǥ
Figure 3.9:
UPPH chemistry
͵ǤͶǤʹ ƒ†ƒ–‡”
‘”†‹‰ –‘–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ•Š‡‡– ȏͳ͵ͷȐ –Š‡ ”‡•‹ ‘–ƒ‹• —’ –‘
‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ • ‹‰—”‡ ͵ǤͳͲ •Š‘™• ‹•‘ ›ƒƒ–‡ ”‡ƒ –• ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ
Ͷͻ
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
™ƒ–‡” –‘ ‹•–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ”„ƒ‹ ƒ ‹†Ǥ Š‹• ”ƒ’‹†Ž› Ž‘•‡• ƒ”„‘ †‹‘š‹†‡ –‘
ˆ‘” ƒ ’”‹ƒ”› ƒ‹‡ ȏͳ͵͸ȐǤ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‘™ ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” ƒ•• ‘ˆ
™ƒ–‡” ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘’‘Ž›‡•–‡”’‘Ž›‘Ž‡˜‡ƒ•ƒŽŽƒ‘—–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”™‹ŽŽ
Šƒ˜‡•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ‹’ƒ –‘–Š‡”‡ƒ –‹‘•‡“—‡ ‡ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ’‘Ž›‡”
•–”— –—”‡ȏͳ͵͹ȐǤ
Ϊ ʹ
ʹΪʹ
Figure 3.10: Reaction of isocyanate with water, according to [136]
Š‡ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘ ‡••ƒ”‡ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž›ǣ
x ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ˜‘‹†• ‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆ ƒ”„‘†‹‘š‹†‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡ x ‡••—”‡–Šƒ‡Ž‹ƒ‰‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹”‡†— ‡†Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡˜‹• ‘•‹–›
‘ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‹•‡ Šƒ‹•–Š‡™ƒ–‡” ƒ„‡ƒ„•‘”„‡†ȋUOP L-PowderȌ‘”
Š‡‹ ƒŽŽ›„‘†‡†ȋIncozol 2ȌǤ‘ˆ‹†–Š‡†‡•‹ ƒ––›’‡ƒ†”ƒ–‹‘„‡•–
•—‹–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ ”‡•‹•’‡ ‹‡•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘•ȋ•Š‘™
‹ƒ„Ž‡͵ǤʹȌƒ”‡’”‘†— ‡†ǤŠ‡‹‰”‡†‹‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡‰‹˜Ǧ
‡‹’ƒ”–•’‡”Š—†”‡†”‡•‹ȋ’Š”ȌǤŠ‡’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•’‡ ‹‡•
‹•†‘‡ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•‡“—‡ ‡ǣ
ƒ† „‡Ž‘™
™‹–Š ƒ †‹•Ǧ
ͳǤ ‹š‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ–
•‘Ž˜‡”–›’‡5BCu2-042„›VMA-Getzmann
‹ †‹ƒ‡–‡” ƒ†
ʹǤ ƒ•–‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ ‹–‘ ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ
‹Š‡‹‰Š–
͵Ǥ ƒ”†‡‹‰ ƒ–
ˆ‘”
‹ ƒ ‘˜‡ –›’‡ UT 6420 „› Heraeus
GmbH
ͶǤ —––‹‰‘ˆ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘
ͷǤ ‘Ž‹•Š‹‰‘ˆ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘
͸Ǥ ‹ ”‘• ‘’›‘ˆ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘
ͷͲ
Š‡‹ ƒŽ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘
Table 3.2:
Formulations of different desiccants (in phr)
ƒ”‘Ͷͳ
 ‘œ‘Žʹ
’ͳͲΨ
‡”‘šƒ
‘” Š‹ƒ–
0 I_0.5
ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ
Ͳ
Ǥͷ
Ͳ
Ͳ
Ǥ͵
Ǥ͵
ͳ
ͳ
ʹͷ
ʹͷ
Ǥʹ
Ǥʹ
I_1
ͳͲͲ
ͳ
Ͳ
Ǥ͵
ͳ
ʹͷ
Ǥʹ
U_1 U_2.5
ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ
Ͳ
Ͳ
ͳ
ʹǤͷ
Ǥ͵
Ǥ͵
ͳ
ͳ
ʹͷ
ʹͷ
Ǥʹ
Ǥʹ
U_5
ͳͲͲ
Ͳ
ͷ
Ǥ͵
ͳ
ʹͷ
Ǥʹ
Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ ”‘• ‘’›’‹ –—”‡•ƒ”‡•Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡͵ǤͳͳǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‡”Ǧ
‡ ‡ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ› †‡•‹ ƒ– ‡šŠ‹„‹–• ƒ ‰”‡ƒ– —„‡” ‘ˆ
„‘–Šǡ„Ž‘™Ǧ
„Ž‘™Š‘Ž‡• ƒ† ”ƒ •Ǥ ‘” ƒ Incozol 2ƒ‘—–‘ˆ
–Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‘
Š‘Ž‡• ƒ† ”ƒ •ǡ ƒ”‡ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‹ —„‡”Ǥ ‘” ͳ
ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•˜‹•‹„Ž‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡIncozol 2 ƒˆˆ‡ –•ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹˜‹• ‘•‹–›™‹–Š
ƒ Š‹‰Š ‰”ƒ†‹‡– ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ƒ– ‹š‹‰Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ –Š‹• „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‹• ‘–
”‡’”‘†— ‹„Ž‡Ǥ
‘ˆUOP-L”‡•—Ž–•‹ƒ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘™‹–Š˜‡”›ˆ‡™„Ž‘™Š‘Ž‡•ƒ†
™‹–Š‘—–ƒ› ”ƒ •Ǥ —”–Š‡”‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡UOP-Lƒ‘—–‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡•
–Š‡„Ž‘™Š‘Ž‡•ƒ––Š‡‡š’‡•‡‘ˆƒ•–”‘‰‡”–‡†‡ ›ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ ”ƒ •Ǥ
• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ UOP-L ‹• Š‘•‡ ƒ• †‡•‹ ƒ– ˆ‘” –Š‡
ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘ Ǥ Ž‡•• ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ •–ƒ–‡† ƒ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ
™‹ŽŽ „‡ —•‡†Ǥ Incozol 2 •‡‡• –‘ ƒ – ƒ• ƒ ƒ–ƒŽ›•– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ‹”•–
”‡ƒ –‹‘•–‡’‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡•‹ƒ†‹•–Š‡”‡„›‘–ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ
ͷͳ
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
Figure 3.11: Cross-sections of UPPH of different desiccants
ͷʹ
Š‡‹ ƒŽ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘
͵ǤͶǤ͵ ‹• ‘•‹–›‘ˆ ƒ Š ’”‘ ‡•• •–‡’ ‡‡†• ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡ ‹‰—”‡
͵ǤʹȌǤŠ‡‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ —””‡–•‡ –‹‘‹•–‘ƒ†Œ—•––Š‡ ”‡•‹–‘–Š‡•‡
’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ™‹†‘™•Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ –Š‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‘’‘Ǧ
‡–• ‘ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› ‹• ‘ˆ ‹–‡”‡•– ƒ† Š‡ ‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†Ǥ ‘” –Š‹• ’—”Ǧ
’‘•‡‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘˜‹• ‘•‹–›‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ƒ”‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†Ǥ
š’‡”‹‡–•‡–Ǧ—’ƒ†‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•ǣ
‘”—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ„Ž‡͵Ǥ͵ƒ”‡‹š‡†™‹–Šƒ†‹••‘Ž˜‡”5BCu2042 „› VMA-GetzmannǤ Š‡ ‘’‘‡–• ƒ”‡ ƒ††‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‘”†‡” –Š‡›
ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹–Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ•–Š‡”‡•‹‹•Š‹‰ŠŽ›”‡ƒ –‹˜‡ƒˆ–‡”‹š‡†™‹–Š–Š‡
ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‘”ǡ–Š‡‹š‹‰‹•†‘‡†‹”‡ –Ž›„‡•‹†‡–Š‡”Š‡‘‡–‡”ǤŠ‡’‡Ǧ
”‹‘†„‡–™‡‡•–ƒ”–‘ˆ‹š‹‰™‹–Šƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‘”ƒ†•–ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹• ‘•‹–›
Ǥ
‡ƒ•—”‡‡–‹•Š‡”‡„›ˆ‹š‡†–‘
Table 3.3:
Formulations for viscosity measurements (in phr)
V2 V3 V5 V6 V7 V8 V9 V10 V11 V13
ƒ”‘Ͷͳ
ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ
ͳǤͷ ͳǤͷ ͳǤͷ ͳǤͷ ͳǤͷ ͳǤͷ ͳǤͷ ͳǤͷ ͵Ǥͷ ͳǤͷ
’ͳͲΨ
Ǥ͵ Ǥ͵
Ǧ
Ǥ͸
Ǥ͵
Ǥ͵
Ǥ͵
Ǥ͵
Ǥ͸ Ǥ͵
‡”‘šƒ
ͳ
ͳ
ͳ
ͳ
ͳ
ͳ
ͳ
ͳ
ͳ
ͳ
ƒ›ˆ‡””‘š
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ ͵͹Ǥͷ ͹ͷ ͵͹Ǥͷ
Ǧ
ʹͷ ʹͷ ʹͷ ʹͷ ʹͷ ʹͲ ʹͷ ʹͷ ʹͷ ʹͷ
‘” Š‹ƒ–
Ǥͳͷ
Ǧ Ǥͳͷ Ǥͳͷ ǤͲ͹ͷ Ǥͳͷ Ǥͳͷ Ǥͳͷ Ǥͳͷ Ǥͳͷ
‡’Ǥ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡
ͳ
ͳ
ͳ
ͳ
ͳ
ͳ
ͳ
ͳ
ͳ
ʹ
• ”Š‡‘‡–‡” ƒ MCR 501 „› Anton Paar ‹• —•‡†Ǥ Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–
‡–Š‘† ‹• •‡– –‘ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ ƒ– ƒ ‘•–ƒ– ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ
Ǥ Š‡ –‡Ǧ
’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡• ƒ”‡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ”‡“—‡•–‡† ˜‹• ‘•‹–‹‡•
ƒ† –Š‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ Ž‹‡• ƒ– –Š‡ •‹‰Ž‡ ’”‘Ǧ
‡•••–‡’•ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡ ‹‰—”‡͵Ǥͳʹǡƒ„Ž‡ͺǤͳƒ†ƒ„Ž‡ͺǤʹ‹–Š‡ƒ’’‡Ǧ
†‹šȌǤ
ͷ͵
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
‡’Ǥ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ͳ
‡’Ǥ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ʹ
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ι
–‹‡‹‹
Figure 3.12: Temperature profiles for viscosity measurements
‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ͳ‹•†‡•‹‰‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆˆŽƒ–ƒ†•‹‰Ž‡
—”˜‡†ȋʹȌ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–•ǣ
x
: Š‹•–‹‡™‹†‘™‹•‡‡†‡†–‘‹šƒŽŽ ‘’‘‡–•ǡ
–‘–”ƒ•ˆ‡”–Š‡ƒ–”‹š–‘–Š‡ˆŽƒ– ‘˜‡›‘”’Žƒ–ƒ†–‘ƒ’’Ž›ƒ–Š‹
ˆ‹Ž ‘ˆ ”‡•‹ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ””‹‡” ˆ‘‹ŽǤ Š‹• ‹• †‘‡ ƒ– ”‘‘ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
‘•–ƒ–˜‹• ‘•‹–›‹•„‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽˆ‘” ‘•–ƒ–ˆ‹ŽŠ‡‹‰Š–Ǥ
x
: Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• ”ƒ‹•‡† ˆ‘” –™‘ ”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ
‹”•–Ž›–Š‡‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ž‡ƒ†•–‘ƒ†”‘’‹˜‹• ‘•‹–›„‡ ƒ—•‡
‘ˆŠ‹‰Š‡”‘„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž›‡” Šƒ‹•ǤŠ‹••—’’‘”–•–Š‡‹’”‡‰Ǧ
ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‹‰ˆ‹„‡”•„›‡ƒ•‘ˆ ƒ’‹ŽŽƒ”›ˆ‘” ‡•Ǥ‡ ‘†Ǧ
Ž› –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ”‡ƒ –‹‘ •–‡’ –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ ƒ
•–ƒ„Ž‡Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡Ǥ•„‘–Š‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ —”•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›ǡ„—–ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ǡ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ• ˆƒ•– ƒ• ’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ Š‹‰Š Š‡ƒ–‹‰ ”ƒ–‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ ƒ Š‹‰Š †”‘’ ‘ˆ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡
͵Ǥͳ͵ȌǤ
ͷͶ
Š‡‹ ƒŽ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘
Figure 3.13: Heating rate dependency of thermoset resins
left: On viscosity, according to [138]
right: On degree of cure, according to [139]
x
: Š‡ ‰‡–• ‘‘Ž‡††‘™–‘”‘‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
ƒ‰ƒ‹ǤŠ‡˜‹• ‘•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡ ‹•‡ƒ•—”‡†ǡ™Š‡–Š‡˜‹• ‘•‹–›
’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡‹••Š‘™‹‰ƒ‰”ƒ†‹‡–‡ƒ”œ‡”‘Ǥ ‘ ’”‘†— –‹‘ —–Ǧ
–‹‰ƒ†Šƒ†Ž‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ„‡†‘‡Ǥ
: Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•”ƒ‹•‡†–‘
ƒ†Š‘Ž†
x
‘•–ƒ–ˆ‘”
„‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘‘Ž‡††‘™–‘”‘‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥ
Š‹••‹—Žƒ–‡•‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‘ ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡ˆƒ•–
Š‡ƒ–‹‰”ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹‘‹–Š‡‘Ž†‹•‘–ˆ—ŽŽ›”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ„Ž‡
„›–Š‡”Š‡‘‡–‡”Ǥƒ‹•‹‰–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ž‡ƒ†•–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†’‘Ž›Ǧ
‡” Šƒ‹‘˜ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ’‘Ž›‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡Ǥ
Š—•ǡ–Š‡˜‹• ‘•‹–›’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡‹• ‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆǦ•–ƒ‰‹‰ǡ
„—–Š‹‰Š‡”‹ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ†”‘’‹˜‹• ‘•‹–›™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ†
–‘ ƒ ‹•ƒŽ‹‰‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡”• †—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ ƒ†
–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡Šƒ•–‘„‡‹‹‹œ‡†Ǥ
‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ʹ‹•†‡•‹‰‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ†‘—„Ž‡ —”˜‡†
”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–•ȋʹǤͷȌǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ†”ƒ’‹‰•–‡’‹
–Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• Šƒ‹Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –‡’‡”ƒǦ
–—”‡’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ͳǣ
ͷͷ
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
x
: Š‡ ˆ‹”•– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹• •Š‘”–‡‡†
‘’ƒ”‡†–‘’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ͳǤ –‹•‹–‡†‡†–‘•‡‡ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›
–‘ ’ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ”‡ƒ –‹‘ •–‡’ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡ Ǧ•–ƒ‰‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡
”‡•‹Ǥ
x
:Š‡ƒ‹‹•–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ƒ‘ ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•Š‹‰Š
˜‹• ‘—•‡‘—‰Šˆ‘”Šƒ†Ž‹‰ƒ† —––‹‰ǡ„—–ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡‡‘—‰Šˆ‘”–Š‡
‹ †‹”‡ –
†”ƒ’‹‰ •–‡’Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ™‹†‘™ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‹•
’”‘ ‡••‹‰Ǥ‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‘”‡ ‘•–ƒ–˜‹• ‘•‹–›–Š‡”‡„›–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ‡“—ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‹• ‘‘Ž‡† †‘™ –‘
ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡’‡”ƒ‡– ‘‘Ž‹‰ ‹” —‹–‹–Š‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”‹‡•Ǥ
x
:Š‡•‡ ‘†Š‡ƒ–‹‰’Šƒ•‡‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†–‘ ‘Ǧ
’Ž‡–‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•–”‡ƒ –‹‘ǤŠ‹•™‹ŽŽ„‡†‘‡ƒ––Š‡†”ƒ’‹‰Ǧ–‘‘Žǡ™Š‹ Š
‹• ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ‹ ‹˜‡•– ƒ† •Š‘—Ž† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘– „‡ ‘ —’‹‡† ˆ‘” –‘‘
Ž‘‰ǤŠ‡–‹‡‡‡†‡†–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽǦ•–ƒ‰‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡•Š‘”–Ǥ
x
:Š‹•–‹‡‹•‹–‡†‡†ˆ‘”•–‘”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‹Ǧ
ˆ‘” ‡‡–—–‹Ž‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ‘•–ƒ–˜‹• ‘•‹–›‹•’”‡ˆ‡””‡†Ǥ
‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ͳ‹•—•‡†ˆ‘”‡š’‡”‹‡–•ʹ–‘ͳʹƒ†’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ʹ
‹•—•‡†ˆ‘”‡š’‡”‹‡–ͳ͵ǤŠ‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•–ƒ†ƒ”††‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‡’‡”Ǧ
ƒ–ƒƒš‹—
ƒ–—”‡’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ͳˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†‡š’‡”‹‡–•‹•
Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡• •Š‘™ ‹ ‹‰—”‡ ͵Ǥͳʹ
•–ƒ†ƒ”† †‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
ƒ”‡•‡–ƒ•”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒŽŽ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–”‡•—Ž–•ǤŠ‡
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• ƒ”‡ ‘‡Ǧ–‹‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• ƒ†
™‡”‡‘Ž›”‡’‡ƒ–‡†‹ˆ–Š‡‘—– ‘‡™ƒ•‘–’Žƒ—•‹„Ž‡Ǥ
Accelerator:
BorchiKat 0243 ‹• ƒ††‡† ƒ• ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‘” ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ”‡ƒ –‹‘ •–‡’Ǥ –
•Š‘™•Š‹‰Š‹’ƒ –‘–Š‡˜‹• ‘•‹–›’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡͵ǤͳͶȌǤ
–‘
‹–Š‘—– ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‘” ȋ͵Ȍ –Š‡ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› †”‘’• ˆ”‘
ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–”‡ƒ –‹‘•–‡’‹•‘– ‘’Ž‡–‡††—”‹‰
™Š‡‡š’‘•‡†–‘
Ǥ –
–Š‡ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› †”‘’• ƒ‰ƒ‹
–Š‡ ˆ‹”•– Š‡ƒ–‹‰ ’Šƒ•‡ ‘ˆ
Ǥ
–‘
‘”ƒBorchiKat ‘–‡–‘ˆ
ȋ͹Ȍ–Š‡˜‹• ‘•‹–›†”‘’•ˆ”‘ Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ”‡ƒ –‹‘ •–‡’ ‹• ‘•–Ž› †‘‡ ƒˆ–‡”
ǡ ™Š‡
–‘
ͷ͸
Š‡‹ ƒŽ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘
‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡† „› —•‹‰ –Š‡ –ƒ‰‡– ‡–Š‘† ȏͳͲ͵ȐǤ Š‡ Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡ •Š‘™• ƒ
ହ
ƒ–”‘‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
ˆ‹ƒŽ˜‹• ‘•‹–›‘ˆ
††‹‰
ˆ”‘ –‘
ହ
‘ˆ
‘ˆ ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‘” ȋʹȌ Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ ƒ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡
ǤŠ‡Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡‹•ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†ƒˆ–‡”
™‹–Šƒ˜‹• ‘•‹–›
Ǥ
Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒ–‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆʹƒ†͹‹••‹‹Žƒ”ǤŠ‡˜‹• ‘•Ǧ
ହ
‹–› †”‘’• –‘
ǡ ™Š‡ ‡š’‘•‡† –‘
ƒ† –Š‡ —”‹‰ –‹‡
Ǥ
‹•
(
ʹǣǤͳͷ’Š”
͵ǣͲ’Š”
͹ǣǤͲ͹ͷ’Š”
‡’Ǥ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ͳ
(
(
(
(
(
(
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ι
‘’Ž‡š˜‹• ‘•‹–›Kȗ‹ƒ•
(
(
(
(
–‹‡‹‹
Figure 3.14: Influence of accelerator on viscosity
ͷ͹
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
Chain extender:
›†”‘š›Ž ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ ‰”‘—’• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‹• „ƒ „‘‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ”‡
ˆ‘”‹‰–Š‡Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡„› Šƒ‹‡š–‡•‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ ƒ‘—–‹•Ž‹‹–‡†–‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•–”‡ƒ –‹‘•–‡’ǤŠ‡”‡†— ‹‰‹–•ƒ‘—–
ȋʹȌ –‘
ȋͺȌǡ ƒ •Š‘”–‡” ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ Šƒ‹ Ž‡‰–Š ‹•
ˆ”‘
ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†Ǥ
Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š ”‡†— ‡† ƒ‘—– ‹•
•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›Ž‘™‡”–Šƒ–Š‡”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ• Šƒ•ƒŠ‹‰Š‡”˜‹•Ǧ
‹
‘•‹–›–Šƒ–Š‡”‡•‹ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡͵ǤͳͷȌǤŠ‡†”‘’ˆ”‘ –‘
ǡ ‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ •Š‹ˆ–‡†ǡ –‘‘Ǥ • ˆ‡™‡”
˜‹• ‘•‹–›ǡ ™Š‡ ‡š’‘•‡† –‘
”‡ƒ –‹‘’ƒ”–‡”•ƒ”‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•–”‡ƒ –‹‘•–‡’–Š‡Ǧ•–ƒ‰‹‰
‘’ƒ”‡† –‘
ˆ‘” ʹǤ Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡ ƒ†
‘ —”• ™‹–Š‹
ହ
ƒ†
†”‘’ƒ–‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ”‡Ž‘™‡”‹˜‹• ‘•‹–›ƒ•™‡ŽŽǣ
ହ
ହ
ହ
‘’ƒ”‡†–‘
ƒ†
Ǥ
(
ʹǣʹͷ’Š”
ͺǣʹͲ’Š”
‡’Ǥ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ͳ
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
–‹‡‹‹
Figure 3.15: Influence of MDI on viscosity
ͷͺ
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ι
‘’Ž‡š˜‹• ‘•‹–›Kȗ‹ƒ•
(
Š‡‹ ƒŽ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘
Inhibitor:
’‹•ƒ††‡†ƒ•‹Š‹„‹–‘”‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ’‘Ž›‡”‹œƒ–‹‘–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ••–‘”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ ‹‰—”‡͵Ǥͳ͸•Š‘™•–Š‡‡š’‡ –‡†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹”‡ƒ Ǧ
–‹‘ –‹‡ ˆ‘” Š‹‰Š‡” ’ ”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ– ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ †‡‡† ‹– ƒŽ•‘
‹†‹ ƒ–‡•ƒ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•–”‡ƒ –‹‘•–‡’ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ –‹‘–‹‡ˆ‘”
ǡ ™Š‡ ƒ††‹‰
‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ
Ǧ•–ƒ‰‹‰ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ˆ”‘ –‘
‘ˆ’Ǥ
(
ʹǣǤ͵’Š”
ͷǣͲ’Š”
͸ǣǤ͸’Š”
‡’Ǥ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ͳ
(
(
(
(
(
(
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ι
‘’Ž‡š˜‹• ‘•‹–›Kȗ‹ƒ•
(
(
(
(
–‹‡‹‹
Figure 3.16: Influence of pBQ on viscosity
ͷͻ
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
Magnetite:
Š‡ ƒ††‹‰ ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ȋBayferrox 318mȌ –‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‹ǡ –Š‡
Ǧ•–ƒ‰‹‰„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–”‹š‹•‰‡––‹‰—”‡’”‘†— ‹„Ž‡ǤŠ‡ —”‡†
•ƒ’Ž‡• •Š‘™ ˜‘‹†• ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ •–”‘‰
•—•’‹ ‹‘ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–ƒ‹•™ƒ–‡”ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ˆ—”–Š‡””‡ƒ –‹‰
™‹–Š–Š‡ ƒ––Š‡Ž‘••‘ˆ ƒ”„‘†‹‘š‹†‡Ǥ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒǦ
–”‹š ˜‹• ‘•‹–› ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ †‹•’‡”•‡† ‰ƒ• ˜‘‹†• ‹• ‘– ’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ
†Œ—•–‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘„›ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†™ƒ–‡”†‡•‹ ƒ–ƒ‘—––Š‡
‘–ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ „‡Šƒ˜‡• Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘
ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡͵Ǥͳ͹ǡʹƒ†ͳͳȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–‹••Š‘™‹‰ƒ•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›Š‹‰Š‡”
Ȍ ƒ• „‘–Šǡ UOP L ƒ† Bayferrox,
‹‹–‹ƒŽ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ʹ
ƒ”‡ƒ††‹–‹˜‡•‹’‘™†‡”ˆ‘”Ǥ
ʹǣͲ’Š”ƒ›ˆ‡””‘šǡͳǤͷ’Š”
ͻǣ͵͹Ǥͷ’Š”ƒ›ˆ‡””‘šǡͳǤͷ’Š”
ͳͳǣ͵͹Ǥͷ’Š”ƒ›ˆ‡””‘šǡ͵Ǥͷ’Š”
‡’Ǥ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ͳ
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ι
‘’Ž‡š˜‹• ‘•‹–›Kȗ‹ƒ•
(
(
(
(
–‹‡‹‹
Figure 3.17: Influence of improved magnetite formulation on viscosity
͸Ͳ
Š‡‹ ƒŽ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘
Suitability for draping:
‹‰—”‡͵Ǥͳͺ•Š‘™•–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆƒ Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡
‘–Š‡˜‹• ‘•‹–›Ǥʹƒ†ͳ͵ƒ”‡„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ‹†‡–‹ ƒŽˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ›
•’Ž‹––‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– Š‡ƒ–‹‰ ’Šƒ•‡ ƒ† ‹–”‘†— ‹‰ ƒ ‘‘Ž‹‰ ’Šƒ•‡ǡ –Š‡
ˆ‹”•– ”‡ƒ –‹‘ •–‡’ ƒ „‡ ’ƒ—•‡† „‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘’Ž‡–‹‘ǡ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ˆ‘” –Š‡
’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ •‘‡ ‹—–‡•Ǥ Š‹• ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ ƒ ”‡•‹ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› ‘ˆ
ହ
ହ
‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ
ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘’Ž‡–‡†Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡Ǥ –Š‹•
Ͳ
‘†‹–‹‘ ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡† ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ •–‹ˆˆ ‡‘—‰Š ˆ‘”
—––‹‰ƒ†Šƒ†Ž‹‰ƒ†ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡‡‘—‰Šˆ‘”†”ƒ’‹‰Ǥƒ‹•‹‰–Š‡–‡Ǧ
’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹ Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› Ž‡˜‡Ž –Šƒ ˆ‘” –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ͳǤŠ‡•‡ ‘†”‡ƒ –‹‘•–‡’ ƒ„‡ˆ—ŽŽ›•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•–
ƒ–
†‘‡•‘–Ž‡ƒ†–‘ƒ
‘‡ƒ••–‘”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ‘”
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ˜‹• ‘•‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡† Ž‘•• ‘ˆ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› ‘˜‡” –Š‡ •–‘”ƒ‰‡
–‘
Ȍ †‘‡• ‘– †‡• ”‹„‡ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”
’‡”‹‘† ȋ
„—–ƒŽ‘••‹ ‘–ƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡’‡”ƒ‡–Ž›‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‰’Žƒ–‡–‘–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡
ʹǣʹ‘ ͳ͵ǣʹǤͷ‘ ‡’Ǥ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ͳ
‡’Ǥ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ʹ
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ι
‘’Ž‡š˜‹• ‘•‹–›Kȗ‹ƒ•
(
(
(
(
–‹‡‹‹
Figure 3.18: Suitability of the UPPH for draping
͸ͳ
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
Conclusions:
˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•ƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ͳ™‡”‡ƒ†‡ˆ‘”–Š‡„ƒ•‹ †‡˜‡ŽǦ
‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–”‹š ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡Ǥ
‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ʹ™ƒ•—•‡†ƒ•˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ˆ‘”
–Š‡•—‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘”‡ ‘’Ž‡š”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–•Ǥ
Š‡ ƒŒ‘” ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ˆƒ –‘” ‘ –Š‡ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ ‹• –Š‡ ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‘”
‘–‡–ǤŠ‹‰Šƒ‘—–‹•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ƒˆƒ•–”‡ƒ –‹‘–‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž›—”‡Ǧ
–Šƒ‡ Ž‹ƒ‰‡ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ –‘ ƒ Š‹‰Š ˜‹• ‘•‹–› ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ™‹†‘™
‘ˆBorchiKat 0243‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•
‹–‡†‡†ˆ‘”‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
ƒ•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ‘ Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ”‡†— –‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡ –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† „‡–™‡‡ ‹š‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘’‘‡–• ƒ† ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ•
™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†Š‡ƒ–‹‰”ƒ–‡‹•”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”ƒ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‹’”‡‰ƒǦ
–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹„‡”•Ǥ Š‹• ƒ „‡ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡† „› —•‹‰ ƒ –™‘Ǧ ‘’‘‡–
‡“—‹’‡–‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ’’Ž›–Š‡ƒ–”‹š‘–Š‡Ž‹‡ȋ•‡‡Šƒ’–‡”ͶȌǤ
Ǥ ”‡Ǧ
Š‡•—’’Ž‹‡”‘ˆDaron 41 ”‡ ‘‡†•ƒ ‘–‡– ‘ˆ
†— –‹‘ „›
”‡•—Ž–• ‹ ƒ Ž‘‰‡” ”‡ƒ –‹‘ –‹‡ ƒ† ƒ Ž‘™‡” ˆ‹ƒŽ
˜‹• ‘•‹–› Ž‡˜‡Ž ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ”‡ƒ –‹‘ •–‡’Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ”‡ ‘‡†‡†
ƒ‘—–‹• Š‘•‡Ǥ
Š‡ ‹Š‹„‹–‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ ’‘Ž›‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ ȋ’Ȍ ƒŽ•‘ ƒˆˆ‡ –• –Š‡
‘ˆ–Š‡
•‘Ž—–‹‘†‘‡•‘–
Ǧ•–ƒ‰‹‰Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒƒ‘—–‘ˆ
•Š‘™ ƒ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ƒ† ‹• Š‘•‡ ƒ• ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ’”‘Ǧ
‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡† ƒ–”‹š ‹• †‡‘Ǧ
˜‹†‡ ƒ •Š‡ŽˆǦŽ‹ˆ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•–
•–”ƒ–‡†„› ‹‰—”‡͵ǤͳͺǤ
‡•’‹–‡‘ˆƒ††‹‰ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ȋBayferrox 318mȌ–‘–Š‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘‡ƒ”Ǧ
Ž› –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ ƒ „‡ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡† –Šƒ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’—”‡ ”‡•‹Ǥ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‡‹ ƒŽ ”‡ƒ –‹‘• „› –Š‡ ‹”‘
‘š‹†‡ ƒ•‡–‹‘‡† ‹ȏͳͶͲȐ Šƒ• ‘–„‡‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡†Ǥ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡•• –Š‡
ƒ‘—–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”†‡•‹ ƒ–Šƒ•–‘„‡ƒ†ƒ’–‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ
ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽŽ›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ˆ‘”—Žƒǣ
͸ʹ
Š‡‹ ƒŽ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘
ସ
(3-5)
଻ହ
‹‰—”‡͵Ǥͳͻ•Š‘™••–‘”ƒ‰‡‘†—Ž—• ᇱ ǡŽ‘••‘†—Ž—• ᇱᇱ ƒ†Ž‘••ˆƒ –‘”
ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ʹǤŠ‡‰‡Ž’‘‹–‹•”‡ƒ Š‡†ƒˆ–‡”
ƒ–
Ǥˆ–‡”–Š‹•’‘‹––Š‡‡Žƒ•–‹ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
ƒ”‡†‘‹ƒ–ƒ†–Š‡‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹„‡”—•–ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„‡ ‘Ǧ
’Ž‡–‡†Ǥ Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹• ‘™ ”‡ƒ†› ˆ‘” —––‹‰ǡ Šƒ†Ž‹‰ ƒ† †”ƒ’‹‰
‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
(
•–‘”ƒ‰‡‘†—Ž—•G̵
Ž‘••‘†—Ž—•G̵̵
‡’Ǥ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ͳ
–ƒG
G̵‹ƒǡG̵̵‹ƒ
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
–‹‡‹‹
–ƒG
(
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ι
(
Figure 3.19: Elastic and viscous behavior of formulation V2
͸͵
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
‘ ‘ Ž—†‡ǡ–Š‡˜‹• ‘•‹–›’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡
’Ž‘––‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ˜‹• ‘•‹–›’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘
‘ˆ–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡͵ǤʹͲȌǤ
Figure 3.20: Comparison of the viscosity profile of the ideal matrix
and the complex viscosity of formulation V2
–ǯ• ˆ‘—† –Šƒ– ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ ʹ ‹• •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‹”‡ – ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ
‘ ƒ†™‹ŽŽ„‡•‡–ƒ•”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡”–”‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘
‹••Š‘™‹ƒ„Ž‡͵ǤͶ™‹–Š”‡•’‡ ––‘–Š‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ Šƒ‰‡•‹ƒ‘—–‘ˆ
–Š‡•‹‰Ž‡‹‰”‡†‹‡–•Ǥ
Table 3.4:
Developed CoFRTS formulation, amounts in phr
ƒ”‘Ͷͳ
’ͳͲΨ
‡”‘šƒ
ƒ›ˆ‡””‘š
‘” Š‹ƒ–
͸Ͷ
ͳͲͲ
ͳǤͷ –‘ͻ
Ǥ͵
ͳ –‘ͳǤʹ
Ͳ–‘ͳ͵ͻ
ʹͷ –‘ʹ͹
Ǥͳ–‘Ǥͳͷ
Ͷ”‘ ‡••‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
‘ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ ‡’– ‘ –Š‡ ‘‡ Šƒ† ƒ† –Š‡
‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•—•‡†‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ•ƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
‘’Ž‡š‹–› Šƒ˜‡ –‘ „‡ ’”‘†— ‡†Ǥ Š‡ „ƒ•‹ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‹ ‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘ ƒ”‡ †‡–‡”‹‡† ™‹–Š •’‡ ‹‡• –ƒ‡
ˆ”‘ˆŽƒ–’Žƒ–‡•ǤŠ‡„ƒ•‹ ‡ Šƒ‹••‘ˆ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ƒ”‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†
„› Ž‘ ƒŽŽ› ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡” ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡† ‹ ‘ ’Žƒ–‡•ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽǤ ‘
˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘—† ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ ‡ Šƒ‹•• ˆ‘” ‘”‡ ‘’Ž‡š ’ƒ”–• ƒ
•‡ –‹‘‘ˆƒƒ—–‘‘–‹˜‡•—„ˆŽ‘‘”‹•—•‡†ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤͳȌǤ ‡”‡ǡ
–Š‡†”ƒ’‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‘ ‹•‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†„›—•‹‰–Š‡‰‡‘‡–”›‘ˆ–Š‡
”‘•• „‡ƒǤ Š‡ ”‘•• „‡ƒ ‹• –Š‡ •—„Ǧ’”‡ˆ‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—„ˆŽ‘‘” •–”— Ǧ
–—”‡•Š‘™‹‰–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•– ‘’Ž‡š‹–›ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘”‡”•Ǥ
„ƒ•‡
•‹ŽŽ„‘ƒ”†
‹ ‘
”‹„•
”‘••„‡ƒ•
‘
’ƒ– Š‡•
‹ ‘
‘
–—‡Ž
‘
‘
Figure 4.1:
Terminology and material classes of tailored subfloor structure
ͶǤͳ‡‹Ǧˆ‹‹•Š‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•
Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ •‡‹Ǧˆ‹‹•Š‡† ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡” ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
†‹ˆˆ‡”• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹• ‘–‹—‘—•Ž› ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡† ‘‡•Ǥ
‹„‡”•ǡƒ–”‹šƒ†”‡“—‹”‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ‘—–ƒ”‡†‹••‹‹Žƒ”‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǤ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‹•†‘‡‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž‹‡•Ǥ‘’ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡ͶǤͳ
͸ͷ
”‘ ‡••‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
ˆ‘”–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰Ž‹‡•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ– ”ƒ—Š‘Ǧ
ˆ‡” Ǥ
Table 4.1:
Fraunhofer ICTs CoFRTS and DicoFRTS lines
‘”‹‰™‹†–Š
‹‡•’‡‡†
—”ˆƒ ‡™‡‹‰Š–
ƒšǤ‘—–’—–

Ȁ‹
‰Ȁ;
‰Ȁ‹
DicoFRTS line
ͺͲͲ
ͳǤͷǦͻ
ͳǦ͵
ʹͳ
CoFRTS line
͵ͲͲ
Ǥ͵
Ǥͷ
ǤͲͶͷ
ͶǤͳǤͳ ”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ‡‹Ǧˆ‹‹•Š‡†‹ ‘ Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‘’‘‡–• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ–”‹š ‘ˆ ‹ ‘ ƒ”‡ ‹š‡† „›
–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆƒ†‹••‘Ž˜‡”–›’‡F11ML4-305„›VMA-GetzmannǤ ˆ”‡“—‹”‡†ǡ
–Š‹• ƒ„‡†‘‡—†‡”˜ƒ ——Ǥ ƒˆ—”–Š‡”•–‡’–Š‡ ‘’‘—†‹•’”‘Ǧ
†— ‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ˆŽƒ– ‘˜‡›‘” ’Žƒ– –›’‡ HM-LB-800 „›
Schmidt & Heinzmann ȋ ‹‰—”‡ ͶǤʹȌǤ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹ ‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒǦ
–‹‘–Š‡†‡˜‹ ‡•—’’Ž‹‡•ƒ•‡ ‘† Š‘’’‡”–‘ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡ Ǧ‹ ‘ ƒ†ˆ‹˜‡Š‡ƒ–‹‰œ‘‡•–‘‹’”‘˜‡ˆ‹„‡”‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Figure 4.2:
Modified flat conveyor plant HM-LB-800
ͶǤͳǤʹ ”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ‡‹Ǧˆ‹‹•Š‡†‘ Š‡ ‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡•‹—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‘ ƒ”‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†
„›ƒ†‹••‘Ž˜‡”–›’‡5BCu2-042„›VMA- ‡–œƒǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹•–Š‡Ǧ
ƒ† Ǧ’”‡‹š ƒ• ˆ‘—† ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •‡ –‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ’”‡‹š ‹• –Š‡
͸͸
‡‹Ǧˆ‹‹•Š‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•
ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†‹–‘–™‘Ǧ Šƒ„‡”Ǧ ƒ”–”‹†‰‡•ȋ–›’‡AC 400-04-10-01„›SulzerȌƒ–
ƒ† •–‘”‡† ‘‘Ž‡† —–‹Ž ’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ Š‡
–Š‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ ’”‘’‘”–‹‘
ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹‘–Š‡Ž‹‡ȋ•Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤ͵Ȍ‹•ƒ†‡„›–Š‡
Š‡Ž’‘ˆƒƒ—–‘ƒ–‡††‘•‹‰†‡˜‹ ‡ȋPowerPush 7000MPȌǤ ‡”‡„›ǡ–Š‡
ˆ‹ƒŽ‹š–—”‡‘ˆ ‘’‘‡–™‹–Š ‘’‘‡–‹•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡††‹”‡ –Ž›
ƒ– –Š‡ †‘ –‘” „‘š „› ƒ •–ƒ–‹ ‹š‹‰ Š‡ƒ† ȋMCH 06-32 TȌ ˆŽƒ‰‡Ǧ
‘—–‡†–‘–Š‡†‘•‹‰†‡˜‹ ‡ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ„Ž‡•ˆ‘” ‘•–ƒ–ƒ†”‡’”‘†— Ǧ
‹„Ž‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹ˆ‹Ž‘–Š‡•‹Ž‹ ‘‡ ‘ƒ–‡†’ƒ’‡”ƒ–ƒŽ‘™
†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ ”‘••Ž‹‹‰ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡Ž‘™˜‹• ‘•‹–›Ǥ ƒ‡š–•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡Ž‹‡–Š‡Ǧˆƒ„”‹ ‹•†‡’‘•‹–‡†‘–Š‡”‡•‹ˆ‹ŽǤŠ‡ ‘’‘—†‹•
–Š‡ •ƒ†™‹ Š‡† „› –Š‡ Š‡Ž’ ‘ˆ ƒ‘–Š‡” •‹Ž‹ ‘ ‘ƒ–‡† ’ƒ’‡” ƒ† ‘’Ǧ
–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‰—‹†‡† –Š”‘—‰Š •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ˆƒ ‹‰ ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ”‘ŽŽ‡”•Ǥ ˆ–‡”Ǧ
™ƒ”†•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ ˆ‹”•– „‡ Š‡ƒ–‡† —’ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘‘Ž‡† †‘™ –‘
‡‹–Š‡”ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡‘”•Ž‘™†‘™ ”‘••ǦŽ‹‹‰”‡ƒ –‹‘•Ǥ
Figure 4.3:
Laboratory impregnation line for CoFRTS, according to [141]
 ‡š‡’Žƒ”› –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ Ǧ
–—”‡†„›–Š‹•’”‘ ‡†—”‡‹••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤͶǤ ‡”‡ǡ–Š‡Š‡ƒ–‹‰”ƒ–‡
”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›–Š‡ ‘‘Ž‹‰”ƒ–‡‹•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–†‡”‹˜ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
ƒ– ƒ Ž‹‡
„› –‹‡Ǥ • –Š‡ Ž‹‡ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡• ‘‘Ž‹‰ ”ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ
‘Ž›ƒ•ƒŽŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‘Ž‹‰–ƒ„Ž‡‹•‡‡†‡†–‘
•’‡‡†‘ˆ
’”‡˜‡–ˆ—”–Š‡” ”‘••Ž‹‹‰ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡ ‘‘Ž‹‰–ƒ„Ž‡‹•ƒŽ•‘—•‡†–‘ —–
͸͹
”‘ ‡••‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡’”‡’”‡‰‹••–‘”‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‡š–’”‘ ‡•••–‡’•‘ˆ
‘’–‹‘ƒŽ†”ƒ’‹‰ƒ†‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ
Ž‹‡†‹•–ƒ ‡‹ 
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
‡ƒ–‹‰”ƒ–‡
Š‡ƒ–‹‰”ƒ–‡‹ιȀ‹
—––‹‰
•–‘”‹‰
‘‘Ž‹‰œ‘‡
Š‡ƒ–‹‰œ‘‡
‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘”‘ŽŽ‡”•
ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ˆ‹„‡”•
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ι
ƒ’’Ž›‹‰”‡•‹
–‹‡‹‹
Figure 4.4:
͸ͺ
Temperature profile and heating rate during manufacturing
CoFRTS
”ƒ’‹‰
ͶǤʹ”ƒ’‹‰
Š‡‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡†„›‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ǧˆƒ„”‹ ǡ
Šƒ•–‘„‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†ˆ‘”‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹• —–ƒ ‘”†‹‰
–‘–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ†‹‡•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–ƒ–’”‘†— –Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ ˆƒ•’‡Ǧ
‹ˆ‹ Žƒ›‡”•–”— –—”‡‘”‘”‡–Šƒ‘‡Žƒ›‡”‹•‡‡†‡†ǡ–Š‡ —–‘ Šƒ• –‘ „‡ •–ƒ ‡† ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž›Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ –Š‡ ‘ Šƒ• –‘ „‡
†”ƒ’‡†’”‹‘”–‘‘Ž†‹‰–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ ‘’Ž‡š•Šƒ’‡•Ǥ
Š‡ ”‡•‹•›•–‡™‹–Š‹–•ʹǦ•–‡’Ǧ —””‹‰‘ˆˆ‡”•–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘
ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡‘ ’”‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ•–ƒ„Ž‡‰‡‘‡–”›ƒ–ƒ•Š‡ŽˆǦŽ‹ˆ‡‘ˆ•‡˜Ǧ
‡”ƒŽ‘–Š•™‹–Š‘—––Š‡‡‡†‘ˆ ‘‘Ž‹‰Ǥ‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‹•ǡ–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ
—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–”‡ƒ –‹‘—•–ˆ‹––Š‡•‹‰Ž‡’”‘ ‡•••–‡’•ǤŠ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
—•– „‡ †”› ‡‘—‰Š ˆ‘” —––‹‰ „—– –ƒ › ‡‘—‰Š ˆ‘” •–ƒ ‹‰Ǥ ˆ–‡”Ǧ
™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ”‡•‹ Šƒ• •–‹ŽŽ –‘ „‡ ˜‹• ‘—• –‘ „‡ †‡ˆ‘”ƒ„Ž‡ ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ›
•’”‹‰„ƒ Ǥˆ–‡”†”ƒ’‹‰ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–”‡ƒ –‹‘•–‡’Šƒ•–‘„‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡†
–‘‰‹˜‡–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•–‹ˆˆ‡••ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡”Šƒ†Ž‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
Š—•ǡ–Š‡†”ƒ’‹‰‘Ž†•Š‘—Ž†„‡Š‡ƒ–ƒ„Ž‡–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡”‡ƒ –‹‘˜‡Ž‘ ‹Ǧ
–›ƒ††‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ › Ž‡–‹‡Ǥ
‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”ǡ–Š”‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘ ‡’–•‘ˆ†”ƒ’‹‰‘ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–•
ˆ‘”–Š‡•—„ˆŽ‘‘”Ǧ•–”— –—”‡•Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤͳƒ”‡‹–”‘†— ‡†Ǥ
͸ͻ
”‘ ‡••‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
ͶǤʹǤͳ ƒ—ƒŽ”ƒ’‹‰
‘”ƒ—ƒŽ†”ƒ’‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–•–”— –—”‡ƒ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‘Ž†‘ˆ
ƒŽ—‹— ‹• —•‡† ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ ͶǤͷǡ Ž‡ˆ–ȌǤ • Š‡‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‹•
•Š‘™ ‹ ‹‰—”‡ ͶǤ͸ǣ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› —– ƒ† •–ƒ ‡† ”‡ –ƒ‰—Žƒ” ’ƒ– Š‡•
ƒ”‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘‡† ƒ—ƒŽŽ› ‘ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘Ž† ȋƒȌǤ ‘’”‡••‹‘
‘Ž†‡†’ƒ”–‹•—•‡†ƒ•—’’‡”‘Ž†ȋ„ȌǤ›ƒ—ƒŽŽ› ‘„‹‹‰–Š‡–™‘
‘Ž†• –Š‡ ˆ‘”‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ ‹• ƒ Š‹‡˜‡† ȋ ȌǤ ‡”‡„›ǡ –Š‡ —’’‡”
‘Ž† ƒ„‡‘˜‡†ˆ”‡‡Ž›„›–Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‘”–‘’”‡˜‡–™”‹Ž‡•ǤŽƒ’
—‹–• ƒ’’Ž› ’”‡••—”‡ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ȋ†ȌǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡
‘Ž†’”‘˜‹†‡•Š‡ƒ–‹‰ Šƒ‡Ž•ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤͷǡ”‹‰Š–ȌǤ
Figure 4.5:
Negative mold for manual draping
left: Mold with CoFRTS patches and clamping units
right: CAD picture showing the internal heating channels
Figure 4.6:
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Scheme of the manual draping process
”ƒ’‹‰
ͶǤʹǤʹ –ƒ’”ƒ’‹‰
‘” •–ƒ’ †”ƒ’‹‰ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘Ž† ‹• —•‡† –Š‡ ˆ‘” ƒ—ƒŽ
†”ƒ’‹‰ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤ͹ǡŽ‡ˆ–ȌǤŠ‹•‘Ž†‹•‘—–‡†‹–Š‡Preform Center
ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡†„›Dieffenbacher GmbH ƒ†Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ƒ– Fraunhofer ICTǤ 
–Š‹• ƒ•‡ –Š‡ ”‡ˆ‘” ‡–‡” ‹• ‡“—‹’’‡† ™‹–Š ͸ •–ƒ’• ȋ ‹‰—”‡ ͶǤ͹ǡ
”‹‰Š–ȌǤŠ‡’”‘ ‡••‹••Š‘™• Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›‹ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤͺǣ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•
’Žƒ ‡†ƒ—ƒŽŽ›‘–Š‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‘Ž†ȋƒȌǤŠ‡•–ƒ’•ƒ”‡†”ƒ’‹‰–Š‡
‘ •‡“—‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†’”‡••—”‡ȋ„Ǧ†ȌǤŠ‡‡‰ƒǦ
–‹˜‡‘Ž† ƒ„‡Š‡ƒ–‡††—”‹‰–Š‹•’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
Figure 4.7:
Mold for stamp draping
left: Negative mold with CoFRTS patches and two stamps
right: CAD picture visualizing the layout of the stamps
Figure 4.8:
Scheme of the stamp draping process
͹ͳ
”‘ ‡••‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
ͶǤʹǤ͵ ƒ‰‡–‹ ”ƒ’‹‰
‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ƒ „‡ †”ƒ’‡† —•‹‰ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•Ǥ ‘”–Š‹•’—”’‘•‡ƒ†‡˜‹ ‡™ƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”
‘ˆ ƒ ƒ•–‡” –Š‡•‹• ȋƒ—‡”ǡ Ǥǣ ”ƒ’‹‰ „› ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‘” ‡• –‘
ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡ •—„Ǧ’”‡ˆ‘”• ˆ‘” •–”— –—”ƒŽ Ǧ ‘’‘‡–•ȌǤ Š‡ †‡Ǧ
˜‹ ‡•Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤͻ‹•‡“—‹’’‡†™‹–Š‘˜‡ƒ„Ž‡‡‘†›‹—ƒ‰Ǧ
‡–•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ‡‘†›‹—ƒ‰‡–•ƒ”‡”ƒ”‡Ǧ‡ƒ”–Š
ƒ‰‡–• ƒ†‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡‘†›‹—ǡ ‹”‘ ƒ† „‘”‘ ƒŽŽ‘› ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡
ƒŽ•‘ ƒŽŽ‡†† ‡Ǧƒ‰‡–•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡–Š‡•–”‘‰‡•– ‘‡” ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ˜ƒ‹ŽǦ
ƒ„Ž‡’‡”ƒ‡–ƒ‰‡–•ȏͳȐǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡‹†‡ƒŽ–‘ƒ’’Ž›Š‹‰Šˆ‘” ‡•
ƒ–Ž‹‹–‡†‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘•’ƒ ‡ǤŠ‡ƒ‰‡–‹ †”ƒ’‹‰†‡˜‹ ‡‹•‘–ƒ„Ž‡–‘
†”ƒ’‡–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–•–”— –—”‡Ǥ –‹•Ž‹‹–‡†–‘–Š‡‘•– ‘Ǧ
’Ž‡š ’ƒ”– Ǧ –Š‡ †‘—„Ž‡ —”˜‡† ”‘•• „‡ƒǤ ™‘ ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ –Š‹• •—„Ǧ
’”‡ˆ‘” ƒ „‡ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡† •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›Ǥ ‹‰—”‡ ͶǤͳͲ •Š‘™• –Š‡
• Š‡ƒ–‹ †”ƒ’‹‰’”‘ ‡••ǣˆ‹”•––Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•’Žƒ ‡†ƒ—ƒŽŽ›‘–Š‡
†‡˜‹ ‡ȋƒȌǤ ƒ‡š–•–‡’•ƒ”‡‘˜‡†ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ’”‘‰”ƒ‡†
•‡“—‡ ‡–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•– —”˜ƒ–—”‡ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ ”‘••„‡ƒȋ„ȌǤŠ‡
•‡ ‘† —”˜ƒ–—”‡‹•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„›Ž‹ˆ–‹‰ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†ȋ ǡ†ȌǤŠ‡
‘Ž† •—”ˆƒ ‡ ‹• Š‡ƒ–ƒ„Ž‡ „› ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ƒŽ Š‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ”–”‹†‰‡•Ǥ  —’’‡”
‘Ž†‹•‘–”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”–Š‹•†”ƒ’‹‰ ‘ ‡’–Ǥ
Figure 4.9:
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Device for magnetic draping
‘Ž†‹‰
Figure 4.10: Scheme of the magnetic draping process
a), b): Side view
c), d): Frontal view
ͶǤ͵‘Ž†‹‰
›†”ƒ—Ž‹ Dieffenbacher ’”‡••‡• ƒ”‡ —•‡† ˆ‘” ‘’”‡••‹‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘ˆ
’Žƒ–‡•‘”’ƒ”–•ǤŠ‡COMPRESS PLUS DCP-G 3600/3200 AS‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒƒšǦ
ǡ –Š‡ DYL 630/500 ‘ˆˆ‡”•
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‹— ‘Ž†‹‰ ˆ‘” ‡ ‘ˆ
‘–Š’”‡••‡•ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‘–”‘Ž–Š‡’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž‹–›‘ˆ•–ƒ’‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘
–Š‡ ƒ˜‹–›Ǥ
ͶǤ͵Ǥͳ ‘Ž†‹‰‘ˆŽƒ–‡•
Š‡‘Ž†•Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤͳͳ‹•—•‡†–‘ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡’Žƒ–‡•ˆ‘”„ƒ•‹ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ •–‡‡Ž ‘Ž† ‹• †‡•‹‰‡† –‘
‘’‡”ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š •‡˜‡”ƒŽ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ† ’ƒ”– ‰‡‘‡–”‹‡•Ǥ  –Š‡ Ǧ
Š‡‹‰Š–ǡ•‡˜‡’”‡••—”‡
’Žƒ–‡•‡–—’‹– ‘‡•™‹–ŠƒˆŽƒ•Šˆƒ ‡‘ˆ
•‡•‘”• ȋ6167A „› KistlerȌ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ˜‹–› ƒ† –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› –‘ Šƒ‰‡
–Š‡ ‰‡‘‡–”› „› ‹Žƒ›•Ǥ ‘–Šǡ Ž‘™‡” ‘Ž† ƒ† —’’‡” ‘Ž† ˆ”ƒ‡ǡ ƒ”‡
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Š‡ƒ–ƒ„Ž‡ „› ‘‹Ž ‹” —‹–•Ǥ Š‡ ‘Ž†‡† ’Žƒ–‡• ƒ”‡
‹ ™‹†–ŠǤ Š‡ ’Žƒ–‡ –Š‹ ‡•• ‹• –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ ™‡‹‰Š– ƒ†
†‡•‹–›‘ˆ‹•‡”–‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ
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”‘ ‡••‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
Figure 4.11: Terminology and technical structure of the plate mold
ͶǤ͵Ǥʹ ƒ‰‡–‹ ‹šƒ–‹‘‘ ‡’–
Š‡ ƒ˜‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Žƒ–‡ ‘Ž† ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ •’ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ
–‘‘—– —•–‘‹Žƒ›•ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤͳͳȌǤŠ‹••’ƒ ‡‹•—•‡†
–‘‡“—‹’–Š‡‘Ž†™‹–Š’‡”ƒ‡–ƒ‰‡–•ȋ•Ȍ–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡ƒˆ‹šƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ ‘ „› ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†• †—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ ™‹–Š ‹ ‘ Ǥ Š‡
‹ Ž‡‰–Š ƒ†
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Ž‘ ƒŽ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ •‹œ‡ ‘ˆ
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˜‹•‹„Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘Ž† ƒ˜‹–› ƒ† †‘ ‘– Šƒ˜‡ ‘–ƒ – ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
ƒ†–Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡‘ƒ”•˜‹•‹„Ž‡‘–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ’”‘†— –Ǥ
NdFeB 40UH ”ƒ”‡Ǧ‡ƒ”–Š ƒ‰‡–• ƒ”‡ Š‘•‡ –‘ •—’’Ž› –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ ‡”‡„›ǡ–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡ͶͲ‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Š‡‡‡”‰›’”‘†— –ȋƒ‰‡–‹ ˆŽ—š
‘—–’—– ’‡” —‹– ˜‘Ž—‡Ȍ ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‡––‡” ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡• –Š‡
Ǥ Š‡ †‹‡•‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡
ƒš‹— ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ –‘
• ƒ„‡”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ ‘”†‹‰†”ƒ™‹‰Ǥ
͹Ͷ
‘Ž†‹‰
‘ƒš‹‹œ‡–Š‡ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‡ƒ –‹‰‘–Š‡‘ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡––Š‡
ˆ‹‹–‡ ‡Ž‡‡– •‹—Žƒ–‹‘ •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ˆ‘” ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†• ‹• —•‡†Ǥ
ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡ǣ
x ‘—–‘ˆ•
x ‹œ‡‘ˆ•
x ”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•ƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘
Š‡‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘‹•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–‡’•ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡ ‹‰—”‡
ͶǤͳʹȌǣ ƒ •‹’Ž‹ˆ‹‡† ‘†‡Ž ‹• †‡•‹‰‡† „› –Š‡ Š‡Ž’ ‘ˆ ‘’—–‡”Ǧƒ‹†‡†
†‡•‹‰ ȋȌ •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ȋSolidWorks „› Dassault SystemsȌǤ Š‡ ‘†‡Ž
‹ Ž—†‡•ƒ –—ƒŽƒ‰‡–•‡–—’ǡ‹Žƒ›ǡ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–ƒ†•–‡‡Ž‘Ž†ǤŠ‡
Ǥ Š‹•
”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡– ‹• †‡•‹‰‡† ™‹–Š ƒ –Š‹ ‡•• ‘ˆ
‘ˆ
‘”‡•’‘†•–‘–Š‡–Š‹ ‡••‘ˆ‘‡Žƒ›‡”‘ Šƒ˜‹‰
ƒ”„‘ ˆ‹„‡”•Ǥ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ –™‘ †‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘†‡Ž ‹• –Š‡ ‡š’‘”–‡† –‘ –Š‡ †”ƒ™‹‰ ‹–‡” Šƒ‰‡ ˆ‹Ž‡ ˆ‘”ƒ– ȋ ȌǤ
Š‹• ‹• –Š‡ ‹’‘”–‡† ƒ† ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”‹œ‡† ™‹–Š‹ Ǥ ‘‡•™‹–Šƒƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŽ‹„”ƒ”›ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•–Š‡ Š‘•‡† ‡ͶͲƒŽǦ
‡ƒ•Ǧ
”‡ƒ†› Ž‹•–‡†Ǥ Š‹• Ž‹„”ƒ”› ‹• ‡š–‡†‡† ƒ– –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡
—”‡‡–••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡͵Ǥͺˆ‘”˜ƒ”‹‘—• ™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ‰‡–‹–‡
‘–‡–—•‹‰ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ȋ͵Ǧ͵ȌǤ  ƒ ‡š–•–‡’–Š‡‘†‡Ž ‹•‡•Š‡†ƒ†
‘’—–‡†Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‹• ƒƒŽ›œ‡† „› ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ƒ––”ƒ –‹‘
ˆ‘” ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‰‡–ȋ•Ȍ –‘ ƒ† „› ”‡˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‹•—ƒŽ ‘—–’—– ‘ˆ ƒ‰Ǧ
‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž††‡•‹–›‘Š‘‘‰‡‡‹–›ǤŠ‡‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘–ƒ”‰‡–‹•ƒ ‘„‹Ǧ
ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒš‹—ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‡ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆŠ‹‰ŠŠ‘‘‰‡Ǧ
‡‹–› ‹ –Š‡ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–Ǥ Š‹• ’”‘ ‡†—”‡ ‹• ”‡’‡ƒ–‡†ǡ —–‹Ž –Š‡ ‹Ǧ
’”‘˜‡‡–•„‡ ‘‡‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡•ƒŽŽǤ
Š‡‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘Ž‡ƒ†•–‘ƒ•‡–—’‘ˆͳͷ —„‘‹†ƒŽƒ‰‡–•™‹–ŠƒŽǦ
–‡”ƒ–‹‰ƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡•‹‰Ž‡ƒ‰‡–Šƒ•ƒ’‘Ž‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ
ƒ†ƒŠ‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ
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‘” –Š‹• •‡–—’ ƒ† ƒ Ǧƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡– ‘ˆ
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‘’—–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•–ƒ’†‹•–ƒ ‡™‡”‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ǤŠ‡•‹—ŽƒǦ
–‹‘”‡•—Ž–••Š‘™ƒ Šƒ‰‡‹ƒ––”ƒ –‹‘ˆ‘” ‡†—”‹‰ Ž‘•‹‰–Š‡‘Ž†
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ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ ͶǤͳ͵ȌǤ ƒš‹— ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‡ ‘ˆ
‹• ƒ Š‹‡˜‡† ƒ– ƒ
ȋ ‹‰—”‡ ͶǤͳ͵ǡ ȌǤ Š‹• ‘””‡•’‘†• –‘ ƒ
•–ƒ’ †‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ
ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆŽ—š †‡•‹–› ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡– ‘ˆ
Ǥ ‹–Š‘—–
ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤͳ͵ǡ†ȌǤ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›
•–ƒ’–Š‡ƒ––”ƒ –‹‘ˆ‘” ‡‹•‘Ž›
Ž‘•‡†‘Ž†”‡•—Ž–•‹ƒ‹‹—‘ˆˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‡ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤͳ͵ǡ„ȌǤŠ‡
‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ ˆƒŽ•‡Ǧ ‘Ž‘” ‹ƒ‰‡• ˜‹•—ƒŽ‹œ‡ǡ Š‘™ –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹‰
•–ƒ’ Šƒ‰‡•–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•–”‡‰–Š‹•‹†‡–Š‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–Ǥ•
–Š‡ Šƒ‰‡‹ƒ––”ƒ –‹‘ˆ‘” ‡‹••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ǡ–Š‡•–ƒ’†‹•–ƒ ‡Šƒ•–‘
„‡–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ ‘—–ˆ‘” ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡ƒ –—ƒŽƒ––”ƒ –‹‘ˆ‘” ‡‘–Š‡
‘ Ǥ
͹͸
‘Ž†‹‰
Figure 4.12: Attraction force optimization sequence
͹͹
”‘ ‡••‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
Figure 4.13: FEMM simulation results
a) Attraction force for different stamp distances
b) Magnetic flux density B at a distance of 0.81 mm
c) Magnetic flux density B at a distance of 2.81 mm
d) Magnetic flux density B in the open mold
ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘ƒƒš‹‹œ‡†ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–ǡ–Š‡‹Žƒ›Šƒ•
–‘ ™‹–Š•–ƒ† –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‡• ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –‘ ‹– †—”‹‰ ‘Ž†‹‰ ™‹–Š‘—– ’Žƒ•–‹ †‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ™‘ ‘ˆŽ‹ –‹‰‰‘ƒŽ•ƒ”‹•‡‹–Š‹• ‘–‡š–ǣ
x Š‡‹Žƒ›Šƒ•–‘„‡ƒ†‡‘ˆƒ’ƒ”ƒƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–‘„‡–”ƒ•’ƒ”Ǧ
‡––‘–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ‘‘Ž•–‡‡Žǡ–Š‡—•—ƒŽ‘Ž†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ•Š‘™•
Š‹‰Š˜ƒŽ—‡•‹›‹‡Ž†•–”‡‰–Šǡ„—–‹•ˆ‡””‘ƒ‰‡–‹ Ǥ
x Š‡•Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡˜‡”› Ž‘•‡–‘–Š‡ ƒ˜‹–›–‘ƒš‹‹œ‡–Š‡ƒ––”ƒ Ǧ
–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ‘Ž† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‰ ƒ˜‹–› ˆ”‘ ƒ‰‡–
Šƒ•–‘„‡ƒ•–Š‹ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ
‘ †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š –Š‹• ‹••—‡ǡ ˆ‹‹–‡ ‡Ž‡‡– •‹—Žƒ–‹‘• ȋSolidWorks „›
Dassault SystemsȌ ƒ”‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ •–”— –—”ƒŽ ‹–‡‰”‹–›
‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Žƒ› ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡ –Š‡ •‹—Žƒ–‹‘• ‘’–‹‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ „‡Ǧ
Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ
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• ‹Žƒ› ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ –Š‡ Š‹‰ŠǦ•–”‡‰–Š ƒŽ—‹— ƒŽŽ‘› Ž‰—ͳǤͷ ‹•
ȏͳͶʹȐȌ
Š‘•‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• Š‹‰Š ›‹‡Ž† •–”‡‰–Š ȋ ଴Ǥଶ
ƒ†’ƒ”ƒƒ‰‡–‹ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǤŠ‡‹–‡”ƒŽ‘Ž†’”‡••—”‡‹••’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†–‘
Ǥ Š‡ –ƒ”‰‡– ‹• –‘ ”‡†— ‡ –Š‡ ™ƒŽŽ –Š‹ ‡•• —–‹Ž ƒ ƒš‹—
‹•”‡ƒ Š‡†ǤŠ‹• ‘””‡•’‘†•–‘ƒ•ƒˆ‡Ǧ
˜‘Ǧ‹•‡•Ǧ•–”‡••‘ˆ
–› ˆƒ –‘” ‘ˆ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ’Žƒ•–‹ †‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡•‹‰ •–—†‹‡• ™‹–Š ‘”‡
•‹—Žƒ–‹‘•Ž‡†–‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰•Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤͳͶǤ›‹–”‘Ǧ
–Šƒ
†— ‹‰ƒ”ƒ†‹—•‹–‘–Š‡‡†‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’‘ ‡–‡ƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‡ȋ ‹‰—”‡
ͶǤͳͶǡ „Ȍ –Š‡ ‹Žƒ› •Š‘™• Š‘‘‰‡‘—• ˜ƒŽ—‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˜‘Ǧ‹•‡•Ǧ•–”‡••
ȋ ‹‰—”‡ ͶǤͳͶǡ ȌǤ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ™ƒŽŽ –Š‹ ‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒŽ—‹— •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‰
Ǥ
–Š‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ ƒ˜‹–› ‘—Ž†„‡”‡†— ‡†–‘
Figure 4.14: Final design of the PM inlay
a) Total bottom view
b) Detail bottom view
c) False color image of von-Mises-stress in N/m²
ͶǤ͵Ǥ͵ ‘Ž†‹‰‘ˆƒ”–•™‹–Š‘’Ž‡š–”— –—”‡
ƒ”–•‘ˆ ‘’Ž‡š‰‡‘‡–”›ƒ”‡‘Ž†‡†™‹–Š–Š‡•—„ˆŽ‘‘”‘Ž†ȋ ‹‰—”‡
ͶǤͳͷȌǤŠ‹•‘Ž†‹••—’’Ž‹‡†„›–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ˆ—†‡†’”‘Œ‡ –MAI qfa•–ȏͳͺȐ
ƒ† †‡•‹‰‡† ƒ† ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡† „› Siebenwurst Werkzeugbau GmbHǤ
„›•‹š™ƒ–‡” ‹” —‹–•ƒ† ƒ„‡
Š‡•–‡‡Ž‘Ž†‹•Š‡ƒ–ƒ„Ž‡—’–‘
—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡”‘’Žƒ•–‹ ƒ†–Š‡”‘•‡–’”‘ ‡••‹‰ǤŠ‡•–ƒ’’”‘˜‹†‡•
–™‘‹Žƒ›• ‘–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡”‹„‰‡‘‡–”›ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤͳͷǡ•–ƒ’ǡ‰”‡‡Ȍƒ†
͹ͻ
”‘ ‡••‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
‡Œ‡ –‘”’‹•ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤͳͷǡ•–ƒ’ǡ„Ž—‡ȌǤŠ‡‘Ž†‹•ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡†™‹–Š
ƒ– ǡ
ƒ–
Ȍ ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ ˆ‘” ‡– •Šƒ’‡ ’”‘Ǧ
ˆŽ—•Š ˆƒ ‡• ȋ
ǤŠ‡’”‘Œ‡ –‡†•‹œ‡‘ˆ
†— –‹‘ƒ†˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡’ƒ”––Š‹ ‡••ȋ‹Ǥ
‹Ž‡‰–Šǡ
‹™‹†–Šƒ†
‹Š‡‹‰Š–Ǥ
–Š‡’ƒ”–‹•
Figure 4.15: Technical structure of the subfloor mold
ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡– •–”— –—”‡ ‹•‹†‡ –Š‡ ‘Ž† •ŠƒŽŽ „‡
ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†„›ƒ‰‡‘‡–”‹ ƒŽˆ‘”ˆ‹–‘ˆ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡––‘‘Ž†ǤŠ‡”‡‹•
‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ‘ ‡’–‹ Ž—†‡†Ž‹‡‹–‹•–Š‡ ƒ•‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‘Ž†‹‰
‘ˆ’Žƒ–‡•Ǥ
ͺͲ
ͷŠƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—••‡ –‹‘•ˆ‹š‡†–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰
‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ†’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ”–•ƒ†‡‘ˆ
‘‹ ‘ Ǥ‘–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•‡–•‡ –‹‘•ŠƒŽŽ„‡–‘ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡–Š‡
‘ ‘”‡ †‡‡’Ž› ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ –‘ „‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ †‡• ”‹„‡ –Š‡ ‡ˆǦ
ˆ‡ –•ƒ†‡ Šƒ‹••†—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ǤŠ‹•‹• ”— ‹ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–
—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒǦ
–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ƒ– –Š‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ’Žƒ–‡• ƒ† „—– ƒŽ•‘ ƒ– –Š‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ
‘’Ž‡š ‘’‘‡–•Ǥ ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤͳ ‰‹˜‡• ƒ ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ Š‘™ –Š‡ •‹‰Ž‡
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘‡–Š‘†•‹–‡”ƒ ––‘ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ ‘Ǧ
‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ
Figure 5.1:
Approach of this thesis
ͷǤͳŠƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ”‹ –‹‘
‡•‹†‡• ‰”ƒ˜‹–›ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –™‘ ˆ‘” ‡• ˆ‹šƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ‘ †—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ
‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ ‡ ‹• –Š‡ Š›†”‘•–ƒ–‹ ’”‡••—”‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† „› –Š‡ ’”‡••ǡ „—–
–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†„›–Š‡‹ ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤŠ‡‘–Š‡”‹•–Š‡ƒ––”ƒ –‹‘ˆ‘” ‡
ƒ’’Ž‹‡†„›–Š‡‘’–‹‘ƒŽƒ‰‡–•Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ„‘–Šƒ –•†‹”‡ –Ž›ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡
†‹”‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ˆ‘” ‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† „› –Š‡ ˆŽ‘™‹‰ Ǥ ”‹ Ǧ
ͺͳ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
–‹‘ ‹• ‡‡†‡† –‘ –”ƒ•ˆ‡” –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ˆ”‹ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡
‘ ƒ†‘Ž†Šƒ•–‘„‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†‹†‡–ƒ‹ŽǤ
Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•ǡ –Šƒ– ‘—Ž† ’‘••‹„Ž› ƒˆˆ‡ – –Š‡ ˆ”‹ –‹‘
‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–• ˆ‘” •–ƒ–‹ ˆ”‹ –‹‘ ୗ୲ ƒ† †›ƒ‹ ˆ”‹ –‹‘ ୈ୷ ‘ˆ ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ––Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆƒ‘Ž†ǣ
x ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
x ‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž‘”’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ”–‘ˆ‹„‡”†‹”‡ –‹‘
x ‘–‡–‘ˆˆ‹ŽŽ‡”•ǡŽ‹‡ƒ‰‡–‹–‡
ͷǤͳǤͳ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›
Š‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹‡ƒ•—”‹‰–Š‡ˆ”‹ –‹‘‘ˆ’‘Ž›‡”•ȋ ͺʹͻͷȏͳͶ͵ȐȌ‹•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†‘Ž›ƒ–”‘‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ‹ ‘–”ƒ•––‘–Š‡
‡”‹ ƒ •–ƒ†ƒ”† ȋ ͳͺͻͶǦͳͶ ȏͳͶͶȐȌǤ Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ’”‘ ‡Ǧ
†—”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡ƒ’’ƒ”ƒ–—•‘ˆ–›’‡2810-005„›
Instron,™‡”‡„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•†‡• ”‹„‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–‘
Ž‘•‡Ž›ˆ‹– ‘†‹–‹‘•†—”‹‰†”ƒ’‹‰ƒ† ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ
‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‹ –‹‘’ƒ‹”‹•ƒŠ‡ƒ–ƒ„Ž‡’Žƒ–‡‘ˆƒŽ—‹—Ǥ •‘–Š‡”
‹ ™‡‹‰Š–Ȍ „›
’ƒ”– ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹• ˆ‹š‡† —†‡”‡ƒ–Š ƒ •Ž‡† ȋ
–Š‡ Š‡Ž’ ‘ˆ †‘—„Ž‡Ǧˆƒ ‡† ƒ†Š‡•‹˜‡ –ƒ’‡ ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡ ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤʹȌǤ Š‡”‡Ǧ
ˆ‘”‡ǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•™‡”‡’”‘†— ‡†Ǥ•”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ƒ
„ƒ•‡† ‘ ȋˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ǣ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ͳ ‹ ƒ„Ž‡ ͺǤ͸ ‘ ’ƒ‰‡ ͳͶ͵Ȍ
ƒ†ƒ „ƒ•‡†‘ ȋƒ„Ž‡ͺǤ͵‘’ƒ‰‡ͳͶͲȌƒ”‡—•‡†Ǥ††‹–‹‘Ǧ
ƒŽŽ›ǡ Ǧ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡– ™‡”‡
ǡ
ƒ†
ȌǤ ŽŽ „ƒ•‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•
’”‘†— ‡† ȋ ǡ ǡ
™‡”‡–Š‡•–‘”‡†ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘–Š•ƒ–
–‘•—”‡Ž›ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ƒ•–ƒ„Ž‡
Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡™‹–Š‘—–•–ƒ”–‹‰–Š‡”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ’‘Ž›‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡„ƒ•‡†ƒǦ
ƒ†•–‘”‡†ˆ‘”‡Ž‡˜‡†ƒ›•
–‡”‹ƒŽ™ƒ•–Š‹ ‡‡†ˆ‘”–Š”‡‡†ƒ›•ƒ–
„‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–Ǥ Š‡ •ƒ’Ž‡ •‹œ‡ ‹•
‹ ˆ‹„‡”
ƒ–
’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ”–‘‹–ǤŠ‡ˆ‹„‡”†‹”‡ –‹‘‹•ƒ ‘”†Ǧ
†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒ†
‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ –‡•–‹‰ †‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‹ ”‹ Š •—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ’Ž‡ ™ƒ•
’Žƒ ‡†–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‘–Š‡”ˆ”‹ –‹‘’ƒ”–‡”Ǥ
ͺʹ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ”‹ –‹‘
Š‡ •Ž‡† ‹• ‘‡ –‡† „› ƒ ƒ„Ž‡ ˜‹ƒ ƒ ’—ŽŽ‡› ™‹–Š ƒ Ž‘ƒ† ‡ŽŽ ‘ˆ
Ǥ
‘”†‹‰ –‘ ͺʹͻͷ ȏͳͶ͵Ȑǡ –Š‡ ƒ„Ž‡ •Š‘—Ž† ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‡ ƒ •’”‹‰ǡ
™Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‹ ˆ”‹ –‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ǥ Š‹• ‘’‡•ƒ–‡• –Š‡
‹‡”–‹ƒ‘ˆƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡•Ž‡†ǤŠ‡‡ƒ•—”‹‰–Š‡†›ƒ‹ ˆ”‹ –‹‘ ‘‡ˆǦ
ˆ‹ ‹‡–ǡ –Š‡ ‘‡ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ •Ž‡† ƒ† Ž‘ƒ† ‡ŽŽ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ”‹‰‹† –‘
”‡†— ‡•Ž‹’•–‹ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ‡•‹‰‹‰–Š‡’”‘ ‡••—•‹‰ ୗ୲ ‘—Ž†Ž‡ƒ†–‘
ƒ Žƒ„‹Ž‡ ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—Ǥ Š‡ •–ƒ–‹ ˆ”‹ –‹‘ ‘—Ž† „‡ ‘˜‡” ‘‡ „› ˆ‘” ‡
’‡ƒ•†—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ƒ‘ ‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ
–Š‡ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡– ™‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ •–‘’’ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ • –Š‡ ‘—– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Ǧ
˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘• †‡• ”‹„‡† Š‡”‡ •Š‘—Ž† •‡”˜‡ ƒ• ‹’—– –‘ †‡•‹‰ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘
‡ Šƒ‹••ǡƒ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž•ƒˆ‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹•’”‡ˆ‡””‡†ǤŠ—•ǡ
–Š‡ ˆ‘ —• ‹• •‡– –‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ –Š‡ †›ƒ‹ ˆ”‹ –‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ୈ୷ Ǥ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ƒ ”‹‰‹† •–‡‡Ž ƒ„Ž‡ ‹• —•‡†Ǥ Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ
™Š‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‡ ‹• „—‹Ž– —’ǡ ‹• †‹•’Žƒ›‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ’Š•ǡ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••Ǥ
‡”‡„›ǡ‹–—•–„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ǡ–Šƒ–’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›‘ —””‹‰’‡ƒ•‹–Š‡
ˆ”‹ –‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡† „› –Š‡ ‹‡”–‹ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •Ž‡†Ǥ
ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‹ ˆ”‹ –‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–™‹ŽŽ„‡‘‹––‡†‘„˜‹‘—•Ž›Ǥ
‘ ’‡”ˆ‘” ƒ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–ǡ –Š‡ •Ž‡† ‹• ‡“—‹’’‡† ™‹–Š ‘ ƒ†
–‘
’Žƒ ‡† ‘ –Š‡ ƒŽ—‹— –ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ •Ž‡† ‹• –Š‡ ’—ŽŽ‡† –‘
‘˜‡” ‘‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„›‹•ƒŽ‹‰‡†’Žƒ ‡‡–Ǥˆ–‡”ƒ–‘–ƒŽ
„‡–™‡‡‘ ƒ†ƒŽ—‹—ǡ–Š‡‡ƒ•—”‡‡–
‘–ƒ ––‹‡‘ˆ
‹••–ƒ”–‡†Ǥ
Š‡ ‘–‹‘ ‹†— ‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ”‹ –‹‘ ’”‘ ‡•• ‹• •‡– –‘
ƒ†
”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† „› ƒ —‹˜‡”•ƒŽ –‡•–‹‰ ƒ Š‹‡Ǥ Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– ‹• •–‘’’‡†
Ǥƒ Š‡š’‡”‹‡–‹•”‡’‡ƒ–‡†ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ˆ‹˜‡
ƒˆ–‡”ƒ‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ
–‹‡•Ǥ
ͺ͵
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
Figure 5.2:
Test stand to characterize friction between CoFRTS and mold
Š‡†›ƒ‹ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆˆ”‹ –‹‘ ୈ୷ ‹• ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ȏͳͶ͵Ȑ
—•‹‰–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǣ
ிీ౯
ୈ୷
஽௬
ி౦
௣
(5-1)
™Š‡”‡–Š‡†›ƒ‹ ˆ”‹ –‹‘ƒŽˆ‘” ‡ ୈ୷ ‹•–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ˆ‘” ‡„‡–™‡‡ ȏͳͶ͵ȐǤŠ‡‘”ƒŽˆ‘” ‡ ୮ ‹• ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ
ƒ†
•Ž‡†ǡƒ†Š‡•‹˜‡–ƒ’‡ƒ†’”‡’”‡‰—•‹‰‡ƒ”–Š‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘
–‘
Ǥ‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡™‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡’”‡‰ƒ”‡•ƒŽŽ ‘’ƒ”‡†
ƒ†ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‡‰Ž‡ –‡†Ǥ
–‘–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡•Ž‹†‡ȋ
ͷǤͳǤʹ ‡•—Ž–•ƒ†‹• —••‹‘
”‹ –‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‡ –‘ †‹•–ƒ ‡ †‹ƒ‰”ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‡
•Š‘™ ‹ ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤ͵ ˆ‘” –Š”‡‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ƒ† –™‘ ”‡•‹
•›•–‡•Ǥ Š‡ †ƒ” Ž‹‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–• –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•Ǥ
Š‡„”‹‰Š–ƒ”‡ƒƒ”‘—†‹–†‹•’Žƒ›•–Š‡•–ƒ†ƒ”††‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
ͺͶ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ”‹ –‹‘
„˜‹‘—•‹•–Š‡•–”‘‰–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‡’‡†‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹‰‡Ǧ
‡”ƒŽǤǦ‘ •Š‘™••Ž‹’•–‹ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘Ž›ƒ–”‘‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘”
ƒ– Ž‘‰ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– †‹•–ƒ ‡• ȋ ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤ͵ ȋ–‘’ǡ Ž‡ˆ–Ȍ ƒ† ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤͷȌǤ
‘” Ǧ‘ –Š‹• „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‹• ‘Ž› ˜‹•‹„Ž‡ ƒ– ƒ ƒŽ—‹— –ƒ„Ž‡
ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͵Ǥȋ‹††Ž‡ǡ”‹‰Š–ȌȌǤ
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ
Š‡ ˜‹‡™‹‰ –Š‡ ‡Žƒ”‰‡† „‡‰‹‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —”˜‡• ȋ ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤ͵Ȍǡ –Š‡
‡š’‡ –‡† ’‡ƒ ‹ ˆ”‹ –‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‡ǡ †‡–‡”‹‹‰ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‹ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‘ˆ
ˆ”‹ –‹‘ ୗ୲ ǡ ‹• ˜‡”› ’”‘‘— ‡† ˆ‘” „ƒ•‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘” Ǧ
‘ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ’‡ƒǡ ‡š ‡’– ˆ‘” ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• ƒ– ”‘‘ –‡’‡”ƒǦ
–—”‡Ǥ
—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘‹‰ ’”‘ ‡†—”‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ǡ –Š‡ ƒ„Ž‡ ‹• ’”‡Ǧ
‡šǦ
Ž‘ƒ†‡† ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ •Ž‡† •–ƒ†• •–‹ŽŽ —–‹Ž ƒ –‘–ƒŽ ‘–ƒ – –‹‡ ‘ˆ
’‹”‡•ƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ•—”‡‡–‹••–ƒ”–‡†Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡ˆ”‹ –‹‘ƒŽˆ‘” ‡‘ˆ
Ǧ‘ •–ƒ”–• ƒ– ƒ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ˜ƒŽ—‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š †‡• ”‹„‡• –Š‡ ’”‡Ž‘ƒ†‡†
•›•–‡ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͵ǡŽ‡ˆ–ȌǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•ˆ‘” „ƒ•‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ˜‹• ‘‡Žƒ•–‹ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ƒ „‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• †‡’‡†‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ –
”‘‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹–„‡Šƒ˜‡•‡Žƒ•–‹ ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͵ȋ–‘’ǡ”‹‰Š–ȌȌǡƒ–
–Š‡„‡Šƒ˜Ǧ
‹–„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—•˜‹• ‘—•ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͵ȋ„‘––‘ǡ”‹‰Š–ȌȌǤ ‘”
‹‘”‹•˜‹• ‘‡Žƒ•–‹ ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͵ȋ‹††Ž‡ǡ”‹‰Š–ȌȌǤ
ͺͷ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
„ƒ•‡†‘ ‘
ƒŽ—‹—ƒ–ʹͳι
„ƒ•‡†‘ ‘
ƒŽ—‹—ƒ–ʹͳι
ˆ”‹ –‹‘ƒŽˆ‘” ‡‹
ˆ”‹ –‹‘ƒŽˆ‘” ‡‹
†‹•–ƒ ‡‹
†‹•–ƒ ‡‹
„ƒ•‡†‘ ‘
ƒŽ—‹—ƒ–ͺͲι
„ƒ•‡†‘ ‘
ƒŽ—‹—ƒ–ͺͲι
ˆ”‹ –‹‘ƒŽˆ‘” ‡‹
ˆ”‹ –‹‘ƒŽˆ‘” ‡‹
†‹•–ƒ ‡‹
†‹•–ƒ ‡‹
„ƒ•‡†‘ ‘
ƒŽ—‹—ƒ–ͳͷͲι
†‹•–ƒ ‡‹
Figure 5.3:
ͺ͸
„ƒ•‡†‘ ‘
ƒŽ—‹—ƒ–ͳͷͲι
ˆ”‹ –‹‘ƒŽˆ‘” ‡‹
ˆ”‹ –‹‘ƒŽˆ‘” ‡‹
†‹•–ƒ ‡‹
Frictional force of the reference materials on aluminum
at different temperatures
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ”‹ –‹‘
Š‡†›ƒ‹ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆˆ”‹ –‹‘‹• ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†—•‹‰ ‘”—ŽƒȋͷǦͳȌˆ‘”
Ǧƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ȏͳͶ͵Ȑǡ •‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤͶǡ Ž‡ˆ–Ǥ ‘” Ǧ
‘ ‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡– –Š‡”‡•—Ž–•ƒ”‡•Š‘™‹ ‹‰—Ǧ
”‡ͷǤͶǡ”‹‰Š–Ǥ‘†‡•‹‰ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ‘ ‡’–•‹•‹†‡ƒ‘Ž†ǡ ୈ୷୙୔୔ୌ ƒ„‡
‡š’”‡••‡†ƒ•ƒˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ ǣ
ୈ୷୙୔୔ୌ
ோబ ఝ
ୈ୷୙୔୔ୌ଴
(5-2)
™‹–Šǣ
ୈ୷୙୔୔ୌ଴
଴
ଶ
„ƒ•‡†‘ ǡ
‘ƒ‰‡–‹–‡
P›
P›
„ƒ•‡†‘ ‘
ƒŽ—‹—ƒ–ͳͷͲι
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ι
Figure 5.4:
M‹˜‘ŽǤǦΨ
Dynamic friction coefficient of UPPH based CoFRTS
left: Influence of temperature
right: Influence of magnetite content
Š‡ˆ”‹ –‹‘ƒŽˆ‘” ‡‘ˆǦ‘ ‹•‘– ‘•–ƒ–™‹–Š‹–Š‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘
Ȍˆ‘”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͵ȌǤ
”ƒ‰‡ȋ –‘
Š‹•‹•’”‘„ƒ„Ž› ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡ƒŒ‘”†”‘’‹˜‹• ‘•‹–›ǡ™Š‹ Š‹• Šƒ”ƒ Ǧ
–‡”‹•–‹ ˆ‘”‰–Š‹ ‡‡†”‡•‹•›•–‡•ǤŠ‡Ž—„”‹ ƒ–Žƒ›‡”•‡”˜‡•ƒ•
•Ž‹†‹‰ˆ‹Žƒ†”‡†— ‡•–Š‡ˆ”‹ –‹‘Ǥ‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‹•‡ˆˆ‡ ––Š‡–‘–ƒŽ
ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤͷȌǤ
‡ƒ•—”‹‰ Ž‡‰–Š ™ƒ• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ˆ”‘ –‘
–Š‡ˆ”‹ –‹‘ƒŽˆ‘” ‡ ‘˜‡”‰‡•ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘”ƒ‰‡
–
ͺ͹
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
‹• Šƒ‰‡†ȋ –‘
Ȍˆ‘””‡•‹••›•–‡ƒ–‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡†–‡’‡”ƒǦ
–—”‡•Ǥ Š‡ •‘ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡† †›ƒ‹ ˆ”‹ –‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ˆ‘” „ƒ•‡†
ƒ–ƒ†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
Ǥ
‘ ‹• ୈ୷୙୔
ˆ”‹ –‹‘ƒŽˆ‘” ‡‹
†‹•–ƒ ‡‹
Figure 5.5:
Frictional force of UP based CoFRTS on aluminum at 150 °C
‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‹„‡” ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡ƒ•—”‡Ǧ
‡–•™‡”‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡–‡•–•’‡ ‹‡•™‡”‡ˆ‹š‡†™‹–Š
ˆ‹„‡” †‹”‡ –‹‘ ’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ” –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ †‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ ‘”†‹‰ –‘
‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͸–Š‡”‡‹•‘‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆˆ‹„‡”‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”„ƒ•‡†ƒ–‡Ǧ
”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘” Ǧ‘ –Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‹••ƒŽŽǤ
„ƒ•‡†
„ƒ•‡†
P
›
ƒ
ƒ
ˆ‹„‡”‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘‹†‡‰
Figure 5.6:
ͺͺ
Dynamic friction coefficient of CoFRTS on aluminum at 150 °C
influence of resin system and fiber orientation
‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽŠƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘
 •—ƒ”›ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‹ •›•–‡• ˆ”‹ –‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• •Š‘™ •–”‘‰ †‡Ǧ
’‡†‡ ›‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆˆ‹„‡”‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘‹••ƒŽŽ‘”
‡˜‡ ‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡Ǥ ‘ †‡•‹‰ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ‘ ‡’–•ǡ ୈ୷ ™ƒ• †‡–‡”‹‡†Ǥ ‘”
Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ୈ୷ ‹•†‡• ”‹„‡†ƒ•ƒˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹–‡
‘–‡– Ǥ
ͷǤʹ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽŠƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘
Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‘ ȋƒ„Ž‡ ͺǤ͵ ‘ ’ƒ‰‡
ͳͶͲȌ ‹• ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡† ‹ ”‡‰ƒ”† –‘ –™‘ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ „ƒ•‡†
‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘‹•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†™‹–Š
‘Ž† ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒ†•‘Ž‡Ž› ‘–‹Ǧ
‘’”‡••‹‘‘Ž†‡†’Žƒ–‡•‘ˆ
—‘—• Žƒ›‡” •–”— –—”‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘Ž†‹‰ ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”• ™‡”‡ •‡– ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘
Ǣ ‘Ž†‹‰
–Š‡ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”•ǯ †ƒ–ƒ •Š‡‡–• ȋ‘Ž† –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
Ǣ ‘Ž†‹‰ ’”‡••—”‡
Ǣ –Š‹ ‡•• ”‡Žƒ–‡†
˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›
ȌǤŠ‡•’‡ ‹‡’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‹•†‘‡„›–Š‡
‘Ž†‹‰–‹‡
Š‡Ž’‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”Œ‡– —––‹‰Ǥ–”‡‰–Šǡ•–‹ˆˆ‡••ƒ††— –‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
™‡”‡ †‡–‡”‹‡† ‹ ˆ‹„‡” †‹”‡ –‹‘ ȋ Ȍ ƒ† ’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ” –‘ ‹– ȋ Ȍ
„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Ž‘ƒ† ƒ•‡•ǣ
x ‡•‹‘ȋ ͷʹ͹ǦͷȏͳͳͺȐȌ
x ‘’”‡••‹‘ȋ ͳͶͳʹ͸ȏͳͶͷǡͳͶ͸ȐȌ
x ‡†‹‰ǡȋ ͳͶͳʹͷȏͳͶ͹ȐȌ
x ’ƒ –ȋ ͳ͹ͻǦͳȏͳͶͺȐȌ
Š‡”ƒ†ƒ”‰”ƒ’Š••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͹ƒ† ‹‰—”‡ͷǤͺ•—ƒ”‹œ‡–Š‡
‡ƒ•—”‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ǥ ‡”‡„›ǡƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”ͳ‹••‡–ƒ•”‡ˆ‡”Ǧ
ȌǤŠ‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”††‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”
‡ ‡ȋ
ƒ”‡‘–†‹•’Žƒ›‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–‘ˆ Žƒ”‹–›Ǥ‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–
•’‡ ‹‡‰‡‘‡–”›ƒ†—„‡”‘ˆ”‡’‡–‹–‹‘•ǡƒ„‘—––‡•–•‡––‹‰•ƒ†
ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡‹”†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡
ƒ‡šȋƒ„Ž‡ͺǤͶ‘’ƒ‰‡ͳͶͳȌǤ
ͺͻ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
Figure 5.7:
Comparison of UPPH CoFRTS to commercial CoFRTS
in fiber direction
 ˆ‹„‡” †‹”‡ –‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡• –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ
’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ˆ‘” ‡˜‡”› Ž‘ƒ† ƒ•‡ ‡š ‡’– ‘ˆ ‹’ƒ – •–”‡‰–Š ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡
ͷǤ͹ȌǤ Š‹• ‹• ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ƒ• –Š‡ ”‡•‹ ‹• ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡† „› ƒ Ž‘™Ǧ
ƒ”„‘ˆ‹„‡”‹ ‘–”ƒ•––‘–Š‡‘”‡‡š’‡•‹˜‡
ƒ”„‘
’”‹ ‡†
ˆ‹„‡” —•‡† ˆ‘” „‘–Š ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ •’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡
–‡•‹Ž‡ •–”‡‰–Š ‹• ‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰ǡ ‹ˆ ‘‡ ‘•‹†‡”• –Šƒ– –‡•‹Ž‡ •–”‡‰–Š
ƒ† ‘†—Ž—• ‹ †‹”‡ –‹‘ ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘ „‡ †‘‹ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡
‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹„‡”ǡ ƒ• ‹– ‹• ™‹†‡Ž› ”‡Ǧ
’‘”–‡† ȏͳͶͻȂͳͷͶȐǤ  ’—”•—‹– ‘ˆ –Š‹• Ž‘‰‹ ǡ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹ ˆ‹„‡” ‘Ǧ
–‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ •Š‘™ ‹ ƒ„Ž‡ ͷǤͳ ™‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‡š’Žƒ‹ –Š‡
•—’‡”‹‘” ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ ǡ „—– ‘– –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ „‡Ǧ
–™‡‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”ͳƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”ʹǤ
Table 5.1:
Material
ƒ—ˆƒ Ǥͳ
ƒ—ˆƒ Ǥʹ
ͻͲ
Fiber weight content of the CoFRTS materials
Fiber content
‹
͸Ͳ
ͷͷ
͸ͶǤʹάʹǤ͹
Measuring
method
Source
ͳͳ͹ʹ
†ƒ–ƒ•Š‡‡–
‘–•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†
†ƒ–ƒ•Š‡‡–
ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ȏͳͷͷȐ ͳͺ•’‡ ‹‡•
‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽŠƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘
‘”‡ ”‡ ‡– Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ȏͳͷ͸Ȑ ”‡’‘”–•ǡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ –‡•‹Ž‡ •–”‡‰–Š ‘ˆ
‘ ‹•†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–”‹šǯ•‡Ž‘‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ–„”‡ƒǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ˆ‘”ƒ
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ –‡•‹Ž‡ •–”‡••Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ƒ—•‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ‹•‘–”‘’› ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒ”„‘ˆ‹„‡”ǤŠ‡ˆ‹„‡”•Š‘™••‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘”†‡”•‘ˆƒ‰‹–—†‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹
•–”‡‰–Šǡ ™Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž ‘” ’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ” –‘ ˆ‹„‡” †‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ
Š‡’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ”•–”‡‰–Š‹•‘Ž›–™‘–‘–Š”‡‡–‹‡•Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡
•–”‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‹Ǥ Š—•ǡ ƒ ”ƒ  ‹ –Š‡ ƒ–”‹š ™‹ŽŽ ‘– •–‘’ ƒ– –Š‡
‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ ƒ† –‡ƒ” –Š‡ ˆ‹„‡” ȏͳͷ͸ȐǤ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ ƒ–”‹š ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•
•Š‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†Ǥ‹–Š‹–Š‹•™‘”–Š‹•‹•ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†„›‡ƒ•Ǧ
—”‡‡–•’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ”–‘ˆ‹„‡”†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‹•
•Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤͺǤ
Figure 5.8:
Comparison of UPPH CoFRTS to commercial CoFRTS
perpendicular to fiber direction

†‹”‡ –‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‘ •Š‘™• –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ
’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ˆ‘”‡ƒ ŠŽ‘ƒ† ƒ•‡ǤŠ‡Šƒ”’›‹’ƒ –•–”‡‰–Š‹•‘”‡–Šƒ
–™‘–‹‡•Š‹‰Š‡” ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘„‘–Š ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ•›•–‡•Ǥ
‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡‹•–Š‡†‹• ”‡’ƒ ›‹–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”ͳ–‘
Š‹‰Š‡”˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”ʹ‹ †‹”‡ Ǧ
ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”ʹǤŠ‡
Ž‘™‡”
–‹‘ ƒ‡‹–Š‡”„‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†„›ˆ‹„‡” ‘–‡–ȋ™Š‹ Š‹•
ͻͳ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
–Šƒ ˆ‘” ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡” ͳȌ ‘” „› –Š‡ ƒ–”‹š †‘‹ƒ–‡† ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‹
†‹”‡ –‹‘ȋ
Ž‘™‡”–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Š ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”
ͳȌǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘—•–„‡•‡ƒ” Š‡†ˆ‘”‹–Š‡ ƒ”„‘ˆ‹„‡”ƒ†•‹œ‹‰
’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”ʹǤˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡‡šƒ ––›’‡‘ˆˆ‹„‡”‹•
—‘™ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ•›•–‡•Ǥ‘–Š‹• ‘•’‹ —‘—•‡•• ƒ‘–
„‡‡šƒ‹‡†‘”‡–Š‘”‘—‰ŠŽ›Ǥ
††‹‰ ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ •Š‘™ ‹ ƒ„Ž‡ ͺǤ͵ ƒŽŽ‘™• –Š‡
‘ –‘„‡Šƒ˜‡ˆ‡””‹ƒ‰‡–‹ ǡ„—––Š‹•™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘ƒˆˆ‡ ––Š‡‡ Šƒ‹Ǧ
ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–”‹šǤ ‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‹• „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ Ǧ
ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡–™‡”‡—•‡†–‘’”‘†— ‡ ‘Ǧ
Ǣ ‘Ž†
–‹—‘—• ƒ”„‘ ˆ‹„‡” ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡† ’Žƒ–‡• ȋ‘Ž† ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
Ǣ ‘Ž†‹‰ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›
Ǣ ‘Ž†‹‰ ’”‡••—”‡
Ǣ ‘Ž†‹‰ –‹‡
ȌǤ ’‡ ‹‡• ȋŽα
Ǣ „α
Ǣ
Ȍ™‡”‡ —–„›™ƒ–‡”Œ‡–ƒ†–‡•–‡†’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ”–‘ˆ‹„‡”†‹”‡ Ǧ
Šα
Ǣ
–‹‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ͷʹ͹Ǧͷ ȏͳͷ͹Ȑ ȋ–‡•–‹‰ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›α
Ǣ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– Ž‡‰–ŠαͳͲͲ
ȌǤ Š‡ ”‡Ǧ
Žƒ’‹‰ †‹•–ƒ ‡α
•—Ž–•ƒ”‡•Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤͻǤ
–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Š
Ž‹‡ƒ”ˆ‹–
‘—‰̵•‘†—Ž—•
‡Ž‘‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ––‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Š
Ž‹‡ƒ”ˆ‹–
ͻʹ
ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡–‹’Š”
Figure 5.9:
‡Ž‘‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ––‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰Š–‹Ψ
‘—‰̵•‘†—Ž—•‹ ƒ
–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Š‹ƒ
Influence of magnetite content on tensile properties, 90 °
ƒ‰‡–‹ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘
‘”ƒŠ‹‰Šƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡–‘ˆ
ǡ–Š‡–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Š‹
ǡ –Š‡ ‘—‰ǯ• ‘†—Ž—• ”‹•‡• „›
ƒ† –Š‡
†‹”‡ –‹‘ †”‘’• „›
Ǥ ‘ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ Ž‡ƒ” †‡Ǧ
‡Ž‘‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ– –‡•‹Ž‡ •–”‡‰–Š †”‘’• „›
’‡†‡ ›‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡––‘‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǤŠ‹•†‡’‡†Ǧ
Ȍ ƒ†
‡ › ‹• ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† ‡ƒ” Ž‹‡ƒ” ˆ‘” –‡•‹Ž‡ •–”‡‰–Š ȋ
ȌǤ ‘”–Š‡‘—‰ǯ•‘†—Ž—•–Š‡
‡Ž‘‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ––‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Šȋ
†‡’‡†‡ ›‹•‘–”‹˜‹ƒŽ„—–’‘•‹–‹˜‡ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ˆ‘”ƒ‘—–•Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ
‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹–‡Ǥ
‘ ‘ Ž—†‡ǡ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‘ †‡Ž‹˜‡”• „‡•– ‹ Žƒ•• ‡Ǧ
Šƒ‹ ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽǦƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ‡˜‡—•‹‰
ƒ Ž‘™Ǧ’”‹ ‡† ƒ”„‘ ˆ‹„‡”Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š ƒ††‡† ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡• –Š‡
‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–”‹šǡ –Š‡ ‹’ƒ – ‹ ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‹•
•ƒŽŽ ˆ‘” Ž‘™ ƒ‘—–• ‘ˆ ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ƒ† ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ƒ „‡ ’”‡Ǧ
†‹ –‡†Ǥ
 ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘• ™‡”‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† –‘ ‘’ƒ”‡ –Š‡ Ǧ
‘ –‘’‘š›„ƒ•‡†’”‡’”‡‰•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡‘”†‹ƒ”‹Ž› ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•ƒ
Š‹‰Š‡” Žƒ••‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŠƒ˜‹‰Š‹‰Š”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘•–•ȏͳͷͺȐǤŠ‡‘—–Ǧ
‘‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ȏͳ͹ȐǤ –†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–
–Š‡ ‘ ”‡ƒ Š‡•–Š‡•ƒ‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‹‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǡ
‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ‡’‘š› „ƒ•‡† •›•–‡• —•‹‰ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ”„‘ ˆ‹„‡”Ǥ ŽŽ
–Š‡•‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ‹” –Š‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ†‡ —’ ˆ‘” ˆ‘”Ǧ
—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‘ ‡••†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
ͷǤ͵ƒ‰‡–‹ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘
• –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ „ƒ•‹• –‘ ’”‡†‹ – –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‡ǡ –Š‡ †‡˜‡ŽǦ
‘’‡†‘ Šƒ•–‘„‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰‹–•ƒ‰‡–‹ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•
‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡– ƒ† –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ‡ƒ•Ǧ
—”‡‡–• ™‹–Š ƒ –›’‡ MPMS3 ƒ– LOT-QuantumDesign GmbH ‹
Š‡‹‰Š– ƒ†
‹
ƒ”•–ƒ†– ƒ”‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡†Ǥ ƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ
†‹ƒ‡–‡” ƒ”‡ —– „› ™ƒ–‡” Œ‡–Ǥ ˆ–‡”™ƒ”†• –Š‡ •ƒ’Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ‹ŽŽ‡† –‘
’‘™†‡”—•‹‰ƒ ‡–”‹ˆ—‰ƒŽ‹ŽŽ–›’‡ZM 100’”‘†— ‡†„›RetschǤŠ‡ǡ
‹•ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†‹–‘ƒ•’‡ ‹‡Š‘Ž†‡”Ǥƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡– ƒˆ”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ
ͻ͵
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
‹
ƒ† ˆ‹„‡” ‘–‡– ‹
ƒ”‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡† ƒ– –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ
‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ’Žƒ–‡ǡ †ƒ–ƒ
”‡ –ƒ‰—Žƒ” •ƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ
•Š‡‡–˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ†’”‘ ‡••‹‰’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•Ǥ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ƒ„‘—––Š‡•’‡ Ǧ
‹‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†‹–Š‹••‡ –‹‘ ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡‡šȋƒ„Ž‡ͺǤͷ‘
’ƒ‰‡ͳͶʹȌǤ
‡•‹†‡–Š‡‡™ƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘ —”˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ǡ–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆƒ‰Ǧ
‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡– ǡ ’”‘ ‡•• –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ ƒ† ”‡ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘
ƒ—•‡†„›’”‡˜‹‘—•’”‘ ‡•••–‡’•ƒ”‡‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–ǤŠ—•ǡ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•
‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ Š›•–‡”‡•‹•ƒ”‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ƒ–ƒƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•–”‡‰–Š ƒ––Š”‡‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š‘ —”‹ŠƒǦ
‘ˆ
†Ž‹‰ǡ†”ƒ’‹‰‘”‘Ž†‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǣ
x
x
ˆ‘”Šƒ†Ž‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ƒ–”‘‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
ˆ‘” †”ƒ’‹‰ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ• –Š‡ †”ƒ’‹‰ ‘Ž†ǦŠƒŽˆ ‹•
Š‡ƒ–‡†–‘
x
ˆ‘” ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ• –Š‹• –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• –Š‡ Ž‹‹– ‘ˆ
–Š‡‡ƒ•—”‹‰†‡˜‹ ‡ǤŠ‡ ‘’”‡••‹‘‘Ž†‹•Š‡ƒ–‡†—’–‘
‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ –Š‡ •’‡ ‹‡ ‹•
‡—–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ȏͺͳȐ„›ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ƒ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‰ƒ††‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰
ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ
Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‡” ‹˜‹–› ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– ƒ „‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ ƒ„Ž‡ ͷǤʹ
ƒ† ‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳͲǤ
Table 5.2:
‹
ͺǤ͹
ͷǤ͸
͵Ǥͳ
Ͳ
ͻͶ
Values of the coercivity HC for different temperatures and
magnetite content
۱
۱
‹
ͳǤͳ
Ǥ͸͹
ǤͶͳ
ǤͲͲ͸͵
۱
‹
Ǥͺ͹
Ǥͷ͹
Ǥ͵ͳ
ǤͲͲͷͶ
‹
Ǥ͸ͺ
ǤͶͶ
Ǥʹ͵
ǤͲͲͶ͹
ƒ‰‡–‹ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘
Figure 5.10: Coercivity as a function of temperature and magnetite content
‘”ƒ ™‹–Š‘—–ƒ‰‡–‹–‡–Š‡ ‘‡” ‹˜‹–›‹•‡ƒ”œ‡”‘Ǥ େ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•
™‹–Š”‹•‹‰ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡–ƒ† େ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•™‹–Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–‡Ǧ
’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† ‘‡” ‹˜‹–› ‹• Ž‘™ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡
ƒ’’Ž‹‡†ˆ‹‡Ž†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ ‘”†‹‰Ž›ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰ƒ‰‡–‹Ǧ
œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘ ƒ—•‡†„›†”ƒ’‹‰‘”ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡Ž‘™ƒ†‹•
–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‡‰Ž‡ –‡†ǤŠ—•ǡ‘Ž›–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘ —”˜‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡
‘•‹†‡”‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Ǥ
Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ —”˜‡ ‘ˆ ‘ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰
„‘ˆ‹„‡”•™‹–Š‘—–ƒ‰‡–‹–‡‹••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳͳǤ
‘ˆ ƒ”Ǧ
ͻͷ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
ȋMαͲǡαʹͳιȌ
ȋMαͲǡα͹ͺιȌ
ȋMαͲǡαͳʹ͹ιȌ
(
’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‹
(
(
(
(
(
ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•–”‡‰Š– ‹Ȁ
Figure 5.11: Initial polarization of FRP without magnetite
Š‡ ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ™‹–Š †‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ ‘”
ିହ
–Š‡ •ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘ ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ ୱ ‹• ‡“—ƒŽ –‘
Ǥ Š‡
˜ƒŽ—‡ˆ‘” ୱ ‹•’‘•‹–‹˜‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ”‡‰ƒ”†‡†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ
Š‹• ‡ƒ• ‹ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ˆ‘” –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ
‘ ‹•‘–†‹ƒƒ‰‡–‹ ǤŠ‹•‹•‘–‡š’‡ –‡†ƒ•Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡†‡• ”‹„‡•
’‘Ž›‡”•ƒ•‡—–”ƒŽȏͳͷͻǡͳ͸ͲȐ‹ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•ƒ† ƒ”„‘ˆ‹„‡”•ƒ•
†‹ƒƒ‰‡–‹ ȏͺͻǡͻͲȐǤŠ‡†‹• ”‡’ƒ › ‘—Ž†„‡„ƒ•‡†‹ ‘–ƒ‹ƒ–•
•— Š ƒ• ‡–ƒŽŽ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ‹–”‘†— ‡† „› ƒ„”ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡“—‹’‡–
—•‡† ˆ‘” ‹š‹‰ǡ ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘Ž†‹‰ ƒ† ‹ŽŽ‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ
–‹ŽŽ ୱ ‹••ƒŽŽ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ƒ‰‡–‹–‡Ǥ
Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ —”˜‡• ‘ˆ ‘ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ƒ”‡
•Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳʹǤ
ͻ͸
‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹ ”‘’‡”–‹‡•
ȋMαͺǤ͹Ȍ
ȋMαͷǤ͸Ȍ
ȋMα͵ǤͳȌ
αʹͳι
α͹ͺι
αͳʹ͹ι
’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‹
αʹͳι
α͹ͺι
αͳʹ͹ι
αʹͳι
α͹ͺι
αͳʹ͹ι
ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•–”‡‰Š– ‹Ȁ
Figure 5.12: Initial polarization of FRP containing magnetite
Š‡•ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰™‹–Š”‹•‹‰ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡–
ƒ† †‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ™‹–Š ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• ƒ”‡
’Žƒ—•‹„Ž‡ƒ†™‹ŽŽ„‡—•‡†–‘‘†‡Ž–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‹ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Ǥ
ͷǤͶ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹ ”‘’‡”–‹‡•
‘†‡ˆ‹‡ƒ‘ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ„Ž‡–‘™‹–Š•–ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‘” ‡•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†„›
‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ ˆ‘” ƒ ƒ –—ƒŽ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŠƒ˜‡–‘„‡’”‡†‹ –ƒ„Ž‡ƒ•ƒˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ‡š–‡”ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†ǡƒ‰‡–Ǧ
‹–‡ ‘–‡–ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ“—ƒ–‹‘ȋ͵Ǧ͵Ȍ™ƒ•—•‡†‹–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•
Šƒ’–‡” –‘ †‹‡•‹‘ –Š‡ ‡“—‹’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• Šƒ‹Ǥ Š‹• Ž‹‡ƒ”
‘†‡Ž ‘•‹†‡”•–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡–ƒ†‹•„ƒ•‡†‘–™‘‡ƒ•—”‡Ǧ
ƒ†
Ǥ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳ͵
‡–•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ’—”‡ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ƒ–
ȋŽ‡ˆ–Ȍ †‹•’Žƒ›• –Š‡ ƒ– Š ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‘†‡Ž ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† ˜ƒŽ—‡• ƒ–
Š‡ ‘†‡Ž •Š‘™• –Š‡ •ƒ‡ —”˜‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ǡ „—– ‘˜‡”‡•–‹Ǧ
ͻ͹
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
ƒ–‡•Ǥ–ƒ”–‹‰ˆ”‘ƒ‡š–‡”ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ
–Š‡‘†‡Ž
ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ –Š”‡‡ ‹˜‡•–‰ƒ–‡† ƒ‰‡–‹–‡
•Š‘™• ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ ‡””‘” ‘ˆ
‘–‡–•Ǥ
 ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡’‹”‹ ‘†‡Ž™ƒ•‹–”‘†— ‡† ™‹–Š ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ȋ͵ǦͶȌǤ ‹Ǧ
‰—”‡ ͷǤͳ͵ ȋ”‹‰Š–Ȍ •Š‘™• ‹–• ƒ– Š ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•Ǥ ‰ƒ‹ –Š‡
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —”˜‡ ‹• ”‡’”‘†— ‡† ƒ —”ƒ–‡Ž› „—– –Š‹• –‹‡ –Š‡
‘†‡Ž‹•—†‡”‡•–‹ƒ–‹‰ǤŠ‡ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡‡””‘”‹•ƒŽ‘•– ‘•–ƒ–ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ
‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ ‡””‘” ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ™‹–Š †‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰
ˆ‘”
–‘
ˆ‘”
ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡–ˆ”‘
Ǥ
ȋMαͺǤ͹Ȍ
‘†ȋMαͺǤ͹Ȍ
”‡ŽǤ‡””Ǥ ‘†ȋMαͺǤ͹Ȍ
ȋMαͺǤ͹Ȍ
ͲͷȋMαͺǤ͹Ȍ
”‡ŽǤ‡””Ǥ ͲͷȋMαͺǤ͹Ȍ
ȋMαͷǤ͸Ȍ
‘†ȋMαͷǤ͸Ȍ
”‡ŽǤ‡””Ǥ ‘†ȋMαͷǤ͸Ȍ
ȋMαͷǤ͸Ȍ
ͲͷȋMαͷǤ͸Ȍ
”‡ŽǤ‡””Ǥ ͲͷȋMαͷǤ͸Ȍ
ȋMα͵ǤͳȌ
‘†ȋMα͵ǤͳȌ
”‡ŽǤ‡””Ǥ ‘†ȋMα͵ǤͳȌ
ȋMα͵ǤͳȌ
ͲͷȋMα͵ǤͳȌ
”‡ŽǤ‡””Ǥ ͲͷȋMα͵ǤͳȌ
’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‹
”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡‡””‘”‹Ψ
’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‹
ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•–”‡‰Š– ‹Ȁ
”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡‡””‘”‹Ψ
ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•–”‡‰Š– ‹Ȁ
Figure 5.13: Polarization prediction and measurement results for T=127 °C
left: Volume model based on equation (3-3)
right: Empiric model based on equation (3-4)
‘–Šǡ –Š‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ ‘†‡Ž ƒ† –Š‡ ‡’‹”‹ ‘†‡Žǡ †‡• ”‹„‡ –Š‡
†‡’‡ ›ˆ‘”ƒƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡–ˆ”‘œ‡”‘–‘
ƒ†ƒ”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†
„›‡ƒ•‘ˆ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•‘ˆ’—”‡ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡•Š‘™‹‰
ƒŠ‹‰Š”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡‡””‘”‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”•ƒŽŽƒ‰‡–‹–‡ƒ‘—–•Ǥ•–Š‡”‡‹•
ƒ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡– ‘ ‘ ǯ• –‘–ƒŽ †‡•‹–› ƒ†
‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǡ •Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ••ƒŽŽƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ––Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ
ͻͺ
‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹ ”‘’‡”–‹‡•
–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’‘—†ƒƒ†ƒ’–‡†‘†‡Ž ƒ„‡
ˆ‘—†ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•‘”‡•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”•ƒŽŽƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡–•ǣ
ሺି஼మ ஜబ ுሻ
ଵ
(5-3)
‡”‡„›ǡ–Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ ‹• ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ
ƒ•‘”†‹ƒ”‹Ž›•—‰‰‡•–‡†„›
ȏͳ͵ͶȐǤ Ž‹‡ƒ” ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‹• ’Š›•‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘”‡ ’”‘ˆ‘—† ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ ”‡Ǧ
’‘”–‡† ‹ ȏͳʹ͵ȐǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ƒ Ž‹‡ƒ” „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ™ƒ• ‘„•‡”˜‡† ‹ –Š‡
’”‡•‡–‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳͶǡŽ‡ˆ–ȌǤ
‘ —•‡ ƒ ƒš‹— —„‡” ‘ˆ ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ’‘‹–• ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‘•–ƒ–• ଵ ƒ† ଶ ǡ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–•“—ƒ”‡ˆ‹–‹•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡
ǡ ƒ†
ƒ–ƒ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”
ǤŠ—•ǡ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȋͷǦ͵Ȍ”‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡•–‘ǣ
‘ˆ
ଵ
ሺି஼మ ஜబ ுሻ
(5-4)
™‹–Šǣ
ଵ
ଶ
ଶ
ିଵ
–‘ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳͶǡŽ‡ˆ–Ȍǣ
୑ୟ୲୦୊୧୲
ሺିଵସǤଵସ଴଻଼ஜబ ுሻ
(5-5)
‘ ‡š–‡† –Š‡ ‡’‹”‹ ‘†‡Ž „› –Š‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ ƒ –‡”
ˆ‘” –Š‡ Šƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ „› –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• ‡‡†‡†Ǥ ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡
†‡• ”‹„‡•‘Ž‹‡ƒ”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ˆ ୱ ‘ˆˆ‡””‹ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒȏͺͶȐ
ˆ‘” –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ˆ”‘ ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ œ‡”‘ –‘ –Š‡‹” —”‹‡Ǧ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ȏͳ͵ͲȐȌǤ —– ‹ –Š‡ ”‡‰ƒ”†‡† ’”‘ ‡••
ȋ େ୊ୣయ ୓ర
™‹†‘™–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘–Š‡•ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ ୱ ‹•
Ž‹‡ƒ”ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳͶǡ”‹‰Š–Ȍƒ† ƒ„‡†‡• ”‹„‡†„›ǣ
ͻͻ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
ୱ୘ୣ୫୮
ଷ
(5-6)
ସ
™‹–Šǣ
ଷ
ିସ
ସ
ଶ
ିଵ
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ ȀM‹
•’‡ ȋMαͺǤ͹Ȍ
•’‡ ȋMαͷǤ͸Ȍ
•’‡ ȋMα͵ǤͳȌ
•’‡ Ǥ ƒ–Š ‹–
ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•–”‡‰Š–
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ •ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ •ȀM‹
•ǡ•’‡ ȋMαͺǤ͹Ȍ
•ǡ•’‡ ȋMαͷǤ͸Ȍ
•ǡ•’‡ ȋMα͵ǤͳȌ
Ž‹‡ƒ”ˆ‹–
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ι
Figure 5.14: Specific polarization
left: Measurements and mathematical based fit at T=127 °C
right: Temperature influence on saturation polarization
••—‹‰–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ˆ‘”ƒ Šƒ‰‹‰ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†„‡Ǧ
Šƒ˜‡• †‹”‡ –Ž› ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ– ‘•–ƒ– –‡’‡”ƒǦ
–—”‡ǡƒ‘”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡ˆ‘”‡†ǤȋͷǦ͹Ȍ†‡• ”‹„‡•–Š‡–‡Ǧ
’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹†— ‡†’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ Šƒ‰‡ǣ
୘ୣ୫୮
ଷ
ସ
ሺି஼మ ஜబ ுሻ
(5-7)
‘„‹‡†™‹–Šˆ‘”—ŽƒȋͷǦͷȌǣ
ୣ୫୮
୑ୟ୲୦୊୧୲
୘ୣ୫୮
(5-8)
ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‡š’”‡••‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ǡ
ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡– ǡƒ†ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž† ‹•ˆ‘—†ǣ
ͳͲͲ
‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹ ”‘’‡”–‹‡•
ୣ୫୮
ଵ
ଷ
ሺି஼మ ஜబ ுሻ
ସ
(5-9)
™‹–Šǣ
ଵ
ିଵ
ଶ
ଷ
ିସ
ସ
ିଵ
‹‰—”‡ ͷǤͳͷ •Š‘™• –Š‡ ƒ– Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‘†‡Ž ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡ƒ•Ǧ
—”‡‡–•Ǥ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳ͸•Š‘™•–Š‡ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡‡””‘”Ǥ
‡’ȋMαͺǤ͹Ȍ
‡’ȋMαͷǤ͸Ȍ
‡’ȋMα͵ǤͳȌ
αʹͳι
α͹ͺι
αͳʹ͹ι
’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‹
αʹͳι
α͹ͺι
αͳʹ͹ι
αʹͳι
α͹ͺι
αͳʹ͹ι
ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•–”‡‰Š– ‹Ȁ
Figure 5.15: Polarization prediction of equation (5-9)
in contrast to measurement results (dots)
ͳͲͳ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
”‡ŽǤ‡””Ǥ ‡’ȋMα͵ǤͳǡαʹͳȌ
”‡ŽǤ‡””Ǥ ‡’ȋMα͵Ǥͳǡα͹ͺȌ
”‡ŽǤ‡””Ǥ ‡’ȋMα͵Ǥͳǡαͳʹ͹Ȍ
”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡‡””‘”‹Ψ
”‡ŽǤ‡””Ǥ ‡’ȋMαͷǤ͸ǡαʹͳȌ
”‡ŽǤ‡””Ǥ ‡’ȋMαͷǤ͸ǡα͹ͺȌ
”‡ŽǤ‡””Ǥ ‡’ȋMαͷǤ͸ǡαͳʹ͹Ȍ
”‡ŽǤ‡””Ǥ ‡’ȋMαͺǤ͹ǡαʹͳȌ
”‡ŽǤ‡””Ǥ ‡’ȋMαͺǤ͹ǡα͹ͺȌ
”‡ŽǤ‡””Ǥ ‡’ȋMαͺǤ͹ǡαͳʹ͹Ȍ
ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•–”‡‰Š– ‹Ȁ
Figure 5.16: Relative error of polarization prediction of equation (5-9)
–ƒ”–‹‰™‹–Šƒ‡š–‡”ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ
–Š‡‘†‡ŽŽ•Š‘™•
ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š•‹‰Ž‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡–‘ƒ‰‡–Ǧ
ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡‡””‘”‘ˆŽ‡••–Šƒ
‹–‡ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ ‡””‘” ‘˜‡” –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ‡ƒ•—”‡Ǧ
Ǥ
‡–”ƒ‰‡‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘
“—ƒ–‹‘ȋͷǦͻȌ†‡Ž‹˜‡”••—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‘†‡•‹‰‘ ˆ‘”—Ǧ
Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‘ ‡••‹‰‡“—‹’‡–ˆ‘”ƒ›ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡––‹ŽŽƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–
ƒ† ƒ› ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –‘
Ǥ•–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘‹••–”‘‰Ž›Ž‹‡ƒ”
ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳͶȌ‹–Š‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†”ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡‡””‘”„›‡š–”ƒ’‘Žƒ–Ǧ
‘Ž†‹‰–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡‡‰Ž‹‰‹Ǧ
‹‰–Š‡†‡’‡†‡ ›–‘
„Ž‡ •ƒŽŽǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‡• ”‹„‡• ƒ •‘‘–Š ƒ† ‘–‹—‘—•
ˆ— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ˆ‡””‹ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ —–‹Ž —”‹‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
™‹–Š‘—–•—††‡Ž‡ƒ’ȏͺͶȐǤ
ͳͲʹ
‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ‘ ƒŽ‘ —”‹‰‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰™‹–Š‹ ‘ ͷǤͷ‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ‘ ƒŽ‘ —”‹‰‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰™‹–Š‹ ‘ Š‡ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•ǡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ”‡“—‹”‡‡– ˆ‘” ƒ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‘Ǧ
‘Ž†‹‰ ‹• ƒ •–‹ˆˆ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡– ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‹–• ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹• ‡šƒ‹‡†
™‹–Š‹ –Š‹• •‡ –‹‘Ǥ ‘Ž†‹‰ –”‹ƒŽ• ™‡”‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† –‘ ‡‹–Š‡” ˜‡”‹ˆ› ‘”
”‡ˆ—–‡–Š‡Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•Ǥƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•ƒ”‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†™‹–Š‹ȏͳ͸ȐǤ
ͷǤͷǤͳ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›
‹”•–ǡ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‘ˆ–™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡•‹•›•–‡•ǡ™‹–Šƒ†™‹–ŠǦ
‘—–ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ǡƒ”‡’”‘†— ‡†„›–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰Ž‹‡†‡Ǧ
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• –Š‹• ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘ •‡‡• –‘ „‡ –Š‡ ‘•– ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ˆ‘”
–Š‡Ǧ‹†—•–”›ǡ–Š‡–”‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡”‡’‡ƒ–‡†„›ˆ‘—”‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘•–‘
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‘”ȋ͵͵Ȍ ‘†‹–‹‘–Š‡•ƒ‡•–ƒ ƒ†‘Ž† ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡‹•—•‡†
ƒ• ˆ‘” ȋ͵͵Ȍ –”‹ƒŽ•ǡ „—– –Š‡ Šƒ”‰‡ ‹• ’Žƒ ‡† ‡š– –‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ– Š
™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›‘˜‡”Žƒ’‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ– Šƒ†‹ ‘ Ǥ
ƒ† –Š‡ •–ƒ 
ȋ͸͸Ȍǣ ‡”‡ –Š‡ ‘Ž† ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‹• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† –‘
Š‡‹‰Š–‹•”‡†— ‡†–‘–™‘Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆ‹ ‘ ǤŠ‡‘ ’ƒ– Š
‹•ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘˜‡”‡†„›‹ ‘ Ǥ
Figure 5.17: DicoFRTS mold coverage and patch position
during co-molding [16]
ˆ–‡” ’Žƒ ‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ‘’”‡••‹‘ ‘Ž†‹‰ ‹•
ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ’”‡•Ǧ
•–ƒ”–‡†ǤŠ‡ Ž‘•‹‰•’‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡••‹••‡––‘
ƒ•ƒ•–ƒ†ƒ”†Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ•‘‡’Žƒ–‡•ƒ”‡‘Ž†‡†ƒ– •—”‡‹•
ƒ†
ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ’Žƒ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡Š‡Ž’
‘ˆ ƒ †‡•‹‰ ‘ˆ ‡š’‡”‹‡–• ȋ‘Ȍ •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ȋModde „› Umetrics ABȌǤ
ǡ–Š‡’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž‹• ‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡••‹•ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡†Ǥ
Š‡ —”‡–‹‡‹•
ˆ–‡”†‡‘Ž†‹‰–Š‡Ž‘™‡”•‹†‡‘ˆ‡ƒ Š’Žƒ–‡‹•’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š‡†”‡ –ƒ‰—Ǧ
Žƒ”–‘‹–••—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ‘‡ƒ•—”‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†‰‡‘‡–”›‘ˆƒ’ƒ– Š‹”‡ˆǦ
‡”‡ ‡ –‘ ‹–• ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ImageJ ’”‘Ǧ
˜‹†‡••‡˜‡”ƒŽƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š•ǤDz”‘ŽŽ‹‰„ƒŽŽdzƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š‹•—•‡†–‘•—„–”ƒ –
ͳͲͶ
‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ‘ ƒŽ‘ —”‹‰‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰™‹–Š‹ ‘ –Š‡ •‘‘–Š Šƒ‰‡ ‹ „”‹‰Š–‡•• ‘˜‡” –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‹ ‘Ǧ
’Žƒ–‡ ȏͳ͸ͳȐǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ ‘Ž‘”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‡ ƒ”‡ ‘˜‡”–‡†
‹–‘‰”‡›˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ ƒ‡š–•–‡’–Š‡†ƒ” ƒ”„‘ˆ‹„‡””‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†’ƒ– Š
ƒ„‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡„”‹‰Š–‰Žƒ••ˆ‹„‡””‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†„›—•‹‰ƒ
–Š”‡•Š‘Ž†ˆ‘”–Š‡‰”‡›˜ƒŽ—‡Ǥ‘™ǡ–Š‡ ‡–”‘‹†‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ– Šƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ
„‘—†‹‰ ”‡ –ƒ‰Ž‡ †”ƒ™ ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ’ƒ– Š ‹• ‡ƒ•—”‡† ‹ –Š‡ •›•Ǧ
–‡• ‘ˆ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Žƒ–‡Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ„Ž‡• –‘ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ ‡› ˜ƒŽ—‡•
ˆ‘” –Š‡ –™‘ ƒ‹ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ ‡ Šƒ‹•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ– Š †—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ǣ
†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ƒ† †‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡ ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤͳͺȌǤ Š‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡Ǧ
‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ– Šǯ• ‡–”‘‹†
‡–‹•‡š’”‡••‡†ƒ•ƒ˜‡ –‘”‹ƒŽ•Š‹ˆ– ‹
‘ˆ–Š‡„‘—†‹‰”‡ –ƒ‰Ž‡ǤŠ‡†‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
ƒ†ƒ•ƒ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ‹
‹•†‡• ”‹„‡†„›ƒ Šƒ‰‡‹™‹†–Šƒ†Ž‡‰–Šȋ ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ‹ Ȍ
‘ˆ–Š‡„‘—†‹‰”‡ –ƒ‰Ž‡‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ•Šƒ’‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ– ŠǤ
Figure 5.18: Failure mechanisms of CoFRTS patch [16]
ͷǤͷǤʹ ‡•—Ž–•ƒ†‹• —••‹‘
‹•—ƒŽ ‹•’‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Žƒ–‡• ƒ† ‹ƒ‰‡ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ •Š‘™• ƒ Ž‡ƒ”
†‡’‡†‡ ›‘ˆ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ”‡•‹•›•–‡ƒ†ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘
‘ ‘Ž†‹‰ ”‡•—Ž–Ǥ ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤͳͻ †‹•’Žƒ›• ‡š‡’Žƒ”› ’‹ –—”‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡
’Žƒ–‡•ƒˆ–‡”‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ
ͳͲͷ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
Figure 5.19: Pictures of the patch reinforced plates after molding
ͳͲ͸
‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ‘ ƒŽ‘ —”‹‰‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰™‹–Š‹ ‘ ڈ‹šƒ–‹‘
ڈ‹šƒ–‹‘
ڈ‹šƒ–‹‘
ڈ‹šƒ–‹‘
Šƒ‰‡‘ˆŽ‡‰–Š'Ž‹Ψ
Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ™‹†–Š'™‹Ψ
”‘–ƒ–‹‘E‹†‡‰
‡–”‘‹††‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–†‹
‹‰—”‡ͷǤʹͲ•Š‘™•–Š‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†‡›˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”ȋ͵͵Ȍ ‘†‹–‹‘™‹–Š
–Š‡ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰•–ƒ†ƒ”††‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ•–Š‡•‡–”‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡”‡’”‘†— ‡†„›
ˆ‘—”‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
Figure 5.20: Key values for (M33) molding conditions
left: Displacement
right: Deformation
 –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ƒ”‡ †‹• —••‡† ‘”†‡”‡† „› ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹Ǧ
–‹‘•ǣ
ȋ͵͵Ȍǣ Š‹•‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›ƒˆ—ŽŽƒ†•›‡–Ǧ
”‹ ‘˜‡”Žƒ’ „‡–™‡‡ ’ƒ– Š ƒ† ‹ ‘ Šƒ”‰‡Ǥ Š‡ ˆŽ‘™ ‘ˆ
‹ ‘ ‹• ‘‡Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽǤ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž– –Š‡ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
Ȍǡ‹†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆ”‡•‹•›•Ǧ
’ƒ– Š‡•‹•‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡•ƒŽŽȋ
–‡ ƒ† ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ’ƒ– Š‡• ‘ˆ ”‡•‹ ™‹–Š‘—– ˆ‹šƒǦ
Š‹‰Š‡•– •–ƒ†ƒ”† †‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘
–‹‘ ƒ”‡ •Š‘™‹‰ ™‹–Š
ȋ ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤʹͲǡ Ž‡ˆ–ȌǤ ‘” ƒŽŽ ‘–Š‡” ‡š’‡”‹‡–• –Š‡ †‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ ‹•
Ǥ
Ž‡••–Šƒ
• –Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒ”‰‡ ‹• •›‡–”‹ ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ– Š „—–
‘––‘–Š‡‘Ž†ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ Šƒ‰‡‹ˆŽ‘™†—”‹‰‘Ž†‹‰ǤŠ‡
ˆ‹”•– ‘‡Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ „—– –™‘Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽ ˆŽ‘™ ‘ˆ ‹ ‘ ™‹ŽŽ Šƒ‰‡ Œ—•– „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡ ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž† –‘ ƒ
‘‡Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽ ˆŽ‘™Ǥ  –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ’Šƒ•‡ǡ –Š‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–
ˆ‘” ‡• ƒ –‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ– Š •Š‘—Ž† ‘’‡•ƒ–‡ ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”Ǥ 
–Š‡ •‡ ‘† ’Šƒ•‡ –Š‡”‡ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ˆ‘” ‡ ˆ‘” ƒ
•Š‘”– ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ –‹‡Ǥ †‡‡†ǡ –Š‡ ’ƒ– Š‡• ƒ”‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡† ‹ –Š‡
†‹”‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆŽ‘™ ‘ˆ –Š‹• •‡ ‘† ‘Ž†‹‰ ’Šƒ•‡ ȋ ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤͳͻǡ
ͳͲ͹
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
ȋ͵͵ȌȌǤ Š‡ •–ƒ–‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡Ǧƒ”– ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ȋ ”‡•‹ǡ ‘ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘Ȍ
Ǥ Š‹• †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–
•Š‘™• ƒ ˜‡ –‘”‹ƒŽ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ
„› •™‹– Š‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡•‹
ƒ „‡ ”‡†— ‡† –‘ Ž‡•• –Šƒ
•›•–‡–‘ ǡƒ††‹‰ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ˆ‘”ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‹šƒ–‹‘‘”
†‘‹‰ „‘–Š ȋ ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤʹͲǡ Ž‡ˆ–ȌǤ Š‡ †‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ”‡†— ‡† ˆ”‘
ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–‘ƒš‹—
ˆ‘”–Š‡
‘–Š‡”•Ǥ
Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ƒ’’‡ƒ” –‘ „‡ •‹‹Žƒ” ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’ƒ– Š‡• †‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳͻǡȋ͵͵ȌȌǤ•‹‰ ”‡•‹ƒ†Ȁ‘”ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘”‡†— Ǧ
–‘
‘”Ž‡••ȋ ‹‰—”‡
‡•–Š‡†‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹™‹†–Šˆ”‘
ͷǤʹͲǡ”‹‰Š–ȌǤŠ‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘–Š‡ Šƒ‰‡‹Ž‡‰–Š‹•‘–•‹‰‹ˆǦ
‹ ƒ–Ǥ—–ƒ‰ƒ‹ƒ‹’”‘˜‡‡–‹”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ„‡‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡ
†‡Ǧ
™Š‹ Š‹•”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†‹ƒ•ƒŽŽ‡”•–ƒ†ƒ”††‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡
˜‹ƒ–‹‘‹™‹†–Šƒ†
†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘‹Ž‡‰–Š ƒ„‡”‡†— ‡†
”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›
‘”Ž‡••„›—•‹‰‡‹–Š‡” ”‡•‹‘”
–‘
ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘‘”„‘–ŠǤ
—”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ™ƒ•Š‡† ‘—– ™Š‡
—•‹‰”‡•‹ƒ•ƒ–”‹šȋ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳͻǡȋ͵͵ȌȌǤ
ȋ͵͵Ȍǣ Š‡ ˆŽ‘™ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘ ‹• ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› ‘‡Ǧ
†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽǤ Š‡ ‹ ‘ •–ƒ  Šƒ• ‘ ‘˜‡”Žƒ’Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ
–Š‡”‡‹•‘‘”ƒŽˆ‘” ‡‘–Š‡’ƒ– Šƒ’’Ž‹‡†„›–Š‡’”‡••ƒ†
–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†„›–Š‡‹ ‘ ƒ––Š‡–‹‡–Š‡ˆŽ‘™ˆ”‘–ƒ””‹˜‡•
ƒ––Š‡’ƒ– ŠǤ
‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ –Š‹• ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘ Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ Š‹‰Š †‡ˆ‘”Ǧ
ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‹‘•–‡š’‡”‹‡–•ǤŽ›–Š‡ ‘Ǧ
„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ”‡•‹ƒ†ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ„Ž‡–‘’”‡˜‡–
ƒ••‹˜‡†‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Ž‹‹–•–Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ– Š
ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳͻǡȋ͵͵ȌȌǤ
ȋ͸͸Ȍǣ ‘” –Š‹• ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ’ƒ– Š ‹• ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› ‘˜‡”‡†
™‹–Š ‹ ‘ ’”‹‘” –‘ ‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ˆŽ‘™ ‹• ‘‡Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ”‘–Š‡•–ƒ”–ǤŠ‹•Ž‡ƒ†•–‘ƒ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ˆ‘” ‡‘–Š‡’ƒ– Š
†—”‹‰–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ‘Ž†ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰Ǥ
Š‡ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ •ƒŽŽ ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ ’ƒ– Š‡•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‹
„ƒ•‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ••Š‘™Š‹‰Š†‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘ˆ–‡„›„— Ž‹‰ƒ†
ͳͲͺ
‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ‘ ƒŽ‘ —”‹‰‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰™‹–Š‹ ‘ ‹†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•™‡”‡‡‡’‹‰
–Š‡‹” •Šƒ’‡Ǥ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ”‡†— ‡• –Š‡ ˜‡ –‘”‹ƒŽ †‹•’Žƒ ‡Ǧ
‡–ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳͻǡȋ͸͸ȌȌǤ‰ƒ‹ǡ–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ’ƒ”–‹Ǧ
Ž‡•ƒ”‡™ƒ•Š‡†‘—–™Š‡—•‹‰”‡•‹ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳͻǡȋ͸͸ȌȌǤ
Š‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†‡›˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ƒ††‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡—•‡†
ƒ•”‡•’‘•‡‹’—–ˆ‘”–Š‡‘•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡Modde 9.1ǤŠ‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡‹• ‘Ǧ
ˆ‹‰—”‡†–‘—•‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡Ž‹‡ƒ””‡‰”‡••‹‘ȋȌ–‘ˆ‹––Š‡‘„•‡”˜‡††ƒ–ƒ
–‘ ƒ Ž‹‡ƒ” ‘†‡ŽǤ ‡”‡„›ǡ •‹‰—Žƒ” ˜ƒŽ—‡ †‡ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ȋȌ ‹• ƒ’Ǧ
’Ž‹‡† –‘ •‘Ž˜‡ –Š‡ •›•–‡ ‘ˆ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘• ȏͳ͸ʹȐǤ ƒ† ƒ”‡ †‡Ǧ
• ”‹„‡†‹Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ȏͳ͸͵ǡͳ͸ͶȐǤ
ƒ† ƒ”‡ •Š‘™‹‰ ƒ —•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‘”› ‘†‡Ž
Š‡ ‘†‡Ž• ˆ‘” ǡ
“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†™‹ŽŽ–Š—•ǡ„‡‘– ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ›ˆ—”–Š‡”ǤŠ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡
‘†‡Žˆ‘”–Š‡‡›˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆŠ‹‰Š‡•–‹–‡”‡•–ǡ ‡–”‘‹††‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ǡ‹•
ǡ ƒ Q; ‘ˆ
ƒ† ƒ ‘†‡Ž ˜ƒŽ‹†‹–› ‘ˆ
•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ǥ – •Š‘™• ƒ ‘ˆ
ƒ–ƒ”‡’”‘†— ‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ
ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡƒ”‡‰”‡••‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–’Ž‘–
ƒ „‡ —•‡† –‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡ ƒ† ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒǦ
”ƒ‡–‡”•Ǥ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤʹͳ•Š‘™•–Š‹•’Ž‘–†ƒ–ƒ ‡–‡”‡†ȏͳ͸ʹȐˆ‘”–Š‡ ‡Ǧ
–”‘‹††‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–Ǥ‘Ž†‹‰’”‡••—”‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘
ȋ͸͸Ȍƒ”‡‘–•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‡˜‡ –‘”‹ƒŽ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–Ǥ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹Ǧ
–‹‘ ȋ͵͵Ȍ •Š‘™• ƒ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –ǡ ȋ͵͵Ȍ ƒ •–”‘‰ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ 
–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹†‡–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹–‡ȋˆ‹šƒ–‹‘Ȍ•Š‘™•–Š‡Š‹‰ŠǦ
‡•– ‡ˆˆ‡ – ƒ† Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ”‡†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡–”‘‹† †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–Ǥ
Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ‹• Š‹‰Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‹Ǥ
ͳͲͻ
’”‡••—”‡
ȋ͸͸Ȍ
ȋ͵͵Ȍ
ȋ͵͵Ȍ
ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘
”‡‰”‡••‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ˆ‘”
‡–”‘‹††‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‹
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
Figure 5.21: Overall impact of parameters on centroid displacement
 •—ƒ”›ǡ „‘–Š ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹• ™‡”‡ ‘ˆ‹”‡†Ǥ ‘” —ˆƒǦ
˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡’”‘ ‡•• ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡŽ‹‡ȋ͵͵Ȍǡƒˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ•–‹ˆˆ”‡‹Ǧ
ˆ‘” ‡‡–‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘Ž‹‹–†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ƒ††‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡†‹ˆǦ
ˆ‡”‡ ‡‹˜‹• ‘•‹–›†”‘’‘ˆ”‡•‹–‘ ”‡•‹™Š‡’Žƒ ‡†‹–Š‡
Š‘–‘Ž†‹•”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†„›ƒ™ƒ•Š‘—–‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘Ǧ
˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ –Š‹ ‡‡† ”‡•‹ •›•–‡Ǥ ˆ –Š‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ˆ‘” ‡• ‘•–Ž›
‘’‡•ƒ–‡ ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”ǡ Ž‹‡ ˆ‘” ȋ͵͵Ȍ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‹Ǧ
’”‘˜‡‡–• ƒ„‡•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ǤŽ‘‰ƒŽŽ‡š’‡”‹‡–•ǡ–Š‡‘Ž†‹‰ ‘Ǧ
†‹–‹‘•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ‹ ‘ Šƒ”‰‡ƒ†‘Ž† ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡•Š‘™‡†–Š‡
Š‹‰Š‡•– ‹’ƒ – ‘ –Š‡ ‘—– ‘‡Ǥ  –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ •‹†‡ –Š‡ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ Šƒ•
–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–‹’ƒ –Ǥ
ͷǤ͸‹—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹ ‹šƒ–‹‘ ‘” ‡
Š‡‘Ž†‹‰–”‹ƒŽ•‹–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—••—„Ǧ•‡ –‹‘‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†–Š‡ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ƒ•
ƒ ƒ‹ ˆƒ –‘” –‘ ”‡†— ‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– †—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ Š‹• ˆ‘” ‡
•ŠƒŽŽ„‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†‘”‡†‡‡’Ž›ƒ•ƒ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡Ǥ ‘”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰
ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ƒ†–Š‡‘†‡Ž‹–”‘†— ‡†‹‡ –‹‘
ͶǤ͵Ǥʹƒ”‡—•‡†ǤŠ‹•–‹‡–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘ ’ƒ– Š
ƒ”‡‘†‡Ž‡†„›ˆ‘”—ŽƒȋͷǦͻȌ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ—•‹‰ȋ͵Ǧ͵ȌǤŠ‹•ƒŽŽ‘™•ƒ’”‡Ǧ
ͳͳͲ
‹—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰
‹•‡†‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘••Š‘™‡† ‹ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳ͹ǣ–Š‡
ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡– ‹•
Š‡‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡– ‹•
ƒ†–Š‡‘Ž†‹‰–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹••‡––‘
Ǥ
Š‡ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡† ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž› ‹• •Š‘™ ‹ ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤʹʹ ‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡•–ƒ’†‹•–ƒ ‡Ǥ ‡”‡„›ǡ–Š‡•–ƒ’†‹•–ƒ ‡”‡ˆŽ‡ –•–Š‡
Ǥ
Š‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ˜‹–›Ǥ ƒ‘’‡‘Ž†ǡ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‡‹•
––Š‡‘‡––Š‡•–ƒ’Š‹–•–Š‡•–ƒ ‘ˆ‹ ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–Š‡ˆ‘” ‡
ˆ‘”ȋ͵͵Ȍ ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥˆ–‡”™ƒ”†•‹–†”‘’•–‘ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›
ǡ™Š‡
‹•
–Š‡ ƒ˜‹–›‹•ˆ—ŽŽ›ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†Ǥ
‡†‘ˆ‘Ž†‹‰
™‹–Š‘—–
•–ƒ’
•–ƒ’†‹•–ƒ ‡‹
ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‡‹
•–ƒ”–‘ˆ‘Ž†‹‰
Figure 5.22: Magnetic fixation force during co-molding, (M33) conditions
ͷǤ͹‹—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰
‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‡• ƒ –‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡– †—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ
‘Ž†‹‰ǡ ‘Ž† ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰ •‹—Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡†Ǥ Š‡ ‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ Moldex3D R14„›CoreTech System Co., Ltd. ‹•—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‹•’—”’‘•‡Ǥ
ͷǤ͹Ǥͳ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›
Š‡•‹—Žƒ–‹‘‹•„—‹Ž–—’ˆ‘”–Š‡‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆŠ‹‰Š‡•–‹’ƒ –
ȋ͵͵Ȍ ƒ† ȋ͵͵Ȍǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤͳ͹Ǥ Š‡ †‘‹ƒ– ˆƒ –‘”• ˆ‘”
ͳͳͳ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
–Š‡ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ ˆ‘” ‡• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”• ƒ† –Š‡ ‹ ‘Ǧ
ǯ• ˜‹• ‘•‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”• ƒ”‡ •‡– ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡
–”‹ƒŽ••Š‘™‹•‡ –‹‘ͷǤͷ–‘ǣ
Ǥ
x –ƒ’ Ž‘•‹‰•’‡‡†ǣ
ǡ‡“—ƒŽ•’”‡••ˆ‘” ‡‘ˆ
Ǥ
x ‹ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡ǣ
Ǥ
x ‘Ž†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǣ
x ‹‡„‡–™‡‡’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ Šƒ”‰‡ƒ†•–ƒ”–‘ˆ‘Ž†‹‰ǣ
Ǥ
–Š‹••–—†›ǡ–Š‡˜‹• ‘•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‹ ‘ ‹•†‡• ”‹„‡†ƒ•ƒˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ†•Š‡ƒ””ƒ–‡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‡š–‡†‡†”‘••‘†‡Ž
‹–”‘†— ‡†‹•‡ –‹‘ʹǤͻǤʹǤŠ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•ˆ‘”–Š‹•ƒ”‡„ƒ•‡†
‘–Š‡CAE-BMC-1ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡Moldex3D R14 ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ž‹„”ƒ”›ǤŠ‹•
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǦ‘†‡Ž™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ†Œ—•–‡†ȋ•‡‡•‡ –‹‘ͺǤͷ‹–Š‡ƒ’’‡Ǧ
†‹šȌ–‘ˆ‹–Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ‘„•‡”˜‡†ƒ–
–Š‡‘Ž†‹‰–”‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ
x Š‡ —”‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹ ‘ ‹•‡‰Ž‡ –‡†ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹ŽŽ–‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ˜‹–›
ȏͳ͸ͷȐǤ
‹•Ž‡••–Šƒ
x ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ȏͳ͸ͷȐ ƒ”‡ —•‡† –‘ †‡• ”‹„‡ –Š‡ –Š‡”ƒŽ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ȋ–Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›ƒ†Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ȌǤ
x Š‡ ˆ‹ŽŽ‡” ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‹„‡” ‘–‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† CAE-BMC-1
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ †ƒ–ƒ ‹• —‘™Ǥ Š—•ǡ ‹–• ˜‹• ‘•‹–› —”˜‡ ‹ –Š‡ Ž‘‰ƒ”‹–ŠǦ
‹ ˜‹• ‘•‹–›˜‡”•—•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‰”ƒ’Š™ƒ••Š‹ˆ–‡†–‘ˆ‹–˜ƒŽ—‡•”‡Ǧ
’‘”–‡† „› ‹––‡” ˆ‘” ƒ •‹‹Žƒ” ‹ ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ —†‡” •‹‹Žƒ”
‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•ȏͳͲ͸ȐǤ
Š‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–‹•‘†‡Ž‡†ƒ•ƒ•‘Ž‹†ƒ•‹–‹••—’’‘•‡†‘––‘†‡ˆ‘”
‘” –‘ †‹•’Žƒ ‡ †—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ –• –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• •‡– ‡“—ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡
‘Ž†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ•‹ ‡ǣ
x Š‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–ǯ•Š‡‹‰Š–‹•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•ƒŽŽȋ
ȌǤ
x Š‡ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‹‰ ƒ”„‘ ˆ‹„‡”• ƒ”‡ •Š‘™‹‰ ƒ Š‹‰Š –Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— Ǧ
–‹˜‹–›ȋ େ୊
ǡȏͻȐȌǤ
ͳͳʹ
‹—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰
x Š‡’ƒ– Š‹•’Žƒ ‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•‡ ‘†•’”‹‘”–‘–Š‡‹ ‘ Šƒ”‰‡‹
–Š‡ ‘Ž†Ǥ Š—•ǡ ‹– ‹• ƒ••—‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’ƒ– Š Šƒ• •—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– –‹‡ –‘
Š‡ƒ–—’Ǥ
ˆ–‡” ‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘†‡Žǡ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‹• ƒƒŽ›œ‡† ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ
‡ƒ•—”‡‡– ‘†‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ •Š‘™ ‹ ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤʹ͵Ǥ Š‡ ‘†‡• ͳǦ͵
ƒ”‡ ’Žƒ ‡† ‘ ƒ š›Ǧ’Žƒ‡ ‘ –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–Ǥ Š‡
‘†‡•Ͷƒ†ͷƒ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ƒ––Š‡•Š‘”–•‹†‡ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–‘
›œǦ’Žƒ‡Ǥ‘†‡•͸–‘ͺƒ”‡’Žƒ ‡†ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ˜‹–›‹›œǦ’Žƒ‡Ǥ
Š‡›ƒ”‡—•‡†–‘‘‹–‘”–Š‡ Šƒ‰‡‹ˆŽ‘™†‹”‡ –‹‘ˆ‘”ȋ͵͵Ȍ ‘†‹Ǧ
–‹‘• ‘Ž›Ǥ ƒ Š ‘†‡ †‡Ž‹˜‡”• –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹•
•ƒ˜‡†ˆ‘”ƒƒŽ›•‹•ƒ–†‡ˆ‹‡†–‹‡•–‡’•ǣ
x ‡•‹ˆ”‘––‹‡‹ Ǥ
x Š‡ƒ”•–”‡••‹
Ǥ
Ǥ
x Š‡ƒ””ƒ–‡‹
Ǥ
x ”‡••—”‡‹
Š‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”• ’”‡•• ˆ‘” ‡ ȋ‹ Ȍǡ •–ƒ’ †‹•–ƒ ‡ ȋ‹
Ȍ ƒ† ‘Ž† ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰ ȋ‹ Ȍ ƒ”‡ •ƒ˜‡† ƒ– ƒ Š‹‰Š‡” –‹‡ ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ ȋ
ȌǤ
Figure 5.23: Position of measuring nodes for process simulation
ͷǤ͹Ǥʹ ‡•—Ž–•ƒ†‹• —••‹‘
Š‡•‹—Žƒ–‡†’”‡••ˆ‘” ‡ǡ•Š‡ƒ”•–”‡••ƒ†‘”ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡ƒ”‡•Š‘™
ˆ‘”•‡Ž‡ –‡†‘†‡•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡•–ƒ’†‹•–ƒ ‡‹ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤʹͶƒ†
‹‰—”‡ͷǤʹͷǤ
ͳͳ͵
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
‡†‘ˆ‘Ž†‹‰
’”‡••ˆ‘” ‡
‘†‡ͳ•Š‡ƒ”•–”‡••
‘†‡͵•Š‡ƒ”•–”‡••
‘†‡Ͷ’”‡••—”‡
‘†‡ͷ’”‡••—”‡
•Š‡ƒ”•–”‡••‹ƒ
’”‡••—”‡‹ƒ
Šƒ‰‡‘ˆˆŽ‘™
’”‡••ˆ‘” ‡‹
•–ƒ”–‘ˆ‘Ž†‹‰
•–ƒ’†‹•–ƒ ‡‹
Figure 5.24: Forces on CoFRTS during co-molding, (M33) conditions
•Š‡ƒ”•–”‡••‹ƒ
’”‡••—”‡‹ƒ
‡†‘ˆ‘Ž†‹‰
’”‡••ˆ‘” ‡‹
’”‡••ˆ‘” ‡
‘†‡ͳ•Š‡ƒ”•–”‡••
‘†‡ʹ•Š‡ƒ”•–”‡••
‘†‡͵•Š‡ƒ”•–”‡••
‘†‡Ͷ’”‡••—”‡
‘†‡ͷ’”‡••—”‡
•–ƒ”–‘ˆ‘Ž†‹‰
•–ƒ’†‹•–ƒ ‡‹
Figure 5.25: Forces on CoFRTS during co-molding, (S33) conditions
ͳͳͶ
‹—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰
Š‡ˆ‘” ‡•‘–Š‡’ƒ– Šˆ‘”ȋ͵͵Ȍ ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ”‡„ƒŽƒ ‡†‘˜‡”ƒŽ‘‰
’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†‹‰’”‘ ‡••ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤʹͶȌǤŠ‡•Š‡ƒ”•–”‡••
ˆ‘”‘†‡‘‡ƒ†–Š”‡‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡‘”ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡‘–Š‡•Š‘”–•‹†‡
ˆƒ ‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡– •‡–‘ˆˆ ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ƒ—•‡† „› –Š‡
•›‡–”‹ ƒŽ’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒ”‰‡–‘–Š‡’ƒ– Šƒ†–Š‡–™‘Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽ
–Š‡ ˆŽ‘™ ‰‡–• —Ǧ
ˆŽ‘™ ‘ˆ ‹ ‘ Ǥ – ƒ •–ƒ’ †‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ
•›‡–”‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‹• ˆ‹ƒŽŽ› ‘‡Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽ ƒ– ƒ •–ƒ’ †‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ
Ǥ Š‹• ‘””‡•’‘†• –‘ ƒ ‘Ž† ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰ ‘ˆ
ƒ† ‹• ˜‹•—ƒŽ‹œ‡†
„›–Š‡Ž‹‡Dz Šƒ‰‡‘ˆˆŽ‘™dz‹ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤʹͶǤ––Š‹•Ž‹‡ǡ–Š‡•‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡
•Š‡ƒ” •–”‡•• ‘ˆ ‘†‡ –Š”‡‡ Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ ‘”ƒŽ ’”‡••—”‡ ‘
–Š‡ˆƒ ‡•‹†‡Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ˆŽ‘™†‹”‡ –‹‘ȋ‘†‡ˆ‹˜‡Ȍ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•ˆƒ•–‡”
–Šƒ –Š‡ ’”‡••—”‡ ‹ ˆŽ‘™ †‹”‡ –‹‘ ȋ‘†‡ ˆ‘—”ȌǤ – –Š‡ ˜‡”› ‘‡–
–‘
–Š‡ ˆŽ‘™ Šƒ‰‡•ǡ –Š‡ ’”‡•• ˆ‘” ‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽǡ ˆ”‘
–Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ ’”‡••—”‡ ‘ˆ
Ǥ ‘’Ž‡–‡ ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž† ‹•
Ǥ
ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†‹
‘” ȋ͵͵Ȍ ‘†‹–‹‘• –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‡ ‹• —„ƒŽƒ ‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ „‡‰‹‹‰ ȋ•‡‡
ƒ– –Š‡
‹‰—”‡ ͷǤʹͷȌǤ Š‡ •Š‡ƒ” •–”‡•• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ˆ”‘ œ‡”‘ –‘
˜‡”› ‘‡– –Š‡ ˆŽ‘™‹‰ ‹ ‘ ”‡ƒ Š‡• –Š‡ ‘†‡• ‘‡ –‘ –Š”‡‡Ǥ
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•
Š‡’”‡••ˆ‘” ‡”‡“—‹”‡†–‘‡‡’–Š‡ Ž‘•‹‰•’‡‡†ƒ–
‘•–ƒ–Ž›ǡ —–‹Ž –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ ’”‡••—”‡ ‹• ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†Ǥ Š‹• ‘ —”• ƒ– ƒ
ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‡“—ƒŽ• ƒ ‘Ž† ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰ ‘ˆ
Ǥ Š‡
•–ƒ’ †‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ
Ǥ
‘Ž†‹•ˆ—ŽŽ›ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†ƒˆ–‡”
Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ’‡ƒ ‹ ’”‡•• ˆ‘” ‡ ˜‹•‹„Ž‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ‘‡– –Š‡ •–ƒ’ ˆ‹”•–
–‘— Š‡•–Š‡•–ƒ ‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤŠ‹•’‡ƒ‹•‘”‡’”‘‘— ‡†ˆ‘”ȋ͵͵Ȍ
‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ ‡”‡ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ Ž‘™‡” •—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ ‘ •–ƒ  ‹• ‹
‘–ƒ –™‹–Š–Š‡‘Ž†Ǥ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Š‹‰Šˆ‘” ‡‹•‡‡†‡†–‘‡‡’–Š‡
•–ƒ’˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘•–ƒ–ƒ•–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽ•–ƒ ‘ˆ‹ ‘ Šƒ•–‘•–ƒ”–ˆŽ‘™Ǧ
‹‰ ‹ šǦ†‹”‡ –‹‘ ƒ– ƒ Š‹‰Š ˜‹• ‘•‹–›ǡ †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ Ž‘™ •Š‡ƒ” •–”‡••Ǥ ‘”
ȋ͵͵Ȍ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ‹ ‘ •–ƒ  ‹• ’Žƒ ‡† ‘ –‘’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‹Ǧ
ˆ‘” ‡‡–ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡‘Ž†‹‰ˆ‘” ‡‹• ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡†‘–Š‹••ƒŽŽ”‡‰‹‘
ƒ––Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ƒŠ‹‰Š•Š‡ƒ”•–”‡••ƒ†Ž‘™‡”Ž‘ ƒŽ˜‹• ‘•Ǧ
‹–›Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡‹ ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•ƒ„Ž‡–‘ˆŽ‘™‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽ†‹”‡ Ǧ
–‹‘•ǤŠ‡‹ ‘ ˆŽ‘™•ƒ•™‡ŽŽ‹’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒ•‹‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡šǦ†‹”‡ –‹‘
ͳͳͷ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
ƒ†‹–ˆ‹ŽŽ•–Š‡•’ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡‹ ‘ •–ƒ ƒ†‘Ž†Ǧ ƒ˜‹–›ƒ”‘—†
–Š‡’ƒ– Š‹›Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳ͹ȌǤŠ‹•”‡†— ‡•–Š‡’‡ƒ
‹’”‡••ˆ‘” ‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›Ǥ
•—ƒ”›ǡ–Š‡•‹—Žƒ–‹‘†‡Ž‹˜‡”•’Žƒ—•‹„Ž‡”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ ‘”ȋ͵͵Ȍ ‘†‹Ǧ
–‹‘•ǡ ƒ ˆ‘” ‡ ‘ –Š‡ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡– ‘’’‘•‹–‡ –‘ šǦ†‹”‡ –‹‘ ”‡•—Ž–• ƒ–
–Š‡ ‘‡– –Š‡ ˆŽ‘™ Šƒ‰‡• ˆ”‘ –™‘Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽ –‘ ‘‡Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽ
ˆŽ‘™Ǥ – •‹†‡™‹•‡ ’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒ”‰‡ ȋ͵͵Ȍǡ–Š‡”‡ ‹•ƒ ˆ‘” ‡ ‹ šǦ
†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒ••‘‘ƒ•–Š‡‹ ‘ ˆŽ‘™”‡ƒ Š‡•–Š‡’ƒ– Šȋ•–ƒ’†‹•Ǧ
Ȍ–‹ŽŽ–Š‡‡†‘ˆ‘Ž†ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰Ǥ
–ƒ ‡
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ Ž‘•‡†„‘šƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‘ˆ‘Ž†‡š͵ˆ‘”‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡ƒǦ
–‡”‹ƒŽ ˆŽ‘™ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘Ž†Ǧƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ ‹• Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡
— ‡”–ƒ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‹—Žƒ–‹‘”‡•—Ž–•ǤŠ‹•‹•ˆ—”–Š‡”‡šƒ ‡”„ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡
ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘†‡Ž‹•„ƒ•‡†‘Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘Ž›Ǥ‡˜‡”Ǧ
–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† •‹—Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ — ‘˜‡” –Š‡ †‘‹ƒ–
ˆ‘” ‡• †—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ ƒ† –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ ‘”‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ —†‡”Ǧ
•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•ǡ™Š‡ Šƒ‰‹‰’”‘ ‡•• ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ
ͷǤͺ‡ Šƒ‹ •‘ˆ‘ ƒŽ‘ —”‹‰‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰
Š‹• •‡ –‹‘ ‹• ‘„‹‹‰ –Š‡ •‹‰Ž‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •‹—Žƒ–‹‘
”‡•—Ž–••Š‘™‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡‹‘”†‡”–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡ˆ‘” ‡•ƒ –‹‰‘–Š‡
‘ †—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰‹‹–•‡–‹”‡–›ǤŠ‡”‡„›–Š‡ˆ‘ —•‹•’Žƒ ‡†
‘ –Š‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–Ǥ Š‡ ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•
ȋ͵͵Ȍƒ†ȋ͵͵Ȍǡ‹–”‘†— ‡†‹•‡ –‹‘ͷǤͷǡƒ”‡‡šƒ‹‡†‘”‡ Ž‘•‡Ž›Ǥ
—”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•›•–‡•ƒ”‡Ž‹‹–‡†–‘–Š‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‘ ‘ˆ
ƒ• ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ƒ† –Š‡ Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰
ƒ‰‡–‹–‡Ǥ
ͷǤͺǤͳ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›
‹‰—”‡ ͷǤʹ͸ ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡• ƒ –™‘Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Žƒƒ”
‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰–”‹ƒŽ•™‹–Š”‡•’‡ ––‘–Š‡ˆ‘” ‡•‘–Š‡‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ
ͳͳ͸
‡ Šƒ‹ •‘ˆ‘ ƒŽ‘ —”‹‰‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰
Figure 5.26: Forces on CoFRTS during co-molding, schematic for (M33)
Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‡ ୒ ‹• ƒ’’Ž‹‡† „› –Š‡ Š›†”ƒ—Ž‹ ’”‡••Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‘” ‡ ୑ ‹• ƒ’’Ž‹‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘’‘”–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡
ˆ‘” ‡•ƒ –‹‰‹‘Ž†‹‰†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒ”‡„‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘™Ǧ
‡˜‡”ǡˆ”‹ –‹‘‹•‡‡†‡†–‘–”ƒ•ˆ‡”–Š‡•‡ˆ‘” ‡•‹–‘–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡
†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ǤŠ‡–‘–ƒŽˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‡ ୤୧୶ ‹• ‘•‡“—‡–Ž› ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†ƒ•
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ
‫צ‬
୤୧୶
‫צ‬
୒
‫צ‬
୑
(5-10)
‫צ‬
୒
‫צ‬
୑
••Š‘™‹•‡ –‹‘ͷǤ͸ǡ–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‡ ୑‫š‡‡„‘•Žƒƒ צ‬Ǧ
’”‡••‡†ƒ•ƒˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ’†‹•–ƒ ‡ ǡ—•‹‰ Ǧ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ˆ‘”
–Š‹•–™‘Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡ǣ
‫צ‬
୑
™‹–Šǣ
୙୔୔ୌ
Obviously ୑‫‘”‡œ ‘– Žƒ—“‡ •‹ צ‬ǡ ‹ˆ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ’”‡•‡– ‹ –Š‡
ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
‘”ƒ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†ˆƒ‹ŽǦ•ƒˆ‡†‡•‹‰–Š‡†›ƒ‹ ˆ”‹ –‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•
†‡–‡”‹‡†‹•—„Ǧ•‡ –‹‘ͷǤͳƒ”‡—•‡†ǣ
ͳͳ͹
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
ୈ୷
ୈ୷୙୔
ୈ୷୙୔୔ୌ
‘” ‡• ƒ –‹‰ ’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ” –‘ –Š‡ ‘Ž†‹‰ †‹”‡ –‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ †‹”‡ –Ž› ”‡Ǧ
•—Ž–‹ƒ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ˆ‘” ‡ ୢ୧ୱ ‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–ǡ‹ˆ‘–„ƒŽƒ ‡†‘”
‘’‡•ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‡•ǣ
ୢ୧ୱ
ୄ
୒ଵ
ୄ
୒ଶ
ୗ୦ୣୟ୰
(5-11)
Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‡• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡ •Š‡ƒ” ˆ‘” ‡ ƒ”‡ †‡–‡”‹‡† „› –Š‡
‘Ž†Ǧˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰•‹—Žƒ–‹‘••Š‘™‹•—„Ǧ•‡ –‹‘ͷǤ͹ǤŠ‡‘ ‹–•‡Žˆ‹•
‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡”‹‰‹†Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‘” ‡‹›Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘ǡ
–Š‡ ˆ‘” ‡ ‘ ‘ „› ‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‡ ‘ ‘ Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ
•—”ˆƒ ‡•‹šȀ•Ǧ’Žƒ‡ƒ”‡•ƒŽŽƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‡‰Ž‡ –‡†Ǥ
‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–•Š‘—Ž†‘ —”ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘” ‡•’‡”’‡Ǧ
Ȍƒ†‹ƒ††‹–‹‘
†‹ —Žƒ”–‘‘Ž†‹‰†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒ”‡—„ƒŽƒ ‡†ȋ ୢ୧ୱ
ƒ”‡ ‘– ‘’‡•ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‡ ȋ ୤୧୶
ୢ୧ୱ ȌǤ ‡”‡„›ǡ –Š‡
•‹‰‘ˆ ୢ୧ୱ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡•–Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ
ͷǤͺǤʹ ‡•—Ž–•ƒ†‹• —••‹‘
‹‰—”‡ͷǤʹ͹•Š‘™•–Š‡ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ˆ‘” ‡
‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡•–ƒ’†‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ‘”–™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•
ƒ†–Š‡–™‘ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ
ͳͳͺ
‡ Šƒ‹ •‘ˆ‘ ƒŽ‘ —”‹‰‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰
ˆ‘” ‡‘‘ ‹
•–ƒ”–‘ˆ‘Ž†‹‰
Šƒ‰‡‘ˆˆŽ‘™
‡†‘ˆ‘Ž†‹‰
ˆ‹šǡ ȋM ˆ‹šǡȋM †‹•
•–ƒ’†‹•–ƒ ‡•‹
ˆ‘” ‡‘‘ ‹
•–ƒ”–‘ˆ‘Ž†‹‰
‡†‘ˆ‘Ž†‹‰
ˆ‹šǡ ȋM ˆ‹šǡȋM †‹•
•–ƒ’†‹•–ƒ ‡•‹
Figure 5.27: Calculated forces on CoFRTS during co-molding
top: Full overlap of initial charge with CoFRTS (M33)
bottom: No overlap of initial charge with CoFRTS (S33)
ͳͳͻ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
Š‡”‡•—Ž–•ƒ”‡†‹• —••‡†•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘ǣ
x Š‡ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ȋ͵͵Ȍ ‘†‹–‹‘•–ƒ”–•ƒ–œ‡”‘ˆ‘”–Š‡Ǧ
ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
„ƒ•‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ–
ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡ ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤʹ͹ǡ –‘’ȌǤ – –Š‡ ‘‡– –Š‡
•–ƒ’ ‰‡–• ‹ ‘–ƒ – ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ Šƒ”‰‡ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‡ ‹Ǧ
”‡ƒ•‡•ƒ•–Š‹•‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›ƒˆ—ŽŽ‘˜‡”Žƒ’
„‡–™‡‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ Šƒ”‰‡ƒ†‘ Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›–Š‡•–ƒ”–‹‰ˆŽ‘™
‘ˆ‹ ‘ ‹•ƒ–ˆ‹”•––™‘Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽƒ†•›‡–”‹ ƒŽ–‘–Š‡”‡‹Ǧ
ˆ‘” ‡‡–Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ˆ‘” ‡ ‹• „ƒŽƒ ‡† ƒ† ‡“—ƒŽ –‘
œ‡”‘ˆ‘”–Š‹•‘Ž†‹‰’‡”‹‘†Ǥ•–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ‘ ‹•‘–•›Ǧ
‡–”‹ ƒŽ–‘–Š‡‘Ž†ǡ–Š‡ˆŽ‘™ Šƒ‰‡•–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†Ǧ
‹‰’”‘ ‡••–‘ƒ‘‡Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽˆŽ‘™‹‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡šǦ†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ––Š‹•
‘‡––Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ˆ‘” ‡‰‡–•—„ƒŽƒ ‡†Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡
–Š‡ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘‹••–”‘‰ƒ•–Š‡”‡‹•Š‹‰Š’”‡••ˆ‘” ‡‡‡†‡†–‘‡‡’–Š‡
‘Ž†‹‰ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘•–ƒ–ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ •–”ƒ‹ ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ ‹Ǧ
”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ
x ‘” ȋ͵͵Ȍ ‘†‹–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–
ˆ‘” ‡•–ƒ”––‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›ƒ––Š‡‘‡––Š‡ˆŽ‘™ˆ”‘–
Š‹–• –Š‡ ‘ ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡ ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤʹ͹ǡ „‘––‘ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‰”ƒǦ
†‹‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‡‹•Š‹‰Š‡”ˆ‘”„‘–Šƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–›’‡•–Šƒ–Š‡
‰”ƒ†‹‡–‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ‰ƒ‹ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ•Š‹ˆ–‹ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘
ˆ‘” ‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘Ǥ 
‘–”ƒ•– –‘ –Š‡ ȋ͵͵Ȍ ‘†‹–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ˆ‘” ‡ ‹• ’‘•‹–‹˜‡
ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡’‘‹–‡†‹–Š‡‘–Š‡”†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ
ͳʹͲ
‡ Šƒ‹ •‘ˆ‘ ƒŽ‘ —”‹‰‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰
•—ƒ”›–Š‡ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‡‹•Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ˆ‘” ‡ˆ‘”
ƒŽŽ ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘• ƒ† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ •›•–‡•Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ƒ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‘Ǧ
‘Ž†‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• •Š‘™‹‰ ‘ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ ™‘—Ž† „‡
‡š’‡ –‡†Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–• •Š‘™‡† •ƒŽŽ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ˆ‘”
ȋ͵͵Ȍ ‘†‹–‹‘• ƒ† Žƒ”‰‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ˆ‘” ȋ͵͵ȌǤ Ž•‘ ƒ •–”‘‰‡”
‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹•›•–‡ƒ†–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘™ƒ•‘„•‡”˜‡†Ǥ
Š‡•‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• „‡–™‡‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡– ƒ† •‹—Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ •‡˜Ǧ
‡”ƒŽ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ƒ—•‡•ǣ
x
‘” –Š‡ •‹—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ȋ͵͵Ȍ ‘†‹–‹‘ ƒ† Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ –Š‡
ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‡ƒ††‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ˆ‘” ‡•–ƒ”–ƒ––Š‡˜‡”›•ƒ‡‘‡–
‘ˆ ‘Ž† ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰ǣ –Š‡ ’‘‹– –Š‡ ‹ ‘ Š‹–• †‹‡ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–Ǥ Š‡
ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•• ƒ‘Ž›„‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†–‘–Š‡‘ ǡ‹ˆ
–Š‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–•–ƒ›•‹’Žƒ ‡ƒ†–Š‡‹ ‘ ‹•ˆŽ‘™‹‰‘˜‡”‹–Ǥ
Š‹• ‘†‹–‹‘‹•ƒ••—‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‘Ž†ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰•‹—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ ˆ–Š‡ˆŽ‘™
ˆ”‘–‘ˆ‹ ‘ ‹•Œ—•–’—•Š‹‰–Š‡‘ ‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆ‹–•‡Žˆǡ–Š‡”‡
‹• ‘ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ Š‹‰Š †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–Ǥ Š‹• „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ™ƒ•
‘„•‡”˜‡†ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡–•™‹–Š‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘Ǥ ˆƒ‰Ǧ
‡–‹–‡‹•’”‡•‡–‹–Š‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‡–•
ƒ’’‡ƒ”•†—”‹‰–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡‘Ž†‹‰’”‘ ‡••ǡ–Š—•ƒŽ•‘ƒ––Š‹• ”‹–‹ ƒŽ
‘‡–Ǥ – ‹• ’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡ǡ –Šƒ– –Š‹• ‹†‡‡† •ƒŽŽ ˆ‘” ‡ ƒˆˆ‡ –• –Š‡ †‹ˆǦ
ˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡ƒ—•–ƒ„Ž‡’”‘ ‡••—†ƒ•–ƒ„Ž‡’”‘ ‡••Ǥ‘‹˜‡•Ǧ
–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‹• ‘”‡ †‡‡’Ž› ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤʹͺ •Š‘™• ƒ „”‡ƒ†‘™ ‘ˆ †‹•Ǧ
’Žƒ ‡‡–ƒ†ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‡•‹šǦ†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ ‡”‡„›ǡ ୒ୄ ‹•„ƒ•‡†‘
–Š‡’”‡••ˆ‘” ‡‹šǦ†‹”‡ –‹‘ǡ„—–ƒ†Œ—•–‡†„›–Š‡ƒ –—ƒŽ‘Ž†ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰
ƒ† ‘˜‡”–‡†‹›Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘„›–Š‡ˆ”‹ –‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ǤŠ‹•ˆ‘” ‡‹•
ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‘’‡•ƒ–‡ –Š‡ •Š‡ƒ” ˆ‘” ‡ ‘ˆ ˆŽ‘™‹‰ ‹ ‘ ƒ† –Š‡
ˆ‘” ‡ƒ –‹‰‘–Š‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–•ˆƒ ‡•‹†‡ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤʹ͸ȌǤ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ •Š‡ƒ” •–”‡‰–Š ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ୒ୄ ƒ’’‡ƒ” ‘Ž›ǡ ‹ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‹Ǧ
ˆ‘” ‡‡– •–ƒ›• ‹ ’Žƒ ‡Ǥ ‘” ƒ ˆŽ‘™ ˆ”‘– ’—•Š‹‰ ƒ† ‘˜‹‰ –Š‡
”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–ǡ–Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡‘Ž›–Š‡ˆ‘” ‡‘–Š‡ˆƒ ‡•‹†‡Ǥ• ‹‰Ǧ
—”‡ ͷǤʹͺ •Š‘™•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ƒŽŽ ƒŽ‘‡ ‹• ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‘’‡Ǧ
•ƒ–‡–Š‹•ˆ‘” ‡ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘‰’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†‹‰’”‘ ‡••ƒ†‹’ƒ”Ǧ
–‹ —Žƒ”ˆ‘”–Š‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ‘‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•– ‘–ƒ –Ǥ ‘”ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘•
™‹–Š‘—–ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‡‹•œ‡”‘ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹•
ͳʹͳ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
ƒ —•–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘Ž†‹‰ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ †‡’‡†‹‰ ‘ ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ ‘ •–ƒ›•‹’Žƒ ‡ˆ‘”‹–•ˆ‹”•– ‘–ƒ –™‹–Š–Š‡ˆŽ‘™ˆ”‘–‘”‘–Ǥ
‡†‘ˆ‘Ž†‹‰
ˆ‹”•– ‘–ƒ –‹ ‘ –‘‘ A
A ȋM Š‡ƒ”
ˆ‘” ‡‘‘ ‹
Aͳ
•–ƒ’†‹•–ƒ ‡•‹
Figure 5.28: Breakdown of fixation and displacement forces
for (S33) conditions
x Š‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–‹•‘†‡Ž‡†ƒ•ƒ•‘Ž‹†Šƒ˜‹‰‹ˆ‹‹–‡•–‹ˆˆ‡••Ǥ 
”‡ƒŽ‹–› –Š‡ ‘ ‹• Ž‹„ —†‡” „‡†‹‰ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ˆ‘” –Š‡ Ǧ
„ƒ•‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ– ‘Ž†‹‰ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• Ž‹––Ž‡ ”‡Ǧ
•‹•–ƒ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒŽ‘ ƒŽŽ‹ˆ–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹–Ǧ
•‡ŽˆǤŠ‹•Ž‘ ƒŽˆŽ‘ƒ–‹‰ ƒ‡‹–Š‡”„‡ ƒ—•‡†„›Šƒ”•Š‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹Ǧ
–‹‘•ǡ Ž‹‡ ȋ͵͵Ȍǡ ‘” Ž‘ ƒŽ †‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘• ‹ ’”‡••—”‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ”‘Ǧ
• ‘’‹ ‹Š‘‘‰‡‡‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ ‘ Ǥ – Šƒ• Š‹‰Š ‹’ƒ – ‘ –Š‡
‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† „› –Š‡ ’”‡•• ƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‡ ‹• –”ƒ•Ǧ
ˆ‡””‡†„›–Š‡Ž‘™Ǧ˜‹• ‘—•‹ ‘ Ǥ ‘”ƒˆŽ‘ƒ–‡†•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡Ǧ
‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–ǡ’”‡••—”‡™‹ŽŽ‡š‹•–‘–Š‡–‘’•‹†‡ƒ†–Š‡„‘––‘•‹†‡
‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–ƒ†–Š—•„ƒŽƒ ‡‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”‘—–Ǥ‘–Š‡”‡‹•‘
ͳʹʹ
”ƒ’‹‰
ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘„›–Š‡’”‡••ˆ‘”–Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡–Š‡”‡‹•‘”‡•–‘”‹‰
ˆ‘” ‡–‘’—•Š„ƒ –Š‡‹ ‘ ‡š ‡’––Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡„‡†‹‰•–‹ˆˆ‡••
ˆ‘”•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†’”‘ ‡••‹‰ǤŠ‹• ”‡ƒ–‡•ƒ—•–ƒ„Ž‡
•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘–Šǡ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡” „‡†‹‰ •–‹ˆˆ‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡† Ǧ
„ƒ•‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡ „‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ –‘
’”‡˜‡– Ž‘ ƒŽ ˆŽ‘ƒ–‹‰Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ’Ǧ
’Ž‹‡• ˆ‘” Ž‘ ƒŽ ˆŽ‘ƒ–‡† •‡ –‹‘• ƒ† ‹• ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ’—•Š „ƒ  ‹ ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆŽ‘™—†‡”–Š‡‘ –‘ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹‡š–‡–Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›
ƒ‘”‡•–ƒ„Ž‡‡ Šƒ‹•ˆ‘”ƒ’’Ž›‹‰–Š‡Š‹‰Šˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‡‘ˆ–Š‡
’”‡•• ‹• ˆ‘—† ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ ƒ ‘”‡ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ
–Š‹• ‡ Šƒ‹• ‹• ‘– ‹’Ž‡‡–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‘Ž† ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰ •‹—Žƒ–‹‘
—•‡†Š‡”‡Ǥ„˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡ–Š‹•Ž‹‹–•–Š‡‘—– ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‹—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
x ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ ˆŽ‘™‹‰ ‹ ‘ ƒ† ‘Ž† ”‡Ǧ
•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–ǡ‹•‘–”‹˜‹ƒŽƒ†Šƒ•‘–›‡–„‡‡•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ Ǧ
–‘”‹Ž›•‘Ž˜‡†ȏͳͲͷȐǤŠ‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ —””‡–‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ
Moldex3D R14ǡ‰‹˜‡•–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘†‡• ”‹„‡–Š‹•‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡‡‹–Š‡”
™‹–Š•Ž‹’ƒ–ƒ ‘•–ƒ–ˆ”‹ –‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘”„›‘Ǧ•Ž‹’ƒ–ƒŽŽȏͳ͸͸Ȑǡ
™Š‹ Š‹•‹•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ǤŠ‡ˆ”‹ –‹‘ˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡‹••–”‘‰Ž›†‡’‡†‡–
‘ˆ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡–‹‡‡š’‘•‡†–‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡƒ••Š‘™
‹ •—„Ǧ•‡ –‹‘ ͷǤͳǤ ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ† •Š‡ƒ” ”ƒ–‡ ‘ •Ž‹’
„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‹•ƒŽ•‘”‡’‘”–‡†‹ȏͳͲ͸ȐǤ ‘”†‹‰–‘‘”‡”‡ ‡–•–—†‹‡•ǡ
–Š‡‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡‘†‡Ž‡†„›–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ ƒŽˆ”‹ –‹‘ȋ’”‘Ǧ
’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ȏͳ͸͹ȐȌǡƒ•‹ ‘ ’”‘Ǧ
˜‹†‡• ƒ –Š‹ Ž—„”‹ ƒ–‹‰ ’ƒ•–‡ Žƒ›‡” ȏͳ͸ͺȐǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‹• ‹• ‘– ‹Ǧ
’Ž‡‡–‡†‹–‘ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ–‘‘Ž•ǡ›‡–Ǥ•–Š‡‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”Ǧ
ˆƒ ‡ ™‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ ƒŒ‘” ‹’ƒ – ‘ –Š‡ ƒ‹ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ‡ Šƒ‹•
•Š‡ƒ”ǡƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡””‘”‹•‡•–‹ƒ–‡†„›—•‹‰ƒ ‘•–ƒ–„‘—†ƒ”›
‘†‹–‹‘‹†‡’‡†‡–ˆ”‘•Š‡ƒ””ƒ–‡ǡ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘”˜‹• ‘•‹–›Ǥ
ͷǤͻ”ƒ’‹‰
Š”‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†”ƒ’‹‰ ‘ ‡’–•™‡”‡‹–”‘†— ‡†‹•‡ –‹‘ͶǤʹǣƒǦ
—ƒŽǡ•–ƒ’ƒ†ƒ‰‡–‹ †”ƒ’‹‰Ǥ ‡”‡–Š‡•‡ ‘ ‡’–•ƒ”‡ƒƒŽ›œ‡†ˆ‘”
–Š‡‹” ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ†”ƒ’‹‰ „ƒ•‡†‘ ’ƒ– Š‡•Ǥ ‘”–Š‡‡š’‡”Ǧ
ͳʹ͵
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
‹‡–• –Š‡ ”‘•• „‡ƒ •—„Ǧ’”‡ˆ‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—„ˆŽ‘‘” ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡– ‹•
’”‘†— ‡†ǡ‡ƒ•—”‡†ƒ†ƒƒŽ›œ‡†ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤͳȌǤ ‘”–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•
–Š‡‡š–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‹•Ž‹‹–‡†–‘ƒ•—ƒ”›‘ˆˆ‘—”‡š‡’ŽƒǦ
”›Žƒ›‡”•–”— –—”‡•Ǥ”‘ƒ†‡”‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘• ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡ƒ•–‡”
–Š‡•‹•Dz‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡ˆ‘”“—ƒŽ‹–›’”‘†— ‡†„›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’”‘Ǧ
‡••‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ ‘ˆ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡– •–”— –—”‡• ‘—– ‘ˆ ’”‡Ǧ
’”‡‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•dz‘ˆǤƒǤ
ͷǤͻǤͳ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›
‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹• ’”‘†— ‡† ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘• •Š‘™ ‹
ƒ„Ž‡ͺǤ͹ȋƒ‡š‘’ƒ‰‡ͳͶͷȌǤŠ‡„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”ƒŽŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹•–Š‡ ‘ˆ
”‡•‹Ǥ ‘” †”ƒ’‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹ †”ƒ’‹‰ †‡˜‹ ‡ǡ
ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ††‡†Ǥ Š‡ ‘ ‹• Ǧ —– ȋPrecision-Cutter G3 „›
Zünd Systemtechnik AGȌƒ†•–ƒ ‡†ȋƒ—ƒŽŽ›Ȍ†‹”‡ –Ž›ƒˆ–‡”‹’”‡‰Ǧ
ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡”‡„›ǡ ˆ‘—” †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Žƒ›‡” •–”— –—”‡• ƒ”‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰
–‘ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤʹͻǤ
ȏͲȀͲȐ
ȏͲȀͻͲȐ
ȏͻͲȀͲȐ
ȏͻͲȀͻͲȐ
Figure 5.29: Different layer structures of sub-preforms
Š‡‘ ‹•–Š‡’”‡ˆ‘”‡†„›–Š‡–Š”‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‡˜‹ ‡•‡š’Žƒ‹‡†
‹•‡ –‹‘ͶǤʹǤ™‘•—„Ǧ’”‡ˆ‘”•ƒ”‡†”ƒ’‡†‹’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡ŽǤŠ‡’”‘ ‡†—”‡
‹•‹–‡”ƒ–‡†–Š”‡‡–‹‡•ǤŠ‡Š‡ƒ–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘Ž†•‹•—•‡†ˆ‘”
ƒ–
–‘ˆ—ŽŽ›ˆ‹‹•Š–Š‡ˆ‹”•–”‡ƒ –‹‘•–‡’ǤŠ‹•–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‹•
Š‘•‡ –‘ ‡•—”‡ ƒ Š‡‹ ƒŽŽ› •–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‹”•– ”‡ƒ –‹‘ •–‡’Ǥ ‘” ƒ••Ǧ
’”‘†— –‹‘–Š‡Š‡ƒ–‹‰–‹‡ ƒ„‡”‡†— ‡†ǡ„—–ˆ‹”•–—•–„‡ˆ—”–Š‡”
‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†Ǥ –Š‹••–ƒ‰‡–Š‡•—„Ǧ’”‡ˆ‘”•™‘—Ž†„‡”‡ƒ†›ˆ‘”ƒ••‡Ǧ
„Ž‹‰–‘–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡’”‡ˆ‘”ƒ† ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰Ǥˆ‹–‡”‡•–™‹–Š‹–Š‹•
–Š‡•‹•‹•–Š‡‰‡‘‡–”‹ ƒŽƒ —”ƒ ›‘ˆ–Š‡†”ƒ’‹‰†‡˜‹ ‡•ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡•—„Ǧ
ƒ–
ǤŠ‹•‹‹–‹ƒ–‡•–Š‡
’”‡ˆ‘”•ƒ”‡’Žƒ ‡†‹ƒ‘˜‡ˆ‘”͵Ͳ
ͳʹͶ
”ƒ’‹‰
•‡ ‘† ”‡ƒ –‹‘ •–‡’ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ ƒ ˆ—ŽŽ› —”‡† ƒ† Š‡ ‡ •–‹ˆˆ •—„Ǧ
’”‡ˆ‘”ǡ‹†‡ƒŽˆ‘”‡ƒ•—”‹‰Ǥ
Š‡ •—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ Š •—„Ǧ’”‡ˆ‘” ‹• –Š‡ †‹‰‹–‹œ‡† ƒ– –Š‡ BadenWürttemberg Cooperative State Universityǡ Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ‹ ƒ”Ž•”—Š‡Ǥ – ‹•
‡ƒ•—”‡†„›Žƒ•‡”–”‹ƒ‰—Žƒ–‹‘™‹–ŠƒROMER Absolute Arm 7320SI„›
Hexagon MetrologyǤ ƒ‡š–•–‡’–Š‡•—„Ǧ’”‡ˆ‘”•ƒ –—ƒŽ‰‡‘‡–”›‹•
‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ› ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–‰‡‘‡–”›ǡ—•‹‰–Š‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡Geomagic
Contr‘Ž „› Geomagic GmbHǤ ‹”•– ‘—–Ž‹‡”• ƒ”‡ ”‡‘˜‡† ƒ† –Š‡ ’‘‹–
Ž‘—†‹•–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†–‘ƒ ‘•‹•–‡–•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ’‘Ž›‰‘•ǤŠ‡ ‘’ƒ”‹Ǧ
•‘”‡•—Ž–‹•–Š‡†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ Š’‘Ž›‰‘‘ˆ–Š‡•—„Ǧ’”‡ˆ‘”••—”ˆƒ ‡
ƒ• ƒ ‘”ƒŽ ˜‡ –‘” ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ •—”ˆƒ ‡ ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡
‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͵ͲȌǤ
Figure 5.30: Global result of the measuring procedure
left: Comparison of actual (blue) to target (yellow) geometry
right: Deviation of sub-preform as false-color image
ͷǤͻǤʹ ‡•—Ž–•ƒ†‹• —••‹‘
‘ ‘’ƒ”‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡•—Ž–•ǡ–Š‡‡ƒ•—”‡††‹• ”‡’ƒ ›‹••Š‘™Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›
ƒ– ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘• ƒŽ‘‰ ƒ† ’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ” –‘ –Š‡ •—„Ǧ’”‡ˆ‘”• Ž‘‰
•‹†‡ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤ͵ͳǤ Š‡ ‰”ƒ’Š –‘ –Š‡ Ž‡ˆ– ”‡’”‡•‡–• ”‘••Ǧ
•‡ –‹‘• ƒ– ˆ‹˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ›Ǧ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‰”ƒ’Š –‘ –Š‡ ”‹‰Š– ”‡’”‡Ǧ
•‡–•ˆ‘—” ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–šǦ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡Ǥ
ͳʹͷ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
Figure 5.31: Measuring points of the x/z (left) and y/z (right) cross-sections
Š‡ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘•‹šœǦ’Žƒ‡ƒ”‡•Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͵ʹǤ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ–‘
–Š‡ ˆ‹˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ›Ǧ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡•ǡ ‡ƒ Š ‰”ƒ’Š ‹ Ž—†‡• ƒŽŽ ˆ‘—” Žƒ›‡”
•–”— –—”‡•ƒ–•‹š‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘‡ƒ Š’‘‹–‹–Š‡‰”ƒ’Š”‡’”‡•‡–•ͳʹͲ
‡ƒ•—”‡†’‘‹–•Ǥƒ—ƒŽ†”ƒ’‹‰•Š‘™•ƒ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
‹œǦ†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒ†
‹šǦ†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ ‘”•–ƒ’†”ƒ’Ǧ
ˆ‘”œƒ†
ˆ‘”šǤƒ‰‡–‹ †”ƒ’Ǧ
‹‰–Š‡•‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ”‡
‹‰Ž‡ƒ†•–‘ƒ†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
‹œǦ†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒ†
‹šǦ
†‹”‡ –‹‘ǤŠ‡†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘‹•Š‹‰Š‡•–ˆ‘”ƒ‰‡–‹ †”ƒ’‹‰ƒ†Ž‘™‡•–ˆ‘”
•–ƒ’†”ƒ’‹‰Ǥ
ͳʹ͸
”ƒ’‹‰
Figure 5.32: X/z cross-sections for all layer structures by draping concepts
‹‰—”‡ ͷǤ͵͵ •Š‘™• –Š‡ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘ ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ’ƒ– Š‡• ‹ ›œǦ’Žƒ‡Ǥ
ƒ—ƒŽ †”ƒ’‹‰ ”‡ƒ Š‡• –Š‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‰‡‘‡–”› ™‹–Š ƒ †‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
‹ œǦ†‹”‡ –‹‘ ƒ†
‹ ›Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ ‡ƒ †‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘
‹œƒ†
‹›‹•ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†„›•–ƒ’†”ƒ’‹‰Ǥƒ‰Ǧ
‘ˆ
ˆ‘” œ ƒ†
ˆ‘” ›Ǥ Š‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”†
‡–‹ †”ƒ’‹‰ Ž‡ƒ†• –‘
†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” •–ƒ’ ƒ† ƒ—ƒŽ †”ƒ’‹‰ ƒ”‡ ‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ƒ‰‡–‹ †”ƒ’‹‰•Š‘™•Š‹‰Š‡”•–ƒ†ƒ”††‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
ͳʹ͹
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
Figure 5.33: Y/z cross-sections for all layer structures by draping concepts
Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ †”ƒ’‹‰†‡˜‹ ‡‹•‘–ƒ„Ž‡–‘†”ƒ’‡•Šƒ”’”ƒ†‹‹ƒ —”ƒ–‡Ǧ
Ž›ǡ „—– ˆŽƒ– •‡ –‹‘• ƒ”‡ †”ƒ’‡† ’”‡ ‹•‡Ž›Ǥ –ƒ’ ƒ† ƒ—ƒŽ †”ƒ’‹‰
ƒ”‡ •Š‘™‹‰ ˜‡”› Š‹‰Š ƒ —”ƒ › ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒŽǤ Š‡ ”‡’”‘†— ‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ –Š‡
•–ƒ’†”ƒ’‹‰†‡˜‹ ‡‹••—’‡”‹‘”–‘–Š‡‘–Š‡” ‘ ‡’–•Ǥ
Š‹Ž‡†”ƒ’‹‰ǡ‹–„‡ ƒ‡ƒ’’ƒ”‡–ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘ ‡••™‹†‘™ˆ‘”†”ƒ’Ǧ
‹‰ ƒˆ–‡” ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ‹• Ž‹‹–‡† –‘ ƒ”‘—† ˆ‘—” Š‘—”• ˆ‘” –Š‡ —•‡†
ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥˆ–‡”™ƒ”†•ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ”‡ƒ –‹‘Šƒ• ’”‘‰”‡••‡† –‘‘ˆƒ” ƒ†
–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‡•‡Žƒ•–‹ ǤŠ—•ǡ•’”‹‰Ǧ„ƒ ƒˆ–‡”†”ƒ’‹‰‘ —”•Ǥ
ͳʹͺ
‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰–‘‡ƒŽ‹œ‡‘’Ž‡šƒ”–•
ͷǤͳͲ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰–‘‡ƒŽ‹œ‡‘’Ž‡šƒ”–•
Š‡ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•ǡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ”‡“—‹”‡‡– ˆ‘” ƒ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‘Ǧ
‘Ž†‹‰ ‹• ƒ •–‹ˆˆ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡– ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ƒ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ǡ ™ƒ• ’”‘˜‡ ‹
•—„Ǧ•‡ –‹‘ͷǤͷˆ‘”ƒƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ƒ–ƒ–™‘Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ
–Š‹••‡ –‹‘–Š‡Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•‹•–‡•–‡†ˆ‘”ƒ ‘’Ž‡šƒ†Š‹‰ŠŽ›”‹„„‡†
’ƒ”– Ȃ –Š‡ ƒ—–‘‘–‹˜‡ •—„ˆŽ‘‘”Ǥ • –Š‡ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‹• ’ƒ”– ‹• ƒ
‘’Ž‡š –Š”‡‡Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ •–”— –—”‡ „› ‹–•‡Žˆ ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤ͵Ͷǡ Ž‡ˆ–Ȍǡ
–Š‡ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ‘ ‡’– ‹• •‹’Ž‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ǦŽ‘ ‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–”— –—”‡ –‘ –Š‡
‘Ž†ǤŠ‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–‹•ˆ—”–Š‡”•—’’‘”–‡†„›–Š‡ ‘–ƒ –‘ˆ‹–•ˆ”‘–
ˆƒ ‡• –‘ –Š‡ ˆŽƒ•Š ˆƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž† ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤ͵Ͷǡ ”‹‰Š–ȌǤ Š‹• ‹• ‹
‘–”ƒ•– –‘ –Š‡ —•—’’‘”–‡† ‘ ’ƒ– Š —•‡† Ž‘ ƒŽŽ› ƒ– –Š‡ –™‘Ǧ
†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ –”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ƒ† †‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‡†
‘ •ŠƒŽŽ„‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†„›”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
Figure 5.34: CoFRTS to mold complex parts
left: CoFRTS reinforcement structure
right: CoFRTS in mold cavity
ͷǤͳͲǤͳ
‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ† ’ƒ”–• ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡† ‹ –Š‡ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ MAI qfast
’”‘Œ‡ –ȏͳͺȐƒ –ƒ•”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ƒ†•–ƒ–‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡Ǧƒ”–ˆ‘”–Š‹•‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Š‡ •‡‹Ǧˆ‹‹•Š‡† ’”‘†— –• ˆ‘” –Š‡•‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ™‡”‡ ’”‘Ǧ
†— ‡†„›PolyntǤ ‡”‡„›ǡ–Š‡ƒ–”‹š‘ˆ‘ ȋ–›’‡HUP CF LE 24760
UDB-1090Ȍ ƒ† ‹ ‘ ȋ–›’‡ HUP CF 24/40 RB 1090/EJ 39935Ȍ ‹•
‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ ”‡•‹ •›•–‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ —•‡† ƒ”Ǧ
ͳʹͻ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
„‘ ˆ‹„‡” ‹• –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ˆ‘” ‘ ƒ† ‹ ‘ ȋPanex35
ȋPX3505098T-13) „›ZoltekȌǤ ‡”‡„›ǡ–Š‡‘ ‹•’”‘†— ‡††‹”‡ –Ž›
‘—–‘ˆˆ‹„‡”•ǡ‘–ˆ”‘ˆƒ„”‹ ǤŠ‡•‡”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡’ƒ”–•ƒ”‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†™‹–Š
–Š”‡‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡† „› ”‡•‹ ‹Ǧ
’”‡‰ƒ–‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ȋUD300 „› ZoltekȌǤ Š‡ ‘’ƒ”‹‰ ’ƒ”–• ƒ”‡
†‹•–‹‰—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡ „› –Š‡ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ ‘Ž›Ǥ  ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ ƒ„‘—–
–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‘ˆƒŽŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•‹••Š‘™‹ƒ„Ž‡ͷǤ͵Ǥ‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†‹ˆ‘”Ǧ
ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘’ƒ”–•ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘‹•‰‹˜‡‹ƒ„Ž‡ͺǤͺȋƒǦ
‡š ‘ ’ƒ‰‡ ͳͶ͸ȌǤ š ‡’– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ ƒŽŽ •‡‹Ǧˆ‹‹•Š‡†
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•™‡”‡’”‘†— ‡†ƒ–Fraunhofer ICTǤ
Table 5.3:
DicoFRTS
ˆ‹„‡”
ˆ‹„‡”ˆ‘”
ƒ–”‹š
CoFRTS
ˆ‹„‡”
ˆ‹„‡”ˆ‘”
ƒ–”‹š
Differences in materials of the examined parts
Reference Population 2 Population 3 Population 4
ƒ‡š͵ͷ
”‘˜‹‰
ƒ‡š͵ͷ
”‘˜‹‰
ƒ‡š͵ͷ —Ž–‹•–ƒ”ʹ͹ʹ
”‘˜‹‰
”‘˜‹‰
ƒ‡š͵ͷ
”‘˜‹‰
ƒ‡š͵ͷ
ƒ‡š͵ͷ
ƒ‡š͵ͷ
ˆ–‡” ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹ˆ ‡ ‡••ƒ”›ǡ –Š‡ ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹• Ǧ —– ƒ†
ƒ—ƒŽŽ›•–ƒ ‡†ǤŠ‡‘ –‘–ƒŽ™‡‹‰Š–‹•
ƒ†‹†‡–‹ ƒŽˆ‘”
ƒŽŽ ’ƒ”–•Ǥ ‡”‡„›ǡ –Š‡ Žƒ›—’ ‹• ଶ
ଶ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
ƒ† ଷ
ଶ
ଷ ˆ‘” –Š‡ Ǧƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •—”ˆƒ ‡
™‡‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡‹Ǧˆ‹‹•Š‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ˆ–‡” •–ƒ ‹‰ǡ –Š‡ •–‹ŽŽ –™‘Ǧ
†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ Žƒ›—’• ‘ˆ ‘ ƒ”‡ ’”‡ˆ‘”‡† ƒ—ƒŽŽ› –‘ –Š”‡‡Ǧ
†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–• ȋƒ• †‡• ”‹„‡† ‹ •‡ –‹‘ ͶǤʹ ‘ ’ƒ‰‡ ͹ͲȌǡ
”‡ƒ†›ˆ‘” ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ
‘”–Š‡‹ ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’”‘ ‡†—”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡ˆ‡”Ǧ
‡ ‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ –Šƒ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘” –Š‡ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ȋ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•ʹǦͶȌ–Š‡•‡‹Ǧˆ‹‹•Š‡†‹ ‘ ‹• —–„›Šƒ†
‘ˆ‘Ž† ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒ†’Žƒ ‡†‘–‘’‘ˆ
–‘”‡ –ƒ‰—Žƒ”•Š‡‡–•‘ˆ
ͳ͵Ͳ
‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰–‘‡ƒŽ‹œ‡‘’Ž‡šƒ”–•
–Š‡‘ ‹–Š‡‘’‡‘Ž†Œ—•–„‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͵ͷǡ
Ž‡ˆ–ȌǤ ‘‹‰ •‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Ž‡† –‘ ƒ••‹˜‡ †‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
ƒ††‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘ †—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡ˆŽ‘™‘ˆ
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŠƒ•–‘„‡”‡†— ‡†–‘ƒ‹‹—ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡‹ ‘ ˆ‘”
–Š‡•‡ ’ƒ”–• ™ƒ• Ǧ —– –‘ •‹š ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ „Žƒ• ƒ† ‹’Ž‡‡–‡† ‹
–Š‡ †”ƒ’‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ –Š‡ ‘Ž†
ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ Žƒ›—’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „Žƒ ‹•
‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‹ ‘ ‹• ”ƒ‹•‡† –‘
•–‡’’‡† ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ –Š‹ ‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ ’ƒ”– ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤ͵ͷǡ
ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ ’”‘†— ‡† ’ƒ”–•Ǥ
”‹‰Š–ȌǤ Š‡ ‹ ‘ –‘–ƒŽ ™‡‹‰Š– ‹•
‡–ƒ‹Ž• ƒ„‘—– ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘• ƒ „‡ ˆ‘—† ‹•‹†‡ –Š‡ “ˆƒ•–
ˆ‹ƒŽ”‡’‘”–ȏͳͺȐǤ
Figure 5.35: Differences of DicoFRTS before co-molding
left: Simple rectangular blank for comparison parts
at 90 % mold coverage
right: Complex preform for reference parts
at 99 % mold coverage
ˆ–‡” †‡‘Ž†‹‰ǡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ƒ† †‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ ”‡‹Ǧ
ˆ‘” ‹‰ –Š‡ •—„ˆŽ‘‘”• ”‘•• „‡ƒ ƒ”‡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†Ǥ ‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ† ˆ‘” ‘ˆ
–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Žƒ›‡”‘ˆ‘ ƒ„‡‡šƒ‹‡†‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ–‘’˜‹‡™•‘ˆ
–Š‡’ƒ”–•Ǥ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͵͸†‹•’Žƒ›•‘‡‡š‡’Žƒ”›’ƒ”–‘ˆ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ͶǤ‘
–Š‡ ‹ ‘ ‹• ‰Žƒ•• ˆ‹„‡” ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡† ƒ† Šƒ• Š‹‰Š ‘–”ƒ•– –‘ –Š‡
‘ ǤŠ‡‘ •Š‘™•‘†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ƒ†Ž‘™†‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡
“—ƒŽ‹–›‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†„›–‘’˜‹‡™‹• ‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•‹ Ž—†Ǧ
‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ƒˆ–‡” ƒ†Œ—•–‹‰ –Š‡ ‹ ‘ Žƒ›—’ ƒ•
†‡• ”‹„‡† ƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ ‘ ‰ƒ‹ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‘ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘
ͳ͵ͳ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
‹•‹†‡–Š‡’ƒ”–ǡ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘‹ ”‘‰”ƒ’Š•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͵͸ƒ”‡
’”‡’ƒ”‡†Ǥ
Figure 5.36: Subfloor of population 4 illustrating position of cross-section
left: Top view
right: Bottom view
ͷǤͳͲǤʹ
‡•—Ž–•ƒ†‹• —••‹‘
‡ ‡š‡’Žƒ”› ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ Š ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‹• •Š‘™ ‹ ‹‰—”‡
ͷǤ͵͹Ǥ  –Š‡ Ž‡ˆ– •‹†‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ”‘•• „‡ƒ• ƒ”‡ †‹•’Žƒ›‡†Ǥ Š‡ ”‹‰Š–
•‹†‡•Š‘™•†‡–ƒ‹Ž•ƒ„‘—––Š‡ˆ‹„‡” ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ––Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ”‹„•Ǥ
ͳ͵ʹ
‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰–‘‡ƒŽ‹œ‡‘’Ž‡šƒ”–•
Figure 5.37: Comparison of sub floor cross-sections of different materials
ͳ͵͵
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ƭ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰
‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ”‘•• „‡ƒǡ –Š‡ ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ǧ
’ƒ”‹‰’ƒ”–•ƒ”‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›‘”‡•–”ƒ‹‰Š––Šƒ–Š‡”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ‘–‹Ǧ
—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡’ƒ”–•ƒ”‡‹•ƒŽ‹‰‡†‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ
‘ˆ ”‹„• ƒ† ƒ„”—’– Šƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ ™ƒŽŽ –Š‹ ‡••Ǥ Š‹• ‹•ƒŽ‹‰‡– ƒŽ•‘
ƒˆˆ‡ –•–Š‡ˆ”‹‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–ǣ–Š‡ —”˜‹‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡”•‹•
•Š‘”–‡‹‰–Š‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–ǯ•Ž‡‰–Š‹šǦ†‹”‡ –‹‘ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ
—”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†•‡ –‹‘ƒ––Š‡˜‡”›‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡ˆ‡”Ǧ
‡ ‡’ƒ”–•Ǥ
– –Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‹„•ǡ •ƒŽŽ –‘ ‘ †‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ˜‹•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” Ǧ
„ƒ•‡†‘ ǤŠ‹•‹•‹†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽȋ ‹‰—”‡
ͷǤ͵͹ǡ„Ǧ†ȌǤ ‘” Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡”‡ ‹• Š‹‰Š †‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
ͲιŽƒ›‡”•‡š––‘–Š‡”‹„ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡ͲιŽƒ›‡”•ƒ––Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡”‡ƒ‹‹
’‘•‹–‹‘ ȋ ‹‰—”‡ ͷǤ͵͹ǡƒȌǤ ‡”‡ –Š‡ ͻͲιŽƒ›‡” ‹ „‡–™‡‡ ‘’‡•ƒ–‡•
–Š‡†‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
‡•‹†‡• –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–• –‘
†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ƒ††‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡Šƒ†Ž‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•‹Ǧ
’”‘˜‡†ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‹•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡Ž‘™˜‹• ‘•‹–›†”‘’†—”‹‰
‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ǡ–Š‡•‡ ‘†‘–Š‡Š‹‰Š˜‹• ‘•‹–›Ž‡˜‡Žƒ–Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡”‡•‹
•›•–‡‡˜‡‡ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ƒ‘—–‘ˆˆŽ‘™‘ˆ–Š‡‹ ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
ƒ† •‹’Ž‡ —––‹‰ ’ƒ––‡”• ™‹–Š‘—– –Š‡ ‡‡† ‘ˆ †”ƒ’‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ ‘Ǧ
‘” ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ Ǥ Š‹• ‹• „‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” –Š‡
’”‘†— –‹˜‹–› ƒ† ƒ Ž‡ƒ” ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ ‘’ƒ”‡† ™‹–Š
•–ƒ–‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡Ǧƒ”–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‹– ƒ„‡ ‘ Ž—†‡†ǡ–Šƒ–’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž‘ ‹‰‹•ƒ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ˆ‹šƒǦ
–‹‘ ‘ ‡’–ˆ‘”’ƒ”–•‘ˆŠ‹‰Š ‘’Ž‡š‹–›ǤŠ‹••–ƒ–‡‡–‹•Ž‹‹–‡†–‘
”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–• ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ‡”–ƒ‹ •–‹ˆˆ‡•• †—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ǡ Ž‹‡ –Š‡
”‡•‹ •›•–‡Ǥ ‘” ‰Ǧ–Š‹ ‡‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ ‹• ‘Ž›
’‘••‹„Ž‡ „› ƒ ‘•‡“—‡– ”‡†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆŽ‘™ǡ ™Š‡”‡„› –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •–‹ŽŽ
‹••—‡•™‹–Šˆ‹„‡”‹•ƒŽ‹‰‡–ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ˆ‘”–Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†Š‡”‡Ǥ
ͳ͵Ͷ
͸—ƒ”›
‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǡ ’”‘ ‡•• ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡ ‘‘‹ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › ‘ˆ –Š‡
ˆ‹ƒŽ ‘’‘‡–†‡–‡”‹‡™Š‡–Š‡”‘”‘––Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰
’”‡•‡–‡†Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹–•‡Žˆ‘–Š‡ƒ”‡–ǤŠ‡‹••—‡‘ˆ’‡”ˆ‘”Ǧ
ƒ ‡ ƒ† ‡ ‘‘‹ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › ™ƒ• ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ – MAI
qfastǤ˜‡ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‡† ‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ’‘‘”‘ ˆ‹„‡”ƒŽ‹‰‡–ƒ”‡
‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽŽ›†‹”‡ –Ž› ‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‘’‘‡–•ƒ†‡„›”‡•‹–”ƒ•Ǧ
ˆ‡” ‘Ž†‹‰ ȏͳͺȐǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ –Š‡ •—„•–‹–—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ”„‘ ˆ‹„‡”• „›
‰Žƒ••ˆ‹„‡”•ˆ‘”Ž‡•••–”‡••‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–ǡ—•‹‰‹ ‘ ǡ‡ƒ„Ž‡•
ˆ‘” ƒ †”ƒƒ–‹ ”‡†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘•–• ™‹–Š Šƒ”†Ž› ƒ› Ž‘•• ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ •–‹ˆˆ‡•• ȏͳͺȐǤ ‘’‘‡– ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ƒ† ’”‘ ‡•• ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›
ƒ”‡†‡–‡”‹‡†„›†”ƒ’‹‰•–‡’ƒ†–™‘ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‡ Šƒ‹••†—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ
‘Ž†‹‰ǣ†‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–Ǥ
x Draping: ‹–Š‹ –Š‹• –Š‡•‹•ǡ –Š”‡‡ †”ƒ’‹‰ ‘ ‡’–• ™‡”‡ ‹˜‡•–‹Ǧ
‰ƒ–‡†ǣ ƒ—ƒŽ †”ƒ’‹‰ǡ •–ƒ’ †”ƒ’‹‰ ƒ† ƒ‰‡–‹ †”ƒ’‹‰Ǥ – ‹•
‘„˜‹‘—•ǡ –Šƒ– ‡˜‡”› †”ƒ’‹‰ ‡–Š‘† Šƒ• ‹–• •–”‡‰–Š• ƒ† ™‡ƒǦ
‡••‡• ƒ† ‹• –Š—• ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– †”ƒ’‹‰ –ƒ••Ǥ – Ž‘™
‹˜‡•–ˆ‘”–Š‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‘Ž†ƒ†’‘•‹–‹˜‡‘Ž†”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ„Ž‡„›ƒ ‘Ǧ
’‘‡– ‹–•‡Žˆǡ ƒ—ƒŽ †”ƒ’‹‰ ‹• ‹†‡ƒŽ ˆ‘” •ƒŽŽǦ•‡”‹‡• ’”‘†— –‹‘
’”‘˜‹†‹‰ •—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ƒ —”ƒ ›Ǥ ‹‰Š ‹˜‡•– ‹• ‡‡†‡† –‘ ‹’Ž‡‡–
•–ƒ’†”ƒ’‹‰‹–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘’”‘ ‡••Ǥ –—”ǡƒˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡†
ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰Ž‹‡‘ˆŠ‹‰Šƒ —”ƒ › ƒ„‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†ƒ†ƒ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡
Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ•‡”‹‡• ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‡† ‘’‘‡–• „‡ ‘‡• ’‘••‹Ǧ
„Ž‡Ǥƒ‰‡–‹ †”ƒ’‹‰‹••–‹ŽŽ‘’”‘–‘–›’‡Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ –Šƒ•–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–‘ˆ
–‡š–‹Ž‡ˆ”‹‡†Ž›†”ƒ’‹‰’”‡˜‡–‹‰™”‹Ž‡•™‹–Š‘—––Š‡‡‡†‘ˆƒ
—’’‡”‘Ž†Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ Š‹‡˜ƒ„Ž‡†‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹•Ž‹‹–‡†ǤŠ—•ǡ
‹– ‹• „‡•– •—‹–‡† ˆ‘” ˜‡”› Ž‘ ƒŽ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–• ‘ˆ •‹’Ž‡ ‰‡‘‡–”›Ǥ
—”–Š‡”‘”‡ –Š‡ ƒ†ƒ–‘”› ˆ‡””‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ‘” ˆ‡””‹ƒ‰‡–‹ ’ƒ”–‹Ǧ
Ž‡• ƒ„‡—•‡†ƒ•ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘†—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰Ǥ
ŽŽ†”ƒ’‹‰ ‘ ‡’–•Šƒ˜‡‘‡–Š‹‰‹ ‘‘ǣ–Š‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡
’”‡ˆ‘” ‹• †”ƒ•–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ǡ ™Š‡ —•‹‰ ƒ Š›„”‹† ”‡•‹Ǥ —”Ǧ
–Š‡”‘”‡ –Š‡ –™‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› •‡’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ Š‡‹ ƒŽ ”‡ƒ –‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡
ͳ͵ͷ
—ƒ”›
”‡•‹ ƒŽŽ‘™ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ †”ƒ’‹‰ ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ› ”‹• ‘ˆ •–ƒ”–‹‰ –Š‡
”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ ’‘Ž›‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ ƒ •–”‘‰ ‘Š‡•‹‘ „‡–™‡‡
”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–ƒ†–Š‡ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ„› Š‡‹ ƒŽ„‘†‹‰Ǥ
x Deformation of CoFRTS during co-molding: Š‡ •–”ƒ‹‰Š– ƒŽ‹‰Ǧ
‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–‹–Š‡ ‘’‘‡–‹•‡›’ƒǦ
”ƒ‡–‡”ˆ‘”Š‹‰Šƒ†”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǤŠ‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒǦ
–‹‘‘ˆ ”‡•‹ƒ•‘ ƒ–”‹šƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Š‘™‡†‰”‡ƒ–‹’ƒ –
‘ˆ‹„‡”•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›†—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ǤŠƒ–ƒ’’Ž‹‡•ˆ‘”ˆŽƒ–”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡Ǧ
‡–• ‘ ’Žƒ–‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ˆ‘” ‘’Ž‡š ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–•ǡ ‡•’‡Ǧ
‹ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ”‹„•ǤŽ•‘˜‹• ‘•‹–›‡ƒ•—”‡‡–••Š‘™‡†ǡ
”‡•‹‹•ƒ”‹‰‹†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™Š‡Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡†ǤŠ‹••‹’Ž‹ˆ‹‡•–Š‡‡ˆǦ
ˆ‘”–ǡ™Š‡‹– ‘‡•–‘‘†‡Ž‹‰–Š‡‘Ž†ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰’”‘ ‡••ǡƒ•–Š‡”‡‹Ǧ
ˆ‘” ‡‡– ƒ„‡ƒ••—‡†ƒ••–‹ˆˆ‹Žƒ›Ǥ
x Displacement of CoFRTS during co-molding: ‡•‹†‡• †‡ˆ‘”Ǧ
ƒ–‹‘ǡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ †—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ ‹• Š‹‰ŠŽ›
”‹–‹ ƒŽǤ Š—•ǡ ƒ ‘˜‡Ž ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ‘ ‡’– ˆ‘” ‘ ǡ —•‹‰ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†•ǡ™ƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ†”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•Ǥ  ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘
™‹–Š–Š‡Š‹‰Šˆ”‹ –‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡•‹ǡƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹Ǧ
’”‘˜‡‡– ‹ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˜‡”› Ž‘ ƒŽ ’ƒ– Š‡• ™ƒ• ƒ Š‹‡˜‡† ™Š‡
‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ ‘”‘”‡ ‘’Ž‡š•Šƒ’‡•‘ˆ–Š‡
‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡” ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–•ǡ ‡˜‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ǦŽ‘ ‹‰ ™ƒ• •—ˆˆ‹Ǧ
‹‡–™Š‡ ‘„‹‡†™‹–Š–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡•‹•›•–‡–‘‡‡’
–Š‡ ˆ‹„‡”• ‹ ’Žƒ ‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‘Ž† ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰
•‹—Žƒ–‹‘ •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ‹• ‘– ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ’”‡†‹ –‹‰ ‘ †‹•’Žƒ ‡Ǧ
‡–Ǥ
‘•——’ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š’‘•–—Žƒ–‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘™‡”‡ ‘ˆ‹”‡†Ǥ
Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‘†‡”†”ƒ’‹‰–‡ Š‹“—‡•ǡ‡™”‡•‹•›•–‡•ƒ†ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘
‘ ‡’–•ƒ•†‡• ”‹„‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‹•–Š‡•‹••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›‹’”‘˜‡•’‡”ˆ‘”Ǧ
ƒ ‡ƒ†”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‘‹ ‘ ‘’‘‡–•ǤŠ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ‘”—Ǧ
Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‘†‡Ž•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ••‹—Ǧ
Žƒ–‹‘–‡ Š‹“—‡•†‡• ”‹„‡†Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒƒŒ‘”•–‡’–‘™ƒ”†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œƒǦ
–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
ͳ͵͸
͹—–Ž‘‘ƒ†—‰‰‡•–‹‘•ˆ‘” —”–Š‡”
‡•‡ƒ” Š
Š‡’”‡•‡–™‘”™‹–Š‹–•Š‘Ž‹•–‹ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”†‡• ”‹„‡•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ‡–ŠǦ
‘†• ƒ† ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ƒ• †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† ƒ• ‡‡†‡† –‘ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž› ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ
‘‹ ‘ ‹–Š‡ ‘–‡š–‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡Ǧ•‡”‹‡•’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ –Ž›–Š‹•
”‡ƒ•‘ǡ–Š‹•™‘” ‘—Ž† ”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†Ǧ
†”‡••‹‰–Š‡•‹‰Ž‡’”‘ ‡•••–‡’•ǡƒ†˜ƒ ‡†”‡•‹•ƒ†ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ”ƒ™
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‹’”‘˜‡† ‘†‡Ž• ƒ† Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‡–Š‘†•ǡ
•— Šƒ•ǣ
x ’”‘˜‹‰’”‘ ‡•••‹—Žƒ–‹‘™‹–Šˆ‘ —•‘‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”Ǧ
ˆƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡ˆŽ‘™‹‰‹ ‘ ƒ†‘Ž†„›–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ ƒŽˆ”‹ Ǧ
–‹‘
x ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰ –Š‡ ”Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ† Š‡‘‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡
Ǧˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘‹”‡•’‡ –‘ˆ–‡’‘”ƒŽƒ†–Š‡”ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”›ǤŠ‹•
‘—Ž†‡ƒ„Ž‡ƒˆƒ•–ƒ†ƒ’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–‘‘–Š‡”ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰
Ž‹‡•™‹–Š‘—––Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡” Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘
x ‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ƒ Ǧˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‹ ‘ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ‹•–ƒ–
–Š‹ ‡‹‰ƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
x –”‘†— ‹‰ƒ–Š‹”†”‡ƒ –‹‘•–‡’ˆ‘”–Š‡‘ –‘„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘•‡’ƒǦ
”ƒ–‡‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘•–‡’ˆ”‘†”ƒ’‹‰•–‡’
x Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ‘Š‡•‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ† ‹Ǧ
‘ ƒˆ–‡” ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰‘”‡†‡‡’Ž›
x ˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰–Š‡–Š‹ ‡‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ”‡•‹• ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ˆ‡””‘ƒ‰‡–Ǧ
‹ ‘”ˆ‡””‹ƒ‰‡–‹ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•Šƒ’‡‹–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ
ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†
x ‡• ”‹„‹‰’Š‡‘‡ƒ†—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰‘ˆ”‹’’‡†•–”— –—”‡•™‹–Š
‰‡‡”‹ •’‡ ‹‡•
x ‡––‹‰—’ƒ’‹Ž‘–Ž‹‡ˆ‘”ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡†ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰‘ˆ‘‹ ‘Ǧ
Ȃˆ”‘‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘–‘•–”— –—”‡
ͳ͵͹
—–Ž‘‘ƒ†—‰‰‡•–‹‘•ˆ‘” —”–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š
‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ’‘‹– ƒ”‡ ƒ††”‡••‡† „› –Š‡ —””‡–Ž› ”—‹‰ ‹–‡”ƒǦ
–‹‘ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†–”ƒ‹‹‰‰”‘—’Dz –‡‰”ƒ–‡†‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰‘ˆ ‘–‹—Ǧ
‘—• †‹• ‘–‹—‘—• Ž‘‰ ˆ‹„‡” ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡† ’‘Ž›‡” •–”— –—”‡•dz ȋ ʹͲ͹ͺǡ ’”‡•‡–‡† ™‹–Š‹ ȏʹͻȐȌ ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‘–‡– ‘ˆ ˆ—–—”‡ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
ͳ͵ͺ
ͺ’’‡†‹š
ͺǤͳ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”‘ˆ‹Ž‡•ˆ‘”‹• ‘•‹–›‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•
Table 8.1:
Temperature profile 1
No. Start temp. End temp. Gradient Duration
‹ι
‹ι ‹ιȀ‹
‹‹
ͳǤ
ʹ͵
ʹ͵
Ͳ
ͳͲ
ʹǤ
ʹ͵
ͺͲ
͸Ͳ
ͳ
͵Ǥ
ͺͲ
ͺͲ
Ͳ
ʹͲ
ͶǤ
ͺͲ
ʹ͵
Ǧ͸Ͳ
ͳ
ͷǤ
ʹ͵
ʹ͵
Ͳ
ͳͲ
͸Ǥ
ʹ͵
ͳͷͲ
͸Ͳ
ʹǤͳ
͹Ǥ
ͳͷͲ
ͳͷͲ
Ͳ
ͳͲ
ͺǤ
ͳͷͲ
ʹ͵
Ǧ͵Ͳ
ͶǤʹ
ͻ
ʹʹ
ʹʹ
Ͳ
ͳͲ
Table 8.2:
Temperature profile 2
No. Start temp. End temp. Gradient Duration
‹ι
‹ι ‹ιȀ‹
‹‹
ͳǤ
ʹʹ
ʹʹ
Ͳ
ͳͲ
ʹǤ
ʹʹ
ͺͲ
͸Ͳ
ͳ
͵Ǥ
ͺͲ
ͺͲ
Ͳ
Ͷ
ͶǤ
ͺͲ
ͳͺ
Ǧ͸Ͳ
ͳ
ͷǤ
ͳͺ
ͳͺ
Ͳ
ͳͲ
͸Ǥ
ͳͺ
ͺͲ
͸Ͳ
ͳ
͹Ǥ
ͺͲ
ͺͲ
Ͳ
͸
ͺǤ
ͺͲ
ͳͺ
Ǧ͸Ͳ
ͳ
ͻǤ
ͳͺ
ͳͺ
Ͳ
͸ͲͲ
ͳͲǤ
ͳͺ
ͳͷͲ
͸Ͳ
ʹǤʹ
ͳͳǤ
ͳͷͲ
ͳͷͲ
Ͳ
ͳͲ
ͳʹǤ
ͳͷͲ
ʹʹ
Ǧ͵Ͳ
ͶǤ͵
ͳ͵Ǥ
ʹʹ
ʹʹ
Ͳ
ͳͲ
ͳ͵ͻ
ͺǤʹ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽŠƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘‡•—Ž–•
Table 8.3:
Formulation UPPH-CoFRTS
material
ƒ”‘Ͷͳ
Ǧ’‘™†‡”
’ͳͲΨ
ͻͲͺͷ
”‹‰‘‘šͳͳ͹
—’”ƒƒ–ʹͲ
‘” Š‹ƒ–ͲʹͶ͵
ƒ‡š͵ͲͲ
supplier
ƒŽ‹ƒ ›•
”ƒ—Š‘ˆ‡” œ‘‘„‡Ž
‘” Š‡”•
‘Ž–‡
ͳͶͲ
phr wt.-% vol.-%
ͳͲͲ ʹ͹Ǥ͹ʹ ͵͹Ǥ͹ͳ
ͳǤͷ
ͲǤͶʹ
ͲǤ͵ͳ
ͲǤ͵
ͲǤͲͺ
ͲǤʹ͸
ʹ
ͲǤͷͷ
ͲǤͺͻ
ͳ
ͲǤʹͺ
ͲǤͻʹ
ʹͷ
͸Ǥͻ͵ ͳ͹Ǥ͵͵
ͲǤͳ
ͲǤͲʹ
ͲǤͲ͵
Ǧ ͸ͶǤͲͲ ͷʹǤʹ͵
Table 8.4:
Mechanical characterization results UD-materials
Charpy
3 point - bending testing
compression testing
tensile testing
Ͳι
ͻͲι
Unit
Manufac. 1
Manufac. 2
UD UPPH
Manufac. 1
Manufac. 2
UD UPPH
„ƒ•‡†‘‡–Š‘†
ͷʹ͹Ǧͷ
ͷʹ͹Ǧͷ
ͷʹ͹Ǧͷ
ͷʹ͹Ǧͷ
ͷʹ͹Ǧͷ
ͷʹ͹Ǧͷ
•ƒ’Ž‡‰‡‘‡–”›

ŽαʹͷͲ
ŽαʹͷͲ
ŽαʹͷͲ
ŽαʹͷͲ
ŽαʹͷͲ
Žαʹ͵Ͳ
„αʹͷ
„αʹͷ
„αͳͷ
„αʹͷ
„αʹͷ
„αʹͷ
ŠαʹǤͷ
ŠαʹǤʹ
Šαͳ
ŠαʹǤ͵
ŠαʹǤ͵
ŠαͳǤͻ
–‡•–‹‰˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›
Ȁ‹
ʹ
ʹ
ʹ
ʹ
ʹ
ʹ
Žƒ’‹‰†‹•–ƒ ‡

ͳͷͲ
ͳͷͲ
ͳͷͲ
ͳͷͲ
ͳͷͲ
ͳͷͲ
‡ƒ•—”‡‡–Ž‡‰–Š

ͳͲͲ
ͳͲͲ
ͳͲͲ
ͳͲͲ
ͳͲͲ
ͳͲͲ
ƒ’•–”‹’•

‘‡
‘‡
ͷͲ
‘‡
‘‡
ͷͲ
–‡•–‡†•’‡ ‹‡
Ǧ
εͷ
͹
͸
ͺ
͸
Ͷ
tensile strength
MPa
1131 ± 89.7
1390.6 ± 45.7
1723.7 ± 174
19.6 ± 1.6
14 ± 1.2
36.2 ± 8.6
Young's modulus
GPa
105.8 ± 1.7
104.2 ± 3.4
113.8 ± 6.8
5.6 ± 1.4
6.3 ± 0.4
8.3 ± 0.2
strain at break
%
1.02 ± 0.08
1.39 ± 0.24
1.4 ± 0.1
0.33 ± 0.06
0.22 ± 0.04
0.39 ± 0.1
„ƒ•‡†‘‡–Š‘†
•ƒ’Ž‡‰‡‘‡–”›
–‡•–‹‰˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›

ͳͶͳʹ͸
ŽαͳͳͲ
„αͳͲ
ŠαʹǤ͵
ͳ
ͳͶͳʹ͸
ŽαͳͳͲ
„αͳͲ
ŠαʹǤ͵
ͳ
ͳͶͳʹ͸
ŽαͳͳͲ
„αͳͲ
ŠαͳǤͻ
ͳ
ͳͶͳʹ͸
ŽαͳͳͲ
„αͳͲ
ŠαʹǤ͵
ͳ
ͳͶͳʹ͸
ŽαͳͳͲ
„αͳͲ
ŠαʹǤ͵
ͳ
ͳͶͳʹ͸
ŽαͳͳͲ
„αͳͲ
ŠαͳǤͻ
ͳ
Žƒ’‹‰†‹•–ƒ ‡

ͳʹ
ͳʹ
ͳʹ
ͳʹ
ͳʹ
ͳʹ
‡ƒ•—”‡‡–Ž‡‰–Š

ͳͲ
ͳͲ
ͳͲ
ͳͲ
ͳͲ
ͳͲ
–‡•–‡†•’‡ ‹‡
Ǧ
ͺ
ͷ
ͳͳ
ͻ
ͷ
͹
compressive strength
MPa
446.3 ± 15.4
560 ± 17.4
590 ± 32,1
93 ± 3.3
84.9 ± 6.4
171.2 ± 5.8
modulus of elasticity in comp.
GPa
103 ± 3.6
94.4 ± 2
104.7 ± 7
5.7 ± 0.2
6.3 ± 0.1
7.8 ± 0.6
compressive failure strain
%
0.43 ± 0.03
0.62 ± 0.02
0.63 ± 0.1
2.94 ± 0.34
1.5 ± 0.16
3.22 ± 0.5
„ƒ•‡†‘‡–Š‘†
ͳͶͳʹͷ
ͳͶͳʹͷ
ͳͶͳʹͷ
ͳͶͳʹͷ
ͳͶͳʹͷ
ͳͶͳʹͷ
•ƒ’Ž‡‰‡‘‡–”›

ŽαͷͲȗŠ
ŽαͷͲȗŠ
ŽαͷͲȗŠ
ŽαͷͲȗŠ
ŽαͷͲȗŠ
Žα͵ͲȗŠ
„αͳͷ
„αͳͷ
„αͳͷ
„αͳͷ
„αͳͷ
„αͳͷ
ŠαʹǤ͵
ŠαʹǤ͵
ŠαʹǤͳ
ŠαʹǤ͵
ŠαʹǤͶ
ŠαʹǤͳ
–‡•–‹‰˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›
Ȁ‹
͸
͸
͸
͸
͸
͸
†‹•–ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡•—’’‘”–•

ͻͲ
ͻʹ
αͶͲȗŠ
ͻͳ
ͻͶ
αͶͲȗŠ
–‡•–‡†•’‡ ‹‡
Ǧ
ͷ
͸
͸
Ͷ
͸
͸
flexural strength
MPa
1140 ± 69.9
1263.9 ± 15.4
1475.8 ± 97.4
40.7 ± 2.4
29.4 ± 1.2
67.64 ± 4
flexural modulus
GPa
101.1 ± 1.9
89 ± 3.8
105.7 ± 2.2
5.4 ± 0.06
5.6 ± 0.2
7.9 ± 1
deflection at flexural strength
%
1.14 ± 0.07
1.48 ± 0.1
1.5 ± 0.15
0.77 ± 0.05
0.52 ± 0.02
0.84 ± 0.1
„ƒ•‡†‘‡–Š‘†
ͳ͹ͻǦͳ
ͳ͹ͻǦͳ
ͳ͹ͻǦͳ
ͳ͹ͻǦͳ
ͳ͹ͻǦͳ
ͳ͹ͻǦͳ
•ƒ’Ž‡‰‡‘‡–”›

ŽαʹͷȗŠ
ŽαʹͷȗŠ
ŽαʹͷȗŠ
ŽαʹͷȗŠ
ŽαʹͷȗŠ
ŽαʹͷȗŠ
„αͳͷ
„αͳͷ
„αͳͷ
„αͳͷ
„αͳͷ
„αͳͷ
ŠαʹǤ͵
ŠαʹǤͶ
ŠαͳǤͻ
ŠαʹǤ͵
ŠαʹǤͶ
ŠαͳǤͻ
‹’ƒ –˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›
Ȁ•
ʹǤͻ
ʹǤͻ
ʹǤͻ
ʹǤͻ
ʹǤͻ
ʹǤͻ
†‹•–ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡•—’’‘”–•

ʹͲȗŠ
ʹͲȗŠ
ʹͲȗŠ
ʹͲȗŠ
ʹͲȗŠ
ʹͲȗŠ
‹’ƒ –‡‡”‰›
ͷ
ͷ
ͷ
ͳ
ͳ
ͳ
–‡•–‡†•’‡ ‹‡
Ǧ
ͻ
ͳͳ
ͳͲ
ͻ
ͳͳ
ͳͲ
Charpy impact strength
kJ/mʹ
75.3 ± 6.1
80.7 ± 8.5
77 ± 6.1
3.3 ± 1
3.6 ± 1
7.5 ± 1.3
Ȁ‹
ͳͶͳ
ͺǤ͵ƒ‰‡–‹ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘‡–ƒ‹Ž•
Table 8.5:
‹
ͺǤ͹
ͷǤ͸
͵Ǥͳ
Ͳ
ͳͶʹ
Specimen details for magnetic characterization
Initial plate
‘Ǥ
ƒ‰̴ͷ̴ͳ
ƒ‰̴Ͷ̴ʹ
ƒ‰̴͵̴ʹ
ƒ‰̴ʹ̴ʹ
Sample
‘Ǥ
ͷ̴ͳ
Ͷ̴ʹ
͵̴ʹ̴ʹ
ʹ̴ʹ̴ͳ
Fiber content
‹
Ͷͺ
ͷʹ
ͷʹ
ͷ͸
ͺǤͶ‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘Ž†‹‰”‹ƒŽ•
Table 8.6:
CoFRTS formulations used for co-molding
material 1
supplier
ƒŽƒ’”‡‰”‡‹— ʹʹǦͲͳ
ƒŽ‹ƒ ›•
‹ŽŽ‹ ƒ”„
›ƒ
ƒŽƒ’”‡‰”‡‹— ʹͳǦͲͳ—”‡
ƒŽ‹ƒ ›•
–›”‡‡
ͻͲͳͲ
‡ƒ‡•‹–ͳ
ƒ‡”Ž‘ Š‡”
—˜ƒ–‘Ž͵ͷ
Ƭ
ƒ‡š͵ͲͲ
‘Ž–‡
material 2
supplier
ƒŽƒ’”‡‰”‡‹— ʹʹǦͲͳ
ƒŽ‹ƒ ›•
ƒ›ˆ‡””‘š͵ͳͺ
‹ŽŽ‹ ƒ”„
›ƒ
ƒŽƒ’”‡‰”‡‹— ʹͳǦͲͳ—”‡
ƒŽ‹ƒ ›•
–›”‡‡
ͻͲͳͲ
‡ƒ‡•‹–ͳ
ƒ‡”Ž‘ Š‡”
—˜ƒ–‘Ž͵ͷ
Ƭ
ƒ‡š͵ͲͲ
‘Ž–‡
material 3
supplier
ƒ”‘Ͷͳ
ƒŽ‹ƒ ›•
 ‘œ‘Žʹ
 ‘”‡œ
‹ŽŽ‹ ƒ”„
›ƒ
‡”‘šƒ
‡”‰ƒ
—’”ƒƒ–ʹͲ
ƒ‡š͵ͲͲ
‘Ž–‡
material 4
supplier
ƒ”‘Ͷͳ
ƒŽ‹ƒ ›•
 ‘œ‘Žʹ
 ‘”‡œ
ƒ›ˆ‡””‘š͵ͳͺ
‹ŽŽ‹ ƒ”„
›ƒ
‡”‘šƒ
‡”‰ƒ
—’”ƒƒ–ʹͲ
ƒ‡š͵ͲͲ
‘Ž–‡
phr
ͳͲͲ
͸͸
ͳ
ʹ͹
ʹǤʹ
͸Ǥͷ
ʹǤͳ
Ǧ
phr
ͳͲͲ
͸͸Ǥͷ
͹͵
ͳ
ʹ͹
ʹǤʹ
͸Ǥͷ
ʹǤͳ
Ǧ
phr
ͳͲͲ
ͳ
͹͵
ͳǤʹ
ʹ͹
Ǧ
phr
ͳͲͲ
ͳ
ͳ͵ͻ
ͳͳͷ
ͳǤʹ
ʹ͹
Ǧ
wt.-% vol.-%
ʹͺǤͶͺ ͶͲǤͷͶ
ͳͻǤͲ͵ ͳͳǤͳͲ
ͲǤʹͻ ͲǤͶͻ
ͳǤ͹͵ ʹǤͻͻ
ͲǤ͸͵ ͲǤͺ͸
ͳǤͺ͹ ͵ǤͲͶ
ͲǤ͸ͳ ͲǤͷͺ
Ͷ͹ǤͲͲ ͶͲǤͶͲ
wt.-% vol.-%
ʹͲǤͻͻ ͵͵Ǥ͵ʹ
ͳ͵Ǥͻ͸ ͷǤͶͲ
ͳͷǤ͵ʹ ͳͲǤͲͻ
ͲǤʹͳ ͲǤͶͲ
͵ǤͺͲ ͷǤͻ͹
ͲǤͶ͸ ͲǤ͹ͳ
ͳǤ͵͸ ʹǤͷͲ
ͲǤͶͶ ͲǤͶ͹
Ͷ͸ǤͲͲ ͶͶǤ͸ͷ
wt.-% vol.-%
ʹͻǤ͸͹ ͶʹǤͷ͸
ͲǤ͵Ͳ ͲǤͷͳ
ʹͳǤ͸͸ ͳʹǤͶ͵
ͲǤ͵͸ ͲǤͷͻ
ͺǤͲͳ ͳͲǤͲͻ
ͶͲǤͲͲ ͵͵Ǥͺʹ
wt.-% vol.-%
ͳͶǤͲͻ ʹͷǤͳ͹
ͲǤͳͶ ͲǤ͵Ͳ
ͳͻǤͷͻ ͺǤʹͳ
ͳ͸Ǥʹͳ ͳͳǤͷͺ
ͲǤͳ͹ ͲǤ͵ͷ
͵ǤͺͲ ͷǤͻ͹
Ͷ͸ǤͲͲ ͶͺǤͶ͵
ͳͶ͵
ͺǤͷ‘Ž† ‹ŽŽ‹‰‹—Žƒ–‹‘‘†‡Ž•ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•
ͺǤͷǤͳ ‹• ‘•‹–›
‘†‡Žǣ
଴
ଵି௡ ଴
‫כ‬
ୗ
଴
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•ǣ
‫כ‬
ଽ
ୗ
ͺǤͷǤʹ Š‡”ƒŽ”‘’‡”–‹‡•
‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ǣ
୮
Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›ǣ
ͳͶͶ
ͺǤ͸”ƒ’‹‰
Table 8.7:
CoFRTS formulation used for draping
manual draping
stamp draping
ƒ”‘Ͷͳ
ͻͲ͹͸
ͻͲͺͷ
–›”‡‡
’ͳͲΨ
”‹‰‘‘šͳͳ͹
—’”ƒƒ–ʹͲ
‘” Š‹ƒ–ͲʹͶ͵
ƒ‡š͵ͲͲ
magnetic draping
ƒ”‘Ͷͳ
ͻͲ͹͸
ͻͲͺͷ
–›”‡‡
ƒ›ˆ‡””‘š͵ͳͺ
’ͳͲΨ
”‹‰‘‘šͳͳ͹
—’”ƒƒ–ʹͲ
‘” Š‹ƒ–ͲʹͶ͵
ƒ‡š͵ͲͲ
supplier
ƒŽ‹ƒ ›•
”ƒ—Š‘ˆ‡” œ‘‘„‡Ž
‘” Š‡”•
‘Ž–‡
supplier
ƒŽ‹ƒ ›•
ƒš‡••
”ƒ—Š‘ˆ‡” œ‘‘„‡Ž
‘” Š‡”•
‘Ž–‡
phr wt.-% vol.-%
ͳͲͲ ʹͻǤ͹ͺ ͵ͻǤͺʹ
͵
ͲǤͺͻ ͳǤʹ͵
ʹ
ͲǤ͸Ͳ ͲǤͻ͵
ʹǤͻ
ͲǤͺͷ ͳǤ͵͵
ͲǤ͵
ͲǤͲͻ ͲǤͳ͵
ͳ
ͲǤ͵Ͳ ͲǤͶ͸
ʹͷ
͹ǤͶͶ ͺǤ͹Ͷ
ͲǤͳͷ
ͲǤͲͶ ͲǤͲ͸
Ǧ ͸ͲǤͲͲ Ͷ͹Ǥʹͻ
phr wt.-% vol.-%
ͳͲͲ ʹͲǤͷ͸ ͵͵Ǥ͵ͺ
͵
ͲǤ͸ʹ ͳǤͲ͵
ʹ
ͲǤͶͳ ͲǤ͹ͺ
ʹǤͳ
ͲǤͶ͵ ͲǤͺͳ
ͳͳʹǤͷ ʹ͵Ǥͳ͵ ͺǤͺʹ
ͲǤ͵
ͲǤͲ͸ ͲǤͳͳ
ͳ
ͲǤʹͳ ͲǤ͵ͻ
ʹͷ
ͷǤͳͶ ͹Ǥ͵͵
ͲǤͳͷ
ͲǤͲ͵ ͲǤͲͷ
Ǧ ͶͻǤͶͳ ͶͻǤʹͻ
ͳͶͷ
ͺǤ͹‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰‘ˆ‘’Ž‡šƒ”–•
Table 8.8:
Formulations used for co-molding of subfloor structures
CoFRTS of
population 2, 3, 4
ƒ”‘Ͷͳ
ͻͲ͹͸
ͻͲͺͷ
–›”‡‡
’ͳͲΨ
”‹‰‘‘šͳͳ͹
—’”ƒƒ–ʹͲ
‘” Š‹ƒ–ͲʹͶ͵
ƒ‡š͵ͲͲ
DicoFRTS of
population 2
–Žƒ ͺͳͲ
ͻͲͺͷ
”‹‰‘‘šͳͳ͹
—˜ƒ–‘ŽͳͲͲ
͵ͷͲͷͲͻͺǦͳ͵
DicoFRTS of
population 3
ƒ”‘ͳͶͳͶʹ
Ǧ‘™†‡”
ͻͲͺͷ
’ͳͲΨ
”‹‰‘‘šͳͳ͹
—’”ƒƒ–ʹͲ
͵ͷͲͷͲͻͺǦͳ͵
DicoFRTS of
population 4
ƒ”‘ͳͶͳͶͳ
Ǧ‘™†‡”
ͻͲͺͷ
’ͳͲΨ
”‹‰‘‘šͳͳ͹
—’”ƒƒ–ʹͲ
—Ž–‹•–ƒ”ʹ͹ʹ
ͳͶ͸
supplier
ƒŽ‹ƒ ›•
”ƒ—Š‘ˆ‡” œ‘‘„‡Ž
‘” Š‡”•
‘Ž–‡
phr wt.-% vol.-%
ͳͲͲ ʹͻǤ͹ͺ ͵ͻǤͺʹ
͵
ͲǤͺͻ ͳǤʹ͵
ʹ
ͲǤ͸Ͳ ͲǤͻ͵
ʹǤͻ
ͲǤͺͷ ͳǤ͵͵
ͲǤ͵
ͲǤͲͻ ͲǤͳ͵
ͳ
ͲǤ͵Ͳ ͲǤͶ͸
ʹͷ
͹ǤͶͶ ͺǤ͹Ͷ
ͲǤͳͷ
ͲǤͲͶ ͲǤͲ͸
Ǧ ͸ͲǤͲͲ Ͷ͹Ǥʹͻ
supplier
ƒŽ‹ƒ ›•
œ‘‘„‡Ž
Ƭ
‘Ž–‡
phr wt.-% vol.-%
ͳͲͲ ͷͶǤͷͷ ͸ͷǤ͵ͺ
ʹ
ͳǤͲͻ ͳǤͷ͸
ͳ
ͲǤͷͷ ͲǤ͹͹
͹
͵Ǥͺʹ ͵Ǥͳͷ
Ǧ ͶͲǤͲͲ ʹͻǤͳͶ
supplier
ƒŽ‹ƒ ›•
”ƒ—Š‘ˆ‡” œ‘‘„‡Ž
‘Ž–‡
phr wt.-% vol.-%
ͳͲͲ ͶͷǤʹͺ ͷ͸ǤͲͳ
ͷ
ʹǤʹ͸ ͳǤͶ͹
ʹ
ͲǤͻͳ ͳǤʹͺ
ͲǤ͵
ͲǤͳͶ ͲǤͳͺ
ͳ
ͲǤͶͷ ͲǤ͸͵
ʹͶǤʹ ͳͲǤͻ͸ ͳͳǤͷ͹
Ǧ ͶͲǤͲͲ ʹͺǤͺ͸
supplier
ƒŽ‹ƒ ›•
”ƒ—Š‘ˆ‡” œ‘‘„‡Ž
‘Š•ƒ˜‹ŽŽ‡
phr wt.-% vol.-%
ͳͲͲ Ͷ͵ǤͲͶ ͸ͲǤͷʹ
ͷ
ʹǤͳͷ ͳǤͷͻ
ʹ
ͲǤͺ͸ ͳǤ͵ͺ
ͲǤ͵
ͲǤͳ͵ ͲǤͳͻ
ͳ
ͲǤͶ͵ ͲǤ͸ͺ
ͳͻǤͷ
ͺǤ͵ͻ ͳͲǤͲ͹
Ǧ ͶͷǤͲͲ ʹͷǤͷ͸
ͻ‹•–‘ˆ ‹‰—”‡•
‹‰—”‡ͳǤͳǣ
‘ ‡’–ˆ‘”’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽŽ› ‘–‹—‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵
‹‰—”‡ʹǤͳǣ
š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‡”•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸
‹‰—”‡ʹǤʹǣ
Š‡ƒ–‹ †”ƒ™‹‰‘ˆƒˆŽƒ– ‘˜‡›‘”’Žƒ–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹
‹‰—”‡ʹǤ͵ǣ
‰Ͳ–Š‹ ‡‹‰‡ Šƒ‹•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺ
‹‰—”‡ʹǤͶǣ
ƒ—ƒŽ†”ƒ’‹‰‘ˆ™‘˜‡’”‡’”‡‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹ
‹‰—”‡ʹǤͷǣ
‹‰‹†–‘‘Ž„ƒ•‡††”ƒ’‹‰ƒ–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
Ž‡ˆ–ǣ”ƒ’‹‰‘ˆˆŽ‡‡ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹͵ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
”‹‰Š–ǣ͵”‘‘ˆƒ†‡‘ˆ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†™‘˜‡–‡š–‹Ž‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹ
‹‰—”‡ʹǤ͸ǣ
”‘ ‡••ˆŽ‘™‘ˆ•–ƒ’†”ƒ’‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵
‹‰—”‡ʹǤ͹ǣ
–”— –—”ƒŽ ‘’‘‡–•ƒ†‡‘ˆ‘‹ ‘ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
Ž‡ˆ–ǣ‹†•Š‹‡Ž†•—””‘—†ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
‡–‡”ǣ—•’‡•‹‘ƒ”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
”‹‰Š–ǣ—„ˆŽ‘‘”•–”— –—”‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶ
‹‰—”‡ʹǤͺǣ
Ǧ‘Ž† ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡„‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ƒ†ˆ‹ƒŽǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
’ƒ”–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͷ
‹‰—”‡ʹǤͻǣ
‘Ǧ‘Ž†‡† ‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ ‘ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ȋ›‡ŽŽ‘™Ȍ‘Ž† ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
’ƒ”–•‘–‘’ǣͳͲͲ؏‘Ž† ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
‘–Š‡”’ƒ”–•ǣʹͷ؏‘Ž† ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͸
‹‰—”‡ʹǤͳͲǣ ƒ‰‡–‹ †‘ƒ‹•ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͻ
‹‰—”‡ʹǤͳͳǣ ”‹ƒ”›ƒ‰‡–‹œƒ–‹‘ —”˜‡‘ˆˆ‡””‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͵
‹‰—”‡ʹǤͳʹǣ
›•–‡”‡•‹•Ž‘‘’ƒ† Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ’‘‹–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͶ
‹‰—”‡ʹǤͳ͵ǣ ƒ–Š‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ•‡–—’‘ˆƒ‰‡–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͷ
ͳͶ͹
‹‰—”‡͵Ǥͳǣ
‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Šƒ•ƒˆ— –‹‘‘ˆŽƒ›—’ƒ†ˆŽ‘™ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ȋleftȌ”ƒ ’ƒ–Š‘ˆˆŽ‘™‘‹ ‘ Ͳι–›’‡ʹǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
•’‡ ‹‡ȋrightȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ʹ
‹‰—”‡͵Ǥʹǣ
”‘ ‡•••–‡’•ƒ† ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰• Š‡ƒ–‹ ”‡•‹ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
˜‹• ‘•‹–›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ƒȌ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ‰–Š‹ ‡‡†”‡•‹ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
„Ȍ †‡ƒŽ”‡•‹˜‹• ‘•‹–›ˆ‘”ʹ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ‘ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
Ȍ †‡ƒŽ”‡•‹˜‹• ‘•‹–›ˆ‘”ʹǤͷ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ‘ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵Ͷ
‹‰—”‡͵Ǥ͵ǣ
‡•–•–ƒ†–‘†‡–‡”‹‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ––”ƒ –‹‘ˆ‘” ‡ƒ†ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
†‹•’‡”•‹‘•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆˆ‡””‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ†ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ˆ‡””‹ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͺ
‹‰—”‡͵ǤͶǣ
—ŽŽǦ‘ˆˆˆ‘” ‡•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‘–‡–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͻ
‹‰—”‡͵Ǥͷǣ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ‹š–—”‡•–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
•—‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”‘ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͳ
‹‰—”‡͵Ǥ͸ǣ
‹ƒ‰‡•‘ˆˆ‡””‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ƒ†ˆ‡””‹ƒ‰‡–‹ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶʹ
‹‰—”‡͵Ǥ͹ǣ
‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”•–”— –—”‡ƒ†•’‹•–”— –—”‡‘ˆ ‡͵ͶǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͶ
‹‰—”‡͵Ǥͺǣ
ƒ‰‡–‹ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆƒ›ˆ‡””‘š͵ͳͺǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
Ž‡ˆ–ǣ Ž—š†‡•‹–›ǡ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡‹”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ƒ–ͳʹ͹ιǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
”‹‰Š–ǣ‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ–ͺͲƒ†ͳʹ͹ιǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ͸
‹‰—”‡͵Ǥͻǣ
Š‡‹•–”›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͻ
‹‰—”‡͵ǤͳͲǣ ‡ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ‹•‘ ›ƒƒ–‡™‹–Š™ƒ–‡”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͲ
‹‰—”‡͵Ǥͳͳǣ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘•‘ˆ ‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‡•‹ ƒ–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷʹ
‹‰—”‡͵Ǥͳʹǣ ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡•ˆ‘”˜‹• ‘•‹–›‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͶ
‹‰—”‡͵Ǥͳ͵ǣ
‡ƒ–‹‰”ƒ–‡†‡’‡†‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡”‘•‡–ǯ•˜‹• ‘•‹–›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͷ
‹‰—”‡͵ǤͳͶǣ ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‘”‘˜‹• ‘•‹–›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ͹
‹‰—”‡͵Ǥͳͷǣ ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ ‘˜‹• ‘•‹–›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͺ
‹‰—”‡͵Ǥͳ͸ǣ ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ’‘˜‹• ‘•‹–›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͻ
ͳͶͺ
‹‰—”‡͵Ǥͳ͹ǣ ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ‹’”‘˜‡†ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
˜‹• ‘•‹–›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸Ͳ
‹‰—”‡͵Ǥͳͺǣ —‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ ˆ‘”†”ƒ’‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͳ
‹‰—”‡͵Ǥͳͻǣ Žƒ•–‹ ƒ†˜‹• ‘—•„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ˆˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ʹǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸͵
‹‰—”‡͵ǤʹͲǣ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹• ‘•‹–›’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ƒ–”‹šƒ†–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š˜‹• ‘•‹–›‘ˆˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ʹǤǤǤǤ͸Ͷ
‹‰—”‡ͶǤͳǣ
‡”‹‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Žƒ••‡•‘ˆ–ƒ‹Ž‘”‡†ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
•—„ˆŽ‘‘”•–”— –—”‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͷ
‹‰—”‡ͶǤʹǣ
‘†‹ˆ‹‡†ˆŽƒ– ‘˜‡›‘”’Žƒ–HM-LB-800ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸͸
‹‰—”‡ͶǤ͵ǣ
ƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘Ž‹‡ˆ‘”‘ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸͹
‹‰—”‡ͶǤͶǣ
‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ƒ†Š‡ƒ–‹‰”ƒ–‡†—”‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰‘ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͺ
‹‰—”‡ͶǤͷǣ
‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‘Ž†ˆ‘”ƒ—ƒŽ†”ƒ’‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
Ž‡ˆ–ǣ‘Ž†™‹–Š‘ ’ƒ– Š‡•ƒ† Žƒ’‹‰—‹–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
”‹‰Š–ǣ’‹ –—”‡•Š‘™‹‰–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽŠ‡ƒ–‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
Šƒ‡Ž•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹Ͳ
‹‰—”‡ͶǤ͸ǣ
Š‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ†”ƒ’‹‰’”‘ ‡••ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹Ͳ
‹‰—”‡ͶǤ͹ǣ
‘Ž†ˆ‘”•–ƒ’†”ƒ’‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
Ž‡ˆ–ǣ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‘Ž†™‹–Š‘ ’ƒ– Š‡•ƒ†–™‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
•–ƒ’•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
”‹‰Š–ǣ’‹ –—”‡˜‹•—ƒŽ‹œ‹‰–Š‡Žƒ›‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
•–ƒ’•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹ͳ
‹‰—”‡ͶǤͺǣ
Š‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ’†”ƒ’‹‰’”‘ ‡••ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹ͳ
‹‰—”‡ͶǤͻǣ
‡˜‹ ‡ˆ‘”ƒ‰‡–‹ †”ƒ’‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹ʹ
‹‰—”‡ͶǤͳͲǣ Š‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ †”ƒ’‹‰’”‘ ‡••ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ƒȌǡ„Ȍǣ‹†‡˜‹‡™ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
Ȍǡ†Ȍǣ ”‘–ƒŽ˜‹‡™ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹͵
‹‰—”‡ͶǤͳͳǣ ‡”‹‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ–‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
‘Ž†ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹Ͷ
‹‰—”‡ͶǤͳʹǣ ––”ƒ –‹‘ˆ‘” ‡‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘•‡“—‡ ‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹͹
ͳͶͻ
‹‰—”‡ͶǤͳ͵ǣ
•‹—Žƒ–‹‘”‡•—Ž–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ƒȌ––”ƒ –‹‘ˆ‘” ‡ˆ‘”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•–ƒ’†‹•–ƒ ‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
„Ȍƒ‰‡–‹ ˆŽ—š†‡•‹–›Bƒ–ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆͲǤͺͳǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
Ȍƒ‰‡–‹ ˆŽ—š†‡•‹–›Bƒ–ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆʹǤͺͳǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
†Ȍƒ‰‡–‹ ˆŽ—š†‡•‹–›B‹–Š‡‘’‡‘Ž†ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹ͺ
‹‰—”‡ͶǤͳͶǣ
‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹Žƒ›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ƒȌ‘–ƒŽ„‘––‘˜‹‡™ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
„Ȍ‡–ƒ‹Ž„‘––‘˜‹‡™ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
Ȍ ƒŽ•‡ ‘Ž‘”‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆ˜‘Ǧ‹•‡•Ǧ•–”‡••‹Ȁ;ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹ͻ
‹‰—”‡ͶǤͳͷǣ ‡ Š‹ ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•—„ˆŽ‘‘”‘Ž†ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͲ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳǣ
’’”‘ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͳ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤʹǣ
‡•–•–ƒ†–‘ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡ˆ”‹ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡‘ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ƒ†‘Ž†ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͶ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͵ǣ
”‹ –‹‘ƒŽˆ‘” ‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ƒŽ—‹—ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺ͸
‹‰—”‡ͷǤͶǣ
›ƒ‹ ˆ”‹ –‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ „ƒ•‡†‘ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
Ž‡ˆ–ǣ ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
”‹‰Š–ǣ ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺ͹
‹‰—”‡ͷǤͷǣ
”‹ –‹‘ƒŽˆ‘” ‡‘ˆ„ƒ•‡†‘ ‘ƒŽ—‹—ƒ–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ͳͷͲιǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͺ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͸ǣ
›ƒ‹ ˆ”‹ –‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ‘ ‘ƒŽ—‹—ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ƒ–ͳͷͲ鋐ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ”‡•‹•›•–‡ƒ†ˆ‹„‡”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͺ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͹ǣ
‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ ‘ –‘ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
‘ ‹ˆ‹„‡”†‹”‡ –‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͲ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤͺǣ
‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ ‘ –‘ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
‘ ’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ”–‘ˆ‹„‡”†‹”‡ –‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͳ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤͻǣ
ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡–‘–‡•‹Ž‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǡǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ͻͲιǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻʹ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳͲǣ ‘‡” ‹˜‹–›ƒ•ƒˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͷ
ͳͷͲ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳͳǣ ‹–‹ƒŽ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ™‹–Š‘—–ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻ͸
‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳʹǣ ‹–‹ƒŽ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻ͹
‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳ͵ǣ ‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘’”‡†‹ –‹‘ƒ†‡ƒ•—”‡‡–”‡•—Ž–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ˆ‘”Tαͳʹ͹ιǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
Ž‡ˆ–ǣ‘Ž—‡‘†‡Ž„ƒ•‡†‘‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȋ͵Ǧ͵ȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
”‹‰Š–ǣ’‹”‹ ‘†‡Ž„ƒ•‡†‘‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȋ͵ǦͶȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͺ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳͶǣ ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
Ž‡ˆ–ǣ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ƒ†ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽ„ƒ•‡†ˆ‹–ƒ–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
Tαͳʹ͹ιǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
”‹‰Š–ǣ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘•ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲͲ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳͷǣ ‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘’”‡†‹ –‹‘‘ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȋͷǦͻȌ‹ ‘–”ƒ•–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
–‘‡ƒ•—”‡‡–”‡•—Ž–•ȋ†‘–•ȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲͳ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳ͸ǣ ‡Žƒ–‹˜‡‡””‘”‘ˆ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘’”‡†‹ –‹‘‘ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ȋͷǦͻȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲʹ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳ͹ǣ ‹ ‘ ‘Ž† ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒ†’ƒ– Š’‘•‹–‹‘†—”‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲͶ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳͺǣ
ƒ‹Ž—”‡‡ Šƒ‹••‘ˆ‘ ’ƒ– ŠǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲͷ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳͻǣ ‹ –—”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ– Š”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†’Žƒ–‡•ƒˆ–‡”‘Ž†‹‰ǤͳͲ͸
‹‰—”‡ͷǤʹͲǣ ‡›˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”ȋ͵͵Ȍ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
Ž‡ˆ–ǣ‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
”‹‰Š–ǣ‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲ͹
‹‰—”‡ͷǤʹͳǣ ˜‡”ƒŽŽ‹’ƒ –‘ˆ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•‘ ‡–”‘‹†ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͲ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤʹʹǣ ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‡†—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ǡȋ͵͵ȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
‘†‹–‹‘•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͳ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤʹ͵ǣ ‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ•—”‹‰‘†‡•ˆ‘”’”‘ ‡•••‹—Žƒ–‹‘ǤǤǤͳͳ͵
‹‰—”‡ͷǤʹͶǣ
‘” ‡•‘‘ †—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ǡȋ͵͵ȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
‘†‹–‹‘•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͶ
ͳͷͳ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤʹͷǣ
‘” ‡•‘‘ †—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ǡȋ͵͵ȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
‘†‹–‹‘•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͶ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤʹ͸ǣ
‘” ‡•‘‘ †—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ǡ• Š‡ƒ–‹ ˆ‘”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ȋ͵͵ȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳ͹
‹‰—”‡ͷǤʹ͹ǣ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†ˆ‘” ‡•‘‘ †—”‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
–‘’ǣ —ŽŽ‘˜‡”Žƒ’‘ˆ‹‹–‹ƒŽ Šƒ”‰‡™‹–Š‘ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ȋ͵͵ȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
„‘––‘ǣ‘‘˜‡”Žƒ’‘ˆ‹‹–‹ƒŽ Šƒ”‰‡™‹–Š‘ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ȋ͵͵ȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͻ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤʹͺǣ ”‡ƒ†‘™‘ˆˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ƒ††‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ˆ‘” ‡•ˆ‘”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ȋ͵͵Ȍ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹʹ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤʹͻǣ ‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Žƒ›‡”•–”— –—”‡•‘ˆ•—„Ǧ’”‡ˆ‘”•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹͶ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͵Ͳǣ
Ž‘„ƒŽ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ•—”‹‰’”‘ ‡†—”‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
Ž‡ˆ–ǣ‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆƒ –—ƒŽȋ„Ž—‡Ȍ–‘–ƒ”‰‡–ȋ›‡ŽŽ‘™ȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
‰‡‘‡–”›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
”‹‰Š–ǣ‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•—„Ǧ’”‡ˆ‘”ƒ•ˆƒŽ•‡Ǧ ‘Ž‘”‹ƒ‰‡ǤǤͳʹͷ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͵ͳǣ ‡ƒ•—”‹‰’‘‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡šȀœȋleftȌƒ†›ȀœȋrightȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹ͸
‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͵ʹǣ Ȁœ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘•ˆ‘”ƒŽŽŽƒ›‡”•–”— –—”‡•„›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
†”ƒ’‹‰ ‘ ‡’–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹ͹
‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͵͵ǣ Ȁœ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘•ˆ‘”ƒŽŽŽƒ›‡”•–”— –—”‡•„›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
†”ƒ’‹‰ ‘ ‡’–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹͺ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͵Ͷǣ ‘ –‘‘Ž† ‘’Ž‡š’ƒ”–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
Ž‡ˆ–ǣ‘ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–•–”— –—”‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
”‹‰Š–ǣ‘ ‹‘Ž† ƒ˜‹–›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹͻ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͵ͷǣ ‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‘ˆ‹ ‘ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
Ž‡ˆ–ǣ‹’Ž‡”‡ –ƒ‰—Žƒ”„Žƒˆ‘” ‘’ƒ”‹•‘’ƒ”–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ƒ–ͻͲ؏‘Ž† ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
”‹‰Š–ǣ‘’Ž‡š’”‡ˆ‘”ˆ‘””‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡’ƒ”–•ƒ–ͻͻΨǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
‘Ž† ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵ͳ
ͳͷʹ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͵͸ǣ —„ˆŽ‘‘”‘ˆ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ͷ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‰’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
Ž‡ˆ–ǣ‘’˜‹‡™ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
”‹‰Š–ǣ‘––‘˜‹‡™ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵ʹ
‹‰—”‡ͷǤ͵͹ǣ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ•—„ˆŽ‘‘” ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵͵
ͳͷ͵
ͳͲ ‹•–‘ˆƒ„Ž‡•
ƒ„Ž‡͵Ǥͳǣ
‡””‘Ǧƒ†ˆ‡””‹ƒ‰‡–‹ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵͹
ƒ„Ž‡͵Ǥʹǣ
‘”—Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‡•‹ ƒ–•ȋ‹’Š”ȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͳ
ƒ„Ž‡͵Ǥ͵ǣ
‘”—Žƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”˜‹• ‘•‹–›‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ȋ‹’Š”ȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ͵
ƒ„Ž‡͵ǤͶǣ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‘ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ǡƒ‘—–•‹’Š”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸Ͷ
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”ƒ—Š‘ˆ‡” •‘ ƒ†‹ ‘ Ž‹‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸͸
ƒ„Ž‡ͷǤͳǣ
‹„‡”™‡‹‰Š– ‘–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͲ
ƒ„Ž‡ͷǤʹǣ ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‡” ‹˜‹–›Hˆ‘”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ƒ†ƒ‰‡–‹–‡ ‘–‡–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͶ
ƒ„Ž‡ͷǤ͵ǣ ‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡‡šƒ‹‡†’ƒ”–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵Ͳ
ƒ„Ž‡ͺǤͳǣ ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ͳǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵ͻ
ƒ„Ž‡ͺǤʹǣ ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ʹǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵ͻ
ƒ„Ž‡ͺǤ͵ǣ
‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ Ǧ‘ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶͲ
ƒ„Ž‡ͺǤͶǣ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘”‡•—Ž–•Ǧƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶͳ
ƒ„Ž‡ͺǤͷǣ ’‡ ‹‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž•ˆ‘”ƒ‰‡–‹ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶʹ
ƒ„Ž‡ͺǤ͸ǣ ‘ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘•—•‡†ˆ‘” ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶ͵
ƒ„Ž‡ͺǤ͹ǣ ‘ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘—•‡†ˆ‘”†”ƒ’‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶͷ
ƒ„Ž‡ͺǤͺǣ
ͳͷͶ
‘”—Žƒ–‹‘•—•‡†ˆ‘” ‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰‘ˆ•—„ˆŽ‘‘”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
•–”— –—”‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶ͸
ͳͳ —””‹ —Ž—‹–ƒ‡
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ƒ˜‹†ò Š‡Ž‡”
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ƒ˜‹†—‡ Š‡Ž‡”̷‰ƒ‹ŽǤ ‘
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ͲͻȀʹͲͳ͸Ȃ–‘†ƒ–‡
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”ƒ—Š‘ˆ‡” •–‹–—–‡ˆ‘”Š‡‹ ƒŽ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›
ͲͶȀʹͲͳͷȂͳʹȀʹͲͳ͸
‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ••‹•–ƒ–ƒ–
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ƒ”Ž•”—Š‡ •–‹–—–‡‘ˆ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ȋ Ȍ
ͲͷȀʹͲͳʹȂͲͻȀʹͲͳ͸
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”ƒ—Š‘ˆ‡” •–‹–—–‡ˆ‘”Š‡‹ ƒŽ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›
ͳͳȀʹͲͲ͹ȂͲ͵ȀʹͲͳͲ
”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ƒ••‹•–ƒ–ƒ–
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Ǥ ”ƒ†‡ǡHandbook of modern sensors: Physics, designs, and
applicationsǤ‡™‘”ǣ’”‹‰‡”‡”Žƒ‰ǡʹͲͳͲǤ
—”‘’‡ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡ˆ‘”ȀǡSustainability aspects of
SMC/BMC based products. ȏŽ‹‡Ȑ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǣ
Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤƒŽŽ„”‘Ǥ ‘Ȁ™‘”†’”‡••Ȁ™’Ǧ ‘–‡–Ȁ—’Ž‘ƒ†•Ȁ
ʹͲͳͷȀͲͻȀ‘•‹–‹‘Ǧ’ƒ’‡”Ǧˆ”‘Ǧ–Š‡Ǧ—”‘’‡ƒǦŽŽ‹ƒ ‡Ǧˆ‘”ǦǦ
ƒ†ǦǤ’†ˆǤ ‡••‡†‘ǣ —ŽǤͳʹʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
Ǥ‹Ž•‘ǡDz‡Š‹ Ž‡™‡‹‰Š–‹•–Š‡‡›†”‹˜‡”ˆ‘”ƒ—–‘‘–‹˜‡
‘’‘•‹–‡•ǡdzReinforced Plasticsǡ˜‘ŽǤ͸ͳǡ‘Ǥʹǡ’’ǤͳͲͲȂͳͲʹǡ
ʹͲͳ͹Ǥ
—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘ǡReducing CO2 emissions from passenger cars.
ȏŽ‹‡Ȑ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ‡ Ǥ‡—”‘’ƒǤ‡—Ȁ Ž‹ƒȀ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ȁ
–”ƒ•’‘”–Ȁ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡•Ȁ ƒ”•Ȁ‹†‡š̴‡ǤŠ–Ǥ
‡••‡†‘ǣƒ›ʹ͸ʹͲͳ͹Ǥ
Ǥ Š—ŠǡǤ‘”–ŠƒŽ•ǡƒ† Ǥ”‘• Š–ǡDz‘–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ‘†›
‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š–‡•‹‰–‘–Š‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ’ƒ –‘ˆŽ‡ –”‹ ‡Ǧ
Š‹ Ž‡•ǡdzAMRǡ˜‘ŽǤͻͲ͹ǡ’’Ǥ͵ʹͻȂ͵Ͷ͹ǡʹͲͳͶǤ
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(I4CS)ǡ—”‡„‡”‰ǡ ‡”ƒ›ǡ’’ǤͳȂͶǤ
Ǥ Šƒ—ǡǤ‘••ƒǡ Ǥ ‡’‡Žǡƒ†Ǥ’ƒ–Š‡ǡDzƒ”–‹–›
‘‰‹•–‹”ˆ—”–ȋȌǣ Ǧ•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”ƒƒ‰‹‰ˆ—ŽŽ›‡Ž‡ –”‹ ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡•‹–Š‡†‘ƒ‹‘ˆ‹‡” ‹–›ˆ”‡‹‰Š––”ƒˆˆ‹ ǡdz‹2015 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations
Management (IEOM)ǡ—„ƒ‹ǡ’’ǤͳȂͺǤ
Ǥ••ƒƒ†Ǥ‹––‡ǡHandbuch Faserverbundkunststoffe Composites: Grundlagen, Verarbeitung, Anwendungen, Ͷ–Š‡†Ǥ
‹‡•„ƒ†‡ǣ’”‹‰‡” ƒ Š‡†‹‡ǡʹͲͳ͵Ǥ
ǤǤŠ”‡•–‡‹ǡFaserverbund-Kunststoffe: Werkstoffe, Verarbeitung, Eigenschaften, ʹ†‡†Ǥò Š‡ȏ—ǤƒǤȐǣ ƒ•‡”ǡʹͲͲ͸Ǥ
ͳͷ͹
ȏͳͲȐ
ȏͳͳȐ
ȏͳʹȐ
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ǤŽ•‡”ǡǤ›‡”‡”ǡƒ†Ǥ ‹”–ŠǡKunststoffe: Eigenschaften und
Anwendungen, ͺ–Š‡†Ǥ‘”†”‡ Š–ǣ’”‹‰‡”ǡʹͲͳͳǤ
Ǥ ‡‹‰ƒ†Ǥ‘‡ŽŽ‡”ǡHandbuch Leichtbau: Methoden,
Werkstoffe, FertigungǤò Š‡ǣ ƒ•‡”ǡʹͲͳͳǤ
Ǥ‹”‘ǡThermosets and composites: Material selection, applications, manufacturing, and cost analysis, ʹ†‡†Ǥšˆ‘”†ȏ—ǤƒǤȐǣ
†”‡™ǡŽ•‡˜‹‡”ǡʹͲͳͶǤ
ǤǤ Š™ƒ”–œǡEncyclopedia of materials, parts, and finishes,
ʹ†‡†Ǥ‘ ƒƒ–‘ǣ”‡••ǡʹͲͲʹǤ
ǤŠ‡”‹ˆǡTextile Materials for Lightweight ConstructionsǤ‡”Ž‹ǡ
‡‹†‡Ž„‡”‰ǣ’”‹‰‡”‡”Ž‹ ‡‹†‡Ž„‡”‰ǡʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
Ǥ‡‰•ˆ‡Ž†ǡFaserverbundwerkstoffe: Prepregs und ihre VerarbeitungǤò Š‡ǣ ƒ•‡”ǡʹͲͳͷǤ
Ǥò Š‡Ž‡”ƒ† Ǥ ‡‹‰ǡDz ›„”‹†‡•‹ ’”‘˜‡•‘•‹–‹‘
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‘’”‡••‹‘‘Ǧ‘Ž†‹‰‹–ŠŠ‡‡–‘Ž†‹‰‘’‘—†ǡdz‹
17th European Conference on Composite Materials (ECCM17)ǡ
ò Š‡ǡʹͲͳ͸ǡ’’Ǥ͸͸ͻͻȂ͸͹Ͳ͵Ǥ
Ǥ”ƒ—–ŠǡǤò Š‡Ž‡”ǡǤǤ‡‹†‡ƒǡƒ† Ǥ ‡‹‰ǡDz‡Ǧ
Šƒ‹ ƒŽ”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ‹†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽ‘–‹—‘—•ƒ”„‘ ‹„‡”
‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†Š‡‡–‘Ž†‹‰‘’‘—†•ǡdz‹17th European Conference on Composite Materials (ECCM17)ǡò Š‡ǡʹͲͳ͸ǡ’’Ǥ
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—†‹ ǡMAI qfast - Vergleichende Prozess- und Eigenschaftsbewertung für potentielle FVK-Strukturanwendungen in der automobilen Großserieǣȏ—†‹ ȐǡʹͲͳͷǤ
Ǥ‹›ƒƒǡDz‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡdz‹11th-Annual
Automotive Composites Conference and Exhibition, ACCE 2011ǡ’Ǥ
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’”‡‰‘’”‡••‹‘‘Ž†‹‰Ȍ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡdz‹12th Annual Automotive Composites Conference and Exhibition 2012 (ACCE 2012) ;
Troy, Michigan, USA, 11 - 13 September 2012ǡʹͲͳ͵ǡ’’Ǥ͵Ͷ͹Ȃ͵͸ʹǤ
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•’ƒ ‡ †—•–”›ǡdz‹11th International Conference on Technology
of Plasticity, ICTPǡ’’Ǥͳ͸ͲͳȂͳ͸Ͳ͹Ǥ
Ǥƒ” Š‡”ǡBeitrag zur Umsetzung, Charakterisierung und Evaluierung eines Direktverfahrens zur Herstellung von strukturellen
Bauteilkomponenten aus kohlenstofffaserverstärktem Kunststoff
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”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†’‘Ž›‡”•–”— –—”‡•ǡdz‹17th European Conference on
Composite Materials (ECCM17)ǡò Š‡ǡʹͲͳ͸ǡ’’Ǥ͸Ͷ͹ͺȂ͸ͶͺͷǤ
Ǥ‡‹–œ‡ŽǡǤ‹–• Šƒ‰ǡƒ†Ǥ”‡—‡”ǡHandbuch Verbundwerkstoffe: Werkstoffe, Verarbeitung, Anwendung, ʹ†‡†Ǥò Š‡ǣ
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ǤǤ–”‘‰ǡFundamentals of composites manufacturing: Materials, methods and applications, ʹ†‡†Ǥ‡ƒ”„‘”ǡ‹ ŠǤǣ‘ ‹‡–›
‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰‰‹‡‡”•ǡʹͲͲͺǤ
Ǥ‹ Šƒ‡Ž‹ǡEinführung in die Technologie der FaserverbundwerkstoffeǤò Š‡ǣ ƒ•‡”ǡͳͻͻͲǤ
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†—•–”‹‡˜‡”‡‹‹‰—‰‡”•–¡”–‡—•–•–‘ˆˆ‡‡ǤǡGFK-Markt
Europa – Wachstum der Produktionsmenge setzt sich fort.
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̴ ̴ƒ”–̴—”‘’ƒ̴̴̴ƒ Š•–—̴†‡”̴”‘†—–‹‘•‡‰‡̴
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‡••‡†‘ǣ‘˜ǤͲͳʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
Ǥ Ǥ‹ƒǡSheet molding compounds: Science and technologyǤ
—‹ Šǡ‡™‘”ǡ‹ ‹ƒ–‹ǣ ƒ•‡”Ǣ ƒ•‡”Ȁ ƒ”†‡”—„Ž‹Ǧ
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Ǥ›‡”‡”ǡPolymer engineering: Technologien und Praxis ; mit
155 TabellenǤ‡”Ž‹ǡ ‡‹†‡Ž„‡”‰ǣ’”‹‰‡”ǡʹͲͲͺǤ
Ǥƒ •×Ǧœ‡” •ž›‹ǡDz –‡”ƒ –‹‘‡–™‡‡•ƒ–—”ƒ–‡†‘Ž›Ǧ
‡•–‡”‡•‹•ƒ†‡–ƒŽš‹†‡•ǡdzKunststoffeǡ‘Ǥͳʹǡ’’ǤͳͲ͸͸Ȃ
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Ǥ‡ ŽǡEinfluss der Eindickung von dichtereduziertem Sheet
Moulding Compound auf die FormteilwelligkeitǤ–—––‰ƒ”–ǣ
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ǤǤƒ”‡”ǡDz‡ Šƒ‹•‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹ ‡‹‰‘ˆ‘Ž›‡•–‡”„›
ŽƒŽ‹‡ƒ”–Šš‹†‡•ƒ† ›†”‘š‹†‡•ǡdz‹Annual Tech Conference Proceedingsǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǡǡͳͻ͹͵Ǥ
ǤǤ ƒ†Š‹ƒ†Ǥ—”•ǡDz–—†‹‡•‘–Š‡–Š‹ ‡‹‰”‡ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ
’‘Ž›‡•–‡””‡•‹•‡’Ž‘›‡†‹•Š‡‡–‘Ž†‹‰ ‘’‘—†•ǡdzJ.
Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed.ǡ˜‘ŽǤͳͶǡ‘ǤͶǡ’’Ǥ͹ͻ͵Ȃͺͳͳǡͳͻ͹͸Ǥ
Ǥƒ •‘Ǧœ‡” •ƒ›‹ǡDz ˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ –‹‘•‘ˆ ‘Ǧ
†‡•ƒ–‹‘’‘Ž›‡”•ƒ†‡–ƒŽ‘š‹†‡•ǡdzPolymer Science U.S.S.R.ǡ
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ǤǤ‘†”‹‰—‡œǡDz–Š‡–Š‹ ‡‹‰‡ Šƒ‹•‘ˆ—•ƒ–—”ƒ–‡†
’‘Ž›‡•–‡”•„›ƒŽƒŽ‹‡‡ƒ”–Š‘š‹†‡•ƒ†Š›†”‘š‹†‡•ǡdzJ. Appl. Polym. Sci.ǡ˜‘ŽǤͶͲǡ‘Ǥͳͳͳʹǡ’’ǤͳͺͶ͹ȂͳͺͷͷǡͳͻͻͲǤ
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• Š‡ ”—†Žƒ‰‡—†–‡ Š‹• Š‡”–ƒ†ǡdz‹6. Internationale
AVK-TV Tagungǡƒ†‡Ǧƒ†‡ǡʹͲͲ͵Ǥ
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Ǥ —†ƒ•ǡǤ ”ƒ†‡–ǡƒ†Ǥƒ”‡ ŠƒŽǡDzŠ‹ ‡‹‰‘ˆ’‘Ž›‡•–‡”
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‡–ƒŽš‹†‡•ǡdz‹Composites 2004ǡƒ’ƒǡ ŽƒǤǡǤǤǤǡʹͲͲͶǤ
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‘Ž›‡•–‡”•ǡdz‹Technical Sessions of the 39th Annual Conferenceǡ
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–Šƒ‡ ›„”‹†•‹‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ‘Ž†‹‰‡ Š‹“—‡•ǡdz‹ANTEC
86ǡ‘•–‘ǡǡǡͳͻͺ͸ǡ’’Ǥͳ͵ʹ͸Ȃͳ͵͵ͲǤ
ǤǤ†™ƒ”†•ǡDz‘Ž›‡•–‡”Ȁ”‡–Šƒ‡ ›„”‹†•”‡—‹–‡†ˆ‘”
‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ‘Ž†‹‰ǡdzModern Plasticsǡ‘Ǥ͸Ͷǡ’’Ǥ͸͸Ȃ͹Ͷǡ
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Ǥ Ǥƒ†‡”ŽƒƒǡDz‘™•Š”‹Š›„”‹†”‡•‹•ǡdzͶͺʹʹͺͶͻǤ
ǤǤ˜ƒ†‡ ‘†‡ŽǡDzƒ”‘Ž‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š– ‘’‘•‹–‡•ǡdz‹
UTECH 96: Book of papersǡǤ Ǥ‡‡†ƒ†Ǥ‡‡ǡ†•Ǥǡ‘†‘ǡ
ǣ”ƒ‹‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•–†ǡͳͻͻ͸ǡƒ’‡”ͳͷǡ’ͳǦͶǤ
Ǥ ƒ›ƒƒ™ƒǡǤŠ‹„ƒ–ƒǡǤ‹›ƒƒǡƒ†Ǥ‹•Š‹‘ǡDz •‘ ›ƒǦ
ƒ–‡Ǧ‘†‹ˆ‹‡†–‘—‰Š‡‡†ƒ†‹–•’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǡdzInternational
Progress in Urethanesǡ‘Ǥ͸ǡ’’ǤͳͶ͸Ȃͳ͸ʹǡͳͻͻ͵Ǥ
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ǤǦǤŠ‹—ǡǤƒ‹–‘ǡƒ†Ǥ ƒ‡•‡‡ǡDz‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—•ƒ–—”ƒ–Ǧ
‡†’‘Ž›‡•–‡””‡•‹•ˆ‘”˜‹• ‘•‹–› ‘–”‘ŽǡdzPolymerǡ˜‘ŽǤ͵͹ǡ‘Ǥ
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ǤǤŠ‡”‹ƒǡǤǤ„”ƒŠƒǡƒ†ǤǤŠƒ Š‹ŽǡDz‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
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Appl. Polym. Sci.ǡ˜‘ŽǤͳͲͲǡ‘Ǥͳǡ’’ǤͶͶͻȂͶͷ͸ǡʹͲͲ͸Ǥ
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•–”— –—”‡Ǧ’”‘’‡”–›ƒƒŽ‘›•‹•ƒ†• ƒŽ‡Ǧ—’ˆ‘”ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰
ƒ†’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǡdzJournal of advanced materialsǡ‘Ǥʹ͹ǡ’’ǤͶ͹Ȃ
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Ǥ”‘ ƒ–ǡDeveloping large structural parts for railway application using a fibre reinforced polymer designǤ‡”Ž‹ǣ‹˜ǤǦ‡”ŽǤ
†‡”ǡʹͲͲͷǤ
ǤǤƒœ—†ƒ”ǡComposites manufacturing: Materials, product
and process engineeringǤ‘ ƒƒ–‘ǣ”‡••ǡʹͲͲʹǤ
ǤŠ‹”‹„ƒ›ƒ et al., Dz—Ž–‹Ǧ• ƒŽ‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡˜‹• ‘—•ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ†ƒƒ‰‡‹†˜ƒ ‡†Š‡‡–‘Ž†‹‰‘Ǧ
’‘—†ȋǦȌ•—„‹––‡†–‘Š‹‰Š•–”ƒ‹”ƒ–‡•ǡdzComposites Part
B: Engineeringǡ˜‘ŽǤͳͳͷǡ’’Ǥ͵Ȃͳ͵ǡʹͲͳ͹Ǥ
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”‹‘”ǡDz‘’”‡••‹‘‘—Ž†‹‰‘ˆ ‘’‘•‹–‡•™‹–ŠŠ›„”‹†ˆ‹„”‡
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ǤǤƒŽŽ‹ ǡFiber-reinforced composites: Materials, manufacturing, and design, ͵”†‡†Ǥ‘ ƒƒ–‘ǣȀƒ›Ž‘”Ƭ ”ƒ ‹•ǡ
ʹͲͲ͹Ǥ
ǤǤ‘‰ǡComposites forming technologiesǤƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣ‘‘†Ǧ
Š‡ƒ†ǡʹͲͲ͹Ǥ
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ǤǤ‘‘˜ǡNon-crimp fabric composites: Manufacturing, properties and applicationsǤšˆ‘”†ǡŠ‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǣ‘‘†Š‡ƒ†—„ǡ
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ǡAutomated tool based draping of i3 roof. ȏŽ‹‡Ȑ
˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǣŠ––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ’”‡••Ǥ„™‰”‘—’Ǥ ‘Ȁ
†‡—–• ŠŽƒ†Ȁ’Š‘–‘Ȁ ‘’‹Žƒ–‹‘ȀͲͳ͹ͺ͵͵͹Ȁ†‹‡Ǧ„™Ǧ‹ͺǦ
’”‘†—–‹‘Ǥ ‡••‡†‘ǣ‡ ǤͳͺʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
ǡRigid tool based draped roof of the BMW M3. ȏŽ‹‡Ȑ
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†‡—–• ŠŽƒ†Ȁ’Š‘–‘Ȁ†‡–ƒ‹ŽȀͻͲͳͶͻͷͺ͵Ȁ†‹‡Ǧ„™Ǧ͵Ǧ
Ž‹‘—•‹‡Ǧ‹–Ǧ ƒ”„‘Ǧ†ƒ ŠǦͲͷȀʹͲͳͶǤ
‡••‡†‘ǣ‡ ǤͳͺʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
Ǥ ò”•–ǡ Ǥ ‡‹‰ǡǤŠ‘ƒǡǤ¡”‰‡”ǡƒ† Ǥ Š‹”ƒ‹‡”ǡ
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Š‘Ž‹•–‹ ƒ†’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡’”‘†— –†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡdz–—––‰ƒ”–ǡ
‡’ǤʹͳʹͲͳͷǤ
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ͳͷͲȀͳʹͲͲȀͺ͸ʹͲͶȀͳǤ ‡••‡†‘ǣ‡ ǤʹͲʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
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•‹–‡‘’‘‡–•ǣ‡™ ‘”‹œ‘•ˆ‘”‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š–‘•–”— –‹‘ǡdz
‹Kunststoffe internationalǤ
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ȏ͹ͶȐ
ȏ͹ͷȐ
ȏ͹͸Ȑ
ȏ͹͹Ȑ
ȏ͹ͺȐ
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ȏͺͲȐ
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Ǥ ƒ‰• et al., Dz‘Ǧ ‘’”‡••‹‘‘Ž†‹‰‘ˆ–ƒ‹Ž‘”‡† ‘–‹—Ǧ
‘—•Ǧˆ‹„‡”Ǧ‹•‡”–•ƒ†‹Ž‹‡Ǧ ‘’‘—†‡†Ž‘‰Ǧˆ‹„‡”Ǧ
–Š‡”‘’Žƒ•–‹ •ǡdz‹12th Annual Automotive Composites Conference and Exhibition 2012 (ACCE 2012) ; Troy, Michigan, USA, 11 13 September 2012ǡʹͲͳ͵ǡ’’ǤͶͺͳȂͶͻͻǤ
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Ǥ ƒ‰•ǡǤò Š‡Ž‡”ǡǤƒ” Š‡”ǡƒ† Ǥ ‡‹‰ǡDz ‹‰ŠǦ˜‘Ž—‡
’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ•–”— –—”ƒŽƒ—–‘‘„‹Ž‡’ƒ”–•ǣ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡•–—†›
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ǤǤƒŽŽ‹ ǡDzˆˆ‡ –‘ˆˆ‹„‡”‹•‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡–‡•‹Ž‡
•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ ‘’”‡••‹‘‘Ž†‡† ‘–‹—‘—•ˆ‹„‡” ‘’‘•‹–‡•ǡdz
Polym. Compos.ǡ˜‘ŽǤ͹ǡ‘Ǥͳǡ’’ǤͳͶȂͳͺǡͳͻͺ͸Ǥ
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‘Ǥͳǡ’’Ǥͳͳ͵ȂͳʹͲǡʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
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ȏͺͷȐ
ȏͺ͸Ȑ
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Ǥƒ‹–Šǡ Ǥ ”‡›Šƒ”†–ǡǤ‡”‰ƒǡǤ Š¡ˆ‡”ǡƒ† Ǥ ‘Ǧ
„”‡ Š–ǡLehrbuch der Experimentalphysik: Zum Gebrauch bei
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ò Š‡ȏ—ǤƒǤȐǣŽ†‡„‘—”‰ǡʹͲͲ͹Ǥ
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