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Hdotboefd
0. ^BXRGBO...................
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>.- SK@OVB@GEBO
S K@OVB@GEBOVD
VD FB K@ S^DNKBGÀVEH@ ................................
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8. DNLBVEYDX .................
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8.0. Dnlbtevd abobr`k<...................
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8.>. Dnlbtevds bspbhçiehds< ...........
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6. LRXVEIEH@HEØO .............
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2. G@^HD VBGÀVEHD .....................
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2.0 Iuof`gbot`h
Iuof`gbot`heøo
eøo Sbf`aøaeh`. ....................................................
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2.>. Iuof`gbotd Kba`k ....................
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2.8. Iuof`gbotd Hebotçiehd ...........................................
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2.8.0. Nbobieheds y prdpebf`fbs fb k`s pk`ot`s gbfeheo`kbs ......................................
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2.8.>. SK@OV@X GBFEHEO@KBX PRB XB HRKVEY@O BO ORBXV^D GBFED.
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2.8.8. MEB^N@ KREX@. ..........................
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2.8.6. K@ GBOV@ ..................................
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2.8.2. BK @OÇX ............................................
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2.8.9. K@ G@O\@OEKK@. .....................
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2.8.1. BK G@VEHD. ................................
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2.8.=. EOIRXEDOBX FB SK@OV@X GBFEHEO@KBX ..................................
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2.8.5. ROAÜBOVDX, SDG@F@X, H^BG@X, HDXGÅVEHDX U DV^DX. ........ >3
2.8.03. EFB@X S@^@ BK@ND^@^ RO MRB^VD GBFEHEO@K ....................... >>
9. BXV^@VBAE@X GBVDFDKØAEH@X ...........................................
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.... >6
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VBKI. 38-8365209
9.0. Bk `prbofez`lb n`s`fd bo prdybhtds ....................
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9.>. Fesbðd fb k` eovbstea`heøo ....
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9.>.0. Od bxpbregbot`k .............
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9.>.>. Vr`os`hhedo
Vr`os`hhedo`k
`k (tr`osvbrs`k)< ................................
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9.>.8. Bxpkdr`tdred ......
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9.>.6. Fbshreptevd ..........................................................
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9.8. Gåtdfds, tåhoeh`s b eostrugbotds fb eovbstea`heøo .............................................
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9.6. Yeohuk`fdr fbk prdybhtd bshdk`r hdo bk hurrçhukd. ...........................................
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9.2. Mbxàadod ..........................
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9.9. Hrdodar`g` fb `htevef`fbs......................
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9.1. Hrdodar`g` fb `htevef`fbs......................
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1. @OÀKEXEX FB K@ XDKRHEØO SK@OVB@F@ @ V^@YÅX FBK S^DFRHVD
EOVB^FEXHESKEO@^ED ..........................................
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1.0. Y`kdrbs y hdgprdgesds ..................................
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=.HDOHKRXEDOBX<.....................................................
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5. ^BHDGBOF@HEDOBX ..........................................................
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03. NENKEDA^@IÇ@ ....................
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00. @OB]DX .......................
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00.0. Sk`ot`s gbfeheo`kbs .....................
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00.>.Iehm` fb bv`ku`heøo p`rhe`k fb p`rtehep`heøo bo bk prdybhtd bshdk`r .................. 86
00.8. ^bspdos`nkb
^bspdos`nkbss y @ke`fds Bstr`tåaehds...................
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00.6. Oøgeo` fb Bstufe`otbs. .........................
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ROEF@F BFRH@VEY@ AR@S@^@
AR@S@^@
‘ GD^@XSROAD ‘ S@OAR@ ‘ HDVDS@]E
@.G. 33=0-35 FBK 31 ‘ 38 ‘ >335
VBKI. 38-8365209
0. ^BXRGBO
Bstb prdybhtd bstà boh`geo`fd ` bkegeo`r k`s feibrbotbs boibrgbf`fbs qub kds
bstufe`otbs p`fbhbo, hrb`r sus mubrtds gbfeheo`kbs, hdohebohe`r ` eoabrer eoiusedobs fb
bst`s pk`ot`s p`r` gbldr`r su s`kuf y hrb`r sus prdpe`s g`hbt`s hdo g`tbre`k rbhehk`nkb.
Xb rb`kez`rà gbfe`otb k` bk`ndr`heøo fb g`ou`kef`fbs hdo ndtbkk`s y kk`ot`s, y` qub k`
bk`ndr`heøo fb bst`s `htevef`fbs pbrgeterà ` kds bstufe`otbs tbobr uo` oubv` veseøo hdo
rbspbhtd `k `prdvbhm`gebotd fb k`s pk`ot`s gbfeheo`kbs p`r` su s`kuf y bk g`tbre`k
rbhehk`nkb p`r` k` hdostruhheøo fb sus mubrtds.
S`r` qub bstb prdybhtd kdarb kds dnlbtevds fbsb`fds sb m`rà hdodhbr k` eoidrg`heøo
hebotçieh` sdnrb kds nbobieheds y prdpebf`fbs fb k`s feibrbotbs pk`ot`s gbfeheo`kbs qub sb
v`o ` huktev`r, eoidrg`heøo qub sb bohubotr` fbt`kk`f` bo bk g`rhd tbørehd. V`gneåo sb
v` ` hrb`r k`s g`hbt`s hdo bk g`tbre`k qub sb m`y` rbhehk`fd, bstd sb kd m`rà hdgd uo`
`htevef`f pràhteh` hdo k` nedfevbrsef`f fb hdgpkbgbot`r bk fbs`rrdkkd eotbar`k fb kds
bstufe`otbs.
Vdf`s k`s `htevef`fbs qub sb fbs`rrdkk`r`o v`o boh`geo`f`s ` sdkuhedo`r kds prdnkbg`s
fb s`kuf qub prbsbotbo kds bstufe`otbs bo bk `uk`: gbldr`r sus m`nekef`fbs hrb`tev`s,
tbobr uo` veseøo gàs rb`kest` fb k`s setu`hedobs fb bgprbofegebotd p`r` gbldr`r su
h`kef`f fb vef` y k` fb sus i`geke`s, y` qub se od g`otebobo uo hubrpd s`od l`gàs sb
kdar`r` qub bk bstufe`otb bstb tdt`kgbotb hdohbotr`fd bo k`s `htevef`fbs bshdk`rbs.
ROEF@F BFRH@VEY@ AR@S@^@
AR@S@^@
‘ GD^@XSROAD ‘ S@OAR@ ‘ HDVDS@]E
@.G. 33=0-35 FBK 31 ‘ 38 ‘ >335
VBKI. 38-8365209
>.- SK@OVB@GEBOVD FB K@ S^DNKBGÀVEH@
Hdo k` ieo`kef`f fb `pkeh`r bstr`tbae`s qub gbldrbo bk rbofegebotd bshdk`r y seauebofd
kds keob`gebotds fb kds prdybhtds bshdk`rb
bshdk`rbss mb rb`kez`fd uo fe`aoøstehd p`r` fbtbht`r kds
prdnkbg`s qub bxestbo bo kds bstufe`otbs y bo su botdrod, `pkeh`ofd fevbrs`s tåhoeh`s b
eostrugbotds fb eovbstea`heøo sb m` bohdotr`fd fevbrsds eohdovboebotbs hdgd bs k` i`kt`
fb gdtev`heøo `k rb`kez`r k`s `htevef`fbs y t`gneåo sb m` bohdotr`fd qub kds bstufe`otbs
k` g`ydr p`rtb fbk tebgpd p`fbhbo boibrgbf`fbs `auf`s k`s gesg`s qub od pbrgetbo `k
bstufe`otb bst`r `tbotds bo k`s `htevef`fbs qub sb rb`kez`o
r b`kez`o bo bk `uk`.
Bstb prdnkbg` fb k`s boibrgbf`fbs bs bk qub gàs sb fbst`h` bo bk `gnebotb bfuh`tevd,
pdr bst` r`zøo sb m` `o`kez`fd k`s h`us`
h`us`ss y hdosbhub
hdosbhubohe`s
ohe`s fbk gesgd<
H`us`s y Hdosbhubohe`s fbk Srdnkbg`
H@RX@X
HDOXBHRBOHE@X
Fbshdodhegebotd fb rbgbfeds h`sbrds hdo Oeðds boibrgds.
boibrgds.
pk`ot`s gbfeheo`kbs.
gbfeheo`kbs.
S`frbs fb i`geke` hdo fbshdodhegebotd bo bk @kugods hdo pdhds eotbrås fb bstufeds
huktevd fb bst`s pk`ot`s
I`kt` fb hdodhegebotd p`r` bk`ndr`r rbhbt`s Oeðds hdo fbs`oegd
fbs`oegd `k bstufe`r.
bstufe`r.
hdo k`s pk`ot`s gbfeheo`kbs
Fbshdodhegebotd fb k`s tåhoeh`s p`r` Od
huktev`r bst`s pk`ot`s.
utekez`o
p`r`
prbvboer
sus
boibrgbf`fbs.
S`r` bkegeo`r bstb prdnkbg` y m`hbr qub kds bstufe`otbs sb`o p`rtb fb bst` sdkuheøo, sb
m` gdtev`fd hdo uo` pbqubð` h`gp`ð` fb kds nbobieheds qub tr`bo bk huktevd y fb bst`
g`obr` k` g`ydrç` fb bstufe`otbs sb eotbrbs`rdo y gdtev`rdo p`r` tr`n`l`r hdo bstb
prdybhtd qub gbldr`r`
gbldr`r` k` h`kef`f fb vef` fb kds
kds bstufe`otbs t`otd bo ssuu s`kuf hdgd bo su
rbofegebotd bshdk`r.
ROEF@F BFRH@VEY@ AR@S@^@
AR@S@^@
‘ GD^@XSROAD ‘ S@OAR@ ‘ HDVDS@]E
@.G. 33=0-35 FBK 31 ‘ 38 ‘ >335
VBKI. 38-8365209
8. DNLBVEYDX
8.0. Dnlbtevd abobr`k<
Huktev`r pk`ot`s gbfeheo`kbs y bk`ndr`r rbhbt`s h`sbr`s hdo bk tr`t`gebotd fb k`s gesg`s,
gbfe`otb bk bstufed, k` sebgnr` y bk huef`fd fb bst`s pk`ot`s, hdo bk ieo fb qub kds
bstufe`otbs y p`frbs fb i`geke` pubf`o utekez`r bst`s pk`ot`s bo k` bk`ndr`heøo fb sus
rbgbfeds h`sbrds p`r` bkegeo`r boibrgbf`fbs y prbvboerk`s, kdar`ofd qub sus melds
pubf`o bst`r
bst`r hdgpkbt`gbotb ``htevds
htevds p`r` bk fbsbgpbðd
fbsbgpbðd bs
bshdk`r.
hdk`r.
8.>. Dnlbtevds bspbhçiehds<


Hdodhbr kds nbobieheds qub nreof`o k`s pk`ot`s gbfeheo`kbs.
Hdodhbr sdnrb k`s pk`ot`s qub sb f`o bo oubstr` rbaeøo fb `hubrfd ` oubstrd
hkeg`.

Huktev`r fb g`obr` `fbhu`f` k`s pk`ot`s gbfeheo`kbs.

Bk`ndr`r rbhbt`s h`sbr`s hdo bk tr`t`gebotd fb bst`s pk`ot`s gbfeheo`kbs.

Bk`ndr`r pdg`f`s p`r` bk tr`t`gebotd fb boibrgbf`fbs fb k` pebk.
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Bk`ndr`r sus prdpe`s g`hbt`s hdo g`tbre`k rbhehk`nkb.

Eohbotev`r k` prdybhheøo iuturest` ` sbr pbqubðds bgprbs`reds.

@pkeh`r kds preohepeds fb rbspdos`nekef`f, `utdodgç`, drfbo, sdkef`ref`f y
fbgdhr`he`, p`r` idrt`kbhbr k` pràhteh` fb v`kdrbs gdr`kbs, åtehds, y huktur`kbs,
bo abobr`k.

Abobr`r bsp`heds qub eovdkuhrbo `k tr`n`ld p`rtehep`tevd bo bquepd.
ROEF@F BFRH@VEY@ AR@S@^@
AR@S@^@
‘ GD^@XSROAD ‘ S@OAR@ ‘ HDVDS@]E
@.G. 33=0-35 FBK 31 ‘ 38 ‘ >335
VBKI. 38-8365209
6. LRXVEIEH@HEØO
K`s pk`ot`s gbfeheo`kbs sdo uod fb kds rbgbfeds tdt`kgbotb h`sbrds y o`tur`kbs qub gàs
nbobieheds y prdpebf`fbs `pdrt` `k dra`oesgd, preohep`kgbotb p`r` bk tr`t`gebotd y
`keved fb feibrbotbs boibrgbf`fbs, tr`stdrods d gdkbste`s.
Bstb prdybhtd bstà bk`ndr`fd p`r` qub kds bstufe`otbs, p`frbs fb i`geke` hdoluot`gbotb
hdo bk fdhbotb tr`n`lbo bspbhe`kgbotb bo bk huktevd y tr`t`gebotd fb bst`s pk`ot`s, y`
qub od bo v`od, ` bst`s pk`ot`s, sb k`s fbodgeo` hdgd ndteh` fb k` @nubk`,
preohep`kgbotb pdrqub fbsfb guy `otbs bk ar`o `hbrvd huktur`k y hdodhegebotd pdpuk`r
bo kd qub rbspbht` bk usd fb pk`ot`s gbfeheo`kbs rbiebrb, bs hebrt`gbotb `gpked y
hdodhefd. Sdr bkkd, rbsukt` s`nbr huàkbs sdo kds gàs egpdrt`otbs nbobieheds fb pk`ot`s
gbfeheo`kbs. @sç hdgd sus prdpebf`fbs eau`kgbotb fbst`h`f`s.
Kds bstufe`otbs t`gneåo obhbset`o s`ker ` dtrds bsp`heds qub od sb`o k`s `uk`s, bstd
hdokkbv` ` gbldr`r bk eotbrh`gned, y bk austd pdr k`s `htevef`fbs pbf`aøaeh`. @fbgàs,
bkkds `prbofbo `htevef`fbs qub bo su vef` fe`re` y `fukt` kb sbrà fb guhm` utekef`f bo
hu`kquebr kua`r.
Bst`s sdo k`s r`zdobs pdr k`s qub bstb prdybhtd pdofrà bo g`rhm` bstb `ðd kbhtevd hdo
kds bstufe`otbs fbk oevbk gbfed `pdy`fd pbrg`obotbgbotb fb kds p`frbs fb i`geke` d
rbprbsbot`otbs kba`kbs y `utdref`fbs fbk pk`otbk, p`r` kdar`r hugpker hdo oubstrds
dnlbtevds prdpubstds.
ROEF@F BFRH@VEY@ AR@S@^@
AR@S@^@
‘ GD^@XSROAD ‘ S@OAR@ ‘ HDVDS@]E
@.G. 33=0-35 FBK 31 ‘ 38 ‘ >335
VBKI. 38-8365209
2. G@^HD VBGÀVEHD
2.0 Iuof`gbot`heøo Sbf`aøaeh`.
Xdo festeot`s pk`ot`s d vbabt`kbs fb feibrbotbs bspbhebs, k`s hu`kbs fb `hubrfd ` su
bstruhtur` quçgehd y hdgpdseheøo bstruhtur`k pubfbo blbrhbr sdkuhedobs hur`tev`s p`r`
festeot`s kbsedobs fbk dra`oesgd qub pdsenkbgbotb prbsbotbo kds sbrbs mug`ods,
p`tdkdaç`s hdgd prdnkbg`s fb feabsteøo, kbsedobs hutàob`s, prdnkbg`s rbsper`tdreds, `sç
hdgd t`gneåo pubfbo sbr utekez`fds p`r` kds prdnkbg`s fb eosdgoed b eotr`oquekef`f.
K` gbldr p`rtb fb utekez`r pk`ot`s gbfeheo`kbs bs qub od obhbset`o prbp`r`heøo bspbhe`k
d fb feiçhek blbhuheøo, pdr dtr` p`rtb, sb tebob `hhbsd ` k`s gesg`s, y` qub sdo uo rba`kd
qub m` dirbhefd k` g`frb o`tur`kbz`.
K` kest` fb bst`s pk`ot`s hur`tev`s bs guy k`ra` `n`rh`ofd uo tdt`k `prdxeg`fd fb >38
pk`ot`s hdo iuohedobs
iuohedobs gbfeheo`kb
gbfeheo`kbss
2.>. Iuof`gbotd Kba`k
Kds prdybhtds Bshdk`rbs sdo bsp`heds fb `prbofez`lb eotbr`htevds qub nush`o fbs`rrdkk`r
sus m`nekef`fbs hdaoetev`s, hdgd k`s sdhedbgdhedo`kbs bs fbher hdotrenuer `k fbs`rrdkkd
eotbar`k fbk bstufe`otb hdgd kd bst`nkbhb k` hdostetuheøo bo bk `rt.>1, y k` kby draàoeh`
dr aàoeh` fb
Bfuh`heøo eotbrhuktur`k (KDBE) bo bk @rt > ketbr`k x y bo bk @rt 1 ketbr`k n.
Bk geoestbred fb bfuh`heøo rbsubktd `pkeh`r gbtdfdkdaç`s feibrbotbs fbotrd fb k` ldro`f`
rbauk`r hbotr`f` bo bk bstufe`otb prdgdvebofd k` eovbstea`heøo y k` eotbar`heøo fb kds
eotbrbsbs eofevefu`kbs bo kds prdhbsds `h`fågehds. - fb bstb gdfd k` p`rtehep`heøo fb
tdfds kds bstufe`otbs pubf` dhup`r g`ydr bshbo`red pdsenkb y od herhuoshrenersb ` k`
hdovbohedo`kef`f fb k`s hk`sbs g`aestr`kbs, prdgdvebofd k` eoodv`heøo y bk
bgprbofegebotd y k` eotbrfeshepkeo`ref`f.
Kds prdybhtds bshdk`rbs sb fbs`rrdkk`o fur`otb 0 mdr` sbg`o`kbs `seao`f`s ` k` h`ra`
mdr`re` fb k` g`kk` hurrehuk`r p`r` bk oevbk fbk Bfuh`heøo Abobr`k Nàseh` veabotb
gbfe`otb `hubrfd geoestbre`k O.¼ 360- 06 fbk 00 fb g`rzd fbk >306.
2.8. Iuof`gbotd Hebotçiehd
K` tebrr` fdofb odsdtrds ods bohdotr`gds bs guy prdfuhtev`, bo hu`otd ` k` ikdr` y` qub
ar`he`s ` k` prdfuhheøo fb pk`ot`s gbfeheo`kbs qub bohdotr`gds `krbfbfdr pdfbgds
ROEF@F BFRH@VEY@ AR@S@^@
AR@S@^@
‘ GD^@XSROAD ‘ S@OAR@ ‘ HDVDS@]E
@.G. 33=0-35 FBK 31 ‘ 38 ‘ >335
VBKI. 38-8365209
utekez`r p`r` oubstr` s`kuf, pdrqub `sç bvet`gds abobr`r a`stds t`o sdkd ods hur`gds
n`ld oubstrds hdodhegebotds fb k`s pk`ot`s gbfeheo`kbs bo bkk`s bohdotr`gds hdgd k`
Xànek`, mebrn` kues`, tdrdolek, g`oz`oekk`, bth.
F`ofd ` hdodhbr qub h`f` uo` fb k`s pk`ot`s `otb gbohedo`f`s fbsbgpbð` uo` iuoheøo
feibrbotb p`r` h`f` boibrgbf`f qub sb prbsbot` bo oubstrd hubrpd.
2.8.0. Nbobieheds y prdpebf`fbs fb k`s pk`ot`s gbfeheo`kbs
• @ote eoik`g`tdre`. @yuf`o ` `keve`r t`otd k`s eoik`g`hedobs eotbro`s (qub sdo k`s qub
p`fbhbo fevbrsds øra`ods, hdgd bk mça`fd y kds reðdobs). Bxtbro`s (hu`ofd `ibht`o ` k`
pebk d ` k` gushuk`heøo). Bstb nbobiehed `keve` k` fdkbohe` ` k` vbz qub bkegeo`o su
dreabo.
• @otetårgeh`s.
@otetårgeh`s. @yuf`o ` n`l`r k` tbgpbr`tur`, gdtevd pdr bk hu`k rbsukt`o eotbrbs`otbs
p`r` `qubkk`s boibrgbf`fbs qub prdvdqubo iebnrb. Ro` rb`hheøo pdsetev` qub fb mbhmd
hdotrenuyb ` k` fbibos` fbk dra`oesgd `otb prdhbsds eoibhhedsds.
•
@streoabotbs. Srdfuhbo uo` hdotr`hheøo fb kds tblefds draàoehds ` k` vbz qub blbrhbo
uo` `hheøo tøoeh` bxhet`otb fb k`s prdpebf`fbs vet`kbs. Xdo ütekbs, pdr blbgpkd, ` k` mdr`
fb hdgn`ter k` fe`rrb`.
• H`rgeo`tev`s. @yuf`o ` i`heket`r k` bxpukseøo fb kds a`sbs y k`s ik`tukbohe`s, qub
preohep`kgbotb sb prdfuhbo hdgd hdosbhubohe` fb uo` g`k` feabsteøo (d uo` feabsteøo
pbs`f`).
• Feuråteh`s. @ugbot`o k`s sbhrbhedobs
sbhrbhedobs fb dreo`, `yuf`ofd ` bkegeo`r
bkegeo`r tdxeo`s, b efb`kbs
hdotr` k` rbtboheøo fb kçquefds. Sdr bstb gdtevd, od pubfbo i`kt`r bo h`sds fb hrb`teoeo`
`kt`, d bo febt`s fb `fbka`z`gebotd.
• Xufdrçieh`s. Vebobo h`se k` gesg` iuofd qub bk feuråtehd, hdo k` feibrbohe` qub bst`s
prdvdh`o uo `ugbotd fbk sufd
sufdr.
r.
• Bsteguk`otbs. @yuf`o ` hdgn`ter kds bibhtds fb k` i`tea`, gbldr`ofd sebgprb fb
idrg` puotu`k oubstrd bst`fd abobr`k.
• Bxpbhtdr`otbs. @yuf`o ` i`heket`r hdgd su prdped odgnrb eofeh` k`s
bxpbhtdr`hedobs, pdr kd qub sdo efb`kbs ` k` mdr` fb bkegeo`r k`s guhdsef`fbs
nrdoque`kbs hdgd hdosbhubohe`
hdosbhubohe` fb uo prdhbsd eoibhh
eoibhhedsd
edsd qub sb fbs`rrdkkb bo bk `p`r`td
rbsper`tdred.
ROEF@F BFRH@VEY@ AR@S@^@
AR@S@^@
‘ GD^@XSROAD ‘ S@OAR@ ‘ HDVDS@]E
@.G. 33=0-35 FBK 31 ‘ 38 ‘ >335
VBKI. 38-8365209
•
Vr`oquekez`otbs. Xdo efb`kbs ` k` mdr` fb rbk`l`r y tr`oquekez`r bk dra`oesgd y k`
gbotb, `yuf`ofd ` rbk`l`r bk sestbg` obrvedsd hu`ofd bstb sb bohubotr` `ktbr`fd fbnefd
` uo` bxhet`heøo.
• K`x`otbs. I`vdrbhbo k` bv`hu`heøo fb kds eotbsteods, sebofd efb`kbs, pdr blbgpkd, bo
h`sds fb bstrbðegebotd.
2.8.>. SK@OV@X GBFEHEO@KBX PRB XB HRKVEY@O BO ORBXV^D GBFED.
K@ X@NEK@. - Xb tr`t` fb uo` pk`ot` qub sb m` utekez`fd fur`otb gekbs fb `ðds p`r`
hur`r uo` v`rebf`f fb boibrgbf`fbs, sdnrb tdfd k`s
qubg`fur`s, mbref`s, erret`hedobs fb k` pebk y bstrbðegebotd. Xb
huktev` bo zdo`s trdpeh`kbs y suntrdpeh`kbs, bo bk sur fb Àireh`,
@gåreh` K`teo` y bk H`renb. K` X`nkb d @kdb Ybr` iub uod fb
kds gbfeh`gbotds gàs prbshretds bo k` g`ydr p`rtb fbk guofd bo kds seakds kds ]YEE y
]E] y seaub sebofd uo` fb k`s gàs utekez`f`s bo kds Bst`fds Roefds mdy bo fç`. Xeo
bgn`rad, od sb rbhdgebof` bk usd dr`k fbk `kdb p`r` bk bstrbðegebotd, qub pubfb tbobr
bibhtds sbhuof`reds ar`vbs.
K` fbshrepheøo fb k` pk`ot`
K` Xànek` d @kdb Ybr` bs uo` pk`ot` pbrboob suhukbot` pk`ot` (sus mdl`s tebobo ar`ofbs
h`otef`fbs fb `au`). K` pk`ot` pubfb hrbhbr m`st` 0 gbtrds fb `ktur` y sus fur`s mdl`s
h`rods`s, hdgd k`oz`s, pubfbo hrbhbr m`st` 89 puka`f`s fb k`rad bk abk tr`osp`rbotb, fb
bspbsdr sb bohubotr` bo k` p`rtb eotbredr fb k` mdl` bs gàs hdgüo gbotb utekez`fd p`r`
pbqubðds hdrtbs
hdrtbs y qubg`fu
qubg`fur`s.
r`s.
Srdpebf`fbs hur`tev`s
hur`tev`s fb k` Xànek` d @kdb Ybr`.
Pubg`fur`s
Bk abk fb `kdb, ` p`rter, fb k` p`rtb hbotr`k fb k` mdl` fb `kdb, bs uo rbgbfed h`sbrd
hdgüo p`r` hdrtbs y qubg`fur`s kbvbs, `sç hdgd qubg`fur`s fbk sdk. Xb pubfb
bohdotr`r bo guhm`s kdhedobs p`r` k` pebk y hdsgåtehds hdgbrhe`kbs. K` Xànek` d @kdb
Ybr` hdotebob hdgpubstds `htevds qub pubfbo rbfuher bk fdkdr y k` eoik`g`heøo y
bsteguk`r bk hrbhegebotd y k` rbp`r`heøo fb k` pebk. V`gneåo bs uo `abotb mefr`t`otb
bieh`z. Sdr bst` r`zøo, bk abk fb @kdb Ybr` m` a`o`fd uo` ar`o pdpuk`ref`f p`r` bk
`keved.
ROEF@F BFRH@VEY@ AR@S@^@
AR@S@^@
‘ GD^@XSROAD ‘ S@OAR@ ‘ HDVDS@]E
@.G. 33=0-35 FBK 31 ‘ 38 ‘ >335
VBKI. 38-8365209
Mbrpbs y boibrgbf`fbs fb k` pebk.
K` bvefbohe` prbkegeo`r suaebrb qub bk abk fb Xànek` d @kdb Ybr` pubfb gbldr`r kds
sçotdg`s fbk mbrpbs aboet`k y hebrt`s hdofehedobs fb k` pebk hdgd k` psdre`ses. Ro
bstufed bohdotrø qub bk abk fb `kdb vbr` gubstr` bibhtds `oteeoik`g`tdreds supbredrbs `k
0% ` k` hrbg` fb mefrdhdrtesdo` d uo abk pk`hbnd. Hd
Hdgd
gd t`k, kds eovbstea`fdrbs `ierg`o
qub bk abk fb `kdb vbr` pubfb sbr ütek bo bk tr`t`gebotd fb hdofehedobs eoik`g`tdre`s fb
k` pebk t`kbs hdgd bk bretbg` eofuhefd pdr uktr`vedkbt`.
Bstrbðegebotd
Bk luad fb k` kdb Ybr`, uo kçquefd `g`rekkd `g`rad fbrev`fd fb k` pebk fb k` mdl` fb `kdb,
bs uo pdtbotb k`x`otb, seo bgn`rad, pubfb h`us`r h`k`gnrbs fdkdrdsds y od bs sbaurd fb
us`r fb bst` g`obr`.
K`s h`rebs fbot`kbs
Kds bstufeds gubstr`o qub bk abk fb Xànek` d @kdb Ybr` eomenb k` `htevef`f fb v`reds
tepds fb n`htbre`s qub pubfbo hdofuher ` h`rebs y boibrgbf`fbs fb k`s bohç`s.
Fe`nbtbs.
Bstufeds prbkegeo`rbs suaebrbo qub bk luad fb Xànek` d @kdb Ybr` pubfb `yuf`r ` n`l`r
kds oevbkbs fb `züh`r bo k` s`oarb bo pbrsdo`s hdo fe`nbtbs tepd >.
Boibrgbf`f mbpàteh` eofuhef` pdr bk `khdmdk
Bstufeds prbkegeo`rbs suaebrbo qub bk bxtr`htd fb `kdb vbr` pubfb `yuf`r ` getea`r kds
bibhtds fbk f`ðd mbpàteh` eofuhefd pdr bk `khdmdk.
2.8.8. MEB^N@ KREX@.
X`nç`s qub k` Mebrn` Kues` sb bgpkb`n`, y` fbsfb k` `oteaûbf`f p`r` rb`oeg`r ` k`s
pbrsdo`s qub sb bohdotr`n`o gàs fbh`çf`s içseh`gbotb:
bstà bspbhe`kgbotb eofeh`f` p`r` i`vdrbhbr `kauods
tr`stdrods feabstevds hdgd k`s eofeabstedobs, kds a`sbs, b
eohkusd p`r` hdgn`ter bk g`k `kebotd.
@fbgàs, bs bieh`z p`r` tr`t`r bk eosdgoed y p`r` hdotrdk`r
ROEF@F BFRH@VEY@ AR@S@^@
AR@S@^@
‘ GD^@XSROAD ‘ S@OAR@ ‘ HDVDS@]E
@.G. 33=0-35 FBK 31 ‘ 38 ‘ >335
VBKI. 38-8365209
bk bstrås.
Srdpebf`fbs fb k` Mebrn` Kues`
K` febt` Kues` pdsbb k`s seauebotbs prdpebf`fbs<
• H`rgeo`tev`s
• @ote n`htbre` kbs
• @ote mest`gçoeh`s
• Iuoaehef`s
• Bxpbhtdr`otbs
• @oteh`ohbrçabo`s
• @ote eoik`g`tdre`
• @ote bsp`sgøfeh`
Nbobieheds fb k` Mebrn` Kues`
K` Mebrn` kues` bs uo` pk`ot` qub hdgneo` k` mbrgdsur` fb sus ikdrbs hdo su pbhuke`r
`rdg` ` kegøo y k`s prdpebf`fbs gbfeheo`kbs fb qub fespdobo sus mdl`s tebob hdodhefds
bibhtds bsteguk`otbs y sb vebob bgpkb`ofd, fbsfb m`hb guhmd tebgpd, p`r` rb`oeg`r `
k`s pbrsdo`s qub sb bohubotr`o gàs fbh`çf`s içseh`gbotb botrb dtrds usds.
Rsds fb k` Mebrn` Kues`
Bo usd eotbrod<
• Guy ütek p`r` bxpuks`r kds a`sbs
fbk `p`r`td feabstevd, bvet`ofd k`s ik`tukbohe`s y k`
`brdi`ae`, gbfe`otb uo` eoiuseøo feabstev` y rbirbsh`otb.
• Blbrhb uo`
iuoheøo tøoehd-bstdg`h`k, feabstev` y tr`oquekez`otb, bvet`ofd kds
bsp`sgds y k` fespbpse`, pdr kd qub bs ütek bo h`sd fb eofeabsteøo.
• @yuf` ` hdgn`ter k` m`ketdses d g`k `kebotd.
• Bs guy ütek hdotr` k`s `ibhhedobs fbk `p`r`td rbsper`tdred, bspbhe`kgbotb p`r` bxpuks`r
k`s guhdsef`fbs, y p`r` k` tds.
• Bo eoiuseøo, `yuf` ` rbk`l`r y tdoeieh`r kds obrveds, rbsukt`ofd ütek bo h`sd fb
eosdgoed. Bo usd bxtbrod su usd iuof`gbot`kgbotb bs hdgd rbk`l`otb y tdoeieh`otb fb
kds obrveds, `ð`febofd `k `au` fbk n`ðd uo` eoiuseøo fb fehm` pk`ot`.
Ybot`l`s fb k` Mebrn` Kues`.
ROEF@F BFRH@VEY@ AR@S@^@
AR@S@^@
‘ GD^@XSROAD ‘ S@OAR@ ‘ HDVDS@]E
@.G. 33=0-35 FBK 31 ‘ 38 ‘ >335
VBKI. 38-8365209
@fbgàs fb sus hu`kef`fbs gbfeheo`kbs, k` Mebrn` Kues` pubfb bgpkb`rsb bo k` hdheo`
hdgd pk`ot` `rdgàteh`, `sç hdgd bo k` bk`ndr`heøo fb k` i`gds` s`ks` fb mebrv` kues` y
bo hdhtbkbs y gbzhk`s fb nbnef`s irç`s.
V`gneåo sb utekez` bo pbriugbrç`, y` qub su `hbetb bsbohe`k bs guy rehd bo hdgpdobotbs
`rdgàtehds y tebob prdpebf`fbs n`htbrehef`s, pdr kd qub sb utekez` bo k` i`nreh`heøo fb
prdfuhtds fb kegpebz` pbrsdo`k, hhdgd
dgd l`ndobs, hm`gpüs, kdhedo
kdhedobs
bs h`pek`rbs, bth.
bth.
Bibhtds Xbhuof`reds fb k` Mebrn` Kues`
M`st` bk gdgbotd, od sb m`o fbshretd bibhtds sbhuof`reds dh`sedo`fds pdr su hdosugd
bo fdses `fbhu`f`s. Bk v`pdr fb bst`s pk`ot`s hdo k` pebk pubfb dh`sedo`r rb`hhedobs
`kåraeh`s bo k`s pbrsdo`s sbosenkbs ` bst` bspbheb.
2.8.6. K@ GBOV@. Gbot` pepbret` bs uo` pk`ot` gbfeheo`k y `rdgàteh` pbrboob qub
pbrtbobhb
`
k`
i`geke`
fb k` vef` dreaeo`re` fbk Gbfetbrràobd.
@oteau`gbotb y` br` uo` pk`ot` gbfeheo`k guy
`prbhe`f` y utekez`f` pdr sus hu`kef`fbs tbr`påuteh`s
p`r` tr`t`r fdkbohe`s fbk `p`r`td
`p`r`td feabstevd, fbk `p`r`td
rbsper`tdred d fb k` pebk.
K` p`rtb fb bst` pk`ot` qub sb utekez` hdo ieobs
gbfeheo`kbs bs k` mdl` y fb kds preohepeds fb k` gbot`
pdfbgds fbst`h`r
fbst`h`r bk gbotdk, bk heobdk d bk kegdobod y
sus ik`vdodefbs, ibodkbs y t`oeods. Vdfds bstds hdgpdobotbs sdo kds qub hdoiebrbo ` k`
gbot` sus hu`kef`fbs tbr`påuteh`s.
Hdodzh`gds k`s prdpebf`fbs gbfeheo`kbs fb k` gbot` y kds usds y `pkeh`hedobs gàs
hdguobs fb bst` mebrn`.
Srdpebf`fbs gbfeheo`kbs fb k` gbot`. K` gbt` bs uo` pk`ot` gbfeheo`k hdo `hheøo
feabstevd, `oteeoik`g`tdre`, bxpbhtdr`otb, h`rgeo`tev`, `otebsp`sgøfeh`, `pbretev`,
`otearep`k, `oterrbugàteh`, `o`kaåsehd, `oten`htbre`o`, `otetdxeo`, y fbshdoabstedo`otb fb
k`s vç`s rbsper`tdre`s. K` gbot` sb pubfb us`r fb idrg` eotbro` bo eoiuseøo, `hbetb
bsbohe`k (fbnb tbobr uo` btequbt` qub eofequb bxpkçhet`gbotb qub bs `pt` p`r` usd
eotbrod) y bo peotur`. S`r` usds bxtbrods fb k` gbot` k` pdfbgds utekez`r bo n`ðds,
`hbetb bsbohe`k bth.
Rsds gbfeheo`kbs fb k` gbot`
ROEF@F BFRH@VEY@ AR@S@^@
AR@S@^@
‘ GD^@XSROAD ‘ S@OAR@ ‘ HDVDS@]E
@.G. 33=0-35 FBK 31 ‘ 38 ‘ >335
VBKI. 38-8365209
Gbot` p`rb feabstedobs kbot`s y pbs`f`s . K` eoiuseøo d teotur` fb gbot` sb utekez` hdo
åxetd p`r` gbldr`r k`s feabstedobs kbotd y pbs`f`s fbnefd ` su bibhtd feabstevd
(prdgubvb k` nubo` feabsteøo fb kds `kegbotds).
Gbot` p`r` a`sbs y ik`tukbohe`s. Ar`he`s ` su `hheøo h`rgeo`tev`, k` eoiuseøo d peotur`
fb gbot` bs uo rbgbfed o`tur`k p`r` prbvboer y `keve`r kds a`sbs fbk tund eotbsteo`k y k`
meohm`zøo.
Gbot` p`r` bk fdkdr fb h`nbz`. Bk fdkdr fb h`nbz`, y` sb` gear`ð` d l`qubh`, pubfb
bst`r dh`sedo`fd pdr hebotds fb h`us`s feibrbotbs. K`s g`k`s feabstedobs y bk g`k
iuohedo`gebotd fb oubstrd sestbg` feabstevd bs uo` h`us` fbk fdkdr fb h`nbz` d hbi`kb`.
K` gbot` bs uo` pk`ot` gbfeheo`k qub pubfb prbvboer y `keve`r kds fdkdrbs fb h`nbz`
huyd dreabo bstà bo uo` g`k` feabsteøo.
Gbot` p`r` k` i`tea`. Bst` mebrv` gbfeheo`k sb utekez` p`r` hdgn`ter k` i`tea` gbot`k y
içseh` b eohkusd p`r` kds pbredfds fb hdov`kbhbohe`. @k tbobr `hheøo bsteguk`otb rbsukt`
sbr uo rbgbfed o`tur`k guy ütek p`r` gbldr`r bstds h`sds.
Gbot` p`r` tds, nrdoquetes, arepb y rbsire`fd. K` gbot` tebob bibhtd
fbshdoabstedo`otb bxpbhtdr`otb y `otesåptehd uo` hdgneo`heøo fb prdpebf`fbs
gbfeheo`kbs bxhbkbotbs p`r` gbldr`r kds sçotdg`s fb nrdoquetes, arepb y rbsire`fd fb
idrg` o`tur`k. Dtr` ar`o hu`kef`f fb k` gbot` bs k` fb `keve`r k` tds eohkusd se m`y
bsp`sgds.
Gbot` p`r` kds mdoads fb k` pebk y uð`s. Ro` fb k`s `hhedobs fb k` gbot` bs `ote
iüoaeh`, bs fbher, qub bkegeo` kds mdoads. S`r` bstds h`sds sb `pkeh` fb idrg` tøpeh` uo
bgpk`std hdo gbot` d nebo `hbetb bsbohe`k fb gbot` gbzhk`fd hdo uo `hbetb n`sb se bs
bo bk peb (fbrg`tdietdses) d sb pubfb `pkeh`r bk `hbetb bsbohe`k ferbht`gbotb hdo uo
n`stdohekkd d a`s`
a`s` se qubrbgds bbkegeo`r
kegeo`r kds mdoads ffbb kds (peb fb `tkbt`).
`tkbt`).
Gbot` p`r` bhzbg`, fbrg`tetes y urteh`re`. K` gbot` pubfb `keve`r kds h`sds fb
bhzbg` y fb urteh`re` se k` `pkeh`gds fb idrg` tøpeh` y kdh`k.
kdh`k. Eohkusd, p`r` ``prdvbhm`r
prdvbhm`r
sus prdpebf`fbs `otesåpteh`s, pdfbgds utekez`r k` eoiuseøo fb gbot` p`r` kegpe`r mbref`s
y peh`fur`s fb eosbhtds y p`r` `keve`r bk pehdr fb bst`s ükteg`s.
Gbot` p`r` obur`kae`s. Kds fdkdrbs huyd dreabo sdo fb tepd oburdkøaeh` pubfbo sbr
`keve`fds hdo k` gbot` sb pubfb us`r t`otd fb idrg` eotbro` (bo eoiuseøo d tteotur`)
eotur`) hdgd
fb idrg` bxtbro` (usd tøpehd hdo `hbetb bsbohe`k d hdo h`t`pk`sg`s).
ROEF@F BFRH@VEY@ AR@S@^@
AR@S@^@
‘ GD^@XSROAD ‘ S@OAR@ ‘ HDVDS@]E
@.G. 33=0-35 FBK 31 ‘ 38 ‘ >335
VBKI. 38-8365209
Gbot` p`r` k` eoik`g`heøo y bk fdkdr. S`r` h`sds fb adkpbs, bsaueohbs, tdrhbfur`s y
t`gneåo pubfbo `prdvbhm`r su `hheøo `oteeoik`g`tdre` pbrsdo`s hdo `rtretes y bo abobr`k
hdo fdkbohe`s `auf`s y hrøoeh`s qub eohkuy`o k` eoik`g`heøo hdgd sçotdg` d
hdosbhubohe`.
Hdotr`eofeh`hedobss y usd sbaurd fb k` gbot`.
Hdotr`eofeh`hedob
Fbnefd ` su bibhtd bsteguk`otb, t`otd k` eoiuseøo hdgd k` teotur` y bk `hbetb bsbohe`k fb
gbot` pubfbo prdfuher eosdgoed bo `kauo`s pbrsdo`s se sb us` pdr k` odhmb. Od bstà
rbhdgbof`fd bk usd fb `hbetb bsbohe`k fb gbot` fb idrg` eotbro` fur`otb bk bgn`r`zd y
k` k`ht`ohe`, oe t`gpdhd bo oeðds gbodrbs fb 9 `ðds.
Od sb fbnb us`r bk `hbetb bsbohe`k ferbht`gbotb sdnrb k` pebk, sb fbnb gbzhk`r hdo uo
`hbetb n`sb hdgd pdr blbgpkd bk `hbetb fb `kgbofr`s fukhbs, `hbetb fb `raào, `hbetb fb
dkev` d eohkusd `hbetb fb hdhd.
2.8.2. BK @OÇX. Bs uo` mebrn` fb vef` `ou`k k` hu`k pubfb `kh`oz`r `ktur`s fbsfb 93
m`st` =3 hg bo hdofehedobs øpteg`s. Xb kb hdodhb hdo bk odgnrb hebotçiehd fb
Segpeobk` `oçs. Bst` pk`ot` pdsbb uo t`kkd hekçofrehd fbka`fd,
fb idrg` brauef` bk hu`k sb r`geieh` bo sus p`rtbs gàs `kt`s. @k
ieo`k fb sus t`kkds sb bohubotr` sus ikdrbs fb t`g`ðd pbqubðd,
hdkdr nk`ohd `arup`fd bo pbqubðds r`gekkbtbs.
Bk `oçs bs uo` pk`ot` dreaeo`re` fb drebotb k` hu`k iub tr`çf` `
Bsp`ð` y dtrds p`çsbs fbk Gbfetbrràobd m`hbr v`reds seakds, mdy
bo fç` bs uo` pk`ot` hdgüo bo tdf` k` rbaeøo.
Bo k` pboçosuk` enåreh` sb subkb huktev`r bk `oçs, Bsp`ð` sb m` pdsehedo`fd eohkusd bo
uod fb kds preohep`kbs prdfuhtdrbs fb `oçs ` oevbk guofe`k. Dtrds p`çsbs qub t`gneåo
huktev`o bk `oçs sdo Et`ke`, Vurquç` y Nuka`re`.
Srdpebf`fbs tbr`påuteh`s
Bk `oçs bs uo` fb k`s pk`ot`s gbfeheo`kbs gàs `oteau`s qub sb hdodhbo, y guhmds fb sus
hdgpdobotbs pdsbbo prdpebf`fbs nboåieh`s p`r` k` s`kuf. Xb pubfb fbst`h`r sus
prdpebf`fbs hdgd bxpbhtdr`otb y h`rgeo`tevd, kds hu`kbs gbldr`o k` feabsteøo, `uxeke`o
` bxpuks`r a`sbs y gbldr`o bk tdod bstdg`h`k, a`r`otez`ofd uo` gbldr feabsteøo.
ROEF@F BFRH@VEY@ AR@S@^@
AR@S@^@
‘ GD^@XSROAD ‘ S@OAR@ ‘ HDVDS@]E
@.G. 33=0-35 FBK 31 ‘ 38 ‘ >335
VBKI. 38-8365209
Bo k`s gulbrbs bk `oçs pdsbb uo bibhtd a`k`htøabod, bs fbher, eohrbgbot` k` sbhrbheøo fb
kbhmb, kd hu`k pubfb sbr nboåiehd bo k` k`ht`ohe`Bs egpdrt`otb sbð`k`r qub bk usd
bxhbsevd fbk `oçs pubfb rbsukt`r tøxehd, pdr kd qub od fbnb fb `fgeoestr`rsb bo idrg`
bxhbsev`. Xb rbhdgebof` `hufer hdo uo gåfehd p`r` qub prbshren` uo` fdses efb`k.
e fb`k.
Gdfd fb bgpkbd
Eoiuseøo. Xb pubfb prbp`r`r hdo uo irutd fb `oçs y uo` t`z` fb `au`. Xb pdob ` mbrver y
pdstbredrgbotb sb pubfb tdg`r k` eoiuseøo. Xb pubfbo rbidrz`r sus bibhtds `ð`febofd
uo`s adt`s fb teotur` fb `oçs.
Bsbohe` fb `oçs. Xb pubfb sugeoestr`r ferbht`gbotb bsbohe` fb `oçs, fb 0 ` hu`trd 6
adt`s bo uo tbrrøo d huhm`r`f` fb `züh`r. Xb pubfb rbpbter bstd m`st` 8 vbhbs `k fç`,
sebofd bk gdgbotd efb`k fbspuås fb k` hdgef`.
Veotur` fb `oçs. Xb prbp`r` hdo `khdmdk fb 13 y su prbp`r`heøo tdg` 03 fç`s
Sdstbredrgbotb sb iektr` y sb fbnbrà hdosbrv`r bo uo ir`shd bo uo kua`r irbshd sbhd. Xb
`fgeoestr` bo adt`s.
Kehdr fb `oçs. Ro` nbnef` tr`fehedo`k fb Bsp`ð` k` hu`k sb dntebob ` tr`vås fb uo
prdhbsd fb fbstek`heøo segpkb d ffbb g`hbr`heøo.
g`hbr`heøo.
2.8.9. K@ G@O\@OEKK@.
Bs uo` mebrn` `rdgàteh` qub m` sefd utekez`f` fbsfb m`hb seakds hdo ieobs gbfeheo`kbs.
Bs dreaeo`re` fb Burdp` y fb `kkç eotrdfuhef`
e otrdfuhef` ` @gåreh`, fdofb bs guy hdgbrhe`kez`f` y
huktev`f`.
K` g`oz`oekk` bs fb k` i`geke` fb k`s g`ra`ret`s sus ikdrbs sdo segek`rbs.
Nbobieheds fb k` g`oz`oekk`
@ k` g`oz`oekk` sb kb `trenuybo uo seo oügbrd fb hu`kef`fbs hur`tev`s pbrd od bxestbo
bstufeds hdgpkbtds qub k`s vbreiequbo hebotçieh`gbotb.
ROEF@F BFRH@VEY@ AR@S@^@
AR@S@^@
‘ GD^@XSROAD ‘ S@OAR@ ‘ HDVDS@]E
@.G. 33=0-35 FBK 31 ‘ 38 ‘ >335
VBKI. 38-8365209
Botrb k`s hu`kef`fbs fb bst` pk`ot` bstào<
0. Bs uo `oteoik`g`tdred. @yuf` ` `keve`r kds prdhbsds fb eoik`g`heøo t`otd
tdgàofdk` d usàofdk` bxtbro`gbotb.
>. Vebob prdpebf`fbs `otegehrdne`o`s y iuoauehef`s
8. Xb kb utekez` p`r` m`hbr aàra`r`s hu`ofd m`y prdnkbg`s fb a`ra`ot` y fb bohç`s
6. @yuf` hdo k` heh`trez`heøo.
2. @yuf` hdo prdnkbg`s feabstevds.
9. Bs h`kg`otb y tr`oquekez`otb, `htü` hdgd uo sbf`otb su`vb. Xb kb us` bo h`sd fb
erret`nekef`f, trestbz` y `osebf`f.
1. @yuf` ` hdotrdk`r bk bhzbg` y k`s
k `s mbgdrrdefbs.
=. I`heket` k` gbostru`heøo y `yuf` ` bkegeo`r
bkege o`r sus gdkbste`s.
5. Bo hdsgåteh` sb kb us` p`r` `hk`r`r bk pbkd, fbshdoabstedo`r k` pebk y h`kg`r
erret`hedobs.
03. Bs uo feuråtehd su`vb.
00. @yuf` hdo k` adt`, `rtretes y seousetes.
0>. @yuf` hdo prdnkbg`s fb `sg` y arepbs.
Hdgd sb us` k` g`oz`oekk`
M`y fevbrs`s g`obr`s fb us`r k` g`oz`oekk`<
0. K` gàs hdgüo bs su eoiuseøo (tå), k` hu`k bs fb s`ndr `ar`f`nkb.
>. Xb pubfb us`r p`r` n`ðds, kegpe`r mbref`s, d bo hdgprbs`s d g`s`lbs.
8. Kds bxtr`htds d bk `hbetb bsbohe`k fb g`oz`oekk` sb us`o bo gbfeh`gbotds
o`tur`kbs y hdsgåtehds. Xb kbs pubfb us`r p`r` prbp`r`r `hbetb fb g`s`lb i`he`k d
hdrpdr`k p`r` dntbobr sus nbobieheds.
6. sb pubfb us`r bo v`pdr p`r` kegpe`r k` h`r`
2. Xb us` bo `sebotds y segek`rbs p`r` p`fbhegebotds feabstevds
feabstevds..
Hdotr`eofeh`hedobs
Botrb k`s hdotr`eofeh`hedobs bstào< @kbrae`s (h`sds r`rds). Od sb rbhdgebof` fur`otb bk
pregbr tregbstrb fbk bgn`r`zd
bgn`r`zd pdrqub ppubfb
ubfb tbobr bibh
bibhtds
tds `ndrtevds.
Bo gbfeheo` G`y` sb kb hdosefbr` uo` mebrn` h`kebotb qub bo `kt`s h`otef`fbs pubfb
h`us`r prdnkbg`s hdo bk sestbg` ureo`red.
ROEF@F BFRH@VEY@ AR@S@^@
AR@S@^@
‘ GD^@XSROAD ‘ S@OAR@ ‘ HDVDS@]E
@.G. 33=0-35 FBK 31 ‘ 38 ‘ >335
VBKI. 38-8365209
Vepds fb G`oz`oekk`s
M`y v`re`s hk`sbs fb g`oz`oekk`, bo Burdp` m`y fds
tepds (6 hdguobs< k` `kbg`o` d g`oz`oekk` `zuk y k`
rdg`o` qub bs k` gàs hdgüo bo k`s @gåreh`s. @gn`s
sdo guy nbobieheds`s y tebobo prdpebf`fbs segek`rbs.
Bk `hbetb bsbohe`k fb k` g`oz`oekk` `kbg`o` bs gàs
prbhe`fd y guhmd gàs h`rd qub bk fb k` g`oz`oekk`
rdg`o`. @ vbhbs sb kbs gbzhk` p`r` dntbobr uo bibhtd gàs pdfbrdsd.
2.8.1. BK G@VEHD. Bs hdodhefd t`gneåo hdgd 'p`ðek'
' p`ðek'
d bo `kauods p`çsbs fb kds qub bs dreaeo`rç` bst` pk`ot`
(@raboteo`, Hmekb y Sbrü) sb kb hdodhb hdgd k` mebrn`
fbk sdkf`fd, guy pdpuk`r botrb kds arupds fb hdg`ofd
pubs gdstr`n` ràpefd `keved ` k`s mbgdrr`ae`s h`us`f`s
fur`otb kds boirbot`gebotds bo aubrr`. Eohkusd sb fehb
qub su odgnrb fb g`tehd br` bk `pbkkefd fb uo sdkf`fd bsp`ðdk qub fbshunreø
`hhefbot`kgbotb k`s prdpebf`fbs
prdpebf`fbs fbk g`tehd hu`ofd hur`n` ` mbrefds bo bk Sbrü.
Rsds gbfeheo`kbs fbk g`tehd.
Bo K`teod`gåreh` sb rbhdodhb bk g`tehd pdr sus prdpebf`fbs `streoabotbs y sb utekez`
hdgd kd mbgds fehmd p`r` k` fbtboheøo fb mbgdrr`ae`s. Xu `pkeh`heøo bo bsds h`sds bs
kdh`k. V`gneåo sb kb utekez` p`r` bkegeo`r kds idrüohukds bo k` pebk, `keve`r mbref`s kbvbs
y peh`fur`s fb s`oauelubk`s.
@fbgàs, sb kb utekez` p`r` bk `keved fb ükhbr`s y fe`rrb`. Hu`ofd sb tebobo prdnkbg`s
feabstevds bs guy bibhtev` `keve`ofd k`s oàusb`s, bk fdkdr fb bstøg`ad, k` fespbpse` y bk
vøgetd. Eohkusd sb rbhdgebof` su eoabst` hu`ofd sb tebobo a`sbs eotbsteo`kbs, bk bibhtd
sbrà ràpefd. Bk usd gbfeheo`k fbk g`tehd t`gneåo pdob su ar`od fb `rbo` bo bk `keved fb
rbsirçds, tds, nrdoquetes, obugdoç` y dtrds prdnkbg`s rbsper`tdreds.
ROEF@F BFRH@VEY@ AR@S@^@
AR@S@^@
‘ GD^@XSROAD ‘ S@OAR@ ‘ HDVDS@]E
@.G. 33=0-35 FBK 31 ‘ 38 ‘ >335
VBKI. 38-8365209
Botrb dtr`s hds`s k` huktur` pbru`o` tebob hdgd rbibrbotb qub bk g`tehd bs uo
`irdfesç`hd. @fbgàs, hu`ofd ` uo` pbrsdo` sb kb bxtr`b uo` gubk` sb kb rbhdgebof` uo
pdhd fb g`tehd p`r` `keve`r k` kbseøo bo k` bohç`.
Hdgd tb pdfràs f`r hubot` bk g`tehd dirbhb uo` `gpke` a`g` fb nbobieheds, sdkd bs
hubsteøo fb m`hbr usd fb bst` pk`ot` bo bk gdgbotd eofeh`fd. @uoqub bo bk gbrh`fd fb
k` gbfeheo` `ktbro`tev` od bs feiçhek hdosbauerk` tü gesgd pubfbs prbp`r`rk` bo
feibrbotbs idrg`tds p`r` dntbobr sus prdpebf`fbs, pubfbs rb`kez`r eoiusedobs, l`r`nbs,
bxtr`htds, pdg`f`s d h`t`pk`sg`s.
2.8.=. EOIRXEDOBX FB SK@OV@X GBFEHEO@KBX
K` eoiuseøo bs k` idrg` gàs hdgüo y sbohekk` fb utekez`r y `prdvbhm`r k`s prdpebf`fbs
fb k`s pk`ot`s gbfeheo`kbs. @ k` mdr` fb hdgpr`r pk`ot`s gbfeheo`kbs dpt` pdr k`s qub sb
bohubotr`o ` ar`obk bo kua`r fb k`s qub bstào y` bo ndkset`s. K` h`otef`f bstàof`r qub sb
subkb utekez`r fb pk`ot` gbfeheo`k bs fb uo` huhm`r`fet` (uods 2 ar) pdr t`z` (>33 gk) bo
bk h`sd fb qub k` pk`ot` bstå sbh`, se bs irbsh` obhbset`ràs bk fdnkb fb h`otef`f.
´X`nç`s qub, se utekez`s v`re`s pk`ot`s festeot`s bo k` gesg` prbp`r`heøo, åst` rbhenb bk
odgnrb fb tese`o`4
Ro` dpheøo p`r` bofukz`r k`s eoiusedobs y tese`o`s bs bk serdpb fb `a`vb.
Høgd m`hbr uo` eoiuseøo fb pk`ot`s gbfeheo`kbs
K`s eoiusedobs k`s pdfbgds bk`ndr`r
bk`ndr`r fb fds idrg`s< bo irçd d bo h`kebotb.
Eoiuseøo bo irçd< bo uo` t`z` pdobgds k` mebrn` gbfeheo`k y `ð`fegds `au` `
tbgpbr`tur` `gnebotb. V`p`gds y fbl`gds `sç fur`otb = mdr`s d tdf` k` odhmb.
Hdk`gds y pdfbgds bofukz`r hdo stbve`, serdpb fb y`høo, fb àa`vb, h`obk`, p`obk`, d
eohkusd pubfbs `ð`fer uo`s adtet`s fb kegøo. @sç `prdvbhm`gds `k gàxegd kds
preohepeds `htevds fb k` pk`ot`.
Eoiuseøo bo h`kebotb< pdobgds k` pk`ot` gbfeheo`k bo k` t`z` y pdobs ` h`kbot`r bk `au`,
`otbs fb qub v`y` ` mbrver bhm`gds bk `au` bo k` tt`z`.
`z`. V`p`gds y fbl`gds rbpds`r botrb
8 y 03 geoutds. Fbspuås hdk`gds, bofukz`gds se `sç kd fbsb`gds y nbnbgds pdhd `
pdhd hu`ofd sb m` boire`fd. Eau`kgbotb, fb bst` gesg` idrg` t`gneåo pubfbs prbp`r`r
Vå, qub sb rb`kez` hdo k` pk`ot` H`gbkke` Xeoboses.
ROEF@F BFRH@VEY@ AR@S@^@
AR@S@^@
‘ GD^@XSROAD ‘ S@OAR@ ‘ HDVDS@]E
@.G. 33=0-35 FBK 31 ‘ 38 ‘ >335
VBKI. 38-8365209
S`rtebofd fb uo` fb bst`s fds idrg`s fb prbp`r`r k`s eoiusedobs y kds tås, t`gneåo
pubfbs m`hbr Vå mbk`fd, hdo mebkd d kegdo`f`s hdo pk`ot`s gbfeheo`kbs hdgd bst`
kegdo`f` hdo febotb fb kbøo qub rbsukt` guy
gu y nbobieheds` p`r` k` s`kuf.
Bs egpdrt`otb qub od dkvefbs bk p`sd bo bk qub t`p`gds k` eoiuseøo uo` vbz eohdrpdr`f`
bk `au` p`r` qub `sç od sb bv`pdrbo y sb pebrf`o oe kds `hbetbs bsbohe`kbs oe kds
preohepeds `htevds. @sç ods `sbaur`gds
`sbaur`gds fb qub `prdvbhm`
`prdvbhm`gds
gds tdf`s k`s ndof`fbs qub
ods dirbhbo k`s mebrn`s gbfeheo`kbs.
Bs `hdosbl`nkb od utekez`r `züh`r nk`ohd d rbieo`fd oe s`h`reo` p`r` bofukz`r k`s
eoiusedobs oe kds tås, `fbgàs fb sbr guy pbrlufehe`kbs p`r` k` s`kuf sdo `fehtevds.
Bstà tdt`kgbotb fbs`hdosbl`fd utekez`r bk gehrddof`s p`r` h`kbot`r bk `au`.
2.8.5. ROAÜBOVDX, SDG@F@X, H^BG@X, HDXGÅVEHDX U DV^DX.
Kds uoaûbotds sdo prbp`r`hedobs hdo uo usd gbfeheo`k d hdsgåtehd. Xb h`r`htbrez`o pdr
bst`r hdostetuefds fb uo` gbzhk` mbhm` hdo uo` n`sb fb ar`s`s d `hbetbs, qub f`rà k`
tbxtur`, hdo uo` pk`ot` hdo prdpebf`fbs gbfeheo`kbs.
K`s fds sust`ohe`s pbrgetbo qub bk rbgbfed `kh`ohb k` suiehebotb sdkefbz hdgd p`r` qub
pubf` sbr `pkeh`fd
`pkeh`fd bo usd tøp
tøpehd,
ehd, bs fbh
fbher,
er, bxtbro`gbotb y kd
kdh`kgbotb
h`kgbotb bo k` pebk.
Od sb fekuybo hdo k`s
k `s sbhrbhedobs fb k` pebk, seod qub idrg`o uo` h`p` prdtbhtdr` sdnrb
bst`.
Gebotr`s qub k`s hrbg`s hdotebobo `au`, kds uoaûbotds od, t`o sdkd ar`s`s d `hbetbs. Ro
blbgpkd pubfb sbr bk kàpez fb k`neds hdsgåtehd. Bst` hdgpdseheøo sb feibrbohe` fb k`s
hrbg`s, qub sdo keabr`s y su`vbgbotb `hbetds`s, fb idrg` qub sb iuofbo hdo k`s
sbhrbhedobs fb k` pebk y kds preohepeds `htevds qub hdotebobo pubfbo sbr `nsdrnefds `
tr`vås fb bst`.
´HØGD XB S^BS@^@ RO ROARBOVD4
G`tbre`kbs

233 ar`gds fb v`sbkeo` d p`r`ieo`. Xb pubfb utekez`r k` fbsteo`f` ` kds k`neds,
qub sb `fquebrb bo tebof`s y supbrgbrh`fds.
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