gramatica-prospects-1

Gramatica Prospects 1
Inglés
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GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE
Starter unit
0.3 Verbos de estado
0.1 El present simple
•
I / You / We / They
shop
He / She / It
shops
I / You / We / They
do not (don’t)
He / She / It
does not (doesn’t)
online.
Do
I / you / we / they
Does
he / she / it
shop online.
No describen acciones realmente y por eso no se usan
en la forma continua (se refieren a procesos mentales,
sentidos, gustos, posesión): agree, believe, depend,
disagree, hate, hear, imagine, know, like, love, mean, need,
own, prefer, remember, understand, want.
She doesn’t understand you. (isn’t understanding)
•
shop online?
Algunos verbos de estado se pueden usar en la forma
continua, pero con otro significado:
This soup smells delicious. (is smelling)
Uso
The dog’s smelling my shoes.
para hábitos, rutinas, hechos o situaciones permanentes
•
Perfect tenses
EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES
every day, once a week y adverbios de frecuencia (always,
usually, sometimes, never, etc.)
0.4 El present perfect simple
REGLAS ORTOGRÁFICAS: tercera persona del singular
•
Verbos acabados en s, z, ch, sh o x: añaden -es
watch – watches.
•
Terminados en consonante + y: cambian esa y por una
i y añaden -es worry – worries.
•
Excepciones: have – has, go – goes, do – does.
0.2 El present continuous
I
am (’m)
He / She / It
is (’s)
You / We / They
are (’re)
I
am not (’m not)
He / She / It
is not (isn’t)
reading.
He / She / It
has (’s)
I / You / We / They
have not (haven’t)
He / She / It
has not (hasn’t)
Have
I / you / we / they
Has
he / she / it
made a film.
made a film.
made a film?
Uso
•
acciones que empezaron en el pasado y continúan en el
presente o tienen una consecuencia en el presente
•
para hablar de experiencias
EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES
periodos de tiempo
for three hours / ten years
since
a partir de un momento since 2010 / December.
already
acción terminada en
un momento anterior
He’s already done the
washing.
yet
para cosas que aún no
se han producido
Have you heard from her
yet?
No, she hasn’t called yet.
still
acciones temporales que están ocurriendo mientras
hablamos o en un presente más amplio
situaciones que
siguen produciéndose
We still haven’t booked
our flights.
ever
con always expresa queja por una acción molesta que se
repite You’re always taking selfies!
experiencia pasada sin
concretar cuándo
Have you ever been to
Rome?
never
cosas que nunca
I’ve never eaten sushi.
hemos hecho en la vida
are not (aren’t)
Am
I
Is
he / she / it
Are
you / we / they
reading?
Uso
•
have (’ve)
for
reading.
You / We / They
•
I / You / We / They
EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES
now, right now, at the moment, today, currently
Verbos irregulares: págs. 150–151
Past simple: pág. 120
REGLAS ORTOGRÁFICAS: terminación -ing
Verbos acabados en:
• -e: pierden esa e y añaden -ing take – taking.
•
-ie: cambian ie por una y y añaden -ing die – dying.
•
una consonante después de una vocal: doblan la
consonante y añaden -ing run-running.
•
una sílaba tónica: doblan la consonante final y añaden
-ing begin-beginning.
Reglas de los verbos regulares acabados en -ed: pág. 120
¡Atención!
Present perfect simple / past simple
Present perfect simple: para una acción que empezó en
el pasado y continúa en el presente, ya sea porque sus
consecuencias se mantienen o porque su periodo de
vigencia aún no ha terminado.
Past simple: para una acción que empezó en el pasado
y ya ha terminado, aunque sea hace poco.
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GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE
0.5 El present perfect continuous
have (’ve) been
He / She / It
has (’s) been
I / You / We / They
have not (haven’t) been
He / She / It
has not (hasn’t) been
I / you / we / they
Has
he / she / it
practising.
been
3
0.2
1.1 El past simple
stayed. (regular)
went. (irregular)
You look hot. Yes, I’ve been cycling.
I / You / He / She / It /
We / They
did not (didn’t)
stay / go.
Reglas ortográficas (terminación -ing): pág. 119
Expresiones temporales con el present perfect: pág 119
Did
I / you / he / she / it /
we / they
stay / go?
Complete the text with the correct forms.
Uso
My sister (1)
(play) hockey. She (2)
(have) a match
(watch)
every Sunday. My parents and I always (3)
(give) her lots of encouragement.
her play. We (4)
(not want) to admit it but she (6)
(find)
She (5)
it tough to combine hockey with school. But then she
(study) hard and she always (8)
(pass) her
(7)
exams.
•
Complete the text with the correct forms.
Complete the text with the correct forms.
2
3
4
5
My grandma never
(hear) the doorbell.
She
(love) our new house.
Let’s go! It’s noisy in here and we
(need)
somewhere quieter to study.
Tim
(play) on the computer at the moment!
(you / believe) it? He’s asking for more cake.
Choose the correct option.
1
2
3
4
5
6
120
Unit 1
Tiempos de pasado
I / You / He / She / It /
We / They
1
0.4
(you / watch) this series? It’s fabulous.
I
(buy) too many clothes recently.
(live) in Liverpool for six years.
Markus
She
(send) me messages all morning.
I
(already / tell) you – I’m not going.
Ian
(not call) yet, so I’ll wait a bit longer.
acciones que acaban de terminar y que tienen
consecuencias en el presente
I love this photo. My friend Victoria (1)
(run) along
(chase) after her. A big
the beach and her dog (2)
(come) up behind them and two girls
wave (3)
(surf ) it. My friend Yuri (5)
(eat) an ice cream
(4)
(they / fly)
and there are two birds above him. (6)
down to take a bite out of it?
0.3
6
practising?
I’ve been swimming for ten years.
0.1
4
5
acciones empezadas en el pasado y que aún continúan
en el presente
•
2
practising.
Uso
•
Complete the sentences with the correct forms.
1
I / You / We / They
Have
0.5
estados, acciones o series de acciones que ocurrieron en
el pasado
She went to the train station.
She bought a ticket, got on the train and sat down.
They lived and worked in New York for 10 years.
EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES
last (night/week/month/year), yesterday, (five minutes) ago,
at (Christmas/6 pm)
Verbos irregulares: páginas 150 – 151
REGLAS ORTOGRÁFICAS: terminación -ed (verbos regulares)
Verbos regulares acabados en:
• e: añaden -d save – saved.
•
consonante + y: cambian la y por una i y añaden -ed
worry – worried
•
vocal + consonante: doblan la consonante y añaden
-ed shop – shopped.
1.2 El past simple y el present perfect simple
Past simple: página 120
Present perfect simple: página119
I ’ve watched / watched this episode three times.
When you were younger, have you lived / did you live
in Glasgow?
We ’ve been / were in a meeting all afternoon
yesterday.
I ’ve never heard / never heard of this band.
Luc still hasn’t given / didn’t give back my phone
charger.
Have you met / Did you meet my French friend Lydia
yet?
¡Atención!
Past simple / present perfect simple
Past simple: para una acción que empezó y terminó en
el pasado, aunque sea reciente.
I lived in London last year.
Present perfect simple: para una acción que empezó en
el pasado y continúa en el presente, ya sea porque sus
consecuencias se mantienen o porque su periodo de
vigencia aún no ha terminado.
I’ve lived in London for one year.
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1.3 El past continuous
I
He / She / It
was
You / We / They
were
I
He / She / It
wasn’t
You / We / They
were not (weren’t)
listening to music.
EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES
Was
I / he / she / it
Were
you / we / they
listening to music.
always, every day, never, once a week/month/year, often
listening to music?
¡Atención!
used to solo sirve para referirse a hábitos del pasado.
Para hábitos del presente, empleamos usually.
I usually play tennis every Saturday. (aún suelo jugar).
I used to play tennis every Saturday. (ya no juego).
Uso
•
My sister used to go to Dublin every summer. (But now she
doesn’t.)
My grandad used to / would always buy me a big ice cream.
My grandad used to live on a farm in the country. (would)
acciones que estaban ocurriendo en el pasado
1.4 El past perfect
AIM HIGHER
I / You / He / She / It /
We / They
had
I / You / He / She / It /
We / They
had not (hadn’t)
Had
I / you / he / she /
it / we / they
studied.
Uso
•
usually
hábitos del
presente
We usually go abroad in the
summer.
used to
hábitos del pasado
They used to go to their
grandparents’ house in the
school holidays.
get used
to
acostumbrarse a
algo
Are you getting used to the
different climate over there?
be used
to
estar acostumbrado She’s been there for six months
a algo
so she’s used to the food now.
studied.
studied?
para indicar que una acción ocurrió antes que otra o
antes de llegar a un momento concreto del pasado
Para referirse a hábitos
She had done the washing up.
By lunchtime, I’d finished all my homework, so I went to the
cinema.
1.1
(go) to the beach last weekend.
My friend and I (1)
(be) such a beautiful sunny day, we
Because it (2)
(ride) our bikes. It (4)
(not take) very long. We
(3)
(hang) out there all day: we (6)
(swim) and
(5)
(play) football. We (8)
(chat) so much that we
(7)
(not leave) until the evening. I really
(9)
(enjoy) myself.
(10)
Had you already read the book before you saw the film?
¡Atención!
Past simple y past perfect
Usamos estos tiempos juntos cuando queremos decir
que una acción (en past perfect simple) ocurrió antes
que otra también pasada (en past simple).
I knew what happened in the film (ocurrió más tarde).
because I’d read the book (ocurrió primero).
1.2
I / You / He /
She / It / We /
They
Did
Would
used to
study German.
would
learn new words
every day.
did not (didn’t) use to
study German.
would
learn new words
every day.
I / you / he / she / it /
we / they
Complete the text with the correct forms of the
past simple and present perfect.
(you / ever / see) an elephant in the wild? I
(1)
(go) to Botswana last year and (3)
(see) a
(2)
(visit) has a lot of
lot of elephants. The place I (4)
(start)
measures to prevent poaching. The project (5)
three years ago. Since then, the number of elephants
(decrease) dramatically.
killed by poachers (6)
1.5 used to y would
I / You / He /
She / It / We /
They
Complete the text with the correct forms of the
past simple.
1.3
Complete the sentences with the correct forms
of the past continuous.
do
used to study
German?
1
learn new words
every day?
2
Uso
used to + infinitivo: para hablar sobre hábitos, situaciones o
estados que ocurrían antes, pero ya no
would: para hábitos del pasado (NO para estados)
There used to be a cinema here. (But now there isn’t.)
3
4
5
eat
not
listen
play
talk
wait
watch
They
for the train when they met some old
friends.
Carla
dinner, so she didn’t bother answering the
phone.
I don’t know what to do for homework. I
when
.
the teacher
they
their homework or
games
online?
the movie it started to snow outside.
While we
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GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE
1.4
Read the sentences and decide which action
took place first.
•
They haven’t been practising. They aren’t going to win this
match.
I wasn’t hungry because I’d already eaten lunch. had
eaten
1 Candela failed the test because she hadn’t studied
very hard.
2 We had enjoyed every minute of our holiday but it
was time to go home.
3 I found my phone under the table even though I’d
already looked there twice!
4 Charlie hadn’t slept on the plane so he looked very
tired.
5 When they arrived at the station, the train had left.
1.5
¡Atención!
will / be going to
will: para opinar sobre lo que ocurrirá en el futuro o
expresar decisiones espontáneas que tomamos en el
momento de hablar sin haberlo pensado antes.
The world will be a better place in the future. (opinión)
I think I’ll go shopping this weekend. (decisión que
acabamos de tomar espontáneamente)
be going to: planes o intenciones, y predicciones
basadas en cosas que son evidentes.
Jeff’s studying medicine. He’s going to be a doctor.
(intención).
There’s going to be a storm – I can hear thunder.
(evidencia).
Complete the text with used to or would and the
verbs in the box.
go
lie
love
play
take
being outside. My family
When I was young, I (1)
for picnics in the local park. We (3)
(2)
with
sandwiches, cakes and drinks. My dad and I (4)
in the sun reading.
a frisbee and my mum (5)
predicciones claras (estamos seguros de que una cosa
ocurrirá porque es evidente)
2.3 El presente para referirse al futuro
Uso
Unit 2
•
2.1 El future simple (will)
present simple: para acontecimientos del futuro fijados
en un horario, programa o calendario
The flight leaves at three o’clock.
I / You / He / She /
It / We / They
will (’ll)
leave early.
I / You / He / She /
It / We / They
will not (won’t)
leave early.
Will
I / you / he / she /
it / we / they
leave early?
•
present continuous: para planes fijados de antemano,
sobre todo cuando ya sabemos dónde y cuándo
We’re taking the train to London tomorrow.
Present simple: pág. 119
Present continuous: pág 119
Uso
¡Atención!
predicciones basadas en opiniones, esperanzas y
expectativas, y decisiones que tomamos en el momento
de hablar
•
be going to / present continuous
be going to: refuerza que tenemos una intención.
I’m going to buy some clothes soon (la decisión está
tomada, pero aún no sabes cuándo lo harás).
Present continuous: expresa planes personales que
ocurrirán con seguridad porque los hemos preparado
con antelación.
We’re travelling around India next summer (el plan está
decidido. Seguramente ya has comprado los billetes).
EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES
next weekend, tomorrow, in the summer / future, in two
years’ time.
2.2 be going to
Se forma con be going to + el infinitivo del verbo principal.
I
am (’m)
He / She / It
is (’s)
You / We / They
are (’re)
I
am not (’m not)
He / She / It
is not (isn’t)
You / We / They
are not (aren’t)
Am
I
Is
he / she / it
Are
you / we / they
going to help.
2.4 El future continuous
going to help.
going to help?
•
122
will (’ll)
be
cooking.
I / You / He / She /
It / We / They
will not (won’t)
be
cooking.
Will
I / you / he / she / it /
we / they
be
cooking?
Uso
•
Uso
I / You / He / She /
It / We / They
indica que una acción estará ocurriendo en un tiempo
concreto del futuro
para referirnos a planes e intenciones
Tomorrow morning I’ll be giving a presentation.
She’s going to complain to the school.
She’ll be visiting her cousins next month.
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2.3
EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES
this time tomorrow, next week, at five o’clock on Saturday.
1
Reglas ortográficas: forma -ing. Pág. 119
2
2.5 El future perfect
3
4
I / You / He / She /
It / We / They
will (’ll)
have
got home.
I / You / He / She /
It / We / They
will not (won’t)
have
got home.
Will
I / you / he / she /
it / we / they
have
got home?
5
2.4
para decir que algo habrá sucedido (o no) en algún
momento del futuro
2.5
We’ll have finished our exams on Friday.
I won’t have completed the course by the time I come back.
By this time next week, we
(finish) this book.
(not clean) the whole house by this evening.
I
3 On Sunday, Katia
(be) in Boston for a month.
4 My dad
(not have) his operation by this time
tomorrow.
5 It’s only eight o’clock.
(she / go) to school by
now?
Verbos irregulares: págs. 150–151
Reglas ortográficas (verbos regulares): pág. 120
El futuro dentro del pasado
Desde el pasado, podemos referirnos a un acontecimiento que
tenía que ocurrir en el futuro con was/were going to, would + el
infinitivo de un verbo o el past continuous.
We were going to call him but we were very busy.
I knew he wouldn’t come to Bilbao with us.
I couldn’t believe I was meeting the president in two days’ time!
go
miss
not go
set up study
3.1 Habilidad
I can speak two languages.
I can’t speak two languages.
Complete the sentences with will or am/is/are
going to.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Can you speak two languages?
eat out tonight. I’ve booked a table at an
We
Italian restaurant.
I’ve just heard David’s had an accident! I think I
call him later.
It’s hot. I
turn on the fan.
Look at the blue sky. It
not
rain!
Heidi called us. We
meet her later.
My cousin wants to see the world. She
travel a lot
when she’s older.
Habilidad general (“saber”)
en el presente
She could swim at five.
visit
to university and I (2)
probably
I imagine (1)
business administration. My friend Tim and I
our own company. We (4)
young
hope we (3)
my school friends though,
entrepreneurs. I (5)
to the university in my
because I probably (6)
me wherever I go.
hometown. Tim promises he (7)
2.2
Unit 3
Los modales en presente y en pasado
Complete the text with the correct form of the
verbs in the box.
become
Complete the sentences with the correct future
perfect forms.
2
by this time next week, on Friday, by tomorrow
2.1
Complete the text with the correct future
continuous forms.
1
EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES
AIM HIGHER
They
(go) to the cinema tonight, so they can’t
make it.
The shop
(close) in ten minutes.
(take) an exam tomorrow.
I have to study. I
(you / get) a haircut soon?
She
(leave) on Tuesday, so tell her now.
This time next week, I’ll be on holiday but I (1)
(stay) near the mountains
(not lie) on the beach. I (2)
(read) a lot and I certainly (4) ___
with my dad. I (3)
(fish)
(not study) like last summer! My dad and I (5)
down at the lake too. I can’t wait!
Uso
•
Complete the sentences with the correct forms
(present simple or continuous).
Habilidad general en el
pasado
She couldn’t swim at five.
Could she swim at five?
Uso
•
can: expresa habilidad en el presente
•
could: habilidad general en el pasado
•
be able to: habilidad en el presente
Is he able to row a boat?
3.2 Obligación, consejo, prohibición y falta de
obligación
You must turn off your phone.
obligación fuerte
We have to get up early.
obligación
You should say sorry.
She ought to stay in bed.
consejo
You mustn’t / can’t shout.
prohibición
She doesn’t have to go shopping.
falta de obligación
You shouldn’t go to bed late.
consejo
Do you have to go to work?
obligación
Should I call Sara?
consejo
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AIM HIGHER
¡Atención!
•
must no se usa en interrogativa, se usa have to
•
mustn’t y can’t expresan prohibición, mientras que
don’t/doesn’t have to expresa ausencia de obligación.
She mustn’t / can’t take this course (no está
autorizada a realizar este curso).
Alternativas a los modales
•
Usamos managed to + infinitivo en vez de was/were able
to para decir que en un momento concreto del pasado
logramos hacer algo que era difícil.
•
Podemos usar I wish I hadn’t en lugar de I shouldn’t have
para indicar que nos arrepentimos de algo.
We managed to open the door without the key.
She doesn’t have to take this course (no hace falta
que realice este curso).
I wish I hadn’t spent all my money on clothes!
¡Atención!
3.3 Certeza, probabilidad, posibilidad,
imposibilidad
You’ve been working. You must be tired.
certeza
It may rain.
They might / could miss the plane.
probabilidad /
posibilidad
It may not rain.
They might not miss the plane.
probabilidad /
posibilidad
You’ve been sleeping. You can’t /
couldn’t be tired.
imposibilidad
could / was/were able to
We were able to catch the train. (could)
En negativa, no hay diferencia entre usar couldn’t o
wasn’t/weren’t able to.
•
We couldn’t / weren’t able to send the message.
3.1
¡Atención!
Choose the correct option.
1
Podemos utilizar There + un verbo modal + be para
expresar certeza, probabilidad y posibilidad.
•
was/were able to: en afirmativa, se diferencia de
could en que resalta una habilidad o un logro
concreto en el pasado.
•
2
There must be a lot of people here.
3
There may not be enough time to finish today.
4
There might be a storm later.
5
3.4 Permiso
3.2
I can stay out until midnight.
I can’t stay out until midnight.
1
2
They shouldn’t / don’t have to eat too many sweets.
You don’t have to / mustn’t be late for the exam.
3 We needn’t / mustn’t touch the broken window.
4 He doesn’t have to / shouldn’t buy products with palm
oil. They’re not healthy.
5 In my job, I have to / must speak fluent English.
Uso
para decir lo que está o no está permitido usamos can
en afirmativa o en negativa
•
en interrogativa también podemos utilizar may, que es
un poco más formal que can
3.5 Modales perfectos
124
Choose the correct option.
Can / May I stay out until midnight?
•
3.3
Complete the sentences with must, may, might,
can’t or couldn’t. More than one option may be
possible.
1
He may have left.
They might have called.
It could have been worse.
posibilidad en pasado /
especulación
They must have arrived late.
deducción
You should have stayed.
consejo sobre el pasado
He may not have left.
They might not have called.
It couldn’t have been worse.
imposibilidad /
improbabilidad
They mustn’t have arrived late.
deducción
I shouldn’t have stayed.
arrepentimiento
You shouldn’t have called.
consejo sobre el pasado
Listen! Can / Could you hear them singing?
The sales were on so we could / can’t get some
bargains.
When I was six, I could / can ride a bike.
We could / couldn’t talk to him because he didn’t
answer his phone.
Nowadays, we can / could recycle different types of
plastic.
2
3
4
5
They
eat any more – they were full of pizza and
ice-cream.
They’ve been travelling for over 24 hours. They
be exhausted.
Do you think it
be sunny again tomorrow?
She’s been studying a lot, so we think she
pass
the exam – she deserves to.
It’s impossible! We
do any more. Time is up!
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3.4
Write sentences using may, can, can’t to ask for /
give / not give permission.
Paloma, who plays badminton with me, lives in your
neighbourhood.
You want to go to the cinema with your friends tonight.
Mario, whose arm was broken, was taken to hospital.
Can I go to the cinema with my friends tonight?
1 Tell your friend that you’re not going to lend her a
pen.
2 Ask your teacher to let you go home early today.
3 Tell your friends that you are allowed to go into town
with them later.
3.5
4.3 Omisión de los pronombres relativos
•
Complete the sentences with a modal perfect.
1
2
3
4
5
You
bought these cakes. They’re expensive.
Hugh
fixed the door because it still won’t open.
passed my exam because I didn’t revise enough.
I
Bob’s upset. You
said that to him.
The team’s celebrating so they
won the final.
AIM HIGHER
•
una frase preposicional: The football boots (that were) in
the box came from Thailand.
4.1 Oraciones de relativo especificativas
Sujeto
Oración de relativo esp.
Oración principal
who is playing rugby
is my neighbour.
The
player
who / that is injured
scored 30 goals last
season.
The ball
that / which is over there
is mine.
The girl
whose mother is a nurse
plays hockey with me.
The day
when our team lost the final
on which they lost the final
was really sad.
The
stadium
where my parents first met
in which my parents met
has been knocked
down.
un participio de pasado (voz pasiva): The players (who
were) chosen for the team were really hardworking.
un participio de presente (con el present o el past
continuous): The girl (who was) playing with me was very
friendly.
Complete the text with the correct relative
pronouns.
4.1 & 4.2
The European schools tennis final was played in Paris,
Carolina won her first trophy last weekend. Her
(1)
is the current world
opponent, Darja Kovaç, (2)
champion, played very well. The crucial moment came
Carolina broke Darja’s serve,
in the second set (3)
had been very strong up to then. The shot
(4)
won the match was a brilliant backhand down
(5)
coach was a tennis champion
the line. Kovaç, (6)
herself, congratulated Carolina on her win.
Uso
•
especifican a la persona, cosa o lugar de una oración
•
van introducidas por los pronombres siguientes: that,
which, who, whose, where, when
•
para personas, who es más formal que that. Para cosas,
which es más formal que that
•
en inglés formal, where y when pueden sustituirse por
una preposición + which
4.2 Oraciones de relativo explicativas
4.3
Complete the sentences with a relative pronoun
or a dash where you don’t need one.
1
2
3
Uso
•
aportan información adicional sobre la persona, cosa o
lugar que aparece en la oración principal (antecedente)
•
si eliminamos la subordinada explicativa, la oración
sigue teniendo sentido
•
en la escritura, van entre comas para separarlas de la
oración principal
Oraciones de relativo reducidas
También podemos acortar la oración de relativo cuando
el pronombre hace de sujeto si el verbo es to be y va
seguido por:
un adjetivo: We met the man (who was) responsible for
choosing the best candidates.
Unit 4
The boy
En las oraciones de relativo especificativas podemos
omitir el pronombre (who, that, which) cuando hace de
complemento directo.
The team (that / which) we beat were league champions
last year. (that / which es el complemento directo de la
oración subordinada).
4
5
Do you want to go for a free trial at the new gym
has just opened?
we
That coach hasn’t worked at the sports centre
go to for a long time.
is wearing glasses is a new recruit.
The footballer
you need to talk to is called Mike.
The person
you need is quite expensive.
The type of racket
The Jamaican athlete, who has won eight Olympic gold
medals, is the world record holder.
•
van introducidas por los pronombres which, who, whose,
when o where, nunca por that
Rugby teams, which consist of 15 players, have two groups:
forwards and backs. (that)
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GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE
5.5 Alternativas a if
Unit 5
5.1–5.4 El condicional
5.1 Cero
If +
condicional presente +
presente
Para hechos
y verdades
generales
If you leave ice
cream in the sun,
it melts.
5.2 Primer
If +
condicional presente
+ futuro
simple con
will
Para acciones
ciertas o
posibles en el
presente o en
el futuro.
If she asks me
about it, I’ll say
I don’t know.
If you don’t get
there early, you
won’t get a seat.
If he sees you
at the party,
he might think
you’ve forgiven
him.
Para acciones
que es
probable que
ocurran, se usa
might.
5.3
If +
Segundo
pasado +
condicional condicional
con would
Para situaciones
hipotéticas o
irreales en el
presente o el
futuro.
If you did some
research, you’d
find out the
answers.
En el inglés
formal, was se
sustituye por
were.
Para expresar
posibilidad o
probabilidad se
usa could.
If he were here
today, he’d wish
you well.
Para hablar
de las
consecuencias
que habrían
podido tener
situaciones
pasadas.
If you had invited
Charlie, he would
have come to the
party.
My dad wouldn’t
have met my
mum if they
hadn’t gone to
the same dance
classes.
If I’d answered
all the questions,
I could / might
have passed the
exam.
provided /
providing (that)
es necesario que se Provided it’s a sunny
dé una condición
day, we’ll go for a
para que ocurra
walk.
una cosa
in case
estar preparado
por si pasa algo
I’ll bring some water
in case we get
thirsty.
as long as
siempre y cuando
se cumpla una
condición
As long as you don’t
make much noise,
you can come in.
unless
if not (si no, a no
ser que)
Unless you wear
your glasses, you
won’t be able to see
the blackboard.
AIM HIGHER
Uso
para lamentarnos por cosas del presente y del pasado
que nos gustaría cambiar y para expresar quejas sobre el
presente (las dos significan “ojalá”)
•
para situaciones del presente usamos el simple past
•
5.4 Tercer
If + past
condicional perfect
+ would
have +
participio
de pasado
Para modificar
el significado
del verbo
principal,
usamos could
have y may/
might have.
I could take
better photos if
I had a decent
camera.
I wish / If only we could go to the cinema tonight.
para situaciones del pasado usamos el past perfect
•
I wish / If only they hadn’t left early.
para quejarnos del comportamiento de alguien usamos
would
•
I wish / If only you would arrive on time.
¡Atención!
No se usa would con la primera persona del singular.
Para “quejarnos” de nosotros mismos por cosas que no
hacemos, empleamos I wish / if only + I could.
I wish I could get up earlier.
5.1
Complete the sentences with the correct zero
conditional forms.
1
2
3
4
¡Atención!
’d en lugar de would y had
La contracción ’d puede sustituir a would y a had. Por
ejemplo, en el tercer condicional tenemos would have
+ participio y had + participio.
They’d have come to the match if they’d known I was
playing. (would have come ... had known ...)
5
5.2
1
2
3
4
5
126
If you ___ (mix) red and yellow, you ___ (get) orange.
Every time he ___ (visit) us, he ___ (stay) for hours!
Whenever I ___ (turn on) the TV, there ___ (be) ads
on.
Every time you ___ (wear) that shirt, you ___ (spill)
something on it.
If Lola ___ (get) angry, she ___ (start) shouting.
Choose the correct option.
If she’d seen me, she’d have said hello.
(had seen... would have said...)
I wish / if only
If you send / will send me the photo, I print / ’ll print it
out.
I buy / ’ll buy the tickets if I have / ’ll have time.
She doesn’t / won’t tidy up if you don’t / won’t help
her.
They don’t / won’t hear you if you don’t / won’t speak
louder.
If Henry joins / ’ll join our team, he has / ’ll have to
work hard.
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5.3
Complete the sentences with the correct second
conditional forms.
1
2
3
4
5
5.4
___ (you / buy) a country house if you ___ (have) the
money?
If I ever ___ (go) to Paris, I ___ (climb) the Eiffel Tower.
If we ___ (live) in London, we ___ (speak) fluent
English.
She ___ (not / ask) you for help if she ___ (know) how
to do it herself.
If Peter ___ (have) more time, he ___ (go) running
every day.
•
5
If you hadn’t arrived late,
If Neil hadn’t saved some money,
If I hadn’t looked up the word,
If they had got in trouble,
If I hadn’t written down the numbers,
a
I wouldn’t have understood what he said.
2
3
4
para destacar la acción del verbo y quién o qué la recibe,
no el sujeto que la realiza
A company in Boston has designed a new mobile phone.
(activa: lo importante es quien realiza la acción)
A new mobile phone has been designed for the next
generation. (pasiva: lo importante es la acción y a qué
afecta)
•
la pasiva suele utilizarse en el lenguaje formal y
académico, y para describir procesos.
•
muchas veces, no se dice quién realiza la acción porque
se sobrentiende o no es importante
Match the parts of the sentences.
1
A new government has been elected. (se sobrentiende que
han sido los votantes)
6.2 El causativo
have / get something done
We have the car cleaned once a week. / Are you getting your
hair done before the party?
b we couldn’t have helped them.
Uso
c
•
para decir que pagamos a alguien para que haga una
cosa por nosotros
•
have es un poco más formal que get
we wouldn’t have missed the beginning of the film.
d I wouldn’t have remembered them.
e he wouldn’t have been able to buy a motorbike.
5.5
Uso
Choose the correct option.
1
2
3
4
5
AIM HIGHER
As long as / Unless you complete all the exercises,
you can do them in any order.
Could you send me a text with the details in case /
provided that I forget?
You can go out tonight unless / provided that you
study this afternoon.
Unless / In case we lose this match, we’re through to
the final.
Jade’s brought a friend with her as long as / in case
she needs a bit of support.
•
El infinitivo en pasiva se forma con to be + un participio.
Se usa detrás de los verbos que rigen un infinitivo.
He expects to be given a reward when he comes in.
This computer needs to be repaired.
•
El gerundio en pasiva se forma con being + un participio.
Se usa detrás de los verbos que solo pueden ir seguidos
de un gerundio y detrás de las preposiciones.
She likes being told she’s the best player on the team.
They’re afraid of being criticised by their peers.
6.1
Unit 6
El infinitivo y el gerundio en pasiva
Complete the sentences with the correct passive
forms.
1
6.1 La pasiva
2
Tiempo verbal
Activa
Pasiva
Present simple
use (s)
am/is/are used
Present
continuous
am/is/are using
am/is/are being used
Past simple
used
was/were used
5
Past continuous
was/were using
was/were being used
6
Present perfect
have/has used
have/has been used
Past perfect
had used
had been used
Future simple
will use
will be used
be going to
am/is/are going
to use
am/is/are going to be
used
Future perfect
will have used
will have been used
Future
continuous
will be using
will be being used
Modales
can use
would have used
must have used
can be used
would have been used
must have been used
3
4
6.2
The original version of this film
(make) in 2004.
The app
(already / download) by two million
people.
They got into the flat because the windows
(leave) open.
Claudia’s novel
(release) next summer.
When we arrived, the front door
(paint).
If they hadn’t used a helicopter, the missing boy
(not find).
Complete the sentences with the correct form of
have or get.
1
2
3
4
5
I
(my computer / repair) last week.
you
(your hair / cut) recently? It looks great!
The singer
(his photo / take) for a magazine at
the moment.
We
(the house / not painted) for many years.
Would you like
(your nails / do) for free? It’s a
special promotion.
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GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE
7.2 Preguntas en estilo indirecto
Unit 7
El estilo indirecto
7.1 Oraciones en estilo indirecto
Tiempo verbal
Estilo directo
Estilo indirecto
Present simple >
Past simple
‘I like it.’
He said he liked it.
Present continuous
> Past continuous
‘I am reading.’
She said she was
reading.
Past simple > Past
perfect simple
‘I walked here.’
He said he had
walked there.
Past continuous
> Past perfect
continuous
‘I was sleeping.’
She said she had
been sleeping.
Present perfect
simple > Past
perfect simple
‘I have seen it.’
will > would
‘I’ll write it.’
be going to > was
going to
‘I’m going to listen.’ He said he was
going to listen.
can > could
‘I can hear it.’
She said she could
hear it.
must / have to >
had to
‘I must tell you.’
He said he had to
tell me.
Otros modales
(invariables)
‘I should go.’
‘I might buy it.’
She said she
should go.
He said he might
buy it.
•
Para preguntar en estilo indirecto usamos el sujeto + el
verbo ask en pasado.
•
Las preguntas de respuesta sí/no van introducidas por if
o whether detrás de ask.
‘Does she like hiking?’ ➔ He asked if / whether she liked
hiking. (if / whether did she like)
•
‘How many passwords do you use?’ ➔ She asked me how
many passwords I used. (did I use)
7.3 Órdenes y peticiones en estilo indirecto
•
He said he had
seen it.
‘Don’t run.’ ➔ They told us not to run.
She said she would
write it.
•
7.4 Verbos que introducen el estilo indirecto
para expresar lo que han dicho otras personas
Sarah said she wanted to be a police officer (estilo
indirecto)
•
puntuación: quitamos las comillas y cambiamos o
eliminamos otros signos de puntuación
•
pronombres y adjetivos posesivos: los pronombres
sujeto y objeto cambian dependiendo de la persona,
igual que los adjetivos posesivos
‘I’ll send you my address,’ she said.
cuando la información que expresamos aún tiene
vigencia en el presente, empleamos say o tell en
presente; en este caso, no cambiamos el tiempo verbal
al pasar la oración al estilo indirecto.
‘I’ve finished my essay.’ ➔ Freya says she’s finished her
essay.
¡Atención!
128
verbo +
infinitivo
agree, offer, promise,
refuse, threaten
She offered to help
him.
verbo + CI +
infinitivo
advise, ask, encourage,
invite, order, remind, tell,
warn
They ordered me
to move away.
verbo +
gerundio
admit, deny, recommend,
suggest
Tom denied
breaking the
window.
verbo + CI +
partícula +
gerundio
accuse … of ,
The teacher warned
blame … for, thank … for, them against
warn … against
copying material.
verbo + part. + apologise for, insist on
gerundio
We apologised for
being late.
verbo + that +
oración
Didn’t you promise
that you’d be here
at 3pm?
AIM HIGHER
She said she would send me her address.
say / tell
La principal diferencia entre say y tell es que tell tiene
que llevar un complemento indirecto (CI): la persona a
quien se dice algo.
He said (that) he was upset.
He told me (that) he was upset.
Normalmente las peticiones tienen la misma estructura
que las preguntas, por eso usamos ask + infinitivo.
‘Could you count this money?’ she asked. ➔ She asked
me to count the money.
‘I want to be a police officer,’ said Sarah (estilo directo)
•
Ambas se forman con el verbo tell en pasado + un CI +
un verbo en infinitivo con to (not to en negativa).
‘Show me the key.’ ➔ He told me to show him the key.
Uso
•
Las preguntas con partícula interrogativa la mantienen,
lo que no se usa es el auxiliar do/did.
admit, agree,
complain, explain, insist,
promise, remember, reply
suggest y recommend
suggest /
recommend +
nombre
They recommended spyware.
The police suggested a security camera.
suggest /
recommend +
gerundio
They recommended installing some spyware.
The police suggested buying a security
camera.
suggest /
recommend +
that + sujeto +
forma base
They recommended that I install some
spyware.
The police suggested that the shop owner
buy a security camera.
Uso
•
los dos verbos se usan para aconsejar a alguien lo que
debería hacer
•
suggest implica que una idea puede ser buena, mientras
que recommend se usa cuando la persona que habla está
más segura de su propuesta
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7.1
Write the statements in reported speech.
1
2
3
4
5
7.2
Write the questions in reported speech.
1
2
3
4
5
7.3
‘What were you listening to?’ she asked me.
‘Have you seen my laptop?’ he asked.
‘Will you help me with my essay?’ Jo asked them.
‘How old is this information?’ the teacher asked.
‘How many times did you call him?’ she asked me.
Write the commands and requests in reported
speech.
1
2
3
4
5
7.4
‘You must tell me about your holiday,’ said Sam.
‘I played a match here yesterday,’ Kim told me.
‘They can’t hear you,’ said her mum.
‘We’re not meeting you tomorrow,’ she told me.
‘I’ll call you next week,’ said Greg.
‘Don’t tell my sister what happened,’ he told me.
‘Take the money to the bank,’ the man told us.
‘Could you give me back my book?’ she asked them.
‘Call me tomorrow,’ Mick told my brother.
‘Can you come shopping with me?’ Ian asked me.
Write the sentences in reported speech. Use the
verb in brackets.
1
2
3
4
5
6
‘I’ll do my homework on time,’ said Paul. (promise)
‘You should learn to drive,’ I said to her. (advise)
‘We cheated in the test,’ they said. (admit)
‘Thanks for helping me,’ Jane said to him. (thank … for)
‘We need to leave before 2pm,’ Dad said. (insist on)
‘The food is too cold,’ we said. (complain)
Unit 8
8.1 Gerundios e infinitivos
Gerundios
detrás de verbos como admit, He admitted taking the books.
consider, can’t stand, enjoy,
fancy, finish, keep, practise
8.2 Verbos + gerundio e infinitivo
Algunos verbos pueden ir seguidos tanto de un gerundio
como de un infinitivo sin cambiar su significado:
begin, continue, prefer, start
He started reading/to read when he was four.
Los siguientes verbos cambian de significado en función de si
el verbo que va detrás está en gerundio o en infinitivo:
go on: He went on studying even though he was tired. (continuar
haciendo una cosa)
After school, he’ll go on to study law. (hacer una cosa después
de haber hecho otra)
learn: We all learned spelling at school. (aprender, adquirir
conocimientos)
I learned to spell lots of words in 5th grade. (perfeccionar una
habilidad)
mean: Going to university meant leaving home. (hacer algo
necesario)
I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to make a fuss. (tener la intención de)
regret: I regretted telling her what happened. (arrepentirse de
haber hecho una cosa)
I regret to tell you that the project has been cancelled. (“Siento
tener que decirte que...”)
remember: I don’t remember turning off the TV. (no recordar
haber hecho una cosa)
She remembered to turn off the lights. (acordarse de que hay
que hacer algo y hacerlo)
stop: I’ve stopped posting photos on Facebook. (dejar de hacer
una cosa)
She stopped to post a photo on Instagram. (interrumpir una
acción para hacer otra)
AIM HIGHER
Expresiones seguidas de gerundio
in favour of … , there’s no point (in)… , It’s no use / good … ,
It’s not worth … , have trouble / difficulty … , get used to …
Didn’t he argue in favour of building the new houses?
There’s no point in complaining all the time.
It’s no use / no good / not worth trying to get a refund.
She had trouble writing the essay.
They’re getting used to cooking their own meals now.
detrás de go + actividades
Let’s go surfing.
Complete the sentences with the correct forms
(gerund or infinitive).
detrás de una preposición
We’re interested in studying art.
1
Swimming is really good for you.
2
como sujeto de una oración
8.1
(achieve) success.
He’s worked really hard
She’s not afraid of
(take) risks.
3 Would you like to go
(dance) with me?
4 Why am I the last
(find out) all the gossip?
5
(live) on another planet would be exciting.
Infinitivos
detrás de verbos como
afford, agree, choose, expect,
forget, help, hope, promise,
refuse, want, would like
We agreed to work together on
the project.
detrás de adjetivos
It’s not easy to play softball.
Complete the sentences with the correct forms
(gerund or infinitive).
para indicar una finalidad
I took the course to learn Greek.
1
detrás de too + adjetivo y de
adjetivo + enough
She was too happy to speak!
It isn’t good enough to pass.
2
detrás de first y last
She was the first to arrive and
the last to leave.
8.2
Uso
Cuando usamos dos verbos seguidos, el segundo va en
gerundio o en infinitivo.
(go) to school?
Have you ever forgotten
(talk) even though no one
Bobby just went on
was listening.
3 My dad says he regrets
(leave) school to get a
job.
4 When I go to university, I’ll start
(cook).
5 I remember
(hear) this song on the radio last
night.
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