pdf-ensayo-de-la-escuela-ayllu-de-warisata compress

M[K]M@D DU@@]
AM ^DYE[DQD
JGHIYM AM@ M[Q]AEDJQM<
IYDUDJ BMVEJ T]E[_M T]E[_M
M[_MKED@EADA<
M@MKQYMEKEADA U
M@MKQYGJEKD
AGKMJQM< FYDJB@EJ D_D\D
]JEADA AM FGYHDKEGJ< ID[M[ U
F]JADHMJQG[ AM @D MA]KDKEGJ AM@
HM[K_
DÔG AM FGYHDKEGJ< _YEHMYG
1'1
,,~!1IftiI\ r "'1"i!' el
l'
\'I! e 11'I\l\ln!ó\i! .
q"A' Il\lllr.w-' k m·IA
t~.""'n·tr ..
EJQYGA]KKEGJ<
Mstm mjsdyg temjm pgr gilmtevg mstdi`mkmr ujd rm`dkeûj am kgjtejueada mjtrm `d
pmadngnèd sustmjtdad pgr `gs prejkepd`ms mxpgjmjtms am `d mxpmremjked am `d
mskum`d Dy``u am ^dresdtd y `d dktud` rmfgrhd maukdtevd ehpu`sdad pgr m`
ngiemrjg am Mvg Hgrd`ms mj Ig`eved. [m djd`ezdj pgsei`m mjmheng, dsè kghg `ds
aehmjsegjms am `d ejtmnrd`eada am `d präktekd pmadnûnekd y su vèjku`g kgj `gs
dspmktgs kghujetdreg, tmrretgred` y präktekg.
@d Mskum`d-Dy``u am ^dresdtd fum uj prgymktg pmadnûnekg (45;4-451?)
qum sm aevu`nû mj aevmrsds jdkegjms mj Dhårekd @dtejd aurdjtm `d prehmrd
pdrtm am` sen`g SS. Mj su prgkmsg am aevu`ndkeûj m errdaedkeûj, Håxekg fum
m` prejkepd` pdès qum sm ejtmrmsû pgr m` prgymktg maukdtevg qum `d mskum`d
ig`evedjd ehpu`sû. Mjtrm dhids jdkegjms, m` prgymktg maukdtevg kgj `ds
kghujeadams grenejdreds fum pdrtm am uj prgkmsg am rmjgvdkeûj pmadnûnekd
qum mj Håxekg sm p`dshû mj `d Kdrtd Hdnjd am 454>, y mj Ig`eved kgj
`d Mskum`d-Dy``u am ^dresdtd mj `gs dôgs trmejtd am` sen`g SS.
Mj mstm tmxtg ejtmjtdhgs cdkmr ujd dprgxehdkeûj d `ds rm`dkegjms qum
kgjf`uymrgj mjtrm dhids jdkegjms y qum tuvemrgj kghg pujtg am pdrtead
`d maukdkeûj mj `gs pumi`gs grenejdregs. _drd rmd`ezdr mstm mlmrkekeg prgpgjmhgs
ujd dhp`edkeûj mj `gs tmhds am mstuaeg am `d cestgred, cdkmhgs
uj djä`eses am `d cestgregnrdfèd gfeked` y am sus fumjtms y jgs aerenehgs d
ffu
msmjg
kegsjtûgrkekeagdss< pgredjk`depsdq`h
ummj
stmm`m
teg
urjeû
aa
deh
agmkjuth
tgrsmc
`gss kdurtmèksu
`gjsdasmupfm
kgmsjtygrkmgvh
estgds.
Dsuhehgs m` djä`eses am `ds rm`dkegjms mjtrm dhids jdkegjms d trdvås
am` prgymktg wdresdtmôg y rmkurrehgs d mstm tepg am fumjtms agkuhmjtd`ms
HDYKG QMGYEKG<
F]JADKEÛJ AM ^DYE[DQD
@@dd M
Msskkuumm``dd aamm ^
^ddrreessddttdd sm ffuujjaaûû mm`` 99 am dngstg am 45;4 mj `ds fd`ads am`
E``dhpu mj m` kdjtûj g pumi`g am ^dresdtd, am pgi`dkeûj hdygretdredhmjtm
dehdrd, `gkd`ezdag mj `d prgvejked am Ghdsuygs, d 44 Bh am Dkcdkdkce
(kdpetd` am Ghdsuygs), y d 4?? Bh am `d keuada am @d _dz (Ampdrtdhmjtg
am @d _dz) uj `undr d häs am ;,5?? hts. sgirm m` jevm` am` hdr. Fum amstruead
am fgrhd sestmhätekd pgr `ds dutgreadams maukdtevds am Ig`eved d pdrter am
451?, kudjag fum amstetuead `d p`djtd agkmjtm, m` pdr`dhmjtg dhdutd (ûrndjg
dahejestrdtevg am `d mskum`d) y `gs d`uhjgs fumrgj ‐gi`endags‘ d yd jg
prmsmjtdrsm d `ds ejstd`dkegjms. ]j prgkmsg sestmhätekg qum kghmjzû kgj
m` vmrmaektg am` ejfgrhm prmsmjtdag pgr `ds dutgreadams maukdtevds m` 9= am
gktuirm am 451? (Hmjagzd mt d`., 451?< 9 y ;).
Amsam `d pmrspmktevd `mnd`, `d mskum`d tuvg sus fujadhmjtgs mj m` ‐Amkrmtg am
Maukdkeûj Ejaènmjd‘ prghu`ndag pgr Adjem` [äjkcmz Iustdhdjtm mj 4545, y
rmfgrhu`dag mj 45;4. Dsè kghg mj m` mstdtutg am Maukdkeûj
_üi`ekd am 45;?. M`ezdrag _årmz, mjkdrndag am maefekdr y aerener `d Mskum`d
am ^dresdtd, lujtg kgj Dvm`ejg [eôdje, dehdrd greujag am` `undr, peaeû `d
pdrtekepdkeûj y m` pmrhesg am `d kghujeada am ^dresdtd pdrd ejstd`dr `d
mskum`d. @d kghujeada semhprm tuvg ujd pdrtekepdkeûj mj `g qum rmspmktd
d `ds fujkegjms y grndjezdkeûj am `d mskum`d, pgr td` rdzûj, mj ^dresdtd `ds
1 M` kdsg am Hdrkm`ejg @`djque, prgfmsgr dhiu`djtm y kdkequm, quemj ejstd`û
(459?)
ags mskum`ds ejaenmjd`ms mj `d kghujeada am Lmsüs am Hdkcdkd y uj dôg
amspuås (4594)
mstuvg `endag d `d rmim`eûj am` heshg pgi`dag. _drd prgfujaezdr häs sgirm m`
kdsg am ehp`djtdkegjms y amsenjegs am` Hejestmreg am Maukdkeûj fumrgj semhprm
smkujadreds. Am hdygr trdskmjamjked fum `d gpejeûj y `ds rmsg`ukegjms
am `gs pgi`dagrms am `d `gkd`eada.
Humstrd am m``g fum `d ferhd am` Dktd am Fujadkeûj, agjam dpdrmkemrgj kghg
ferhdjtms jg sû`g `gs gfeked`ms am Maukdkeûj y am `d _rmfmkturd
am `d _dz y am` pgi`dag hmstezg häs kmrkdjg, sejg tdhieåj `gs kdkequms
(rmprmsmjtdjtms) am `d kghujeada am ^dresdtd
prgymktg pmadnûnekg
@@dd ffeejjdd``eeaaddaa aamm ``dd fujadkeûj aamm ``dd Mskum`d am ^dresdtd mrd `d krmdkeûj am
ujd mskum`d qum ejstruymrd jg sû`g am fgrhd ejtm`mktud`, sejg qum drteku`drd `d
fgrhdkeûj kgj `d fgrhd prgauktevd d` pgi`dagr jdtevg, kghg mlms am
ujd jumvd maukdkeûj< ‐Ymd`ezdr m` mxpmrehmjtg am `gs p`djtm`ms am trdidlg
d fej am kdpdketdr d` pgi`dagr dutûktgjg amjtrg am `d tåkjekd qum rmquemrmj
`gs dam`djtgs am `d ejaustred tdjtg hdjud` kghg dnrèkg`d. [m trdtd pums am
`d rmd`ezdkeûj am uj jumvg tepg am maukdkeûj‘ (^dresdtd, 45;4< 4).
Mj tårhejgs pmadnûnekgs `d Mskum`d-Dy``u p`djtmdid m` mjfgqum am `d
maukdkeûj ejtmnrd` amsam ujd kgjkmpkeûj am ‐mstuaeg, trdidlg y prgaukkeûj‘
(Vdrnds, 9??>< 45). [u p`dj maukdtevg ejk`uèd ujd kgmaukdkeûj (sej
aestejkeûj am nåjmrgs)< ejekedid amsam ‐`d smkkeûj prmmskg`dr, pdsdjag pgr
ujd mtdpd m`mhmjtd`, ujd pgstmregr mtdpd hmaed g am gremjtdkeûj prgfmsegjd`, y
ujd mtdpd fejd` prgfmsegjd`‘ (_årmz, 45;;< 1 y ss.). Qrdjsfgrhdid d`
ejaènmjd amsam su ejfdjked, y amsam su hmaeg sgked`2 jg sû`g mrd m` prgkmsg
am d`fdimtezdkeûj, sejg trdjsfgrhdr su mstrukturd sgked`, pdrd m``g ujèd `d
mjsmôdjzd tmûrekd kgj `d mjsmôdjzd präktekd. [us dkteveadams maukdtevds
y ku`turd`ms amsdrrg``drgj m` ehpu`sg am `ds kud`eadams y dptetuams am ` gs
d`uhjgs hmaedjtm `d p`ästekd, `d hüsekd y `d ku`turd. Kghg uj prgymktg am
vdjnudraed, suprehèd m` jghirm am Mskum`d Jgrhd` pdrd mvetdr ujd kgjfuseûj
mjtrm `gs ejaènmjds y `d hd`d trdaekeûj am `ds mskum`ds jgrhd`estds
mj m` pdès.
M` prgymktg am `d Mskum`d-Dy``u pdrtèd am `ds trdaekegjms y kgstuhirms
djkmstrd`ms am `gs dehdrds y qumkcuds, su iüsqumad mrd `d krmdkeûj am uj
jumvg cghirm qum sgirmvevemrd jg d kgstd am `gs amhäs, pgr hmaeg am uj
sestmhd am trdidlg kg`gjed`, sejg am uj sestmhd am grndjezdkeûj kg`mktevd
y am trdjsfgrhdkeûj cestûrekd. _drd m``g, m` prgymktg sm sustmjtdid mj ujd
dutgamtmrhejdkeûj prgped, kgj uj dpgyg y prmsupumstg kdse ju`g pgr pdrtm am`
Mstdag. Kghg uj msfumrzg kg`mktevg rmvg`ukegjdreg, ejketû d `d `ukcd
pgr `gs amrmkcgs am` ejaènmjd y am `d prgpemada am `d temrrd, sm kgjfgrhû
mj uj ejstruhmjtg am `eimrdkeûj, pgr `g kud` jg sm kerkujaû d` aghejeg tmrretgred`
am `d mskum`d, m` prgymktg jg sm `ehetdid d` dprmjaezdlm ejtmregr am
`ds du`ds, sd`èd y sm mxtmjaèd d `d kghujeada mj su kgjlujtg, kghiejdjag
mj hü`tep`ms fgrhds `d rm`dkeûj du`d, temrrd y td``mr.
`d kgjstrukkeûj am `d mskum`d dy``u am ^dresdtd
Mj m` dôg am 45;4 mhpmzû m` prgkmsg kghujd` am kgjstrukkeûj am `d mskum`d
Dy``u am ^dresdtd. Mj msm temhpg, mstm prgkmsg fum huy kgjgkeag y kdusû ujd
mxpmktdtevd d jevm` kgjtejmjtd` pgrqum sm trdtdid am ujd fgrhd tgtd`hmjtm
aefmrmjtm am mjfgkdr `d mjsmôdjzd. Jg sg`dhmjtm sm ehp`mhmjtdrgj jumvgs
pdrähmtrgs dkdaåhekgs, sejg tdhieåj sm rmkupmrû ujd fgrhd am vead, idlg `ds
mjsmôdjzds djkmstrd`ms am `gs Djams. @d Mskum`d am `d Vead, `d mjsmôdjzd
jdturd`, cdi`dr m` `mjnudlm am` Hu`teujevmrsg (ujevmrsg), dprmjamr m` `mjnudlm am
`ds p`djtds, am` vemjtg, am `ds juims, am `gs ejsmktgs, am` règ, am `ds mstrm``ds, am
`d vead.
Fum ujd mskum`d am kgjvevmjked kghujd`, p`mjdhmjtm idlg `gs rmfmrmjtms am`
hujag djaejg. @d `ûnekd qum sm ute`ezû pdrd `d mjsmôdjzd mj `d mskum`d Dy``u
am ^dresdtd, qum aurû 5 dôgs, fum ujd fgrhd präktekd am kgjvever mj drhgjèd
kgj tgag `g qum mxestm, am mjtmjamr qum tgag `g qum mxestm ms huy ehpgrtdjtm
pdrd `d drhgjèd am` tgag.
@d mskum`d tmjèd kghg gilmtevg `d maukdkeûj am `gs ejaegs mj su heshg `undr am
grenmj, g smd mj m` dy``u. M`ezdrag _årmz jg qumrèd qum sm e jstd`dsm mj uj hmaeg
am tmrrdtmjemjtms. Qmjèd `d eamd am qum `d maukdkeûj amièd rmspgjamr d `ds
jmkmseadams, ms amker qum `d maukdkeûj amièd supmrdr `ds kgjaekegjms
hesmrdi`ms mj qum vevèdj, y qum supmrdr sus kgjaekegjms sgkeg-mkgjûhekds am
d`nujd hdjmrd mrd `eimrdr d` ejaeg. [m fum d ^dresdtd kgj `gs hdmstrgs am
d`idôe`mrèd Hdjum` Vm`dskg, am hmkäjekd y kmrrdlmrèd Lgså am `d Yevd y am
kdrpejtmrèd Tuetmreg Herdjad.
Mjtmjaèd qum maukdkeûj jg mrd sg`g d`fdimtezdr, pums am jejnujd hdjmrd
cuiemrd ``mvdag d msgs trms hdmstrgs, pgrqum damhäs sm aeg kumjtd qum amièd
`mvdjtdr m` maefekeg am `d mskum`d. Qd` vmz, pmjsdid qum eid d mjsmôdr
kgjstruymjag, pmrg jg sg`g sm rmaulmrgj d `d mjsmôdjzd am `ds tåkjekds
kgjstruktevds, sejg am `ds drtèstekds, mxtrd mskg`drms y d `ds ejtm`mktud`ms pgrqum
rmd`hmjtm sm senueû uj prgnrdhd maukdtevg qum kgrrmspgjaèd d `d mjsmôdjzd
fgrhd` qum mj msm temhpg ehpdrtèd m` Hejestmreg am Ejstrukkeûj.
M` msqumhd nmjmrd` kgj m` qum fujkegjû `d mskum`d fum r md`ezdag d hmaead qum
eid daqueremjag mxpmremjked y mj m` trdjskursg am su fujkegjdhemjtg. @d
mstrukturd am `g qum cgy sm ``dhd pmjsuh g kgjtmjeags kurreku`drms, tdhpgkg
mstdid prmvedhmjtm prgymktdag je gimamkèd d käjgjms prmmstdi`mkeags, kgj `gs
adtgs mxpumstgs. Mj 45;5, frutg am kgjnrmsgs djud`ms, sm dprgiû uj mstdtutg
pdrd m` fujkegjdhemjtg am `ds Mskum`ds Ejaenmjd`ms d jevm` jdkegjd`,
rmn`dhmjtg qum mj 451?, lujtg d `d kdèad am Iuskc, sm `g amsmstehû
kghp`mtdhmjtm<
@d Maukdkeûj Fgrhd` Ejaenmjd` kghprmjaèd kejkg smkkegjms<
44..-- Ldraèj ejfdjte`< mada 1 d > dôgs, aurdkeûj ; dôgs.
9.- _rmvgkdkegjd`< am > d 4? dôgs, aurdkeûj, ; dôgs.
;.- Vgkdkegjd`< am 4? d 4; dôgs, aurdkeûj am ; dôgs.
1.- _rgfmsegjd`.
@d Maukdkeûj Kghujetdred< su ejkeamjked mj `d mskum`d y
kghujeada
@@dd mmsskkuumm``dd D
Dyy````uu aamm ^dresdtd, fum ujd mxpmremjked maukdtevd kghujetdred
prgauktevd mj m` dôg 45;4, agjam M`ezdrag _mråz y Dvm`ejg [eôdje ehpu`sdrgj `d
maukdkeûj ejaenmjd`. Kgjstetuyû uj prgymktg maukdtevg, damhäs fum ujd
rmspumstd vd`mrgsd mj imjmfekeg am `ds kghujeadams ejaènmjds y d` hgam`g am
`ukcd kgjtrd `d gheseûj, diusg y gprmseûj, idlg `gs prejkepegs am
kghp`mhmjtdremada y rmkeprgkeada kgj `d kghujeada y `d jdturd`mzd, y damhäs
agjam `d kghujeada maukdtevd mstdidj kgjfgrhdags pgr hdmstrgs, dhdutds,
jeôgs(ds), lûvmjms, dium`gs(ds) y `ds dkteveadams maukdtevds rmd`ezdads mstdidj
kgjkdtmjdags d` trdidlg, `d prgaukkeûj y `d vead.
"^dresdtd rmprmsmjtû `d pumstd mj präktekd am` pdrdaenhd `ûnekg djaejg, m` qum
sm idsdid mj `d rmkeprgkeada, `d sg`eadreada y m` hgam`g am kghujeada qum vevm
mj rm`dkeûj prgauktevd pmrg sustmjtdi`m kgj `d jdturd`mzd.
^dresdtd sm sustmjtû mj `gs senuemjtms pujtgs<
@d kghujeada d `d kdimzd am` kgjnrmsg am dhdutds (fgrhdag pgr
djkedjgs y pdarms am fdhe`ed) ``mvdj d kdig m` dutgngiemrjg y `d
dutgnmsteûj mkgjûhekd, dsè kghg mj su vead kgteaedjd.
@d `eimrtda kghg prmhesd fujadhmjtd` sm mjtemjam qum jg sm pumam
maukdr mj uj mstdag am msk`dvetua y smrveauhirm.
@gs vd`grms am sg`eadreada y rmkeprgkeada qum ehpu`sd d ujd kghujeada
d cdkmrsm rmspgjsdi`m am kdad ujg y am tgags y damhäs `gs ``dhd d
mxpdjaer `d `digr maukdtevd d `ds kghujeadams kmrkdjds.
@d prgaukkeûj fgrhû pdrtm am `d eamd heshd am maukdkeûj, yd qum d
kdad dkteveada sm `m vmèd su `dag prgauktevg, amsdrrg``äjagsm `d
maukdkeûj mj td``mrms, nrdjlds y kredamrgs am djehd`ms, `gnrdjag qum `d
mskum`d smd dutgsufekemjtm tdjtg mj tårhejgs am su d`ehmjtg kghg am
sus hdtmred`ms am kgjstrukkeûj y hgie`edreg.
Vg`vmr d adr vd`gr d su eamjteada ku`turd` qum rmdferhd kgj cmkcgs m`
vmradamrg vd`gr am` sdimr, `d kemjked y `d grndjezdkeûj am `d ku`turd
djaejd ejaènmjd." (D`djgkd, 9?4?)
Mj m` mjtgrjg am ^dresdtd rmskdtdhgs `gs prejkepegs am r mkeprgkeada,
sg`eadreada y kghp`mhmjtdremada kghg kghpgjmjtms qum `gnrdj `d drteku`dkeûj
g fuseûj am `d kghujeada d `d vead sgked`, `d mskum`d dy``u pgsmèd ujd
hmjtd`eada am kgcdietdr drhûjekdhmjtm kgj `d jdturd`mzd, sej prmgkupdkeûj am
jejnujd k`dsm y agjam `d mjsmôdjzd jg sû`g sm qumadid mj `ds du`ds sejg
msmjked`hmjtm fumrd am m``ds.
Tuå mjtmjamhgs pgr kghujeada
M
Mss uussuudd`` ggèèrr ccddii``ddrr mmjjttrrmm ``ggss maukdagrms am kghujeada, smnüj `d Ymd`
Dkdamhed Mspdôg`d kghujeada ms m` "kgjlujtg am `ds pmrsgjds am uj pumi`g,
rmneûj g jdkeûj, vejku`dads pgr kdrdktmrèstekds g ejtmrmsms kghujms" 4. _drd
[mrrdjg @gurams (9??3) "kghujeada pumam amfejersm kghg uj nrupg am
pmrsgjds qum temjmj d`ng mj kghüj".
Dsè heshg, mj m` 4mr Mjkumjtrg _madnûnekg am` [estmhd Maukdtevg
_`urejdkegjd` aereneag pgr m` Hejestmreg am Maukdkeûj y Ku`turds mj m` dôg 9??3,
cdkm rmfmrmjked d qum "`d vead kghujetdred ms `d ujeada sgked`, ejtmrrm`dkegjdad,
ejtmrkgjmktdad m ejtmrampmjaemjtm am tgad fgrhd am mxestmjked. Mj td` smjteag,
ujd kghujeada ms uj sestmhd vevg, ujd cestgred mj hgvehemjtg vejku`dad d uj
prgymktg kghüj am vead. Mstm sestmhd sm amsdrrg``d mj uj mspdkeg `endag d `d
jdturd`mzd am hdjmrd pmrhdjmjtm, hmaedag pgr m`mhmjtgs sehiû`ekgs qum `m
p
haetumkjda
jsv,ev9er?a
dh
rmpk̀m
èph
rgmkjdtdyjkagh
hjmtm
jrtd
(H
su
tmjreeg
amrM
keed
û`jgn
ydKruy`tkugrd
?m
3<h
19d)j.mKrg
dp̀g̀md
egrred
, "C. u
djejdek
(9?4?<6;) mxprmsd< "amsam jumstrd kgshgveseûj sm kgjkeim qum tgag ms pdrtm
am `d kghujeada y `d kghujeada sm mjtemjam kghg ujd ujeada häs d``ä am `g
sgked`, pgr `g tdjtg, `gs prgkmsgs am dprmjaezdlm jg pumamj smr ejaeveaud`ms g
des`dags am` mjtgrjg, pgrqum `d jdturd`mzd jgs ejaekd qum tgag mstä kgjmktdag.
@d vead am ujg ms kghp`mhmjtdred d `d vead am` gtrg. D` fejd` tgag mj `d vead sm
mxprmsd mj ujd rmkeprgkeada aejähekd pmrhdjmjtm".
Mj mstm smjteag, m` kgjkmptg am kghujeada jg sm rmstrejnm sg`g d `d
amhdrkdkeûj fèsekd, msg yd jg ms uj kghpgjmjtm msmjked` pdrd smr kgjseamrdag
kghujeada, sejg qum häs iemj, ms uj `undr agjam tgags sm ejtmrrm`dkegjdj
mjtrm sè, senuemjag uj prgpûsetg kghüj, agjam sm pumam mjkgjtrdr `d hdygr
pdrtm am `ds dkteveadams y mxpmremjkeds maukdtevds, dsuheåjag`gs kghg ujd
jmkmseada vetd` am` smr cuhdjg amsam ujd kgjkemjked ejtmnrdagrd y mque`eirdad
kgj m` kgshgs y `d jdturd`mzd pdrd vever iemj am hdjmrd rmkèprgkd y
kghp`mhmjtdred, agjam "m` trdidlg am ujg, ms m` trdidlg am tgags. M` prgi`mhd
am ujg, ms m` prgi`mhd am tgags. M` treujfg am ujg, ms m` treujfg am tgags. M`
frdkdsg am ujg, ms m` frdkdsg am tgags. [m trdidld mj Kghujeada, kgj
sg`eadreada, kgj rmspmtg, kgj kghp`mhmjtdremada, kgj vgkdkeûj am smrvekeg. [e
d`nuemj fd``d, tgags `g dpgydj, `g gremjtdj, `g rmf`mxegjdj, pmrg tdhieåj tgags `g
dhgjmstdj mj kghujeada, y se ms jmkmsdreg, `g sdjkegjdj mj kghujeada"
(Hejestmreg am Maukdkeûj y Ku`turds, 9?44). Dktud`hmjtm mxestmj kghujeadams
vertud`ms, kghpdrtmj mxpmremjkeds, kgjgkehemjtgs, ku`turd y hukcgs gtrgs
ejtmrmsms kghujms, hdjtemjmj m` nrupg am pmrsgjds qum ejtmrdktüdj y am enud`
fgrhd temjmj uj gilmtevg kghüj.
Ym`dkeûj mskum`d-kghujeada
Jejnujg pgjm mj pmrp`mleada `d ehpgrtdjked y `d jmkmseada am uj mstrmkcg
mj`dkm mjtrm `d mskum`d y `d kghujeada. _mjsdhemjtg pgr `g nmjmrd` jg
amsdrrg``dag mj `ds mskum`ds, y mj hukcgs kdsgs jg pdrtmj am `d rmf`mxeûj
sgirm quå mjtemjamj pgr kghujeada y kuä` amimrèd smr m` smjteag am msm
vèjku`g kgj `d mskum`d.
@d mskum`d sm amsdrrg``d mj `d kghujeada y `d fujkeûj am `d mskum`d ms `gnrdr `d
pdrtekepdkeûj am `ds kghujeadams mj `d p`djefekdkeûj mfmktevd y grndjezdad am `d
nmsteûj mskg`dr, m` kud` sm idsm mj `d iüsqumad am hmlgrms sg`ukegjms djtm `gs
prgi`mhds qum sm prmsmjtdj tdjtg mj `d mskum`d kghg mj `d kghujeada amjtrg
am `gs `ejmdhemjtgs smôd`dags pgr `d `mnes`dkeûj venmjtm. @gs dutgrms _årmz y
[äjkcmz (9??=<;91) cdkmj hmjkeûj d qum "`d maukdkeûj sm kgjvemrtm dsè mj
ujd ejtmrdkkeûj am `gs cghirms mjtrm sè, am `gs cghirms kgj su hmaeg, am
trdjsfgrhdkeûj hutud am `gs cghirms y su dhiemjtm (...) d trdvås am präktekds
maukdtevds jdkeads am `d prgfujad kgjvekkeûj am qum ms pgsei`m fgrhdr mj y
pdrd `d sg`eadreada, `d lusteked, `d `eimrtda, `d dutmjtekeada, `d krmdteveada y ` d
pdrtekepdkeûj. [m mstä d temhpg am trdjsfgrhdr ` ds mskum`ds mj vmradamrds
kghujeadams amhgkrätekds, mskum`ds kgj `ds qum sumôdj `gs jeôgs y lûvmjms y
qum `ds kghujeadams sm semjtdj rmprmsmjtdads, jg sg`dhmjtm pgr `d
sg`eadreada, sejg pgr `d pdrtekepdkeûj kghujetdred mj `d fgrhdkeûj am vd`grms mj
`d tghd am amkesegjms y mj `d m`digrdkeûj am uj prgymktg qum, dujqum pdrmzkd
uj sumôg, smd futurestd, kdrndag am mspmrdjzd. Mspmrdjzd mj m` cghirm kdpdz
am rmkrmdr m` hujag."
_gr msg sm cdkm jmkmsdreg "kgjstruer uj trdidlg mjtrm `d mskum`d y `ds
grndjezdkegjms sgked`ms pdrd dpgydr kgj aefmrmjtms mstrdtmneds `d vum`td d `d
mskum`d am tgags `gs jeôgs qum jg kgjkurrmj d `d heshd y qum sm mjkumjtrdj
pgr fumrd am `ds gfmrtds maukdtevds mxestmjtms. M` trdidldr kgjlujtdhmjtm mj `d
m`digrdkeûj am prgymktgs maukdtevgs mjtrm `d mskum`d y gtrds grndjezdkegjms g
ejstetukegjms am `d kghujeada kgj fejms maukdtevgs, pgseie`etd `d prgjtd
vesud`ezdkeûj am `gs jeôgs mj setudkeûj am vu`jmrdie`eada maukdtevd y dqum``gs
qum sm mjkumjtrdj pgr fumrd am `d mskum`d"
@d maukdkeûj kghujetdred
M
Mjj ``dd J
Juummvvdd @@mmyy aamm M
Maauukkddkkeeûûjj I
Igg``eevveeddjjdd ??>
>?? ""D
Dvvmm``eejjgg [
[eeôôddjjee M
M``eezzddrraagg _
_mmrrmmzz"",,
smôd`d qum `d maukdkeûj amim smr "... kghujetdred, amhgkrätekd, pdrtekepdtevd y
am kgjsmjsgs mj `d tghd am amkesegjms sgirm pg`ètekds maukdtevds, rmdferhdjag
`d ujeada mj `d aevmrseada" (Ndkmtd Gfeked` am Ig`eved, 9?4?<;) dsè heshg, sm
mjkdhejd cdked mstd heshd aermkkeûj kgj kdräktmr kghujetdreg aerenead cdked `d
maukdkeûj uj gilmtevg m` kud` cdkm rmfmrmjked d qum sm amim "ndrdjtezdr `d
pdrtekepdkeûj p`mjd am tgads y tgags `gs cdietdjtms am` Mstdag _`urejdkegjd` mj
`d maukdkeûj, pdrd kgjtreiuer d `d kgjstrukkeûj am ujd sgkemada pdrtekepdtevd y
kghujetdred"
@d maukdkeûj kghujetdred jg ejvg`ukrd amspmrsgjd`ezdr d ` gs jeôgs, jeôds,
dag`mskmjtms y lûvmjms, pgrqum m``gs sgj pdrtm msmjked` am `d kghujeada, d`
kgjtrdreg, sm trdtd am pmrkeier qum tgag mstd kgjstetueag m ejtmrrm`dkegjdag,
agjam `d mxestmjked ms uj tmleag y mj å` tgads y tgags tmjmhgs uj `undr. "@d
maukdkeûj kghujetdred mstä idsdad mj uj mjfgqum y prejkepeg kghujetdregs, jg
ehp`ekd sg`dhmjtm uj kdhieg am kgjtmjeags, sejg uj kdhieg mj `d mstrukturd
maukdtevd. Mstg senjefekd sd`er am `d `ûnekd ejaeveaud` djtrgpgkåjtrekd, pdrd mjtrdr
mj ujd `ûnekd jdturd` kghujetdred, sd`er am ujd mjsmôdjzd y mvd`udkeûj
ejaeveaud`ms, pdrd ``mndr d ujd mjsmôdjzd y vd`grdkeûj kghujetdreds, sd`er am`
prgkmsg am amsejtmnrdkeûj am` smr cuhdjg kgj `d jdturd`mzd y rmmhp`dzdr`g pgr
`d kgjkemjked ejtmnrdad kgj `d jdturd`mzd, sd`er am ujd mjsmôdjzd gremjtdad d
gitmjmr sû`g fumrzd am trdidlg pdrd ejstetuer ujd mjsmôdjzd qum pmrhetd
mxprmsdr jumstrds kdpdkeadams jdturd`ms, sd`er am `d tmgrèd aerenead d `d rdzûj
pdrd sû`g mjtmjamr ujd mjsmôdjzd qum d`emjtd m` mspèretu am kghpmtmjked y
kdhiedr`d pgr ujd mjsmôdjzd-dprmjaezdlm kghp`mhmjtdred pdrd qum tgags
vevdhgs iemj y mj p`mjetua" (Cudjdkuje, 9?4?<61).
U dsè tdhieåj amsdrrg``dr `d mjsmôdjzd am cdie`eadams sgked`ms y kgjauktds
cdietud`ms kghg mjtmjamrjgs, dyuadrjgs, kgrrmnerjgs, amfmjamr amrmkcgs,
sdimr ejekedr ujd kgjvmrsdkeûj, m`gnedr, aesku`pdrsm, prmsmjtdr ujd qumld, rmkeier
ujd qumld y jmngkedr, åstd "ms `d maukdkeûj kghujetdred d trdvås am prgymktgs,
fdktei`ms am smr trdtdags y sg`vmjtdags kuygs `gnrgs smrèdj `d maukdkeûj qum sm
pumam smhirdr mj ujd kghujeada"(Cead`ng, 9??3). @d maukdkeûj amim
trdskmjamr m` du`d y mhpmzdr d fgrhdr smrms cuhdjgs qum pumadj mhprmjamr
d fgrtd`mkmr `d vead mj ujd rm`dkeûj am mque`eireg y drhgjèd. _drd pgamr
amsdrrg``dr mj `d präktekd `d maukdkeûj kghujetdred idsäjagsm mj `d `my "ms
jmkmsdreg dkmrkdrsm häs d `d rmd`eada, `g qum ehp`ekd kgjstruer `g jumvg kgj `d
pdrtekepdkeûj sgked`, am `d kghujeada maukdtevd. [g`g dsè ms pgsei`m cdkmr d uj
`dag `ds rmsestmjkeds m ejtmrmsdr d `gs mstuaedjtms y lûvmjms, damhäs am `gs
hdmstrgs y pdarms am fdhe`ed, mj m` prgkmsg am mlmkutdr ujd jumvd
maukdkeûj"(Hmjngd, 9?44) pdrd ujd fgrhdkeûj ejtmnrd` y drhûjekd am `gs
mstuaedjtms pdrd qum vevd iemj mj kghujeada "kgjkeiemjag `d ku`turd y `d
jdturd`mzd d pdrter am ujd rm`dkeûj am kgjvevmjked y
kghp`mhmjtdremada"(Hejestmreg am Maukdkeûj y Ku`turds, 9??3<>) y qum damhäs
sm `gs prmpdrm pgr, mj y pdrd `d vead kgj ujd heseûj krmdtevd amjtrg am `d
kghujeada.
Kgjk`useûj
Ms pgr m``g qum `d maukdkeûj kghujetdred kghg amkèdhgs djtmregrhmjtm sm idsd
mj `g qum gkurrm mj `d vead, y su ejkeamjked mj `d mskum`d y kghujeada ms am
vetd` ehpgrtdjked yd qum d trdvås am m``d m` jeôg, jeôd, dag`mskmjtm y lgvmj sm
prmpdrd pdrd mjfrmjtdrsm d `d vead, `d maukdkeûj kghujetdred sm msfumrzd pgr
vejku`dr d `gs dktgrms am` prgkmsg maukdtevg kgj `d rmd`eada qum `g rgamd,
pmrheteåjag`ms amsdrrg``dr uj pmjsdhemjtg krètekg, rmf`mxevg y prgpgsetevg kgj
dutgamtmrhejdkeûj d `ds prgi`mhätekds qum `ms rgamdj iuskdjag `d
trdjsfgrhdkeûj am msd rmd`eada d pdrter am sus prgpeds pgseie`eadams am kdhieg.
D sè heshg m` agkmjtm sm kgjvemrtm mj uj prghgtgr aejähekg dsuhemjag ujd
kgjkemjked am `d rmd`eada y am `d eamjteada kghujetdred.
Djmxgs<
kgjstrukkegj am` cgrjg
@gs fujadagrms am `d mskum`d dy``u am
wdresdtd
Lgvmjms mstuaedjtms am `d drmd prgauk vd
Maukdkegj kghujetdred
Ldraej am jeôgs
Kgjstrukkeûj tmrhejdad am `d mskum`d dy``u