Gramatica Prospects 1 Inglés 11 pag. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/es/gramatica-prospects-1/6029589/ Downloaded by: conchi-muniz ([email protected]) GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE Starter unit 0.3 Verbos de estado 0.1 El present simple • I / You / We / They shop He / She / It shops I / You / We / They do not (don’t) He / She / It does not (doesn’t) online. Do I / you / we / they Does he / she / it shop online. No describen acciones realmente y por eso no se usan en la forma continua (se refieren a procesos mentales, sentidos, gustos, posesión): agree, believe, depend, disagree, hate, hear, imagine, know, like, love, mean, need, own, prefer, remember, understand, want. She doesn’t understand you. (isn’t understanding) • shop online? Algunos verbos de estado se pueden usar en la forma continua, pero con otro significado: This soup smells delicious. (is smelling) Uso The dog’s smelling my shoes. para hábitos, rutinas, hechos o situaciones permanentes • Perfect tenses EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES every day, once a week y adverbios de frecuencia (always, usually, sometimes, never, etc.) 0.4 El present perfect simple REGLAS ORTOGRÁFICAS: tercera persona del singular • Verbos acabados en s, z, ch, sh o x: añaden -es watch – watches. • Terminados en consonante + y: cambian esa y por una i y añaden -es worry – worries. • Excepciones: have – has, go – goes, do – does. 0.2 El present continuous I am (’m) He / She / It is (’s) You / We / They are (’re) I am not (’m not) He / She / It is not (isn’t) reading. He / She / It has (’s) I / You / We / They have not (haven’t) He / She / It has not (hasn’t) Have I / you / we / they Has he / she / it made a film. made a film. made a film? Uso • acciones que empezaron en el pasado y continúan en el presente o tienen una consecuencia en el presente • para hablar de experiencias EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES periodos de tiempo for three hours / ten years since a partir de un momento since 2010 / December. already acción terminada en un momento anterior He’s already done the washing. yet para cosas que aún no se han producido Have you heard from her yet? No, she hasn’t called yet. still acciones temporales que están ocurriendo mientras hablamos o en un presente más amplio situaciones que siguen produciéndose We still haven’t booked our flights. ever con always expresa queja por una acción molesta que se repite You’re always taking selfies! experiencia pasada sin concretar cuándo Have you ever been to Rome? never cosas que nunca I’ve never eaten sushi. hemos hecho en la vida are not (aren’t) Am I Is he / she / it Are you / we / they reading? Uso • have (’ve) for reading. You / We / They • I / You / We / They EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES now, right now, at the moment, today, currently Verbos irregulares: págs. 150–151 Past simple: pág. 120 REGLAS ORTOGRÁFICAS: terminación -ing Verbos acabados en: • -e: pierden esa e y añaden -ing take – taking. • -ie: cambian ie por una y y añaden -ing die – dying. • una consonante después de una vocal: doblan la consonante y añaden -ing run-running. • una sílaba tónica: doblan la consonante final y añaden -ing begin-beginning. Reglas de los verbos regulares acabados en -ed: pág. 120 ¡Atención! Present perfect simple / past simple Present perfect simple: para una acción que empezó en el pasado y continúa en el presente, ya sea porque sus consecuencias se mantienen o porque su periodo de vigencia aún no ha terminado. Past simple: para una acción que empezó en el pasado y ya ha terminado, aunque sea hace poco. Grammar reference and practice Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/es/gramatica-prospects-1/6029589/ Downloaded by: conchi-muniz ([email protected]) 119 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 0.5 El present perfect continuous have (’ve) been He / She / It has (’s) been I / You / We / They have not (haven’t) been He / She / It has not (hasn’t) been I / you / we / they Has he / she / it practising. been 3 0.2 1.1 El past simple stayed. (regular) went. (irregular) You look hot. Yes, I’ve been cycling. I / You / He / She / It / We / They did not (didn’t) stay / go. Reglas ortográficas (terminación -ing): pág. 119 Expresiones temporales con el present perfect: pág 119 Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they stay / go? Complete the text with the correct forms. Uso My sister (1) (play) hockey. She (2) (have) a match (watch) every Sunday. My parents and I always (3) (give) her lots of encouragement. her play. We (4) (not want) to admit it but she (6) (find) She (5) it tough to combine hockey with school. But then she (study) hard and she always (8) (pass) her (7) exams. • Complete the text with the correct forms. Complete the text with the correct forms. 2 3 4 5 My grandma never (hear) the doorbell. She (love) our new house. Let’s go! It’s noisy in here and we (need) somewhere quieter to study. Tim (play) on the computer at the moment! (you / believe) it? He’s asking for more cake. Choose the correct option. 1 2 3 4 5 6 120 Unit 1 Tiempos de pasado I / You / He / She / It / We / They 1 0.4 (you / watch) this series? It’s fabulous. I (buy) too many clothes recently. (live) in Liverpool for six years. Markus She (send) me messages all morning. I (already / tell) you – I’m not going. Ian (not call) yet, so I’ll wait a bit longer. acciones que acaban de terminar y que tienen consecuencias en el presente I love this photo. My friend Victoria (1) (run) along (chase) after her. A big the beach and her dog (2) (come) up behind them and two girls wave (3) (surf ) it. My friend Yuri (5) (eat) an ice cream (4) (they / fly) and there are two birds above him. (6) down to take a bite out of it? 0.3 6 practising? I’ve been swimming for ten years. 0.1 4 5 acciones empezadas en el pasado y que aún continúan en el presente • 2 practising. Uso • Complete the sentences with the correct forms. 1 I / You / We / They Have 0.5 estados, acciones o series de acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado She went to the train station. She bought a ticket, got on the train and sat down. They lived and worked in New York for 10 years. EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES last (night/week/month/year), yesterday, (five minutes) ago, at (Christmas/6 pm) Verbos irregulares: páginas 150 – 151 REGLAS ORTOGRÁFICAS: terminación -ed (verbos regulares) Verbos regulares acabados en: • e: añaden -d save – saved. • consonante + y: cambian la y por una i y añaden -ed worry – worried • vocal + consonante: doblan la consonante y añaden -ed shop – shopped. 1.2 El past simple y el present perfect simple Past simple: página 120 Present perfect simple: página119 I ’ve watched / watched this episode three times. When you were younger, have you lived / did you live in Glasgow? We ’ve been / were in a meeting all afternoon yesterday. I ’ve never heard / never heard of this band. Luc still hasn’t given / didn’t give back my phone charger. Have you met / Did you meet my French friend Lydia yet? ¡Atención! Past simple / present perfect simple Past simple: para una acción que empezó y terminó en el pasado, aunque sea reciente. I lived in London last year. Present perfect simple: para una acción que empezó en el pasado y continúa en el presente, ya sea porque sus consecuencias se mantienen o porque su periodo de vigencia aún no ha terminado. I’ve lived in London for one year. Grammar reference and practice Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/es/gramatica-prospects-1/6029589/ Downloaded by: conchi-muniz ([email protected]) GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 1.3 El past continuous I He / She / It was You / We / They were I He / She / It wasn’t You / We / They were not (weren’t) listening to music. EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES Was I / he / she / it Were you / we / they listening to music. always, every day, never, once a week/month/year, often listening to music? ¡Atención! used to solo sirve para referirse a hábitos del pasado. Para hábitos del presente, empleamos usually. I usually play tennis every Saturday. (aún suelo jugar). I used to play tennis every Saturday. (ya no juego). Uso • My sister used to go to Dublin every summer. (But now she doesn’t.) My grandad used to / would always buy me a big ice cream. My grandad used to live on a farm in the country. (would) acciones que estaban ocurriendo en el pasado 1.4 El past perfect AIM HIGHER I / You / He / She / It / We / They had I / You / He / She / It / We / They had not (hadn’t) Had I / you / he / she / it / we / they studied. Uso • usually hábitos del presente We usually go abroad in the summer. used to hábitos del pasado They used to go to their grandparents’ house in the school holidays. get used to acostumbrarse a algo Are you getting used to the different climate over there? be used to estar acostumbrado She’s been there for six months a algo so she’s used to the food now. studied. studied? para indicar que una acción ocurrió antes que otra o antes de llegar a un momento concreto del pasado Para referirse a hábitos She had done the washing up. By lunchtime, I’d finished all my homework, so I went to the cinema. 1.1 (go) to the beach last weekend. My friend and I (1) (be) such a beautiful sunny day, we Because it (2) (ride) our bikes. It (4) (not take) very long. We (3) (hang) out there all day: we (6) (swim) and (5) (play) football. We (8) (chat) so much that we (7) (not leave) until the evening. I really (9) (enjoy) myself. (10) Had you already read the book before you saw the film? ¡Atención! Past simple y past perfect Usamos estos tiempos juntos cuando queremos decir que una acción (en past perfect simple) ocurrió antes que otra también pasada (en past simple). I knew what happened in the film (ocurrió más tarde). because I’d read the book (ocurrió primero). 1.2 I / You / He / She / It / We / They Did Would used to study German. would learn new words every day. did not (didn’t) use to study German. would learn new words every day. I / you / he / she / it / we / they Complete the text with the correct forms of the past simple and present perfect. (you / ever / see) an elephant in the wild? I (1) (go) to Botswana last year and (3) (see) a (2) (visit) has a lot of lot of elephants. The place I (4) (start) measures to prevent poaching. The project (5) three years ago. Since then, the number of elephants (decrease) dramatically. killed by poachers (6) 1.5 used to y would I / You / He / She / It / We / They Complete the text with the correct forms of the past simple. 1.3 Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the past continuous. do used to study German? 1 learn new words every day? 2 Uso used to + infinitivo: para hablar sobre hábitos, situaciones o estados que ocurrían antes, pero ya no would: para hábitos del pasado (NO para estados) There used to be a cinema here. (But now there isn’t.) 3 4 5 eat not listen play talk wait watch They for the train when they met some old friends. Carla dinner, so she didn’t bother answering the phone. I don’t know what to do for homework. I when . the teacher they their homework or games online? the movie it started to snow outside. While we Grammar reference and practice Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/es/gramatica-prospects-1/6029589/ Downloaded by: conchi-muniz ([email protected]) 121 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 1.4 Read the sentences and decide which action took place first. • They haven’t been practising. They aren’t going to win this match. I wasn’t hungry because I’d already eaten lunch. had eaten 1 Candela failed the test because she hadn’t studied very hard. 2 We had enjoyed every minute of our holiday but it was time to go home. 3 I found my phone under the table even though I’d already looked there twice! 4 Charlie hadn’t slept on the plane so he looked very tired. 5 When they arrived at the station, the train had left. 1.5 ¡Atención! will / be going to will: para opinar sobre lo que ocurrirá en el futuro o expresar decisiones espontáneas que tomamos en el momento de hablar sin haberlo pensado antes. The world will be a better place in the future. (opinión) I think I’ll go shopping this weekend. (decisión que acabamos de tomar espontáneamente) be going to: planes o intenciones, y predicciones basadas en cosas que son evidentes. Jeff’s studying medicine. He’s going to be a doctor. (intención). There’s going to be a storm – I can hear thunder. (evidencia). Complete the text with used to or would and the verbs in the box. go lie love play take being outside. My family When I was young, I (1) for picnics in the local park. We (3) (2) with sandwiches, cakes and drinks. My dad and I (4) in the sun reading. a frisbee and my mum (5) predicciones claras (estamos seguros de que una cosa ocurrirá porque es evidente) 2.3 El presente para referirse al futuro Uso Unit 2 • 2.1 El future simple (will) present simple: para acontecimientos del futuro fijados en un horario, programa o calendario The flight leaves at three o’clock. I / You / He / She / It / We / They will (’ll) leave early. I / You / He / She / It / We / They will not (won’t) leave early. Will I / you / he / she / it / we / they leave early? • present continuous: para planes fijados de antemano, sobre todo cuando ya sabemos dónde y cuándo We’re taking the train to London tomorrow. Present simple: pág. 119 Present continuous: pág 119 Uso ¡Atención! predicciones basadas en opiniones, esperanzas y expectativas, y decisiones que tomamos en el momento de hablar • be going to / present continuous be going to: refuerza que tenemos una intención. I’m going to buy some clothes soon (la decisión está tomada, pero aún no sabes cuándo lo harás). Present continuous: expresa planes personales que ocurrirán con seguridad porque los hemos preparado con antelación. We’re travelling around India next summer (el plan está decidido. Seguramente ya has comprado los billetes). EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES next weekend, tomorrow, in the summer / future, in two years’ time. 2.2 be going to Se forma con be going to + el infinitivo del verbo principal. I am (’m) He / She / It is (’s) You / We / They are (’re) I am not (’m not) He / She / It is not (isn’t) You / We / They are not (aren’t) Am I Is he / she / it Are you / we / they going to help. 2.4 El future continuous going to help. going to help? • 122 will (’ll) be cooking. I / You / He / She / It / We / They will not (won’t) be cooking. Will I / you / he / she / it / we / they be cooking? Uso • Uso I / You / He / She / It / We / They indica que una acción estará ocurriendo en un tiempo concreto del futuro para referirnos a planes e intenciones Tomorrow morning I’ll be giving a presentation. She’s going to complain to the school. She’ll be visiting her cousins next month. Grammar reference and practice Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/es/gramatica-prospects-1/6029589/ Downloaded by: conchi-muniz ([email protected]) GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 2.3 EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES this time tomorrow, next week, at five o’clock on Saturday. 1 Reglas ortográficas: forma -ing. Pág. 119 2 2.5 El future perfect 3 4 I / You / He / She / It / We / They will (’ll) have got home. I / You / He / She / It / We / They will not (won’t) have got home. Will I / you / he / she / it / we / they have got home? 5 2.4 para decir que algo habrá sucedido (o no) en algún momento del futuro 2.5 We’ll have finished our exams on Friday. I won’t have completed the course by the time I come back. By this time next week, we (finish) this book. (not clean) the whole house by this evening. I 3 On Sunday, Katia (be) in Boston for a month. 4 My dad (not have) his operation by this time tomorrow. 5 It’s only eight o’clock. (she / go) to school by now? Verbos irregulares: págs. 150–151 Reglas ortográficas (verbos regulares): pág. 120 El futuro dentro del pasado Desde el pasado, podemos referirnos a un acontecimiento que tenía que ocurrir en el futuro con was/were going to, would + el infinitivo de un verbo o el past continuous. We were going to call him but we were very busy. I knew he wouldn’t come to Bilbao with us. I couldn’t believe I was meeting the president in two days’ time! go miss not go set up study 3.1 Habilidad I can speak two languages. I can’t speak two languages. Complete the sentences with will or am/is/are going to. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Can you speak two languages? eat out tonight. I’ve booked a table at an We Italian restaurant. I’ve just heard David’s had an accident! I think I call him later. It’s hot. I turn on the fan. Look at the blue sky. It not rain! Heidi called us. We meet her later. My cousin wants to see the world. She travel a lot when she’s older. Habilidad general (“saber”) en el presente She could swim at five. visit to university and I (2) probably I imagine (1) business administration. My friend Tim and I our own company. We (4) young hope we (3) my school friends though, entrepreneurs. I (5) to the university in my because I probably (6) me wherever I go. hometown. Tim promises he (7) 2.2 Unit 3 Los modales en presente y en pasado Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in the box. become Complete the sentences with the correct future perfect forms. 2 by this time next week, on Friday, by tomorrow 2.1 Complete the text with the correct future continuous forms. 1 EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES AIM HIGHER They (go) to the cinema tonight, so they can’t make it. The shop (close) in ten minutes. (take) an exam tomorrow. I have to study. I (you / get) a haircut soon? She (leave) on Tuesday, so tell her now. This time next week, I’ll be on holiday but I (1) (stay) near the mountains (not lie) on the beach. I (2) (read) a lot and I certainly (4) ___ with my dad. I (3) (fish) (not study) like last summer! My dad and I (5) down at the lake too. I can’t wait! Uso • Complete the sentences with the correct forms (present simple or continuous). Habilidad general en el pasado She couldn’t swim at five. Could she swim at five? Uso • can: expresa habilidad en el presente • could: habilidad general en el pasado • be able to: habilidad en el presente Is he able to row a boat? 3.2 Obligación, consejo, prohibición y falta de obligación You must turn off your phone. obligación fuerte We have to get up early. obligación You should say sorry. She ought to stay in bed. consejo You mustn’t / can’t shout. prohibición She doesn’t have to go shopping. falta de obligación You shouldn’t go to bed late. consejo Do you have to go to work? obligación Should I call Sara? consejo Grammar reference and practice Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/es/gramatica-prospects-1/6029589/ Downloaded by: conchi-muniz ([email protected]) 123 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE AIM HIGHER ¡Atención! • must no se usa en interrogativa, se usa have to • mustn’t y can’t expresan prohibición, mientras que don’t/doesn’t have to expresa ausencia de obligación. She mustn’t / can’t take this course (no está autorizada a realizar este curso). Alternativas a los modales • Usamos managed to + infinitivo en vez de was/were able to para decir que en un momento concreto del pasado logramos hacer algo que era difícil. • Podemos usar I wish I hadn’t en lugar de I shouldn’t have para indicar que nos arrepentimos de algo. We managed to open the door without the key. She doesn’t have to take this course (no hace falta que realice este curso). I wish I hadn’t spent all my money on clothes! ¡Atención! 3.3 Certeza, probabilidad, posibilidad, imposibilidad You’ve been working. You must be tired. certeza It may rain. They might / could miss the plane. probabilidad / posibilidad It may not rain. They might not miss the plane. probabilidad / posibilidad You’ve been sleeping. You can’t / couldn’t be tired. imposibilidad could / was/were able to We were able to catch the train. (could) En negativa, no hay diferencia entre usar couldn’t o wasn’t/weren’t able to. • We couldn’t / weren’t able to send the message. 3.1 ¡Atención! Choose the correct option. 1 Podemos utilizar There + un verbo modal + be para expresar certeza, probabilidad y posibilidad. • was/were able to: en afirmativa, se diferencia de could en que resalta una habilidad o un logro concreto en el pasado. • 2 There must be a lot of people here. 3 There may not be enough time to finish today. 4 There might be a storm later. 5 3.4 Permiso 3.2 I can stay out until midnight. I can’t stay out until midnight. 1 2 They shouldn’t / don’t have to eat too many sweets. You don’t have to / mustn’t be late for the exam. 3 We needn’t / mustn’t touch the broken window. 4 He doesn’t have to / shouldn’t buy products with palm oil. They’re not healthy. 5 In my job, I have to / must speak fluent English. Uso para decir lo que está o no está permitido usamos can en afirmativa o en negativa • en interrogativa también podemos utilizar may, que es un poco más formal que can 3.5 Modales perfectos 124 Choose the correct option. Can / May I stay out until midnight? • 3.3 Complete the sentences with must, may, might, can’t or couldn’t. More than one option may be possible. 1 He may have left. They might have called. It could have been worse. posibilidad en pasado / especulación They must have arrived late. deducción You should have stayed. consejo sobre el pasado He may not have left. They might not have called. It couldn’t have been worse. imposibilidad / improbabilidad They mustn’t have arrived late. deducción I shouldn’t have stayed. arrepentimiento You shouldn’t have called. consejo sobre el pasado Listen! Can / Could you hear them singing? The sales were on so we could / can’t get some bargains. When I was six, I could / can ride a bike. We could / couldn’t talk to him because he didn’t answer his phone. Nowadays, we can / could recycle different types of plastic. 2 3 4 5 They eat any more – they were full of pizza and ice-cream. They’ve been travelling for over 24 hours. They be exhausted. Do you think it be sunny again tomorrow? She’s been studying a lot, so we think she pass the exam – she deserves to. It’s impossible! We do any more. Time is up! Grammar reference and practice Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/es/gramatica-prospects-1/6029589/ Downloaded by: conchi-muniz ([email protected]) GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 3.4 Write sentences using may, can, can’t to ask for / give / not give permission. Paloma, who plays badminton with me, lives in your neighbourhood. You want to go to the cinema with your friends tonight. Mario, whose arm was broken, was taken to hospital. Can I go to the cinema with my friends tonight? 1 Tell your friend that you’re not going to lend her a pen. 2 Ask your teacher to let you go home early today. 3 Tell your friends that you are allowed to go into town with them later. 3.5 4.3 Omisión de los pronombres relativos • Complete the sentences with a modal perfect. 1 2 3 4 5 You bought these cakes. They’re expensive. Hugh fixed the door because it still won’t open. passed my exam because I didn’t revise enough. I Bob’s upset. You said that to him. The team’s celebrating so they won the final. AIM HIGHER • una frase preposicional: The football boots (that were) in the box came from Thailand. 4.1 Oraciones de relativo especificativas Sujeto Oración de relativo esp. Oración principal who is playing rugby is my neighbour. The player who / that is injured scored 30 goals last season. The ball that / which is over there is mine. The girl whose mother is a nurse plays hockey with me. The day when our team lost the final on which they lost the final was really sad. The stadium where my parents first met in which my parents met has been knocked down. un participio de pasado (voz pasiva): The players (who were) chosen for the team were really hardworking. un participio de presente (con el present o el past continuous): The girl (who was) playing with me was very friendly. Complete the text with the correct relative pronouns. 4.1 & 4.2 The European schools tennis final was played in Paris, Carolina won her first trophy last weekend. Her (1) is the current world opponent, Darja Kovaç, (2) champion, played very well. The crucial moment came Carolina broke Darja’s serve, in the second set (3) had been very strong up to then. The shot (4) won the match was a brilliant backhand down (5) coach was a tennis champion the line. Kovaç, (6) herself, congratulated Carolina on her win. Uso • especifican a la persona, cosa o lugar de una oración • van introducidas por los pronombres siguientes: that, which, who, whose, where, when • para personas, who es más formal que that. Para cosas, which es más formal que that • en inglés formal, where y when pueden sustituirse por una preposición + which 4.2 Oraciones de relativo explicativas 4.3 Complete the sentences with a relative pronoun or a dash where you don’t need one. 1 2 3 Uso • aportan información adicional sobre la persona, cosa o lugar que aparece en la oración principal (antecedente) • si eliminamos la subordinada explicativa, la oración sigue teniendo sentido • en la escritura, van entre comas para separarlas de la oración principal Oraciones de relativo reducidas También podemos acortar la oración de relativo cuando el pronombre hace de sujeto si el verbo es to be y va seguido por: un adjetivo: We met the man (who was) responsible for choosing the best candidates. Unit 4 The boy En las oraciones de relativo especificativas podemos omitir el pronombre (who, that, which) cuando hace de complemento directo. The team (that / which) we beat were league champions last year. (that / which es el complemento directo de la oración subordinada). 4 5 Do you want to go for a free trial at the new gym has just opened? we That coach hasn’t worked at the sports centre go to for a long time. is wearing glasses is a new recruit. The footballer you need to talk to is called Mike. The person you need is quite expensive. The type of racket The Jamaican athlete, who has won eight Olympic gold medals, is the world record holder. • van introducidas por los pronombres which, who, whose, when o where, nunca por that Rugby teams, which consist of 15 players, have two groups: forwards and backs. (that) Grammar reference and practice Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/es/gramatica-prospects-1/6029589/ Downloaded by: conchi-muniz ([email protected]) 125 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 5.5 Alternativas a if Unit 5 5.1–5.4 El condicional 5.1 Cero If + condicional presente + presente Para hechos y verdades generales If you leave ice cream in the sun, it melts. 5.2 Primer If + condicional presente + futuro simple con will Para acciones ciertas o posibles en el presente o en el futuro. If she asks me about it, I’ll say I don’t know. If you don’t get there early, you won’t get a seat. If he sees you at the party, he might think you’ve forgiven him. Para acciones que es probable que ocurran, se usa might. 5.3 If + Segundo pasado + condicional condicional con would Para situaciones hipotéticas o irreales en el presente o el futuro. If you did some research, you’d find out the answers. En el inglés formal, was se sustituye por were. Para expresar posibilidad o probabilidad se usa could. If he were here today, he’d wish you well. Para hablar de las consecuencias que habrían podido tener situaciones pasadas. If you had invited Charlie, he would have come to the party. My dad wouldn’t have met my mum if they hadn’t gone to the same dance classes. If I’d answered all the questions, I could / might have passed the exam. provided / providing (that) es necesario que se Provided it’s a sunny dé una condición day, we’ll go for a para que ocurra walk. una cosa in case estar preparado por si pasa algo I’ll bring some water in case we get thirsty. as long as siempre y cuando se cumpla una condición As long as you don’t make much noise, you can come in. unless if not (si no, a no ser que) Unless you wear your glasses, you won’t be able to see the blackboard. AIM HIGHER Uso para lamentarnos por cosas del presente y del pasado que nos gustaría cambiar y para expresar quejas sobre el presente (las dos significan “ojalá”) • para situaciones del presente usamos el simple past • 5.4 Tercer If + past condicional perfect + would have + participio de pasado Para modificar el significado del verbo principal, usamos could have y may/ might have. I could take better photos if I had a decent camera. I wish / If only we could go to the cinema tonight. para situaciones del pasado usamos el past perfect • I wish / If only they hadn’t left early. para quejarnos del comportamiento de alguien usamos would • I wish / If only you would arrive on time. ¡Atención! No se usa would con la primera persona del singular. Para “quejarnos” de nosotros mismos por cosas que no hacemos, empleamos I wish / if only + I could. I wish I could get up earlier. 5.1 Complete the sentences with the correct zero conditional forms. 1 2 3 4 ¡Atención! ’d en lugar de would y had La contracción ’d puede sustituir a would y a had. Por ejemplo, en el tercer condicional tenemos would have + participio y had + participio. They’d have come to the match if they’d known I was playing. (would have come ... had known ...) 5 5.2 1 2 3 4 5 126 If you ___ (mix) red and yellow, you ___ (get) orange. Every time he ___ (visit) us, he ___ (stay) for hours! Whenever I ___ (turn on) the TV, there ___ (be) ads on. Every time you ___ (wear) that shirt, you ___ (spill) something on it. If Lola ___ (get) angry, she ___ (start) shouting. Choose the correct option. If she’d seen me, she’d have said hello. (had seen... would have said...) I wish / if only If you send / will send me the photo, I print / ’ll print it out. I buy / ’ll buy the tickets if I have / ’ll have time. She doesn’t / won’t tidy up if you don’t / won’t help her. They don’t / won’t hear you if you don’t / won’t speak louder. If Henry joins / ’ll join our team, he has / ’ll have to work hard. Grammar reference and practice Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/es/gramatica-prospects-1/6029589/ Downloaded by: conchi-muniz ([email protected]) GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 5.3 Complete the sentences with the correct second conditional forms. 1 2 3 4 5 5.4 ___ (you / buy) a country house if you ___ (have) the money? If I ever ___ (go) to Paris, I ___ (climb) the Eiffel Tower. If we ___ (live) in London, we ___ (speak) fluent English. She ___ (not / ask) you for help if she ___ (know) how to do it herself. If Peter ___ (have) more time, he ___ (go) running every day. • 5 If you hadn’t arrived late, If Neil hadn’t saved some money, If I hadn’t looked up the word, If they had got in trouble, If I hadn’t written down the numbers, a I wouldn’t have understood what he said. 2 3 4 para destacar la acción del verbo y quién o qué la recibe, no el sujeto que la realiza A company in Boston has designed a new mobile phone. (activa: lo importante es quien realiza la acción) A new mobile phone has been designed for the next generation. (pasiva: lo importante es la acción y a qué afecta) • la pasiva suele utilizarse en el lenguaje formal y académico, y para describir procesos. • muchas veces, no se dice quién realiza la acción porque se sobrentiende o no es importante Match the parts of the sentences. 1 A new government has been elected. (se sobrentiende que han sido los votantes) 6.2 El causativo have / get something done We have the car cleaned once a week. / Are you getting your hair done before the party? b we couldn’t have helped them. Uso c • para decir que pagamos a alguien para que haga una cosa por nosotros • have es un poco más formal que get we wouldn’t have missed the beginning of the film. d I wouldn’t have remembered them. e he wouldn’t have been able to buy a motorbike. 5.5 Uso Choose the correct option. 1 2 3 4 5 AIM HIGHER As long as / Unless you complete all the exercises, you can do them in any order. Could you send me a text with the details in case / provided that I forget? You can go out tonight unless / provided that you study this afternoon. Unless / In case we lose this match, we’re through to the final. Jade’s brought a friend with her as long as / in case she needs a bit of support. • El infinitivo en pasiva se forma con to be + un participio. Se usa detrás de los verbos que rigen un infinitivo. He expects to be given a reward when he comes in. This computer needs to be repaired. • El gerundio en pasiva se forma con being + un participio. Se usa detrás de los verbos que solo pueden ir seguidos de un gerundio y detrás de las preposiciones. She likes being told she’s the best player on the team. They’re afraid of being criticised by their peers. 6.1 Unit 6 El infinitivo y el gerundio en pasiva Complete the sentences with the correct passive forms. 1 6.1 La pasiva 2 Tiempo verbal Activa Pasiva Present simple use (s) am/is/are used Present continuous am/is/are using am/is/are being used Past simple used was/were used 5 Past continuous was/were using was/were being used 6 Present perfect have/has used have/has been used Past perfect had used had been used Future simple will use will be used be going to am/is/are going to use am/is/are going to be used Future perfect will have used will have been used Future continuous will be using will be being used Modales can use would have used must have used can be used would have been used must have been used 3 4 6.2 The original version of this film (make) in 2004. The app (already / download) by two million people. They got into the flat because the windows (leave) open. Claudia’s novel (release) next summer. When we arrived, the front door (paint). If they hadn’t used a helicopter, the missing boy (not find). Complete the sentences with the correct form of have or get. 1 2 3 4 5 I (my computer / repair) last week. you (your hair / cut) recently? It looks great! The singer (his photo / take) for a magazine at the moment. We (the house / not painted) for many years. Would you like (your nails / do) for free? It’s a special promotion. Grammar reference and practice Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/es/gramatica-prospects-1/6029589/ Downloaded by: conchi-muniz ([email protected]) 127 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 7.2 Preguntas en estilo indirecto Unit 7 El estilo indirecto 7.1 Oraciones en estilo indirecto Tiempo verbal Estilo directo Estilo indirecto Present simple > Past simple ‘I like it.’ He said he liked it. Present continuous > Past continuous ‘I am reading.’ She said she was reading. Past simple > Past perfect simple ‘I walked here.’ He said he had walked there. Past continuous > Past perfect continuous ‘I was sleeping.’ She said she had been sleeping. Present perfect simple > Past perfect simple ‘I have seen it.’ will > would ‘I’ll write it.’ be going to > was going to ‘I’m going to listen.’ He said he was going to listen. can > could ‘I can hear it.’ She said she could hear it. must / have to > had to ‘I must tell you.’ He said he had to tell me. Otros modales (invariables) ‘I should go.’ ‘I might buy it.’ She said she should go. He said he might buy it. • Para preguntar en estilo indirecto usamos el sujeto + el verbo ask en pasado. • Las preguntas de respuesta sí/no van introducidas por if o whether detrás de ask. ‘Does she like hiking?’ ➔ He asked if / whether she liked hiking. (if / whether did she like) • ‘How many passwords do you use?’ ➔ She asked me how many passwords I used. (did I use) 7.3 Órdenes y peticiones en estilo indirecto • He said he had seen it. ‘Don’t run.’ ➔ They told us not to run. She said she would write it. • 7.4 Verbos que introducen el estilo indirecto para expresar lo que han dicho otras personas Sarah said she wanted to be a police officer (estilo indirecto) • puntuación: quitamos las comillas y cambiamos o eliminamos otros signos de puntuación • pronombres y adjetivos posesivos: los pronombres sujeto y objeto cambian dependiendo de la persona, igual que los adjetivos posesivos ‘I’ll send you my address,’ she said. cuando la información que expresamos aún tiene vigencia en el presente, empleamos say o tell en presente; en este caso, no cambiamos el tiempo verbal al pasar la oración al estilo indirecto. ‘I’ve finished my essay.’ ➔ Freya says she’s finished her essay. ¡Atención! 128 verbo + infinitivo agree, offer, promise, refuse, threaten She offered to help him. verbo + CI + infinitivo advise, ask, encourage, invite, order, remind, tell, warn They ordered me to move away. verbo + gerundio admit, deny, recommend, suggest Tom denied breaking the window. verbo + CI + partícula + gerundio accuse … of , The teacher warned blame … for, thank … for, them against warn … against copying material. verbo + part. + apologise for, insist on gerundio We apologised for being late. verbo + that + oración Didn’t you promise that you’d be here at 3pm? AIM HIGHER She said she would send me her address. say / tell La principal diferencia entre say y tell es que tell tiene que llevar un complemento indirecto (CI): la persona a quien se dice algo. He said (that) he was upset. He told me (that) he was upset. Normalmente las peticiones tienen la misma estructura que las preguntas, por eso usamos ask + infinitivo. ‘Could you count this money?’ she asked. ➔ She asked me to count the money. ‘I want to be a police officer,’ said Sarah (estilo directo) • Ambas se forman con el verbo tell en pasado + un CI + un verbo en infinitivo con to (not to en negativa). ‘Show me the key.’ ➔ He told me to show him the key. Uso • Las preguntas con partícula interrogativa la mantienen, lo que no se usa es el auxiliar do/did. admit, agree, complain, explain, insist, promise, remember, reply suggest y recommend suggest / recommend + nombre They recommended spyware. The police suggested a security camera. suggest / recommend + gerundio They recommended installing some spyware. The police suggested buying a security camera. suggest / recommend + that + sujeto + forma base They recommended that I install some spyware. The police suggested that the shop owner buy a security camera. Uso • los dos verbos se usan para aconsejar a alguien lo que debería hacer • suggest implica que una idea puede ser buena, mientras que recommend se usa cuando la persona que habla está más segura de su propuesta Grammar reference and practice Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/es/gramatica-prospects-1/6029589/ Downloaded by: conchi-muniz ([email protected]) GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 7.1 Write the statements in reported speech. 1 2 3 4 5 7.2 Write the questions in reported speech. 1 2 3 4 5 7.3 ‘What were you listening to?’ she asked me. ‘Have you seen my laptop?’ he asked. ‘Will you help me with my essay?’ Jo asked them. ‘How old is this information?’ the teacher asked. ‘How many times did you call him?’ she asked me. Write the commands and requests in reported speech. 1 2 3 4 5 7.4 ‘You must tell me about your holiday,’ said Sam. ‘I played a match here yesterday,’ Kim told me. ‘They can’t hear you,’ said her mum. ‘We’re not meeting you tomorrow,’ she told me. ‘I’ll call you next week,’ said Greg. ‘Don’t tell my sister what happened,’ he told me. ‘Take the money to the bank,’ the man told us. ‘Could you give me back my book?’ she asked them. ‘Call me tomorrow,’ Mick told my brother. ‘Can you come shopping with me?’ Ian asked me. Write the sentences in reported speech. Use the verb in brackets. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ‘I’ll do my homework on time,’ said Paul. (promise) ‘You should learn to drive,’ I said to her. (advise) ‘We cheated in the test,’ they said. (admit) ‘Thanks for helping me,’ Jane said to him. (thank … for) ‘We need to leave before 2pm,’ Dad said. (insist on) ‘The food is too cold,’ we said. (complain) Unit 8 8.1 Gerundios e infinitivos Gerundios detrás de verbos como admit, He admitted taking the books. consider, can’t stand, enjoy, fancy, finish, keep, practise 8.2 Verbos + gerundio e infinitivo Algunos verbos pueden ir seguidos tanto de un gerundio como de un infinitivo sin cambiar su significado: begin, continue, prefer, start He started reading/to read when he was four. Los siguientes verbos cambian de significado en función de si el verbo que va detrás está en gerundio o en infinitivo: go on: He went on studying even though he was tired. (continuar haciendo una cosa) After school, he’ll go on to study law. (hacer una cosa después de haber hecho otra) learn: We all learned spelling at school. (aprender, adquirir conocimientos) I learned to spell lots of words in 5th grade. (perfeccionar una habilidad) mean: Going to university meant leaving home. (hacer algo necesario) I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to make a fuss. (tener la intención de) regret: I regretted telling her what happened. (arrepentirse de haber hecho una cosa) I regret to tell you that the project has been cancelled. (“Siento tener que decirte que...”) remember: I don’t remember turning off the TV. (no recordar haber hecho una cosa) She remembered to turn off the lights. (acordarse de que hay que hacer algo y hacerlo) stop: I’ve stopped posting photos on Facebook. (dejar de hacer una cosa) She stopped to post a photo on Instagram. (interrumpir una acción para hacer otra) AIM HIGHER Expresiones seguidas de gerundio in favour of … , there’s no point (in)… , It’s no use / good … , It’s not worth … , have trouble / difficulty … , get used to … Didn’t he argue in favour of building the new houses? There’s no point in complaining all the time. It’s no use / no good / not worth trying to get a refund. She had trouble writing the essay. They’re getting used to cooking their own meals now. detrás de go + actividades Let’s go surfing. Complete the sentences with the correct forms (gerund or infinitive). detrás de una preposición We’re interested in studying art. 1 Swimming is really good for you. 2 como sujeto de una oración 8.1 (achieve) success. He’s worked really hard She’s not afraid of (take) risks. 3 Would you like to go (dance) with me? 4 Why am I the last (find out) all the gossip? 5 (live) on another planet would be exciting. Infinitivos detrás de verbos como afford, agree, choose, expect, forget, help, hope, promise, refuse, want, would like We agreed to work together on the project. detrás de adjetivos It’s not easy to play softball. Complete the sentences with the correct forms (gerund or infinitive). para indicar una finalidad I took the course to learn Greek. 1 detrás de too + adjetivo y de adjetivo + enough She was too happy to speak! It isn’t good enough to pass. 2 detrás de first y last She was the first to arrive and the last to leave. 8.2 Uso Cuando usamos dos verbos seguidos, el segundo va en gerundio o en infinitivo. (go) to school? Have you ever forgotten (talk) even though no one Bobby just went on was listening. 3 My dad says he regrets (leave) school to get a job. 4 When I go to university, I’ll start (cook). 5 I remember (hear) this song on the radio last night. Grammar reference and practice Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/es/gramatica-prospects-1/6029589/ Downloaded by: conchi-muniz ([email protected]) 129