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AMKHB FH VMHGTE FH ABY IMSMAMZBIMEKHY BKVMOXBY
BYMBVMIB
HOMTIMB
Ab imvmamzbimùk hompimb sh cergù
barhfhfer fha bòe 6.444 b.I. auhoe fha
suromgmhkte fh ab hsirmturb, y cuh ab
imvmamzbimùk gâs miùkmib y pefhresb fh
GHYETEVBGMB
Ab imvmamzbimùk hompimb baibkzù uk orbk
fhsbrreaae hk abs imhkimbs, ha brth, ab
rhamomùk y ha ieghrime. Yh fhstbiù per ab
gbjhstuesmfbf fh sus gekughktes
iunmhrtes fh jhreoaçcmies tbaabfes hk sus
pbrhfhs (quh sek abs prmkimpbahs cuhkths
fh mkcergbimùk pbrb a es brquhùaeoes).
Hktrh aes prmkimpbahs bperths fh ab
imvmamzbimùk ghsepetâgmib sh fhstbibk:
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Ha smsthgb fh hsirmturb.
Ha iùfmoe fh ahyhs.
Ha ibahkfbrme ghsepetâgmie.
Aes
iekeimgmhktes
fh
bstrekegçb.
Hktrh aes prmkimpbahs bperths fh ab
imvmamzbimùk hompimb sh fhstbibk:
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Ab Hsirmturb
Tbpha y Vmktb
Ibahkfbrme
Gbthgâtmibs y Oheghtrçb
Tmrâgmfhs y gegmcmibimùk
Bkbaoísmies,
bkhsthsmbs
bktmnmùtmies
Cmaesecçb
Amthrbturb
Fhsfh `bih ukes 9.444 bòes, aes
ormhoes fhsbrreaabrek b ermaabs fha gbr
Ghfmthrrâkhe ukb mgpertbkth imvmamzbimùk
quh mkcauyù pefhresbghkth hk aes
regbkes y hk etrbs iuaturbs. Gui`es
phksbferhs iege Yùirbths, Tabtùk y
Brmstùthahs hstbnahimhrek prmkimpmes
cmaesùcmies, fhsiunrmhrek ahyhs kbturbahs,
mkvhktbrek kuhvbs `hrrbgmhktbs pbrb
cbimamtbr
abs
abnerhs
`ugbkbs,
mgbomkbrek trbzbfes y cergbs hk abs
hstrhaabs y hkrmquhimhrek su iuaturb b
trbvís fha iektbite iek etres puhnaes.
Hk ab bktmoñhfbf, aes ormhoes sh
erobkmzbnbk peaçtmibghkth hk imufbfhs
hstbfes y baaç sh ermomkù ha iekihpte fh
fhgeirbimb. Yh `bk hstbnahimfe
ieaekmbs y iegukmfbfhs ormhobs b ae
abroe fh ab `mstermb hk gui`es rmkiekhs
fha Ghfmthrrâkhe, b phsbr fh quh ab
kbimùk sh `b ihktrbfe smhgprh barhfhfer
fha gbr Hohe, fekfh sh `bnab ab ahkoub
ormhob fhsfh ab Bktmoub Orhimb.
gâs
baaâjukte
fha bòe
b.I.pbçshs
Fh `hi`e,
I`mkb,
iek6444
etres
fha
iektmkhkth bsmâtmie iege Mkfmb, banhroù
hk su thrrmterme baoukbs fh abs iuaturbs
gâs bktmoubs fha gukfe, y su ahobfe
búk tmhkh mgpertbkimb hk ab bitubamfbf.
Bsç, gmhktrbs aes i`mkes mkvhktbrek ab
pùaverb y iekstruyhrek ukb orbk gurbaab,
aes mkfmes fhsbrreaabrek ab oheghtrçb.
Bgnes bvbkihs
bvbkihs sek fh orbk mgpertbkimb
hk ab vmfb bituba per su bperth iuaturba h
mkthahituba.
ab `mstermb.
Yh hstbnahimù b ermaabs fha rçe Kmae hk ha
kerth fha iektmkhkth bcrmibke quh, iek
sus irhimfbs bkubahs, phrgmtçb
bnbsthihr fh rmhoe b aes ibgpes
shgnrbfes, rbzùk per ab quh ab
bormiuaturb sh iekvmrtmù hk ab prmkimpba
cuhkth fh rmquhzb fh ab rhomùk.
Ab imvmamzbimùk ghsepetâgmib tuve auobr
barhfhfer fha 6444 b. I. y ierrhspekfh
b
abs
prmghrbs penabimekhs iek
bshktbgmhktes
phrgbkhkths.
Yh
hstbnahimù hk uk thrrmterme guy círtma,
hktrh aes rçes Vmorms y Íucrbths, ab bituba
rhomùk fh Mrbl. Fh baaç ha ermohk fha
kegnrh Ghsepetbgmb quh
smokmcmib
‑tmhrrb hktrh rçes‗.
O^MHOB
Furbkth
gui`es
bòes,
vbrmes
biekthimgmhktes `bk iekvhrtmfe b I`mkb
hk pretboekmstb fh ab `mstermb. Hste ke
`unmhrb smfe pesmnah smk uk fhsbrreaae
`mstùrmie y iuaturba fh hsth puhnae quh vb
Hktrh aes prmkimpbahs bperths fh ab
imvmamzbimùk bsmâtmib sh fhstbibk:
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Ab feghstmibimùk fh pabktbs y
bkmgbahs.
Ha fhsbrreaae fh ab ghtbauromb
Orbkfhs rhamomekhs iege ha
nufmsge, `mkfumsge, msabg,
irmstmbkmsge y ha jufbçsge.
Hktrh aes prmkimpbahs bperths fh ab
imvmamzbimùk ormhob sh fhstbibk:
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y
Iekihptes fh hstítmib, ítmib y
cukimekbamfbf.
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Amthrbturb y pehsçb
Cmaesecçb
Gbthgâtmibs
Cçsmib
Bstrekegçb
Oheorbcçb
@mstermb
Ghfmimkb
Brth
Brqumthiturb
Fhgeirbimb
Juhoes Eaçgpmies y Fhperths
IXAVX^BY BGH^MIBKBY
Ha iektmkhkth bghrmibke hs uke fh aes gâs nhaaes fha pabkhtb. Yus batbs gektbòbs, fhsmhrtes ârmfes y ab hsphsb
shavb iek fmvhrsmfbf fh iamgbs cuhrek, ab iukb fh mgpekhkths iuaturbs y ab shfh fh orbkfhs ihktres urnbkes,
iegpbrbnahs hk orbkfhzb b abs prmkimpbahs imvmamzbimekhs fh ab bktmoñhfbf. Bahjbfbs fh etrbs iuaturbs fha gukfe
hxthrmer, phre iek cuhrths vçkiuaes h mkcauhkimbs ba mkthrmer fha iektmkhkth, hstbs iuaturbs fhsbrreaabrek orbkfhs
mgphrmes y Hstbfes< vhkimhrek ha iamgb, fegmkbrek abs gbthgâtmibs, ab bstrekegçb, ab ghfmimùk fha tmhgpe y
bpamibrek fmchrhkths tíikmibs fh prefuiimùk borçieab hk ha iuatmve fha gbçz, ha ibibe y ha tbnbie.
^EGBKB
Hktrh ha bòe
hxmstmù ukb
imvmamzbimekhs
Ieghkzù su
Ghfmthrrâkhe
?89 b.I. y ha 6?3 f.I.,
fh abs gâs orbkfhs
fh ab `mstermb: ^egb.
fhsbrreaae senrh ha gbr
hk ha thrrmterme quh `ey
iekeihges
iege Mtbamb
iek hafh
tmhgpe,
aahoù b hxthkfhrsh
b y,trbvís
trhs
iektmkhkths: Hurepb, Âcrmib y Bsmb. Aes
regbkes rhimnmhrek mkcauhkimb fh ab
imvmamzbimùk ormhob y fh aes bktmoues
puhnaes quh eiupbrek ab phkçksuab
mtâamib, ae iuba ahs phrgmtmù cerjbr ukb
imvmamzbimùk suphrmer b ab fh sus
prhfhihserhs. Cuhrek aes prmghres hk
utmamzbr tírgmkes iege shkbfe,
rhpúnamib e fmitbfurb< ahvbktbrek
orbkfhs iekstruiimekhs y trbksgmtmhrek
b ab `ugbkmfbf ha fhrhi`e, ab
brqumthiturb y su mfmegb. Fhspuís fh
gâs fh 044 bòes, ha Mgphrme regbke
fhiamkù y fme pbse b etre phrçefe fh ab
`mstermb ba quh sh ah iekeih iege ab
Hfbf Ghfmb.
Hktrh aes prmkimpbahs bperths fh ab
imvmamzbimùk hompimb sh fhstbibk:
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Biuhfuites y Tuhkths
Kúghres
Nbsçamibs
Thrmùfmies
Ha Fhrhi`e
Yhktmfe fh Xkmfbf y Fmsimpamkb
Ha abtçk
Oíkhre Amthrbrme
MKIB
GHYEBGH^MIB
Yh hktmhkfh per Ghsebgírmib b
imhrtb rhomùk ihktrba fha iektmkhkth
Bghrmibke quh vb fhsfh a b gmtbf
ghrmfmekba fh Gíxmie b aes
thrrmtermes fh Nhamih, Oubthgbab, Ha
Ybavbfer y ab rhomùk eiimfhktba fh
@ekfurbs, Kmibrboub y Iestb
^mib.
Aes puhnaes quh sh fhsbrreaabrek
hk thrrmterme ghsebghrmibke
iegpbrtmhrek ukb gmsgb trbfmimùk
iuaturba y ukbs bitmvmfbfhs
smgmabrhs: bormiuaturb iek imiaes fh
quhgb fh ab tmhrrb y use fh
i`mkbgpbs, ieghrime, iuate b
fmeshs smgmabrhs, iekstruiimùk fh
pmrâgmfhs
hsibaekbfbs
y
ibahkfbrmes, hktrh etrbs. Aes
prmkimpbahs orupes quh `bnmtbrek
hsth thrrmterme hk fmchrhkths ípeibs
cuhrek aes eaghibs, aes zbpethibs,
Vhetm`ubiâk, aes teathibs y aes
bzthibs.
Hktrh aes prmkimpbahs bperths fh ab
imvmamzbimùk Ghsebgírmib sh
fhstbibk:
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Ab Bormiuaturb fh ibibe y
tbnbie
Abs Brthsbkçbs
Ab utmamzbimùk fh ab gbfhrb
Bahbimekhs Ghtâamibs
Víikmibs fh Gmkhrçb
Obstrekegçb
Ha Mgphrme mkib suromù hk ha smoae PMM,
iek ab hxpbksmùk gmamtbr y peaçtmib fh
aes `bnmtbkths fh Iuzie, y cmkbamzù iek
ab iekqumstb fh Crbkimsie Tmzbrre hk
289>. Yhoúk ab ahyhkfb, Gbkie
Iâpbi, ibsbfe iek su `hrgbkb Gbgb
Eiaae, cukfù Iuzie per gbkfbte fh
Smrbiei`b, ha irhbfer fha gukfe. Hstb
imufbf hrb ha ihktre peaçtmie y rhamomese
fh aes mkibs. Hstes mkmimbrek su
hxpbksmùk iek Tbi`biuthi, qumhk hk
2690 fhrretù b abs i`bkibs. Hsth
oenhrkbkth hrmomù ukb rhf fh ibgmkes
pbrb iegukmibr aes thrrmtermes
iekqumstbfes. Aes hgphrbferhs:
Vupbi Mkib ]upbkqum y @ubykb Iâpbi
seghtmhrek b aes i`mgú, qumtes y
GB]BY
BZVHIBY
Ab iuaturb e imvmamzbimùk gbyb cuh
ab fhsbrreaabfb per uke fh aes gâs
fhstbibfes puhnaes
ghsebghrmibkes
prhieaegnmkes,
iuyes mkmimes sh rbstrhbk fhsfh ab
Ípeib Trhiaâsmib (>444 b.I. ’ >84 f.
I.) fha iektmkhkth y sus úatmges
vhstmomes `bstb ab Ípeib Tesiaâsmib
(=44-28>? f. I.), iubkfe sh prefuje
ab Bgírmib. Yh aeibamzbrek hk
Ghsebgírmib, fhsfh abs iestbs fha
eiíbke Tbiçcmie `bstb ab phkçksuab
fh ]uibtâk hk ha g br Ibrmnh. Furbkth
gâs fh gma bòes iekstruyhrek
imufbfhs Hstbfe mkfhphkfmhkths, iek
sus prepmbs ahkoubs, phre iek iuates
rhamomeses y bfhabktes imhktçcmies
smgmabrhs.
Yh iekeih iege aes bzthibs,
thkei`ibs e ghxmibs b uke fh aes
gâs
iekeimfes
puhnaes ghsebghrmibkes fh
ab
ípeib prhieaegnmkb. Cuhrek aes
cukfbferhs fh ab hktmfbf peaçtmiethrrmtermba gâs orbkfh y pefhresb fh
ab rhomùk `bstb ab aahobfb fh aes
iekqumstbferhs hspbòeahs hk ha
smoae
PS.
Aes ghxmibs e bzthibs cuhrek ha
úatmge orupe fh ouhrrhres quh aahoù
ba ihktre fh Gíxmie fhsfh ha kerth.
Yhoúk sus ahyhkfbs, pbrtmhrek fh
Bztaâk nusibkfe uk auobr preghtmfe
preghtmfe
per su fmes Vhtzb`umta Vheat, quh hrb
ukb gbkmchstbimùk fh Vhzibtampeib.
Ba aahobr ba aboe Vhxieie, su
sbihrfeth @umtzmaepei`tam, qumhk
auhoe shrçb ieksmfhrbfe ha fmes
irhbfer, ah fmje b su puhnae quh hsh
hrb ha auobr hahomfe.
Hktrh aes prmkimpbahs bperths fh ab
imvmamzbimùk bzthibs sh fhstbibk:
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Hktrh aes prmkimpbahs bperths fh ab
imvmamzbimùk bzthibs sh fhstbibk:
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Ha Ymsthgb fh Kughrbimùk
Ha Ibahkfbrme Yeabr
Ab @hrneaeomb Yeabr
Ha ibibe
`ubkib,
ha Mgphrme
fhsfh
ha
sur fhhxthkfmhkfe
ab bituba Ieaegnmb,
`bstb
ha
kerth fh I`mah y Brohktmkb. Ha Hstbfe
mkib e Vb`ubktmksuye, quh smokmcmib hk
quhi`ub ‑iubtre rhomekhs ukmfbs hktrh
sç‗, sh fmvmfmù hk I`mki`bysuye, per ha
ehsth, Ieaabsuye, per ha hsth, Bktmsuye,
per ha kerth, y Iektmsuye, per ha sur. Ab
ibpmtba fha Mgphrme cuh ab imufbf fh
Iuzie, iekeimfb iege ha ‑egnamoe fha
gukfe‗, per shr ha ihktre fh fhsbrreaae
fh ab htkmb mkib fhsfh sus mkmimes y su
cukfbimùk shoúk ab trbfmimùk per
Gbkie Iâpbi.
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Fhsiunrmgmhkte
ihre.
Ahkoubjh
Iegmfb
Brqumthiturb
Bormiuaturb
Vhikeaeoçb
Brth
Teaçtmib
Bstrekegçb
fha
kúghre
Hktrh aes prmkimpbahs bperths fh ab
imvmamzbimùk bzthibs sh fhstbibk:
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Shkfbs y Ieib
Iurb iektrb ab gbabrmb
Imruoçb ihrhnrba mkib
Víikmibs borçieabs
Ahkoubjh
Víikmibs
fh
Mkohkmhrçb
brqumthiturb.
y
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