AMKHB FH VMHGTE FH ABY IMSMAMZBIMEKHY BKVMOXBY BYMBVMIB HOMTIMB Ab imvmamzbimùk hompimb sh cergù barhfhfer fha bòe 6.444 b.I. auhoe fha suromgmhkte fh ab hsirmturb, y cuh ab imvmamzbimùk gâs miùkmib y pefhresb fh GHYETEVBGMB Ab imvmamzbimùk hompimb baibkzù uk orbk fhsbrreaae hk abs imhkimbs, ha brth, ab rhamomùk y ha ieghrime. Yh fhstbiù per ab gbjhstuesmfbf fh sus gekughktes iunmhrtes fh jhreoaçcmies tbaabfes hk sus pbrhfhs (quh sek abs prmkimpbahs cuhkths fh mkcergbimùk pbrb a es brquhùaeoes). Hktrh aes prmkimpbahs bperths fh ab imvmamzbimùk ghsepetâgmib sh fhstbibk: Ha smsthgb fh hsirmturb. Ha iùfmoe fh ahyhs. Ha ibahkfbrme ghsepetâgmie. Aes iekeimgmhktes fh bstrekegçb. Hktrh aes prmkimpbahs bperths fh ab imvmamzbimùk hompimb sh fhstbibk: Ab Hsirmturb Tbpha y Vmktb Ibahkfbrme Gbthgâtmibs y Oheghtrçb Tmrâgmfhs y gegmcmibimùk Bkbaoísmies, bkhsthsmbs bktmnmùtmies Cmaesecçb Amthrbturb Fhsfh `bih ukes 9.444 bòes, aes ormhoes fhsbrreaabrek b ermaabs fha gbr Ghfmthrrâkhe ukb mgpertbkth imvmamzbimùk quh mkcauyù pefhresbghkth hk aes regbkes y hk etrbs iuaturbs. Gui`es phksbferhs iege Yùirbths, Tabtùk y Brmstùthahs hstbnahimhrek prmkimpmes cmaesùcmies, fhsiunrmhrek ahyhs kbturbahs, mkvhktbrek kuhvbs `hrrbgmhktbs pbrb cbimamtbr abs abnerhs `ugbkbs, mgbomkbrek trbzbfes y cergbs hk abs hstrhaabs y hkrmquhimhrek su iuaturb b trbvís fha iektbite iek etres puhnaes. Hk ab bktmoñhfbf, aes ormhoes sh erobkmzbnbk peaçtmibghkth hk imufbfhs hstbfes y baaç sh ermomkù ha iekihpte fh fhgeirbimb. Yh `bk hstbnahimfe ieaekmbs y iegukmfbfhs ormhobs b ae abroe fh ab `mstermb hk gui`es rmkiekhs fha Ghfmthrrâkhe, b phsbr fh quh ab kbimùk sh `b ihktrbfe smhgprh barhfhfer fha gbr Hohe, fekfh sh `bnab ab ahkoub ormhob fhsfh ab Bktmoub Orhimb. gâs baaâjukte fha bòe b.I.pbçshs Fh `hi`e, I`mkb, iek6444 etres fha iektmkhkth bsmâtmie iege Mkfmb, banhroù hk su thrrmterme baoukbs fh abs iuaturbs gâs bktmoubs fha gukfe, y su ahobfe búk tmhkh mgpertbkimb hk ab bitubamfbf. Bsç, gmhktrbs aes i`mkes mkvhktbrek ab pùaverb y iekstruyhrek ukb orbk gurbaab, aes mkfmes fhsbrreaabrek ab oheghtrçb. Bgnes bvbkihs bvbkihs sek fh orbk mgpertbkimb hk ab vmfb bituba per su bperth iuaturba h mkthahituba. ab `mstermb. Yh hstbnahimù b ermaabs fha rçe Kmae hk ha kerth fha iektmkhkth bcrmibke quh, iek sus irhimfbs bkubahs, phrgmtçb bnbsthihr fh rmhoe b aes ibgpes shgnrbfes, rbzùk per ab quh ab bormiuaturb sh iekvmrtmù hk ab prmkimpba cuhkth fh rmquhzb fh ab rhomùk. Ab imvmamzbimùk ghsepetâgmib tuve auobr barhfhfer fha 6444 b. I. y ierrhspekfh b abs prmghrbs penabimekhs iek bshktbgmhktes phrgbkhkths. Yh hstbnahimù hk uk thrrmterme guy círtma, hktrh aes rçes Vmorms y Íucrbths, ab bituba rhomùk fh Mrbl. Fh baaç ha ermohk fha kegnrh Ghsepetbgmb quh smokmcmib ‑tmhrrb hktrh rçes‗. O^MHOB Furbkth gui`es bòes, vbrmes biekthimgmhktes `bk iekvhrtmfe b I`mkb hk pretboekmstb fh ab `mstermb. Hste ke `unmhrb smfe pesmnah smk uk fhsbrreaae `mstùrmie y iuaturba fh hsth puhnae quh vb Hktrh aes prmkimpbahs bperths fh ab imvmamzbimùk bsmâtmib sh fhstbibk: Ab feghstmibimùk fh pabktbs y bkmgbahs. Ha fhsbrreaae fh ab ghtbauromb Orbkfhs rhamomekhs iege ha nufmsge, `mkfumsge, msabg, irmstmbkmsge y ha jufbçsge. Hktrh aes prmkimpbahs bperths fh ab imvmamzbimùk ormhob sh fhstbibk: y Iekihptes fh hstítmib, ítmib y cukimekbamfbf. Amthrbturb y pehsçb Cmaesecçb Gbthgâtmibs Cçsmib Bstrekegçb Oheorbcçb @mstermb Ghfmimkb Brth Brqumthiturb Fhgeirbimb Juhoes Eaçgpmies y Fhperths IXAVX^BY BGH^MIBKBY Ha iektmkhkth bghrmibke hs uke fh aes gâs nhaaes fha pabkhtb. Yus batbs gektbòbs, fhsmhrtes ârmfes y ab hsphsb shavb iek fmvhrsmfbf fh iamgbs cuhrek, ab iukb fh mgpekhkths iuaturbs y ab shfh fh orbkfhs ihktres urnbkes, iegpbrbnahs hk orbkfhzb b abs prmkimpbahs imvmamzbimekhs fh ab bktmoñhfbf. Bahjbfbs fh etrbs iuaturbs fha gukfe hxthrmer, phre iek cuhrths vçkiuaes h mkcauhkimbs ba mkthrmer fha iektmkhkth, hstbs iuaturbs fhsbrreaabrek orbkfhs mgphrmes y Hstbfes< vhkimhrek ha iamgb, fegmkbrek abs gbthgâtmibs, ab bstrekegçb, ab ghfmimùk fha tmhgpe y bpamibrek fmchrhkths tíikmibs fh prefuiimùk borçieab hk ha iuatmve fha gbçz, ha ibibe y ha tbnbie. ^EGBKB Hktrh ha bòe hxmstmù ukb imvmamzbimekhs Ieghkzù su Ghfmthrrâkhe ?89 b.I. y ha 6?3 f.I., fh abs gâs orbkfhs fh ab `mstermb: ^egb. fhsbrreaae senrh ha gbr hk ha thrrmterme quh `ey iekeihges iege Mtbamb iek hafh tmhgpe, aahoù b hxthkfhrsh b y,trbvís trhs iektmkhkths: Hurepb, Âcrmib y Bsmb. Aes regbkes rhimnmhrek mkcauhkimb fh ab imvmamzbimùk ormhob y fh aes bktmoues puhnaes quh eiupbrek ab phkçksuab mtâamib, ae iuba ahs phrgmtmù cerjbr ukb imvmamzbimùk suphrmer b ab fh sus prhfhihserhs. Cuhrek aes prmghres hk utmamzbr tírgmkes iege shkbfe, rhpúnamib e fmitbfurb< ahvbktbrek orbkfhs iekstruiimekhs y trbksgmtmhrek b ab `ugbkmfbf ha fhrhi`e, ab brqumthiturb y su mfmegb. Fhspuís fh gâs fh 044 bòes, ha Mgphrme regbke fhiamkù y fme pbse b etre phrçefe fh ab `mstermb ba quh sh ah iekeih iege ab Hfbf Ghfmb. Hktrh aes prmkimpbahs bperths fh ab imvmamzbimùk hompimb sh fhstbibk: Biuhfuites y Tuhkths Kúghres Nbsçamibs Thrmùfmies Ha Fhrhi`e Yhktmfe fh Xkmfbf y Fmsimpamkb Ha abtçk Oíkhre Amthrbrme MKIB GHYEBGH^MIB Yh hktmhkfh per Ghsebgírmib b imhrtb rhomùk ihktrba fha iektmkhkth Bghrmibke quh vb fhsfh a b gmtbf ghrmfmekba fh Gíxmie b aes thrrmtermes fh Nhamih, Oubthgbab, Ha Ybavbfer y ab rhomùk eiimfhktba fh @ekfurbs, Kmibrboub y Iestb ^mib. Aes puhnaes quh sh fhsbrreaabrek hk thrrmterme ghsebghrmibke iegpbrtmhrek ukb gmsgb trbfmimùk iuaturba y ukbs bitmvmfbfhs smgmabrhs: bormiuaturb iek imiaes fh quhgb fh ab tmhrrb y use fh i`mkbgpbs, ieghrime, iuate b fmeshs smgmabrhs, iekstruiimùk fh pmrâgmfhs hsibaekbfbs y ibahkfbrmes, hktrh etrbs. Aes prmkimpbahs orupes quh `bnmtbrek hsth thrrmterme hk fmchrhkths ípeibs cuhrek aes eaghibs, aes zbpethibs, Vhetm`ubiâk, aes teathibs y aes bzthibs. Hktrh aes prmkimpbahs bperths fh ab imvmamzbimùk Ghsebgírmib sh fhstbibk: Ab Bormiuaturb fh ibibe y tbnbie Abs Brthsbkçbs Ab utmamzbimùk fh ab gbfhrb Bahbimekhs Ghtâamibs Víikmibs fh Gmkhrçb Obstrekegçb Ha Mgphrme mkib suromù hk ha smoae PMM, iek ab hxpbksmùk gmamtbr y peaçtmib fh aes `bnmtbkths fh Iuzie, y cmkbamzù iek ab iekqumstb fh Crbkimsie Tmzbrre hk 289>. Yhoúk ab ahyhkfb, Gbkie Iâpbi, ibsbfe iek su `hrgbkb Gbgb Eiaae, cukfù Iuzie per gbkfbte fh Smrbiei`b, ha irhbfer fha gukfe. Hstb imufbf hrb ha ihktre peaçtmie y rhamomese fh aes mkibs. Hstes mkmimbrek su hxpbksmùk iek Tbi`biuthi, qumhk hk 2690 fhrretù b abs i`bkibs. Hsth oenhrkbkth hrmomù ukb rhf fh ibgmkes pbrb iegukmibr aes thrrmtermes iekqumstbfes. Aes hgphrbferhs: Vupbi Mkib ]upbkqum y @ubykb Iâpbi seghtmhrek b aes i`mgú, qumtes y GB]BY BZVHIBY Ab iuaturb e imvmamzbimùk gbyb cuh ab fhsbrreaabfb per uke fh aes gâs fhstbibfes puhnaes ghsebghrmibkes prhieaegnmkes, iuyes mkmimes sh rbstrhbk fhsfh ab Ípeib Trhiaâsmib (>444 b.I. ’ >84 f. I.) fha iektmkhkth y sus úatmges vhstmomes `bstb ab Ípeib Tesiaâsmib (=44-28>? f. I.), iubkfe sh prefuje ab Bgírmib. Yh aeibamzbrek hk Ghsebgírmib, fhsfh abs iestbs fha eiíbke Tbiçcmie `bstb ab phkçksuab fh ]uibtâk hk ha g br Ibrmnh. Furbkth gâs fh gma bòes iekstruyhrek imufbfhs Hstbfe mkfhphkfmhkths, iek sus prepmbs ahkoubs, phre iek iuates rhamomeses y bfhabktes imhktçcmies smgmabrhs. Yh iekeih iege aes bzthibs, thkei`ibs e ghxmibs b uke fh aes gâs iekeimfes puhnaes ghsebghrmibkes fh ab ípeib prhieaegnmkb. Cuhrek aes cukfbferhs fh ab hktmfbf peaçtmiethrrmtermba gâs orbkfh y pefhresb fh ab rhomùk `bstb ab aahobfb fh aes iekqumstbferhs hspbòeahs hk ha smoae PS. Aes ghxmibs e bzthibs cuhrek ha úatmge orupe fh ouhrrhres quh aahoù ba ihktre fh Gíxmie fhsfh ha kerth. Yhoúk sus ahyhkfbs, pbrtmhrek fh Bztaâk nusibkfe uk auobr preghtmfe preghtmfe per su fmes Vhtzb`umta Vheat, quh hrb ukb gbkmchstbimùk fh Vhzibtampeib. Ba aahobr ba aboe Vhxieie, su sbihrfeth @umtzmaepei`tam, qumhk auhoe shrçb ieksmfhrbfe ha fmes irhbfer, ah fmje b su puhnae quh hsh hrb ha auobr hahomfe. Hktrh aes prmkimpbahs bperths fh ab imvmamzbimùk bzthibs sh fhstbibk: Hktrh aes prmkimpbahs bperths fh ab imvmamzbimùk bzthibs sh fhstbibk: Ha Ymsthgb fh Kughrbimùk Ha Ibahkfbrme Yeabr Ab @hrneaeomb Yeabr Ha ibibe `ubkib, ha Mgphrme fhsfh ha sur fhhxthkfmhkfe ab bituba Ieaegnmb, `bstb ha kerth fh I`mah y Brohktmkb. Ha Hstbfe mkib e Vb`ubktmksuye, quh smokmcmib hk quhi`ub ‑iubtre rhomekhs ukmfbs hktrh sç‗, sh fmvmfmù hk I`mki`bysuye, per ha ehsth, Ieaabsuye, per ha hsth, Bktmsuye, per ha kerth, y Iektmsuye, per ha sur. Ab ibpmtba fha Mgphrme cuh ab imufbf fh Iuzie, iekeimfb iege ha ‑egnamoe fha gukfe‗, per shr ha ihktre fh fhsbrreaae fh ab htkmb mkib fhsfh sus mkmimes y su cukfbimùk shoúk ab trbfmimùk per Gbkie Iâpbi. Fhsiunrmgmhkte ihre. Ahkoubjh Iegmfb Brqumthiturb Bormiuaturb Vhikeaeoçb Brth Teaçtmib Bstrekegçb fha kúghre Hktrh aes prmkimpbahs bperths fh ab imvmamzbimùk bzthibs sh fhstbibk: Shkfbs y Ieib Iurb iektrb ab gbabrmb Imruoçb ihrhnrba mkib Víikmibs borçieabs Ahkoubjh Víikmibs fh Mkohkmhrçb brqumthiturb. y