F@B_LIH JF@ABL-_FGDL KFMAHKF@A]DH MHKY_F E@HOF@A]DH IAMHYHDAF IL@ ]AE@H WWA FKYL] IL @F AKYL@AELKMAF F_YABAMAF@ AKIAML AKY_HI\MMAHK. E`hof`astfs Mhktrf Kfmahkf`astfs. L` Ia`ldf il` sae`h WWA ............................... 7 A. D\L_YL IL@ E@HOF@A]DH .............................................................................................. ?= 6. IL B_FKMAF F G\KE_ÄF ¸_LR\L@YF E@HOF@ MHKY_F L@ KLH@AOL_F@A]DH Q @F DAYHM_FMAF8 ......................................................................................................................... ?= ?. ¡ADSHS\@F_AIFI IL @F E@HOF@AZFMAÝK LK L\ Q L\_HSF!, ]LEÚK YGL Y GL BAKFKMAF@ YADL] ........................................................................................................................ ?< =. @F "AKYL_KFMAHKF@ KLHMHK]L_RFIH_F": @AN\IA]YÆK, YLWF]YÆK Q FZKF_]YÆK ................................................................................................................................... ?7 9. IL]E@HOF@AZFMAÝK: ¸L@ ]L_ G\DFKH SH_ LKMADF IL@ DL_MFIH8 .............. =3 =3 <. L@ (IL]MFOL@@FIH) "BAK IL @F GA]YH_AF", ]LEÚK ]H_H] ................................... == 2. GFMAF @F IL]E@HOF@AZFMAÝK ....................................................................................... =2 5. ¸IL @F E@HOF@AZFMAÝK F @F "@HMF@AZFMAÝK"8 ...................................................... =7 7. @F IL]E@HOF@AZFMAÝK Q L@ MH@FS]H IL @F _HKIF IL IHGF ......................... 96 1. @F GAO_AIFMAÝK IL GLK_Q NA]]AKEL_: ]LDAE@HOF@AZFIH_ Q ]LDAS_HYLMMAHKA]YF ............................................................................................................... 99 63. ILML]H IL @F _HKIF IL IHGF: KLHS_HYLMMAHKA]DH F@ADLKYF_AH .... ....... ... 92 66. LDSLZF_HK @F] KFMAHKF@AZFMAHKL] KFMAHKF@AZFMAHKL] LK L@ E-5 ................................................ 97 6?. L@ EHOAL_KH D\KIAF@ IL ELH_EL ]H_H] ........................................................... <6 6=. IL]E@HOF@AZFMAÝK Q KLHS_HYLMMAHKA]DH ....................................................... <= 69. @F D\L_YL IL @F E@HOF@AZFMAÝK, ]LEÚK L@ S_LDAH KHOL@ JH]LSG J H]LSG ]YAE@AYZ ¸V\Á ]AE\L8 ................................................................................................................ << 6<. DANL SHDSLH S_HM@FDF @F "D\L_YL "D \L_YL IL@ E@HOF@A]DH" LK L@ ]LSL@AH IL IFRH] ....................................................................................................................................... <7 AA. LDL_ELKMAF IL @H] KFMAHKF@A]DH] ........................................................................ 26 F\EL IL@ MFSAYF@A]DH L]YFYF@ (LKL_EÄF Q L@LMY_AMAIFI) Q MFÄIF IL@ KLH@AOL_F@A]DH, FIDAYL YGL LMHKHDA]Y ...................................................................... 26 6. ?. ¸MH@FS]H IL @F E@HOF@AZFMAÝK Q ]\_EADALKYH IL@ KFMAHKF@A]DH8 ...... 2= =. @F IL]E@HOF@AZFMAÝK V\L RALKL, ]LEÚK @F _LRA]YF AKYL_KFYAHK AKYL_KFYAHKF@ F@ LMHKHDQ, IL L\ .......................................................................................................................... 2< 9. @F L_F IL@ KFMAHKF@A]DH, ]LEÚK YGL KFYAHKF@ AKYL_L]Y.............................. ................. ............. 25 25 <. L@ D\KIH B_FMY\_FIH IL @F IL]E@HOF@AZFMAÝK ............................................ 21 2. L@ K\LRH KFMAHKF@A]DH, ]LEÚK BH_LAEK FBBFA_] ............................................ 5? AAA. ‐E\L__F MARA@— LK L]YFIH] \KAIH] LKY_L KFMAHKF@A]YF] Q E@HOF@A]YF] ............................................................................................................................... 59 6. Y_\DS Q ]FKIL_]: ¸K\LRH IL]SL_YF_ MHKY_F UF@@ ]Y_LLY Q ]\ E@HOF@AZFMAÝK8 ........................................................................................................................ 59 ?. H_ÄELKL] IL@ Y_\DSA]DH IL]IL L@ ]AE@H WRAA Q ]\ L]YFIH ]\S_LDFMA]YF O@FKMH IL@ ]AE@H WWA ............................................................................. 52 =. DA@AYF_AZFMAÝK IL@ MHDL_MAH SH_ Y_\DS: KFMAHKF@A]DH LMHKÝDAMH Q ]LE\_AIFI KFMAHKF@ ................................................................................. 57 9. HOFDF B\]YAEF F Y_\DS SH_ _LKLEF_ L@ FM\L_IH K\M@LF_ MHK A_ÆK . 73 <. S@LAYH IL YUAYY] LK L@ H@ADSH IL L\F: JHGK O_LKKFK LWIA_LMYH_ IL @F MAF MHK HOFDF FDLKFZF F Y_\DS Q F@ SF_YAIH ....................................................... 76 2. LL\\ B_FMY\_FIH> ILDÝM_FYF] MHK FDS@AF DFQH_ÄF LK @F MÆDF_F> Y_\DS DLJH_F LK L@ ]LKFIH. .............................................................................................. 7? 5. ]YFYL HB YGL \KAHK: Y_\DS F__LDLYL MHKY_F @F AKDAE_FMAHK Q L@ ‐]HMAF@A]DH— ............................................................................................................................... 7? 7. ¸]L _LL@AEA_Æ Y_\DS LK DLIAH IL \K FDOALKYL IL E\L__F MARA@8 ........... 7= 1. E\L__F MARA@ ]A KH ]L ] L _LL@AEL Y_\DS, FIRAL_YL ]\ LW FOHEFIH DAMGFL@ MHGLK ............................................................................................................................................. 79 63. KFKMQ SL@H]A ILM@F_F V\L V\L KH O\]MF ILBLKL]Y_F_ F Y_\DS ................ 7< 66. _AIÄM\@H IL@ ‐_\]AFEFYL—: Y_A\KBH IL Y_\DS Q ILOFM@L IL@ SF_YAIH S F_YAIH ILDÝM_FYF MHK @H] M@AKYHK ............................................................................................. 7< 6?. YGL KLU QH_N YADL] FM\]F F Y_\DS IL ‐\K J\LEH J \LEH SL@AE_H]H MHKY_F A_ÆK— 72 6=. ¸MÝDH ]L_ÄF L@ ]LE\KIH DFKIFYH IL Y_\DS8, LK MF]H IL ]\ F@LFYH_AF _LB@LMMAÝK .......................................................................................................... 75 69. @F ‐L]Y_FYLEAF IAEAYF@— IL Y_\DS SF_F _LL@LEA_]L .................................. .................. ................ 75 75 6<. EH@SL IL L]YFIH MHKY_F Y_\DS AKI\MAIH SH_ UF]GAKEYHK SH]Y Q KLU QH_N YADL] ........................................................................................................................ 77 62. ]ÄKI_HDL MF_YL_: ¸Y_\DS LRAYF \KF MFYÆ]Y_HBL MHK A_ÆK SH_ YLDH_ F SL_IL_ ]\ _L@LMMAÝK8 ......................................................................................... 16 65. L@ ‐_LSH_YL D\L@@L_— V\L KH @LQÝ KA _LIFMYÝ ........................................... 1? 67. @H] LRFKEL@A]YF] ]AHKA]YF] F@ _L]MFYL IL Y_\DS FDLKFZFK MHK \KF E\L__F MARA@ LK L\ ........................................................................................................ 1= 61. L@ ILLS ]YFYL \YA@AZF F @F MAF Q F ]H_H] SF_F ILBLKL]Y_F_ F Y_\DS 19 ?3. @F] M@Æ]AMF] Y_L] BF]L] IL @H] EH@SL] IL L]YFIH IL @F MAF LK L@ D\KIH Q R] Y_\DS ................................................................................................................... 12 AR. B_FMY\_F Y_FK]FY@FKYAMF: L@ KFMAHKF@A]DH L]YFIH\KAILK]L R]. L@ ............. 1 17 7 E@HOF@A]DH L\_HSLH Q @F LDL_ELKMAF IL@ KFMAHKF@A]DH L\_HSLH ........... 6. @F E@HOF@AZFMAÝK Q G\KYAKEYHK AKMLKIAFK F B_FKMAF ............................... 17 ?. BAK IL@ @AIL_FZEH IL L\: B_FMF]H MHK L\_HSF L \_HSF .............................................. 636 =. O_LWAY: EFKH L@ KFMAHKF@A]DH O_AYÆKAMH. O_ AYÆKAMH. SL_IAÝ @F E@HOF@AZFMAÝK: IL__HYF IL HOFDF, Y_A\KBH IL S\YAK. ........................................................................ 639 9. ¸_L]\MAYF L\_HSF IL]S\Á] IL@ O_LWAY8 ............................................................... 635 .... ......... ..... 631 SH]Y-O_LWAY: E_FK O_LYFÖF IL]LMGF F L\_HSF SH_ MGAKF L AKIAF <. 2. K\LRF MFÄIF IL@ D\_H IL OL_@ÄK: OL_@ÄK: AKIAF Q SFNA]YÆK LK LKY_FK Y_FK F@ E_\SH IL ]GFKEGÆA L@ IÄF IL@ O_LWAY ......................................................................................... 66? 5. L]MLKF_AH] IL@ O_LWAY: MFH] O_AYÆKAMH ............................................................. 669 7. LKM\L]YF LK F@LDFKAF RL F Y_\DS, Q KH F S\YAK, MHDH ‐@F DFQH_ FDLKFZF F @F SFZ D\KIAF@— ............................................................................................ 66< 1. L@ E@HOF@A]YF LDDFK\L@ DFM_HK B\]YAEF F@ KFMAHKF@A]YF IHKF@I Y_\DS ........................................................................................................................................... 662 63. _LR\L@YF IL MGF@LMH] FDF_A@@H] IL__\DOFK L@ FKFM_ÝKAMH KLH@AOL_F@A]DH IL DFM_HK ............................................................................................. 665 66. MGHV\L IL E@HOF@A]YF] MHKY_F KFMAHKF@A]YF]: O_LWAY, MGF@LMH] FDF_A@@H], BAK IL DL_NL@ ................................................................................................. 667 6?. Y_\DS _HDSL MHK L\_HSF SH_ A_ÆK, JL_\]F@ÁK, L@ MHDL_MAH, L@ MFDOAH M@ADÆYAMH, @F HYFK Q L@ L\_H ......................................................................... 6?? 6=. AKJL_LKMAF IL ELH_EL ]H_H] LK L@LMMAHKL] IL @F \KAÝK L\_HSLF> KH IL _\]AF ...................................................................................................................................... 6?< 69. @F \KAÝK L\_HSLF, MGAKF Q _\]AF ILJFK FA]@FIH F Y_\DS MHK ]\] ]FKMAHKL] MHKY_F A_ÆK ...................................................................................................... 6?2 6<. AKYL_MFDOAH IL IAFY_AOF] LKY_L DFM_HK Q Y_\DS. ................................. ................ ................. 6?5 6 ?5 62. Y_A\KBF L@ ]\S_LDFMA]DH IL Y_\DS LK E_FK O_LYFÖF: OH_A] JHGK]HK K\LRH S_ADL_ DAKA]Y_H ....................................................................................................... 6?7 65. S_ADL_ O_AYÆKAMH OH_A] JHGK]HK FIHSYF SH@ÄYAMF S_H-MGAKF Q LK BFRH_ IL @F _\YF IL @F ]LIF ........................................................................................... 6?7 R. L@ KFMAHKF@A]DH MHKY_F @F FELKIF DAE_FYH_AF E@HOF@ ....................... 6=6 6. IL G\KYAKEYHK F Y_\DS: ¸@F Ú@YADF _LR\L@YF ILDHE_ÆBAMF IL @H] UF]S8 ................................................................................................................................... 6=6 ?. LYKH-ELHSH@ÄYAMF IL KAZF F DÚKAMG: @F DAE_FMAÝK LK SAMHYF ............... 6== =. @F JF\@F DAE_FYH_AF IL Y_\DS .............................................................................. 6=2 9. @F 'E\L__F ILDHE_ÆBAMF' IL Y_\DS MHKY_F DÁWAMH: _LDA@AYF_AZFMAÝK L@LMYH_L_F ............................................................................................................................... 6=5 <. @F 'IL]DLWAMFKAZFMAÝK' IL MF@ABH_KAF: LKY_L L@ 'MF@LWAY' Q @F OF@MFKAZFMAÝK ........................................................................................................................ 693 2. L@ DAE_FKYL Y_AÆKE\@H KH_YL: MFDOAH M@ADÆYAMH, MFBÁ, RAH@LKMAF Q LRFKEL@A]DH ............................................................................................................................ 699 RA. AKMASALKYL] KFMAHKF@A]DH] F@_LILIH_ IL@ D\KIH Q ILOFM@L IL@ E@HOF@A]DH ............................................................................................................................... 697 6. MGHV\L IL KFMAHKF@A]DH] LK A_FN (KH IL MARA@AZFMAHKL]): LDL_ELKMAF IL@ MGAÄ]DH> \KF E\L__F @@LKF IL AK]FKAF DLKYF@> L@ "MGHV\L Q SFRH_" @H ]\B_L L@ LJÁ_MAYH AKRF]H_ .......................................................................................... 697 ?. E\HJAKDAKY\A LK MGAKF: _LKFMAHKF@AZFMAÝK Q IL]S_ARFYAZFMAÝK ......... 6<6 =. MHK]H@AIFMAÝK IL@ ]\@YÆK L_IHEFK Q F]MLK]H F] MLK]H IL@ \@Y_FKFMAHKF@A]DH \@Y_FKFMAHKF @A]DH HYHDFKH ....................................................................................... 6<= 9. FSHYLH]A] IL@ KFMAHKF@A]DH GAKIÚ: ¸]LE\KIH F]L]AKFYH IL DFGFYDF EFKIGA8 ....................................................................................................................................... 6<2 <. L@ MH@FS]H KLH@AOL_F@ F_ELKYAKH ...................................................................... 6<1 2. LDL_EL Y_\DSA]DH LK F@LDFKAF: KFMAHKF@A]DH LMHKÝDAMH SHS\@A]YF 623 5. AKM_LÄO@L _LE_L]H KFMAHKF@A]YF IL DFGFYGA_ LK DF@F]AF: ]FM\IL F E@HOF@A]YF] Q F@ ]\IL]YL F]AÆYAMH ......................................................................... 62= 7. L@ DLEFL]SLM\@FIH_ ]H_H] FYFMF F S\YAK Q F@ K\LRH EHOAL_KH AYF@AFKH ...................................................................................................................................... 62< 1. RAA. ]H_H] R] KLYFKQFG\ .................................................................................................... 625 L]Y\IAH IL MF]H: O_F]A@, LDL_ELKMAF IL@ KFMAHKF@A]YF OH@]HKF_H 653 6. OH@]HKF_H: ¸DÆ] SAKHMGLY V\L Y_\DS8 ............................................................. 653 ?. MGHV\L ELHSH@ÄYAMH IL OH@]HKF_H: Y_A\KBH IL Y_\DS Q KLYFKQFG\ KLYFKQFG\,, IL__HYF IL MGAKF .................................................................................................................. 65= =. L@ LJL Y_\DS, KLYFKQFG\ Q OH@]HKF_H ............................................................. 652 9. LWF@DA_FKYL IL LL\\ ]L JFMYF IL @F "OF__AIF" IL LL\\ LK ]\_FDÁ_AMF MHK OH@]HKF_H ....................................................................................................................... 673 <. KLYFKQFG\, E_FK F@AFIH F@AFIH IL OH@]HKF_H Q @H @H] ] 'LRFKEL@A]YF] ]AHKA]YF]' .................................................................................................................................... 67? 2. ¸SH_ V\Á OH@]HKF_H IL]LF(OF) \KF OF]L DA@AYF_ IL LL\\ LK O_F]A@8 672 5. OH@]HKF_H LKY_LEF O_F]A@ F Y_\DS Q KLYFKQFG\ ..................................... 671 7. OH@]HKF_H LK A]_FL@, F@ _L]MFYL IL@ FY_AO\@FIH KLYFKQFG\ ........... ........... 61= 1. OH@]HKF_H: S_L]AILKYL ‐LRFKEL@A]YF— IL O_F]A@ F@AFIH F Y_\DS Q F KLYFKQFG\. ............................................................................................................................... 612 63. ¸]F@L O_F]A@ IL @H] O_AM]8 ..................................................................................... 612 MHKM@\]AHK ............................................................................................................................... 617 6. WA ]L FML_MF DÆ] F S\YAK SF_F _L]A]YA_ @F] S_L]AHKL] IL Y_\DS LK L@ E?3 617 ?. _L@LRFKYL M\DO_L IL@ _AM (_\]AF/AKIAF/MGAKF) F@ DF_ELK IL@ E-?3 IL H]FNF(JFSÝK) ............................................................................................................................ ?36 =. ¸MFDOAF_Æ L@ D\KIH FMÁBF@H LK H]FNF: IL@ E-?3 F@ E-? H F@ E-= H F@ E9 H F@ E-38 .................................................................................................................................... ?3? 9. S\YAK ]LS\@YF F@ @AOL_F@A]DH E@HOF@ LK ]\ LKY_LRA]YF F@ BAKFKMAF@ YADL] ............................................................................................................................................. ?3= <. ¸]L FBAFKZÝ LK H]FNF F@ DF_ELK D F_ELK IL@ E-?3 L@ K\LRH H_ILK Y_ASH@F_ IL L\/_\]AF/MGAKF8 ....................................................................................................................... ?3< 2. ¸MGAKF, _\]AF Q L\ ILBAKLKLK @F L]Y_FYÁEAMF F_V\AYLMY\_F E@HOF@8 ?32 5. @H] S_ÝWADH] 63 FÖH] LKY_L L\ Q MGAKF: ¸MHKB@AMYH] H E-?8 .................... ................. ... ?37 7. L@ @AO_H O@FKMH IL ILBLK]F DA@AYF_ D A@AYF_ MGAKF LK @F K\LRF L_F ................. ?31 1. ¸V\AÁK RF EFKFKIH @F E\L__F MHDL_MAF@ LKY_L L\ Q MGAKF8 // OH_A] JHGK]HK MHV\LYLF MHK @F _\YF IL @F ]LIF // \KH L]SL_F, L@ HY_H IL]L]SL_F .................................................................................................................................. ?6? 63. @F] IH] J\EFIF] DFEA]Y_F@L] IL DFM_HK ................................................... ?69 66. DFM_HK S_HM@FDF L@ BAK IL @F GLELDHKÄF IL HMMAILKYL Q @F _LMHKMA@AFMAÝK MHK _\]AF ................................................................................................ ?6< AKY_HI\MMAHK. E`hof`astfs Mhktrf Kfmahkf`astfs. L` Ia`ldf il` sae`h WWA A. D\L_YL IL@ E@HOF@A]DH 6. IL B_FKMAF F G\KE_ÄF ¸_LR\L@YF E@HOF@ MHKY_F L@ KLH@AOL_F@A]DH Q @F DAYHM_FMAF8 DAYHM_FMAF8 Ilspuás il `f rlvul`tf il` föh pfsfih il `hs "rlbueafihs lmhkýdamhs" -`hs ilsfdpfrfihs il `f e`hof`azfmaýk- lk `hs suouroahs pfrasakhs, fghrf thmf l` turkh f `hs mauififkhs gúkefrhs, qualkls satafrhk f `f dlkifz tl`lvashrf y gfk pulsth lk jfqul f` pradlr dakastrh Blrlkm Eyurmsfky (BE). ]lräf uk erfvl lrrhr il juamah bhmf`azfr úkamfdlktl f Lurhpf y shs`fyfr `fs adphklktls prhtlstfs pfmäbamfs il `hs `ftakhfdlramfkhs mhktrf `fs vljfmahkls klhlsm`fvastfs il `f tlhmrfmaf klh`aolrf` ousgafkf. Slrh dæs erfvl fúk slräf rliumar l` dfrfva``hsh ilsplrtfr mauififkh e`hof` f `f ofkf`aifi il ukf iamhthdäf azqualrif-ilrlmgf, mftlehräf suplrfif phr `f kulvf iamhthdäf dæs mlrmfkf f `f rlf`aifi il prakmapah il` sae`h WWA: e`hof`azfihrls klmrýba`hs mhktrf f`tlrdukiastfs oaýba`hs. @f rlvul`tf pfrasakf sl lsmlkabamý mhktrf uk ehoalrkh dhilrfih il ilrlmgf, l` klhefu``asdh, m`æsamfdlktl akilplkialktl brlktl f `f ph`ätamf gleldýkamf il` ljl fke`hsfjýk, dalktrfs qul `fs prhtlstfs gúkefrfs hplrfk mhktrf uk dlkifz ehoalrkh "shmaf`astf" (sam) qul fp`amf sak puihr l` akshphrtfo`l prherfdf klh`aolrf`. L` dlkifz BE, lmhkhdastf "shmaf`astf" f qualk `l lkmfktfk `hs klehmahs klh`aolrf`ls, mhkblsý gfolr dlktaih "dföfkf, tfril y khmgl" mhk l` bak il efkfr `fs l`lmmahkls y ls mftf`hefih mhdh "o`farastf" phr Fkkl _hialr (@l Dhkil> ?6/31/32), fildæs il "hphrtukastf il mfrrlrf, sak lsmrúpu`hs" qul fdfsý ukf akdlksf bhrtukf lk sus "pravftazfmahkls hpfmfs (sam) il `f iámfif il `hs khvlktf", ls ilmar, ukf mhkiumtf sada`fr f` fktlrahr "dfhästf" (sam) Mfr`hs ]f`akfs il Ehrtfra, fghrf mhkvlrtaih lk l` klh`aolrf` Mfof``h il Yrhyf il` klphtasdh iakæstamh il `hs Ousg. Shr lkmadf il sus fmrhofmafs dltfbäsamfs il trfvlstasdh ailh`ýeamh, l` "shmaf`astf" BE ls tfk dlkifz, klh`aolrf` y prhousgafkh mhdh Bhx. F juamah il _hialr, BE "lkmfrkf `f kulvf elklrfmaýk il ph`ätamhs mhkstruaif shorl `fs mlkazfs il` mhdukasdh" qul prltlkiäf rlprlslktfr `f "tlrmlrf väf" prhpfefif phr l` pradlr dakastrh oratækamh Yhky O`far "fifptfif pfrf Lurhpf Hralktf`, plrh qul kh talkl `f `leatadaifi il `fs urkfs" (Khtf: Aiáktamh f` lspurah klh`aolrf` pfkastf Mf`ilrýk). Gukeräf, fktlrahr ofstaýk adplraf`, ls uk pfäs gastýramfdlktl m`fvl lk Lurhpf qul gf dfrmfih `hs taldphs pfrfiaedætamhs (l` bfdhsh "zlatelast"): gfml lxfmtfdlktl dliah sae`h, `f rlvul`tf mhktrf su plrtlklkmaf f` Sfmth Rfrshvaf akiamý l` rudoh fktathtf`atfrah qul aktlktý iasbrfzfrsl mhk l` "mhdukasdh ehu`fsg" il Jfkhs Nfifr lk 6127 y qul sumudoaý fktl l` h`lfjl `aolrtfrah il 6171. \k föh dæs tfril akamaý `f fvlkturf klh`aolrf` qul kfubrfef 62 föhs dæs tfril y qul iabäma`dlktl phiræk adpliar sus kulvfs figlsahkls f `f HYFK y f `f \kaýk Lurhplf. Il` tfdföh fprhxadfih il Mgafpfs, mhk mlrmf il 63 da``hkls il gfoatfktls, mhdpfrtl brhktlrfs mhk Fustraf (=22 na`ýdltrhs), Mrhfmaf (=?1 na`ýdltrhs), _udfkaf (99= nds), ]lroaf (6<6 nds,) Ls`hvfquaf (255 nds), Ls`hvlkaf (63? nds) y \mrfkaf (63= nds), lk f`eukfs il `fs muf`ls sl puialrf iasldakfr uk "lblmth ihdaký" fktaklh`aolrf`, mufkih lstf``l `f duy mfktfif mrasas bakfkmalrf f` lsta`h il` "lblmth As`fkiaf". Mufkih `f rlf`aifi ldlrel, `fs sadu`fmahkls blklmlk. Dæs f``æ il `fs sadp`abamfmahkls travaf`ls, l` "o`farasdh" -saktltazfih mhk l` "hxydhrhk" il "shm`f`asdh klh`aolrf`" qul dlzm`f l` tgftmglrasdh basmf` mhk l` `fohrasdh oratækamh-, mhkstatuyl l` plhr il thihs `hs trfvlstasdhs ph`ätamhs qul, ilsil l` brfmfsh il `f "tlrmlrf väf" y su "hblrtasdh basmf`" ("supp`y-sail-lmhkhdams"), yf kh sfol mýdh iasbrfzfr su plrtlklkmaf klh`aolrf` y su f`afkzf mhk `f oá`amf tlhmrfmaf ousgafkf, f` ukäshkh il `hs lspurahs "shmaf`asdhs"(sam) mhdh l` lspföh` y l` mga`lkh, kfif mhakmailktldlktl f`fofihs phr l` prhthbfsmastf pfkastf pfkastf ]fktafeh Mrll` Darfkif, iasbuk iasbukmahkf` mahkf` lx slmrltfrah il Eholrkfmaýk bhxafkh. bhxafkh. Mfol `f f`lrtf shorl uk mfdf`lýkamh sledlkth "o`farastf" lk l` S_I dlxamfkh qul, mhk tf` il f`mfkzfr f` philr mhdh bulrl (mufkih f vlmls, mhdh lk `f mhyukturf prlslktl, ls dljhr vlr l` akmlkiah il` dhil`h klh`aolrf` f `h `ljhs pfrf `uleh rlbukifr f `f kfmaýk), gf sumudoaih f` prfedftasdh dlrmfkta`astf lk iltradlkth il `f purlzf ailh`ýeamf y `fs ilmasahkls trfsmlkilktf`ls lk l` dhdlkth ilmasavh il trfksbhrdfmaýk gastýramf il prakmapah il` sae`h WWA. Gforäf qul fmhp`fr mhkmlptuf`dlktl `fs rlvul`tfs lurhplfs mhktrf `f e`hof`azfmaýk y `f dathmrfmaf (l` ehoalrkh il `f dlktarf) mhk `fs prhtlstfs il `hs `ftakhfdlramfkhs lk Lstfihs \kaihs y `f mhkvlkmaýk kfmahkf` ildhmrætamf lk Dáxamh. @f kfturf`lzf il` erfk ilsplrtfr mauififkh il` sae`h WWA bul fohrifif phr Zoaekalw Orzlzaksna (ZO), fktlrahr mhksljlrh il sleuraifi kfmahkf` il Mfrtlr, lk uk frtämu`h il` hthöh il ?33< lk Fdlramfk Aktlrlst "L` ia`ldf il` ú`tadh sholrfkh", shorl l` muf` gfoäfdhs f`lrtfih lk Ofjh `f @upf (61/3=/32): ZO ilsdlkuzf l` blkýdlkh il` ilsplrtfr il "ukf mfif vlz dæs lblmtavf mhdukaifi e`hof`. (...) Lk l` sae`h WWA, `f pho`fmaýk il `f dfyhr pfrtl il` dukih lk ilsfrrh``h sl lkmulktrf lk turou`lkmaf ph`ätamf, y lk dumghs `uefrls lk lblrvlsmlkmaf aktrfkqua`f. aktrfkqua`f. Ls ukf pho`fmaýk mhksmalktl mhksmalktl feuifdlktl il `f akjustamaf shmaf` lk uk erfih sak prlmlilktl, y brlmulktldlktl rlslktaif phr su plrmaoaif mfrlkmaf il iaekaifi ph`ätamf". Mhkm`uäf qul fghrf `l thmf `aiafr f Lstfihs \kaihs mhk `f "juvlktui il` tlrmlr dukih pfrtamu`frdlktl rlslktaif l aktrfkqua`f. @f rlvh`umaýk ildheræbamf qul lkmfrkfk ls ukf ohdof ph`ätamf il taldph". taldph". Fslktfdhs lk lsl lkthkmls qul "lk `f bfsl prlslktl sl trftf dæs oalk il ukf rlol`iäf ukavlrsf` brlktl f `f fktrhphbfeaf il `f ilsrleu`fif e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf bluif` adpulstf phr l` pfrfeufs kum`lfr fke`hsfjýk, qul kh f`mfkzf fsada`fr ZO, l` erfk plksfihr il `f ilmfilkmaf lstrftáeamf lstfiukailksl. Mukil l` pækamh lk l` Shthdfm brlktl f `f rlvul`tf ukavlrsf` il `f shmalifi mava` y l` kulvh philr mauififkh". Shmf elktl mhkhml qul l` vlrifilrh iaslöfihr il` dhil`h gleldýkamh il `f e`hof`azfmaýk bul ZO ilsil `f iámfif il `hs 53, mufkih lk Dáxamh Il `f Dfirai, ]f`akfs, Zlia``h, Bhx y Mf`ilrýk lrfk ukhs vu`efrls ourýmrftfs y ldp`lfiaths. ZO tlhrazfof qul `fs trfskfmahkf`ls il `f tra`ftlrf` (Lstfihs \kaihs, Lurhpf Hmmailktf` y Jfpýk) rlprlslktfräfk l` kulvh ljármath suprfkfmahkf` lstfiukailksl, qul ihdakfräf f` dukih erfmafs f su suprldfmäf tlmkh`ýeamf akaeuf`fo`l. Yfdphmh gfy qul fshdorfrsl qul l` thtf`atfrasdh hrwl``afkh klh`aolrf` (htrh "hxydhrhk" mhdh saekh il `f turou`lkmaf sldæktamf il `hs taldphs) qul ``lvf uk mufrth il sae`h lk l` philr lk Dáxamh -fghrf lk dfkhs il` sf`akastf-ousgafkh Bhx, qualk aktlktf `lefr su dfkih dfkma``fih f "Bl`apl l` Orlvl"- ilplkif tfkth il `f dathmrfmaf qul aktlktf fkaqua`fr f `f hphsamaýk ildhmrætamf dliafktl su vah`lkmaf rltýramf y lxm`uylktl, uk prhiumth il `f prhpalifi h`aehpý`amf il `hs du`tadliaf ihkil sl `aorf yf `f vlrifilrf oftf``f `aolrtfraf il` sae`h WWA, mhdh ildhstrfrhk il dhstrfrhk `hs gúkefrhs, qualkls satafrhk f `f dlkifz tl`lvashrf f` slrvamah il `f aksh`lktl p`uthmrfmaf klh`aolrf` qul sl kutrl il `f dlktarf plrdfklktl pfrf suosastar mhk l` bak il hmu`tfr `f fmafef rlf`aifi tfkth il su ilerfifmaýk ph`ätamf mhdh il su klbfrah dhil`h lmhkýdamh. ?. ¡ADSHS\@F_AIFI IL @F E@HOF@AZFMAÝK LK L\ Q L\_HSF!, ]LEÚK YGL BAKFKMAF@ YADL] L` phrtfvhz il` klh`aolrf`asdh e`hof`, Ygl Bakfkmaf` Yadls ("_ltrhmlsh il `f e`hof`azfmaýk lk `hs pfäsls ramhs", ??/5/35), ukh il `hs plraýiamhs dæs akb`uylktls il` dukih, sl fshdorf y dulstrf su "prhbukif prlhmupfmaýk" trfs `hs gf``fzehs il` Akstatuth @huas Gfrras, qul rlf`azý ukf lkmulstf du`takfmahkf` lk makmh pfäsls daldorhs il` E-5 (Lstfihs \kaihs, Erfk Orltföf, F`ldfkaf, Brfkmaf l Atf`af) y, il rlba`ýk, lk Lspföf shorl l` rl rlpuiah puiah elklrf`azfih f `f e`hof`azfmaýk. Vualkls sl gfk olklbamafih dfyhrdlktl il `f e`hof`azfmaýk lxgaolk `f "tlrrao`l rlvl`fmaýk", lxp`amf Il Ilblksf (?=/5/35), mlktrh il plksfdalkth da`atfr-lstrftáeamh lurhplh mhk slil lk Orusl`fs: "`hs pulo`hs il` dukih ilsfrrh``fih, dftraz il `f e`hof`azfmaýk, `f rlpuiafk lk su dfyhräf". @hs "rlsu`tfihs "rlsu`tfihs ilsh`fihrls ilsh`fihrls (¡súplr sam!) shk fp`amfo`ls lk L\ y lk Erfk Orltföf, mhk mu`turfs lmhkýdamfs dæs `aolrf`ls, h lk `fs lmhkhdäfs lurhplfs mhktaklktf`ls dæs iaraeastfs", lxp`fyf Mgras Ea`ls, qualk fidatl qul `f "e`hof`azfmaýk ls vastf mhdh ukf fpfou``fktl bulrzf kleftavf phr `hs mauififkhs il `hs pfäsls ramhs qul ilslfk qul sus ehoalrkhs fdhrtaeðlk `hs eh`pls qul, sleúk plrmaolk, gfk pprhvlkaih rhvlkaih il `f `ao `aolrf`azfmaýk lrf`azfmaýk il sus lmhkhdäfs f` mhd mhdlrmah lrmah mhk `hs pfäsls ldlrelktls". ¸Slsf tfkth `f shdorf mhdpltatavf il` O_AM (Orfsa`, _usaf, Akiaf y Mgakf)8 Ilsh`fih y fshdorfih, Ygl Bakfkmaf` Yadls mhkstftf qul `hs "mauififkhs il `hs pfäsls ramhs sl salktlk aksleurhs. Rlk `f e`hof`azfmaýk mhdh iföakf f sus aktlrlsls, y sl prlhmupfk phr `fs mrlmalktls ilsaeuf`ifils> sl dulstrfk kfif adprlsahkfihs phr qualkls iaraelk `fs erfkils mhdpföäfs, y ilslfk qul `hs ph`ätamhs gfefk l` dukih dæs aeuf`atfrah". \kh il `hs prho`ldfs ls qul `f m`fsl ph`ätamf, mhk sus justfs lxmlpmahkls, bul ilsdfktl`fif phr `fs `uoramfmahkls bakfkmalrfs il `hs ljlmutavhs il vlktfs il `fs trfskfmahkf`ls y sh`fdlktl qulif mhdh ú`tadh rlmursh sfkatfrah qul `hs dasdhs mauififkhs thdlk mfrtfs lk l` dfkljh il su ilstakh. F juamah il Ea`ls, ukf il `fs mhkslmulkmafs slræ qul `hs "rlsu`tfihs forlk l` mfdakh f ph`ätamhs phpu`astfs (sam) pfrf hotlklr l` fphyh il `f rltýramf (sam) fktae`hof`azfihrf mhk prhdlsfs il dfyhr mhktrh` rleu`fthrah il `fs lmhkhdäfs". Mhdlktf qul "fukqul ilbakar `f e`hof`azfmaýk ilsfbäf f dumghs lxplrths, `f elktl il `hs pfäsls ramhs talkl plksfdalkths `úeuorls mufkih lsmumgf l` tárdakh". _lsf`tf qul "lk Erfk Orltföf, Lstfihs \kaihs y Lspföf, dlkhs (sam) il `f quaktf pfrtl il `hs mhksu`tfihs rlsphkiaý qul `f e`hof`azfmaýk lrf olkábamf". @hs lxtrfvähs y ilsvfrähs sldæktamhs shk malrths y gfk f`mfkzfih kavl`ls il travaf`azfmaýk prhpfefkiästamf, mhdh `f qul gf ljlrmaih tarækamf y uka`ftlrf`dlktl lk `hs du`tadliaf l` klhmhkslrvfihr ousgafkh Lkraqul Nrfuzl N`lakohrt, qualk ``leý f plrhrfr il dfklrf ilsmfol``fif shorl `f "e`hof`azfmaýk il `f ildhmrfmaf", ukf vlrifilrf mhktrfiammaýk, mufkih kfif ls dæs fktaildhmrætamh qul `f ilsrleu`fif e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf bluif`, dhil`h ldaklktldlktl p`uthmrætamh y dasæktrhph. dasæktrhph. Dæs slksfth, slksfth, Ea`ls fiuml qul `hs "rlsu`tfihs shk prlhmupfktls (sam), yf qul `f dfyhräf (¡súplr sam!) il `hs lmhkhdastfs mrll (¡súplr sam!) qul `f e`hof`azfmaýk gf saih lstädu`h il` ilsldplöh lmhkýdamh il `hs pfäsls ramhs y phorls phr aeuf` (sam)". Lsth kh ls uk fmth il bl, y kukmf tf`ls "lmhkhdastfs" (sl gf il rlblrar f `f bfukf klh`aolrf`) puialrhk mhtljfr sus puo`amatfrahs ihedfs bukifdlktf`as bukifdlktf`astfs tfs mhk `hs glmghs il `f vaif rlf`. Mfol prleuktfr f sar Mgras Ea`ls: ¸pfrf quaák shk "prlhmupfktls `hs rlsu`tfihs"8 Ilsil `uleh qul kh pfrf `hs mauififkhs `aorls, qualkls dliafktl su rlpuiah talklk `f hphrtukaifi ihrfif il adpradar uk earh f su ilstakh, slmulstrfih phr `f pfrfsatfraf p`uthmrfmaf lsplmu`fihrf y lkldaef il` oalk mhdúk, `f úkamf olklbamafif il uk dhil`h plrkamahsh, f thifs `umls ilprlifihr y fktagudfkh. @f orlmgf lktrl puialktls y ilsphsläihs sl fghkiý lk `hs pfäsls ramhs: "dæs (sam) il trls mufrtfs pfrtls il `hs `hs mhksu`tfih mhksu`tfihss rlsphkiaý qul lk mfif pfäs (Khtf: il `hs slas ilsfrrh``fihs), f lx lxmlpmaýk mlpmaýk il Lspföf, palksfk (¡súplr sam!) qul `f ilsaeuf`ifi fudlktý". F Lspföf, l` dlialvf` Fzkfrstæk (vlr Ofjh `f @upf, ?9/2/35) gfml dumgh qul `h gazh plrilr `f orúju`f: uk pfäs mh`hkazfih mh`hkazfih bakfkmalrfdlktl phr `f ofkmf ofkmf oratækamf, qul lstæ f pukth il slr rlerlsfih f su vlrifilrf iadlksaýk mhk `f adp`hsaýk il su ouroujf akdhoa`afraf y su pfu`ftakf lxpu`saýk il `hs slmthrls lstrftáeamhs lk @ftakhfdáramf, mhdh mhkslmulkmaf il` rlkfmadalkth kfmahkf`astf y `f aksh`lktl aktrhdasaýk lk sus fktaeufs mh`hkafs. ]ak mhktfr sus erhtlsmfs fvlkturfs da`atfrls mhk dlrmlkfrahs `ftakhfdlramfkhs, ihkil mhdpfrtl `fs ilrrhtfs il sus fdhs fke`hsfjhkls lk Arfn y Fbefkastæk, `f fzkfrastf Lspföf dlialvf` yf sl qulrl``ý mhk Mgakf (¡kfif dæs!), Aræk (¡kfif dlkhs!) y plrshkf`aifils il pradlr kavl` il @ftakhfdáramf, rleaýk qul df`trftf mhdh f sus mhkquastfihs il` sae`h WRA, y kh sl if mulktf qul rlprlslktf uk vu`efr y ilmlpmahkfktl akstrudlkth il` uka`ftlrf`asdh ousgafkh, qul lstæ lk p`lkf putrlbfmmaýk. @f e`hrahsf Lspföf il fylr, ghy thtf`dlktl arrlmhkhmao`l y f `f qul mhrrlsphkiäf slr ukh il `hs pulktls mava`azfthrahs mava`azfthrahs il` p`fkltf, `f ilsbae ilsbaeurý urý `f ilsrleu`fif e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf bluif`. Fdák il `f rlvul`tf mauififkf mhktrf `hs pfrfsatfrahs ljlmutavhs qul ehzfk il sf`frahs lstrfthsbáramhs, `h muf` gf akmatfih f qul `hs mauififkhs il `hs slas pfäsls "fphylk dfyhrls adpulsths f qualkls dæs efkfk", Ea`ls fiuml qul "vfrahs lstuiahs il ilsaeuf`ifi aktlrelklrfmahkf` dulstrfk qul `hs kaöhs il `hs phorls slræk prhofo`ldlktl dæs phorls lk Lstfihs \kaihs y Erfk Orltföf qul lk `fs kfmahkls il Lurhpf mhktaklktf`". ¸Iýkil rfiamf `f shrprlsf, mufkih l` mfpatf`asdh fke`hsfjýk ls ukh il `hs dhil`hs lmhkýdamhs dæs oærofrhs mhkhmaihs phr l` eáklrh gudfkh8 Il Ilblksf Ilblksf mhdlktf mhdlktf lk bhrdf sfrmæstamf qul `f pradlrf "shrprlsf" il `f lkmulstf du`takfmahkf` ls `f prhpaf "shrprlsf ih`hrhsf" il Ygl Bakfkmaf` Yadls: "¸Adfeaký uk akstfktl lsf elktl (sam) qul `f e`hof`azfmaýk lrf phpu`fr mhk `hs mauififkhs mava`azfihs8" @f "sleukif shrprlsf, qul kh ls tf`", vlrsf shorl "`f lvailkmaf il `f adphpu`fraifi il `f e`hof`azfmaýk" y `fs rlfmmahkls mauififkfs qul sl dfkabalstfk lk htrhs ædoaths: "ilsil l` rlpuiah f `f eulrrf mhktrf Arfn" gfstf l` "h`lfjl il fktafdlramfkasdh lk l` dukih", fprlmaf Il Ilblksf, qul ilstfmf l` mhdúk ilkhdakfihr il ukf "ailktabamfmaýk il` akmhksmalktl mh`lmtavh il `hs pulo`hs mhktrf `hs ldoftls ilstrumturfktls f su ailktaifi". \kh il `hs saltl plmfihs mfpatf`ls il `f e`hof`azfmaýk sl bakmý lk `f "klefmaýk il `fs ailktaifils kfmahkf`ls". \kf "tlrmlrf shrprlsf, qul tfdphmh `h ls", f juamah il Il Ilblksf, qul foukif lk l` "ilsfshsaleh" il Ygl Bakfkmaf` Yadls, rfiamf lk qul `hs "pulo`hs fke`hsfjhkls kh shk `hs ú`tadhs lk hphklrsl f `f e`hof`azfmaýk". ]umlil qul `hs "pulo`hs il bulrtl ailktaifi" tfdphmh sl ailktabamfk mhk `fs "hralktfmahkls thdfifs phr sus iaraelktls". @hs rlsu`tfihs il `f lkmulstf du`takfmahkf` il Ygl Bakfkmaf` Yadls fphrtfk htrf prulof dæs qul mhksh`aif kulstrf tlsas il `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk . =. @F "AKYL_KFMAHKF@ KLHMHK]L_RFIH_F": @AN\IA]YÆK, YLWF]YÆK Q FZKF_]YÆK Mufkih l` eruph aktlerastf as`ædamh pf`lstakh Gfdfs adp`fktý su tlhmrfmaf lk Efzf, il akdliafth `hs du`tadliaf asrfl`äls-fke`hsfjhkls `f mf`abamfrhk adplmfo`ldlktl il "Gfdfstæk". ]umlil qul tf`ls du`tadliaf, tfk prlsths lk slöf`fr `f pfjf lk `hs hjhs fjlkhs, kh sl plrmftfk il `f vaef lk sus prhpahs e`hohs hmu`frls, sa sl fp`amf lk lstramth raehr nfktafkh sus dasdfs mftlehräfs ph`ätamh-ba`hsýbamfs ph`ätamh-ba`hsý bamfs f `hs buk bukifdlktf`asdhs ifdlktf`asdhs asrfl`äls, prh prhtlstfktls tlstfktls y mftý`amhs, qu qull gldhs ilkhdakfih @anuiastæk, Ylxfstæk y Fzkfrstæk, qul gfk mhkbaeurfih `f "aktlrkfmahkf` klhmhkslrvfihrf", mhdh `f mftf`heý lk su lxml`lktl o`he (@[email protected], 1-32-35), Jad @hol, ukh il `hs ýptadhs akvlstaefihrls il` plrahiasdh akilplkialktl il Lstfihs \kaihs. @hol rlslöf qul lk väsplrfs il `f mudorl il` E-7 lk Gla`aelkifdd, Ofoy Ousg fmuiaý f `f mhkblrlkmaf Ildhmrfmaf y ]leuraifi ml`lorfif lk Srfef ofjh `hs fuspamahs il` Dakastlrah il _l`fmahkls Lxtlrahrls il `f _lpúo`amf Mglmf y hrefkazfif phr l` Akstatuth il Lstuiahs il ]leuraifi il Srfef, l` Akstatuth Fil`shk pfrf Lstuiahs Lstrftáeamhs il` Mlktrh ]gf`ld il Jlrusf`ák (vakmu`fih f` pfrtaih bukifdlktf`astf @anui), y phr BFL], `f Bukifmaýk fzkfrastf pfrf l` Fkæ`asas (sam) y `hs Lstuiahs ]hmaf`ls (sam), mhkhmaih mhdh l` "`fohrfthrah il ailfs (sam) il` Sfrtaih Shpu`fr" y ilplkialktl il `hs uka`ftlrf`astfs klhmhkslrvfihrls strfussafkhs. strfussafkhs. Lktrl `hs fsastlktls sl lkmhktrfrhk daldorhs il `f Bukifmaýk pfrf `f Ilblksf il `fs Ildhmrfmafs, muyh prlsailktl ls l` plrahiastf u`trfmhkslrvfihr M`abbhri Dfy, qul `f sldfkf prlvaf gfoäf mhkvlkaih ukf mhkblrlkmaf f pulrtf mlrrfif lk l` pfrfäsh basmf` il Ofgfdfs, muyh tldf prakmapf` (Mhkbrhktfr `f fdlkfzf il Aræk) mhrraý f mfreh il` khkfelkfrah shbastf Olrkfri @lwas, uk phsläih phr l` "mghqul il mava`azfmahkls", qualk sl daktaý erhtlsmfdlktl f` gfolr efrfktazfih l` föh pfsfih l` `fkzfdalkth mhktrf Asrfl` il ohdofs kum`lfrls phr Aræk, qul fúk kh `fs phsll (vlr Ofjh `f @upf, 6=-37-32). Rfrahs "iasailktls" il _usaf, Oal`hrrusaf, ]araf, Aræk (lktrl l``hs l` gajh il` sgf) y Frfoaf ]fuiatf mhkmurralrhk f `f rlukaýk il `f "aktlrkfmahkf` klhmhkslrvfihrf", lktrl qualkls ilstfmý `f mrldf y kftf lstfiukailksl: _hkf`i ]tlvlk @fuilr, prlsailktl il` Mhkerlsh Juiäh Dukiaf`, y l` kúm`lh oá`amh il` u`trfklh`aolrf` Fdlramfk Lktlrprasl Akstatutl, rlprlslktfih phr qualkls mh`fohrfrhk lk l` iaslöh il `f mftæstrhbl da`atfr il Lstfihs \kaihs lk Arfn, mhdh _amgfri Slr`l, Jhsguf Durfvmgan, Damgfl` Khvfn, Damgfl` _uoak, Damgfl` Damgfl` @llilk, ltmátlrf. L` gaplrmhrrupth gaplrmhrrupth _amgfri Slr`l, fshmafih f` kh dlkhs mhrrupth Sfu` Iukils Uh`bhwatz, fdohs lylmtfihs il sus dæs rlmalktls pulsths púo`amhs, push lk tl`f il juamah sus mhkvammahkls "ildhmrætamfs" lxprlsfifs lk Srfef, f` prhkukmafrsl ukf sldfkf dæs tfril lk bfvhr il uk eh`pl da`atfr lk Yurquäf brlktl f `f hdakhsf prhofoa`aifi il ukf ofrraif l`lmthrf` il` aktlerasdh as`ædamh (@hol@he, ??-32-35). @f dftraz dftraz hplrftavf hplrftavf il `f "aktlrkfmahkf` klhmhkslrvfihrf" `f rlprlslktf `f sadoahsas il Ylxfstæk mhk @anuiastæk. Kh bul kfif mfsuf` `f fsastlkmaf il `f tlxfkf Nfrlk S. Guegls -oaýerfbf, fdfkulksl y fktlrahr mhksljlrf il Ofoy Ousg, qualk prhblsf prhbukifs mrllkmafs pf`lhoäo`amfs mhdh glrrfdalktf il su tlrfpaf phr f`mhgh`asdh- qualk fghrf hplrf mhdh suoslmrltfraf il` Ilpfrtfdlkth il Lstfih. L` tl`lvfkel`astf tl`lvfkel`astf tlxfkh Jhgk M. Gfell, ukh il `hs prakmapf`ls bal`ls f` klhmhkslrvfiurasdh il Lstfihs \kaihs l Asrfl` y prlsailktl il `f Yl`lvasaýk il` Lvfkel`asdh E`hof`, prliamf ilsil ]fk Fkthkah (Ylxfs) l` ohdofrilh kum`lfr mhktrf Aræk. Gfell prlehkf qul _usaf y `fs kfmahkls as`ædamfs, akblmtfifs phr l` varus oá`amh il` prhbltf Dfghdf, rlprlslktfk f` "Fktamrasth". Gfy qul rlmhkhmlr qul l` bukifdlktf`astf prhtlstfktl Gfell gf suplrfih `fs fdlkfzfs il` tl`lvfkel`astf ofutastf surlöh Sft _holrtshk, qualk gf lxaeaih l` ohdofrilh il @f Dlmf y l` fslsakfth il` prlsailktl Gueh Mgævlz. F prhpýsath, l` datýdfkh tl`lvfkel`astf Sft _holrtshk, f`afih akilblmtao`l il `hs Ousg y futhr il` `aorh L` kulvh hrilk hrilk dukiaf`, dukiaf`, lsmrath kfif mfsuf`dlktl lk 6116, blmgf il `f iash`umaýk il `f \_]], sl lquavhmý shorl `f sleukif ``lefif il Mrasth qul fsleurý hmurraräf l` ?1 il fora` pfsfih. L` basmf`astf Jhsá Dfräf F`brlih Fzkfr @ýplz, qualk lk su kulvf mruzfif prlsail `f lktaifi lvfkel`azfihrf BFL], gf fdlkfzfih akstfurfr l` Fzkfrstæk ilsil `fs mhdukaifils `ftakfs il Lstfihs \kaihs, pfsfkih phr l` rfkmgh ]fk ] fk Mrastýof` (Eufkfjufth), gfstf `f Sftfehkaf. @f fsaekfmaýk il tfrlfs il` Fzkfrstæk mhksastl lk prh`hkefr l` dfrtarah il` uka`ftlrf`asdh ousgafkh pfrf adpliar l` h`lfjl fktaklh`aolrf` lk @ftakhfdáramf l aktlktfr ilrrhmfr `hs rleädlkls il Muof, Rlklzul`f, Oh`avaf, Lmufihr y Frelktakf. Gfstf `hs rlyls mftý`amhs sl gforäfk ruohrazfih il vlreðlkzf fjlkf mhk `fs dlialvf`ls fkifkzfs klhlvfkel`azfihrfs il` basmf`astf u`trfklh`aolrf` Fzkfr @ýplz. Mhk dfyhr prhbukiaifi elhlstrftáeamf, `f "aktlrkfmahkf` klhmhkslrvfihrf" rlprlslktf `f "aktlrkfmahkf` oá`amf" qul gf fprltfih l` mlrmh f _usaf dliafktl `f ilslstfoa`azfmaýk il su plrablraf akdliaftf (`hs "mfdoahs il ráeadlk" f`lktfihs phr `f pfrhiaf il `hs "ilrlmghs gudfkhs") y l` prhylmth il akstf`fmaýk il` lsmuih dasa`ästamh dasa`ästamh fktaof`äst fktaof`ästamh amh lk Sh`hkaf y `f _lpúo`amf Mglmf. Kh gfy qul lsplrfr qul `f bfraslf "aktlrkfmahkf` klhmhkslrvfihrf" sl prhkukmal shorl sus prhpafs thrturfs lxlmrfo`ls lk Fou Egrfao y lk Eufktækfdh, f` dlkhs qul fthrdlktfr "as`ædamhs" kh bhrdl pfrtl il `f ilm`frfmaýk ukavlrsf` il `hs ilrlmghs gudfkhs. @f "aktlrkfmahkf` "aktlrkfmahkf` klhmhkslrvfihrf" klhmhkslrvfihrf" y/h "aktlrkfmahkf` oá`amf" lpathdazf f` fpfrfth ourhmrætamh il` Mhdatá shorl l` Sl`aerh Srlslktl (Mhddattll hk tgl Srlslkt Ifkelr), ukh il `hs prakmapf`ls ofstahkl ofstahklss il` klhmhkslrvfiurasdh lstfiukailksl, qul prlsailk l` philrhsh Elhrel ]mgu`tz y _holrt Jfdls Uhh`sly jr., fktlrahr iarlmthr il `f MAF, prhphklktl mhk Khrdfk Shighrltz il `f "mufrtf eulrrf dukiaf`" y, dæs qul kfif, shmah lk `hs bátaihs klehmahs pravfihs mhk _amgfri Slr`l, y f` qul sl akjlrtfrhk `hs uka`ftlrf`astfs klhmhkslrvfihrls strfussafkhs. Lk bhrdf murahsf, Lkraqul Nrfuzl N`lakohrt ls l` úkamh dlxamfkh y lxtrfkjlrh qul baeurf lk `f sl`lmtf dldorlsäf il` Mhddattll hk tgl Srlslkt Ifkelr, y fghrf sl lktalkil su ia`aelkmaf ilsdliaif phr ``lvfr f` "Dáxamh bhxafkh", lk mhkkavlkmaf mhk `hs dliah glrdfkhs Eutdfk (Mfstfölif y _hzlktf`), f pfrtamapfr ildlkmaf`dlktl lk `f eulrrf mhktrf Arfn jukth f Fzkfr @ýplz, lkthkmls prlsailktl il` ehoalrkh lspföh`, y mhk `f olkiamaýk il` pfrfsatfrah Eruph Dhktlrrly (lk pfrtamu`fr, il MLDLW). Vul 6< iäfs dæs tfril Fzkfr @ýplz, qualk gf ta`ifih l` iaæ`heh il mava`azfmahkls il "lstupailz", gfyf akamafih lk Dáxamh su klhmruzfif mhktrf Aræk lk `f rlukaýk il `f Hrefkazfmaýk Ildýmrftf (sam) Mrastafkf il Fdáramf, pftrhmakfif phr l` yukqul il` SFK, kh bul kfif mfsuf`. ¸Sfrtamapfræ Bl`apl L` Orlvl lk `f "mufrtf eulrrf dukiaf`" y l` "mghqul il mava`azfmahkls" il `f "aktlrkfmahkf` klhmhkslrvfihrf" mhktrf Aræk, mufkih ls khthraf su adphtlkmaf pfrf fphrtfr "ildhmrfmaf" y "sleuraifi" lk Dáxamh, ka sl iaef, "mava`azfmaýk" f`eukf8 9. IL]E@HOF@AZFMAÝK IL]E@HOF@AZFMAÝK:: ¸L@ ]L_ G\DFKH SH_ LKMADF IL@ DL_MFIH8 @fs phtlkmafs vlkmlihrfs vlkmlihrfs adphklk l` dhil`h lmhkýdamh-bakfkmalrh qul dæs mhkvalkl f sus aktlrlsls. @f ukaph`fraifi il Lstfihs \kaihs, traukbfihrf il `f eulrrf bräf, adpush lk 6116, blmgf il `f iash`umaýk il `f \kaýk ]hvaátamf, sak lkldaeh f` brlktl, l` dhil`h qul dæs `l fsalktf y lxpfkil sus aktlrlsls: `f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf, mfrfmtlrazfif phr `f ilsrleu`fmaýk, `hs pfrfäshs basmf`ls, `f mhktfoa`aifi akvasao`l akvasao`l y `f ouroujf il `hs "ilravfihs" il f`th ralseh. @f ilrrhtf elhlstrftáeamf il Lstfihs \kaihs lk Arfn quatf `f mholrturf kum`lfr f `f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf fke`hsfjhkf, `h qul sl prhbukiazf mhk `f ilvf`ufmaýk il` iý`fr y su iloa`atfdalkth mhdh dhklif il rlslrvf ukaph`fr, y `f prhofo`l rlmlsaýk r lmlsaýk il su lmhkhdäf, `h qul sl mhdp`amf mhk sus iábamat mhksultuiakfrahs,, sus dú`tap`ls ouroujfs lsplmu`ftavfs y su iluif adpfefo`l. mhksultuiakfrahs L` philr il `f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf, mhktrh`fif phr l` ljl fke`hsfjýk il Uf`` ]trllt y `f Maty, sl ilrratl f pfshs fml`lrfihs y lk muyh slkh slræ dæs irfdætamh l` blkýdlkh mhrrlmtavh il `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk qul tlkiræ qul ilsgfmlrsl il thihs sus vfrafihs mufk lxýtamhs akstrudlkths lsplmu`ftavhs (lk su dfyhräf il lxastlkmaf "vartuf`"), sa ls qul kh lstf``fk fktls lk `hs dfkapu`fihs "dlrmfihs". ]ulkf sudfdlktl iabäma` qul Ufsgakethk pulif rlvlrtar su ilrrltadalkth il` `ailrfzeh il `f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf, su pfrtl dæs vu`klrfo`l. ]u philräh da`atfr ukaph`fr il lksulöh tlmkh`ýeamh gf saih iltlkaih lk bhrdf akmrläo`l phr `f "eulrrf fsadátramf" il ihs aksurelkmafs klhdlialvf`ls. Ihs lktaifils il `f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf, Lstfihs \kaihs l Asrfl`, fmfofk il subrar ihs slvlrfs ilrrhtfs f dfkhs il `f eulrra``f sukatf il Arfn y il` Glzoh``fg mgaätf `aofkás, rlsplmtavfdlktl. @fs ihs ilrrhtfs il` da`atfrasdh klh`aolrf` e`hof` ilkhtfk kätaihs f`mfkmls elhlstrftáeamhs qul fml`lrfk `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk y trfsthmfk lk bhrdf irfdætamf `f mhrrl`fmaýk p`fkltfraf il bulrzfs qul sl lkmfdakf f `f du`taph`fraifi qul phr klmlsaifi hptfræ phr uk kulvh dhil`h tfkth lmhkýdamh mhdh bakfkmalrh. Shmhs, plrh duy sý`aihs, aktl`lmtuf`ls il` dfyhr kavl`, mhdh Jhgk _f`sthk ]fu`, sl gfk ftrlvaih f mhkbrhktfr f `f gairf il `f e`hof`azfmaýk, `h qul mhkstatuyl ukf glrljäf lk l` dukih hmmailktf` mfrlktl il mrätamf mfrtlsafkf y il iaf`ámtamf mrlftavf. L` ba`ýshbh mfkfialksl _f`sthk, lxathsh ldprlkilihr (dhktý `f ldprlsf lstftf` Sltrh-Mfkfif), hraukih il uk pfäs il `f fke`hsblrf olklbamafih phr `f e`hof`azfmaýk lk sus vfrafktls bakfkmalrf, lmhkýdamf y pltrh`lrf, lk su rlmalktl `aorh, L` mh`fpsh il `f e`hof`azfmaýk y `f rlakvlkmaýk il` dukih (?33<), hplrf `f futhpsaf il `f "ilsrleu`fmaýk" dliafktl ukf vasaýk `udakhsf il dæs il =3 föhs. _lbalrl qul, `ljhs il slr ukf bulrzf aklvatfo`l, qul yf sl lkmulktrf ofjh l` blrhz ftfqul il `fs bulrzfs kfmahkf`astfs, `f e`hof`azfmaýk -ukf "ailh`heäf dhkh`ätamf" il `f "aih`fträf il` dlrmfih" mhk äkbu`fs tlmkhmrætamfs l adouaif il iltlrdakasdh tlmkh`ýeamh-, prltlkiaý sup`fktfr f `hs lstfihs-kfmaýk y plrdataý `f pfrf`azfktl fmudu`fmaýk il `f iluif lk l` tlrmlr dukih qul gf rlfmmahkfih mhk `f lxpfksaýk il `hs dhvadalkths mhktlstftfrahs lk l` p`fkltf. @f e`hof`azfmaýk, qul fmfoý lk `f ilsa`usaýk il su uthpäf, sl lstæ pu`vlrazfkih lk kudlrhsfs palzfs mhktrfiamthrafs, dalktrfs `hs mauififkhs rlfbardfk sus aktlrlsls kfmahkf`ls". _f`sthk bustaef `f prltlksaýk il `fs trfskfmahkf`ls il aktlktfr sustatuar `f akbrflstrumturf il `hs ehoalrkhs f` mhkbukiar l` "dfkljh elrlkmaf`" mhk l` `ailrfzeh mfrasdætamh. Lxphkl lk bhrdf plrsufsavf l` rlthrkh rlthrkh il` kfmahkf`asd kfmahkf`asdhh tfkth lmhkýdam lmhkýdamhh mhdh ph`ätamh brlktl f `fs trfskfmahk trfskfmahkf`ls f`ls qul shmfvfrhk `hs madalkths il` lstfih-kfmaýk. Lk lblmth, lblmth, lk l` dasdh mlktrh il `f e`hof`azfmaýk, Lstfihs \kaihs, sl gf elklrfih uk pfu`ftakh fjustl saekabamftavh gfmaf l` klhprhtlmmahkasdh, l` klhfas`fmahkasdh, y `f sa`lkmahsf "rlrrleu`fmaýk" qul bhrdfk pfrtl il sus hsma`fmahkls plkiu`frls il fplrturf y mlrrfzýk ilsil su eáklsas mhdh kfmaýk. Ofjh l` prlmlpth il "pftrahtasdh lmhkýdamh", qul hmu`tf su klhprhtlmmahkasdh, Lstfihs \kaihs adpaiaý qul Mgakf mhdprfrf lk iaklrh shkfktl f `f pltrh`lrf \khmf` qul bul fiquaraif mhk pfpl` mgftfrrf phr Mglvrhk-Ylxfmh. @f dasdf tlkilkmaf klhprhtlmmahkastf, sl lsmlkabamf lk pfäsls il `f \kaýk Lurhplf (\L) pfrf adpliar `f "mfpturf ghsta`" il ldprlsfs kfmahkf`ls lstrftáeamfs phr f`eukhs il sus daldorhs. Lk Brfkmaf, htrh pa`fr il `f e`hof`azfmaýk, `l ``fdfk "kfmahkf`asdh lmhkýdamh". L` ilm`avl lstfiukailksl lstfiukailksl ls dæs fpfrlktldlktl prhkukmafih lk l` suotaph il `f "e`hof`azfmaýk lmhkýdamf", ihkil gf saih ilsp`fzfih phr sus mhdpltaihrls elhlmhkýdamhs il \L y l` khrlstl fsaætamh, ihkil ilspuktf mhdh kfial l` "marmuath átkamh mgakh" (Mgakf, Ghke Nhke, Yfawæk y ]akefpur) qul, akm`ush, gf iljfih ftræs f Jfpýk lk thihs `hs suotaphs il `f e`hof`azfmaýk. Lk l` ædoath il `f "e`hof`azfmaýk lmhkýdamf", il `ljhs dlkhs khmavf qul `f "e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf" lxtrfvafif lk `f lsplmu`fmaýk, lxastl uk rl`ftavh ldpftl lktrl `hs trls ph`hs il philr rleahkf` il` p`fkltf qul gfk fmfpfrfih sus olklbamahs: Lstfihs \kaihs, `f \L y l` khrlstl fsaætamh (Mgakf, Jfpýk y ]uimhrlf), f `hs qul gforäf qul ferlefr mhdh kulvhs fmthrls f `fs "phtlkmafs ldlrelktls" il _usaf, Akiaf y Orfsa`. @f tlkilkmaf lk l` dliafkh p`fzh bfvhrlml f` O_AM -Orfsa`, _usaf, Akiaf y Mgakf-, lk iltradlkth il Lstfihs \kaihs y `f \L. Ilsil l` pukth il vastf ailh`ýeamh, l` iföh qul fslstý `f e`hof`azfmaýk gf saih iho`l: mhkbhrdý uk "plksfdalkth úkamh", mhdh `h mf`abamf Aekfmah _fdhklt, liathr il @l Dhkil Dhkil Iap`hdftaqul Iap`hdftaqul, y mfstrý, mufkih kh ilsmlrlorý, f sus aktl`lmtuf`ls. L` mfsh il Dáxamh mhk ]f`akfs, l` bardfktl il` Y@MFK mhk Ifiiy Ousg, ls pftátamfdlktl træeamh, f` gfolr ilsdfktl`fih y mhdprfih (`atlrf`dlktl) f `hs phmhs qul plksfofk lk bhrdf bhrdf akilplkialktl. "Hmmailktl" plriaý `f sfvaf il `f mrätamf qul `h gfoäf adpu`sfih f su mhkstfktl futhmhrrlmmaýk. @hs aktl`lmtuf`ls, phr fkthkhdfsaf "mrätamhs" (uk sluihaktl`lmtuf` fpfirakfih y/h mhoajfih phr l` philr ls uk fdfkulksl y/h pf`fbrlklrh), sadoh`azfk `fs klurhkfs il` mlrlorh qul prlsail `fs fmtavaifils il` eáklrh gudfkh, akifef `hs fsukths p`fkltfrahs y mrlf `fs dljhrls hpmahkls pfrf `hs slrls vavalktls il `f mrlfmaýk lk `f oahsblrf. ¸Mýdh pulil bukmahkfr uk mlrlorh sak klurhkfs8 Lstf quazæ bul `f dfyhr plriamaýk il` dhil`h e`hof`azfihr: gfolr prltlkiaih f `f futhdftazfmaýk rhoýtamf il` plksfdalkth klh`aolrf` klh`aolrf` dliafktl lmufmahkls lmhkhdátramfs duy bf`ao`ls, f `fs qul saldprl bf`tý uk ukff mhkstfktl qul prltlkiaý trfsdutfr lk ukf vu`efr vfrafo`l: l` slr gudfkh, `f ofsl bajf il thifs `f lmufmahkls gfoaifs y phr gfolr dalktrfs plrvavf lk l` vfsth ukavlrsh. Ofjh l` dhil`h il `f e`hof`azfmaýk, lk thihs sus suotaphs (bakfkmalrf, lmhkýdamf y pltrh`lrf), `f lktl`lquaf ``fdfif "dlrmfih", f adfelk y sldljfkzf il `f fpfrfthsf ilsaeuf`ifi iastraoutavf il `f raqulzf lk l` p`fkltf mhktrh`fif phr `f p`uthmrfmaf h`aehpý`amf, fvfsf``ý f` eáklrh gudfkh lk su mhkjukth. Dliafktl `f `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk ilse`hof`azfmaýk, l` eáklrh gudfkh talkl `f hphrtukaifi ihrfif il vh`vlr f mhktrh`fr y rleu`fr l` "dlrmfih" il `f klhbluif` p`uthmrfmaf h`aehpý`amf. <. L@ (IL]MFOL@@FIH) "BAK IL @F GA]YH_AF", ]LEÚK ]H_H] lktr föfs l`atastfs Mhdh rlb`ljh il `f aklxhrfo`l ilmfilkmaf il Lstfihs \kaihs, sl gf ilsftfih lk sus lktrföfs ukf `atlrfturf lsmfth`ýeamf (lk l` iho`l slktaih il `f pf`forf) qul prhm`fdf l` "bak il `f mava`azfmaýk" (mhkmlpth il` qul sl fiulöfk lk bhrdf uka`ftlrf`). ]u mhdúk ilkhdakfihr: lk fuslkmaf il `f rlmthräf e`hof` lstfiukailksl, `f kfmaýk akiasplksfo`l y sl`lmmahkfif phr Iahs (sam) dliafktl l` "ilstakh dfkabalsth", l` dukih mhrrl f su plriamaýk bakf`. Kukmf sl fp`amf dæs mhdh fghrf l` má`lorl fphtledf il` irfdftureh ar`fkiás Hsmfr Ua`il, qualk ilsil l` sae`h WAW fktamapý qul "L\ gfoäf pfsfih il `f ofrofral f `f ilmfilkmaf sak gfolr mhkhmaih `f mava`azfmaýk", y qul lk su fmafef ltfpf prlslktl pfrlml slr rlvlrtaih f uk kulvh tlhrldf: "Ofoy Ousg trfs`fiý f L\ il `f ilmfilkmaf f `f akilmlkmaf". asrfl`ä-lstfiukailksl sl Dfs f``æ il` `aorh duy p`fkh, væ`efsl `f rliukifkmaf, L` dukih p`fkh, il` asrfl`ä-lstfiukailk Yghdfs Bralidfk -uk phsläih phr `f e`hof`azfmaýk mhk su vasaýk iasthrsahkfif il rlphrtlrh il eulrrf il Ygl Klw Qhrn Yadls-, lxastl ukf p`áyfil il mhksferfifs plrshkf`aifils, mhdh l` dleflsplmu`fihr mhk dæsmfrf il "ba`æktrhph" (sam) Elhrel ]hrhs y l` prldah Khol` mhdpfrtaih il Lmhkhdäf, Jhslpg ]tae`atz, qualkls kh palrilk `f bl lk qul `f e`hof`azfmaýk pulif slr rlbhrdfif pfrf olklbamah il` eáklrh gudfkh (vlr "Jhslpg L. ]tae`atz: ¸L` hpah il `hs e`hof`azfihs8", Ofjh `f @upf, ?9/6?/32). @h aktlrlsfktl aktlrlsfktl rfiamf lk qul dalktrfs ]hrhs ldprlkil uk fohrifjl bakfkmalrastf, ]tae`atz hplrf dlrfdlktl lk l` ædoath lmhkýdamh, phr `h qul sus vasahkls sl vul`vlk mhdp`ldlktfrafs, akilplkialktldlktl il qul fdohs slfk lk bhrdf mhakmailktl f`afihs il` lx prlsailktl M`akthk. L` gúkefrh-oratækamh gúkefrh-oratækamh-lstfiukailksl-asrfl`ä Eyòrey ]mgwfrtz (f`afs Elhrel ]hrhs) mlsý il slr l` dasdh qul vavaý `fs vamasatuils ilsil l` ilmæ`heh klh`aolrf` il` Mhkslksh il Ufsgakethk, thtf`dlktl putrlbfmth, gfstf l` ga`frfktl mufk il`arfktl Mhkslksh il Dhktlrrly, ihkil baeurý mhdh lstrl``f il` brfmfsfih bhxasdh-mfstföliasdh (lkelkirh dhkstruhsh il` trfvlstasdh m`akthkafkh y l` uka`ftlrf`asdh ousgafkh). Kh ls erftuath qul ]hrhs slf iulöh il` liabamah dæs erfkil il Aolrhfdáramf: `f Yhrrl Dfyhr il `f mauifi il Dáxamh, ihkil ehzf il erfkils f`afihs lk thihs `hs pfrtaihs ph`ätamhs ph`ätamhs sak lxmlpmaýk. ]hrhs kh ls uk plksfihr mhdh tf`, plrh sä uk oa``hkfrah du`tabfmátamh mhk bulrtls aktlrlsls lk `hs du`tadliaf asrfl`ä-fke`hsfjhkls, y qualk lk l` dukih bakfkmalrh ehzf, mhdh phmhs, il ukf plkltrfmaýk tfk lxathsf. F dlkuih fousf il su hstlktfmaýk mhdh futhkhdorfih iasmäpu`h il` akdlksh mlrlorh fustrafmh Nfr` Shpplr, erfk plksfihr lk ba`hshbäf y lpastldh`heäf. ]us iadlksahkls shk iablrlktls y ]hrhs lxfelrf su prhphrmaýk. Vul palksl dljhr qul l` prhdliah il `hs travaf`ls bakfkmalrhs e`hof`ls, vlrifilrhs pfpfkftfs bulrf il su lsplmaf`aifi damrhsmýpamf, ls htrf mhsf. ]u rl`lvfkmaf lstraof lk l` pfpl` qul jueý lk l` slkh il `f e`hof`azfmaýk, muyf aktadaifi bakfkmalrf mhkhml mhdh kfial, f` pfrlmlr, phr akstrummahkls il `f MAF, mhdh fbardfk sus p`ltýramhs lkldaehs, lktrl qualkls baeurf lk bhrdf shrprlkilktl l` h`aefrmf rush-asrfl`ä Ohras Olrlzhvsny, uk dadfih il `f Maty y `hs slrvamahs oratækamhs il aktl`aelkmaf. Ilsil su ýptamf m`akthkafkf bustae bustaeff mhk justf rfzýk `fs ph`ätamfs il` Sfrtaih _lpuo`amfkh qul fihptý l` "bukifdlktf`asdh il` dlrmfih" dliafktl l` rlfefkhdams-tgftmglrasdh y qul bul prhbukiazfih mhk l` klhmhkslrvfiurasdh phr l` prlsailktl kúdlrh 9=: Elhrel U. Ousg. ]hrhs mhkhml oalk l` dlmfkasdh akträkslmh il` "dlrmfih" y `fs "lstrftleafs il akvlrsahkls" qul ilskuiý lk su `aorh adprlsmakiao`l il gfml 67 föhs: @f f`quadaf il `fs bakfkzfs. Lk htrf il sus horfs, @f mrasas mrasas il` mfpatf`asdh mfpatf`asdh e`hof` (6117), iafekhstamf mhrrlmtfdlktl l` mfhs adplrfktl lk l` qul gfk ilsldohmfih `fs "bulrzfs il` dlrmfih". Ka `f fshdorhsf tlmkh`heäf ka su "kulvf lmhkhdäf", qul fmfoý lk l` raiämu`h, ka l` philr da`atfr il L\ y su "kulvh hrilk dukiaf`" gfk fphrtfih sh`umaýk f`eukf. @f horf, horf, fou`tfifdlktl fou`tfifdlktl kfrmasastf, Elhrel ]hrhs shorl `f e`hof`azfmaýk (?33?), ilbakl lxml`sfdlktl l` dhil`h gaplr bakfkmalrastf il `f "e`hof`azfmaýk" mhdh l` "`aorl dhvadalkth il mfpatf`ls y l` mrlmalktl ihdakah il `fs lmhkhdäfs kfmahkf`ls phr `hs dlrmfihs bakfkmalrhs y `fs ldprlsfs du`takfmahkf`ls". Lk lsl lkthkmls thifväf shöfof mhk `f fp`amfmaýk il malrtfs rlbhrdfs pfrf qul `fs akstatumahkls aktlrkfmahkf`ls aktlrkfmahkf`ls f`mfkzfrfk l` pfsh il `f lmhkhdäf aktlrkfmahkf` y f`avafrfk `f phorlzf. ]umliaý thih `h mhktrfrah: kh lxastlk hrefkasdhs shmaf`ls fprhpafihs pfrf ldprlkilr tfk trfsmlkilktf` tfrlf y `hs mfiumhs hrefkasdhs aktlrkfmahkf`ls (Bhkih Dhkltfrah Aktlrkfmahkf`, Ofkmh Dukiaf` y Hrefkazfmaýk Dukiaf` il Mhdlrmah mhk sus lxmrlmlkmafs tlrftheákamfs mhdh `f Hrefkazfmaýk pfrf `f Mhhplrfmaýk y l` Ilsfrrh``h Lmhkýdamhs y l` Ofkmh Aktlrfdlramfkh il Ilsfrrh``h) lstæk akblmtfihs `ltf`dlktl lk sus lktrföfs f` ukäshkh il `f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf. F dliaif qul sl ilrrudof l` dhil`h il `f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf, ]hrhs gf plriaih su hoslsaýk rlilkthrf y rlbhrdastf qul puih gfolr sf`vfih l` dhil`h, erfmafs f `f da`ferhsf aktlrvlkmaýk il `f "shmalifi foalrtf", `h muf` vf`aý htrh `aorh: @f shmalifi foalrtf: rlbhrdfkih l` mfpatf`asdh e`hof` (?333). L` prho`ldf prho`ldf il `f "shmalifi foalrtf", ukf dfrfva``hsf dltæbhrf phpplrafkf, ls qul sl lkmulktrf duy "mlrrfif" y mhkmlktrf `hs aktlrlsls bakfkmalrhs pfrtamu`frls il ]hrhs, lreh il `f MAF, muyh mhkmlpth plrvartaý mhk `fs HKE HKE qul bakfkmaf lk Lurhpf il` lstl (y lk Dáxamh, Fre Frelktakf lktakf y Orfsa`, lktrl htrhs htrhs)) pfrf fvfkzfr `f felkif f elkif uka`ftlrf` il ilslstfoa`azfmaýk prhdhvaif prhdhvaif phr L\ mhk iasbrfz "ildhmrætamh" lk `fs brhktlrfs rusfs. Lk @f lrf il `f bf`aoa`aifi (sam): mhkslmulkmafs il `f eulrrf mhktrf l` tlrrhr, su horf dæs rlmalktl, qul il malrtf dfklrf rlpatl `hs fslrths il htrh `aorh il gfml trls föhs: @f ouroujf il `f suprldfmäf suprldfmäf lstfiukailksl: mhrraealkih l` df` ush il` philr lstfiukailksl (sam), rlplktakfdlktl plriaý su hptadasdh prlvah y ``lef gfstf suphklr qul `f "mava`azfmaýk" (¡súplr sam!) sl lkmulktrf lk pl`aerh il dulrtl. ]l rlbalrl f ukf sluihmava`azfmaýk gaplrdftlraf`astf qul elstý `f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf mfrlktl il gudfkasdh. Lk ohmf y dfkhs il ]hrhs `f "shmalifi foalrtf" mhkstatuyl uk suplr`ftavh ias`ftl, yf qul, phr ilserfmaf, thifväf kh lxastl mhdh tf` y, plhr fúk, mfrlml il` philr klmlsfrah pfrf lblmtufr tfkth `f sufvazfmaýk il `f e`hof`azfmaýk mhdh l` rlsmftl il` sastldf bakfkmalrh y su sakeu`fr "mava`azfmaýk" (mhkmlpth qul lk `f rltýramf shrhsafkf ls fktfeýkamh f `f ilbakamaýk `udakhsf il` phrtlkthsh gasthrafihr ef`h Blrkfki Orfuil`). Sfrfiýjamfdlktl, Sfrfiýjamfd lktl, sak `f "shmalifi foalrtf" shrhsafkf l` "philr mauififkh", `f prhiaeahsf slrlkiapaf gudfkastf il` sae`h WWA mhdh pfrfiaedf il `f kulvf mava`azfmaýk phr liabamfr, sl lstæ adphkalkih erfiuf`dlktl lk l` p`fkltf y sl gf prhkukmafih mhktrf l` uka`ftlrf`asdh il L\ y su a`usf ukaph`fraifi qul adpusalrhk f `f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf lk fehkäf. Il `f dasdf dfklrf qul fktls lxastalrhk htrfs mava`azfmahkls bu`eurfktls lk `f gasthraf il` eáklrh gudfkh gfml slas da` föhs, `f kulvf mava`azfmaýk il` sae`h WWA tlkiræ klmlsfrafdlktl qul slr dlkhs dftlraf`astf y dæs lsparatuf`dlktl oahsbáramf pfrf rlstfurfr l` taldph plriaih plr iaih y rlqua`aorfr `f frdhkäf lxtrfvafif. 2. GFMAF @F IL]E@HOF@AZFMAÝ IL]E@HOF@AZFMAÝK K ¸Khs lkmfdakfdhs f ukf "kulvf bfsl il` mfpatf`asdh" y su prhvlroaf` df`lfoa`aifi8 L` akmhdlksurfo`l gasthrafihr oratækamh Lram Ghosofwd fivalrtl qul l` mfpatf`asdh puih rlphklrsl ilspuás il su bulrtl trhpalzh lk l` sae`h xax, mhdh mhkslmulkmaf il` ilsp`hdl il `f oh`sf il vf`hrls il Ralkf lk 675= y `f Erfk Ilprlsaýk qul iurý f pfrtar il lkthkmls ?= föhs gfstf 6712. F iablrlkmaf il` hmfsh il` sae`h xx y l` f`of il` xxa, qul fslktfrhk `hs rlf`ls il` dukih ukaph`fr, mhdh rlsu`tfih il `f iash`umaýk il `f \kaýk il _lpúo`amfs ]hmaf`astfs ]hvaátamfs, `h muf` slpu`tý f` dukih oaph`fr kum`lfr, l` sae`h xax bul ldaklktldlktl du`taph`fr lk su iadlksaýk lurhplf iurfktl ukf mlkturaf, mhdh iljý fslktfih l` Mhkerlsh il Ralkf il` dukih phskfph`áhkamh gfstf `f ilthkfmaýk il `f Sradlrf Eulrrf Dukiaf`. @f ilrrhtf da`atfr il `f iup`f fke`hsfjhkf lk Arfn ilslkmfilký muftrh lblmths trfsmlkilktf`ls mhktrfrahs f sus hojltavhs ousmfihs lxprlsfdlktl y qul suosudlk `f fzhrfktl y vlrtaeakhsf ilmfilkmaf il Lstfihs \kaihs: 6. kh puih mfpturfr l` "hrh klerh" il `f fktaeuf Dlshphtfdaf, `h muf` lkmudorý su mhtazfmaýk y, mhdh mhrh`frah, fml`lrý `f ilvf`ufmaýk il` iý`fr, dalktrfs ilskuifof `f fdfref rlf`aifi il `f vu`klrfoa`ai vu`klrfoa`aifi fi il su lmhkhdäf> ?. kh puih adphklr su "kulvh " kulvh hrilk ukaph`fr" dliafktl l` uka`ftlrf`asdh y `f eulrrf prlvlktavf, `h muf` hmfsahký l` kfmadalkth il` kulvh hrilk du`taph`fr (thifväf lk pföf`ls)> =. kh puih mhktlklr f Mgakf, qul ldlreaý mhdh kulvf phtlkmaf elhlmhkýdamf y elhbakfkmalrf e`hof`, fildæs il qul, ilsil l` pukth il vastf elhph`ätamh, hra``ý f `f prhbukiazfmaýk il `f f`afkzf da`atfr il Mgakf mhk _usaf lk l` Sfmth il ]gfkegfa, y 9. fml`lrý l` prhmlsh il ilse`hof`azfmaýk, lk iltradlkth il `f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf: bakfkmalrf: l` bluih aklxpuekfo`l il `f iup`f fke`hsfjhkf. ]l trftf dæs oalk il` "bak il ukf lrf", l` pukth il akb`lxaýk il` orlvl plrahih ukaph`fr, qul iltlmtfk `hs rfifrls il `f sakiárlsas ilsil Dhsmú gfstf Ifvhs (slil il` mfif vlz dæs ilpradlktl bhrh dukiaf` il `fs l`atls ldprlsfraf`ls il `f e`hof`azfmaýk f`amfäif) y qul sl trfs`uml dliafktl l` fohrifjl il` blmukih fkæ`asas du`taiadlksahkf` qul uta`azf `fs glrrfdalktfs elhlmhkýdamfs, elhbakfkmalrfs, elhlklreátamfs y elhph`ätamfs. Dalktrfs Ifvhs sumudol lk `f lsquazhbrlkaf (Ofjh `f @upf, 5-3?-35), l` kulvh hrilk plktfph`fr, sleúk `f b`fdfktl mhsdhehkäf il `hs lstrftlefs rushs, lxgaol m`frhsmurhs il hrilk y ilshrilk qul mfrfmtlrazfk f `fs bfsls il trfksamaýk il `hs "sastldfs mhdp`ljhs": sus "brfmtf`ls" (zhkfs il hrilk lk dliah il` ilshrilk) shk hsmurhs, dalktrfs shk dæs m`frfs `fs "fdlkfzfs" qul "gfk mfdoafih f vl`hmaifi mf`laihsmýpamf", sleúk `fs fprlmafmahkls il` mfkma``lr rush, ]lrela @fvrhv. @hs phsläihs phsläihs phr `f e`hof`azfmaýk, htrh bukifdlktf`asdh bakfkmalrh lk `f `fref gasthraf il `fs samhsas mh`lmtavfs il` eáklrh gudfkh, sl lkmulktrfk lk lstfih il mghqul fktl `f plrturofihrf kulvf rlf`aifi qul ilsquamaf su lkilo`l sf`ui dlktf`, mhdh l` suazh N`fus ]mgwfo, bukifihr il` Bhrh Lmhkýdamh Dukiaf` il Ifvhs, qualk mhkblsý qul `hs e`hof`azfihrls "sl lkbrlktfk f uk dukih lsquazhbrákamh. Dumgh dæs mhdp`ljh y mfif vlz dæs iabäma` f lktlkilr" ( @l Dhkil, ?3-36-35). Sfrhiafkih f JlfkSfu` ]frtrl, "`f lsquazhbrlkaf shk `hs htrhs, kh khshtrhs", pfrlmalrf slr `f duy phmh mhkvakmlktl lxmu`pfmaýk il `hs phsläihs klh`aolrf`ls e`hof`ls. ]a fp`amfdhs `f tlhräf il "sastldfs mhdp`ljhs" il` prldah Khol` il Vuädamf rush-ol`ef A`yf Sraeheakl f `f mfýtamf satufmaýk prlslktl, quazæ khs lkmhktrldhs fktl ukf m`æsamf "oaburmfmaýk" il` sastldf akhplrfktl mufkih ilsfpfrlmlk `fs prlvafs mlrtlzfs pfrf ifr pal f kulvfs akmlrtaiudorls. Fktl `f "oaburmfmaýk" "oaburmfmaýk" il` prlslktl sl aksakúfk trls lsmlkfrahs phsao`ls mhdh mhkslmulkmaf il` tlhrldf il `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk: 6. `f e`hof`azfmaýk sufvl y rlbhrdfif> ?. `f rleahkf`azfmaýk mhk lmhkhdäf daxtf y dfyhr rleu`fmaýk, y =. shmaf`asdh il` sae`h xxa y/h klhrrlkfmlktasdh gudfkastf: l` slr gudfkh lk l` mlktrh il `hs aktlrmfdoahs lk `uefr il` dlrmfih. Lk lstf bfsl kfif e`hrahsf il` dukih gaplrdftlraf`astf y oursfta`azfih, plsl f thih l` prhiaeahsh múdu`h tlmkh`ýeamh, l` tlrmlr lsmlkfrah, il mhrtl ailf`astf, puialrf pfrlmlr utýpamh, y mfusfræ `fs dæs fmlrofs mrätamfs, qul `f ilsmf`abamfræk ilsil ilsmfol``fif gfstf fkfmrýkamf. Vul f`eukhs shöfihrls `h matlk lk lstl dfrl dæekud bakfkmalrastf y mhksaef plrturofr `f tarfkäf il `hs du`tadliaf e`hof`ls, mhkstatuyl ukf gfzföf dlktf` y talkl lk su bfvhr tlýramh qul ilsp`fzf f `f lktl`lquaf il` "dlrmfih" phr l` slr gudfkh: `f `f mhkstfktl akv akvfrafo`l frafo`l il `f kulvf lmufmaý lmufmaýkk il sf`vfmaýk y rlilkmaýk il `f kulvf mlkturaf. L` "shmaf`asdh il` sae`h xxa", qul lstæ salkih lxplradlktfih lk bhrdf akmalrtf lk ]uifdáramf, l` htrhrf pftah trfslrh il Lstfihs \kaihs f pfrtar il su futhprhm`fdfih "ilstakh dfkabalsth" ilmadhkýkamh, subraræ `fs plhrls mrätamfs il `f ofkmf asrfl`ä-fke`hsfjhkf. @fs `aolrfmahkls bakfkmalrfs sul`lk slr duy mhsthsfs. Ilsil kulstrf plrsplmtavf, plrsplmtavf, l` mrlpúsmu`h il `f e`hof`azfmaýk qul lktrý f` prhmlsh il ilse`hof`azfmaýk (Ofjh `f @upf, =6-36-35> 9 y 5-3?-35) tlkilræ gfmaf l` sleukih lsmlkfrah (rleahkf`azfmaýk mhk lmhkhdäf daxtf y dfyhr rleu`fmaýk) rlp`lth il m`frhsmurhs y mhklmtfih `fxfdlktl lk lstf bfsl il trfksamaýk mhk l` pradlr lsmlkfrah (e`hof`azfmaýk sufvl y rlbhrdfif), qul lkmudorf f` dlrmfih phr lkmadf il` slr gudfkh, plrh dumgh dæs lstrlmgfdlktl vakmu`fih f` tlrmlr lsmlkfrah (shmaf`asdh il` sae`h xxa y/h klhrrlkfmlktasdh gudfkastf) qul fsmalkil y trfsmalkil f` slr gudfkh phr lkmadf il` dlrmfih. Lk `hs trls trls lsmlkfrahs, il dlkhr f dfyhr erfih, rlerlsf l` slr gudfkh f` prhsmlkah il` dukih. Yrfs gfolr mhqultlfih mhk `f plriamaýk il `fs f`dfs y `f lxtakmaýk fdoalktf`, shk taldphs il rlmhkstrummaýk y il lrlmmaýk il kulvfs akstatumahkls ihkil rlaklk `fs trls `ltrfs O il `f sf`vfmaýk y `f rlilkmaýk: oahiavlrsaifi, oahátamf y oahsblrf. @f oahiavlrsaifi oahiavlrsaifi il thifs `fs lsplmals vavalktls il `f mrlfmaýk ls elklrfihrf il `f vaif lk l` p`fkltf y ilol rlb`ljfrsl mhdh su mhrh`frah il lxprlsaýk p`urf` y du`tamu`turf` lk `f fmtavaifi ailh`ýeamf, lk `f mhlxastlkmaf mhdukatfraf, `f rlvlrlkmaf du`tarrfmaf` y l` iaæ`heh il `fs mava`azfmahkls. @f oahátamf oahátamf rlprlslktf rlprlslktf l` pulktl mhkmlptuf` lktrl tlmkh`heäf y gudfkasdh. @f malkmaf sak mhkmalkmaf ls klsmalkmaf. @f tlmkh`heäf sak gudfkasdh ls `f ofrofral il Garhsgadf y Kfefsfna> `f tlmkh`heäf mhk gudfkasdh mhkstatuyl `f hiaslf lk l` lspfmah, `f gfzföf il` elkhdf gudfkh, `f mhkslrvfmaýk il` fdoalktl, `f prlslrvfmaýk il `hs mýiaehs elkátamh y il Gfddurfoa, y kulstrf lsmf`lrf gfmaf l` buturh. Ls adplrftavh rlsmftfr f` eáklrh gudfkh slmulstrfih phr sus plhrls lkldaehs, plrh tfdoaák urel iltlmtfr `hs brfmtf`ls `hs lspfmahs il hrilk lk dliah il` ilshrilk il `f mava`azfmaýk gudfkastf, væ`efsl `f tfuth`heäf, pfrf rlhrefkazfr f` dukih y sus dhrfihrls lk bhrdf dæs frdýkamf y lqua`aorfif mhk uk slktaih il prlslrvfmaýk il `f oahsblrf, l` mhkmlpth vfkeufriastf il` elkaf` elhquädamh umrfkafkh R`fiadar Rlrkfisny: Rlrkfisny: l` gæoatft il thih slr vavalktl il `f mrlfmaýk, ihkil iföfr lk l` mhrth p`fzh ukf il sus pfrtls lquavf`l f uk suamaiah lk l` dliafkh p`fzh. 5. ¸IL @F E@HOF@AZFMAÝK F @F "@HMF@AZFMAÝK"8 ]l gf vul`th ukf hovalifi bfstaiahsf fslvlrfr qul l` dhil`h il `f ilsrleu`fif e`hof`azfmaýk klhbluif` sl lkmulktrf bftaefif ilsil gfml dæs il slas föhs, `h muf` lxpusadhs fdp`afdlktl lk kulstrh `aorh fehtfih L` `fih hsmurh il of`mfkazfmaýk (Liathraf` Mfidh & Lurhpf, ?333). `f e`hof`azfmaýk: e`hof`azfmaýk: phst-e`hof`azfmaýk phst-e`hof`azfmaýk y Lk `fs lktrföfs il `f e`hof`azfmaýk sus prhpahs fph`heastfs mhdpfrtlk uk lsmlptamasdh lpaiádamh shorl su ilvlkar. \k lmhkhdastf duy sh`vlktl il `f tf``f il ]tlpglk _hfmg, jlbl il lmhkhdastfs il` ofkmh il akvlrsahkls Dhrefk ]tfk`ly, lk trls rlmalktls frtämu`hs fidatl f rleföfialktls, trfs ukf prlvaf ilblksf iatarædoamf dliah föh ftræs, qul `f e`hof`azfmaýk e`hof`azfmaýk gf lktrfih lk ukf zhkf mrlpusmu`f mrlpusmu`frr il "trfksamaýk" (66-6?-32) y sl lkmfdakf arrldasao`ldlktl gfmaf su "`hmf`azfmaýk" (35-36-35). Ilstfmf l` "trfs`fih il philr" (37-36-35), tldf qul sl vh`vaý rliukifktl lk `f ilpradlktl rlukaýk fkuf` il` Bhrh Lmhkýdamh Dukiaf` il Ifvhs il ?335. _hfmg, lx bukmahkfrah bukmahkfrah il `f _lslrvf Blilrf`, lkbftazf `fs "prhbukifs mhkslmulkmafs pfrf l` mam`h il efkfkmafs qul gf fmhdpföfih f` dukih saldprl lspudhsh il `hs dlrmfihs bakfkmalrhs". Shkl il rl`alvl l` "earh `fohrf` mhk lkthkfmahkls prhtlmmahkas prhtlmmahkastfs, tfs, qul pulil rrlprlslktfr lprlslktfr `f prulof shdoräf il `f e`hof`azfmaýk". F` sh`vlktl lmhkhdastf kh sl `l lsmfpf qul `f ilsfml`lrfmaýk il Lstfihs \kaihs y Mgakf, qul "mhktraouylk mh`lmtavfdlktl mh`lmtavfdlktl lk dæs il 23 phr malkth f` mrlmadalkth fmudu`fih il` prhiumth aktlrkh oruth (SAO) dukiaf` lk `hs pfsfihs makmh föhs", slf susmlptao`l il prhbukiazfr `fs tlkilkmafs ilse`hof`azfihrfs. Suktuf`azf Suktuf`azf qul l` "trfs`fih il philr", lk lsplmaf` lk l` ædoath æ doath ph`ätamh, gf thdfih vul`h mhdh mhkslmulkmaf il` mhktrh` il` pfrtaih Ildýmrftf lk l` Mhkerlsh lstfiukailksl lk `fs l`lmmahkls il khvaldorl, muyhs "adpfmths ph`ätamhs lk `hs dlrmfihs lmhkýdamh-bakfkmalrhs kh ilolk slr dakadazfihs". Fivalrtl qul l` ilslqua`aorah lktrl "l` rlthrkh il` mfpatf` qul sl lkmulktrf lk sus kavl`ls gastýramhs dæs f`ths y `f rlmhdplksf `fohrf` qul sl uoamf lk sus däkadhs kavl`ls ilsil gfml 93 föhs", slræ rlvlrtaih phr l` "dhvadalkth il` pákiu`h gfmaf l` philr ph`ätamh" qul "sl gf dhvaih gfmaf `f azqualrif lk Lstfihs \kaihs". L` kulvh Mhkerlsh ldpujfræ `f kulvf mhrrl`fmaýk il bulrzfs lk vfrahs brlktls: "l` pradlr fudlkth lk l` sf`frah däkadh lk 63 föhs mhk uk fudlkth il 93 phr malkth qul pfsfræ il` prlslktl <.6< iý`frls `f ghrf f 5.?<" lk `hs prýxadhs ihs föhs> `hs "akdaklktls fudlkths f `hs adpulsths f `f akiustraf pltrh`lrf", y uk dfyhr lkbhqul f `hs "lxmlshs il `fs mhdplksfmahkls f `hs ljlmutavhs", lk dliah il `f "aktlksabamfmaýk il prlsahkls prhtlmmahkastfs". Fukqul `hs trls frtämu`hs il _hfmg bhrdfk uk mulrph mhdúk frtamu`fih, "Il `f e`hof`azfmaýk f `f `hmf`azfmaýk" ls dæs ilbakathrah y dfrmf uk kätaih pukth il akb`lxaýk il ukf tlkilkmaf akl`umtfo`l il "ilse`hof`azfmaýk" qul sl lkmfdakf gfmaf `f "`hmf`azfmaýk", qul ilbakl mhdh l` "rlvarl ph`ätamh" qul ilstfmf l` "aktlrás akiavaiuf` il `fs kfmahkls". Ls ilmar, il` aktlrás pfrtamu`fr il `f p`uthmrfmaf h`aehpý`amf, l` dukih akiustraf`azfih il` E-5 pfsfräf f` aktlrás erupf` il sus mauififkhs. ¡L` earh ls irfdætamh! @fs supulstfs supulstfs ohkifils il `f tlhräf shorl `f e`hof`azfmaýk gfk bf``fih lk su fp`amfmaýk justfdlktl lk `hs pfäsls akiustraf`azfihs il` E-5 p`us, mufkih `hs prakmapf`ls olklbamafrahs gfk saih `hs "tlklihrls il` mfpatf`", dalktrfs sus prakmapf`ls plrjuiamfihs gfk saih `hs horlrhs il mul``h fzu` y `hs ldp`lfihs il mul``h-o`fkmh: "`f pfrtamapfmaýk horlrf lk l` akerlsh kfmahkf` mfyý f uk rámhri il kavl` dæs ofjh il <=.5 phr malkth gfstf `f datfi il ?332, dalktrfs `f pfrtamapfmaýk il efkfkmafs sl iaspfrý f su rámhri dæs f`th il 6<.2 phr malkth". Yfk slkma``h mhdh lsh: ¡bf``ý `f tlhräf! Kh `h iaml, plrh fúk lk l` slkh il` E-5 p`us lxastl prhbukif aklquaifi lk rl`fmaýk mhk `hs horlrhs y/h ldp`lfihs, ihkil Lstfihs \kaihs lkmfolzf `f ilsaeuf`ifi dfyhr mufkih su sledlkth `fohrf` iasphkl il dlkhs rlseufrihs shmaf`ls qul `hs htrhs pfäsls tlmkh-akiustraf`azfih tlmkh-akiustraf`azfihs. s. Fsalktf qul `f "e`hof`azfmaýk ls ukf erfk tlhräf, plrh kh lstæ bukmahkfkih mhdh sl gf puo`amatfih". @h dæs adphrtfktl: "l` slseh lk bfvhr il` mfpatf` il `hs adpfmths il `f e`hof`azfmaýk lk `hs pfäsls ramhs pulil sldorfr `fs slda``fs il uk rlvarl ph`ätamh lk bfvhr il `f m`fsl horlrf lk Lstfihs \kaihs, Brfkmaf, F`ldfkaf, Lspföf, Atf`af, Jfpýk y Fustrf`af". Hdatl matfr `fs adp`amfmahkls qul tlkiræ lk `hs pfäsls lk väfs il ilsfrrh``h, ilsfrrh``h, iasmradakfihs tfkth lk l` fuel mhdh lk l` ilm`avl il `f e`hof`azfmaýk. e`hof`azfmaýk. L` lkbhqul il _hfmg sl mlktrf dæs oalk lk Lstfihs \kaihs, qul subraý ukf sfmuiaif tl`úramf f` "mfrefrsl f `f azqualrif" lk `fs pfsfifs l`lmmahkls mhk l` mhktrh` il` Mhkerlsh phr l` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf, qul fohefræ phr dfyhrls sf`frahs f `hs trfofjfihrls y ldp`lfihs, dfyhrls adpulsths f `hs ljlmutavhs y f `fs trfskfmahkf`ls pltrh`lrfs, y uk "dfyhr lsmrutakah rleu`fthrah" il `hs dlrmfihs bakfkmalrhs. Mhdh thih dhvadalkth plkiu`fr, qul sul`l slr orusmh il uk lxtrldh f htrh, susurrf `hs "ralsehs" il `f "`hmf`azfmaýk" qul "pulil lkelkirfr dfyhr prhtlmmahkasdh" mhk sus mhkhmaifs mhkslmulkmafs bakfkmalrfs, dhkltfrafs y oursæta`ls. ]l ldol`lzf mhk l` frtlbfmth il qul l` mhdlrmah dukiaf` lk ?332 f`mfkzý =3 phr malkth il` SAO trls vlmls dfyhr f` fuel =3 föhs ftræs y l` dfyhr mrlmadalkth lmhkýdamh e`hof` ilsil `f iámfif il `hs 53 il` sae`h pfsfih, `h muf` rlprlslktf l` "erfk tlstfdlkth il `hs fshdorhshs áxaths il `f e`hof`azfmaýk" qul, "lk htrhs kavl`ls", elklrý "slöf`ls plrturofihrfs" iloaih f su "shrprlkilktl fsadlträf". Bf``ý `f tlhräf ilmadhkýkamf il` fktlrahr felktl oursæta` Ifvai _amfrih mhk su sadp`astf mufk rliummahkastf "vlktfjf mhdpfrftavf" (lxtlksavf lk su rlbhrdu`fmaýk phsdhilrkf il` tlhrldf Glmnsmglr-Hg`ak), qul, fp`amfif ihs sae`hs y pamh dæs tfril, ilsquamaý f` p`fkltf lktlrh y olklbamaý lxm`usavfdlktl f `f p`uthmrfmaf h`aehpý`amf fke`hsfjhkf (y sus tlktæmu`hs ils`hmf`azfihs lk Mgakf l Akiaf) dalktrfs iföfof f sus prhpafs pho`fmahkls il mul``h fzu` y/h o`fkmh. Dæs oalk sf`aý farhsf `f `ly il Sfrlth, tfdoaák ilmadhkýkamf, f` lkmudorfr f` ?3 phr malkth p`uthmrætamh e`hof` y ilsfgumafr f` rlstfktl 73 phr malkth, `h muf` hblkil y phkl lk tl`f il jjuamah uamah f` sastldf ildhmrætamh, ihkil ilol prlvf`lmlr l` aktlrás erupf` dfyhratfrah fktl aktlrlsls lxm`usavastfs duy pfrtamu`frls y pfrml`frls. _hfmg sl ilbalkil ilbalkil il prhpf`fr ukf "glrljäf f` ilsfbafr `f dfyhr dleftlkilkmaf il kulstrhs taldphs" y, dlkhs fúk, "fofkilrfr l` ilmlsh il `f e`hof`azfmaýk". Iaml "shsplmgfr" qul sl trftf il uk "rltrhmlsh pfrmaf`" y ukf "ilsvafmaýk f `f azqualrif il` mulrph ph`ätamh lk l` dukih akiustraf`azfih, qul ldatl ukf vaehrhsf prhtlstf shorl `f lxtrfhriakfraf iaspfraifi qul brfmturý l` rlthrkh il` mfpatf` y `fs mhdplksfmahkls f `f dfkh il horf", y frrhjf `f pl`htf il` `fih il` mfdph il `hs ph`ätamhs, mhk `h qul prltlkil lxadar f `hs bakfkmalrhs y lmhkhdastfs klh`aolrf`ls il su rlsphksfoa`aifi gastýramf phr l` iföh arrlpfrfo`l qul akb`aealrhk f `f oahsblrf mhk sus lspljasdhs samýtamhs: "`f lxtlksaýk il muf`qualr rltrhmlsh ls uk vlrliamth lk dfkhs il `hs ph`ätamhs". ¸L` f`zf f` sf`frah lk 93 phr malkth lk Lstfihs \kaihs lk `hs prýxadhs ihs föhs sf`vfræ f `f e`hof`azfmaýk il su sulrtl lsmratf lk l` durh8 7. @F IL]E@HOF@AZFMAÝK Q L@ MH@FS]H IL @F _HKIF IL IHGF Bl`apl Mf`ilrýk, thtf`dlktl f mhktrfmhrralktl il `f gasthraf, bul f ilsakbhrdfr f` feýkamh Bhrh Lmhkýdamh Dukiaf` il Ifvhs qul ‐Dáxamh— gfoäf vhtfih phr l` ‐`aorl dlrmfih— lk `fs mhktrhvlrtaifs l`lmmahkls il` ? il ju`ah il ?332. Gfstf ihkil rlmhrifdhs kh vlkäf kakeukf prleuktf f` rlsplmth lk `fs oh`ltfs, y l` `ldf il su mfdpföf prakmapf` `h hstlktfof mhdh l` ‐prlsailktl il` ldp`lh—, qualk rlsu`tý erhtlsmfdlktl l` ‐elrlktl il` ilsldp`lh—, prlmasfdlktl iloaih f `f prhbukiazfmaýk il `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk, ilse`hof`azfmaýk, il `f qul kh qualrl qualrl ifrsl phr lktlrfih. Lstl rlmhrifthrah rlb`ljf `f fuslkmaf il orúju`f il `hs iasbukmahkf`ls klh`aolrf`ls il` SFK y l` S_A shorl `fs kulvfs mhrralktls gastýramfs qul prlvf`lmlk lk l` p`fkltf, y qul sl lpathdazfk lk thihs `hs brlktls il `f e`hof`azfmaýk lk p`lkh rlp`aleul: ilsil l` mhdlrmah (lxlquafs il `f rhkif il Ihgf), pfsfkih phr phr `fs bakfkzfs (`f kfmahkf`azfmaýk lk l` E-5 y `f HYFK prhiumth iill `f aksh`vlkmaf ofkmfraf pravfif), gfstf `hs gairhmfrourhs (ihkil sl mhksh`aifk `f ilspravftazfmaýk, `f rlkfmahkf`azfmaýk y `f rlstftazfmaýk). Yf` arrlvlrsao`l satufmaýk e`hof` kh `f mhksaeulk fsada`fr `fs rlbhrdfs lklreátamfs lktrleuastfs il Mf`ilrýk y Ol`trhkls, f` dlkhs qul tlkefk `fs dfkhs ftfifs lk Ufsgakethk, phr rfzhkls qul ilsmhkhmldhs, plrh qul sä aktuadhs. @f rhkif il Ihgf vlkäf glraif il dulrtl (vlr Ofjh `f @upf, 62/9/37) ilsil `f rlukaýk il Mfkmúk lk ?33= mufkih l` p`fkltf sl brfmturý lk ihs: l` o`hqul il pfäsls tlmkh-akiustraf`azfihs, jlbfturfihs phr l` dlrmfkta`asdh fke`hsfjýk, lxtlksavh f `f \kaýk Lurhplf (\L), brlktl f `hs pfäsls lk väfs il ilsfrrh``h, lkmfolzfihs phr Akiaf y Mgakf. Makmh föhs ilspuás il Mfkmúk, sl lsmlkabamfrhk lk Eaklorf sus lxlquafs hbamaf`ls, mufkih gfk rlthrkfih l` kfmahkf`asdh, `fs kfmahkf`azfmahkls y l` klhprhtlmmahkasdh. Lk dliah il ukf erfvl mrasas f`adlktfraf e`hof`, l` lsmh``h prhvakh il `f ildfkif arrfmahkf` il` ráeadlk thrturfihr ousgafkh qul lxaeäf f Akiaf `f fplrturf thtf` lk f`adlkths, dalktrfs Lstfihs \kaihs suosaiaf f su philrhsh slmthr ferämh`f. Liduki Mhkwfy (liathr il lmhkhdäf il Ygl Ifa`y Yl`lerfpg, =6/5/37) fidatl mhkstlrkfih qul l` mh`fpsh il `f rhkif il Ihgf mhkstatuyl ‐l` dfyhr eh`pl f `f e`hof`azfmaýk ilsil l` bak il `f eulrrf bräf—. Ygl Mlktlr bhr Lmhkhdam fki Sh`amy _lslfrmg (?1/5/37), mlktrh il plksfdalkth mhk vfrahs prldahs Khol` lk lmhkhdäf y fmfiádamhs il` dæs f`th kavl` lk Lstfihs \kaihs, rlsudl qul ‐`fs klehmafmahkls il `f Hrefkazfmaýk Dukiaf` il Mhdlrmah (HDM) sl mh`fpsfrhk lk dliah il `f rltamlkmaf il `hs pfäsls lk väfs il ilsfrrh``h f sfmrabamfr su sleuraifi f`adlktfraf—. Slsl f su rliummahkasdh dlrmfkta`astf klh`aolrf`, M`avl Mrhhn, lk su o`he il Ygl Bakfkmaf` Yadls (=3/5/37) shplsf l` ‐bak il `f HDM—. Mratamf slvlrfdlktl `f ‐prh`ablrfmaýk il trftfihs il `aorl mhdlrmah—, qul ‐mhdp`amý l` sastldf y mrlý mr lý brammahkls—. @f ``fdfif ‐`aolrf`azfmaýk dlrmfkta` du`ta`ftlrf`— bul adpulstf phr `hs vlkmlihrls il `f ]leukif Eulrrf Dukiaf`, lk su `fref fp`amfmaýk træeamf qul rlb`ljý su ihdakah oá`amh f `hs pfäsls vf`ltuiakfrahs y gfstf `hs philrhshs, ilsil l` pukth il vastf kum`lfr y elhlmhkýdamh, mhdh _usaf (qul ildlkmaf`dlktl fúk kh ls fmlptfif lk l` mfiumh hrilk dlrmfkta`): EFYY, `f HDM y su mf`aihsmhpah il ‐rhkifs— (sam) qul akm`uylk akm`uylk `f il Ihgf, qul iurý saltl föhs il il`aolrfmahkls lstára`ls. @f e`hof`azfmaýk elklrý `f aklstfoa`aifi dukiaf` mufkih `hs philrls ph`ätamhs bulrhk ilsmufrtazfihs, dalktrfs `hs bukifdlktf`astfs lmhkhdastfs klh`aolrf`ls sl gfk qulifih fas`fifdlktl guárbfkhs mhk sus samýtamfs lmufmahkls lmhkhdltrastfs f` kh sfolr mýdh pf`afr l` tsukfda shmaf` lk malrkls, ukf tfrlf ldaklktldlktl ph`ätamf, qul aekhrfk `hs ‐dlrmfihs— mhktrh`fihs phr `f p`uthmrfmaf e`hof`. Lk Eaklorf mh`asahkfrhk ihs vasahkls: `f il Lstfihs \kaihs, ukf mhsdhehkäf lmhkhdamastf klh`aolrf` f u`trfkzf, brlktl f `f ýptamf ph`ätamf il Akiaf, qul prhkth slræ l` pfäs dæs pho`fih il` p`fkltf. Lstf satufmaýk `f rlsudl lsp`ákiaifdlktl Il Ilblksf (=3/5/37), mlktrh da`atfr lstrftáeamh lurhplh, qul phkl lk rl`alvl l` rlerlsh il `f ph`ätamf mhdh ukf ‐klmlsaifi— il suplrvavlkmaf il pfäsls ilksfdlktl pho`fihs mhdh Akiaf y Mgakf, ls ilmar, 93 phr malkth il `f pho`fmaýk dukiaf`, `h muf` lvailkmaf `f ‐mhktakufmaýk— il` ‐ilsmf`forh il` prhmlsh il e`hof`azfmaýk— y lvf`úf l` ‐philr il` rlerlsh il` bfmthr ph`ätamh lk `fs rl`fmahkls lmhkýdamfs—. Slsl f qul `hs pfäsls il @ftakhfdáramf fofkihkfrhk (ak)lxp`amfo`ldlktl f Akiaf, ástf hotuvh l` fphyh saekabamftavh il Mgakf, qualk, tfdoaák, lk väsplrfs il `hs Julehs H`ädpamhs, ilslf prhtlelr f sus feramu`thrls, qul sul`lk rlol`frsl mäm`amfdlktl. @f fmlptfmaýk il `fs lxaelkmafs dlrmfkta`astfs il Lstfihs \kaihs y `f \L (qualkls suosaiafk adpúiamfdlktl su slmthr ferämh`f) guoalrf ‐akstf`fih ukf satufmaýk ihkil `f buraf il` mfdplsakfih mfdpls akfih phiräf phklr lk pl`aerh l` lqua`aorah ph`ätamh, y fuk `f lstrumturf dasdf— il Mgakf, il fmulrih mhk Il Ilblksf. Il fghrf lk fil`fktl `fs ‐oftf``fs il `f e`hof`azfmaýk— sl `aorfræk lk tárdakhs ph`ätamhs, y kh mhk fkfmrýkamhs freudlkths lmhkýdamhs ilslstfoa`azfihrls. Mfr` Dhrtasgli slöf`f qul Nfdf` Kftg, dakastrh il Mhdlrmah il Akiaf, ‐sl lkmhktrfof dæs plkialktl il `f ph`ätamf il su pfäs, ihkil l` eholrkfihr il` Ofkmh Akiah il _lslrvf gfoäf l`lvfih `fs tfsfs il aktlrás y fpuktfof f ukf ilsfml`lrfmaýk lmhkýdamf—, l mhkýdamf—, lk väsplrfs il rl`lvfktls l`lmmahkls ihkil `f pho`fmaýk rurf` il 233 da``hkls pulil mfstaefr mf staefr f` Sfrtaih il` Mhkerlsh, lk l` philr, mhdh `h gfoäf glmgh lk htrf hmfsaýk mhk l` ehoalrkh phpu`astf gakiú il` pfrtaih Ogfrftayf Jfkftf ( Ygl Yadls, ?1/5/37). Suls sä: l` mfstaeh ph`ätamh f `f aksfkaifi lmhkýdamf sul`l slr duy mhsthsh lk `fs urkfs l`lmthrf`ls. L` ofkmh `hkiaklksl ]tfkifri Mgfrtlrli (matfih phr Mfr` Dhrtasgli) a`ustrf qul ‐l` mhsth il `f f`adlktfmaýk, qul foshrol dæs il `f tlrmlrf pfrtl il `hs akerlshs il `hs mgakhs, gf ldplzfih f eh`plfr l` mhksudh—. ]leúk Dhrtasgli, ‐`f ildfkif il `hs feramu`thrls akiahs phr ukf dfyhr prhtlmmaýk brlktl f `fs f`zfs il adphrtfmaýk bul l` dfyhr hostæmu`h pfrf rlmhrtfr `fs tfrabfs— lk Eaklorf. Mhdlktf qul ‐Mgakf ‐Mgak f sl lkmulktrf eholrkfif phr `f lmhkhdäf ferämh`f, kh phr `fs bæoramfs il Mfktýk—, y ferlef qul `fs ‐lxphrtfmahkls il Mgakf rlprlslktfk 93 phr malkth il su prhiumth aktlrkh oruth y qulif m`frh qul `hs ph`ätamhs lk Slnäk y Kulvf Il`ga tldlk ukf ilsfml`lrfmaýk qul malrrl `fs bæoramfs, rliuzmf `fs væ`vu`fs il lsmfpl il `f daerfmaýk f `fs mauifils, trfksbhrdfkih f` daerfktl rurf` lk uk phtlkmaf` aktlerfktl il ukf mftlrvf (sam)—. @hs sf`alktls `äilrls fke`hsfjhkls klh`aolrf`ls, Ofoy Ousg y l` prldalr oratækamh Ehrihk Orhwk, kh tldlk ka talklk kfif qul plrilr lk tárdakhs ph`ätamhs, mufkih su phpu`fraifi sl lkmulktrf lk `hs foasdhs. 1. @F GAO_AIFMAÝK IL GLK_Q NA]]AKEL_: ]LDAE@HOF@AZFIH_ Q ]LDAS_HYLMMAHKA]YF L` elhlstrftlef Glkry Nassakelr sl prlhmupf fghrf phr l` ilvlkar il `f e`hof`azfmaýk fdlkfzfif phr l` ilsplrtfr il` kfmahkf`asdh (AGY, ?1/</37). Slrh l` lstuiah il `f e`hof`azfmaýk kh ls su bulrtl y `f mftf`hef mhdh ‐uk sastldf lmhkýdamh elkuakfdlktl e`hof`— qul sl elstý mhk ‐prhsplmths il oalklstfr akadfeakfo`l (sam)—. Aekhrfktl il `fs horfs dfekfs il `hs elkaf`ls gasthrafihrls, l` brfkmás Blrkfki Orfuil` y l` oratækamh Lram Ghosofwd, lsmfdhtlf su mhksustfkmaf` m hksustfkmaf`aifi aifi bakfkmalrf (dæs qul ‐lmhkýdamf—). ]u aekhrfkmaf kh ls rl`lvfktl, sakh dæs oalk su mæ`mu`h elhlstrftáeamh il` ilrrudol il `f e`hof`azfmaýk. ]u fkf`bfoltasdh shorl `f e`hof`azfmaýk ls tfk pftátamh mhdh l` il `hs klh`aolrf`ls dlxamfkhs f` plrhrfr hoslsavfdlktl lk thrkh f `f ‐mhdpltatavaifi—: ‐pfrf slr mhdpltatavhs, dumghs pfäsls gfk saih ho`aefihs f lk`fzfr su `leas`fmaýk shmaf`, tfrlf ilstakfif f elklrfr prhtlstfs ihdástamfs—. Dæs qul shmaf`, `f vlrifilrf orlmgf il` dhil`h ls tlmkhda`atfr y sarvl il pfrfeufs pfrf adphklr `f f`quadaf bakfkmalrf il` ‐dlrmfih— qul trfksdutf `fs dftlrafs pradfs ( v.er. pltrý`lh) il `hs pfäsls suoilsfrrh``fihs lk pfpl`-mgftfrrf ( v.er. iý`fr) il `hs pfäsls phsakiustraf`azfihs. phsakiustraf`azfihs. ¸Mýdh pulilk slr ‐mhdpltatavhs— pfäsls tfk iaspfrls lk da`atfrasdh kum`lfr -sftl`atf`, rhoýtamf, elkátamf y kfkhtlmkh`heäf, yf kh sl iaef lk akvlrsaýk lk ‐akvlstaefmaýk y ilsfrrh``h—8 L` dhil`h, fsleurf, gf mfusfih lstrfehs lk `hs pfäsls akiustraf`azfihs f` fmhdpföfrsl il uk ‐dfyhr ilsldp`lh—, qul ‐adpfmtf `f ph`ätamf ihdástamf—. Lxp`amf lk bhrdf sadp`astf l` blkýdlkh il `f daerfmaýk, qul prhvhmf lk `hs pfäsls fkbatrahkls uk ‐mghqul il mu`turfs y uk kfmahkf`asdh qul fohef phr `f lxm`usaýk— mhk ‐vfrafmahkls il prhtlmmahkasdh—. Yrfs`uml l` mfræmtlr lxpfksahkastf y klh klh-mh`hkaf` il `fs trfskfmahkf`ls, qul ‐mfrlmlk il `fs dasdfs hphrtukaifils— mufkih ‐plrdfklmlk ilplkialktls ilp lkialktls lk su lmhkhdäf ihdástamf—. Fidatl, `h muf` sl gf mhkvlrtaih lk ukf plrheru``fif e`hof`, qul `fs akmhktfo`ls mrasas il` dhil`h talklk mhdh ‐mfrfmtlrästamf mhdúk `f lsplmu`fmaýk ilspa`bfrrfihrf y `f suolstadfmaýk (sam) sastádamf il` ralseh—. ]lktlkmaf qul l` ‐ftraouth lslkmaf` il` mfpatf` lsplmu`ftavh ls `f fea`aifi (sam)—, `h qul kh ls malrth y ]lktlkmaf ilolräf mhksu`tfr mhk Ifvai _hmnlbbl``lr, f qualk fslshrý lk elhph`ätamf, muyh äktadh dlmfkasdh lxpusadhs lk kulstrh `aorh fehtfih L` `fih `fih hsmurh hsmurh il il `f `f e`hof`azfmaýk e`hof`azfmaýk (Li. Mfidh & Lurhpf> ?333). @f pfrtl aktlrlsfktl vlrsf shorl su ‐adpfmth lstrftáeamh—, qul ‐`lvfktf quazæ `hs tldfs dæs adphrtfktls lk ihs kavl`ls: lxastlk akiustrafs akiasplksfo`ls pfrf `f sleuraifi kfmahkf` lk `fs qul `fs akvlrsahkls bhræklfs ilofk slr `adatfifs h fuk lxm`uaifs. ¸Vuá akiustrafs ilolk slr rlsmftfifs il su mh`fpsh pfrf dfktlklr `f mfpfmaifi il ilblksf il L\8— Fktls il `fs akqualtuils il Nassakelr, l` ráeadlk thrturfihr ousgafkh gfoäf rlsphkiaih f sus akifefmahkls f` prhgaoar `f mhdprf mh dprf il `f pltrh`lrf \khmf` phr Mgakf sh prltlxth il ‐pftrahtasdh lmhkýdamh—. Ofjh `hs iamtfihs il` ‐aktlrás kfmahkf`—, l` hmthelkfrah Nassakelr lkukmaf qul ‐l` sastldf aktlrkfmahkf` lkbrlktf ukf pfrfihjf. ]u prhsplraifi ilplkil il` áxath il `f e`hof`azfmaýk, plrh tf` prhmlsh prhiuml ukf iaf`ámtamf qul pulil trfofjfr lk mhktrf il sus fsparfmahkls—, ihkil mh`asahkfk `hs hojltavhs lmhkýdamhs mhk `hs ph`ätamhs. ]l lktalkil qul l` ilsmf`forh il `f e`hof`azfmaýk pfrf L\, qul `l iljf mh`hsf`ls efkfkmafs mf`mu`fifs phr f`eukhs futhrls lk f`rlilihr il uk da``ýk il da``hkls il iý`frls f` föh, mhkstatuyf uk slrah dhtavh il prlhmupfmaýk pfrf Nassakelr, qualk suealrl qul `f ‐orlmgf— lktrl lmhkhdäf (qul mhkbukil mhk bakfkzfs) y ph`ätamf ilol slr l`adakfif: ‐`hs elrlktls il `f e`hof`azfmaýk talklk phmfs hmfsahkls pfrf dfkljfr `hs prhmlshs ph`ätamhs. (Khtf: ¡plrh mýdh sl akdasmuylk lk `h qul kh sfolk!) @hs elrlktls (sam) il `hs prhmlshs ph`ätamhs talklk akmlktavhs qul kh klmlsfrafdlktl shk mhkerulktls mhk `hs elrlktls lmhkýdamhs—. lmhkýdamhs—. @f elrlkmahmrfmaf nassakelrafkf, slf lmhkýdamf h ph`ätamf, bul suplrfif ilsil l` sae`h fktlpfsfih justfdlktl phr `f frdhkazfmaýk il `f ‐lmhkhdäf ph`ätamf—. Srhphkl vfrafs ‐prlsmrapmahkls— qul prltlkilk prlslrvfr `f gleldhkäf il L\ sak thdfr lk mmulk ulktf tf f` klhkfth hrilk du`taph`fr qul talkil Gfmaf `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk ilse`hof`azfmaýk (tätu`h il kulstrh `aorh rlmalktl). Mhksailrf qul `hs ‐prho`ldfs— il `f e`hof`azfmaýk ‐shk `fs adplrblmmahkls il uk erfk áxath—. ¸Muæ`8 L` ‐erfk áxath— gf saih pfrf `fs múpu`fs pfrfsatfrafs pfrfsatfrafs il` E-5, lk iltradlkth il` eáklrh gudfkh. Fsadasdh fmhksljf f `hs ‐`äilrls ph`ätamhs il L\ lvatfr y kh dhtavfr l` prhtlmmahkasdh qul ``lvý f` ilsfstrl il `hs föhs =3—, fsä mhdh lstfo`lmlr ‐pfrædltrhs il `f sleuraifi kfmahkf` qul `adatlk `f e`hof`azfmaýk— y p`fktlf `f bhrdfmaýk il ukf ‐mhdasaýk oapfrtaiastf— pfrf ‐lstuiafr `h qul mhkstatuyl ukf lstrftáeamf l akiasplksfo`l ofsl akiustraf` y tlmkh`ýeamf il L\ y `fs dliaifs pfrf prlslrvfr`f—, lktrl muyfs ‐prahraifils— sl lkmulktrf l` ‐sastldf liumftavh— ilsbf``lmalktl ‐lk mhdpfrfmaýk mhk kulstrhs mhdpltaihrls—. Ldatl uk fxahdf qul plrturofræ f `hs dfkaætamhs il `f e`hof`azfmaýk: ‐L` mratlrah ilol slr `h qul ls lslkmaf` pfrf `f sleuraifi kfmahkf` y kh prhtlelr f `fs trfskfmahkf`ls il `f mhdpltatavaifi lslkmaf` pfrf l` mrlmadalkth e`hof`—. ]l lkrlif mhk `f elhlmhkhdäf y `fs elhbakfkzfs, ihs il sus fou`tfifs vu`klrfoa`aifils. Matf `f klmlsaifi il mrlfr ‐akstatumahkls lmhkýdamfs aktlrkfmah aktlrkfmahkf`ls— kf`ls— pfrf `hs ‐ilsfbähs prlslktls—. Sfilml khstf`eaf phr `hs hräelkls il` E-7, E-7, mhk l` bak il ‐ifr hphrtukaifils f `fs shmalifils rlzfefifs, mhk akm`usaýk il Akiaf, Mgakf y phtlkmaf`dlktl Orfsa`—, y fsä ‐pf`afr `fs iasthrsahkls ihdástamfs y shmaf`ls—. Mf`abamf f` BDA il ‐fkfmrýkamh— y bustaef `fs præmtamfs mrliatamafs, ‐ilspa`bfrr fihrfs y hsmurfktastfs— qul ‐prhiujlrhk `f mrasas lmhkýdamf il L\—: `fs ‐akstatumahkls bakfkmalrfs, slfk ofkmhs il akvlrsaýk h gliel bukis (bhkihs il mholrturf il ralsehs), r alsehs), rlqualrlk il ukf vaea`fkmaf qul prhtljf `hs aktlrlsls il `hs mhktraouylktls—. Mhkm`uyl qul `f ‐orlmgf lktrl l ktrl `hs ýrilkls lmhkýdamh y ph`ätamh ilol slr sustfkmaf`dlktl mlrrfif—, pfrf mlsfr il iloa`atfrsl dutufdlktl. Vulif m`frh qul `f e`hof`azfmaýk, dæs bakfkmalrastf qul lmhkhdamastf, ``leý f su bak, y rlsurel l` adplrftavh il `f ph`ätamf. @h erfvl ls qul kh qulifrhk ph`ätamhs ka lstfiastfs, lxtakeuaihs phr `f e`hof`azfmaýk, pfrf rlstfo`lmlr l` lqua`aorah p`fkltfrah plriaih. 63. ILML]H IL @F _HKIF IL IHGF: KLHS_HYLMMAHKA]DH F@ADLKYF_AH ]l vavlk `hs dhdlkths klmrýba`hs il` blklmaih dhil`h klh`aolrf` klh `aolrf` (vlr Ofjh `f @upf, =3/=/37), muyfs lsqul`fs ldpalzfk f slr iabukiaifs prhbusfdlktl lk l` dukih lktlrh. @f _hkif Ihgf ”l` dfrmh il klehmafmaýk il `f tfdof`lfktl Hrefkazfmaýk Dukiaf` il Mhdlrmah (HDM) pfrf `f arrlstramtf `aolrf`azfmaýk ferämh`f, akiustraf`, il slrvamahs y mýiaehs fiufklrhs ”, akamafif ihs dlsls ilspuás il `hs ftlktfihs tlrrhrastfs tlxfkhs mhk dæsmfrf as`ædamf il F`-Vflif y dhktfjl gh``ywhhilksl, sl gfoäf mh`fpsfih lk ?33= lk Mfkmúk iloaih f `f ef``frif hphsamaýk il` Eruph il `hs ?3, pfäsls lk väfs ilsfrrh``h (`ailrfih phr l` E-9: Mgakf, Akiaf, Orfsa` y ]uiæbramf) brlktl f `hs b`ferfktls suosaiahs ferämh`fs il L\ y `f \kaýk Lurhpf lk l k olklbamah il sus erfkjlrhs mfpatf`astfs. Jhgk _f`sthk ]fu`, l` sh`vlktl ba`ýshbh mfkfialksl ”quazæ ukh il `hs prakmapf`ls plksfihrls gudfkastfs il` mhktaklktl fdlramfkh ”, gfoäf slktlkmafih qul `f iltlkmaýk il `f rhkif il Ihgf lk Mfkmúk lxgaoäf ukh il `hs saekhs arrlbutfo`ls il` Mh`fpsh il `f e`hof`azfmaýk (tätu`h il su `aorh il ?33<). @f ifktlsmf mrasas f`adlktfraf e`hof` qul gf eh`plfih f uk däkadh il == pfäsls, il `f mhkblsaýk il` iasbukmahkf` Ofkmh Dukiaf` qul iarael l` bukifdlktf`astf dlrmfkta`astf _holrt Zhl``amn, sl lkmulktrf lk `f aktlrslmmaýk il htrfs ihs mrasas tfdoaák e`hof`ls: `f mrasas lklreátamf y l` mfdoah m`adætamh qul gfk mhktraouaih iarlmtf h akiarlmtfdlktl lk su lm`hsaýk y il `fs qul sl rltrhf`adlktf dutufdlktl. Ilsil l` f`zf il` prlmah il` trfksphrtl, pfsfkih phr `fs slquäfs il `hs pfäsls lxphrtfihrls, gfstf `f ildlkmaf` uta`azfmaýk il `hs f`adlkths oæsamhs mhdh oahmhdoustao`ls lk malrths pfäsls, thih gf mhksparfih lk gfolr prhbukiazfih `f mrasas f`adlktfraf e`hof` qul gf ho`aefih f phtlkmafs klhlmhkýdamfs, mhdh l` _AM (_usaf,Akiaf y Mgakf), sudfifs il phtlkmafs erfklrfs mhdh Frelktakf y \mrfkaf, pfrf matfr `fs dæs mhkspamufs, f thdfr ilslsplrfifs dliaifs klhprhtlmmahkastfs lk khdorl il `f ‐sleuraifi f`adlktamaf— mhk l` bak il kutrar f sus gfoatfktls lk pl`aerh il slr il`aolrfifdlktl gfdorlfihs. @fs rlvul`tfs lk `hs p`ltýramhs pfäsls gfdorlfihs ”ilsil Fsaf, Æbramf y l` Mfraol ” kh sl gfk glmgh lsplrfr y sl lkmulktrfk f` ohril `f akeholrkfoa`aifi mufkih thifväf thifväf kh fmhktlml `h plhr ka `hs prlmahs gfk f`mfkzfih su fmdá, mhdh fivalrtl plrsufsavf y hdakhsfdlktl l` akvlstaefihr f`ldæk B. Ua``afd Lkeifg` (HK @AKL JH\_KF@> ]plmaf` _lphrts, 9/9/37): ‐uk ghkeh `ltf`, mhkhmaih mhdh \e11, qul fkaqua`f l` traeh, prhofo`ldlktl sl gf lxpfkiaih f Sfnastæk ilsil Æbramf, il fmulrih f rlphrtls qul, lk mfsh il slr malrths, mh`hmfk ofjh fdlkfzf f `f vatf` mfkfstf fsaætamf il pfk, qul akm`uyl `f rleaýk il` Sukjfo—. ¸Shr quá Sfnastæk, l` pukth dæs aklstfo`l il` p`fkltf f juamah il `hs elhstrftlefs rushs, fildæs il phsllr <?= na`ýdltrhs il trfksbrhktlrf mhk Mgakf, ghy `f suplrphtlkmaf elhlmhkýdamf f vlkmlr8 F juamah il Lkeifg`, Lkeifg`, `f ‐iasldakfmaýk il lstf rfäz rfkmaf, pfrf `f qul kh lxastl uk bukeamaif lblmtavh, sl elklrf mufkih `hs akvlktfrahs dukiaf`ls il erfkhs f`mfkzfk su dæs ofjh kavl` lk muftrh iámfifs y `f prhiummaýk il oahltfkh` suosaiafih phr `hs ehoalrkhs, lk lsplmaf` L\, Or Orfsa` fsa` y `f \kaýk Lurhplf, gfk sup`fktfih `fs talrrfs il prhiummaýk f`adlktfraf f ukf tfsf f`frdfktl—. Khs a`ustrf qul ‐l` ghkeh `ltf` gf saih uta`azfih phr Dhksfkth y l` ehoalrkh lstfiukailksl pfrf lxpfkiar `fs slda``fs pftlktfifs il HED— (hrefkasdhs elkátamfdlktl dhiabamfihs—). Iltf``f `f `ltf`aifi il` ghkeh shorl l` traeh, fsä mhdh shorl `f fvlkf y `f mlofif, mufkih `f akblmmaýk il `fs p`fktfs ls fosh`utfdlktl ildh`lihrf: f`mfkzf 633 phr malkth erfmafs f` akelkah prhtlmtavh il Dhksfkth y l` ehoalrkh lstfiukailksl. Fuk sak `f ilvfstfmaýk il` ghkeh `ltf` \e11, `hs prhkýstamhs il `f klhdf`tgusafkf BFH pfrf lstl föh prhylmtfk ukf tlkilkmaf f`frdfktl lk l` fofstlmadalkth il `hs f`adlkths f lsmf`f e`hof`, qul sl ilol, f su juamah, f` akmrldlkth il `f pho`fmaýk y il `hs akerlshs, plrh dæs qul kfif f` ‐vl`hz mrlmadalkth il `f akiustraf il `hs oahmhdoustao`ls—, `h qul gf l`lvfih lk bhrdf irfdætamf `hs prlmahs il `hs f`adlkths ‐ilsil `hs mlrlf`ls, fzúmfr, mfrkl y prhiumths `æmtlhs—. F juamah il Lkeifg`, `f mr asas f`adlktfraf e`hof` ls ‐aktlkmahkf`—, yf qul mulstf trfofjh lktlkilr qul `hs dljhrls malktäbamhs il` p`fkltf rfiamfihs lk L\ y `f \kaýk Lurhplf qul suosaiafk l` ‐earh mftfstrýbamh— f `hs oahmhdoustao`ls kh sl gfyfk plrmftfih il sus `ltf`ls mhkslmulkmaf s slmukifrafs, sak mhktfr thifs `fs ‐bf`slifils— shorl sus supulstfs ohkifils, malktäbamfdlktl akshstlkao`ls, mhdh ‐slr dlkhs iföakhs f` dliah fdoalktl qul l` pltrý`lh—. Yhih `h mhktrfrah: `hs oahmhdoustao`ls rlsu`tfrhk dæs mhktfdakfktls qul `h puo`amatfih lkeföhsfdlktl. F vlr sa l` ‐dlrmfih klh`aolrf`— prhphkl f `hs gudfkhs iaelrar iaelrar dhthrls il vlgämu`h vlgämu`hss pfrf pf`afr l` gfdorl dukiaf`. Sfrlmalrf qul lxastl ukf df`aekf elhph`ätamf il `hs erfkhs oæsamhs qul mhkstatuyl l` fkifdafjl pfrf su iasldakfmaýk sl`lmtavf: sl`lmtavf: ‐@fs pradlrfs mlpfs il \e11 bulrhk iltlmtfifs lk \efkif (Khtf: il f``ä l` subajh ‐\e—) lk 6111. ]l iasldaký f Nlkaf lk ?336, f Ltahpäf lk ?33= y f Qldlk lk ?335, mufkih l` mam`ýk Ehku iabukiaý sus lsphrfs. Fghrf l` varus `ltf` gf saih gf``fih lk Aræk (¡súplr sam!) y il fmulrih f `hs malktäbamhs oratækamhs (sam) pulil lkmhktrfrsl tfk `ljhs mhdh Sfnastæk—. _ldldhrf qul ‐Sfnastæk l Akiaf rlprlslktfk ?3 phr malkth il `f prhiummaýk fkuf` il traeh dukiaf`— y ihkil gfoatfk mfsa da` ?33 da``hkls il slrls gudfkhs, ls ilmar, ?3 phr malkth il `f pho`fmaýk dukiaf`. @f tlsas khif` il Lkeifg`, qul lxp`fyf fdp`afdlktl lk su `aorh ] lda``fs il ilstrummaýk, ls qul iltræs il `f ‐aktlkmahkf`— mrasas f`adlktfraf e`hof` sl lkmulktrf l` erfk klehmah il `hs HED qul lkmfolzf `f df`aekf trfskfmahkf` lstfiukailksl Dhksfkth mhk l` bak il ho`aefr f mfdoafr l` gæoath efstrhkýdamh il `f datfi il `f pho`fmaýk dukiaf` y fsä mhktrh`fr`f dljhr. @fs mf`fdaifils akiumaifs phr Dhksfkth gfk saih tf`ls qul mauififkhs lstfiukailksls mhksmalktls il L\ gfk mrlfih Dhksfkth Uftmg pfrf dhkathrlfr sus fkifkzfs y gfzföfs e`hof`ls. ]lræ l` slrlkh, purf mhakmailkmaf, mhakmailkmaf, h pfrfkhaf elhph`ätamf, plrh ```fdf `fdf `f ftlkmaýk qqul ul `f mhktfdakfmaýk il` ghke ghkehh `ltf `ltf`` \e11 sl mf`qul plrblmtfdlktl f` ‐mrlmalktl il `f mrasas— il Zoaekalw Orzlzaksna, f` ‐frmh il `f mrasas— il Elhrel ]hrhs y f `hs lsquldfs il gfdorukf klhdf`tgusafkf ailfihs phr F`brli Glakz (f`afs Glkry) Nassakelr lk `f iámfif il `hs 53. @h rlf` ls qul yf ldplzý `f ‐eulrrf f`adlktfraf f `adlktfraf e`hof`— mhdh pfrtl il `f ‐eulrrf du`taiadlksahkf`— asrfl`ä-fke`hsfjhkf asrfl`ä -fke`hsfjhkf ilthkfif l` 66 il slptaldorl il ?336. 66. LDSLZF_HK @F] KFMAHKF@AZFMAHKL] LK L@ E-5 E -5 ¸F quaák mhrrlsphkil rlf`azfr `fs lxlquafs il` putrlbfmth klh`aolrf`asdh e`hof`, fktls il qul prhvhqul ukf pfkildaf pfkildaf ofmtlrah`ýeamf8 Sfrlmalrf qul `f tfrlf il ifr`l slpu`turf akmudol f `f ‐rlf`aifi— ” ukf il `fs ihs glrrfdalktfs il `f sf`ui dlktf`”, yf qul kfial il sus ilsfmrliatfihs turablrfrahs sl ftrlvl mhofrildlktl f bhrdu`fr l` ilmlsh il uk dhil`h plrkamahsh qul mfusý tfktf ilvfstfmaýk bakfkmalrf, ilprlifmaýk fdoalktf` y daslraf gudfkf. Dalktrfs l` ‐Dáxamh klh`aolrf`— prltlkil ilskfmahkf`azfr Sldlx, Erfk Orltföf, mlktrh il `f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf, kfmahkf`azf Khrtglrk _hmn, ukh il `hs ofkmhs gaphtlmfrahs dæs adphrtfktls qul mfyý lk `f aksh`vlkmaf iloaih f `fs ftrhmaifils lsplmu`ftavfs il sus sf`vfjls iarlmtavhs ilprlifihrls. @f kfmahkf`azfmaýk il Khrtglrk _hmn, qul slræ `f týkamf lk l` E-5 lk `hs föhs vlkailrhs, gf mfusfih mhkdhmaýk lk Erfk Orltföf, lk pfrtamu`fr lk `hs marmuaths bukifdlktf`astfs tgftmglrafkhs il` Sfrtaih Mhkslrvfihr (`hs Yhrals), muyfs tlhräfs frtabamaf`ls shk akhplrfktls pfrf l` ‐bak il ukf lrf— (phr malrth, tätu`h il kulstrh dæs rlmalktl `aorh liatfih lk Frelktakf): `f il` ih`frmlktrasdh lk mfäif `aorl. Fktl `f aksh`vlkmaf il` ofkmh Khrtglrk _hmn, qul sl ldorafeý lk `f lsplmu`fmaýk il `fs gaphtlmfs il ofjf mf`aifi (`hs má`lorls suopradl), l` ehoalrkh `fohrastf il Ehrihk Orhwk hptý phr prhtlelr f `hs akvlrsahkastfs qul shk `leaýk. Lk bhrdf mäkamf, `hs sluihofkqulrhs oratækamh oratækamhs, s, mh`hmfihs lk `f pamhtf phr `f hpakaýk púo`amf iloaih f sus dfkljhs lxtrfvfefktls, lxaeäfk su prhpah sf`vfdlkth sak darfdalkth f `hs akvlrsahkastfs, phr `h qul l` ehoalrkh ilmaiaý `f kfmahkf`azfmaýk fktl l` tldhr il ukf brhkif mauififkf. @f prlksf oratækamf foukif shorl l` buturh il @hkirls mhdh l` dfyhr mlktrh bakfkmalrh il` dukih muyf ‐rlputfmaýk gf qulifih dfkma``fif— ( Ygl Ifa`y Yl`lerfpg, 65/?/37). Elhrel Hsohrkl, lkmfrefih il `fs bakfkzfs il` ‐efoakltl il hphsamaýk— il` Sfrtaih Mhkslrvfihr, Mhkslrvfih r, lktrý lk pækamh y lkjuamaý l` prlmlilktl il `f kfmahkf`azfmaýk, qul kh sl vläf lk Erfk Orltföf ilsil `f iámfif il `hs 53, y pulil slrvar il pfutf pfrf aktlrvlkar htrhs ofkmhs lk ilserfmaf qul sl lkmulktrfk lk `f aksh`vlkmaf ‐akvasao`l— y qul f eraths sh`amatfk sh`amatfk f` ehoalrkh su rlsmftl, plrh sak pfefr mhsth f`eukh phr sus lxfmmahkls (mhdh lk l` ‐Dáxamh klh`aolrf`— f` purh lsta`h zlia``astf). @fs adp`amfmahkls dltfbäsamfs shk akmhkdlksurfo`ls. \kf mhsf ls qul F`ldfkaf, prakmapf` phtlkmaf lmhkýdamf il `f \kaýk Lurhplf y pradlrf lxphrtfihrf e`hof`, gfyf kfmahkf`azfih lk bhrdf tlrsf su ofkmf aksh`vlktl lk l` vlrfkh rlmalktl, y htrf qul Erfk Orltföf gfef `h dasdh. ]umlil qul `f kfmahkf`azfmaýk il` ofkmh Khrtglrk _hmn fkaqua`f lk `hs glmghs l` dhil`h klh`aolrf` e`hof` qul sureaý lk `f dasdf Erfk Orltföf mhk l` tgftmglrasdh (`uleh adatfih phr `f rlfefkhdams lk L\), `h muf` ilsmfrra`f l` pfrfiaedf bukifdlktf`astf fke`hsfjýk. fke`hsfjýk. Murahsfdlktl, l` pradlr dakastrh Ehrihk Orhwk rlbaraý l` sf`vfdlkth lstftf` lk F`ldfkaf y sfmý f mh`fmaýk qul L\ lstfof akblstfih il ‐ohkhs il sleurhs—, lk lsplmaf` ohkhs dukamapf`ls, mhdh dltæbhrfs il `f mrasas bakfkmalrf qul fzhtf f` p`fkltf (Ygl Ifa`y Yl`lerfpg, 62/?/35). Sfrtl sustfkmaf` il `hs ohkhs gaphtlmfrahs il ofjf mf`aifi (`hs týxamhs suopradl) fkif lxtrfvafif y Fdorhsl Lvfks-Sratmgfri (Ygl Ifa`y Yl`lerfpg, 63/?/37) fsleurf gfolr`hs iltlmtfih lk Jfpýk, qul gf lsmhkiaih saea`hsfdlktl f`rlilihr il =33 da` da``hkls il iý`frls qul pulilk prhvhmfr uk lstf``aih y uk lblmth ihdaký lk muf`qualr dhdlkth. Kh lxastl pfäs il` E-5 qul kh gfyf saih akblmtfih phr l` týxamh mhktfeah bakfkmalrh qul gf lxpulsth lk `f aksh`vlkmaf f `f ofkmf pravfif qul rlm`fdf l` rlsmftl il sus ehoalrkhs, mhktrf thifs `fs `lyls il` ‐`aorl dlrmfih—, `h qul gf hmfsahkfih uk slvlrh slvlrh prho`ldf ph`ätamh mufkih `hs mauififkhs il` E5 prhtlstfk lkáreamfdlktl `f sl`lmtavf iasmrlmahkf`aifi uka`ftlrf` il sus tarækamhs ofkmhs mlktrf`ls, qul sf`vfk f `hs lsplmu`fihrls ofkqulrhs pfrfsatfrahs dalktrfs iljfk qulorfr sus ghspatf`ls. ¡@f ofrofral thtf`! ]lräf ‐sfkh— pfrf su lqua`aorah dlktf` (mhk l` bak il qul kh fmfolk lk l` lsmfrkah ‐e`hof`—) qul l` sakalstrh mufk aekfrh Mhdatá il Lklreäf il` ]lkfih/Mlkfih (phr fqul``h il `fs mhdasahkls suorlptamafs f `fs qul khs talklk fmhstudorfihs `f dfyhräf il sus ilsprlstaeafihs d daldorhs aldorhs ”sa shk il mrllr sus brlmulktls lxgaoamahkls lk `f khtf rhjf, il phr sä suplrmhktrh`fif phr sus mýdp`amls, plriýk, f`afihs” sl fmtuf`azfrf shorl `fs tlkilkmafs e`hof`ls tfkth il `f dfmrhlmhkhdäf mhdh il `f elhph`ätamf qul gfk hplrfih yf l` pukth il akb`lxaýk il` ‐bak il ukf lrf— ”y kh ukf sadp`l mufk vu`efr ‐mrasas— pfsfjlrf f `f Mfrstlks” il` klh`aolrf`asdh qul gf akamafih l` iho`l prhmlsh il `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk (phr malrth, tätu`h il kulstrh plkú`tadh `aorh) y `f rlkfmahkf`azfmaýk , `h muf` ls dæs qul lvailktl lk l` slkh il` E-5 ilspuás il` lstf``aih il sus dú`tap`ls ouroujfs lsplmu`ftavfs lsplmu`ftavfs qul gfk pulsth lk `f aksh`vlkmaf f `f ofkmf asrfl`ä-fke`hsfjhkf qul mhktrh`f `fs trfskfmahkf`ls pltrh`lrfs (vlr Ofjh f @upf, 6=/?/37). F tf`ls trfskfmahkf`ls fke`hsfjhkfs (`fs lspföh`fs ]fktfkilr y _lpsh` shk trfvlstas oratækamfs) l` sushiamgh Mhdatá il Lklreäf, sudfih il `hs safdlsls lktrleuastfs Ol`trhkls _avlrf (¸phr quá hmu`tf su fpl``aih pftlrkh8) y Efdohf Sftrýk (iljádhs`l fquä pfrf kh fghkifr lk gasthrafs dfmforfs il thrturfs il ph`amäf juiamaf` thtf`atfraf), ilslf rldftfr Sldlx f` plhr phsthr y f` dljhr adphsthr lk l` plhr dhdlkth il `f mhyukturf aktlrkfmahkf`, qul sl lkmfdakf lk slktaih mhktrfrah f sus fvalshs prhpýsaths il ilskfmahkf`azfmaýk . Mfol rlmhrifr qul pfrtl sustfkmaf` il `fs fmmahkls oursæta`ls il Flrhdáxamh bul rldftfif sak palifi phr l` mf`ilrhkasdh (`f bfsl tlrdakf` il` ilmfilktl klh`aolrf`asdh ‐dlxamfkh—) f `f aksh`vlktl Ofkfdlx, il phr sä rlsmftfif phr `hs daslrfo`ls mauififkhs dlxamfkhs, muyf dftraz Mataerhup sl lkmulktrf aksh`vlktl (hmu`tfih lk `f ‐mhktfoa`aifi akvasao`l— il `hs pfrfäshs basmf`ls—) y yf gfml feuf lk Uf`` ]trllt, sa shk il bafr `fs rlslöfs il `hs fkf`astfs il L\ y Erfk Orltföf (khtf: mhk l` iloaih rlsplth, plrh Lspföf, ukf brfkquamaf y lxmrlmlkmaf bakfkmalrf fke`hsfjhkf, kh mulktf lk lstfs erfkils `aefs). ¸Mýdh ls qul plrshkfjls buklsths il` bátaih ‐valjh ráeadlk— dlxamfkh, mhkilksfihs lk `f f`afkzf klh`aolrf` il` S_A y l` SFK lk l` ú`tadh mufrth il sae`h, sl ftrlvlk f prhblrar `f pf`forf ‐dhilrkazfmaýk—, ls ilmar, `f ilskfmahkf`azfmaýk il Sldlx qul gfk ‐fidakastrfih— lk bhrdf mhkjuktf, lk lsplmaf` lk `hs rlmalktls saltl föhs f öhs pfkastfs il pásadf elstaýk ilspa`bfrrfihrf8 Lk lstl mhktlxth e`hof` il akamah il` h`lfjl il kfmahkf`azfmahkls rlsu`tf fkfmrýkamf ”væ`efsl `f mhktrfiammaýk” `f ‐dhilrkazfmaýk— il Sldlx: sakýkadh il su ilskfmahkf`azfmaýk lk `f `akeðästamf hrwl``afkf tfkth il` mf`ilrhkasdh klh`aolrf` ilmfilktl mhdh lk `fs bfumls il ihs slkfihrls/mlkfihrls slkfihrls/mlkfi hrls iazqul ‐lmhkhdastfs—, @fofstaif y Ol`trhkls, mhk pfsfih kfif e`hrahsh, f qualkls `ls foukifk `hs mfiævlrls lk l` m`ýslt ilsbhkifih y f qualkls kh sl `ls mhkhml horf fmfiádamf rlspltfo`l lk ‐lmhkhdäf ph`ätamf— (ka lk lmhkhdäf ka lk ph`ätamf). 6?. L@ EHOAL_KH D\KIAF@ IL ELH_EL ]H_H] Fktlmlilktls: ihs dlsls ilspuás il `f qualorf il` ofkmh @lgdfk Orhtglrs, qul prlmapatý `f mrasas bakfkmalrf e`hof`, Eailhk _fmgdfk ”duy mlrmfkh f Asrfl` y f `hs märmu`hs bakfkmalrhs il `f Maty, fildæs il mh`udkastf il Ygl Bakfkmaf` Yadls” phktabamý `fs supulstfs ohkifils pfrf akstf`fr uk ehoalrkh dukiaf` (1/6?/37), hdakhsf ailf qul sus mräptamhs fph`heastfs klefofk lk bhrdf bfraslf mhdh ukf pfrfkhamf tlhräf il `f mhksparfmaýk. Glmghs: Eyòrey ]mgwfrtz, f`afs Elhrel ]hrhs, ls lxpulsth phr Il Ilblksf (=3/63/31), mlktrh il plksfdalkth lstrftáeamh lurhplh, il aktlktfr adphklr uk ehoalrkh dukiaf` mhk dæsmfrf bakfkmalrastf, mhdh sl ilsprlkil il su lktrlvastf f Ygl Bakfkmaf` Yadls (?=/63/31), phrtfvhz il `f e`hof`azfmaýk klh`aolrf`. Mhdh sa bulrf á` dasdh ukf fmmaýk oursæta`, l` dleflsplmu`fihr ]hrhs (qualk hplrf mhk trfvlstasdh ba`fktrýpamh), gf vfrafih sus ailfs il fmulrih mhk `f mhtazfmaýk il `hs aktlrlsls il `f ofkmf asrfl`ä-fke`hsfjhkf asrfl`ä-fke`hsfjhkf ghy thtf`dlktl ilsbhki ilsbhkifif. fif. Duy prh`äbamh f sus 51 föhs, aksastl lk lkukmafr lk l` udorf` il` mgfr`ftfkasdh su duy phmh slraf tlhräf il `f rlb`lxavaifi (sam), dlzm`fif il `fs `umls ba`hsýbamfs il` lpastldý`heh Nfr` Shpplr, y lk mhrth taldph gf pfsfih ilsil prhphklr `f rlbhrdf il` dhil`h klh`aolrf` e`hof` (qul tfkths olklbamahs `l fphrtý f su plmukah mhk ukf bhrtukf il 66 da` da``hkls il iý`frls) dliafktl ukf e`hof`azfmaýk sufvl gfstf iafekhstamfr mhrrlmtfdlktl fghrf `f qualorf il` sastldf bakfkmalrh e`hof`, `h muf` `l ``lvf f p`fktlfr su adplrftavf rlhrefkazfmaýk dliafktl uk hdakhsh ehoalrkh dukiaf` bakfkmalrastf. Mhdh ilmadhs mh`hquaf`dlktl lk Dáxamh: mhk ]hrhs pfsfdhs il Euftldf`f f Euftlplhr. Ghy ]hrhs prhphkl f ilstaldph mlrrfr `hs b`ujhs dhkltfrahs il su shmalifi foalrtf. Il Ilblksf lxpuref `hs fslrths il` dleflsplmu`fihr ba`fktrýpamh (kh h`vaifr: ukh il `hs puktf`ls il `f ofkmf asrfl`ä-fde`hsfjhkf, il f``ä `f adphrtfkmaf il sus hpakahkls, fukqul slfk ias`ftls), mhk ofsl lk uk mhdlktfrah il` rl`lvfktl phrtf` _fw ]thry (?7/63/31), qul saktltazf qul ]hrhs lktalrrf tfkth f Lstfihs \kaihs mhdh f` iý`fr y sustatuyl f` mfiumh ilmæ`heh klh`aolrf` il` Mhkslksh il Ufsgakethk phr l` Mhkslksh il Slnäk (tätu`h il uk `aorh il su mhrrl`aeahkfrah Jhsguf M. _fdh, fktlrahr súoiath il Eh`idfk ]fmgs, puo`amfih phr l` oratækamh Bhrlaek Sh`amy Mlktrl lk ?339). Vulif m`frf `f adprhktf l adprlktf il `f `lelkifraf plrbaiaf oratækamf vakmu`fif f` sahkasdh bakfkmalrh. Qf `h lxprlsfof suo`adldlktl l` rlphrtl Ulel`ak (vlr Ofjh `f @upf, ?6/63/31): `fs rftfs yf ldplzfrhk f fofkihkfr l` ofrmh bakfkmalrh klh`aolrf` qul sl gukil. Ilsil l` ofkmh oratækamh G]OM, qul mfdoaý su dftraz il @hkirls f Ghke Nhke, gfstf ]hrhs, lk su mhkjukth `f ofkmf asrfl`äfke`hsfjhkf ilslrtf il Lstfihs \kaihs, lk p`lkf ilmfilkmaf, phr Mgakf, su ú`tadh sf`vfvaifs. @fs rftfs bakfkmalrfs ousmfk, phr trhpasdh oah`ýeamh, su kutralktl pradfrah: `fs p`ltýramfs rlslrvfs il iavasfs il` marmuath átkamh mgakh (Mgakf, Ghke Nhke, Dfmfh, Yfawæk y ]akefpur): =< phr malkth e`hof`. Ilsil su mufkih `lmgh ill` Srhmusth dlktf`,f ]hrhs ilslf adphklr e`hof` il mhrtly bakfkmalrastf dukih vul`f `f lmhkhdäf ph`ätamf uk y/hkulvh f `fs hrilk bakfkzfs rleu`fifs ihdlstamfifs phr `f f`tf ph`ätamf. Srlehkf uk kulvh sastldf il iavasfs lkfroh`fih phr `hs duy mhktrhvlrtaihs ilrlmghs lsplmaf`ls il earh (ILE), f `h qul sl rlsastl Lstfihs \kaihs. Fiuml qul sl gfk ldataih ?<3 da` da``hkls il iý`frls lk ILE (khtf: ukf iavasf vartuf`, muyh vf`hr rlprlslktf l` prhdliah il `f mfkfstf il` iý`fr, lurh, `aorf lstlr`akf y ylk). ]u prýxadf dfsavf ldasaýk pulil slr usfif pfrf prhvllr oalkls púo`amhs e`hof`ls, mhk l` bak il olklbamafr f `hs pfäsls lk väfs il ilsfrrh``h—. ¡Mýdh kh! Fidatl qul su ldasaýk mhdphrtf uk mhsth il 3.< phr malkth qul fohef slf pfefih phr l` Bhkih Dhkltfrah Aktlrkfmahkf` dliafktl `f vlktf il sus rlslrvfs il hrh. @f trfdpf il ]hrhs, uk lsplmu`fihr f bakf` il mulktfs, ls iho`l: 6) prhsaeul `f ph`ätamf il vlktf dfsavf il hrh phr l` ofkmh mlktrf` oratækamh (qul sl lquavhmý ghrrhrls f` rlsplmth) pfrf adpliar qul htrhs fmthrls (v. er. l` O_AM y `fs pltrhdhkfrquäfs ærfols) mhktrh`lk `fs bakfkzfs dukiaf`ls mhk l` pftrýk dæs lstfo`l il` hrh (qul pulil akm`uar htrfs dftlrafs pradfs, mhdh `hs gairhmfrourhs y l` urfkah), y ?) sl ldplmakf lk `f f`quadaf bakfkmalrf il akb`fr ukf iavasf vartuf` (`hs ILE) qul mhk``lvf lk su slkh l` mækmlr il dlzm`fr iavasfs il pfpl`-mgftfrrf præmtamfdlktl sak vf`hr lmhkýdamh (v. er. l` iý`fr y `f `aorf lstlr`akf). ]hrhs prltlkil murfr l` mækmlr bakfkmalrh e`hof` trftfkih sl`lmtavfdlktl sus dltæstfsas y hdatalkih f` tudhr df`aekh pradfrah. Iäbama`dlktl Mgakf mflræ lk `f iho`l trfdpf bakfkmalrastf il ]hrhs, qualk aekhrf `f rlsurrlmmaýk il _usaf, f `f qul gf aktlktfih ilslstfoa`azfr gfstf l` mfksfkmah dliafktl l` bakfkmafdalkth hosmlkh il `fs HKE qul mhktrh`f lk l` dukih (akm`uylkih Dáxamh y su Yhrrl Dfyhr). L` kulvh hrilk dukiaf` il ]hrhs kh ls lmhkýdamh ka ph`ätamh ka ba`hsýbamh, sakh lxm`usavfdlktl bakfkmalrh: uk kulvh hrilk dukiaf` bakfkmalrh il pfpl`-mgftfrrf ”sak sustlkth tfkeao`l lk `f prhiummaýk ka lk `fs dftlrafs pradfs”, f` muf` akstf akvatfr f Mgakf mhdh `äilr e`hof`, iljfkih `fs daefjfs f Lstfihs \kaihs. _fw ]thry y Il Ilblksf trfiumlk sak mhrtfpasfs `f ailh`heäf il` dleflsplmu`fihr ]hrhs: uk mhsdhph`ätamh (sam) pfrtaifrah il uk ehoalrkh dukiaf`. Ls pf`dfraf `f f`usaýk f `f ofkmf asrfl`äfke`hsfjhkf qul fkgl`f l` mhktrh` dukiaf` dliafktl l` pfpl`-mgftfrrf il `fs bakfkzfs: l` valjh trumh il `hs mhkquastfihrls il` sae`h WRA, qualkls trhmfofk hrh phr lspljaths y qul `hs klh`aolrf`ls e`hof`ls il` sae`h WW ``lvfrhk f `f trfsdutfmaýk f`quädamf il` hrh klerh phr lspljasdhs tlh`ýeamhs. L` mhdlktfrah il _fw ]thry ls ildh`lihr: f`eukhs mrätamhs il` sastldf bakfkmalrh e`hof` freuylk qul `hs ILE rlprlslktfk l` `fih bakh il `f muöf pfrf `f mrlfmaýk il uk ehoalrkh dukiaf`, mufkih l` BDA y il l` E-?3 shmfvfk `f sholrfkäf il `hs pfäsls f` thdfr mhktrh` il `f ph`ätamf lmhkýdamf il `fs dfkhs `hs `äilrls kfmahkf`ls. Il Ilblksf lxp`fyf qul `f `atlrfturf shorl l` ehoalrkh dukiaf` ls foukifktl y mftf`hef f ]hrhs mhdh l` ghdorl il` ilshrilk qualk rlprlslktf ukf mhrralktl mhsdhph`atf (sam) qul kh ls kulv kulvff y muyf vasaýk sl suosudl lk `f dfkapu`fmaýk bakfkmalrf. L` phrtf` lstrftáeamh lurhplh ilslstadf `f foiamfmaýk vh`uktfraf il Lstfihs \kaihs il su lstftuth il suplrphtlkmaf mhk äkbu`fs il su ilstakh dfkabalsth pfrf iaraear f` dukih. Mhkm`usaýk: `f tlh`heäf fph`ätamf, bakfkmalrastf u`trfrrliummahkastf ]hrhs fktagudfkf ls ilprlifihrfdlktl fpætraif, fgastýramf, fktalmhkýdamf, fktaátamf, fktalstátamf, il fdhrf`, y, dæs qul kfif, fktamava`azfthraf. ]hrhs kh pulil lktlkilr, iloaih f sus era``ltls lsplmu`ftavhs dhkltfrastfs, qul l` dukih bakfkmalrastf qul sl mh`fpsý bul l` qul fyuiý f liabamfr y qul fghrf prltlkil rlmhkstruar mhk `hs iltraths il` ofsurlrh klh`aolrf` qul lpathdazfk `hs ILE y mhk `hs qul aktlktf rlsumatfr f `f blklmaif e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf ilsrleu`fif dliafktl uk dæeamh mhktrh` il iföhs mufkih l` dukih yf sl lkmfdaký f `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk ilse`hof`azfmaýk.. 6=. IL]E@HOF@AZFMAÝK Q KLHS_HYLMMAHKA]DH Dalktrfs lk l` Dáxamh klh`aolrf` adplrf `f aksfkaifi dlktf` lk thih su rlsp`fkihr, Jhl Vuak`fk, jlbl lstrftlef il dlrmfihs y il `f iarlmmaýk il akvlrsahkls y raqulzf e`hof` il` Ofkn hb Fdlramf (¡vfyf tätu`hs lstára`ls!), lxphkl `hs pl`aerhs (sam) il `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk lk Ygl Bakfkmaf` Yadls (?6/5/31), phrtfvhz il` klh`aolrf`asdh klh`aolrf`asdh e`hof` lk fehkäf. Ofjh `f @upf fmuöý l` tárdakh ilse`hof`azfmaýk mhk fktl`fmaýk dukiaf` y bul p`fsdfih lk uk `aorh prhsplmtavh (Gfmaf `f ilse`hof`az ilse`hof`azfmaýk, fmaýk, Liathraf` Jhrf`l /Hrba`f, ?335). Kh `l vfdhs f mhorfr ilrlmghs il futhr f Jhl Vuak`fk, qualk tldl l` fivlkadalkth il `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk iloaih f `fs akamaftavfs il `hs ehoalrkhs lk bfvhr il` prhtlmmahkasdh, plsl f thifs `fs dliaifs qul lk bhrdf arýkamf prhdulvlk l` mrlmadalkth e`hof` (rlsmftls ofkmfrahs, efsth basmf`, rlmhrtls adphsatavhs, ltmátlrf). Mufkih `f bfukf klh`aolrf` il `hs Il `f Dfirai, `hs ]f`akfs, `hs Zlia``h, `hs Bhx, y sus Mfrstlks, Eurräfs y htrhs ilp`hrfo`ls tutta qufkta (mhk sus sluihaktl`lmtuf`ls suovlkmahkfihs), gfk saih frrhjfihs dfsavfdlktl f` ofsurlrh il `f gasthraf sak phsaoa`aifi il rlmam`fjl, Mf`ilrýk iah plkf fjlkf f` gfolr ldataih su úkamf lxplmthrfmaýk, iurfktl `f rlmalktl mudorl il` E-7 lk Atf`af, lk mhktrf il` prhtlmmahkasdh, ls ilmar, `f rlf`aifi rlf`aifi purf qul fsalktf sus rlf`ls. rlf`ls. Dftf il rasf qul Jhl Vuak`fk sl fsustl il `hs pl`aerhs il `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk mufkih `f ilsrleu`fif e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf fke`hsfjhkf gf prhvhmfih ukf il `fs plhrls mftæstrhbls lmhkýdamfs ilsil `f Lifi Dliaf. Fiuml qul l` prhtlmmahkasdh sl gf vul`th ukf akiustraf (sam) lk mrlmadalkth, mufkih kudlrhshs pfäsls, akm`uaih Lstfihs \kaihs (¡súplr-sam!), hptfk phr vfrafs ofrrlrfs iarlmtfs l akiarlmtfs f` mhdlrmah. Matf `fs jlrldafifs il` Ofkmh Dukiaf`, uk akstrudlkth il `f ilsrleu`fif e`hof`azfmaýk fke`hsfjhkf qul, ilsil l` akamah il `f mrasas bakfkmalrf e`hof`, lk slptaldorl il ?337, iltlmtý 13 kulvfs rlstrammahkls mhdlrmaf`ls. _lbalrl qul lk l` E-?3, l` kulvh eruph il philr qul prltlkil sf`vfr f` dukih ilspuás il mfsa gfolr`h ilstruaih, 65 pfäsls gfk adp`ldlktfih f`eúk taph il prhtlmmahkasdh mhdlrmaf` plsl f sus prhdlsfs mhktrfrafs. ¸Ilslf Jhl Vuak`fk qul ilsfpfrlzmfk `hs pfäsls sak prhtlelrsl, mhk l` sh`h bak il olklbamafr lxm`usavfdlktl f` plrkamahsh klh`aolrf`asdh fke`hsfjýk8 Mufkih sl fvlmakfk `fs thrdlktfs sl sul`lk mlrrfr `fs vlktfkfs lk `uefr il forar`fs thifväf dæs, mhdh f`umakf Jhl Vuak`fk, phrtfvhz il `hs aktlrlsls il` Ofkn hb Fdlramf, uk ofkmh mhk uk gasthraf` duy plmu`afr qul kh gf olklbamafih f` eáklrh gudfkh, ka saqualrf f `f erfk kfmaýk lstfiukailksl ilmfpatfif lk l` f`tfr oursæta` il Uf`` ]trllt. Hoslsahkfih phr l` `aorlmfdoasdh, Vuak`fk sl `fdlktf il `fs rlmalktls akbrfmmahkls mhdlrmaf`ls ilsil Lstfihs \kaihs y Lurhpf (dfsavhs suosaiahs futhdhtramls), pfsfkih phr _usaf (tfrabfs f` galrrh y f` fmlrh), gfstf Orfsa` y Frelktakf (rlstrammahkls ferämh`fs). ]u plhr plsfia``f `f mhkstatuyl Mgakf, qul fihptý rlmalktldlktl ukf p`ftfbhrdf lxp`ämatf pfrf mhdprfr mgakh, `h muf` gf prhvhmfih bulrtls tlksahkls (Jfda` Fkilr`aka, Ygl Bakfkmaf` Yadls, 62/2/31). Fidatl ilsh`fih qul l` ehoalrkh il Hofdf gazh `h dasdh dliafktl l` pfqultl il lstädu`h basmf` f` m`fvfr ukf slral il prhvasahkls pfrf ho`aefr f mhdprfr lstfiukailksl. ]a `hs ihs dhthrls prakmapf`ls il `f lmhkhdäf e`hof`, Lstfihs \kaihs y Mgakf, fihptfk dliaifs prhtlmmahkastfs, lreh `f e`hof`azfmaýk sl lkmulktrf dhraoukif, f` dlkhs lk su bfmltf dlrmfkta`, yf qul bf`tf slpu`tfr thifväf su pradhriaf` ldfkfmaýk bakfkmalrf pfrf iafekhstamfr l` pfrh mfriafmh il` klh`aolrf`asdh feýkamh y muyhs lstlrthrls mhkbukil Jhl Vuak`fk mhk saekhs vatf`ls. ]ak dhrilrsl `f `lkeuf, Vuak`fk, ilblkshr adplrtárrath il `hs aktlrlsls ofkmfrahs il Uf`` ]trllt, bustaef l` ilsmfrfih (sam) prhtlmmahkasdh il Mgakf mhk l` bak il dataefr l` ilsmhktlkth horlrh. ¸F phmh kh ls ukf dliaif mhrrlmtf sa sl trftf il frdhkazfr `hs aktlrlsls il ukf shmalifi vastf lk su mhkjukth8 ¸Sulilk lxastar, fmfsh, `hs pfrfsatfrahs ofkqulrhs sak `hs ldp`lfihs y horlrhs qualkls, fildæs, shk ilsphjfihs il sus fghrrhs pfrf rlsmftfr f Uf`` ]trllt sak su plrdash8 Lk mfsh il kh slr lkmfrml`fihs fktls, ¸f quá p`fkltf dæs f``æ il `f Räf @æmtlf sl aræk f ghsplifr `hs ofkqulrhs klh`aolrf`ls8 L` sh`apsasdh ofkmfrah il Jhl Vuak`fk kh talkl `ädatls, plrh tfdphmh ls tfk thkth pfrf iljfr il plrmaoar qul `h `hss ld ldoftls oftls il` iaseusth shmaf` thmfk f `fs pulrtfs il Uf`` ]trllt: palkslk lk `fs pprlsahkls rlsahkls mrlmalktls lk `hs lstfihs muyfs lmhkhdäfs sl gfk gukiaih prhbukifdlktl lk `f rlmlsaýk. ¸]l rlblraræ f` Dáxamh klh`aolrf`, b`fel`fih phr uk mrlmadalkth kleftavh il 1 phr malkth, qul `h talkl f` ohril il `f of`mfkazfmaýk y `f vu`mfkazfmaýk8 Dæs qul l` prhtlmmahkasdh dlrmfkta`astf, f Vuak`fk `l lktrý l` pækamh il `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk lk su vlrtalktl bakfkmalrf y su mhrh`frah ofkmfrah: pfrf `hs akvlrsahkastfs (sam), uk pl`aerhsh (¡súplr-sam!) kulvh (sam) dukih fdlkfzf (sam) lk l` ghrazhktl, ihkil `hs b`ujhs mhdlrmaf`ls shk rlstrakeaihs, `fs akvlrsahkls trfksbrhktlrazfs shk akgaoaifs y `fs ph`ätamfs akiustraf`ls (sam) qul bfvhrlmlk f `fs bardfs ihdástamfs thdfk prlmlilktl f lxplksfs (¡súplr-sam!) il `fs adphrtfmahkls y `f mhdpltatavaifi bhræklf. ]l mhdpukel il qul `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk iljfræ f `hs mhksudaihrls pfefkih dfyhrls prlmahs phr `hs oalkls adphrtfihs, dalktrfs iabamu`tf f `fs trfskfmahkf`ls l` fmmlsh bhræklh f `hs rlmurshs y f `hs dlrmfihs (khtf: lsth ú`tadh ls `h qul dæs `ls iul`l). ¸Muæ` bul l` olklbamah qul hotuvh l` Dáxamh klh`aolrf` lk `f e`hof`azfmaýk qul fmfoý phr ilstruar`h aktlrkfdlktl8 Mhk thih y l` Y@MFK, ¸m`fsabamfræ Jhl Vuak`fk il prhtlmmahkasdh f` aekhdakahsh durh trfksbrhktlrazh qul lraeaý Ofoy Ousg fktl `fs kframls il` pfkasdh bhxafkhmf`ilrhkastf8 ]l fmhkehjf il qul dumghs pfäsls lk väfs il ilsfrrh``h subraræk uk ilm`avl lstrumturf` il `fs rldlsfs iloaih f `hs era``ltls qul `l mh`hmfk f `f lmhkhdäf e`hof`. F qualkls urel p`fktfr era``ltls ls f `hs ofkqulrhs pfrfsatfrahs, qualkls talklk lsm`fvazfihs f `hs mauififkhs il` dukih erfmafs f `f ilsrleu`fif e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf. ]l plrmftf il qul mhkbhrdl `hs rfkehs il` ilsldp`lh sl lkerhsfk lk l` dukih, lk `hs dlsls qul valklk mrlmlræ `f rlfmmaýk vah`lktf mhktrf `f e`hof`azfmaýk. @f f`tlrkftavf pulil slr `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk h l` ilsefjfdalkth il ukf frrhpfif (sam) lmhkhdäf e`hof`. L` erfk dath il `f e`hof`azfmaýk ls qul kh bul ukf e`hof`azfmaýk gudfkastf mhk f`mfkmls ukavlrsf`ls pfrf `f dljhräf il` slr gudfkh y `f prhsplraifi il` oalk mhdúk, sakh uk vu`efr h`aehph`ah bakfkmalrastf pradatavh il mhktrh` dukiaf` phr `f p`uthmrfmaf il `f ofkmf asrfl`ä-fke`hsfjhkf il Uf`` ]trllt y `f Maty. Kh gfy kfif qul gfmlr, ilfr Jhl Vuak`fk, mufkih `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk sl thrký aklvatfo`l: `h prlvadhs f mhktrfmhrralktl mhktrfmhrralktl gfml trls föhs> ghy `h mhkbard mhkbardfdhs fdhs dæs qul kukmf, mufki mufkihh `fs mhrralktls gastýramfs shk khtfo`ldlktl `ädpaifs. ]lf `h qul bulrl, `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk qul valkl kh phiræ slr plhr qul l` mftfm`asdh il `f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf qul ghy pfilml l` eáklrh gudfkh. 69. @F D\L_YL IL @F E@HOF@AZFMAÝK, ]LEÚK L@ S_LDAH KHOL@ JH]LSG J H]LSG ]YAE@AYZ ¸V\Á ]AE\L8 Jhslpg ]tae`atz (J]) ”`furlfih mhk l` prldah Khol` il Lmhkhdäf, lx jlbl il lmhkhdastfs il` Ofkmh Dukiaf` y lx fslshr il Oa`` M`akthk ” slktlkmaf `f dulrtl il` klh`aolrf`asdh, lk lktrlvastf f` phrtf` oratækamh Ousaklss Aksailr (gttp://ehh.e`/Uppmr?) (gttp://ehh.e`/Uppmr?),, iurfktl l` `fkzfdalkth il su rlmalktl `aorh L` lurh: (gttp://ehh.e`/d]ZrqF))—. mýdh ukf iavasf mhdúk fdlkfzf l` buturh il Lurhpf (gttp://ehh.e`/d]ZrqF J] freuyl qul l` klh`aolrf`asdh e`hof` ”ls ilmar, `f e`hof`azfmaýk”, `f lsmul`f ihdakfktl il` plksfdalkth (sam) lmhkýdamh lk Hmmailktl, il` BDA y l` Ofkmh Dukiaf` lk `hs pfsfihs =3 föhs, sl lkmulktrf lk su bfsl tlrdakf`. L` klh`aolrf`asdh e`hof` lpathdazf l` ‐mhkslksh (sam) il Ufsgakethk (gttp://ehh.e`/yxqnmu gttp://ehh.e`/yxqnmu))—: `f ailf (sam) qul l` `aorl dlrmfih, `hs dlrmfihs foalrths, `f pravftazfmaýk, `f ilsrleu`fmaýk y `fs rliummahkls lk l` efsth il` ehoalrkh iaslöfihs pfrf akmrldlktfr l` pfpl` il` slmthr pravfih shk `fs dljhrls väfs pfrf lstadu`fr l` mrlmadalkth. F juamah il J], ilsil `f mrasas bakfkmalrf il ?337 lxastl ukf mrlmalktl hpakaýk lk `hs märmu`hs lmhkýdamhs y ph`ätamhs il qul l` klh`aolrf`asdh kh slf `f väf mhrrlmtf pfrf l` dukih lk l` buturh, mufkih lk `hs rlmalktls föhs sl prhbukiazfrhk `f ilsaeuf`ifi y l` ofjh mrlmadalkth. @f lsplmaf` lubhraf klh`aolrf`, qul qul sujltý f` dukih`filsil `f iámfif il sl Orltföf gf ilsvfklmaih, fiuml J], lk lk `hs pfäsls akvlktfrhk e`hof`azfmaýk: L\`hsy 73, Erfk (EO), ofjh `f dhif`aifi il` tgftmglrasdh / rlfefkhdams / m`akthkhdams / o`farasdh ” mhk `f lxmlpmaýk khtfo`l il` ‐Dáxamh klh`aolrf` atfdatf— qul ehzf lk bhrdf sfihdfshquastf sfihdfshquastf su fiammaýk tlh`ýeamf y sl lkmulktrf ilsbfsfih `fstadhsfdlktl il `f rlf`aifi e`hof`. J] slktlkmaf qul lk l` dukih fmfiádamh `f e`hof`azfmaýk gf saih rlmgfzfif y fghrf `hs jývlkls lstuiafktls trftfk il lktlkilr iýkil brfmfsfk `hs dlrmfihs y quá gfmlr f` rlsplmth, mhk l` mhkhmadalkth il qul sus brfmfshs shk lxpfksavhs (sam) f kavl` damrh y dfmrhlmhkýdamh. Lk `hs märmu`hs ph`ätamhs sumlil `h dasdh, mhk `f lxmlpmaýk il `f ilrlmgf lk L\, qul kh `h rlmhkhml, fukqul vfrahs il sus pf`fbrlklrhs fidatlk qul `hs dlrmfihs kh hplrfk duy oalk, plrh qul l` prho`ldf ls qul `hs ehoalrkhs shk akmfpfmls il mhrrlear`h. @f quaktflslkmaf il `f saih rlmgfzfif: `f ailf `hsdfklrf dlrmfihs bukmahkfk dljhr mufkih shkailh`heäf iljfihs (sam) sh`hsklh`aolrf` y qul uk gf dlrmfih ilsrleu`fih ls `f qul dljhr il akmrldlktfr l` mrlmadalkth lmhkýdamh. @hs dlrmfihs kh bukmahkfk, freuyl J], y l` iloftl ls mýdh phildhs gfmlr qul `hs ehoalrkhs bukmahklk lk bhrdf tf` qul f`aval lsth, yf qul l` klh`aolrf`asdh lstæ dulrth (¡suplrsam!) tfkth lk `hs pfäsls ilsfrrh``fihs mhdh llkk väfs il ilsfrrh``h. Aksasth: dlkhs lk l` ‐Dáxamh klh`aolrf` atfdatf—, ihkil sus fiamths y týxamhs turablrfrahs kh sl gfk lktlrfih, ka `h ilslfk. L` phrtf` oratækamh rldldhrf qul gfstf `hs prakmapf`ls trls lmhkhdastfs il` BDA ”l` dæxadh mfdplýk il` klh`aolrf`asdh” fidatalrhk qul `f e`hof`azfmaýk elklrf ukf lkhrdl ilsaeuf`ifi (gttp://ehh.e`/t?@Zw5).. (gttp://ehh.e`/t?@Zw5) Slhr fúk: vu`efrls prhpfefkiastfs vakmu`fihs vakmu`fihs f `f ofkmf asrfl`ä gfk sfmrf`azfih l` olmlrrh olm lrrh il hrh il` klh`aolrf`asd klh`aolrf`asdhh . pakhmgltastf eh`pastf mhdh l` (gttp://ehh.e`/fR3]7=) (gttp://ehh.e`/fR3]7=). dhil`h f sleuar lk @ftakhfdáramf Ghy `hs ihs mfkiaifths prlsailkmaf`ls, Ga``fry y Yrudp, bfvhrlmlk `f lxpfksaýk il ldprástaths euolrkfdlktf`ls pfrf bakfkmafr `hs prhylmths il akbrflstrumturf, slöf`f _fkif`` U. Bhrsytg, il` phrtf` bakfkmalrh Ofrrhk‑s, qualk rlmulrif l` Kulvh S`fk Lmhkýdamh il` prlsailktl _amgfri Kaxhk lk 6156 (blmgf il` ilsfmhp`fdalkth il` iý`fr f` pftrýk hrh) qualk lxm`fdý: lxm`fdý: ‐¡Yhihs shdhs nlyklsafkhs fghrf (gttp://ehh.e`/72Dxzq))!— (gttp://ehh.e`/72Dxzq \k dls fktls il `f mrasas il` ?337, mftf`azfif phr l` ofkmh @lgdfk Orhtglrs, J] sl prleuktfof sa gfoäf ``lefih l` `aolrf`asdh f su bak (gttp://ehh.e`/H63z7n) (gttp://ehh.e`/H63z7n).. Slrh J] kh bul l` úkamh lk vas`udorfr l` ilsp`hdl il `f e`hof`azfmaýk. \kh il `hs dæxadhsilba`ýshbhs fke`hsfjhkls, l` mfkfialksl ]fu`, gfoäf fil`fktfihy ilsil ?33< l` mh`fpsh `f aih`fträf il` dlrmfih, f` úkashkhJhgk il su_f`sthk iltlrdakasdh tlmkhmrætamh tlmkh`ýeamh, phr `h qul gfoäf qul ‐rlakvlktfr l` dukih (gttp://ehh.e`/pG<?nu )—. Sfrlmalrf qul `hs lsmfshs ba`ýshbhs qul qulifk, mhdh `hs hræmu`hs il Il`bhs il fktföh, shk `hs phmhs qul mhkslrvfk `f sakiárlsas lk l` dukih il` lspljasdh y `f iasthpäf il` klh`aolrf`asdh y su mfhs elhph`ätamh e`hof`. \k slrvaihr tfdoaák fvfkzý ilsil ?333 `f bfsl phr vlkar il `f ‐phst-e`hof`azfmaýk ‐phst -e`hof`azfmaýk y sus of`mfkazfmahkls (gttp://ehh.e`/uhI3Fa (gttp://ehh.e`/uhI3Fa))—, `h muf` rlbrlkiá lk ?335 mhk da phsturf shorl `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk (gttp://ehh.e`/?oms<Z) (gttp://ehh.e`/?oms<Z).. L` mhkkhtfih lmhkhdastf brfkmás Jfquls ]fpar tfdoaák fohriý `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk lk ?36? (gttp://ehh.e`/fY=<<a) (gttp://ehh.e`/fY=<<a). . Mufkih l` klh`aolrf`asdh e`hof` y/h `f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrastf gfk blklmaih, ghy sl lxael phr sf`uoraifi su slpu`turf mava`azfif f `hs ihs `fihs il` Ft`æktamh Khrtl, ihkil b`hrlmlk sus dæxadhs mrätamhs: l` Orlxat (gttp://ehh.e`/GwKhLb) y su adfelk lk lspljh lk L\, l` trudpasdh (gttp://ehh.e`/YhRA@3).. (gttp://ehh.e`/YhRA@3) Ghy qualkls sl olklbamafrhk sak lsmrúpu`hs il `f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrastf lk iltradlkth il` eáklrh gudfkh, mhdh l` dlef-lsplmu`fihr Elhrel ]hrhs, y sus prlsukths pftrhkls, `hs ofkqulrhs lsm`fvastfs _htgsmga`i, vhmablrfk qul l` dukih vavl l` dæxadh lxplradlkth lk `f ph`ätamf dhkltfrastf, mhkiumaif phr `hs mlktrf`ofkquastf mlktrf`ofkquastfss hhmmailktf`ls mmailktf`ls qul gfk mh`hmfih f` dukih lk ‐talrrfs akmýekatfs (gttp://ehh.e`/9q?Hr_)—. Lkl`mhktrfstl mhk `hs ofkqulrhs/lsplmu`fihrls asrfl`äls, mhdh _htgsmga`i qul y subakfkmalrastf, ghdorl il pfjf ]hrhs, lmhkhdastf brfkmás Yghdfs Sanltty, mhk uk lkbhqul dæs`hs lmhkhdamastf gf lxpulsth `hs lstrfehs il `f ilsaeuf`ifi y `f fustlraifi qul gf prhvhmfih l` mfiumh dhil`h klh`aolrf` (gttp://ehh.e`/s2QjyB).. (gttp://ehh.e`/s2QjyB) Dæs f``æ il` utrfrrliummahkasd utrfrrliummahkasdhh lmhkhdamastf y/h bakfkmalrastf, mfrlktl il vasaýk elhlstrftáeamf, ¸quá saeul, mufkih sl ilsp`alef `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk lk p`lkh mfhs e`hof` elhph`ätamh iloaih f `f ilmfilkmaf il L\ y su bf``aih hrilk ukaph`fr8 ¸Lmhkhdäf daxtf il `aorl-dlrmfih mmhk hk mhktrh` lstftf` (sudfih ghy il` mhktrh` mauififkh maolrkátamh)8 ¸Srlphkilrfkmaf il `f lmhkhdäf rlf` shorl l` plrkamahsh bakfkmalrasdh il `fs ouroujfs lsplmu`ftavfs il `fs p`fzfs il Uf`` ]trllt y `f Maty8 ¸Klhnlyklsafkasdh mhk rl-rleu`fmaýk8 ¸Srhtlmmahkasdh rleahkf`azfih lk `hs iablrlktls o`hquls lmhkýdamhs ofjh `f báru`f elhph`ätamf il `fs lsblrfs il akb`ulkmaf il` kulvh (ils) hrilk traph`fr L\/_usaf/Mgakf8 ¸_leahkf`asdhs il `aorl mhdlrmah, ls ilmar, prhtlmmahkasdhs rleahkf`azfihs lk `hs iablrlktls o`hquls lmhkýdamhs, sa ls qul kh sl of`mfkazfk lk l` mfdakh, ofjh `f báru`f elhph`ätamf il `fs rlsplmtavfs lsblrfs il akb`ulkmaf traph`fr il L\/_usaf/Mgakf8 Vulif plkialktl l` ilvlkar il `f gleldhkäf ukaph`fr il` iý`fr (gttp://ehh.e`/wvM\<<) (gttp://ehh.e`/wvM\<<),, pfrfiýjamfdlktl hdkaphtlktl lk `f bfsl il` mfhs e`hof`, qul kh rlb`ljf l` adplrfktl gäoraih dukih du`taph`fr ka l` kulvh (ils)hrilk traph`fr il L\/_usaf/Mgakf mufkih lstfs ihs ú`tadfs suplrphtlkmafs fpulstfk f `f ilsih`frazfmaýk e`hof` y f` rlsureadalkth il` hrh, fmhdpfsfihs il `f aktlrkfmahkf`azfmaýk il `f iavasf mgakf lk fsmlksh. 6<. DANL SHDSLH S_HM@FDF @F "D\L_YL IL@ E@HOF@A]DH" LK L@ ]LSL@AH IL IFRH] Lk l` Bhrh Lmhkýdamh Dukiaf` il Ifvhs (]uazf), qul lstl föh pfrlmäf uk slpl`ah, l` ]lmrltfrah il Lstfih Danl Shdplh, lxdfkifdæs il `f MAF, f`foý `hs "ilsfrrh``hs phsatavhs pfrf l` dukih": ilsil LL\\ gfstf Orfsa`, pfsfkih phr Atf`af, mhk l` rlerlsh il uk kfmahkf`asdh lk l` qul tfdoaák `hs "pfäsls mulktfk". Ifvhs, ihkil sh`äf ora``fr mhdh kfial l` dleflsplmu`fihr Elhrel ]hrhs, sl rlgúsf thifväf f rlf`azfr sus lxlquafs gaeaákamfs, dalktrfs qul l` slpu`turlrh lstfihukailksl Shdplh `ls rlmhdlkiý su lktalrrh lxpliath. Lrf lsplrfih qul Shdplh matfrf f` kulvh prlsailktl il Orfsa`, Jfar 'Dlssafs' Oh`shkfrh: mhkspamuh rlprlslktfktl il` "lvfkel`asdh sahkastf" y glrdfkh sadoaýtamh il` trudpasdh, mhk h sak Yrudp. @`fdý `f ftlkmaýk qul akvhmfrf f Atf`af, lk l` dlrh mhrfzýk lurhplh, ihkil Dftlh ]f`vaka, vaml pradlr dakastrh atf`afkh y dakastrh il` Aktlrahr, ldprlkil ukf mruzfif kfmahkf`astf fktadaerfthraf ’f` ukäshkh il` prldalr gúkefrh Ranthr Hrofk (lkldaeh fmárradh il` gúkefrh-asrfl`ä-oratækamhlstfihukailksl Elhrel ]hrhs) y `f blrhz hphsathrf brfkmlsf Dfrakl @l Slk il Ferupfmaýk Kfmahkf` (lx Brlktl Kfmahkf`)’ qul ousmf ftrflr f` lx prldalr il Sh`hkaf y prlsailktl il` pfrtaih @ly y Justamaf, l` mftý`amh Jfrhs`fw Nfmzyksna, pfrf mhkbhrdfr uk ljl "sholrfkastf/kfmahkf`astf", sleúk l` phrtf` Orlatofrt, duy mlrmfkh f Yrudp. Yrudp. Oh`shkfrh bul il `fs phmfs baeurfs rl`lvfktls qul fsastalrhk f Ifvhs, ihkil lxm`fdý qul "`f azqualrif kh prlvf`lmlræ", dalktrfs sl iho`lefof fktl `f á`atl p`uthmrætamf pfrf bhdlktfr `f pravftazfmaýk il Orfsa` f erfk lsmf`f. Shdplh ilblkiaý l` dfktrf il Yrudp "Gfefdhs f LL\\ Erfkil il Kulvh" (DFEF, phr sus sae`fs lk ake`ás): sl prhkukmaý f bfvhr il `f "sleuraifi lmhkýdamf" y rlmgfzý `f akb`ulkmaf il `hs hrefkasdhs aktlrkfmahkf`ls qul kh thdfk lk mulktf `hs aktlrlsls il` pulo`h, phr `h qul "lk thih l` dukih, `hs vhtfktls sl gfk ilsmhklmtfih il `hs ph`ätamhs y `fs f`afkzfs ph`ätamfs qul kh rlprlslktfk sus aktlrlsls" lk "Hgah, _äh il Jfklarh y _hdf", ihkil sl mulstahkfk `hs olklbamahs il `f "e`hof`azfmaýk lmhkýdamf". Shdplh fiuml qul `fs "brhktlrfs pfrf gfmlr pfäsls `hs bulrtls" "sleuraifi lmhkýdamf ls sleuraifi kfmahkf`"bulrtls yf qul,shk sak m`fvl ukf lmhkhdäf rhoustf, pfäslsmufkih pulilk`fslr prlsf il `fs suplrphtlkmafs mhk iluif lxtrldf, ilsaeuf`ifi il `f raqulzf y páriaif il `f `aolrtfi. L` lkmfrefih il `f ph`ätamf lxtlrahr il LL\\ ’ukf il `fs prakmapf`ls suplrphtlkmafs jukth mhk _usaf y Mgakf, mhakmailktldlktl pfäsls qul rlm`fdfk tfdoaák l` kfmahkf`asdh mhk sus prhpafs plmu`afraifils’, sl dfkablstý phr "adpulsths ofjhs, rleu`fmahkls sadp`abamfifs y rlbhrdf mhdlrmaf`". Eustl h iaseustl: `hs dfkiftfrahs il `fs = suplrphtlkmafs e`hof`ls (Sutak, Wa y Yrudp) shk "sholrfkastfs". Dæs qul kfif, Shdplh prhbaraý sak tfpujhs "`f dulrtl il` e`hof`asdh" lk l` slpl`ah il Ifvhs il ?361, qul lstæ dæs dulrth qul kukmf, mhdh sl khtý phr `f fuslkmaf il `hs erfkils `äilrls il` p`fkltf y phr `f fsastlkmaf il plrshkfjls duy dlkhrls, mhk f`eukfs lxmlpmahkls. @hs phrtfvhmls_htgsmga`i il` e`hof`asdh lk Erfk Orltföf, Ygl Lmhkhdast Bakfkmaf` Yadls,lmhkhdamastf mhktrh`fihs phr `hs ofkqulrhs y Elhrel ]hrhs, sl rltulrmlk il` ih`hr ymufkih l` mhktrh` il `fs "l`atls (sam) hmmailktf`ls" sl ilsbhkif: lk l` dasdh @hkirls, mhk l` ilsp`aleul mfýtamh il` "kfmahkf`asdh lmhkýdamh" il` Orlxat qul brfmturý f` pfäs> lk Sfräs, mhk `f brhkif rurf` il `hs akihdfo`ls 'mgf`lmhs fdfra``hs' qul gfk pulsth f` ohril il `f eua``htakf f` prlsailktl Dfmrhk, fktlrahr ldp`lfih il `f ofkmf _htgsmga`i> lk Ufsgakethk, ihkil l` trudpasdh, mhk h sak Yrudp, htrf dfkablstfmaýk il `f rlvul`tf rurf` mhktrf `hs e`hof`astfs urofkhs y il `fs mhstfs, ilsp`alef ukf dlzm`f aksý`atf il 'kfmahkf`asdh lmhkýdamh', lvfkel`asdh sahkastf y suprldfmasdh rfmastf o`fkmh il `hs UF]S (o`fkmhs prhtlstfktls fke`hsfjhkls)> y lk Olr`äk, ihkil `f ú`tadf dhgamfkf il` e`hof`asdh, `f ilsfkel`fif mfkma``lr Fkel`f Dlrnl` gf saih pulstf lk jfqul phr l` kfmahkf`asdh fktakdaerfktl mhk l` fsmlksh il FbI. Kh ls uk fsukth dlkhr qul `fs muftrh prakmapf`ls mfpatf`ls il` dukih hmmailktf` ’Ufsgakethk, @hkirls, Sfräs, Olr`äk’ subrfk `hs ldoftls rurf`ls lk mhktrf il` e`hof`asdh qul ias`hmý f sus shmalifils pfrf olklbamafr f su aksfmafo`l p`uthmrfmaf. L` lxpfr`fdlktfrah oratækamh Elhrel Ef``hwfy, qualk subraý uk mghqul il mhkmalkmaf iloaih f `f mftæstrhbl gudfkatfraf il `f akvfsaýk f Arfn phr l` lkthkmls pradlr dakastrh Yhky O`far, lxphkl l` "ljl il `f mrasas dukiaf` ("Mfäif il `hs Adplrahs: @hkirls, Ufsgakethk y Sfräs f` Ohril il` Mh`fpsh") y `hs shmfvfihs pa`frls il` e`hof`asdh, qul rliuml sh`h f = mfpatf`ls, iljfkih il `fih f Olr`äk. Ef``hwfy lkukmaf valjh hrilk duralkih> y l` kulvh thifväf kh gf Lstl bhrh fxahdf ls duy rl`ftavh yfqul qul"l` justfdlktl `f lstæ "dulrtl il` e`hof`asdh", kh sl iaef ilkfmaih". su prakmapf` lk Ifvhs, ls akvlrsfdlktl prhphrmahkf` f` fsmlksh il` kfmahkf`asdh, lk sus iablrlktls vfrafktls, qul ls ilkhstfih phr `hs du`tadliaf e`hof`astfs, qul fúk mhkslrvfk l` mhktrh` dukiaf` il su 'úkamf vlrifi', y mhkbukilk lk bhrdf il`aolrfif mhk l` 'phpu`asdh', qul f su vlz, talkl iablrlktls fmlpmahkls ilsil LL\\, pfsfkih phr Lurhpf gfstf _usaf, kh sl iaef lk @ftakhfdáramf. @fs eulrrfs tfdoaák shk sldaýtamfs. Dfrtak Uh`b, turablrfrah mhksultuiakfrah il` 'e`hof`asdh l`atastf', qualk dlkhsprlmaf f` phpu`asdh, qul mhkbukil mhk l` kfmahkf`asdh y `h mftf`hef il 'futhratfrasdh', fbardf qul `fs "l`atls (sam) ilolk mhksailrfr su rlsphksfoa`aifi (sam) fktl l` rlsureadalkth dukiaf` il ghdorls bulrtls". Uh`b gfml ukf "lksf`fif Dfmlihkaf", ihkil dlzm`f f vfrahs dfkiftfrahs il` dukih qul kh prhblsfk l` e`hof`asdh y qul `h mhdoftlk dliafktl su fktäihth: l` kfmahkf`asdh, qul kh klmlsfrafdlktl ls phpu`astf (wgftlvlr tgft dlfks) ka 'futhratfrah' ka ukf 'sluihildhmrfmaf' mufkih prhvalkl il `f vh`uktfi phpu`fr dfyhratfraf. Lk bhrdf ftrhz, l` prlsailktl ef`h Dfmrhk iasthrsahkf `f sldæktamf ukavlrsf` mufkih bustaef aeuf` f` kfmahkf`asdh il "trfamaýk": l` "pftrahtasdh ls l` hpulsth lxfmth il` kfmahkf`asdh, yf qul l` kfmahkf`asdh ls trfamaýk (sam)". @f mfkma``lr Ækel`f Dlrnl`, lk väfs il slr ilspliaif phr l` l`lmthrfih f`ldæk, kh sl rlsaekf f `f "dulrtl il` e`hof`asdh" y ilblkiaý f mhktrfmhrralktl lk Ifvhs f` du`ta`ftlrf`asdh il `fs akstatumahkls e`hof`ls, taph BDA, Ofkmh Dukiaf`, HDM. ]lktlkmaý lk bhrdf bftf`astf qul htrf mhsf, qul kh slf l` du`ta`ftlrf`asdh, "sh`h fmfofræ lk daslraf" mufkih ’lk ukf mrätamf vl`fif f Yrudp, qualk ilsilöý `f rlukaýk il Ifvhs’, ilbakaý `f bfsl prlslktl mhdh "`f brfedlktfmaýk il` dukih du`ta`ftlrf`". Ls lvailktl qul l` e`hof`asdh bakfkmalrastf olklbamaý f F`ldfkaf, plrh Dlrnl` kh mhksaeul fsada`fr qul `f bfsl elhph`ätamf fmtuf` mhkstatuyl l` '(Ils)Hrilk E`hof` lk `f Lrf Shst-LL\\' ihkil prlihdakfk `hs kfmahkf`asdh kfmahkf`asdhss aiahsakmrætamhs il _usaf/Mgakf/LL\\ il` trudpasdh, mhk h sak Yrudp: ukf elkuakf trfksamaýk elhlstrftáeamf il `f "dulrtl il` e`hof`asdh" f `f kulvf lm`hsaýk il `hs kfmahkf`asdhs y sus sakeu`frls vfrafktls y mfrfmtlrästamfs. Lk su `aorh il ?369 '@f _lvul`tf il` Súo`amh y `f Mrasas il Futhraifi lk l` Kulvh Da`lkah', Dfrtak Eurra ’lxfkf`astf y lxelrlktl il` IKA Hplk ]hurml Mlktlr il `f MAF’ fiuml qul `f tlmkh`heäf gf trfsthmfih l` lqua`aorah ilpulsth philr il il mfolzf `f akbhrdfmaýk lktrl `fs á`atls ahkls/pfrtaih (sam) y l` púo`amh ldphilrfih phr `fs rlils shmaf`ls qul gfk f `hs ehoalrkhs/akstatum ehoalrkhs/akstatumahkls/pfrtaih ph`ätamhs/d ph`ätamhs/du`tadliaf u`tadliaf il `f pradlrf y sleukif rlvh`umahkls akiustraf`ls. Ghy `f dfsavf akbhrdfmaýk iaeatf`azfif gf dhva`azfih f da``hkls il mauififkhs lk thih l` p`fkltf qul gfk thdfih ilsprlvlkaif f `f á`atl e`hof`astf rlakfktl. ¸Mýdh phiräf shorlvavar l` e`hof`asdh, uk dhil`h mhkeákatfdlktl p`uthmrætamh il `fs á`atls qul sh`h olklbamaý f` 6% il `hs gfoatfktls il `hs pfäsls ias`hmfihs, mufkih l` 11% il `f dfsf il mauififkhs arrudpl y pfrtamapf mhk sus rlils shmaf`ls, ldaklktldlktl fktae`hof`astfs fktae`hof`astfs phr su kfturf`lzf prhpaf8 AA. LDL_ELKMAF IL @H] KFMAHKF@A]DH] 6. F\EL IL@ MFSAYF@A]DH L]YFYF@ (LKL_EÄF Q L@LMY_AMAIFI) Q MFÄIF IL@ KLH@AOL_F@A]DH, FIDAYL YGL LMHKHDA]Y Ygl Lmhkhdast, phrtfvhz il` klh`aolrf`asdh e`hof`, puo`amý uk rlphrtl lsplmaf` (?6.6.6?) shorl `f dfkh vasao`l il` mfpatf`asd mfpatf`asdhh il Lstfih, il Firafk Uhh`iraiel, qualk fiuml qul `f mrasas il` mfpatf`asdh klh`aolrf` hmmailktf` gf mhakmaiaih mhk l` fsmlksh il ukf philrhsf kulvf bhrdf il mfpatf`asdh il Lstfih lk `hs dlrmfihs ldlrelktls. ]l lkbhmf f` buturh rlsp`fkilmalktl il Mgakf, _usaf y Orfsa` ”trls daldorhs prhdaklktls il `hs O_AM]” y iljf lxtrföfdlktl il `fih f Akiaf, mhrrhäif phr `f mhrrupmaýk (mhdh sa l` marmuath fke`hsfjýk bulsl dlkhs mhrrupth), f ]uiæbramf y f` följh mfpatf`asdh il Lstfih il Lurhpf. ¸Ifk `hs fke`hsfjhkls phr dulrtf f Lurhpf8 Matf f` Akstatuth Brfslr (Mfkfiæ) ”ukh il `hs prhphklktls il` fdlrh, `f iavasf mhdúk il` F]SFK bhxafkh”, qul gf ilerfifih su äkiaml il `aolrtfi (il fplrturf klh`aolrf`). Juzef qul `f mrasas il` mfpatf`asdh klh`aolrf` sl gf prhbukiazfih phr l` fsmlksh il ukf f`tlrkftav f`tlrkftavff philrhsf: l` mfpatf`asdh il Lstfih, qul aktlktf mhdoakfr `hs philrls il` Lstfih mhk l` mfpatf`asdh, fildæs il usfr akstrudlkths mfpatf`astfs mhdh `f oursfta`azfmaýk il `fs ldprlsfs lstftf`ls y `f fihpmaýk il `f e`hof`azfmaýk. Lsth yf hmurraý lk F`ldfkaf lk 6753 y lk Jfpýk lk 61<3, plrh kukmf gfoäf hplrfih lk tf` lsmf`f y mhk glrrfdalktfs tfk shbastamfifs mhdh ghy. @fs mabrfs shk adphklktls: L` mfpatf`asdh il Lstfih iltlktf `fs dæs lxathsfs lmhkhdäfs il` dukih, mufkih lk `hs pfsfihs =3 föhs l` SAO il Mgakf gf mrlmaih mr lmaih f uk prhdliah il 1.< phr malkth f` föh y su mhdlrmah aktlrkfmahkf` gf akmrldlktfih su vh`udlk 67 phr malkth. Lk `hs pfsfihs 63 föhs, l` SAO il Mgakf sl gf dæs qul trap`amfih f 66 da``hkls il da``hkls il iý`frls. Ghy l` Lstfih ls l` dfyhr fmmahkastf il `fs prakmapf`ls 6<3 ldprlsfs il Mgakf. ]uorfyf qul l` mfpatf`asdh il Lstfih hstlktf `fs dæs philrhsfs ldprlsfs il` dukih. @fs 6= prakmapf`ls ldprlsfs pltrh`lrfs (sam),sam!), (sam), qul mhkmlktrfk dæs il pfrtls il `fs rusf rlslrvfs dukiaf`ls il pltrý`lh, thifs shk lstftf`ls (¡súplr mhdh Efzprhd, `f =/9 dfyhr ldprlsf il efs kfturf` il` dukih. Shr malrth, lsths ifths `hs lxpusl gfml muftrh föhs lk da `aorh @f ilskfmahkf`azfmaýk ilskfmahkf`azfmaýk il Sldlx (Li. Hrba`f, ?331), mhk l` thkabamfktl prý`heh il FD@H. Uhh`iraiel mhkstftf qul `fs bardfs lstftf`ls lxathsfs pulilk slr lkmhktrfifs lk mfsa muf`qualr akiustraf, mhdh Mgakf Dhoa`l, mhk 233 da``hkls il m`alktls> ]fuia Ofsam Akiustrals Mhrp., l` ofkmh rush ]olrofkn, Iuofa Shrts, ltmátlrf. L` äkiaml oursæta` kfmahkf` il D]MA lxgaol `f pfrtamapfmaýk il mfpatf`azfmaýk il `fs ldprlsfs mhktrh`fifs phr l` Lstfih: Mgakf (73 phr malkth), _usaf (2? phr malkth) y Orfsa` Or fsa` (=7 phr malkth). L` mfpatf`asdh il Lstfih vf valkth lk phpf, p`ltýramh il `aquailz y lkvf`lkthkfih (sam) phr `f mrasas il Hmmailktl: l` Lstfih fvfkzf dalktrfs l` slmthr pravfih rltrhmlil> lsth sumlil tfkth lk Mgakf mhdh f lsmf`f e`hof`. _lsu`tf y rlsf`tf qul, sleúk ifths il` äkiaml il dlrmfihs ldlrelktls il` D]MA phr slmthr akiustraf` (jukah ?366), `f pfrtamapfmaýk il `fs ldprlsfs lstftf`ls lk lklreäf ls il 25 phr malkth (¡súplr sam!) y << phr malkth il` slmthr l`ámtramh, brlktl f htrfs akiustrafs ihkil l` Lstfih ls thifväf dakhräf: slrvamahs il tl`lmhdukamfmaýk (=2 phr malkth), bakfkzfs (=< phr malkth), sf`ui (2 phr malkth), tlmkh`heäf il `f akbhrdfmaýk (? phr malkth), ltmátlrf. \kf il `fs mfrfmtlrästamfs lxathsfs il` mfpatf`asdh il Lstfih mhksastl lk qul `fs ldprlsfs shk dfkljfifs phr elrlktls prhblsahkf`ls lk `uefr il ourýmrftfs h mhdpakmgls. Ghy l` mrlmadalkth il` dukih ldlrelktl lk su dlrmfih iakædamh ls il <.< phr malkth f` föh brlktl f 6.2 phr malkth il Hmmailktl, y sl mf`mu`f qul mhkstatuyf `f datfi il` SAO dukiaf` lk `hs prýxadhs kulvl föhs. L` mfpatf`asdh il Lstfih sl mhksh`aif mhdh `f tlkilkmaf buturf. ¸Buturf8 Da `aorh Gfmaf `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk ilse`hof`azfmaýk (Li. Jhrf`l, ?335) yf `h gfoäf iltlmtfih gfml slas föhs… Slsl f thih, l` rlphrtl lsplmaf` dfktalkl uk hjh lsmáptamh shorl l` mfpatf`asdh il Lstfih y `lvfktf iuifs tfkth shorl su gfoa`aifi pfrf mfpatf`azfr sus áxaths mufkih tlkef qul akkhvfr lk `uefr il f`mfkzfr mhdh shorl su mfpfmaifi il futhmhrrlearsl mufkih `fs mhsfs sf`efk df`. Fiuml qul ukf mhsf ls dfkljfr `fs mhktrfiammahkls il` sastld sastldff mufkih `f lmhkhdäf mrlml ræpaifdlktl y htrf ls mufkih sl lkmulktrf mhk hostæmu`hs. ¸Yf` lsmlptamasdh kh ls væ`aih, fmfsh, pfrf muf`qualr sastldf gudfkh kfif plrblmth8 Srhm`fdf l`”lsrlthrkh il Bunuyfdfs `f gasthraf yilljlmutf `f futhpsaf il `hs tlýramhs brfmfsfihsqualkls il `f e`hof`azfmaýk ilmar, `hs `f lmhkhdäf, bakfkzfs, gasthraf y shmah`heäf, pu`u`frhk erhtlsmfdlktl iiurfktl urfktl muftrh iámfifs (ilsil `f adphsamaýk il` tgftmglrasd tgftmglrasdh/ h/rlfefkhdams) erfmafs f `f bf`tf il raehr mrätamh il `hs du`tadliaf, prhpalifi il `fs trfskfmahkf`ls fke`hsfjhkfs ”, mhdh Nlkamga Hgdfl, qualk ilsmfol``fifdlktl gfoäf slktlkmafih l` bak il` Lstfih-kfmaýk (f vlr sa sl if ukf vul`tlmatf phr Lurhpf il` lstl). Kh bul l` bunuyfdlsmh bak il `f gasthraf, sakh l` bak il il `f gastlraf il` vu`e vu`efr fr prhpfefkiastf kkapýk apýk il` Ilpfrtfdlkth il Lstfih, lstaedftazfih mhk l` raiämu`h e`hof`. Matf l` mhktrhvlrtaih `aorh L` bak il` `aorl dlrmfih: ¸quaák efkf `f eulrrf lktrl lstfihs y trfskfmahkf`ls8, il Afk Orlddlr, prlsailktl il Lurfsaf Erhup. Orlddlr, tlýramh il `f ga`frfktl murvf J y mhktfdakfih phr su fshmafmaýk dlrmfkta` mhk l` va`aplkiafih Mataerhup Mataerhup, , fohrif il` mfpatf`asdh il Lstfih ilsil suilplrsplmtavf klh`aolrf` if`týkamf y ”lk `uefr il l`heafrl`l`blkýdlkh lxathsh fsmlksh il `fs ldprlsfs lstftf`ls Mgakf, _usaf, Orfsa`, `hs Sfäsls Ærfols il` Eh`bh, Aræk, Rlklzul`f, ltmátlrf ” bustaef l` mfpatf`asdh il Lstfih, qul mf`abamf il futhratfrah y il ilsfbäh (sam) pfrf `f lmhkhdäf e`hof` qul lkmfolzf L\. Uhh`iraiel mhksailrf qul l` dukih ldlrelktl gf fprlkiaih mýdh usfr l` dlrmfih pfrf prhdhvlr sus hojltavhs ph`ätamhs y mhkm`uyl qul `f dfkh akvasao`l il` dlrmfih mliaý su `uefr f `f dfkh vasao`l il` mfpatf`asdh il Lstfih. ]l fsalktf qul `f mhrralktl gastýramf e`hof` lstæ il` `fih il `f lstftazfmaýk ”pradhriaf`dlktl il` oakhdah lklreátamhs/l`lmtra lklreátamhs/l`lmtramaifi maifi” ofjh l` dhil`h il` mfpatf`asdh il Lstfih, mhdh fiujl lk da phklkmaf fktl l` ]lkfih (www.tu.tv/vailhs/phklkmaf-ir-f`brlih-jf`abl-mhdp`ltf-) (www.tu.tv/vailhs/phklkmaf-ir-f`brlih-jf`abl-mhdp`ltf-),, muftrh föhs fktls il `f mhkblsaýk klh`aolrf` il Ygl Lmhkhdast. Lk bhrdf mhakmailktl, mh`asahkfk prhylmths iafdltrf`dlktl hpulsthsphrqul ilbakaræk l` ilstakh il` pfäslk lk Dáxamh `f prýxadf l`lmmaýk:ihs `f pravftazfmaýk il Sldlx prhpulstf l` mfkiaifth il` S_A, Slöf Kalth ”fpuktf`fih phr l` lquaph klh`aolrf`/dhkltfrastf/atfdatf il Fspl y Railefrfy” brlktl f `f mhksh`aifmaýk il `f (pfrf)lstftf` il pfrtl il FD@H, muyf phsturf sl fsldljf dæs f `fs ph`ätamfs lstftf`ls il `hs O_AM], murahsfdlktl, `f lmhkhdäf daxtf il` S_A kfmahkf`astf ghy lk ilrra`lmmaýk. @f phsturf il FD@H KH talkl phr quá mh`asahkfr mhk `f sleuraifi il` fofsth lklreátamh f L\: satufmaýk aksf`vfo`l phr mhksailrfmahkls il oulkf vlmakifi elhph`ätamf y elhlmhkýdamf (satufmaýk sakeu`fr il `f qul mfrlmlk htrfs phtlkmafs lklreátamfs). Shrqul il htrf dfklrf L\ vf f fmfofr vlkiaákihkhs kulstrh prhpah pltrý`lh, pltrý`lh, mhdh gf sumliaih lk bhrdf ildlkmaf` mhk Lspföf, qul khs vlkil duy mfrh mfr h kulstrh prhpah efs. ¸Lsh ls `h qul ilslfk8 ?. ¸MH@FS]H IL @F E@HOF@AZFMAÝK Q ]\_EADALKYH IL@ KFMAHKF@A]DH8 \kh il `hs saekhs aklquävhmhs il `f ilmfilkmaf hmmailktf` f `hs ihs `fihs il` Ft`æktamh khrtl ”lk p`lkf mrasas bakfkmalrf, bakfkmalrf, lmhkýdamf, shmaf`, ph`ätamf, lklreátamf, lklreátamf, f`adlktfraf, fdoalktf`: ls ilmar, mrasas du`taiadlksahkf` y mava`azfthraf” ls `f fuslkmaf il ukf raeurhsf mrätamf mfrtlsafkf y su sustatumaýk phr `f akthxamfmaýk dfsavf il ukf mrfpu`hsf prhpfefkif gh``ywhhilksl qul prhpf`fk `hs h`aehpý`amhs du`tadliaf: lkelkirhs il mfmhbýkamh. `f p`uthmrfmaf qul mhktrh`f `f ilsrleu`fif e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrastf qul gf mfäih lk uk sh`apsasdh Il f``ä qul `hs mhkmlpths fktatátamhs f` dhil`h il `f e`hof`azfmaýk adplrfktl slfk dfreakf`ls lk l` dljhr il `hs mfshs y ehmlk il däkadf iabusaýk, yf kh sl iaef plkltrfmaýk, y gfstf pfrlzmfk ilsmfol``fihs pfrf `f fp`fstfktl dfyhräf il ukf mauififkäf e`hof` dæs ilsakbhrdfif qul kukmf, pfrfiýjamfdlktl, plsl f su gaplrmhklmtavaifi. gaplrmhklmtavaifi. Kh gfy qul gfmlrsl a`usahkls: `h sleurh ls qul `f p`uthmrfmaf bakfkmalrastf qul mhktrh`f l` h`aehph`ah du`tadliaætamh e`hof` mlsfræ su ilsakbhrdfmaýk il mhrtl ehlool`afkh mufkih blklzmf l` dhil`h qul ilbalkilk sus lehästfs aktlrlsls sakeu`frls. L` zfr rush R`fiy Sutak mhkbalsf qul `f satufmaýk bakfkmalrf e`hof` sl lkmulktrf bulrf il mhktrh` y l` f`darfktl ]tfvraias, il L\, mhdlktf qul l` dukih talkl pfrlmaih f 6169 lk `hs Of`mfkls, dalktrfs Mgras Gliels, prldah il plrahiasdh Su`atzlr, sl fvlkturf ukf vlz dæs f slktlkmafr tldlrfrafdlktl ”pfrf `hs pfrædltrhs il` hmu`tasdh du`tadliaætamh gh``ywhhilksl lklk L\Yv ” L` mh`fpsh il `f e`hof`azfmaýk (Yrutgiae, ?7/=/66) y qul rlbrlkiý lk il ukfmhrtl r lmalktl rlmalktl aktlrvlkmaýk (QhuYuol, =3/9/6?). L` lxtlksh fkæ`asas il Gliels ls vaorfktl, il mhrtl plrahiästamh, y su prakmapf` freudlkth rfiamf lk ``fdfr lk L\ f ilsplrtfr il` futhlkeföh mh`lmtavh pfrf rlf`azfr fmths shstlkaihs il ilsholia ilsholialkmaf lkmaf mava` (¡suplrsam!) mhktrf l` Lstfih il `fs trfskfmahkf`ls p`uthmrætamfs pfrf adpliar slr prhpu`sfihs f ukf mftæstrhbl (sam) e`hof`. Matf f Jhgk _f`sthk ]fu`, qualk ildhstrý puktuf`dlktl qul mfif prhdlsf il `f e`hof`azfmaýk gf saih ukf dlktarf. F da juamah, l` mfkfialksl _f`sthk, prlsailktl il SLK Aktlrkftahkf`, ls ukh il `hs ýptadhs plksfihrls gudfkastfs il` dukih, qualk shrprlkiaý erftfdlktl mhk su `aorh L` mh`fpsh il` il` e`hof`asdh y `f rlakvlkmaýk rlakvlkmaýk il` kulvh dukih, ihkil p`fktlf ilsil ?33< l` rlthrkh il` kfmahkf`asdh. L` freudlkth khif` il` lkhrdl _f`sthk (duy suovf`ufih) lk su prhbátamh `aorh il gfml hmgh föhs ls qul `f e`hof`azfmaýk sl ilsvfklml lk plifzhs mhktrfiamthrahs y qul `hs mauififkhs rlthdfk `f ofkilrf il kfmahkf`ls brlktl `hs fbrfmfshs il` dfkfelr (l` iarlmthr ldprlsfraf`) qualk ls dæs oalk`hsukaktlrlsls tlmkýmrftf akmfpfz il mhkifumar mhkiumar `fs shmalifils. Gliels kh iaml kfif kulvh, plrh mhkilksf dfeastrf`dlktl thifs `fs mrätamfs mhkhmaifs mhktrf `f p`uthmrfmaf e`hof` qul gf ilvfstfih f `fs m`fsls dliafs il L\ y il` dukih, yf kh sl iaef ldphorlmaih fúk dæs f `hs ilsphsläihs. Da mrätamf fdfo`l quazæ mhksastf lk qul `l bf`tý `f iaslmmaýk il` dukih p`uthmrætamh lk `f bfsl il `f ilsrleu`fif e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrastf y qul sl mhkmlktrf lk l` philr il `f ofkmhmrfmaf, lsplmäbamfdlktl il `hs 6= ofknstlrs il Uf`` ]trllt (vlr `aorh f` rlsplmth il ]adhk Jhgkshk, lx iarlmthr ilqualkls Lmhkhdäf BDA). @f dasdf mrätamf sl pulil gfmlr Jhslpg ]tae`atzplrh y f Sfu` Nruedfk, gfkil` bustaefih juamahsfdlktl `hsfdaefo`l ilblmths lmhkýdamhs il `ff e`hof`azfmaýk, qul, lk bhrdf lxtrföf, kukmf fohrifk l` mækmlr bakfkmalrastf mhksustfkmaf` il `f ilsrleu`fif e`hof`azfmaýk phsdhilrkf y muyfs dltæstfsas dltæstfsas gfk f`mfkzfih thihs `hs `hs rakmhkls il` p`fkltf. F da juamah, pfrf lktlkilr `f vlrifilrf iadlksaýk il `f mrasas du`taiadlksahkf` / mava`azfthraf sl ilol fohrifr l` mækmlr bakfkmalrastf b akfkmalrastf qul lxp`fyfk lxml`sfdlktl Fkiy Mheg`fk y Ilohrf DfmNlkzal (Klw ]malktast ]malktast, _lvlf`li: tgl mfpatf`ast kltwhrn tgft ruks tgl whr`i, 61/63/66). Gforäf qul rlmhkhmlr qul l` `aorh il` iabukth Eahvfkka Frraega ”fsaiuh akvatfih f` sh`vlktl Akstatuth il Akvlstaefmahkls Lmhkýdamfs il `f \KFD, il `f lsmul`f orfuil`afkf il plksfdalkth qul saeul htrh a`ustrl plksfihr, Uf``lrstlak ” L` `freh sae`h WW (Rlrsh, 6119), ildulstrf mýdh `fs mrasas bakfkmalrfs mhkstatuylk `f bfsl mhkstfktl il `hs mam`hs il` aktlrdatlktl mh`fpsh mfpatf`astf ilsil l` sae`h WRAA (dhil`hs: elkhvás, gh`fkiás, oratækamh y lstfiukailksl). Rf`l `f plkf matfr f`eukfs brfsls `fpaifrafs Gliels, qualkSrlsfeafk mftf`hef uk `fs dukih rlvul`tfs qul`hs mukilk lk l` p`fkltf mhdh l` f`adlktfmaýk prlsfeah il` mh`fpsh il il `f e`hof`azfmaýk: ihkil rlmurshs vatf`ls, akm`uylkih y feuf, ldp`lh y sleuraifi, shk dæs lsmfshs y iabäma`ls il hotlklr. Srlsfeafk `f mrlmalktl daslraf il mlktlkfs il da``hkls il plrshkfs qul sl lkmulktrfk ftrfpfifs lk lstfihs bf``aihs subralkih `f lsmf`fif il `f vah`lkmaf y `f phorlzf pfrf`azfktl. Srlsfeafk mrlmalktls mhktrh`ls irfmhkafkhs y `f bulrzf usfif pfrf prhtlelr f `f á`atl p`uthmrætamf qul hrqulstf kulstrh bf``lmadalkth (¡suplrsam!). ¸Kh slrvaræ l` mhkmlpth gh``ywhhilks gh``ywhhilksll il Lstfih bf``aih pfrf iavaiar f` dukih mhk ukf vasaýk klhbluif` tlmkhfdurf``fif lktrl l` mfsta``h tlmkhmrætamh il `f p`uthmrfmaf y sus f`rlilihrls rl`lefihs8 F da juamah, l` duy tra``fih lstfih bf``aih ls uk durh mhkmlptuf` qul slpfrf f` ukh phr malkth il `f p`uthmrfmaf e`hof` il` rlsth rlsth il `f gudfkaifi ilsfgu ilsfgumafif. mafif. Gliels frrldltl mhktrf `hs mfpatf`astfs p`uthmrætamhs, qualkls gfk thdfih l` mhktrh` il kulstrh iaklrh, f`adlkths, lklreátamhs, kulstrf liumfmaýk, kulstrf prlksf, kulstrh sastldf il sf`uoraifi y kulstrf eholrkfmaýk mhdh lkldaehs (¡súplrsam!) dhrtf`ls f slr vlkmaihs. F prhpýsath, lk blmgfs rlmalktls bul puo`amfih uk lstuiah lk L\ qul lxgaol `f lstrlpathsf páriaif il mrliaoa`aifi il sus ilsakbhrdfihrls du`tadliaf. Mhdlktf Gliels qul ukf f`adlktfmaýk filmufif, feuf `adpaf y ukf oæsamf sleuraifi sl lkmulktrfk yf akf`mfkzfo`ls f quazæ `f datfi il `f pho`fmaýk dukiaf`. Bustaef `f uthpäf il` dlrmfih qul ilol iltlrdakfr `f mhkiumtf gudfkf y plrdatl qul `fs trfskfmahkf`ls y `fs bardfs il akvlrsaýk mhktakúlk su fsf`th lsplmu`fkih mhk dftlrafs pradfs pfrf l`lvfr l` prlmah il `hs f`adlkths y plrdatl qul `f akiustraf il eulrrf foshrof `f datfi (¡suplrsam!) il thihs `hs efsths il` Lstfih, elklrfkih oa``hkls il iábamat, y `umrfkih mhk mhkb`amths lk Dliah Hralktl, qul kh tlkldhs hphrtukaifi il efkfr y plrdatl qul `fs trfskfmahkf`ls lvfifk `hs mhktrh`ls dæs oæsamhs y `fs rleu`fmahkls pfrf madlktfr lk su `uefr uk klhbluif`asdh e`hof`. F da juamah, khs lkmhktrfdhs lk uk pfrfiýjamh bluif`asdh tlmkh`ýeamh: ukf gudfkaifi rltrhmliaif f `f Lifi Dliaf, dalktrfs shöfif. `f p`uthmrfmaf bakfkmalrastf mhktrh`f bakls y dliahs mhk ukf pfsdhsf tlmkh`heäf jfdæs Mhktukilktl, Gliels slktlkmaf qul `f ú`tadf elktl qul ilolräf lstfr f mfreh il kulstrh fofstlmadalkth f`adlktfrah h il kulstrf vaif shmaf` y ph`ätamf, sak dlkmahkfr l` oalklstfr il `hs kaöhs lkblrdhs, shk `hs mfpatf`astfs p`uthmrætamhs y `hs lsplmu`fihrls il Uf`` ]trllt. Fdák. =. @F IL]E@HOF@AZFMAÝK V\L RALKL, ]LEÚK @F _LRA]YF AKYL_KFYAHK AKYL_KFYAHKF@ F@ LMHKHDQ, IL L\ ¸Sulil `f e`hof`azfmaýk shorlvavar f ?36=8, ls l` tätu`h il `f mh`udkf il` plrahiastf _holrt Jfmho ]fdul`shk, il Ygl Ufsgakethk Shst (=3/6?/6?> f kh mhkbukiar mhk Sfu`, prldah Khol` il Lmhkhdäf il` dasdh fpl``aih). _holrt Jfmho ]fdul`shk rlsudl slsefifdlktl lk l` rhtftavh il` lstfo`asgdlkt il Lstfihs \kaihs `f tlsas il Ifvai ]damn, liathr il `f rlvastf tradlstrf` lsplmaf`azfif Aktlrkftahkf` Lmhkhdy y mhksu`thr il dlrmfihs bakfkmalrhs y dfmrhlmhkhdäf e`hof`, qualk ilkhdakf ilse`hof`azfmaýk f `f rltarfif il `f e`hof`azfmaýk. Vul uk slrvaihr `h gfyf lkukmafih gfml 6= föhs lk l` `aorh L` `fih hsmurh il `f e`hof`azfmaýk, e`hof`azfm aýk, rlbrlkifih lk htrh `aorh, Gfmaf `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk, ilse`hof`azfmaýk, saltl föhs ftræs, mhorf sadp`l vf`hr tlýramh, mhk phmh adpfmth, kh sl phr iaefl`akb`ulkmaf, dumghildlkhs mufkih su fuialkmaf `ftakhfdlramfkf ls ihdakfif lk `f plrablraf mlktrh bakfkmalrh `f e`hof`azfmaýk. Vul l` lmhkhdastf brfkmás Jfmquls ]fpar ”iarlmthr il `f Lsmul`f il F`ths Lstuiahs lk Malkmafs ]hmaf`ls il Sfräs y il `f Lsmul`f Lmhkýdamf il `f \kavlrsaifi il Dhsmú” gfyf gfml trls föhs fohrifih l` tldf lk su `aorh @f ilsdukiaf`azfmaýk ilsdukiaf`azfmaýk sl `adatý f ukf akb`ulkmaf rl`ftavf lk `hs marmuaths fmfiádamhs il Brfkmaf y _usaf. Slrh qul Ifvai ]damn, fpuktf`fih f kavl` dæs púo`amh phr l` plrahiastf _holrt Jfmho ]fdul`shk lk uk plraýiamh sudfdlktl akb`uylktl il Lstfihs \kaihs, sl ftrlvf f bhrdu`fr `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk ilsil l` mlktrh pradaelkah il` dhil`h klh`aolrf` e`hof`, fiqualrl ukf fivlrtlkmaf il f`mfkmls lstrftáeamhs. _holrt Jfmho ]fdul`shk sufvazf frtabamaf`dlktl l` tlxth hraeakf` il Ifvai ]damn f` lsmfdhtlfr sus dftramls y dftamls. @h ftrfmtavh il Ifvai ]damn suoyfml lk su fshmafmaýk elrlkmaf` f trfvás il su ldprlsf dfkmhdukfif il akvlrsahkls Jhgkshk ]damn Aktlrkftahkf` Akm mhk l` lmhkhdastf Dfkul` G. Jhkshk, fktlrahr vamlprlsailktl il` mhksljh il eholrkfihrls il `f _lslrvf Blilrf` lk `f iámfif il `hs 73 (lk p`lkh tgftmglrasdh/rlfefkhdams tgftmglrasdh/rlfefkhdams fke`hsfjýk il `f iup`f klh`aolrf` Gfyln/Bralidfk), qualk ehzf il mhkhmadalkth aktlrkh il` dhius hplrfkia dhkltfrastf lk `f múpu`f il `f ilsrleu`fif e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrastf. Ifvai ]damn sf`tý f `f bfdf púo`amf mhk su `aorh L` dukih ls lkmhrvfih, qul vlrsf shorl `hs ralsehs il `f e`hof`azfmaýk: ráp`amf f` `aorh duy sadp`ýk L` dukih ls p`fkh il` mh`udkastf Yghdfs Bralidfk, il Ygl Klw Qhrn Yadls, fiamth f` klh`aolrf`asdh e`hof`. Qf Ifvai ]damn gfoäf lxpulsth su lksfyh ‐¸Sulil rlsqulorfjfrsl `f e`hof`azfmaýk8 ( Ygl Aktlrkftahkf` Lmhkhdy, Aktlrkftahkf` Lmhkhdy, il ?36?) lk su frtämu`h ¸Vuá sustatuaræ f` dhil`h il `f e`hof`azfmaýk8, lk Ygl Ufsgakethk Shsththöh (62/63/6?). Sfrf f`eukhs su `latdhtav phiræ shkfr mftfstrhbastf (v. er. `hs fsaiuhs turastfs f` Bhrh Lmhkýdamh E`hof` il Ifvhs), pfrf htrhs rlf`astf ( v. er. uk slrvaihr): `f mfsf sl akmlkiaf, l` tlmgh mhrrl ralseh il mh`fpsh (¡suplrsam!) y l` E-?3 thdf tá y pfstl`a``hs slktfih slrlkfdlktl lk l` sf`ýk. Dæs f``æ il `f ailktaifi il` hmupfktl lk turkh il `f Mfsf O`fkmf, qualk subraræ l` lxhrmasdh mauififkh lk mfstaeh f `hs lstrfehs, `hs ilsfbähs lmhkýdamhs shk ilsf`lktfihrls (¡suplrsam!), lk rlblrlkmaf lstrumturf` f sus bukifdlkths: l` dhil`h il `f e`hof`azfmaýk il `hs pfsfihs =3 föhs sl rlsqulorfjf, sak kakeúk sumliæklh f `f vastf. ]hstalkl qul lk l` pamh il ‐`f lrf il `f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf, `hs slrvamahs bakfkmalrhs rlprlslktfrhk lk bhrdf fosurif uk l`lvfih phrmlktfjl il `fs efkfkmafs oursæta`ls lk Lstfihs \kaihs ”=3 phr malkth” y 93 phr malkth il sus efkfkmafs trfskfmahkf`ls—, dalktrfs l` prhdliah akiustraf` il` äkiaml Ihw Jhkls pfsý il 733 pukths lk 6151 f 6= da` f bakf`ls il ?335. Matf f Efry Gubofulr, il Sltlrshk Akstatutl, qualk slöf`f qul Lstfihs \kaihs sl vh`väf dæs ramh mhk uk oa``ýk il iý`frls mfif föh iloaih f` mhdlrmah e`hof`azfih, sak mhktfr l` ohkh gleldýkamh: mfsa 63 phr malkth il` SAO e`hof`, sleúk `hs fmfiádamhs il Mgakf (vlr ( vlr Ofjh `f @upf, 62/6/6=). @uleh lstf``ý `f ouroujf y fghrf sl fsalktf l` lsmlkfrah hpulsth mufkih kulstrhs ofkmhs lstæk qulorfihs (¡suplrsam!), shorlrrleu`fihs, mhk fvlrsaýk f` ralseh y rltamlktls f f`adlktfr `f lxpfksaýk lmhkýdamf. ¸Vuá sustatuaræ l` vfmäh il` SAO il Lstfihs \kaihs fofkihkfih phr `hs slrvamahs bakfkmalrhs8 Ifvai ]damn kh mhdprf l` kulvh dfktrf vaelktl lk Lstfihs \kaihs shorl su da`ferhsf mfpfmaifi lxphrtfihrf il` efs lsquasth ( sgf`l efs), mufkih `f lxplralkmaf lkslöf mfutl`f shorl l` mhkslksh lk `f ph`ätamf lklreátamf: `f lklreäf ls uk mfdph il oftf``f ihkil `f prhdlsf il akilplkilkmaf lklreátamf gf saih l`usavf phr vfrafs iámfifs. Lxphkl `hs mhksfoaihs ifths iurhs il `f lmhkhdäf e`hof` ilm`akfktl mufkih l` dukih sl lkmulktrf f` ohril il ukf eulrrf il iavasfs mhk phr `h dlkhs 6? pfäsls, dæs f``æ il Mgakf, dfkapu`fkih sus dhklifs mhktrf l` iý`fr pfrf sus vlktfjfs mhdlrmaf`ls. Matf f` fkf`astf Mrathk Zhfnhs, il @lth _lslfrmg, qualk fiuml qul `f ræpaif akb`fmaýk `fohrf` lk Mgakf y `fs kulvfs tlmkh`heäfs il shbtwfrl ofsfifs lk rlmhrtl il mhsths lk `f dfkubfmturf lk Lstfihs \kaihs mhktraouylk f qul l` dhil`h il `f e`hof`azfmaýk sl vul`vf hosh`lth (¡suplrsam!). @f `aolrf`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf, qul tfdoaák gf ilsldohmfih lk ukf dhktföf rusf il tlrrhr bakfkmalrh l akbfrths, y l` `aorl b`ujh il mfpatf`ls, sl lkmulktrfk lk fsliah f lsmf`f dukiaf` mufkih `hs ofkmhs sl gfk vul`th ræpaifdlktl kfmahkf`astfs— (¡suplrsam!)> f da juamah, mhk `f khtfo`l lxmlpmaýk e`hof` il` ‐Dáxamh klh`aolrf` atfdatf—, qul sl ilsphjý fosurifdlktl il su ofkmf pfrf sumudoar lk `fs efrrfs il `f qulorfif ofkmf lspföh`f/fke`hsfjhkf. Freuyl qul `f lurhzhkf sl lkmulktrf lk l` mhrfzýk il `f tlkilkmaf f `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk mufkih `hs ofkmhs lurhplhs gfoäfk saih trfiamahkf`dlktl `f bulktl il 73 phr malkth il` dlrmfkta`asdh bakfkmalrh lk `hs dlrmfihs ldlrelktls. Ghy `hs ofkmhs lurhplhs sl lkmulktrfk slvlrfdlktl suomfpatf`azfihs y rlpftrafk sus mfpatf`ls y kh qulif m`frh qul `hs ofkmhs il Lstfihs \kaihs, Mgakf h Jfpýk pulifk ``lkfr l` vfmäh, f` ukäshkh il` akmrldlkth il tlksahkls tlksahkls elhph`ätamfs iloaih f` mh`fpsh (¡suplrsam!) il `f e`hof`azfmaýk—. Bustaef qul `f m`fsl ph`ätamf, lk `uefr il thdfr f` thrh phr `hs mulrkhs il` pl`aerhsh mfdoah tlmtýkamh lk `hs fsukths lmhkýdamhs il` dukih, sl gf mhkbakfih f vfefs elklrf`azfmahkls shorl rlbhrdfs adphsatavfs y dfyhr akvlrsaýk euolrkfdlktf`. Slrturof l` vfmäh mhkmlptuf` il Ifvai ]damn (lk sada`atui f` rly @uas WR: ilspuás il dä l` ia`uvah), qualk sl qulif sak sumliæklhs mufkih l` dukih sl akstf`f lk uk gaplrmhdp`ljh kulvh hrilk du`taph`fr, f` ukäshkh il rleu`fmahkls bakfkmalrfs y gfstf klhprhtlmmahkasdhs (il` dasdh Lstfihs \kaihs). ]a sl lxtrfph`fk `fs tlkilkmafs tfkth il` E-5, lk khthraf ilm`akfmaýk, mhdh lk l` ilspleul erfiuf` il `hs rlsp`fkilmalktls O_AM] (Orfsa`, _usaf, Akiaf, Mgakf y ]uiæbramf), l` dukih sl lkmfdakf f rleahkf`asdhs puktuf`ls mhk sus rlsplmtavfs lsblrfs il akb`ulkmaf mhkmhdatfktls f` rlthrkh fshdorhsh il kfmahkf`asdhs y gfstf il suokfmahkf`asdhs qul lxgaolk `f vatf`aifi il` eáklrh gudfkh qul rlgúsf sumudoar ofjh `hs lspljasdhs tlh`ýeamhs il` dasæktrhph klh`aolrf`asdh e`hof` thtf`dlktl ilsmlrlorfih y mfrlktl il mrlftavaifi sfdfratfkf. Ifvai ]damn shs`fyf qul l` dukih kh sl fmfof mhdh tf`, ka saqualrf ilspuás il ]hihdf y Ehdhrrf. Vul mufkih uk dukih blklml fdfklml htrh iastakth, quazæ dljhr, h plhr: thih ilplkil il `hs gudfkhs, lk ú`tadf akstfkmaf. 9. @F L_F IL@ KFMAHKF@A]DH, ]LEÚK YGL KFYAHKF@ AKYL_L]Y Sfu` Sa``fr, olmfrah il `f Orhhnakes Akstatutahk y il` Mlktrh il Lstuiahs il ]leuraifi il `f \kavlrsaifi il Elhrelthwk, p`fktlf fshdorhsfdlktl @f lrf il` kfmahkf`asdh ( Ygl Kftahkf` Aktlrlst, 6/1/6=). Ygl Kftahkf` Aktlrlst, bukifif phr l` suplrgf`mýk asrfl`ä-lstfiukailksl Arvak Nrasth`, mulktf mhdh prlsailktl ghkhrfrah f Glkry Nassakelr y ls puo`amfif phr Ygl Mlktlr bhr tgl Kftahkf` Aktlrlst, fktlrahrdlktl Ygl Kaxhk Mlktlr, muyf tlkilkmaf mhksastl lk prhdhvlr `f plrsplmtavf rlf`astf (sam) il Lstfihs \kaihs lk ph`ätamf lxtlrahr. Mfol rlmhrifr qul `f tlsas ihmthrf` il Nassakelr vlrsý shorl l` hrilk dukiaf` p`fsdfih lk l` Mhkerlsh illkRalkf il 6769, mhdh mhktakufmaýk il` hrilk il` Lstfih-kfmaýk y su sholrfkäf, lstfo`lmaihs Ulstbf`af lk 6297. F` plrilr sus ihs eulrrfs lk Fbefkastæk l Arfn, ¸l` eruph klhmhkslrvfihr strfussafkh il Ygl Kftahkf` Aktlrlst Aktlrlst fihptf l` kfmahkf`asdh mhdh dliaif il prhtlmmaýk il` buturh il Lstfihs \kaihs8 Sfu` Sa``fr juzef qul kh gf saih slkma``h ilbakar `f lrf prlslktl ilsil l` mh`fpsh il `f \_]] y l` mhdukasdh lk Lurhpf hralktf`. Bustaef `f khdlkm`fturf akglrlktldlktl aksftasbfmthraf il `f mufrtf (sam) eulrrf dukiaf` (MED) lk mhktrf il` As`fd rfiamf` prhdhvaif phr f`eukhs (sam) ilspuás il` 66]. L` tlrrhrasdh ls sh`fdlktl ukf tæmtamf qul gf plrdlfih iurfktl da`lkahs, dalktrfs dalktrfs l` As`fd rfiamf` ls pfrtl dfreakf` il uk blkýdlkh dæs fdp`ah, aksubamalktl pfrf rlmhkbaeurfr `hs fsukths e`hof`ls. ]a sl darf f `f gasthraf lk rltrhsplmtavf, sl ilmfktfk lk `fs pfsfifs ihs iámfifs `fs mhkslmulkmafs il` blkýdlkh mhkhmaih mhdh kfmahkf`asdh fghrf lk bhrdf p`lkf l arrlstramtf, mufkih ‐thdý trls sae`hs pfrf qul sus mhdphklktls oæsamhs ”l` bulrzf—. Lstfih sholrfkh, `f vakmu`fmaýk phpu`fr f` Lstfihyy dliah su iasldakfmaýk e`hof` ” ldlrealrfk mhk p`lkf F su juamah, `hs akerlialktls il` kfmahkf`asdh pulilk slr följhs phr sae`hs, plrh su rlsu`tfih mhdoakfih, vasth e`hof`dlktl, ls kulvh. Ravadhs ghy `f lrf kfmahkf`astf. _ldldhrf qul `f pfrtl dæs adphrtfktl il` mhkmlpth il` mghqul il mava`azfmahkls il ]fdul` Guktakethk ”qul ilsfrrh``ý `fs ailfs il `f MED” fou`tf f `f rl`aeaýk. Ilslmgf ukh f ukh `hs mhkmlpths il` dukih ukaph`fr, f `f dasdf du`taph`fraifi (dæs ilsil l` pukth il il vastf lmhkýdamh), l` E-? (Lstfihs \kaihs Mhksljh y Mgakf),ill`_l`fmahkls E-7 h l` Lxtlrahrls: E-?3, y gfstf kh ph`fraifi _amgfri Gffss (prlsailktl il` akb`uylktl MB_,`fphr sus sae`fs lk ake`ás), plrh kakeukh mudp`l `f vasaýk aktlerf` qul fmhktlml lk l` p`fkltf. Ilsdlkuzf l` kfmadalkth il` Lstfih kfmaýk lk `f Sfz il Ulstbf`af il 6297 qul dfrmý l` bak il `f tlh`ýeamf Eulrrf il `hs =3 Föhs, `h muf` mhiabamý l` mhkmlpth il `f sholrfkäf il` Lstfih: ukf lstrumturf ph`ätamf il Lurhpf il` sae`h WW, qul mhk htrhs prhmlshs plrdlfräf `f bulrzf il` buturh b uturh kfmahkf`asdh. Matf l` `aorh Ilspuás il` kfmahkf`asdh il` gasthrafihr oratækamh L. G. Mfrr, il lkthkfmahkls dfrxastfs, lk l` qul fohrif `f shmaf`azfmaýk il `f kfmaýk qul akm`uyl `f lxtlksaýk il `fs brfkquamafs y l` mrlmalktl pfpl` lmhkýdamh (¡suplrsam!) il` Lstfih. Sfu` Sa``fr fidatl qul l` pfrhxasdh il` kfmahkf`asdh il`ltárlh kutraý f `f Sradlrf Eulrrf Dukiaf` y iljý mhksailrfo`l slktadalkth kfmahkf`as kfmahkf`astf tf qul f`adlktý `f sleukif vul`tf il mfrkamlräf ihs iámfifs dæsuktfril. F juamah il Sfu` Sa``fr, Mfrr mrlyý lk bhrdf aiä`amf qul `fs eulrrfs il` kfmahkf`asdh sl ilsvfklmlräfk mhk `hs fvfkmls il tlmkh`heäf da`atfr, lsplmaf`dlktl il` philr fárlh, qul gfräfk f `fs brhktlrfs lstrftáeamfdlktl l strftáeamfdlktl dlkhs saekabamftavfs qul fktls, dliafktl l` lstfo`lmadalkth il hrefkazfmahkls rleahkf`ls dú`tap`ls. ]leúk Sa``fr, Mfrr sl lquavhmý shorl su prhkýstamh il` kfmahkf`asdh. If l` ljldp`h il` rlkfmadalkth kfmahkf`astf lk uk iadakuth pfäs mhdh Nhshvh, yf kh sl iaef lk l` dasdh pfäs il Mfrr: Erfk Orltföf, qul kukmf puih fmlrmfrsl f mlrmfrsl `h subamalktl f `f Lurhpf mhktaklktf`. @f ilsmh`hkazfmaýk il` dukih lk väfs il ilsfrrh``h, qul ``leý f su pamh lk `hs föhs 23 il` sae`h pfsfih y mhktakuý dumgh ilspuás, lxgaoaý `f lquavhmfmaýk mhkmlptuf` il Mfrr. Slsl f su sl``h lurhplh, l` Lstfih wlstbf`afkh sl gf lxpfkiaih lk thih l` dukih. Sfu` Sa``fr fiuml qul `f mhdpltlkmaf lktrl azqualrif y ilrlmgf sl vh`vaý ukf mhdpltlkmaf lktrl Hmmailktl y Hralktl qul iasbrfzý dumgfs il `fs mhkslmulkmafs il` kfmahkf`asdh ilsil F`ldfkaf hmmailktf` gfstf Quehs`fvaf y Mglmhs`hvfquaf. Freudlktf qul l` Lstfih kfmaýk ls `f rlf`aifi rl f`aifi ilbakathraf (sam) il kulstrh taldph y qul `f lrf il` kfmahkf`asdh ghy ls prhiumth il `f mhkiamaýk gudfkf (¡suplrsam!). ]l ofsf lk l` adplrftavh tlrrathraf` il` futhr _holrt Frirly, ihkil `f phslsaýk il uk plifzh oalk ilbakaih il `f suplrbamal tlrrlstrl mhkstatuyl l` rfseh ihdakfktl il dumgfs lsplmals dæs mlrmfkfdlktl rl`fmahkfifs f `hs gudfkhs qul ilsldohmf lk l` Lstfih kfmaýk y sus adplrftavhs akstatumahkf`ls qul sl ferlefk f rfsehs oah`ýeamhs y lvh`utavhs, f `hs qul sl sudfk `hs daths kfmahkf`ls. Fphrtf mhdh ljldp`h l` kfmahkf`asdh lk Mgakf y Jfpýk. Lk lblmth, l` khrlstl y surlstl fsaætamhs vavlk uk aktlksh y vaorfktl kfmahkf`asdh lk dliah il sus rleahkf`asdhs lsplmäbamhs y il su pfrtamapfmaýk lk `h qul qul `ls mhkvalkl lk `f e`hof`az e`hof`azfmaýk. fmaýk. Fuk l` dfekabamlktl lxplradlkth suprfkfmahkf` il Lurhpf dulstrf slrafs basurfs of`mfkazfihrfs. Ljldp`hs sada`frls foukifk ilsil Fdáramf @ftakf, pfsfkih phr Æbramf y Fsaf mlktrf` gfstf _usaf. l` Dliah Hralktl, Sfu`iasmutaih Sa``fr mhksailrf qulil` l` kfmahkf`asdh traukbf `f rl`aeaýk, fFuk da lk juamah, pulil slr duy lk lsplrf rlsu`tfih bakf` il `fshorl dlzm`f aksý`atf `hilmuf`, sus lsplmäbamhs mhkb`amths tlh`ýeamhs-slmtfrahs. Oulkh, saldprl lxastlk lxmlpmahkls f `fs rle`fs. ]hstalkl qul Lstfihs \kaihs lxgaol dfyhr kfmahkf`asdh qul muf`qualr htrh pfäs y qul ilkhdakfk lxmlpmahkf`asdh (khtf: qul l` dasdh prlsailktl rush R`fiy Suttak bustaeý lk su má`lorl frtämu`h f Ygl Klw Qhrn Yadls, 66/1/6=). ]ak iuif, kakeúk pfäs prhdulvl, ilbalkil y mhksh`aif su sholrfkäf kfmahkf`astf mhdh Lstfihs \kaihs lk thihs `hs ruorhs il su vaif sak lxmlpmaýk> sa kh, qul khs prleuktlk f `hs dlxamfkhs, sus vlmakhs kfmahkf`astfs akmýdhihs. \kf brfsl adp`fmfo`l il Sfu` Sa``fr: @f aktlksaifi il` kfmahkf`asdh il Lstfihs \kaihs fpuktf f `fs prakmapf`ls adp`amfmahkls prlsmraptavfs il vavar lk `f lrf kfmahkf`astf mufkih `hs gfmlihrls il `f ph`ätamf ilolräfk lstfr mhksmalktls mhksmalktls il `hs slktad slktadalkths alkths kfmahkf`astfs kfmahkf`astfs fjlkhs. Mhkm`uyl qul kakeúk dhil`h úkamh lk l` dukih pulil elklrfr ukf erfk lstrftleaf pfrf thihs `hs prhpýsaths. Slrh l` dljhr fjustl pfrf `f lrf kfmahkf`astf ls uk rlf`asdh prfedætamh qul thdf mhdh akerlialktl oæsamh il `hs fsukths e`hof`ls `hs aktlrlsls pfrf`l`hs f`eukfs vlmls mhkb`amtavhs il `fs kfmahkls lstfih akiavaiuf`ls, dalktrfs rlmhkhml l` philr qul pulil slr elklrfih phr `hs slktadalkths kfmahkf`astfs ilktrh il `fs kfmahkls lstfih. ¸Shiræ l` lxmlpmahkf`asdh il Lstfihs \kaihs, uk jakehäsdh f mfrtf mfof`, rlmhkhmlr l` kfmahkf`asdh dlxamfkh trfksgastýramh pfrf bhrjfr ukf ýptadf vlmakifi8 F da juamah, sl fsalktf `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk, mhkmhdatfktl f` rleahkf`asdh y f` rlthrkh il sus lsplmäbamhs kfmahkf`asdhs il lslkmaf lvh`utavf samhoah`ýeamf. <. L@ D\KIH B_FMY\_FIH IL @F IL]E@HOF@AZFMAÝK Lk l` sadphsah aktlrkfmahkf` shorl l` Sfkhrfdf Elhph`ätamh il` Buturh, l` ?2 y ?5 il khvaldorl lk Dhsmú, ukf il `fs mhkm`usahkls bul qul _usaf ka Mgakf shk ildfsafih bulrtls pfrf rlsastar `f ferlsaýk e`hof` il Lstfihs \kaihs (L\)/HYFK y qul sý`h `f f`afkzf lstrftáeamf lktrl Dhsmú y Slnäk ls susmlptao`l il adpliar `f adphsamaýk khstæ`eamf ukaph`fr, plsl f qul kfubrfef da`atfrdlktl phr ihqualr. Nhkstfktak Natshv, prlsailktl il `f Fmfildaf il Fsukths Elhph`ätamhs il _usaf, mhksailrý qul `f tlmkh`heäf il `f akbhrdfmaýk ls mrumaf` pfrf `f prhiummaýk, dalktrfs sl ilsftf ukf blrhz oftf``f phr `fs dftlrafs pradfs mufkih l` dlrmfihaeuf`atfraf ls duy lstrlmgh y khhrilk plrdatl l` ush il thifs `fs glrrfdalktfs gudfkfs pfrf ukf dutuf mava`azfmaýk il` kulvh e`hof` du`taph`fr. Lk rlprlslktfmaýk il` Mlktrh il Lstuiahs Elhlstrftáeamhs il `f \kavlrsaifi Futýkhdf Dltrhph`atfkf, fohriá l` tldf il `f brfmturf il` dukih qul gf ifih pal f ukf oaph`fraifi trfksdltfrrleahkf` lktrl ihs o`hquls: E-5/HYFK/\kaýk Lurhplf (\L) ”lkmfolzfih phr L\” brlktl f `hs O_AM]/Eruph il ]gfkegfa/\kaýk Lurhfsaætamf ”jlbfturfihs phr _usaf y Mgakf. Mgakf. L` o`hqul O_AM]/Eruph il ]gfkegfa/\kaýk Lurhfsaætamf, iloaih f su rl`ftavf rlmalktl bhrdfmaýk, ls dlkhs mhdpfmth y mhglsavh qul su ravf`, `h qul kh hostf pfrf qul l` o`hqul E5/HYFK/\L lxgaof il vlz lk mufkih malrths shorlsf`ths il vl`laifi akilplkilktastf ( v. er. F`ldfkaf). Lk dliah il `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk, L\ rlmgfzf `f rlf`aifi il` kulvh (ils)hrilk traph`fr elhlstrftáeamh ” dákfel æ trhas qul kh sl ftrlvl f lxprlsfr lk púo`amh”jukth f _usaf y Mgakf. Ufsgakethk prlbalrl uk E-? mhk Slnäk, qul tfdphmh `h fmlptf. Mgakf sl prhkukmaf prlblrlktldlktl phr ukf du`taph`fraifi qul akm`uyf lk `f múpu`f traph`fr f _usaf, mhk qualk sl gf fmlrmfih lk bhrdf lsplmtfmu`fr. @hs 6< iäfs il fjustl (gttp://ehh.e`/NrEE1? y gttp://ehh.e gttp://ehh.e`/weoox<) `/weoox<) ”ilsil `fs mudorls il `f FSLM (Slnäk) y l` E-?3 (Orasofkl) gfstf `fs rlukahkls mrumaf`ls tfkth il` S<+6 shorl l` mhktlkmahsh kum`lfr arfkä mhdh il `f HSLS” lxgaoalrhk uk p`fkltf ilsfjustfih y, phr lkmadf il thih, brfmturfih. Yrfs `f slpu`turfmhkstatuyý il` E-7ukh (sak _usaf), `f hdakhsf rupturflmhkýdamf il` E-?3 lk Orasofkl (gttp://ehh.e`/S`b2VV) il `hs lpablkýdlkhs il `f eulrrf il L\/\L mhktrf Dhsmú (gttp://ehh.e`/O9F9g6) (gttp://ehh.e`/O9F9g6).. @f rlukaýk il` S<+6 (makmh daldorhs plrdfklktls il` Mhksljh il ]leuraifi dæs F`ldfkaf) shorl l` mhktlkmahsh kum`lfr arfkä mfyý lk uk adpfssl qul ho`aef f `f prh`hkefmaýk il `fs friufs klehmafmahkls iurfktl saltl dlsls fiamahkf`ls. @f rlukaýk il `f HSLS gf saih dæs irfdætamf y ildulstrf `f brfmturf il `hs prhiumthrls il pltrý`lh shorl l` ph`ádamh ph`ádamh brfmnake (brfmturfmaýk gairæu`amf) il L\. @f dfsavf akmhrphrfmaýk f` dlrmfih il` efs/pltrý`lh sgf`l (lsquasth/`utatf/erasú) il L\ gf prhvhmfih ukf orutf` eulrrf ilb`fm ilb`fmahkfraf ahkfraf il` prlmah phr `f pfrtamapfmaýk il` dlrmfih ( dfrnlt sgfrl) il` hrh klerh qul sl gf ilsp`hdfih lk `hs `akilrhs il 53 iý`frls l` ofrra`, `h muf` ldpalzf f prhvhmfr lstrfehs lk vfrahs pfäsls qul ilplkilk il su akerlsh h`aehprhiumthr pfrf su vh`æta` prlsupulsth ( v. ‐Dáxam h klh`aolrf` —). er. l` ‐Dáxamh atfdatf @f brfmturf e`hof` sl dfkabalstf lk vfrahs kavl`ls il pfrædltrhs lxquasaths, mhdh `f iluif y `fs rlslrvfs il iavasfs/hrh, il fmulrih mhk ifths il` Uhr`i Bfmtohhn il `f MAF, qul iljfk dumgh qul ilslfr mufkih `fs mabrfs il L\ h shk suolstadfifs (su iluif slräf makmh vlmls dfyhr f `f hbamaf`) h shk fou`tfifs (su hrh qul kh ls lxtrföfdlktl fuiatfo`l lk sus oývlifs). @f iluif hbamaf` il` E-5 slräf il 96.2 da``hkls il da``hkls (tra``hkls lk fke`hsfjýk) il iý`frls brlktl f `hs ?.2 da``hkls il da``hkls il il iý`frls il` O_AM] ”¡62 vlmls dlkhs!” ihkil _usaf hstlktf ukf il `fs dlkhrls iluifs il` dukih, `h muf` lquavf`l f ukf raqulzf f` rlvás. @f iluif il` E-5 mhrrlsphkil f 95.2 phr malkth il` SAO e`hof` (75.?< tra``hkls il iý`frls, lk philr fiquasatavh), fiquasatavh), dalktrfs `f il` O_AM] ls sý`h = phr phr malkth. Lreh: `f iluif il` E-5 ls adpfefo`l, mhk thih y sus fmrhofmafs dhkltfrastfs, dalktrfs l` O_AM] phsll uk fdp`ah dfrelk il dfkahorf ppfrf frf lkiluifrsl, `h muf` sl fmrlmlktfræ dliafktl `f mrlfmaýk il su kulvf pfkhp`af ofkmfraf y `f kulvf oaiarlmmahkf`aifi bakfkmalrastf bakfkmalrastf lktrl Ghke Nhke y ]gfkegfa. Lk mufkth f rlslrvfs il iavasfs/hrh, `f prlvf`lkmaf il` O_AM] ”<.32 tra``hkls il iý`frls” ls fpfou``fktl brlktl f` E-5, 3.19 tra``hkls il iý`frls: ¡<.9 vlmls dæs! Mgakf phsll mfsay9Dfmfh tra``hkls”yf il kh rlslrvfs il iý`frls iavasfs/hrh, mhktfr f elhph`ätamfs, sus pfrfäshs basmf`ls ilsh`f Ghke Nhke sl iaef Yfawæk il y quazæ, lk `fssakfsäkthtfs ]akefpur” qul bhrdfk pfrtl il `f Erfk Mgakf. @f brfmturf il` SAO gf fslktfih sus rlf`ls lktrl `hs 63 pradlrhs `uefrls il` rfknake e`hof`, ihkil l` O_AM] rl`lef erfiuf`dlktl f` E-5 (gttp://ehh.e`/@`Jhxp) (gttp://ehh.e`/@`Jhxp).. @f brfmturf ls tfdoaák ailh`ýeamf y sl dfkabalstf lk `f mh`asaýk lktrl `f du`taph`fraifi ldoraýkamf ”lxprlsfif tfkth phr l` prlsailktl Sutak lk l` M`uo Rf`ifa mhdh phr l` dfkifräk Wa lk `f mudorl il `f FSLM lk Slnäk ” y `f ukaph`fraifi khstæ`eamf hmmailkt hmmailktf` f` ”lxpulstf tfkth phr l` iurh y ruih iasmursh il Hofdf lk `f \kavlrsaifi il Vullks`fki (Orasofkl) ” mhktrf l` prhylmth mgakh il uk trftfih il `aorl mhdlrmah pfrf `f rleaýk Fsaf/Sfmäbamh qul mhdpatl mhk l` tfdof`lfktl iaslöh lstfiukailksl il `f Fshmafmaýk Yrfkspfmäbamh (YSS) ”mhdh phr `f mfkma``lr mf kma``lr f`ldfkf Fkel`f Dlrnl` lk l` Akstatuth @hwy (]yikly), qualk lk bhrdf shrprlkilktl bustaeý l` arrlilktasdh rush lk `hs Of`mfkls hmmailktf`ls y lk Dh`ifvaf. Ilsil l` pukth il vastf elhph`ätamh: ¸sl lquavhmf F`ldfkaf phr tlrmlrf vlz lk uk sae`h8 F lsmf`f elhlklreátamf, `f brfmturf ls pf`dfraf lktrl `hs ihs iaslöhs il _usaf y L\. _usaf gf bardfih ihs gastýramhs fmulrihs efslrhs mhk Mgakf phr 533 da` da``hkls il iý`frls (pfefilrhs lk yufkls) qul trfsthmfk lk bhrdf irfdætamf `f mhrrl`fmaýk il bulrzfs il ilplkilkmaf lklreátamf il Lurhpf y Mgakf, ihkil sf`l traukbfihr Slnäk y ldpujf f `f akmýekatf f `f \L, f qualk L\ iljf shöfr mhk uk fvfsf``fktl trftfih mhdlrmaf` trfksft`æktamh y su f`lfthraf prhvasaýk il efs sgf`l. Hofdf, sak dumgh ruaih, ilsmh`eý su fphtlhsas elhph`ätamf dliafktl `f ]leuraifi Lklreátamf il Khrtlfdáramf ”mhk sý`h `hs fke`hsfjhkls il Mfkfiæ y sak `hs dlxamfkhs f`alkfihs”, mufkih mhktrh`f yf `fs rlslrvfs il` Eh`bh il Dáxamh erfmafs f` rlef`h il `f lktrleuastf rlbhrdf lklreátamf il `f df`gfifif träfif Slöf/Fspl/Railefrfy ”qul phr l` dhdlkth gfml feuf mufkih l` ilsp`hdl il` mruih lk mfsa 93 phrilmalkth phsphkl phr akmhstlfo`ls tfkth lk `f l` lxp`htfmaýk il` mruih lkil`fs feufs” prhbukifs il` Eh`bh Dáxamh mhdh iil` l` ph`ádamh eefs fs sgf`l khrlstl sldailsártamh Dáxamh lk lsplrf il` zfrpfzh bakf` il L\ lk l` dfr Mfraol, ihkil sl lkmulktrfk `fs dfyhrls rlslrvfs il` dukih, lk Rlklzul`f. @hs elhlstrftlefs il L\ mhksailrfk `f sudfthraf dfrätadf il` Eh`bh il Dáxamh y il` dfr Mfraol, uk thtf` il 9.? da``hkls il na`ýdltrhs mufirfihs, mhdh l` dfr Dliatlrræklh il L\. Mhkm`usaýk: uk dukih brfmturfih lk ihs o`hquls mhkspamuhs fsalktf sus rlf`ls lk dliah il `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk. 2. L@ K\LRH KFMAHKF@A]DH, ]LEÚK BH_LAEK FBBFA_] Gfml 6= föhs l` Slktæehkh prlvaý pltrh`lrh (gttps://oat.`y/?VlkiHw (gttps://oat.`y/?VlkiHw))—. `f rlsurrlmmaýk il` kfmahkf`asdh Gfml 5 föhs sl vas`udorý l` ilsp`hdl il` e`hof`asdh qul prhvhmý l` fsmlksh il` kfmahkf`asdh sholrfkastf lk sus iablrlktls dhif`aifils (gttps://oat.`y/?w71J@7) (gttps://oat.`y/?w71J@7).. Kh ls `h dasdh dasdh l` kfmahkf`asdh lk Lstfihs \kaih \kaihss y lk E Erfk rfk Orltföf ”`f iup`f fke`hsfjhkf qul adpu`sý l` e`hof`asdh tgftmglrafkh/rlelfkhdams” qul fghrf fihptý l` prhtlmmahkasdh kfmahkf`astf lmhkhdamastf il` Orlxat y l` trudpasdh, yf kh sl iaef lk Dáxamh, shmah il` Y-DLM Y -DLM mhk L\ y Mfkfiæ mhk dhil`hs ph`ä-tamhs iablrlktls, ihkil l` kfmahkf`asdh sholrf-kastf il `f Mufrtf Yrfksbhrdfmaýk(9Y) sl ilbakl mhktrf l` klh`aolrf`asdh qul ilsfgumaý f` pfäs. Fuk l` kfmahkf`asdh lk @ftakhfdáramf, brfmturfif lk vfrahs kavl`ls il` rfknake il su SAO, kh talkl `f dasdf fmlpmaýk lk Orfsa` ”ihkil Jfar Oh`shkfrh prfmtamf uk bfsmasdh/klh`aolrf`/klhpakhmgltastf bfsmasdh/klh`aolrf` /klhpakhmgltastf mhk su ‐lvfkel`asdh sahkastf (gttps://oat.`y/?Gr`GUx gttps://oat.`y/?Gr`GUx))—” qul lk l` Dáxamh il `f 9Y. @f kulvf eulrrf ls `akeðästamf: mhk iablrlktls fmlpmahkls lk `f bfsl il` Ilm`avl il `f Rlrifi, sleúk `f _FKI, h il `f Shst-Rlrifi il Dukamg (gttps://oat.`y/?QFUjki) (gttps://oat.`y/?QFUjki).. L` kfmahkf`asdh sholrfkastf kh talkl `f dasdf fmlpmaýk lk `hs iablrlktls kavl`ls il `f \kaýk Lurhplf, yf kh sl iaef lk l` rlsth il` p`fkltf: ilsil Akiaf gfstf `hs da` 533 da``hkls il as`ædamhs. F bhrtahra `hs kfmahkf`asdhs sholrfkastfs il _usaf y Mgakf shk akglrlktls f su mhsdhehkäf elhlstrftáeamf qul mh`asahkf mhk `fs ilbakamahkls mf`laihsmýpamfs il` kfmahkf`asdh prhpf`fifs phr `hs du`tadliaf gh``ywhhilkslsqul mhktrh`fk `f ofkmhmrfmaf e`hof`astf ft`fktastf y muyfs plrdfklktls iaftraofs vatuplrfk l` rlthrkh il` kfmahkf`asdh sholrfkastf. @hs ilm`akfktls e`hof`astfs va`aplkiafk f` kfmahkf`asdh sholrfkastf, mfrlktl il dftamls sldaýtamhs, mhdh eldl`h sadoaýtamh il` phpu`asdh, dumgfs vlmls sak mhkhmlr l` mfdakh gastýramh iastakth il fdofs mhrralktls, ilplkialkih il su hraelk y su fp`amfoa`aifi. Kh bf`tfk qualkls saefkplrh bakmfihs l` sae`h WRAAA mhkmhkbusf `f iamhthdäf ilrlmgf, qul bul klmlsfraf, ghy lslkaksubamalktl y gfstf mufkihmfiumf sl trftfililazqualrif fp`amfr `fy iamhthdäf adplrfktl lktrl e`hof`astfs,lk brfkmh ilm`avl, y `hs klhkfmahkf`asdhs sholrfkastfs, lk fsmlksh shrprlkilktl mhdh glrrfdalktf il suplrvavlkmaf. Dfs f``æ il `h slsefih il su futhmrætamf ilbakamaýk ukaph`fr mhk khstæ`eamf prhm`avaifi e`hof`astf, `h fshdorhsh rfiamf lk qul Bhrlaek Bhrl aek Fbbfars (BF), `h gfyf lxpulsth mhk frtämu`hs mhktrfiamthrahs shorl l` Kulvh (sam) kfmahkf`asdh mhk khthraf rlpuekfkmaf: ‐l` kfmahkf`asdh gf mhkiumaih f`eukhs il `hs erfkils mrädlkls il `f gasthraf. Fghrf rlerlsf rl erlsf mhk vlkefkzf (gttps://bfd.fe/?Ew<SI7 (gttps://bfd.fe/?Ew<SI7))—. ¸Mýdh mf`abamf(ræ) BF `hs mrädlkls akvasao`ls il` e`hof`asdh qul gf ilsphjfih f` 11% il `f gudfkaifi lk olklbamah il` 6% il `hs pfræsaths il `f p`uthmrfmaf bakfkmalrastf8 ¸Mýdh mftlehrazf BF `hs mrädlkls il Yrudfk, qualk gf saih l` úkamh lk `fkzfr ihs ohdofs kum`lfrls shorl `fs pho`fmahkls mava`ls il Garhsgadf y Kfefsfna8 BF lxphkl ukf mh`lmmaýk il lksfyhs il vfrahs lsmrathrls il thif äkih`l y fmfof lk l k ukf lksf`fif f` lsta`h il Dfmlihkaf sf`pamfif mhk ilsvfrähs il bh`m`ýramhs kfmahkf`asdhs átkamhs qul prhpf`f @frsLran Mlilrdfk. Fktghky Fppafg sl lxtrfväf lk `f eulrrf `akeðästamf il kfmahkf`asdh y mhsdhph`atfkas-dh (sam), dalktrfs Fkirlfs Uaddlr rlmurrl f` dfkaquläsdh lktrl oulkhs y df`hs kfmahkf`astfs qul, f da juamah, ilplkilk il `hs aktlrlsls elhlstrftáeamhs il traoukf`ls hrwl``afkhs il` Yhrquldfif maolrkátamh il` sae`h WWA. Jfk-Ulrklr Dð``lr frrldltl mhktrf `f pfrtamu`fr vfrafktl phpu`astf, dalktrfs Qfl` Yfdar mhksailrf qul l` prakmapf` prho`ldf rfiamf lk l` mghqul lktrl l` kfmahkf`asdh y l` e`hof`asdh klh`aolrf`. L` vlrifilrh kfmahkf`asdh sholrfkastf il` sae`h WWA fsparf f `f ukavlrsf`aifi, qul kh e`hof`asdh, il thihs `hs slrls vavalktls il `f mrlfmaýk y f` rlpfrth il `hs bruths il `f Mufrtf _lvh`umaýk Akiustraf` (gttps://oat.`y/?hqBJp1) (gttps://oat.`y/?hqBJp1).. AAA. ‐E\L__F MARA@— LK L]YFIH] \KAIH] LKY_L KFMAHKF@A]YF] Q E@HOF@A]YF] 6. Y_\DS Q ]FKIL_]: ¸K\LRH IL]SL_YF_ MHKY_F UF@@ ]Y_LLY Q ]\ E@HOF@AZFMAÝK8 ` ph`ádamh ]fdul` Guktakethk, lk su `aorh dlxamfkýbhoh qul ousmf `f kulvf ailktaifi il L\ ”¸Vuaákls shdhs8(gttps://ehh.e`/?DQ5uG)—” f`lef qul `hs gasthrafihrls gasthr afihrls iastakeulk muftrh erfkils ilsplrtfrls lk `f gasthraf il` prhtlstfktasdh (sam) lstfiukailksl, mfif ukh rl`fmahkfih mhk erfkils akamaftavfs il rlbhrdfs ph`ätamfs. L @f pf`forf ilsplrtfr lk ake`ás (fwfnlkake) mhdphrtf ukf prhbukiaifi lsparatuf` il i l `f rl`aeaýk prhtlstfktl qul kh lxprlsf su trfiummaýk `atlrf` f` mfstl``fkh mftý`amh. Gfml phmh phstu`á (gttp://ehh.e`/5zZFVM) qul lxastl ukf plrturofihrf mhkvlrelkmaf lktrl l` tlýramh ily`fl`eulrrf plrdfklktl dliafktl Ihkf`i l` Mghqul il 7shorl (sam) l`Mava`azfmahkls, Guktakethk, prfedætamh du`tada``hkfrah Yrudp suprldfmasdh]fdul` o`fkmh il `hs UF]S (o`fkmhs fke`hsfjhkls prhtlstfktls). Dæs f``æ il `fs lsmfkif`hsfs mhktakelkmafs l`lmthrlrfs il` mhktrhvlrtaih prlsoatlrafkh Ihkf`i Yrudp, l` trudpasdh, lxmrlmlkmaf ihdástamf il` ukavlrsf` suprldfmasdh o`fkmh il ]fdul` Guktakethk, rlprlslktf l` orhtl il uk kulvh ilsplrtfr il prhtlstf il `hs UF]S, qul sl rldhktf elklf`ýeamfdlktl f` sae`h WRAAA, y qul sl mhdp`ldlktf mhk `f vhtfmaýk dfsavf il `hs jývlkls o`fkmhs phr l` shmaf`astf Olrkal ]fkilrs, il 59 föhs ”fidarfo`l juiäh jæzfrh fktasahkastf il lsphsf mftý`amf” mhktrf `f p`uthmrfmaf il Uf`` ]trllt y su ilsrleu`fif e`hof`azfmaýk lk mrasas. @hs ilsplrtfrls kfmahkf`ls, il mfræmtlr lstrumturf`, sul`lk suplrfr `fs lbädlrfs mhyukturfs l`lmthrlrfs. ]leúk ]fdul` Guktakethk, ‐`fs bulktls rl`aeahsfs (sam) tuvalrhk ukf adphrtfkmaf mlktrf` lk `f eulrrf il akilplkilkmaf, lsplmaf`dlktl l` erfk ilsplrtfr il `hs ilmlkahs il 65=3 y 6593, `ailrfihs phr Elhrel Ugatlbal`i, su lvfkel`azfihr dæs mfrasdætamh y qul bul `f pradlrf prulof ukabamfihrf il `hs lstfiukailksls y elklrý uk slktadalkth slktadalkth il mhkmalkmaf kfmahkf`, yf qul mfusý burhr lk `fs mh`hkafs y dhva`azý f da`ls il lstfiukailksls qul sl mhdprhdltalrhk f rlkfmlr mhk Mrasth, `h muf` bajý `f ofsl pfrf `f featfmaýk ph`ätamf: ukf prhphrmaýk sustfkmaf` il mhkerlefmahkf`astfs, prlsoatlrafkhs y ofutastfs, lk thtf` `f datfi il `f pho`fmaýk lstfiukailksl lk lsl plrahih, lrfk rlmlptavhs f `fs ailfs da`lkfrastfs rlspf`ififs phr `f rlvh`umaýk lstfiukailksl qul forlvý il` `aolrf`asdh il` ake`ás Jhgk @hmnl, l` rfmahkf`asdh a`ustrfih y l` rlpuo`amfkasdh il` pfrtaih wgae. ]leúk shmaý`heh il `fsbul rl`aeahkls _holrt Ol``fg, l`(sam), ]leukih Erfk Ilsplrtfr il `hs ilmlkahsl` il 67?3 y 67=3 lvfkeá`amh y rlvavf`astf thif ukf sleukif rlvh`umaýk lstfiukailksl qul bul dfrmfif phr `f lsplmtfmu`fr lxpfksaýk il `fs ae`lsafs dlthiastfs y ofutastfs y `f bhrdfmaýk il dumgfs kulvfs slmtfs y mhkblsahkls, akm`uaif `f Ae`lsaf il `hs ]fkths il `hs Ú`tadhs Iäfs (khtf: dhrdhkls), ihkil l` ghdý`heh il Ugatlbal`i iurfktl l` ]leukih Erfk Ilsplrtfr bul Mgfr`ls E. Bakkly, qualk rlm`utý f ilmlkfs il da`ls il plrshkfs pfrf `fs ae`lsafs y prliamý `f klmlsaifi il trfofjfr y mrllr y elklrý akb`ulkmaf gfmaf `f rlbhrdf. ]leúk ]fdul` Guktakethk, l` gajh dæs ilstfmfih il lstl ]leukih Erfk Ilsplrtfr bul l` dhvadalkth foh`amahkastf qul f prakmapahs il` ilmlkah il 67=3 mhorý vaif mhk l` prho`ldf il `f lsm`fvatui, ilsplrtý y dhva`azý f erfk kúdlrh il plrshkfs f `f mfusf il `f ldfkmapfmaýk mhk `f prhbukiaifi il `f iadlksaýk rl`aeahsf. ]fdul` Guktakethk saldprl shorliadlksahkf `f dhrf`aifi prhtlstfktl, ldu`fkih `f átamf prhtlstfktl il Dfx Ulolr, qul ilthkf l` Ylrmlr Erfk Ilsplrtfr lk `f iámfif il 6713, `aefih f `fs akamaftavfs il rlbhrdf shmaf` y ph`ätamf il `fs Lrfs Shpu`astfs y Srherlsastfs. Ofjh `hs ailf`ls pfrf mrlfr ukf shmalifi justf y lquatftavf, `hs rlbhrdfihrls ftfmfr ftfmfrhk hk `f mhkmlktrfmaýk il philr il `hs erfkils dhkhph`ahs ldprlsfraf`ls y il `fs dfquakfrafs ph`ätamfs il `fs erfkils mauifils y prhpu prhpuekfrhk ekfrhk dliaifs fktadhkhph`ah> subrfeah bldlkakh (sam)> `f akamaftavf, l` rlblrlkih y `f rlvhmfmaýk phpu`frls> `f prhgaoamaýk (il` f`mhgh`)> `f rleu`fmaýk (sam) il `hs blrrhmfrra`ls y `fs pradfrafs iarlmtfs. Mhk `fs rlslrvfs il `f dasheakaf, quazæ tlftrf` y/h dlrmfihtámkamf, il` du`tada``hkfrah il Kulvf Qhrn, ¡mýdh sl pfrlml `f iho`l rlol`aýk il Ihkf`i Yrudp y Olrkal ]fkilrs mhktrf Uf`` ]trllt (y su mfkiaiftf Ga``fry) mhk l` Ylrmlr Ilsplrtfr il` sae`h WAW! ]leúk l` ph`atý`heh F`fk Eradls, `hs pfrtamapfktls lk l` dhvadalkth prherlsastf lk elklrf` mrläfk lk ‐`f suplrahraifi il `hs lstfiukailksls o`fkmhs (sam) kftavhs, `f `f suplrahraifi il `f dhrf` prhtlstfktl (dæs mhkmrltfdlktl, puratfkf) y `f suplrahraifi il ukf iltlrdakfif m`fsl il phpu`asdh, mfrfmtlrazfif phr uk malrth erfih il mhktrh` iarlmth shorl `fs dfquakfrafs lstftf`ls y urofkfs, qul, sleúk sl f`lefof, lstfofk ihdakfifs phr `hs aktlrlsls mrlfihs. Il fmulrih mhk ]fdul` Guktakethk, l` Mufrth Erfk Ilsplrtfr sl hraeaký f bakf`ls il `f iámfif il 61<3 il `f il 6123, pfrtar qul il` mrlmadalkth il` prhtlstfktasdh (sam) lvfkeá`amh—. Matfy fprakmapahs ]yikly Fg`strhd, qualk ffreuyl mfdoaý prhbukifdlktl (f` dlkhs lk L\) l` pfasfjl gudfkh. L` Mufrth Ilsplrtfr, qul lkukmaf ]fdul` Guktakethk mhk phmh raehr, kh ehzf il` mhkslksh y, f iablrlkmaf il `hs trls fktlrahrls, dlrdý `f bhrtf`lzf il `f á`atl il `f rl`aeaýk prhtlstfktl mhk `f vaehrhsf ldlrelkmaf il ilkhdakfmahkls dfreakf`ls: `hs ofutastfs surlöhs (plrilihrls il `f eulrrf mava`) y `hs `utlrfkhs il` säkhih il Dasshura (il hraelk f`ldæksfjýk, mrlfmahkastf y fktada`lkfrastf) qul sl prhpfef lk l` mhktlxth il `f slerlefmaýk il `f dakhräf klerf, `f eulrrf il Raltkfd y l` Uftlreftl il Kaxhk. L` duy iasmutao`l mufrth ilsplrtfr il ]fdul` Guktakethk ls ukf plsfia``f tlh`ýeamf pfrf `hs fktlrahrls trls ilsplrtfrls. ]leúk l` gasthrafihr Uf`tlr DmIhuef``, L\ pfsý il slr ukf talrrf prhdltaif pr hdltaif pfrf mhkvlrtarsl lk uk Lstfih mruzfih (sam). Il f``ä kfml l` dhrf`asdh bfraslh il su ph`ätamf lxtlrahr, yf qul, sleúk ]fdul` Guktakethk, su fsmlksaýk f `f mftlehräf il erfk phtlkmaf tfdoaák `l plrdataräf prhdhvlr lk l` lxtlrahr vf`hrls y prakmapahs dhrf`ls shorl `hs qul gfoäf fsparfih f mhkstruar su shmalifi lk su prhpah pfäs y qul kh gfoäf phiaih prhdhvlr f``lkil sus brhktlrfs gfstf lkthkmls, phr mu`pf il su iloa`aifi y su fas`fdalkth iurfktl iu rfktl l` sae`h WAW. ¸Lkelkirý h sl busahký l` buefz dhvadalkth Hmmupy Uf`` ]trllt f `f fshdorhsf prhtlstf juvlka` il `hs sleuaihrls o`fkmhs il` juiäh jæzfrh/fktasahkastf Olrkal qul gf sfmuiaih `fs lktrföfs il` pfrtaih Ildýmrftf8 ]uprldf pfrfihjf: l` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf tlkiræ mhdh mfkiaiftf f `f fohefif Ga``fry, bfvhratf il Eh`idfk ]fmgs y il` dleflsplmu`fihr Elhrel ]hrhs ”quaktflslkmaf il` Dh`hmg il Uf`` ]trllt”, qul mulktf mhk l` fphyh dfsavh il `hs fbrhlstfiukailksls y `f fsmlkilktl bulrzf ildheræbamf il `hs eufif`upfkhs dlxamfkhs y `ftakhs: mhk `f sf`vlifi mupu`fr ukaplrshkf` il `f dlthiastf o`fkmf Ga``fry, qul mhktrfstf mhk `hs ilsplrtfrls da`lkfrastfs il `hs puratfkhs prhtlstfktls kftavhs. L` fshdorhsh kulvh ilsplrtfr lstfiukailksl il` sae`h WWA ls `f sudf il ihs vaehrhsfs mhrralktls ”il` shmaf`astf Olrkal ]fkilrs, lk l` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf, y il Ihkf`i Yrudp, hutsailr dlxamfkýbhoh/as`fdýbhoh il` Sfrtaih _lpuo`amfkh” qul lxprlsf l` ghkih df`lstfr il `f dfyhräf `f rfzf o`fkmf (29 phr malkth il `f pho`fmaýk) il mul``h fzu` mhktrf `f e`hof`azfmaýk il Uf``il]trllt. ?. H_ÄELKL] IL@ Y_\DSA]DH IL]IL L@ ]AE@H WRAA Q ]\ L]YFIH ]\S_LDFMA]YF O@FKMH IL@ ]AE@H WWA Kh bul l` bak il `f gasthraf il Bunuyfdf ka l` bak il su gastlraf prhpfefkiästamf, f sul`ih il` Ilpfrtfdlkth il Lstfih, ihkil bul ldp`lfih. @f df`aekf prhpfefkif sul`l blklmlr fktl l` plksfdalkth mrätamh mfrtlsafkh/nfktafkh ”quaktflslkmaf il `f sakiárlsas hmmailktf`” y l` juamah il rlf`aifi: suprldf glrrfdalktf il `f sf`ui dlktf`. @f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrastf, trfksdutfif lk maolrf`quadaf, ghy sumudol f `hs mam`hs y rlfjustls lmhkýdamhs/ildheræbamhs lmhkýdamhs/ildhe ræbamhs il `hs bf``aihs lxplradlkths il akelkalräf shmaf` qul dfreakfrhk f 11 phr malkth il `f pho`fmaýk dukiaf`, muyf dfyhräf thifväf vhtf lk l` fdoalktl il ukf sadu`fmaýk il ildhmrfmaftl`liaraeaif (lk l` iho`l slktaih). @f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrastf sl lsbudf lk `hs ihs mlktrhs il su plrkamahsf mrlfmaýk phr l` oakhdah Ygftmglr/_lfefk Ygftmglr/_lfefk qul ldpalzf f slr lrrfiamfih lk su lpamlktrh pphr hr l` Orlxat y l` trudpasdh: rlp`aleul il L\ il sus fvlkturfs oá`amfs/lmhkýdamfs e`hof`ls, qul ghy sl lkmfpsu`f lk su kúm`lh pradaelkah (gttps://ehh.e`/D9fEvs) il uk Lstfih suprldfmastf Ufsp (Ugatl Fke`h ]fxhk Srhtlstfkt). @ljhs il `hs frrlofths pfsahkf`ls, lk tárdakhs mhdpfrftavfdlktl rfmahkf`ls, kh lxastl iastakmaýk f`eukf lktrl `f mhksh`aifmaýk il` Lstfih fpfrtglai/rfmastf/pfraf il Asrfl`, il gleldhkäf dhkhrrl`aeahsf/rfmaf` adpulstf lk su Mhkstatumaýk ”27 föhs ilspuás il su mrlfmaýk, erfmafs f `hs fphyhs il `hs ofkqulrhs sahkastfs ake`lsls” mhk `hs fdfehs il` Lstfih o`fkmh fke`hsfjýk, ihkil `hs dlxamfkhs slräfk l` lquavf`lktl il `hs lxpu`sfihs pf`lstakhs il su talrrf hraeakf` (gttps://ehh.e`/l3wEao),, mhdh fohef l` erfk f`afih il Yrudp, l` pradlr dakastrh Oaoa Kltfkyfgu, (gttps://ehh.e`/l3wEao) ilsil gfml ?= föhs, lk su `aorh u`trfrrfmastf \k `uefr lktrl `fs kfmahkls: Asrfl` y l` (gttps://ehh.e`/1FIo7d))—. dukih (gttps://ehh.e`/1FIo7d L` dfkljh il `hs daerfktls dlxamfkhs phr Yrudp y il `hs ilsfrrfaefihs pf`lstakhs phr Kltfkyfgu ls sadoaýtamh sadoaýtamh (gttp://ehh.e`/uHO=rn) (gttp://ehh.e`/uHO=rn).. L` sahkasdh ls eldl`h il` trudpasdh. Erfk pfrtl il` fsmlksh il` trudpasdh sl iloaý f `f f`alkfmaýk il `hs Ufsp fktl f` arrlsastao`l fsmlksh ildheræbamh il `hs ‐ gaspfkhs (65.2 phr malkth)— ”muyh 76.6 phr malkth shk dlxamfkhs (gttps://ehh.e`/AHWOAv)” y l` ilsmlksh irfdætamh il `f thifväf dfyhräf o`fkmf: 26.2 phr malkth (gttps://ehh.e`/q3Fqh6).. (gttps://ehh.e`/q3Fqh6) L` eurú ailh`ýeamh il` trudpasdhls _amgfri ]plkmlr (_]), qualk prlsail l` Kftahkf` Sh`amy Akstatutl, y shstalkl qul su dhvadalkth f`traegt lstæ fkadfih phr uk slktadalkth mhdúk il ilsphsladalkth (sam) il `hs o`fkmhs. F`lef qul ‐quazæ l` dasdh Yrudp kh lktalkil phr quá bul l`lmth (gttps://ehh.e`/yV_xqm (gttps://ehh.e`/yV_xqm))—. _] prhphkl mrlfr uk Lstfih ltkho`fkmh, ldaklktldlktl lurhplh, mhdh slil il` dhvadalkth kfmahkf`astf o`fkmh, brlktl f `hs ‐gaspfkhs (gttps://ehh.e`/B9IdF= gttps://ehh.e`/B9IdF=))—. @f erfk il qualkls blstljfk mftý`amf, l` Iäf il Fmmaýk lk il su Erfmafslk y fghrf, klh`aolrf` lk bhrdf erhtlsmf, gfstfdfyhräf lk Dáxamh, pfäs il dfyhräf sl lxtrfväf akiumaih L\ mhksudasdh f` aekhrfr su saekabamfih puratfkh, il` bukifdlktf`asdh prhtlstfktl fke`hsfjýk: prhvlkalktl il` ilsldofrmh il mh`hkhs ake`lsls il` ofrmh plrlerakh Dfyb`hwl Dfyb`hwlr, r, lk S`ydhutg, lk 62?3, mhk su mhrrl`fmaýk elhph`ätamf lk l` mhktaklktl fdlramfkh, mhdh puo`amf ]trftbhr ”qul sl hstlktf mhdh `f MAF il `hs ldprlsfrahs ” gfml ihs föhs y vul`vl f rlpuo`amfr fghrf (gttps://ehh.e`/=JviYq) (gttps://ehh.e`/=JviYq).. @f mh`hkazfmaýk puratfkf il Kulvf (sam) Ake`ftlrrf rlprlslktfof tfkth uk rlbueah mhktrf `fs rlprlsf`afs lspföh`fs mhdh ‐uk ldpujl mh`hkaf` gfmaf l` mhrfzýk il` tlrrathrah lspföh` (@áfsl: B`hraif, `f Kulvf (sam) Lspföf, l` _lakh (sam) il Qumftæk, l` _lakh il Euftldf`f y l` Mfraol, ihkil `f as`f puratfkf il Srhvailkmaf (sam) ”kh ls erftuath su khdorl prhtlstfktl” juefräf uk pfpl` lsplmaf` qul bakf`dlktl bul uk brfmfsh. Lk l` sae`h WRAA, Ake`ftlrrf pfsfof phr uk plrahih il lkhrdl aklstfoa`aifi iloaih f su eulrrf mava` il 629? y `uleh rleamaiah 6291, l` muf`, kh tuvhlkl` S`ydhutg, adpfmth ukavlrsf` rleamaiah brfkmás il f`6571. @f il adp`fktfmaýk il murahsfdlktl, mh`hkafs puratfkfs Ofgäf il` il Dfssfmgusltts y gfstf `f as`f Srhvailkmaf lk l` Mfraol bhrdfof pfrtl il ukf lstrftleaf elhph`ätamf puratfkf dæs fdp`af pfrf rlsh`vlr rlsh`vlr `hs prho`ldfs il Ake`ftlrrf. Ake`ftlrrf. @f as`f Srhvailkmaf, il sý`h 65 na`ýdltrhs ”qul ghy bhrdf pfrtl il Mh`hdoaf y sl uoamf lk `f mhstf Dasnath il `f Kamfrfeuf dhilrkf ”, sl lkmhktrfof lk l` mhrfzýk il` Mfraol lspföh` y lstfof ilstakfif f f`tlrfr `f elhph`ätamf il Mlktrhfdáramf pfrf mh`hmfr`f ofjh mhktrh` ake`ás, f juamah il ]trftbhr. L` prhylmth mh`hkazfihr lk as`f Srhvailkmaf, mlktrh oumfklrh ake`ás, bul uk brfmfsh brlktl f` hplrftavh da`atfr lspföh`, dalktrfs `hs puratfkhs b`hrlmalrhk lk Kulvf (sam) Ake`ftlrrf, prakmapf` mhdphklktl rleahkf` pfrf `fs 66== mh`hkafs buk bukifmahkf`ls ifmahkf`ls y, phr lk lkil, il, il L\, qul mhks mhkstatuyý tatuyý l` mlktrh il uk hrilk ferämh`f sustlktfih lk erfkjlrhs y bfda`afs akiavaiuf`ls y `uleh lk su philr dfkubfmturlrh, qul ghy rlvavl l` trudpasdh lk sus ihs mhdphklktls: rurf` y dfkubfmturlrh. @f eulrrf mava` ake`lsf, qul lkbrlktý f` Sfr`fdlkth il Mrhdwl`` mhk `f dhkfrquäf, sl iloaý lk erfk dliaif f `f hralktfmaýk il `f Ae`lsaf il Ake`ftlrrf il `f qul `hs puratfkhs ilslfofk purabamfr `f rl`aeaýk kfmahkf` il sus rfstrhs mftý`amhs (sam). Lk l` Sfr`fdlkth prlihdakfofk bfmmahkls puratfkfs philrhsfsmufkih `f mftý`amf Lspföf rlprlslktfof l` dfyhr prho`ldf lstrftáeamh pfrf Ake`ftlrrf lk l` mhktaklktl. @hs prhtlstfktls ake`lsls sl slktäfk ofjh `f fdlkfzf mhkstfktl il `hs philrls mftý`amhs lk Lurhpf. Ls fshdorhsh, ilsil l` pukth il vastf fkf`ätamh, qul `f má`lorl eulrrf rl`aeahsf il `hs =3 föhs gfyf frrfkmfih lk 6267: ihs föhs fktls il `f lxpliamaýk puratfkf il` Dfyb`hw Dfyb`hwlr lr. Lk ú`tadf akstfkmaf, l` hojltavh ake`ás puratfkh lrf fpuktf`fr `f phsamaýk il `hs prhtlstfktls lk `f Eulrrf il `hs =3 föhs”qul mh`hmý f prhtlstfktls mhktrf mftý`amhs lk `hs lstfihs elrdækamhs ” dliafktl su mh`hkazfmaýk il S`ydhutg/Ofgäf il Dfssfmgusltts/As`f Srhvailkmaf. Iljh il `fih `fs mhkquastfs il Gh`fkif, qul sl gfoäf `aolrfih il Lspföf, y il ]ulmaf, mhdh phtlkmafs kfvf`ls lurhplfs lk lsl dhdlkth, pfrf mlktrfrdl lk `f plkltrfmaýk il `hs puratfkhs il Ake`ftlrrf, qul ehzfof il ukf vlktfjf ildheræbamf, lk l` Kulvh Dukih, Khrtlfdáramf lk lsplmäbamh. F juamah il ]trftbhr, uk eruph il `äilrls puratfkhs lk l` Sfr`fdlkth, qualkls `uleh juefräfk uk pfpl` pavhtl lk `f eulrrf mava` ake`lsf, sl lkbhmý lk `hs bfmthrls elhph`ätamhs qul plrturofofk f Ake`ftlrrf lktrl `hs qul sl lkmhktrfofk pradhriaf`dlktl `fs bakfkzfs il` philr lspföh`, phr `h qul iaslöfrhk l` lstfo`lmadalkth il uk mhkjukth il lxpliamahkls mh`hkaf`ls puratfkfs lk l` mhktaklktl fdlramfkh qul slrvaräfk sadu`tæklfdlktl pfrf ilsf`hjfr f Lspföf il su adplrah mh`hkaf` y lkraqulmlr f Ake`ftlrrf, f`tlrfkih l` lqua`aorah elhph`ätamh. @hs puratfkhs il 62?3 prhsleuäfk `f dasdf lstrftleaf il L`azfoltg A, =< föhs ftræs, mhk su sáquath il oumfklrhs qul sfqulfofk `hs tlshrhs lspföh`ls lk l` Ft`æktamh y l` Mfraol, mufkih `fs mhkquastfs il Lspföf y Shrtuef` lk l` mhktaklktl fdlramfkh gfoäfk rlplrmutaih lk `f rupturf il` lqua`aorah il philr lk thif Lurhpf. Yrudp y _] shk `hs gajhs Ufsp il` Dfyb`hw Dfyb`hwlr lr mfsa muftrh sae`hs dæs tfril. =. DA@AYF_AZFMAÝK IL@ MHDL_MAH SH_ Y_\DS: KFMAHKF@A]DH LMHKÝDAMH Q ]LE\_AIFI KFMAHKF@ @f vlrifilrf eulrrf mhdlrmaf` mhk qul gf fdlkfzfih Yrudp f` dukih slræ mhkhmaif lk thif su dfekatui l` dfrtls 6= il dfrzh lk `f khmgl, mufkih sl mhkhzmf f` traukbfihr il `f l`lmmaýk lk uk iastrath l`lmthrf` f 97 na`ýdltrhs f` sur il Sattsoureg, ‐rakmýk il `f pfrtl hmmailktf` il Slksa`vfkaf qul `l iah f Yrudp su vamthraf lk ?362 ( Bakfkmaf Bakfkmaf`` Yadls ” BY”, 1/=/67)—. ]leúk l` rhtftavh klh`aolrf` y `aorlmfdoastf BY, l` iastrath lk `umgf qul efký Yrudp phr ?3 phr malkth dulstrf ukf mhktalkif aklsplrfifdlktl rlöaif lktrl _amn ]fmmhkl, rlpuo`amfkh il 23 föhs y vltlrfkh il `f Bulrzf Fárlf, qualk sl jfmtf il qul bul Yrudp fktls il qul Yrudp bulrf Yrudp, y l` ildýmrftf mftý`amh Mhkhr @fdo, dfrakl il == föhs y basmf` blilrf` qul fpfrlml sleuaih mhk l` fktlrahr vamlprlsailktl Jhl Oailk. Slksa`vfkaf ls l` lstfih il` fmlrh y mhkstatuaræ l` `fohrfthrah il lxplradlktfmaýk pfrf `fs mrumaf`ls l`lmmahkls aktlrdliafs il khvaldorl, mufkih Yrudp sl julef su ilstakh qul hsma`f lktrl `f aekhdakaf y su rl`lmmaýk. Ilsil qul Ihkf`i Yrudp `fkzý su fdlkfzf il fslstfr ukf tfrabf il ?< phr malkth f` fmlrh y htrf il 63 phr malkth f` f`udakah f `fs adphrtfmahkls il L\, gfk sumliaih dumgfs mhsfs lk bhrdf slmulkmaf` qul gfk ``lvfih f `f il`adatfmaýk il su mmruzfif ruzfif l`lmthrlrf/kfmahkf`astf, qul gf brfmturfih f su lquaph lk `f Mfsf O`fkmf lktrl e`hof`astfs y kfmahkf`astfs ”mhk `f rlkukmaf fkukmafif il su jlbl j lbl il lmhkhdastfs Efry Mhgk y l` fsmlksh tfkth il` suplrgf`m suplrgf`mýk ýk y sakýbhoh Sltlr Kfvfrrh, mhksljlrh mhdlrmaf`, y Ua`our _hss, slmrltfrah il Mhdlrmah ”, `f rlol`aýk il `f dfyhräf il `hs mhkeákaths `aorlmfdoastfs il` Sfrtaih _lpuo`amfkh, lkmfolzfihs phr su `äilr mfdfrf`, Sfu` _yfk, qualk paktý su rfyf, gfstf `f lxlkmaýk il sus ihs supulsths f`afihs mhdlrmaf`ls lk l` Y@MFK qul subrlk `f fba`fif lspfif il Ifdhm`ls il Yrudp pfrf hthrefr fúk dfyhrls mhkmlsahkls f` `ädatl il` hprhoah. Sfrf BY, `f prleuktf mrumaf` fghrf ls quá tfk ferlsavfdlktl Yrudp ldpujfræ su felkif mhdlrmaf` mhk `f akdaklktl ilmasaýk il thdfr dliaifs shorl l` gurth il `f prhpalifi aktl`lmtuf` il Mgakf qul dfrmfræ ukf `äklf iavashraf, y dfrmfræ l` rudoh f `f ailktaifi il` sustatuth il` sf`alktl Mhgk ( BY, 5/=/67). Sfrf l` lmhkhdastf Lswfr Srfsfi, lxplrth il Mgakf lk `f \kavlrsaifi Mhrkl``, `f lsmf`fif il `fs ghsta`aifils mhdlrmaf`ls lktrl L\ y Mgakf fghrf pfrlmlk akdaklktls l aklvatfo`ls. @fs prhylmtfifs fdlkfzfs il eulrrf mhdlrmaf` il Yrudp gfk hra``fih f qul `f \kaýk Lurhplf ” mfif vlz dæs f`ljfif il `f mhstf hralktf` il` Ft`æktamh khrtl” y Mgakf fbardlk hptfr phr `f rlprlsf`af. Kamn Olfds freuyl lk bhrdf plrsufsavf plrsufsavf qul l` glmgh il qul Yrudp gfyf akvhmfih akvhmfih `f sleuraifi kfmahkf` mhdh prakmapah rlmthr pfrf `f fp`amfmaýk il `fs tfrabfs il` fmlrh y l` l ` f`udakah ‐fpuktf f qul `f iakædamf il `f eulrrf mhdlrmaf` lk mursh phr L\ lstæ vakmu`fif aklxtramfo`ldlktl f` fsmlksh il` da`atfrasdh (sam) y f` mrlmalktl pl`aerh il eulrrf (gttps://ehh.e`/VEDulj (gttps://ehh.e`/VEDulj))—. L` dasdh Olfds muftrh iäfs fktls iajh qul Yrudp phkäf lk tl`f il juamah l` sastldf il mhdlrmah aktlrkfmahkf` qul l` prhpah L\ gfoäf akstfurfih (gttps://ehh.e`/a9_@6K) (gttps://ehh.e`/a9_@6K).. ]l trftf il uk mhkb`amth akmhdpftao`l lktrl `f lmhkhdäf kfmahkf`astf y `f lmhkhdäf e`hof`. ]leúk Olfds, l` hrilk il `f phseulrrf ^`f ]leukif Eulrrf Dukiaf`T sl ofsý pradhriaf`dlktl lk `f suprldfmäf lmhkýdamf dukiaf` il L\. ]ak ldofreh, l` plrahih sumlsavh sl mfrfmtlrazý phr ihs prhmlshs aktlrmhklmtfihs: aktlrmhklmtfihs: `f d dfyhr fyhr aktlerfmaýk il `f lmhkhdäf dukiaf` dukiaf` dliafktl `f e`hof`azfmaýk il vartuf`dlktl `f prhiummaýk il thihs `hs prhmlshs y l` prlslktl ilm`avl il L\ brlktl f sus ravf`ls gastýramhs y `hs ldlrelktls, shorl thih Mgakf. Olfds rldldhrf qul `fs dliaifs tfrabfrafs ]dhht-Gfw`ly il jukah il 61=3 ilslkmfilkfrhk ukf eulrrf mhdlrmaf` f p`lkf lsmf`f qul jueý uk pfpl` akdlksh lk `f mrlfmaýk il `fs mhkiamahkls il `f arrupmaýk il `f ]leukif Eulrrf Dukiaf`. Ifkal` DmMfrtgy ”liathr il `f rlvastf mhkslrvfihrf Dhilrk Fel” fohef phr l` kfmahkf`asdh lmhkýdamh il L\ pradlrh il Yrudp qul mhksailrf slræ olkábamh pfrf L\ y iabalrl il `f ailh`heäf `aorlmfdoastf mhk trls iastakths hojltavhs: 6) Dfktlklr `fs akiustrafs klmlsfrafs pfrf prlvf`lmlr lk ukf eulrrf il erfk lsmf`f (¡suplrsam!)> ?) @f klmlsaifi il prlslrvfr ukf mfpf dliaf lk l` hrilk lmhkýdamh kfmahkf` mufkih ukf m`fsl dliaf sleurf ls lslkmaf` pfrf l` oalklstfr il ukf rlpúo`amf mhkstatumahkf`, y =) ‐bhdlktfr `f prhsplraifi (gttps://ehh.e`/S99e6Q gttps://ehh.e`/S99e6Q))—. ]leúk DmMfrtgy, pfrf `hs `aorlmfdoastfs, l` kfmahkf`asdh lmhkýdamh ls sadp`ldlktl mhktrfkfturf`, uk lsbulrzh pfrf mhktrh`fr lk bhrdf frtabamaf` `fs akiustrafs vltustfs y sl h`vaifk il qul `f tlmkh`heäf l`adakf dæs ldp`lhs qul l` mhdlrmah. \k liathraf` il` rhtftavh mgakh E`hof` Yadls ilkukmaý qul ‐Yrudp mhkstruyl `f erfk durf``f lmhkýdamf il` sae`h WWA (gttps://ehh.e`/YIUWbJ (gttps://ehh.e`/YIUWbJ))—. Iltræs il su durf``f lmhkýdamf, L\ rlsumatf ukf slral il ldprlsfs dæs mfrfs qul l` prhdliah dukiaf`, fdák il qul `hs prlmahs il `fs dftlrafs pradfs il L\ sl akmrldlktfræk mhk l` mhkslmulktl subradalkth il sus lxphrtfmahkls, `h qul gfræk il `f suplrphtlkmaf uk pfäs lxtrföh, sak mhktfr l` f`zf il` mhsth il `f akbrflstrumturf qul tfkth klmlsatf L\. L` rhtftavh mgakh juzef qul Yrudp pulil rlmaoar dæs fphyh qul hphsamaýk lk l` mhrth p`fzh mhk tf`ls ph`ätamfs qul `l fyuifræk f su rl`lmmaýk. L` prho`ldf ls qul `f lubhraf il `fs tfrabfs mhktrfrrlstf `hs prlvahs rrlmhrtls lmhrtls adphsatavhs ihdástamhs, mufkih l` ehoalrkh il L\ lstæ mhrth il mfpatf`ls ilspuás il tf`ls rlmhrtls, phr `h qul `fs tfrabfs akmrldlktfifs, phr plqulöfs qul slfk, mhktraouaræk f `hs mhbrls il` ehoalrkh. Htrh prho`ldf mhksastl lk `f tfxhkhdäf tfrabfraf il Yrudp il fmulrih mhk l` prakmapah dftramaf` il `f sleuraifi kfmahkf` y f` ruorh il pfäsls fdaehs mufkih L\ adphrtf muftrh vlmls dæs fmlrh il `h qul lxphrtf y qul ilplkil il` fmlrh il dæs il 633 pfäsls y rleahkls, il fmulrih mhk `f OOM. \kf mhsf ls qul Mgakf slf l` dfyhr lxphrtfihr il fmlrh il` dukih, y htrf ls qul sl uoaqul lk l` ukiámadh `uefr mhdh l` dfyhr lxphrtfihr il L\ qul talkl f vfrahs il sus supulsths f`afihs lktrl sus 63 pradlrfs bulktls il fofsth mhdh Mfkfiæ, Jfpýk, Mhrlf il` ]ur, Dáxamh, ltmátlrf. Lk uk tuat, Yrudp prhm`fdf: L\ talkl 733 da` da``hkls il iý`frls il iábamat mhdlrmaf` iloaih f kulstrhs duy lstúpaihs trfths mhdlrmaf`ls y ph`ätamfs. Kulstrhs trfofjhs y raqulzf gfk saih ifihs f htrhs pfsls qul gfk sfmfih vlktfjf il khshtrhs iurfktl föhs, sl our`fk il `h thkths qul kulstrhs `äilrls gfk saih. ¡Kukmf dæs! \kh il `hs hojltavhs du`tavfrafo`ls il `f felkif tfrabfraf il Yrudp mhksastl lk ho`aefr f Mgakf f klehmafr mhk L\ uk iábamat fkuf` il 633 da` da``hkls il iý`frls dliafktl `f lmufmaýk sadp`hkf il Yrudp qul adphkl tfrabfs f `hs pfäsls mhk `hs qul L\ hstlktf iábamats y qul slrvaræk pfrf lqua`aorfr l` mhdlrmah. Lk `f bfsl il` mh`fpsh `aolrf`, ¸gforæ thifväf f`eualk qul prhblsl a`usfdlktl l` `aorl mhdlrmah, mufkih Yrudp sl lkmfdakf f ukf kulvf mfrrlrf frdfdlktastf brlktl f _usaf y Mgakf, mhdh sl ilsprlkil il su kulvh prlsupulsth da`atfr qul fblmtf l` efsth dáiamh y shmaf`8 9. HOFDF B\]YAEF F Y_\DS SH_ _LKLEF_ L@ FM\L_IH K\M@LF_ MHK A_ÆK L` rltarh uka`ftlrf` il Yrudp il` fmulrih kum`lfr mhk Aræk vf`aý `f slvlrf mrätamf il su fktlmlshr Hofdf (gttp://oat.`y/?rusyEu) (gttp://oat.`y/?rusyEu).. Lk su pæeakf il Bfmlohhn, Hofdf bustaeý `f ilmasaýk fvlkturlrf il` ph`ádamh Yrudp mufkih ‐KH lxastlk vah`fmahkls il pfrtl il Aræk—, `h muf` ilsdalktl thif `f ‐prhpfefkif klerf— ilsp`lefif phr l` ph`ádamh prlsailktl il L\F. Il qul Aræk, qul gf ilsdfktl`fih lk bhrdf saekabamftavf su prherfdf kum`lfr, kh gf vah`fih l` mrlftavh fmulrih il` S<+6’`hs < daldorhs ‐Slr ‐Slrdfklktls— dfklktls— il` Mhksljh il ]leuraifi il `f HK\ (L\F/E_FK O_LYFÖF/B_FKMAF/_\]AF/MGAKF) sudfihs f F`ldfkaf’ ls `f hpakaýk mhdpfrtaif phr l` rlsth il mhsaekftfrahs, f juamah il Hofdf, y f qualkls gforäf qul ferlefr f `f Hrefkazfmaýk Aktlrkfmahkf` il Lklreäf Ftýdamf (HALF) il `f HK\ qul kh gf lkmhktrfih kakeukf trfkserlsaýk arfkä (gttp://oat.`y/?rw_D\B) (gttp://oat.`y/?rw_D\B).. Hofdf, qualk mhkhml l` ralseh il mhkb`ferfmaýk lk l` Dliah-Hralktl f `f qul ``lvf `f akslksftf ilmasaýk il Yrudp, matý `f phsturf il` fmtuf` ]lmrltfrah il Ilblksf Jfdls Dfttas qualk gf ilm`frfih qul Aræk kh gf vah`fih l` fmulrih. Hofdf mhkilký lk bhrdf slvlrf qul `f mhkiumtf fvlkturlrf, phr kh ilmar suovlrsavf, il Yrudp: ‐l` plrdfklktl ilsfmfth il fmulrihs il `hs qul kulstrh pfäs ls pfrtl phkl lk pl`aerh `f mrliaoa`aifi il L\F y khs phkl lk mhkb`amth mhk `fs prakmapf`l prakmapf`lss phtlkmafs il` dukih—. Yrudp brfmturf fúk dfs f L\F y ilsmfrra`f l` phmh hrilk qul qulifof lk l` dukih sudlreaih lk `f lsmf`fif il` mfhs. <. S@LAYH IL YUAYY] LK L@ H@ADSH IL L\F: JHGK O_LKKFK LWIA_LMYH_ IL @F MAF MHK HOFDF FDLKFZF F Y_\DS Q F@ SF_YAIH F 2 dlsls il `fs l`lmmahkls aktlrdliafs il L\, `fs fdlkfzfs il uk slmthr il` Illp ]tftl qul lkmfolzf l` lxIarlmthr il `f MAF Jhgk Orlkkfk gfk lsmf`fih mhk uk twatt fdlkfzfktl f ? `ailrls _lpuo`amfkhs DmMhkkl``,il` y Sfu` `f Mædfrf il _lpr ‐]aglmgh Yrudpf mhktakuf lk suDatmg väf ilsfstrhsf, \is.]lkfih mfrefrfk ukf _yfk, dfyhril rlsphksfoa`aifi (sam)lslktfktls: phr l` iföh kulstrf ildhmrfmaf, `l gfmlk uk erfk df` slrvamah f kulstrh pfäs y f` Sfrtaih _lpuo`amfkh sa mhktakúfk plrdatalkih `fs fmmahkls mhk mhk `fs qul sl futh-sarvl Yrudp Yrudp (gttps://oat.`y/?rZH11_)—. L` arfmukih twatt il Orlkkfk bul dhtavfih phr htrh twatt il Yrudp qualk lxaeaý akifefr sa lk l k `f áphmf il Hofdf l` BOA y l` Ilpfrtfdlkth il Justamaf ‐akba`trfrhk h lspafrhk lspa frhk `f mfdpföf il Yrudp mhk prhpýsath ph`ätamh ph`ätamh (gttps://oat.`y/?nnQn]1 (gttps://oat.`y/?nnQn]1))—. Kh ls `f pradlrf pradlrf vlz qul Orlkkfk sl lxprlsf il Yrudp lk tárdakhs ilsplmt ilsplmtavhs> avhs> lk d dfrzh frzh pfsfih lk htrh twatt sl iaraeaý f` ph`ádamh prlsailktl: ‐mufkih `f lxtlksaýk p`lkf il tu vlkf`aifi(sam),ilprfvfmaýk(sam) dhrf` y mhrrupmaýk(sam) ph`ätamf slfk mhkhmaifs tlkiræs tu iloaih `uefr mhdh uk ilsghkrfih lk l`khofsurlrh(sam) gasthraf. Sulilstltlklr mgavh lxpafthrah f ildfeheh Fkiy DmMfol, plrh ilstruaræs ilf `f L\F…L\F vf mhdh f vlkmlr (gttps://oat.`y/?s=yiMQ))—.¡]ak mhdlktfrahs! (gttps://oat.`y/?s=yiMQ DmMfol, vaml-Iarlmthr il` BOA bul ilblklstrfih phr l` Ilpfrtfdlkth il Justamaf ?2 ghrfs fktls il su rltarh hbamaf` pfrf thrplilfr su juoa`fmaýk. Ghy Yrudp sl lkbrlktf f ? philrhsfs rfdfs il` Illp ]tftl: `f MAF y l` BOA. ¸Vuaák efkfræ8 2. LL\\ B_FMY\_FIH> ILDÝM_FYF] MHK FDS@AF DFQH_ÄF LK @F MÆDF_F> Y_\DS DLJH_F LK L@ ]LKFIH. Ygl Ga`` mhdlktf qul `fs ‐l`lmmahkls rlvl`frhk uk L\ prhbukifdlktl iavaiaih—. L` vhth rurf` bul ldaklktldlktl _lpuo`amfkh brlktl f` vhth suourofkh qul sl vh`mý phr `hs Ildýmrftfs. Dumgfs dujlrls efkfrhk lsmföhs mhk l` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf, dalktrfs qul l` Sfrtaih _lpuo`amfkh pfrlmäf uk mhke`hdlrfih il ‐dfmghs o`fkmhs—. F Yrudp `l puih aihy,plhr ilthih, kh gfolr saih phr`fsujhyf adprlsahkfktl il mfdpföf `l iah dæs lsmföhs lk l`gfolr ]lkfih shorl qul hotuvh il `f mhrhkf:malrrl `f euolrkfturf ilqul B`hraif. Ls murahsh, plrh l` traukbh il `hs Ildýmrftfs lk `f Mædfrf il _lprlslktfktls bul uk phmh dfyhr f `h lsplrfih, fsä mhdh bul shrprlkilktl l` dfyhr kúdlrh il lsmföhs qul hotuvh l` Sfrtaih _lpuo`amfkh lk l` ]lkfih. Eustl h iaseustl, l` rfmasdh fkta-mlktrhfdlramfkh y fkta-dlxamfkh il Yrudp `l hthreý iavailkihs mhk su ofsl. Slrh tfdphmh sl gfml a`usahkls Yrudp qualk, mhdh lrf il lsplrfrsl, gazh rlkukmafr f su prhmurfihr Jlbb ]lssahks iloaih f qul sl `fvý `fs dfkhs lk l` fsukth il` supulsth aktlrvlkma aktlrvlkmahkasdh hkasdh rush lk `fs l`lmmahkls prlsailkmaf`ls pfsfifs. Yrudp lktalkil qul `f dfyhräf Ildýmrftf lk `f Mædfrf il _lprlslktfktls `l pulil hmfsahkfr dumgfs mlbf`lfs y, shorl thih, akamafr akifefmahkls shorl sus hsmurfs trftftavfs basmf`ls, phr `h qul il akdliafth bl`amatý Kfkmy Sl`hsa, prhofo`l `ailrlsf il `f Mædfrf il _lprlslktfktls phr l` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf, mhk l` bak il prhdhvlr ukf ph`ätamf oapfrtaiastf qul lvatl f L\ f prhbukiazfr thifväf dæs su akglrlktl brfmturf. 5. ]YFYL HB YGL \KAHK: Y_\DS F__LDLYL MHKY_F @F AKDAE_FMAHK Q L@ ‐]HMAF@A]DH— Lk su iasmursh shorl l` Lstfih il `f fktlvlstaifs `f kulvfildfyhraf il Ildhmrftfs lk `f Mfdfrf(qul il _lprlslktfktls ’ihkil ora``frhk `fs\kahk dujlrls o`fkmh lk ghkhr f `fs subbrfelttls rlm`fdfrhk l` vhth bldlkakh gfml uk sae`h)’, Yrudp frrldltah mhktrf `f akdaerfmahk y l` shmaf`asdh. Bul lvailktl `f brfmturf il L\ iurfktl l` iasmursh il Yrudp fp`fuiaih il pal phr `hs _lpuo`amfkhs, dalktrfs `hs Ildhmrftfs mhk ukf bulrtl prlslkmaf bldlkakf, plrdfklmafk akmh`udls. Yrudp blstljh l` ‐da`ferh lmhkhdamh— qul pulil slr thrplilfih phr `fs ‐akvlstaefmahkls— qul ldpujfk lk bhrdf ‐pfrtaiastf— `hs Ildhmrftfs. L` bulrtl il Yrudp ls `f lmhkhdaf, plrh su mfrtf bfvhratf ls l` durh pfrf ftfmfr f `f yueu`fr `f daerfmahk, mhk `h qul mhkmaol rll`learsl f` sliumar f `f dfyhraf il `hs ]uprldfmastfs O`fkmhs Fke`hsfjhkls dljhr mhkhmaihs mhdh UF]S (Ugatl Fke`h-]fxhk Fke`h-]fxhk Srhtlstfkt) il` ‐makturhk oao`amh— y il` ‐makturhk akiustraf`—. Yrudp sfmh f rl`umar phr pradlrf vlz su bhoaf f` ‐shmaf`asdh— lk m`frf f`usahk f `hs lvlkths il Rlklzul`f y f `hs plshs plsfihs il` Sfrtaih Ildh8mrftf qul sl gfk prhkukmafih f bfvhr il sustfkmaf`ls ‐adpulsths f `f raqulzf—, mhdh ls l` mfsh il` slkfihr Olrkal ]fkilrs, il `f slkfihrf L`azfoltg Ufrrlk y il `f mhkerlsastf da``lkkaf` F`lxfkirf Hmfsah-Mhrtlz qualkls plrdfklmalrhk adpfvaihs y fthkaths fktl l` ftfqul brhktf` il` prlsailktl du`tada``hkfrah, dalktrfs `hs _lpuo`amfkhs fp`fuiafk mhk blrvhr. Lk mfsh il shrtlfr su ilblklstrfmahk, `f ltlrlf rl-l`lmmahk il Y Yrudp rudp sl mlktrfrf mhktrf `hs daerfktls y l` ‐shmaf`asdh—. 7. ¸]L _LL@AEA_Æ Y_\DS LK DLIAH IL \K FDOALKYL IL E\L__F MARA@8 L` forfsavh ftfqul lk `f Mædfrf il _lprlslktfktls il` párbaih Damgfl` Mhglk, lxfohefih il` ftraou`fih Yrudp, ls ukf plqulöf dulstrf il` ia`uvah il lsmækif`hs qul sl `l vlkiræk lkmadf f` prlsailktl y qul lxgaolk `f `fstadhsf brfmturf il `f shmalifi lstfiukailksl qul pfrf vfrahs gasthrafihrls vavl yf ukf ‐eulrrf mava` shbt—. Lk ukf lktrlvastf ‐Brlktl f `f Kfmaýk— il MO], l` ph`ádamh ]tlvl Ofkkhk, ailý`heh il` trudpasdh, fslvlrý qul `hs Ildýmrftfs aktlksabamfræk su varu`lkmaf y usfræk l` akdaklktl rlphrtl il` Basmf` Lsplmaf` _holrt Dul``lr mhdh uk ‐frdf il ilstrummaýk dfsavf— mhktrf l` prlsailktl, lk rlblrlkmaf f `f phsao`l aktlrblrlkmaf rusf y su mh`usaýk mhk Yrudp lk `f mfdpföf l`lmthrf`. Slsl f thif `f `fvf vh`mækamf qul gf lxplmthrfih l` lxfohefih Damgfl` Mhglk, qualk ta`iý f su fktlrahr m`alktl Yrudp il lstfbfihr y dfkaætamh slxuf`, kh ``leý gfstf fslvlrfr `f lxastlkmaf il tf` mh`usaýk mhk _usaf. F juamah il ]tlvl Ofkkhk l` prlsailktl Ihkf`i Yrudp sl rll`learæ lk ?3?3 ‐mhk ‐mh k dfyhr fdp`atui qul lk ?362—, plrh lkbrlktfræ dumghs ilsfbähs iloaih f `f mhkvlrelkmaf il vfrafs akvlstaefmahkls lk su mhktrf, `h muf` ilsldohmfræ lk uk m`adf mhktlkmahsh lk L\: ‐?361 slræ l` föh dæs varu`lkth lk `f ph`ätamf il L\ ilsil fktls il `f Eulrrf Mava Mava`` l akm`uy akm`uyhh f Ral Raltkfd tkfd lk lsh. Qf lstfdh lstfdhss akdlrshs. ?36 ?3611 slræ duy ilsferfifo`l—. Ofkkhk lstæ sleurh il qul Yrudp ldlrelräf mhk ukf vamthraf erfmafs f` vaehrhsh ilsldplöh il `f lmhkhdäf. ¸Q sa sl mruzf `f rlmlsaýk lk ?3?38 1. E\L__F MARA@ ]A KH ]L _LL@AEL Y_\DS, FIRAL_YL ]\ LW FOHEFIH DAMGFL@ MHGLK Dæs f``æ il `fs lstrailktls akvlmtavfs il Damgfl` Mhglk, lx fohefih il Yrudp f qualk fmfoý trfamahkfkih pfrf sf`vfr su pl``ljh, `h dæs rlsmftfo`l il su lsmfkif`hsf mhdpfrlmlkmaf fktl uk Mhdatá il `f Mædfrf il _lprlslktfktls mhktrh`fif phr l` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf, bul su fivlrtlkmaf il qul l` prlsailktl, lk mfsh il plrilr su rll`lmmaýk, ilsftfräf ukf eulrrf mava` f`lorlstfkih f sus blrhmls sleuaihrls. Il thif `f ba`äpamf il Mhglk, qulif `f gul``f il qul Yrudp kh plrdataræ ukf trfksamaýk pfmabamf sa palril `f l`lmmaýk il ?3?3. ]l ilsprlkil qul Mhglk kh if phr dulrth f su fktlrahr m`alktl ka vas`udorf mhkslmulkmafs il` akdaklktl rlphrtl il` julz lsplmaf` _holrt Dul``lr. Ygl Ufsgakethk Shst, phrtfvhz il` lstfo`asgdlkt y ghy prhpalifi il Jlbb Olzhs, l` ghdorl dæs ramh il` dukih y iulöh il Fdfzhk, phr pradlrf vlz fohrif l` tldf akthmfo`l ilsil gfml 6<3 föhs il `f ‐Eulrrf Mava`— mufkih L\ sl lkmulktrf brfmturfih mhk `fs bulrzfs mlkträbuefs il mhsdhehkäfs fktfeýkamfs. L` rhtftavh matf f ? mhdlktfrastfs ph`ätamhs il `fihs hpulsths: l` fohefih Jhslpg iaElkhvf, il Bhx Klws, mfilkf f`afif il Yrudp: Yrudp: ‐lstfdhs lk ukf eulrrf mava`—. Kamh``l Uf``fml, il D]KOM y blrhz mratamh il Yrudp, fm fmlptý lptý `f tlsas il iaElkhvf, plrh mu`pý f` prlsailktl phr gfolr ftazfih ftazfih l` buleh rfmaf`. Qf gfoäf fohrifih mhk fktl`fmaýk `hs prh`leýdlkhs il ukf ‐eulrrf mava` shbt— lk L\ qul gfy qul thdfr duy lk slrah y iloldhs tlklr prlslktl lk kulstrh rfifr lk Dáxamh. 63. KFKMQ SL@H]A ILM@F_F ILM@F_F V\L KH O\]MF ILBLKL]Y_F_ F Y_\DS Kfkmy Sl`hsa, Sl`hsa, `ailrlsf iill `f d dfyhräf fyhräf il` S Sfrtaih frtaih Ildým Ildýmrftf rftf lk `f Mædfrf il _lp _lprlslktfktls,mhdlktý rlslktfktls,mhdlktý f` Ygl Ufsgakethk Shst qul sl hphkl f `f ilblklstrfmaýk(adplfmgdlkt) il Yrudp,qul brfmturfräf f` pfäs y ‐kh vf`l `f plkf( plkf(gttps://wfph.st/?uluMIG gttps://wfph.st/?uluMIG))—. @hs Ildýmrftfs ghy pfrlmlk ukf mhf`amaýk dfs qul uk vlrifilrh pfrtaih:ihkil prlihdakfk `fs bldakastfs,`fs fkta-sahkastfs fkta-sahkastfs y `fs ‐shmaf`astfs—,dalktrfs qul su `ailrfzeh prhplkil dæs f` mlktrh y f `f shmaf`-ildhmrfmaf shmaf`-ildhmrfmaf ‐hblrtastf basmf`—:dlzm`f il` ‐M`akthkhdams — mhk l` ‐O`farasdh— oratækamh(lk `h qul sl rlbalrl f` `ailrfzeh),yf qul `f ofsl y `hs da``lkkaf`s ilslfk eua``htakfr f` prlsailktl y talkilk dæs f` ‐shmaf`asdh— taph Olrkal ]fkilrs y f` fkta fkta-klh`aolrf`asdh -klh`aolrf`asdh il L`azfoltg Ufrrlk. F da juamah,l` `ailrfzeh Ildýmrftf kh ilslf rlpltar l` ‐säkirhdl M`akthk—,guda``fih lk `f Mædfrf il _lprlslktfktls phr `hs _lpuo`amfkhs,plrh sf`vfih ak lxtrldas il su adplfmgdlkt lk l` ]lkfih,iloaih f` ‐vlstaih fzu`— il Dhkamf @lwaksny. Yrudp mfpturý l` of`ýk qul `l bul `fkzfih phr Kfkmy Sl`hsa,qualk lstæ rlsu`tfkih ukf lstuplkif ph`ätamf,y ferfilmaý lkiillukh il sus `lelkifrahsmfif twatts:‐Fprlma twatts:‐Fprlmah h prhbukifdlktl `f ilm`frfmaýk il Kfkmy Sl`hsa lk mhktrf `f ilblklstrfmaýk,plrh uukh kh ilol rlmhrifr l` glmgh dlkhr iill qul kukmf gaml f`eh df`aekh (gttps://oat.`y/?Jfwtki (gttps://oat.`y/?Jfwtki))—. Dumghs Ildýmrftfs lsplrfk l` rlphrtl bakf` il` basmf` lsplmaf` _holrt Dul``lr,shorl `f supulstf mh`usaýk il Yrudp mhk _usaf,pfrf arsl f su yueu`fr. ¸Shiræ Kfkmy Sl`hsa mhktlklr `f buraf il sus gulstls8 66. _AIÄM\@H IL@MHK ‐_\]AFEFYL—: Y_A\KBH IL Y_\DS Q ILOFM@L IL@ SF_YAIH S F_YAIH ILDÝM_FYF @H] M@AKYHK L\ lktrý lk lstfih il sghmn mhk l` _lphrtl il` Basmf` Lsplmaf` _holrt Dul``lr f` kulvh prhmurfihr Ua``afd Ofrr, mlrmfkh f` klphtasdh iakæstamh il `hs Ousg y qualk bul tfdoaák prhmurfihr mhk Ifiiy Ousg. Lxastalrhk = lvlkths lxtrfjuiamaf`ls qul dfrmfrhk `f rutf il` _lphrtl Dul``lr, qul kh lkmhktrý mh`usaýk il Yrudp mhk _usaf (dhktfjl il` aklxastlktl _usafeftl), `h mmuf` uf` guoalrf vf`aih il prltlxth pfrf l` akamah il` ‐adplfmgdlkt— (ilblklstrfmaýk) phr l` feulrraih Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf qul ghy mhktrh`f `f Mædfrf il _lprlslktfktls: 6-L` khdorfdalkth il Ua``afd Ofrr, uk ousgafkh f mfrtf mfof`> ?-@f rlsurrlmmaýk il vfrahs klhmhkslrvfihrls strfussafkh strfussafkhss vakmu`fihs f `hs Ousg, mhdh Jhgk Oh`thk, puekfz fslshr ]leuraifi Kfmahkf`,lky Rlklzul`f> l` mhkvamthymradakf` il` ‐Aræk -Mhktrfs— L``aht Forfds, lkmfrefih il` il ‐mfdoah il ráeadlk— =-@f prlslkmaf =‐shrprlkilktl— il Yrudp f` buklrf` il Ifiiy Ousg, pftrafrmf il `f bfda`af pltrh`lrf il `hs Ousg. Dæs qul `f tæmatf fkulkmaf il Hofdf, `hs M`akthk (Oa`` y Ga``fry) rlsu`tfrhk `hs erfkils plrilihrls:qualkls hplrfrhk hplrfrhk trfs ofdof`akfs, f` ukäshkh il` bf``lmaih slkfihr lx-_lpuo`amfkh Jhgk DmMfakl, qualk bul va`aplkiafih phr Yrudp ukf sldfkf fktls il `f lm`hsaýk il` _lphrtl Dul``lr. F da juamah, `f ``lefif il Ua``afd Ofrr lstuvh quazæ iltræs il` frrle`h suorlptamah lktrl Yrudp y `hs Ousg:pfqultl il` qul bhrdf pfrtl l` ils`fmthsfih _lphrtl Dul``lr. Yrudp sl lkmulktrf f uk pfsh il slr rll`leaih.Vuazæ sh`h ukf rlmlsaýk y ukf bf`tf il frrle`h mhk Mgakf sl `h pulifk adpliar. 6?. YGL KLU QH_N YADL] FM\]F F Y_\DS IL ‐\K J\LEH S SL@AE_H]H L@AE_H]H MHKY_F A_ÆK— L` bak il sldfkf il` 9 il dfyh, Yrudp foraý ? kulvhs brlktls mhk sl``h da`atfr: ilsp`leý l` phrtffvahkls \]] Forfgfd @akmh`k f` Eh`bh Sársamh pfrf fdlirlktfr f Aræk (gttps://oom.ak/?IYkSRo),, y lkvaý ? brfeftfs f` Dfr il` ]ur il Mgakf pfrf prlsahkfr f Olajake mhktrf (gttps://oom.ak/?IYkSRo) qualk `aorf ukf eulrrf mhdlrmaf` (gttps://oat.`y/?UvtUU]) (gttps://oat.`y/?UvtUU]).. ]u ]lmrltfrah il ]leuraifi Kfmahkf`, Jhgk Oh`thk, y su ]lmrltfrah il Lstfih, Danl Shdplh, brfmfsfrhk lk l` eh`pl il lstfih il Eufaiý, qualk yf gul`l f mfiævlr, mhk l` bak il ilrrhmfr f` ráeadlk r áeadlk il Dfiurh lk Rlklzul`f ihkil l` ljármath ldlreaý mhdh l` æroatrh y erfk vlkmlihr. Dæs f``æ il` lstrfkeu`fdalkth il `f prhiummaýk il` pltrý`lh mhktrf Aræk, l` puekfz Oh`thk kh gf hmu`tfih su ilslh il ‐mfdoah il ráeadlk— lk Ylglræk, `h muf` kh puih mhksleuar lk Mfrfmfs y sl fkthjf akbakatfdlktl dæs iabäma` `herfr mhk `f tlhmrfmaf mgaätf arfkä. ]leúk BDA,`fs ukf slvlrfs prlsahkls lmhkýdamfs il Yrudp sä gfk sak tlkaih lblmth Aræk qul ftrfvalsf phr ukfl`rlmlsaýk, akb`fm akb`fmaýk aýk il` 93% y ukf bulrtl ilvf`ufmaýk, `` ``lefr lefr f `hslk ka kavl`ls vl`ls il Frelktakf sak sfkmahkls (gttps://kyta.ds/?ZUUvyv) (gttps://kyta.ds/?ZUUvyv).. Aræk yf gfoäf klehmafih mhk l` prlsailktl Hofdf’mhk `fs phtlkmafs lurhplfs (Erfk Orltföf, Brfkmaf y F`ldfkaf), _usaf y Mgakf ’ uk fmulrih il mlsl il` prhylmth kum`lfr f mfdoah il` `lvfktfdalkth il `fs sfkmahkls, qul bul ilslmgfih uka`ftlrf`dlktl phr Yrudp. L` prho`ldf, sleúk KQY, rfiamf lk uk ‐lrrhr il mæ`mu`h— il L\ y/h Aræk, `h muf` puialrf mlrrfr l` Lstrlmgh il Hrduz y ldpujfräf l` ofrra` f `f lstrftýsblrf. 6=. ¸MÝDH ]L_ÄF L@ ]LE\KIH DFKIFYH IL Y_\DS8, LK MF]H IL ]\ F@LFYH_AF _LB@LMMAÝK Slsl f sus fvftfrls aktlrkhs, mufkih `hs Ildýmrftfs rlfkuifk l` bfktfsdf il` adplfmgdlkt, y lxtlrkhs, ihkil sl gf lkbrfsmfih lkbrfsmfih lk vfrahs brlktls: eulrrf mhdlrmaf` mhk Mg Mgakf akf y l` mfkilktl tldf il Aræk (gttps://oat.`y/?QppYbn) (gttps://oat.`y/?QppYbn),, Ygl Ga``, mlrmfkh f` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf, dfkljf `hs ‐mhkthrkhs(sam)— il uk sleukih dfkifth il Yrudp ‐67 dlsls fktls fktls il `f l`lmmaýk (gttps://oat.`y/?JWQwhz (gttps://oat.`y/?JWQwhz))—. L` mhrfzýk il su felkif lstfræ mhkstatuaih phr ? tldfs khif`ls: `f lmhkhdäf ’ qul vf oalk plsl f `f eulrrf mhdlrmaf` mhktrf Mgakf ’ y `f akdaerfmaýk, ihkil, iäefsl `h qul sl iaef, mulktf mhk l` fphyh il` prlsailktl @ýplz Horfihr y su mfkma``lr Dfrml`h Lorfri. Yfdoaák bhrdfræk pfrtl il su felkif l`lmthrlrf l` ‐mhdlrmah— y `f ‐ilsrleu`fmaýk—, fsä mhdh ukf ‐prhpulstf khdakf` pfrf sustatuar l` Hofdfmfrl— ’ `hs sleurhs dáiamhs akstfurfihs phr Hofdf. Fukqul pfrlzmf duy tldprfkh ’ yf kfif ls ‐tldprfkh— mhk `f akstfktfklaifi il `f Lrf Iaeatf` ’, `hs pfrtaifrahs il Yrudp freuylk qul l` erfk kúdlrh il mfkiaifths il` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf, ilsefrrækihsl sä, `l orakif kh talkl kakeúklktrl fivlrsfrah mrläo`l.ukf sakeu`fr hphrtukaifi f` prlsailktl Kh.9< qualk præmtamfdlktl Fukqul mulktf mhk lxml`lktls mfkiaifths, l` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf pfrlml dæs oalk ukf mhf`amaýk qul fofrmf `fs fktäphifs il` lsplmtrh ph`ätamh. Kfial lstæ iamalkih qul @ýplz Horfihr y Dfrml`h Lorfri mhktraouyfk f `f rll`lmmaýk il Yrudp lk l` tldf slksao`l il `f daerfmaýk, plrh tfdphmh `h gfk hostfmu`azfih. ¸Daerfmaýk f mfdoah il `f mhtazfmaýk il` plsh8 69. @F ‐L]Y_FYLEAF IAEAYF@— IL Y_\DS SF_F _LL@LEA_]L Mhk ?3,333 sleuaihrls brlkátamhs lk `f frlkf il Hr`fkih, B`hraif, Yrudp frrfkmý su mfdpföf pfrf rll`learsl mhk l` `ldf il ‐Mhkslrvfr Erfkil f Lstfihs \kaihs—: ls `f mhktakufmaýk il su pradlrf mfdpföf il gfml muftrh föhs, ‐Gfmlr erfkil f Lstfihs \kaihs—. Lstf ú`tadf bul uk erfk eh`pl il dlrmfihtlmkaf, yf qul kfial ifof uk quakth phr á` lk l` Sfrtaih _lpuo`amfkh, qul phsll mhktlkialktls mhksh`aifihs mhdh Jlo Ousg (lx-eholrkfihr il B`hraif qul mulktf mhk ?1 vhths l`lmthrf`ls). Lk Lstfihs \kaihs mulktfk `hs vhths il `hs lstfihs> kh l` vhth phpu`fr. Yrudp pfrlmäf dæs mfkiaifth rl-lklreazfih qul prlsailktl, f` frrldltlr mhktrf `hs dliahs dfsavhs, l` ‐lstfo`asgdlkt— y sus mhktrakmfktls ‐fkta‐fkta -lstfiukailksls— il `f ‐lkbfifif mftlrvf azqualriastf (gttps://kyta.ds/?wZe63o))—. (gttps://kyta.ds/?wZe63o Sfrf efkfr `hs vhths mrumaf`ls il B`hraif, Yrudp ls mfpfz il akvfiar Rlklzul`f y fsä sliumar `hs vhths il `hs lxa`fihs muofkhs lkmfolzfihs phr l` slkfihr Dfrmh _uoah. Mhdh Yrudp talkl mlrrfihs `hs ‐dfss dliaf—, mhk qualkls sl gf pl`l pl`lfih, fih, fghrf gf akvlrtaih da``hkls il iý`frls lk ukf ‐lstrftleaf iaeatf`— pfrf rlmh`lmtfr `fs iarlmmahkls il mhrrlhs l`lmtrýkamhs y `hs kúdlrhs tl`lbýkamhs> tfdoaák pfrf gfmlr puo`amaifi mhk sus bal`ls sleuaihrls lk Bfmlohhn y Qhutuol. Ghy thifs `fs l`lmmahkls l`lmmahkls shk yf ‐iaeatæ`amfs—. Mfol rlmhrifr qul l` dasdh iäf qul Yrudp prlstý jurfdlkth, l` ?3 il lklrh il ?365, fp`amý lk `f Mhdasaýk Blilrf` L`lmthrf` (BLM) pfrf mhdpltar lk ?361. Yrudp ofsf su rll`lmmaýk lk ihs ljls: `f daerfmaýk (mhk l` ‐fphyh— ho`aefih il Dáxamh) y `f lmhkhdäf, qul vf valkth lk phpf (gttps://oat.`y/?_r@rps) (gttps://oat.`y/?_r@rps).. 6<. EH@SL IL L]YFIH MHKY_F Y_\DS AKI\MAIH SH_ UF]GAKEYHK SH]Y Q KLU QH_N YADL] F dlkhs il ihs dlsls il `fs mrumaf`ls l`lmmahkls aktlrdliafs il khvaldorl mhkvlrealrhk ihs eh`pls blrhmls mhk uk iäf il iablrlkmaf. @hs akb`uylktls rhtftavhs Ygl Ufsgakethk Shst (mhk `hs lxtrfmths il` `aorh il Oho Uhhiwfri) y Ygl Klw Qhrn Yadls juefrhk uk pfpl` rl`lvfktl, qul sl sudfk lk bhrdf hdakhsf f `hs `ähs juiamaf`ls il` ftraou`fih Yrudp. @h adpfmtfktl il` iho`l ftfqul ls su mhkmftlkfmaýk mhk l` lktalrrh il` ]lkfihr Jhgk DmMfak, lkldaeh dhrtf` il Yrudp, mfkhkazfih lk bhrdf ilsdliaif phr l` 'Illp ]tftl' il LL\\ y mhk l` rlohtl tlftrf` il` mfsh ]nrapf` lk Erfk Orltföf qul ldplhrf dæs `fs rl`fmahkls mhk _usaf. Ls khtfo`l `f mhhriakfmaýk hplrftavf il` Ygl Ufsgakethk Shst ’prhpalifi il il Jlbb Olzhs, dfkifdæs il Fdfzhk’ y Ygl Klw Qhrn Yadls. L` pradlrh puo`amf erfkils lxtrfmths il` prýxadh `aorh ’qul sf`iræ l` 66 il slptaldorl, blmgf bftäiamf 'plr sl'’ il` mhksferfih plrahiastf Oho Uhhiwfri: 'Dalih: Yrudp lk `f Mfsf O`fkmf'. Uhhiwfri ilthký l` 'Uftlreftl' qul ``lvý f `f rlkukmaf il Kaxhk. Lk tfkth, Ygl Klw Qhrn Yadls puo`amf l` frtämu`h il hpakaýk ’qul f`eukhs fkf`astfs vakmu`fk f `hs aktlrlsls il` dleflsplmu`fihr Elhrel ]hrhs y il `hs M`akthk ’ bardfih phr f`eualk qul prlsuktfdlktl plrtlklml f` pradlr märmu`h il` prlsailktl Yrudp, plrh qul kh if su khdorl. L` frtämu`h sl a`ustrf mhk ukf adfelk lk ihkil muftrh plrshkfs jf`fk 'l` mulrph il LL\\' pfrf lvatfr su mfäif f` vfmäh. ]aeul fquä: Yrudp pail f` Yadls qul rlvl`l ailktaifi il mh`udkastf qul lsmraoaý frtämu`h lk su mhktrf Fdohs eh`pfzhs lk ú`tadf akstfkmaf lvhmfk, prhdulvlk y ilsldohmfk `f fp`amfmaýk il `f lkdalkif ?< il `f Mhkstatumaýk qul prlehkf `f rldhmaýk il` prlsailktl phr su prhpah efoakltl, iloaih f sus ilsvfrähs y mhkiumtf fkýdf`f. Sfrf Uhhiwfri adplrf "uk eh`pl il Lstfih fidakastrftavh" lk ihkil f`eukhs il sus slmrltfrahs mhksparfk mhktrf Yrudp: lxtrfylkih u hmu`tfkih ihmudlkths. @f dfyhr pfrtl il `hs fslrths lxpulsths phr Uhhiwfri gfk saih ilsdlktaihs phr `hs adp`amfihs. L` vh`mækamh `aorh 'Dalih: Yrudp lk `f Mfsf O`fkmf' lxphkl rlvl`fmahkls qul phklk lk tl`f il juamah `f dfklrf adpltuhsf il eholrkfr il Yrudp. ]leúk `hs lxtrfmths puo`amfihs, l` prlsailktl il LL\\ ls mftf`hefih phr l` elklrf` Jfdls Dfttas, ]lmrltfrah il` Slktæehkh, mhdh "uk f`udkh il pradfraf". Dfttas, prhsaeul, rlmaoaý `f hrilk il fslsakfr mhk dasa`ls f` prlsailktl sarah Ofsgfr Fsfi, plrh sl kleý. Shr su pfrtl, l` elklrf` Jhgk Nl``y, jlbl il Efoakltl, `h ta`if il "aiahtf" y ilbakl f `f Mfsf O`fkmf mhdh uk 'mrfzythwk': ukf mauifi il `hmhs. Yfkth l` `aorh mhdh l` frtämu`h mhakmailk lk slöf`fr `f aklstfoa`aifi ldhmahkf` il Yrudp. ]leúk l` `aorh, bul Efry Mhgk, fktlrahr jlbl il lmhkhdastfs il `f Mfsf O`fkmf, qualk rhoý uk ihmudlkth il `f dlsf il` prlsailktl shorl Mhrlf il` ]ur y qul puih gfolr tlkaih lblmths il`ltárlhs. L` frtamu`h vf dfs `ljhs f` lxphklr l` sfohtfjl il`aolrfih f vfrafs il `fs ilmasahkls il Yrudp: "Gfrldhs `h qul phifdhs pfrf euafr f `f Fidakas Fidakastrfmaýk trfmaýk lk `f iarlmmaýk mhrrlmtf gfstf qul, il uukf kf dfklrf u htrf, lsth mhkm`uyf". @f brfsl "il ukf dfklrf u htrf" dfrmf l` olsh il` iafo`h il pfrtl il `f Mfsf O`fkmf qul pulil ar ilsil hra``fr`h f `f rlkukmaf (mfsh Kaxhk), uk 'adplfmgdlkt' (mfsh M`akthk) h gfstf l` fslsakfth (mfsh Nlkkliy). ¸Lstfræ f`eukf bfmmaýk il` 'Illp ]tftl' lstadu`fkih uk eh`pl da`atfr fktl l` adplrfktl mfhs ph`ätamh y `f akeholrkfoa`aifi f `f qul prhplkil LL\\8 Shr pradlrf vlz lk `f gasthraf il LL\\, uk plraýiamh il `f tf``f il` Klw Qhrn Yadls mruzf l` _uoamýk il `f supulstf akbhrdfmaýk klutrf` f` puo`amfr uk frtämu`h bardfih phr uk fkýkadh qualk sl ailktabamf mhdh "pfrtl il `f rlsastlkmaf ilktrh il `f Fidakastrfmaýk il Yrudp". @f ilblksf il Yrudp gf saih tfdoaák rlsastlktl y ilsil `f fpframaýk il` frtämu`h gfstf uk iäf ilspuás gf mhktlstfih sak ilsmfksh ousmfkih f`lorlstfr f su ofsl l`lmthrf` pfrf qul sf`ef f fvf`fr`h il fquä f` 2 il khvaldorl, mufkih sl rlkulvf `f lktlrf Mædfrf il _lprlslktfktls il 9=< fsalkths, =< il 633 slkfihrls y =1 eholrkfihrls. L` lxprlsailktl Hofdf pfrtamapfræ fphyfkih f `hs mfkiaifths il` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf qul puialrfk mfpturfr `f dfyhräf lk `f Mædfrf ofjf, sleúk lkmulstfs rlmalktls. Yrudp fpulstf f uk lblmth oudlræk lk l` qul sus "ilp`hrfo`ls" pfrtaifrahs, mhdh `hs aksu`tý `f mfkiaiftf plrilihrf Ga``fry M`akthk, sf`efk f ifr `f mfrf y sl ilsp`aleulk l`lmthrf`dlktl l` 2 il khvaldorl. Yrudp gf mf`abamfih f` futhr fkýkadh il "mhofril " mhofril y trfaihr", fildæs il bustaefr f` Klw Qhrn Yadls il "brfmfsfih" y ils`azfr l` lsplmtrh il `f "sleuraifi kfmahkf`" qul gforäf pulsth lk juleh l` rhtftavh, `h muf` pulil tlklr slvlrfs adp`amfmahkls juiamaf`ls. Akm`ush Yrudp gf pulsth lk tl`f il juamah `f lxastlkmaf il tf` fkýkadh. ¸]l gforæ frralsefih tfkth Ygl Klw Qhrn Yadls8 ¸Ho`aefræ Yrudp f` Ygl Klw Qhrn Yadls f rlvl`fr l` khdorl il` fkýkadh phr rfzhkls il sleuraifi kfmahkf`8 kfmahkf`8 @hs mhdlktfrastfs il `hs du`tadliahs gfk lsmuiraöfih ukf prhofo`l `astf il 6? plrshkfs qul puialrfk lkmfrkfr `f ailktaifi il` fkýkadh. Dfs qul l` vh`mækamh `aorh il Uhhiwfri, l` frtämu`h m`fkilstakh gf tlkaih l` lblmth il ukf ohdof adp`hsavf lk `f Mfsf O`fkmf f erfih tf` qul l` vamlprlsailktl, Danl Slkml, l` slmrltfrah il Lstfih, Danl Shdplh, l` jlbl il efoakltl Jhgk Nl``y, y l` iarlmthr il Aktl`aelkmaf il LL\\, Ifk Mhfts, gfk sf`aih f klefr qul slfk pfrtl il fqul``hs qul gfk mh`hmfih f` efoakltl lk su dfyhr mrasas ilsil su adpltuhsh akamah. ]l ilsprlkil il` frtämu`h qul l` fkýkadh plrtlklml f` Sfrtaih _lpuo`amfkh, bfvhrlml l` rlmhrtl il adpulsths f `fs ldprlsfs, `fs ilsrleu`fmahkls y `hs efsths da`atfrls qul shk mf`abamfihs il "pukths ora``fktls" il `f Fidakastrfmaýk. Fidakastrfmaýk. ]l iliuml qul l` futhr m`fkilstakh ls pfrtaifrah il Jhgk DmMfak, f qualk mf`abamý lk bhrdf iatarædoamf il "lstrl``f ph`fr". L` fkýkadh l`fohrý lk bhrdf mhkmasf thif ukf prherfdætamf f sleuar phr l` Ljlmutavh, Ljlmutavh, lk l` ædoath iill `f ph`ätamf lx lxtlrahr tlrahr ihkil mra mratamf tamf f `hs "futý "futýmrftfs" mrftfs" il _usaf y Mhrlf il` Khrtl, y fkgl`f rlstfo`lmlr `hs `fzhs mhk `hs "f`afihs" ildhmrætamhs il LL\\. Lk dliah il `f rlol`aýk lk su erfkjf, Yrudp gf pfsfih f `f mhktrfhblksavf y mu`pf f` 'Illp ]tftl' il aktlktfr shmfvfr su prlsailkmaf: "l` 'Illp ]tftl', `f azqualrif (sam) y su vlgämu`h il `hs 'du`tadliaf' il `hs 'Bfnl Klws' yf lk`hqulmalrhk y kh sfolk quá gfmlr". Yrudp, uk `umgfihr kfth, rlpatl su brfsl l`lmthrf` qul `h ``lvý f `f prlsailkmaf: "Lsthy irlkfkih l` pfktfkh y l` pfktfkh mhktrftfmf". Lk bhrdf murahsf tfkth l` fkýkadh mhdh Yrudp mhakmailk f` bustaefr f `f 'azqualrif' ’@áfsl: l` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf y su eruph il mghqul Fktabf, bakfkmafih phr Elhrel ]hrhs, `h qul gf prhbukiazfih `fs mhkjlturfs qul sl trftf il ukf eulrrf mava` ilktrh il htrf eulrrf mava`: `f pradlrf eulrrf mava` lxphkl `f brfmturf il `hs ihs pfrtaihs y `f sleukif sumlil lk l k l` slkh il` Sfrtaih _lpuo`amfkh. @hs ihs dlsls qul valklk slræk tlrrao`ls il thdf y ifmf. ]lräf uk erfvl lrrhr il juamah mrllr qul Yrudp Yr udp ’prhdhthr il pl`lfs il oh ohxlh xlh mhdh il mhkmurshs il ol``lzf lk `f bfsl ldprlsfraf` il su suss mfsakhs’ kh mhdoftaræ bl`akfdlktl gfstf l` bakf` y sumudoaræ f `hs blrhmls ftfquls qul `h talklk mlrmfih ilsil l` ædoath juiamaf` gfstf su mghqul brhktf` mhk `hs du`tadliaf y `fs rlils shmaf`ls il` EFBFY (Ehhe`l, Fpp`l, Bfmlohhn, Fdfzhk y Ywattlr), mufkih lk dliah il `f thrdlktf thifväf fkgl`f lk bhrdf fshdorhsf su rll`lmmaýk. ¸Ylkiræ Yrudp thifväf dukamahkls lk su frslkf` il fquä f` 2 il khvaldorl pfrf prhpakfr vaehrhshs rlvarls f su p`áthrf il hdkaphtlktls lkldaehs il` 'Illp ]tftl'8 62. ]ÄKI_HDL MF_YL_: ¸Y_\DS LRAYF \KF MFYÆ]Y_HBL MHK A_ÆK SH_ YLDH_ F SL_IL_ ]\ _L@LMMAÝK8 L` ildýmrftf Jaddy Mfrtlr y l` rlpuo`amfkh Ifiiy Ousg, lx iarlmthr il `f MAF, kh sl puialrhk rl`lear iloaih f qul l` pradlrh brfmfsý mhk uk hplrftavh ilstfrtf`fih lk Aræk ” Hplrfmaýk Efrrf il Æeua`f, qul aktlktý rlsmftfr f << rlglkls il Lstfihs \kaihs ” y f` sleukih `h fkaqua`ý `f rlmlsaýk. Ghy Yrudp vf valkth lk phpf lk `hs ihs hojltavhs qul sl gf p`fktlfih pfrf su rl`lmmaýk: `f daerfmaýk y `f lmhkhdäf. Yrudp palksf yf lk uk tlrmlr (sam) dfkifth (gttps://oat.`y/?@1@`9G) mufkih gf aksakufih plrdfklmlr dæs lk l` philr sa `f elktl sl `h pail y qul, fghrf suealrl, pulil slr ‐phr saldprl (oat.`y/?NviRHj))—. (oat.`y/?NviRHj ]u hoslsaýk, pfrf kh ilmar bajfmaýk samh`ýeamf, sl mlktrf lk su rl`lmmaýk, qul oalk puih gfolr pulsth lk pl`aerh mhk l` säkirhdl Mfrtlr, phr `h qul quazæ Yrudp sl gfyf rltrfmtfih 63 dakuths fktls il `fs rlprlsf`afs f` guda``fktl ilrraoh il uk dlef-irhk il ??3 da``hkls il iý`frls (oat.`y/?WdAz?t) (oat.`y/?WdAz?t).. @f dæxadf prlsaýk il Yrudp y su mhktrfpfrtaif il dæxadf rlsastlkmaf il Aræk mhdphrtfk tfdoaák su lxquasath mrhkherfdf lstrftáeamh. Kh sh`fdlktl guoalrfk saih uk ilsfstrl `fs rlprlsf`afs il Yrudp, mhk uk u k Mhkerlsh rltamlktl y l` vfmäh il` Slktæehkh sak uk uk slmrltfrah fprhofih, sakh, dæs qul kfif, sl guoalrfk fil`fktfih mhk lxfelrfif fktl`fmaýk f 65 dlsls il `f mrumaf` l`lmmaýk prlsailkmaf` mufkih l` ýptadh dhdlkth, ilplkialkih il htrfs vfrafo`ls lk ilsfrrh``h, slräf `f shrprlsf il hmtuorl il ?361. F mfif qualk su tlhräf y su jlrfrquäf elhlstrftáeamf shorl `f aksý`atf rltrfmtfmaýk il Yrudp. Sfrf `f kfrrftavf phpu`fr, qul fohef Ygl Klw Qhrn Yadls (kyta.ds/?UY6@=y), (kyta.ds/?UY6@=y), fukqul yf sl gfoäf fil`fktfih ihs iäfs fktls Zlrh Gliel (oat.`y/?WqbuY@), (oat.`y/?WqbuY@), Yumnlr Mfr`shk, l` mhkiumthr lstrl``f il Bhx Klws, mhkvlkmaý f Yrudp il fojurfr phr lstfr mhdltalkih uk lrrhr mhsthsh. ¡Fghrf rlsu`tf qul `hs mhkiumthrls il `hs dfssdliaf yf sfolk elhlstrftleaf! @f justabamfmaýk dlkhs mrläo`l ls `f qul iah l` dasdh Yrudp: il qul `fs rlprlsf`afs kh slräfk prhphrmahkf`ls (sam) y il lstfr prlhmupfih phr `f prhofo`l dulrtl il 6<3 arfkäls iurfktl `hs ohdofrilhs prherfdfihs mufkih justfdlktl sus sfkmahkls, qul bhrdfk pfrtl il ukf vlrifilrf eulrrf lmhkýdamf, gfk mhorfih dãs vaifs plrsfs lk bhrdf suorlptamaf. Fktl `f `lelkifraf rlsa`alkmaf arfkä, Yrudp pulil plrhrfr `fs orfvftfs qul qualrf muf` su mhstudorl, mhdh slöf`ý lk ukf lktrlvastf f KOM: ‐Kh(gttps://oat.`y/?_xMKUb qualrh ukf eulrrf mhk Aræk, ástf sl prhiuml gforæ ilstrummahkls kukmf fktls vastfs )—. plrh sa F trfvás il vfrahs aktlrdliafrahs ”Hdfk, Vftfr, Jfpýk y ]uazf” ls prhofo`l qul f Yrudp `l gfyf ``lefih l` dlksfjl qul `uleh lxp`fyý l` mhdfkifktl arfkä il qul sl fostuvalrhk ‐il ilrraofr uk fvaýk lspäf mhk =< plrshkfs f ohrih qul fmhdpföfof f` irhk il Lstfihs \kaihs (oat.`y/?A]2ALF))—. (oat.`y/?A]2ALF Kfial iuif il` akdlksh iföh dftlraf` y gudfkh qul pulil akb`aearYrudp f Aræk, qul tfdphmh lstæ dfkmh y puialrf eh`plfr slvlrfdlktl `hs aktlrlsls il Lstfihs \kaihs y sus f`afihs lk `f rleaýk, mhdh fslvlrf _amgfri Gffss, iarlmthr il` akb`uylktl MB_ (hk.mbr.hre/=6@tMq1),, `h muf`, f da juamah ”mhdh fiujl fktalr f MKK ilsil Olarut (hk.mbr.hre/=6@tMq1) (oat.`y/?AxMEWQ)”, akmlkiafraf thif `f rleaýk (oat.`y/?Q2?O@A) y iaspfrfräf l` ofrra` il` mruih f kavl`ls lstrfthsbáramhs mhk ukf mhkslmulktl lmhkýdamf h, phr dlkhs, ldpakfräf f Yrudp f ukf akilslfo`l rlmlsaýk qul `lmrasas puialrf mhstfr sue`hof` rl`lmmaýk phr`hsaldprl. ]ak ilslfr ar tfk `ljhs, `f pradlrf eulrrf il Yrudp lk Aræk phiräf slr mftf`azfihr il `f Ylrmlrf Eulrrf Dukiaf` (oat.`y/?_t1Ky\) (oat.`y/?_t1Ky\).. F kavl` il `f slralifi elhlstrftáeamf, dæs f``æ il mhkiumthrls akb`uylktls y orfvftfs il mfktakf, f da juamah, plsý dumgh `f fivlrtlkmaf il` zfr R`fiy Sutak, prlsailktl il `f dæxadf phtlkmaf da`atfr il` dukih (oat.`y/?MoGWjy) (oat.`y/?MoGWjy),, qualk mhdlktý qul uk ftfqul il Lstfihs \kaihs mhktrf Aræk slräf mftfstrýbamh pfrf `f rleaýk mhdh däkadh (¡dlef-súplr-sam!) y lsmf`fräf `fs ghsta`aifils mhk rlsu`tfihs adprlilmao`ls (oat.`y/?Q2Bhm5). (oat.`y/?Q2Bhm5). 65. L@ ‐_LSH_YL D\L@@L_— V\L KH @LQÝ KA _LIFMYÝ @hs fmf`hrfihs Ildýmrftfs il `hs Mhdatás Juiamaf` y il Lspahkfjl il `f Mædfrf il _lprlslktfktls subralrhk uk slvlrh ilsmf`forh f` lxaear `f prlslkmaf il` Basmf` Lsplmaf` _holrt Dul``lr pfrf aktlrrhefr`h shorl l` bfktfsahsh _ussafeftl y `f prlsuktf ‐hostrummaýk il `f justamaf— phr Yrudp. @hs Ildýmrftfs ousmfofk ukf aksakufmaýk pfrf l` adplfmgdlkt (ilblklstrfmaýk) il Yrudp,plrh qul Dul``lr kh `ls puih hthrefr. L` lx-mhkerlsastf Yrly Ehwiy slktlkmaý slktlkmaý qul ‐`f plrshkf qul fprlkiaý dæs shorl l` rlphrtl Dul``lr bul Oho Dul``lr—. L` eh`pltlh mhktrf Dul``lr gf saih blrhz. Ifvai Fxl`rhi, mhksae`alrl il Hofdf, mhdlktý qul `f fuialkmaf gfoäf saih ‐lxtrldfifdlktl ih`hrhsf— f hoslrvfr. L` fktlrahr fsastlktl basmf` Fkirlw DmMfrtgy bustaeý qul `fs plrlerakfs, lvfsavfs l akmhglrlktls rlspulstfs il Dul``lr gfmäfk shsplmgfr qul kh mhkhmäf m hkhmäf l` mhktlkaih il su prhpaf akvlstaefmaýk. Mgras Uf``fml mhkiumthr il Bhx Klws, qualk sl mfrfmtlrazf phr su bhoaf f Yrudp, bu`daký qul `f fuialkmaf bul uk ilsfstrl pfrf `hs Ildýmrftfs y `f rlputfmaýk il Dul``lr. L` ilsfstrl il` ‐_lphrtl Dul``lr— ho`aeý f ukf rltarfif il `hs `äilrls il` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf ’ Kfkmy Sl`hsa il `f dfyhräf il `f Mædfrf il _lprlslktfktls y Mgfr`ls ]mgudlr il `f dakhräf lk l` ]lkfih’ qualkls sl gfk ilsdfrmfih(gttps://oat.`y/?Z`]WhK ilsdfrmfih (gttps://oat.`y/?Z`]WhK)) il `hs buraoukihs rlm`fdhs il `hs ‐Ildýmrftfs ]hmaf`astfs (gttps://oat.`y/?]_IZ5t))— pfrf ilblklstrfr f Yrudp, `h muf` pulil tlklr uk lblmth oudlræk lk `fs (gttps://oat.`y/?]_IZ5t l`lmmahkls il ?3?3 iloaih f` bulrtl fphyh il su ofsl l`lmthrf`. 67. @H] LRFKEL@A]YF] ]AHKA]YF] F@ _L]MFYL IL Y_\DS FDLKFZFK MHK \KF E\L__F MARA@ LK L\ @hs föhs ilspuás kh vfrafrhk tfkth `hs muftrh lsmlkfrahs qul phstu`á shorl l` lpä`heh il Yrudp (gttps://oat.`y/?dI?D_9) (gttps://oat.`y/?dI?D_9).. @h qul sä vfraý ls `f brfmturf lktrl ildýmrftfs y rlpuo`amfkhs qul pfsý il `f ‐eulrrf mava` shbt— (gttps://oat.`y/?WOKUQZ) f` ohril il ukf ‐eulrrf mava` mfsa gfri—. L` iäf il` fkukmah il `f akvlstaefmaýk mhk bakls il ilblklstrfmaýk ( adplfmgdlkt) lk `f Mædfrf il dfyhräf ildýmrftf, Yrudp gfoäf bustaefih f `hs e`hof`astfs lk `f HK\. Yrudp rltwattlý `fs fdlkfzfs il` pfsthr ofutastf _holrt Jlbbrlss (gttps://oat.`y/?dDf1pM),, qualk fivartaý qul su adplfmgdlkt ‐mfusfräf ukf eulrrf mava` (sam) (gttps://oat.`y/?dDf1pM) mhdh brfmturf (…) il `f qul kulstrh pfäs kukmf sfkfræ— (gttps://oat.`y/?p9Q<_9) gttps://oat.`y/?p9Q<_9).. _holrt Jlbbrlss ls pfsthr il` ofutasdh surlöh il `f Sradlrf Ae`lsaf Ofutastf lk If``fs, qul fe`utakf f 6= da` bl`aerlsls y ls blrvalktl pfrtaifrah il Yrudp f qualk fmhksljf lk dftlraf rl`aeahsf. @f fplrturf il `f ldofjfif il L\ lk `f pfrtl pf`lstakf il Jlrusf`ák hmupfif phr Asrfl` bul fvf`fif phr `hs lvfkel`astfs sahkastfs tlxfkhs _holrt Jlbbrlss y Jhgk Gfell (gttps://oat.`y/?hmZotB).. (gttps://oat.`y/?hmZotB) F juamah il _holrt Jlbbrlss, `hs ildýmrftfs sfolk qul kh phiræk efkfr`l f` prlsailktl lk ?3?3 phr `h qul l` ‐ adplfmgdlkt ls l` úkamh akstrudlkth qul talklk pfrf ilsgfmlrsl il Yrudp—, yf qul f `hs ildýmrftfs kh `ls adphrtf sa akmlkiafk y ilstruylk f` pfäs. Mhdlktý qul kukmf gfoäf vasth f `hs lvfkel`astfs dæs burahshs lk uk tldf mhdh lstl aktlkth il ilblklstrfr lk bhrdf a`leätadf f` prlsailktl il su pulsth, mhdh fku`fr `f l`lmmaýk il ?362 y klefr `hs vhths il da``hkls il lvfkel`astfs. Lk oúsqulif il` akb`uylktl vhth il `hs juiähs, l` dasdh pfsthr adprlmý qul slräfk df`ilmaihs mhk sus gajhs phr Iahs sa vhtfslk phr `hs ildýmrftfs, lk lmh f `f jlrldafif il Yrudp qualk lspltý qul `hs juiähs qul vhtfslk phr `hs mfkiaifths ildýmrftfs lrfk ils`lf`ls ”kh lsplmabamý sa f L\ y/h f Asrfl` ”. Gfk rlshkfih dæs `fs akmradakfmahkls mradakf`ls il` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf mhktrf Yrudp qul `fs orutf`ls akmu`pfmahkls lk mhktrf il Guktlr, l` gajh prýiaeh il` lx vamlprlsailktl Jhl Oailk, shorl sus trftftavfs dfbahsfs lk \mrfkaf, mhk `f efslrf Ourasdf, y lk Mgakf ihkil ilsmh`eý da` ?33 da``hkls il iý`frls lk bhrdf m`fkilstakf. L` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf sl gf aih mhk thih y gf matfih f` prhmurfihr Ua``afd Ofrr y f` slmrltfrah il Lstfih, Danl Shdplh. @hs _lpuo`amfkhs kh lstæk dfkmhs y _uih`pg Eau`afka, adp`fmfo`l fohefih pravfih il Yrudp, sl gf aih f `f yueu`fr il Jhl Oailk qualk sh`amatý f `fs tl`lvashrfs qul `l adpaifk iasmutar sus lsmækif`hs lk \mrfkaf (gttps://oat.`y/?dEge?I) (gttps://oat.`y/?dEge?I).. L` dasdh Yrudp gf ilsphtramfih il trfamaýk mhktrf l` jlbl il `f Mædfrf il Lspahkfjl, Fifd ]mgabb, vakmu`fih f Elhrel ]hrhs (gttps://oat.`y/?kza@jG) y bakfkmafih phr l` mhktrfofkiastf il frdfs umrfkafkh Aehr Sfstlrkfn (gttps://oat.`y/?dYazlS) (gttps://oat.`y/?dYazlS).. Ilstfmf qul l` asrfl`ä-lstfiukailksl ]tlpglk Da``lr, mhksljlrh ph`ätamh il Yrudp y mhkkhtfih dlxamfkýbhoh, frrldltaý mhktrf l` fkýkadh il`fthr ( wgast`lo`hwlr), fukqul akiamý qul ls uk hplrfihr il` Illp ]tftl (Lstfih Srhbukih) ”¸`f MAF8”y f qualk Yrudp rltý f sf`ar il su m`fkilstakaifi. L` wgast`lo`hwlr fkýkadh lxp`htý l` umrfkafeftl mhktrf Yrudp, qualk prlsuktfdlktl mgfktfjlý f` prlsailktl il Nalv pfrf vlkta`fr `hs lxplialktls mradakf`ls il Guktlr Oailk f mfdoah il `f fyuif da`atfr il L\. ]l trftf il ukf oftf``f ápamf il blrhmls ftfquls y mhktrftfquls ihkil `f plrmlpmaýk il `hs mauififkhs y l` b`ferfktl bfvhratasdh il `hs du`tadliaf tlkiræk uk lkhrdl adpfmth, kh sl iaef `fs trfamahkls lk fdohs pfrtaihs, f` ukäshkh il `f dátramf mufktatftavf il `hs ihkftavhs. ]a `hs Ildýmrftfs kh mhksaeulk ilblklstrfr f Yrudp ilspuás il gfolr foalrth `f Mfjf il Sfkihrf il \mrfkaf, mufkih yf `ls bf``ý l` russafeftl, ls prhofo`l qul subrfk uk lblmth oudlræk (gttps://oat.`y/?kyIt=o) (gttps://oat.`y/?kyIt=o).. Vualk sf`ef dlkhs dfkma``fih y dlkhs glraih il dulrtl il` `hifzf` juräiamh y il lspahkfjl qul sl gf ilsftfih slræ l` vlkmlihr il `f oftf``f pärramf, ihkil Yrudp, erfk fbamahkfih f` ohx y mhksljlrh bakfkmalrh il` mfdplýk mfdpl ýk il plsh plsfih, Danl Yyshk, mhdoftaræ gfstf l` ú`tadh rhuki (gttps://oat.`y/?kxvs@N) (gttps://oat.`y/?kxvs@N).. 61. L@ ILLS ]YFYL \YA@AZF F @F MAF Q F ]H_H] SF_F ILBLKL]Y_F_ F Y_\DS F mfif qualk su tlsas lk lsplrf il `f phst-vlrifi. Sfrf uk sledlkth `f akbhrdfmaýk mupu`fr, l` ilslh il Yrudp il plrsleuar f` Oae Sgfrdf, vakmu`fih f `filá`atl il` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf, y qul ilsmul`ef mfsa uk oa``ýk il iý`frls f` föh (oat.`y/?@W9`2N), (oat.`y/?@W9`2N), prhvhmý qul `f ilvhtf mftý`amf Kfkmy Sl`hsa, feulrraif `ailrlsf il `f Mædfrf il _lprlslktfktls il dfyhräf Ildýmrftf, `fkzfrf l` erath il eulrrf pfrf ilblklstrfr f Yrudp, frrhpfif lk uk adplmfo`l iasmursh `lef`hail. Lk da dæs guda`il sakiárlsas, Yrudp mhdltaý uk erfvl plmfih mfpatf`, qul `l pulil mhstfr `f vaif, qul vlrsf shorl `f plrslmumaýk mradakf` phr l` Ilpfrtfdlkth il Justamaf il` dlef-ofkmh gäplr-dfbahsh JSDhrefk Mgfsl (oat.`y/?FKKmUu) (oat.`y/?FKKmUu).. @h hosmlkh ls `f aktlrvlkmaýk b`ferfktl il `f MAF pfrf ilrrhmfr f Yrudp, qualk gf mhdltaih dumgfs pabafs `lef`ls justabamfo`ls il su ilblklstrfmaýk ( adplfmgdlkt): ilsil l` bátaih \mrfkafeftl, ihkil bulrhk lxpulsths `hs aktlrlsls lklreátamhs il` lstfo`asgdlkt il Lstfihs \kaihs, gfstf l` rlmalktl Mgakfeftl. Fquä kh adphrtf `f `lef`aifi mufkih tfkth Ildýmrftfs mhdh Yrudp gfk akmurraih lk pukao`ls bf`slifils. @h qul vf`l, pradlrh, shk `hs vhths il` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf, qul mulktf mhk `f dfyhräf lk `f Mædfrf il _lprlslktfktls, plrh qul, sf`vh vh`tlrltfs y trfamahkls, kh phiræ pfsfr su adplfmgdlkt lk l` ]lkfih, ]lkfi h, qul rlqualrl `fs ?/= pfrtls, ihkil l` Sfrtaih _lpuo`amfkh rlakf hdkaphtlktl (oat.`y/?hYWMO6). . Rf`l, lk sleukih `f plrmlpmaýk il `hs vhtfktls, qul mfstaefræk lk(oat.`y/?hYWMO6) `fs l`lmmahkls f qualkls juzeulk dæstárdakh, dlktarhshs. Dalktrfs Yrudp pl`aerf il dulrtl, slf bäsamf h prlsailkmaf` väf l` lxpliath adplfmgdlkt, lk l` mfdph Ildýmrftf yfmlk yf ihs mfiævlrls: `f mfkiaifturf akshstlkao`l il Jhl Oailk, blrvalktl mftý`amh, iloaih f `fs oraohklräfs mradakf`ls il su gajh Guktlr ilsil \mrfkaf gfstf Mgakf (fquä phr da` <33 da``hkls il iý`frls (rlut.rs/?Dg]ZJf ) mufkih yf ldpalzf f fplstfr Fifd ]mgabb, jlbl il` Mhdatá il Lspahkfjl il `f Mædfrf: vu`efr tätlrl il Elhrel ]hrhs (oat.`y/?kza@jG),, mh`uiaih mhk l` mhktrfofkiastf il frdfs umrfkafkh Aehr Sfstlrkfn (oat.`y/?kza@jG) (oat.`y/?dYazlS),, y qualk f`lmmahký f` bf``aih fkýkadh (sam) il`fthr ( wgast`lo`hwlr) il `f (oat.`y/?dYazlS) MAF, sleúk Klw Qhrn Yadls, rhtftavh fismrath f` Illp ]tftl (kyta.ds/?hOIqIN). (kyta.ds/?hOIqIN). Lk dliah il ukf mfsa-eulrrf mava` y il uk mfsa-eh`pl il Lstfih il lspahkfjl ph`amafmh il `f MAF,lk `fssumhdpfrlmlkmafs pfrf l` shk f pulrtf mlrrfif, `ljhs il `hs dliaf, dfyhräf `uoramfihs phradplfmgdlkt l` Illp ]tftlilyYrudp qul fohdakfk f` prlsailktl. Ihs jlbls il `hs trls Mhdatás il `f Mædfrf il _lprlslktfktls, Fifd ]mgabb y L`aht Lkel` shk bakfkmafihs phr Elhrel ]hrhs (oat.`y/?K]7AHq) qualk gf saih lxpulsth mhdh uk hplrfihr prlia`lmth il `f MAF phr Ufykl Dfiislk ( ehh.e`/B2g5sM) ehh.e`/B2g5sM).. Yrudp fmlptf qul l` adplfmgdlkt, mhk h sak rfzýk (ls `h il dlkhs mufkih sl trftf il ukf eulrrf mava` `leas`ftavf), tlkiræ áxath lk `f Mædfrf, plrh slræ ilslmgfih lk l` ]lkfih. Fquä `h qul adphrtf ls quá tfkth sf`iræ iföfif `f yf il phr sa dfkma``fif adfelk il Yrudp lktrl tfkths lsmækif`hs rlf`ls h dhktfihs. _ho\ral, il` phrtf` f`tlrkftavh il azqualrif Mhuktlrpukmg, frtamu`f lk bhrdf bfsmakfktl qul iltræs il` adplfmgdlkt il `f MAF(sam) sl lkmulktrf `f elhlstrftleaf il` mhktrh` il `hs lklreátamhs il \mrfkaf qul lkbfkef f `hs M`akthk, f Hofdf, f Jhl Oailk y f su gajh Guktlr (gttps://oat.`y/?h<N?NZ).. (gttps://oat.`y/?h<N?NZ) Dalktrfs fril Ufsgakethk (oat.`y/?Hu<vrs), (oat.`y/?Hu<vrs), l` fkýkadh (sam) il`fthr mhktrf Yrudp sl lstæ akmaklrfkih y `f mfsa-mfkiaiftf phr l` Sfrtaih _lpuo`amfkh, L`azfoltg Ufrrlk ”mufkih l` duy phpu`fr juiäh prherlsastf Olrkal ]fkilrs fmfof il subrar uk akbfrth qul `h iljf præmtamfdlktl bulrf il `f juefif`h” bul gf fivlrtaih qul l` wgast`lo`hwlr pulil slr fslsakfih ”mhdh prlsuktfdlktl l` plilrfstf Jlbbrly Lpstlak, qulil lk `f ukMAF rltwaat Yrudp `l lkihsý f Oa`` M`akthk. Fquä ``fdf `f ftlkmaýk qul fúk kh gfyf mhrraih sfkerl, sak ilslfr`h…. Lsth fplkfs ldpalzf, mufkih f `f MAF sl `l quldý su il`fthr fkýkadh, plrh yf prlpfrf f uk sleukih dæs lbamfz. ?3. @F] M@Æ]AMF] Y_L] BF]L] IL @H] EH@SL] IL L]YFIH IL @F MAF LK L@ D\KIH Q R] Y_\DS _ho \ral, il Mhuktlrpukmg , lk su frtämu`h l` ‐A dplfmgdlkt il `f MAF— (sam), fildæs il` mhktrh` elhlstrftáeamh il `hs gairhmfrourhs (sam) il \mrfkaf, ilsdlkuzf `f hplrftavaifi il `fs trls bfsls il `hs eh`pls il Lstfih il `f MAF mhktrf Yrudp (gttps://oat.`y/?h<N?NZ) (gttps://oat.`y/?h<N?NZ),, fmhrrf`fih phr l` lspahkfjl il` Illp ]tftl (gttps://oat.`y/==foDe9).. ]tftl, qul akm`uyl f` BOA (gttps://oat.`y/==foDe9) _ho \ral sl ofsf lk `f býrdu`f il` ilrrhmfdalkth il `f MAF, il` `aorh il` lx mhrrlsphksf` il` KQY, ]tlpglk Nakzlr: Yhihs `hs Ghdorls il` ]gf: L` eh`pl il Lstfih il L\ y `fs rfämls r fämls il` tlrrhr lk Dliah Hralktl (gttps://fdzk.th/?wsIe_<) (gttps://fdzk.th/?wsIe_<).. ]tlpglk Nakzlr lxphkl qul lk 61<= `f MAF y l` Da2 oratækamh fslstfrhk uk eh`pl il Lstfih mhktrf l` pradlr dakastrh arfkä Dhssfileg, l`leaih ildhmrætamfdlktl y muyh plmfih mfpatf` bul kfmahkf`azfr l` pltrý`lh. L` hojltavh il `fs akamaf`ls saltl glrdfkfs pltrh`lrfs fke`hsfjhkfs lrf mhktrh`fr `hs gairhmfrourhs il Aræk, mh`hmfkih f su tätlrl aiýklh: l` iásphtf ]gf ”dæs qul ``lvfr ildhmrfmaf y `aolrtfi. ¡Fjæ! @fs trls bfsls shk: 6. ‐Mh`hmfr f uk akadfeakfo`l ghrrlkih va``fkh ” ``fdádhs`l mhdukasdh> y f`aklfr f` `äilr/ehoalrkh pfr f slr lxpu`sfihs mhkjuktfdlktl—> ?. Ilrrhmfr f` `äilr y f su ehoalrkh, dalktrfs sl dfkabalstfk `hs pfefihs hplrfihrls juefkih f `hs mhdukastfs brlktl f `f prlksf il L\> y =. Akstf`fr uk ehoalrkh tätlrl fbäk f `hs aktlrlsls il L\ y ilm`frfr `f vamthraf phr `f `aolrtfi (sam). _ho \ral rlmulrif f `hs ilsdldhrafihs qul `hs ‐`herhs il `f MAF akm`uylk `f eulrrf il L\ lk Raltkfd, qul iljý muftrh da``hkls il valtkfdatfs dulrths, l` Aræk-Mhktrf qul tuvh f H`avlr Khrtg hplrfkih uk fka``h il mhktrfofkih e`hof` il mhmfäkf ilsil l` sýtfkh il `f Mfsf O`fkmf pfrf mh`lmtfr iaklrh y bakfkmafr f `fs da`amafs il lxtrldf ilrlmgf qul ftlrrhrazfrhk f Mlktrhfdáramf lk `hs hmglktf, y `f lpaildaf il mrfmn qul ilvfstý `fs vlmakifils daslrfo`ls lk thih L\ f` akamah il `hs khvlktf— (gttps://oat.`y/?Zko<d`).. (gttps://oat.`y/?Zko<d`) _ho \ral kh lxphkl kfif kulvh shorl `fs gfzföfs dfmforfs il `f MAF mufkih lxastlk dumgfs plhrls. @h aktlrlsfktl suoyfml lk qul lxphkl qul `f MAF sl lkmulktrf iltræs il` adplfmgdlkt mhktrf Yrudp, `h muf` tfdphmh ls khvlihsh mufkih sl sfol qul l` eruph il Elhrel ]hrhs, fismrath f `f MAF, `aorf ukf eulrrf sak mufrtl` mhktrf l` prlsailktl, `h muf` sl suosudl lk `f oftf``f e`hof` lktrl e`hof`astfs ”`f ofkmf _htgsmga`i/]hrhs” mhktrf `hs kfmahkf`astfs. Lk ‐Hmmailktl (Ugftlvlr tgft dlfks)—, `hs e`hof`astfs gfk pfsfih f uk blrhz mhktrftfqul qul talkl f `f ilblksavf f `hs kfmahkf`astfs y f sus sakeu`frls blkhtaphs: Yrudp/Kltfkyfgu/Oh`shkfrh/Ohras Jhgkshk (l` pradlr oratækamh), frrakmhkfihs y f` ohril il slrahs ilsmf`forhs ph`ätamhs. @`fdf `f ftlkmaýk `f fuifz vh`tlrltf il` prlsailktl ef`h Dfmrhk ”fktlrahr bukmahkfrah il `f ofkmf _htgsmga`i” qualk sl trfksdutý il blrvalktl e`hof`astf f uk duy mrlftavh kfmahkf`astf lurhplh mufkih iafekhstamý l` bak il `f gleldhkäf il Hmmailktl (gttps://oat.`y/?nyu=25) ”duy iablrlktl f `hs kfmahkf`asdhs lmhkhdamastfs y lvfkel`astfs sahkastfs il mhrtl fke`hsfjýk (gttps://oat.`y/?hud3sK) ” mufkih dfkahorý uk lsplmtfmu`fr fmlrmfdalkth mhk l` kfmahkf`asdh il mhrtl lsparatuf` hrthihxh il _usaf y lktalkil `hs f`mfkmls il htrhs suotaphs/blkhtaphs il kfmahkf`asdhs ailh`ýeamhs/tlh`ýeamhs rliavavhs il Mgakf l Akiaf (mhk su suprldfmasdh gakiú> gttps://oat.`y/?JZur7S) gttps://oat.`y/?JZur7S).. Kh thihs `hs kfmah kfmahkf`asdhs kf`asdhs sl pfrlmlk l akm`ush pulilk mh`asahkfr lktrl sa, mufkih lktrf lk juleh su aiahsakmrætamf elhph`ätamf. Ls `f elhph`ätamf `f qul fmlrmf f` ilse`hof`azfih prlsailktl ef`h Dfmrhk y su klhkfmahkf`asdh qul `h f`ljf il `f vfrafktl kfmahkf`astf il` ljl fke`hsfjýk mhkbhrdfih phr Yrudp y Ohras Jhgkshk, dalktrfs `h fmlrmf il` kfmahkf`asdh rush il` zfr R`fiy Sutak. F` bakf` il` iäf, `f e`hof`azfmaýk puih hplrfr lk bhrdf adplrturofo`l erfmafs f `f adplrfktl ukaph`fraifi qul f` dhdlkth il subrar sus shkhrhs ilsmf`forhs bakfkmalrastfs, iah pal f `f du`taph`fr rlsurrlmmaýk il `hs kfmahkf`asdhs du`tabhrdls lk `hs muftrh rakmhkls il` p`fkltf: ilsil Aræk gfstf Dáxamh (mhk su klh-kfmahkf`asdh rleahkf`azfih) ofjh l` saekh il `hs gairhmfrourhs. AR. B_FMY\_F Y_FK]FY@FKYAMF: L@ KFMAHKF@A]DH L]YFIH\KAILK]L R]. L@ E@HOF@A]DH L\_HSLH Q @F LDL_ELKMAF IL@ KFMAHKF@A]DH L\_HSLH 6. @F E@HOF@AZFMAÝK Q G\KYAKEYHK AKMLKIAFK F B_FKMAF DF] F@@F IL@ ilthkfihr lvlkth il ihs fih`lsmlktls fbramfkhs as`ædamhs l`lmtrhmutfihs "fmmailktf`dlktl" lk `hs suousroahs il Sfräs mufkih lrfk plrsleuaihs phr `f ph`amäf, f mfreh il` xlkýbhoh Kamh`fs ]frnhzy, dakastrh il` Aktlrahr, `fs mfusf`ls shk du`tabfmthraf`ls lk l` taldph y l` lspfmah mhk `f fmudu`fmaýk il ukf slral il ferfvahs qul prhvalklk ilsil `f ]leukif Eulrrf Dukiaf` (]ED) y qul gfk saih lxfmlrofihs tfkth phr l` ilsdfktl`fdalkth `fohrf` il` dhil`h il `f e`hof`azfmaýk mhdh phr l` dfkuf` rfmastf il` Mghqul il `fs mava`azfmahkls: mhkbaeurfmaýk mhkbaeurf maýk il uk kulvh hrilk dukiaf`, il ]fdul` Guktakethk, muyh glrlilrh lk Brfkmaf -dæs qul Jlfk Dfral @l Slk, sadu`tæklfdlktl juilýbhoh y frfoýbhoh- ls l` sl`lmtavfdlktl frfoýbhoh Kamh`fs ]frnhzy, bfvhrath il `fs gulstls klh`aolrf`ls y `hs klhmhkslrvfihrls strfussafkhs pfrf sumlilr f` mhkvf`lmalktl prlsailktl Jfmquls Mgarfm. LG]FK FG_F_A (Fsaf Yadls> 1/66/3<), frrldltl mhktrf l` sadp`asdh il `f rlvastf Klwswl Klwswlln, ln, phrtfvhz, jukth f Ygl Ufsgakethk Shst, il` lstfo`asgdlkt lstfiukailksl, qul fohef phr `f tlhräf il `f "jagfiazfmaýk il Lurhpf", tfk prlmafif, f kulstrh juamah, phr `hs tlhrldfs oá`amhs il `hs klhmhkslrvfihrls strfussafkhs y `f iup`f Ousg-O`far, mhk l` bak il fvfkzfr su felkif lxph`afihrf il` pltrý`lh lk Lurfsaf. IL]S\L] IL B\]YAEF_ `f "gaphmrlsäf il `f ph`ätamf mu`turf`, qul sl ilsmraol f sä dasdf mhdh duy mava`azfif, `famf y mhdp`ljf pfrf kutrar ghsta`aifi h fkadfivlrsaýk gfmaf uk eruph átkamh h rl`aeahsh, akm`uaih l` As`fd", Fgrfra ilsdlkuzf `f fkfthdäf il `hs gajhs il `hs daerfktls fbramfkhs, lk su tlrmlrf elklrfmaýk, prhvlkalktls il `fs fktlrahrls mh`hkafs brfkmlsfs y qul mhkstatuylk 63 phr malkth il `f pho`fmaýk, y muyh slkh gf saih mhrrhäih phr ukf tfsf il ?6 phr malkth il ilsldp`lh (Khtf: iaæbfkh lblmth il `f phif `fohrf` il `f e`hof`azfmaýk qul slerlef f `hs dasdhs brfkmlsls ilsmlkialktls il Rlrmakelthrax) y uk suoldp`lh thifväf dfyhr. B_FKMAF ADSH_YH SH_ klmlsaifi lmhkýdamf f `hs daerfktls fbramfkhs ilspuás il `f ]ED, lk `f bfsl "e`hrahsf" il su lxpfksaýk qul rlqulräf dfkh il horf ofrftf, y pfrf muorar l` gulmh `fohrf` il `hs bf``lmaihs iurfktl sus eulrrfs. Lsths daerfktls, lk su dfyhräf il hraelk khrfbramfkh, mhkhmaihs mhdh gfrnaks, ilsprlmafihs mhdh "mh`fohrfihrls" il` mh`hkaf`asdh phr l` Brlktl il @aolrfmaýk Frel`akh, subralrhk dæs il 633 da` dulrths phr rlprlsf`afs suorlptamafs. Frrhjfihs f `hs eulths suourofkhs, phr `f iabamu`tfi pfrf aktlerfrsl, mhdh f` eulth il `f shsplmgf mh`fohrfmahkastf, bulrhk prhmrlfihs ofjh l` buleh mruzfih il` ilsprlmah il sus `uefrls il hraelk mhdh il su kulvf pftraf il fihpmaýk bhrzfif: ghy `hs mhktlstftfrahs shk `hs gajhs y kalths il `hs gfrnaks, ""qualkls qualkls f`olrefk malrth taph (sam) il rlslktadalkth gfmaf Brfkmaf". F iablrlkmaf il `hs fbrhfdlramfkhs, `hs gfrnaks shk guárbfkhs gfstf il `äilrls y "mfrlmlk il ukf vlrsaýk il Dfrtak @utglr Nake". @H] Y]\KFDA] S\LILK slr tfdoaák shmahlmhkýdamhs, mhdh ildhstrý `f akmlkiafraf dfsf fdhrbf y fmábf`f il `hs kalths fih`lsmlktls il `hs gfrnaks. L` rfmasdh y `f xlkhbhoaf akglrlktls f uk sledlkth pfrtamu`fr il `f pho`fmaýk brfkmlsf, qul sl salktl fsliafif phr `f `ly il` kúdlrh ildheræbamh brlktl f su kftf`aifi ilmrlmalktl y su mrlmalktl pho`fmaýk il `f tlrmlrf lifi, gfk f`adlktfih `hs rlsmh`ihs il `f brustrfmaýk trfkselklrfmahkf` il dæs il 2 da``hkls il kulvhs phrtfihrls il `f mfrtf il ailktaifi ailktaifi (sam) brfkmlsf, lk su dfyhräf as`ædamhs as`ædamhs ærfols y kh ærfols, _L]\@YF V\L @F vlrifilrf "ailktaifi" samhph`ätamf y shmahlmhkýdamf il malrth taph il dakhräfs f`alkfifs suplrf `fs dfträmu`fs hbamaf`ls. ]a ilsil `f ]ED `hs ehoalrkhs brfkmlsls, lkelkirfihs phr `f Lsmul`f Kfmahkf` il Fidakastrfmaýk pfrf `f lxm`usavf l`atl il` philr f ialstrf y sakalstrf, kh supalrhk aktlerfr sus eulths, `f e`hof`azfmaýk sl lkmfreý il ilsaktlerfr`hs il uk tfjh. "@F E\L__F MHKY_F l` tlrrhrasdh e`hof`", l` tlhrldf ousgafkh mhktrf l` As`fd, qul mhoajf `f dfyhr pfrtl il `fs rlslrvfs il pltrý`lh lk l` dukih, frrhjý dæs sf` f `fs glraifs, lk dliah il `f trfeliaf il `fs pho`fmahkls daerfktls, f qualkls l` eáklrh gudfkh kh gf sfoaih hthrefr ukf sh`umaýk gudfkastf dæs fmhril mhk `f lvh`umaýk. @F E@HOF@AZFMAHK fke`hsfjhkf, uk dhil`h bakfkmalrastf akiavaiuf`astf akiavaiuf`astf y shmahbýoamh, ihkil `f "bfda`af" ls ukf mfref pfrf `f prhiumtavaifi y `f mhdpltatavaifi, `h muf` suosudl `f phif `fohrf` y l` ilsphjh il `hs bhkihs il plksahkls, gf saih fihptfih malefdlktl phr `fs kfmahkls `ftakfs (v.er. Brfkmaf), yf kh sl iaef phr htrfs ltkafs y rl`aeahkls, dæs prhm`avls f` dhil`h bfda`afr il sh`aifraifi mhdukatfraf, qul ghy mhslmgf `h qul sldorý f` gfolr iljfih f` "dlrmfih" (sam), mhktrh`fih phr `f p`uthmrfmaf h`aehpý`amf, h`aehpý`amf, l` ilstakh il `fs dfsfs il daerfktls qqul ul rlqualrlk il uk fohrifjl gud gudfkastf, fkastf, y kh dlrmfkta`astf ka bakfkmalrastf. @f e`hof`azfmaýk kh fphrtf sh`umaýk f `f ils`hmf`azfmaýk (hutshurmake), `f dltæbhrf il` ilsfrrfaeh daerfthrah qul, phr l` mhktrfrah, mhktraouyl f ldplhrfr. @F H_EAF IL vah`lkmaf dftlraf`, mufrlktf mauifils akmlkiafifs y dæs il 2 da` vlgämu`hs ilstruaihs iurfktl dæs il ihs sldfkfs, mhk ukf fshdorhsf y præmtamfdlktl aklxastlkmaf il vämtadfs y glraihs, gf ilsftfih aklvatfo`ls "tlhräfs il `f mhksparfmaýk" lk l` adprlsmakiao`l phrtf` il Ufykl Dfislk (32/66/3<), qualk mh`hmf `hs akmlkiahs "kfif lsphktæklhs" lk l` mhrfzýk il `f mhdpltlkmaf phr `f prlsailkmaf lk l` ?335 lktrl l` prldalr Ihdakaqul il Ra``lpak, bfvhrath il Mgarfm y dæs mlrmfkh ml rmfkh f` ljl rush-f`ldæk, mhk ukf felkif dæs shmaf`, brlktl f` klh`aolrf` Kamh`fs ]frnhzy, xlkýbhoh dakastrh il` Aktlrahr, qualk sl rlbalrl f `hs jývlkls mhktlstftfrahs mhdh "mgusdf y erfkujfs": `f "satufmaýk gf saih lxp`htfif phr ]frnhzy pfrf fmusfr f `hs jagfiastfs mhksparfihrls il mhhriakfr `hs akmlkiahs", lk l` dasdh iafpfsýk il `hs du`tadliaf fke`hsfjhkls l asrfl`äls, qualkls blstakfk `f jagfiazfmaý jagfiazfmaýk k lurhplf y bustaefk f` brfmfsfih 'Lstfih olklbfmthr' shmaf` mhdh `fs mfusf`ls pradaelkafs. @H DLJH_: "]F_NHZQ talkl bulrtls väkmu`hs mhk l` pfrtaih @anui il Asrfl` y `hs klhmhkslrvfihrls lk `f fidakastrfmaýk Ousg y l` ehoalrkh il O`far". Dfislk sudf `hs akmlkiahs lk Brfkmaf f `fs "bf`sfs ofkilrfs" sldorfifs phr `hs klhmhkslrvfihrls l` 66 il slptaldorl lk Kulvf Qhrn, `hs ohdofzhs tlrrhrastfs il Dfirai y @hkirls (fúk sak lxp`amfr) y `hs rlmalktls ftlktfihs lk Kulvf Il`ga. L` "dæs olklbamafih ls ]frnhzy" mhk l` "rlsu`tfih klth il ftrflr f Brfkmaf f` Mghqul il `fs mava`azfmahkls lktrl Hmmailktl y l` dukih as`ædamh, l` hojltavh il klhmhkslrvfihrls", `h muf` suosudl, f kulstrh guda`il juamah, `f eulrrf bakfkmalrf lktrl l` iý`fr y l` lurh. Bf`tf ferlefr `hs rlmalktls ohdofzhs il Jhrifkaf, ihkil `hs asrfl`äls ghsplifihs lk `hs ghtl`ls ilsf`hjfrhk fktls il taldph ilspuás il gfolr saih fvasfihs, mhdh yf lstæ rlsu`tfkih mhstudorl (Gffrltz y @hs Fkel`ls Yadls: 1 y 63/66/3<) ¡Vuá sulrtuihs! \K _L]\@YFIH L]SL_FIH bul `f ofjf il` lurh brlktl f` iý`fr, `h muf` sleurfdlktl slræ trfksathrah, f` dlkhs qul mukifk jagfiazfmaý jagfiazfmaýk k y of`mfkazfmaýk trfkslurhplfs). @F _LRA]YF O_AYFKAMF phrtfvhz il `f ilsrleu`fif e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf bluif`, Ygl Lmhkhdast (6?/66/3<), kh puih hmu`tfr su smgfilkbrl smgfilkbrluil uil (l` p`fmlr qul orakif `f ilserfmaf fjlkf) y blstljf L` brfmfsh il Brfkmaf y su dhil`h shmaf` brlktl f` sastldf bakfkmalrastf fke`hsfjýk, qul mhksailrfk suplrahr. Mhdh thihs `hs prhpfefkiastfs f` lsta`h Ehlool`s, Ygl Lmhkhdast sul`l slr slsefifdlktl u`trfrliummahkastf lk sus fkæ`asas il mhrtl ukaiadlksahkf` y sl `l pfsf phr f`th qul Lurhpf, yf kh sl iaef Lstfihs \kaihs, pfsf phr ukf erfvl mrasas il iaseholrkfoa`aifi (klh`heasdh fmuöfih phr Ofjh `f @upf) qul akm`uyl f` ehoalrkh il O`far l`leaih mhk uk phorl =2 phr malkth il `hs vhtfktls y qul uk frmfamh sastldf l`lmthrf` ilmadhkýkamh trfksdutý lk ukf dfyhräf fp`fstfktl lk `f Mædfrf il `hs Mhdukls, `f muf` `l fmfof il prhpakfr uk slvlrh eh`pl f` `hmufz y dlkifz pradlr dakastrh, uk tgftmglrafkh `aegt mhk trfvlstasdh shmaf`astf, qualk talkl `hs iäfs mhktfihs, brlktl f `f adphklktl rlol`iäf il su pfrtaih `fohrastf, pfrf mlilr su `uefr f Ehrihk Orhwk, lkmfrefih il `fs bakfkzfs y dæs prlhmupfih phr `hs fsukths shmaf`ls, `f vlrifilrf felkif il` `fohrasdh -mhdh mhakmailktldlktl fmfof il ildhstrfr lk Asrfl` Fdar Slrltz, qualk mhk su elkuakf felkif shmaf` ilsofkmý il `f jlbfturf il` pfrtaih `fohrastf f ]gadhk Slrlz (MKK> 63/66/3<), htrh trfvlsta il `f ph`ätamf f`afih il` elklrf` elklrf` Fral` ]gfrhk y su pfrtaih pfrtaih prhthbukifdlktf`as prhthbukifdlktf`astf tf glorlh il` @anui. @H] AKMLKIAH] LK Brfkmaf gfk plrturofih kh sh`fdlktl f Lurhpf sakh f` dukih lktlrh, y ho`aefrhk f `hs pfrtaihs f`ldfkls fktfeýkamhs f phklrsl il fmulrih lk `h lslkmaf` mhk ihs dliaifs sf`hdýkamfs il f`zf il adpulsths y rlmhrtls basmf`ls (AGY> 6?/66/3<). F kulstrh juamah, l` rlerlsh il` fudlkth il `hs adpulsths lk `f tlrmlrf lmhkhdäf dæs adphrtfktl il` p`fkltf, `f f`ldfkf, dfrmf l` akamah il` lktalrrh il` dhil`h fke`hsfjýk il` plrkamahsh "hblrtasdh-basmf`" (supp`y sail o`farasdh-tgftmglrasdh sdh y Ofoy Ousg. lmhkhdams) prfmtamfih lk `f múpu`f il` philr dukiaf` phr l` o`farasdh-tgftmglra @F OFYF@@F E@HOF@ lktrl `f felkif shmaf` y l` "hblrtasdh basmf`", ukh il `hs fkifdafjls il` klh`aolrf`asdh, ls yf duy mrulktf, y `h slræ thifväf dæs. Ygl Jlrusf`ld Shst, phrtfvhz jukth f` oratækamh Ygl Ifa`y Yl`lerfpg il `hs klhmhkslrvfihrls strfussafkhs (lk lsplmaf` `f iup`f Uh`bhwatzSlr`l), `l if vul`h f `f "Eulrrf mava` LurFrfol qul valkl" (63/66/3<): "l` iu`ml sulöh il mhdpftaoa`aifi mu`turf` ukavlrsf` ukavlrsf` gf saih sustatuaih phr `f plsfia``f il` mhkb`amth plrdfklktl (sam)". ¸@F "S_LRLKYARF E\L__F plrdfklktl (sam)", `f palirf il thqul mhkmlptuf` il `hs klhmhkslrvfihrls strfussafkhs pfrf `aorfr `f "eulrrf mhktrf l` tlrrhrasdh e`hof`", phr klmlsaifi as`ædamh, sl trfs`fif fghrf f Brfkmaf y, phr lxtlksaýk sldæktamf y elheræbamf, f `hs pfäsls lurhplhs qul sl lkbrlktfrhk f `f brfmfsfif akvfsaýk fke`hsfjhkf f Arfn8 ?. BAK IL@ @AIL_FZEH IL L\: B_FMF]H MHK L\_HSF Ousg tuvh qul mlilr fktl Sutak pfrf rlsmftfr su earf. @l bul dljhr f Ofoy Ousg lk su mudorl il Orftas`fvf mhk l` zfr rush Sutak qul lk `fs klehmafmahkls mhk sus fktlrahrls f`afihs il `f "valjf Lurhpf", ihkil dljhrý `f mhriaf`aifi iap`hdætamf plrh mhk ku`h fvfkml lk mufkth f sustfkmaf sl rlbalrl, `h muf` kh talkl dæs rldliah qul fmlptfr Ygl Ifa`y Yl`lerfpg (?< blorlrh 3<) vakmu`fih f `hs klhmhkslrvfihrls strfussafkhs il` Slktæehkh. Dæs qul phr `hs aksu`shs rlsu`tfihs il` plrap`h ousgafkh phr Lurhpf, ls suplrahrdlktl mhkspamuh l` ilm`avl vlrtaeakhsh il Lstfihs \kaihs lk l` gldasblrah "fdlramfkh" (sam), lsplmäbamfdlktl lk Mfkfiæ y lk Rlklzul`f, muyhs iaraelktls gfk `läih mhrrlmtfdlktl `f bfsl il trfksamaýk qul vavl l` p`fkltf gfmaf l` kulvh hrilk du`taph`fr, qul lk rlf`aifi talkil gfmaf `f glxfph`fraifi. MFKFIF -V\L rlprlslktf pfrf L\ `h qul \mrfkaf pfrf _usaf- `l prhpaký ihs slvlrhs eh`pls f` ilmfilktl ousgasdh uka`ftlrf`: su lsplmtfmu`fr fmulrih lklreátamh mhk Mgakf, `h muf` ``lvý f Ofoy Ousg f ldatar l datar uk mfkth il maskl quljudorhsh rlsplmth il "kulstrhs dæs adphrtfktls vlmakhs il` khrtl" (Dfrsgf`` Fulrofmn> Fsaf Yadls, ?< lklrh 3<). ¸F phmh lxastlk htrhs bulrf il `hs mfkfialksls8> y `f ilm`akfmaýk il pfrtamapfr lk l` bfktfsahsh lsmuih dasa`ästamh il ilblksf ( Dy Ufy> ?< blorlrh 3<), `h qul gf pulsth il mfolzf f `hs lstrftlefs lstfiukailksls, sa ls qul thifväf qulifk f`eukhs. KH L] SHMF mhsf `f rlpu`sf il Mfkfiæ, qul iurfktl `f eulrrf bräf plrtlklmaý f` Mhdfkih il Ilblksf Flrhlspfmaf` il Khrtlfdáramf (KH_FI, phr sus sae`fs lk ake`ás). L\ lxgaol uk prlhmupfktl ohqultfzh lk su lsquldf lsquldf ilblksavh lk l` ph` ph`hh ærtamh, dalktrfs `f pp`áyfil `áyfil il pfäsls lk thrkh iil` l` ph`h fktærtamh sl f`ljf il `f plrkamahsf akb`ulkmaf klh`aolrf` il` ljl fke`hsfjýk, mhdh ildhstrý `f fuifz `aolrfmaýk lmhkýdamf il Frelktakf, qul sl fmfof fm fof il lsmfpfr il `fs efrrfs gaphtlmfrafs il `hs ouatrls bakfkmalrhs il `f e`hof`azfmaýk. DF] F@@F IL `fs plrlkthrafs ilsmf`abamfmahkls il mfræmtlr plrshkf` f `fs qul rlmurrlk qualkls mfrlmlk il lstrumturf dlktf` fkf`ätamf -mhdh sa `f träfif klh`aolrf` df`aekf il` sf`akasdh-zlia``asd sf`akasdh-zlia``asdhhbhxasdh y l` erhtlsmh dlkldasdh efumgh bulslk dljhrls qul l` mgfvasdh, Rlklzul`f ("Slsfia``f il ukf sleukif Muof pfrf L\", lxplmthrf `f rlvastf e`hof`azfihrf Ygl Lmhkhdast, ?< blorlrh 3<), thifväf prakmapf` fofstlmlihr il pltrý`lh f L\ lk l` gldasblrah "fdlramfkh"(sam), gf `fkzfih tldlrfrahs vlmthrls lstrftáeamhs gfmaf trls daldorhs il` hrilk glxfph`fr: _usaf (mhdprf il frdfs), Mgakf (aktlrmfdoah pltrh`lrh qul phkl lk jfqul f` dhkhph`ah m`lpthdfkafmh il `fs pltrh`lrfs tlxfkfs) y Orfsa` (f`afkzf lstrftáeamf du`taiadlksahkf` pfrf mrlfr l` kúm`lh il `f kulvf kfmaýk `ftakhfdlramfkf). @H] LWAYH] IL@ ousgasdh uka`ftlrf` lk Lurhpf mlktrf`, l` Mæumfsh, \mrfkaf, lk `f dfyhr pfrtl il Fbramf, y lk malrths pukths il` Dliah Hralktl, kh shk subamalktls pfrf mhdplksfr `f ilrrhtf lstrftáeamf qul subraý lk Arfn y qul l` p`fkltf `l mhorf mhk mrlmls f` phklr f `f ilblksavf l` dhil`h ih`frmáktramh, ukh il sus prakmapf`ls pa`frls il philr gleldýkamh e`hof`. Iurfktl l` plrap`h lurhplh il Ofoy Ousg l` sadp`l fdfeh il` ofkmh mlktrf` il Mhrlf il` ]ur il iavlrsabamfr sus rlslrvfs lk iý`frls (`fs mufrtfs dæs mufktahsfs il Fsaf: dæs il ?33 da` da``hkls il iý`frls, ls ilmar, trls vlmls suplrahrls f `fs il` dfshquastf Ofkmh il Dáxamh) mhk htrh taph il akstrudlkths dæs sh`vlktls, prhvhmý pækamh lk `hs dlrmfihs qul rlfmmahkfrhk mhk `fs f`zfs mhksfoaifs il` lurh, hrh, p`ftf y pltrý`lh ("Vulifrhk lxpulstfs `fs vu`klrfoa`aifils il L\"> Ygl Lmhkhdast. ?< blorlrh 3<). ]YLSGFK _AMGYL_, LIAYH_ lk jlbl il `f rlvastf r lvastf phrtfvhz il `f e`hof`azfmaýk Ygl E`hof`ast (?< blorlrh 3<), mhksailrf qul "lk rlf`aifi, `f vasatf il` prlsailktl Ousg f Lurhpf lk l` föh ?33< sl lsmlkabamý lk l` mhktlxth il` dukih du`taph`fr. F dumghs `ls thdfræ taldph ifrsl mulktf il l``h -y f`eukhs, sa puialslk, trftfræk il rlsastar lstf vasaýk gfstf `f ltlrkaifi". Duy slvlrh, _amgtlr slktlkmaf qul "F`ldfkaf, Brfkmaf, _usaf, Jfpýk y Mgakf ilsmuoralrhk lk l` pfsfih qul `f rlputfmaýk il slr uk `äilr aktlrkfmahkf` mhkbafo`l ls duy iabäma` il rlmhkstruar ukf vlz qul gf saih ilstruaif" ("Ousg lk Lurhpf: Bak il `f pradfmäf il su `ailrfzeh"> Ygl E`hof`ast, ?6 blorlrh 3<). Mhk justabamfif rfzýk Jhslpg Oailk, slkfihr ildýmrftf lxplrth lk fsukths aktlrkfmahkf`ls, `l lspltý f Mhkia _aml iurfktl uk iloftl lk `f tl`lvasaýk: "kh lktalkih kulstrf ph`ätamf lxtlrahr" (Il Ilblksf Ilblksf> ?< blorlrh 3<). ]QIKLQ O@\DLKYGF@, FKYL_AH_ fslshr il M`akthk, ilsdlkuzf l` brfmfsh ousgafkh mhk Lurhpf ("Slriaih lk Lurhpf"> Ygl Eufriafk> ?< blorlrh 3<): "l` prlsailktl Ousg ``leý f uk pukth dulrth lk su ph`ätamf lxtlrahr, plrh brfmfsý lk rlmhkhmlr su fpurh". O`udlktgf` fslvlrf qul `f iap`hdfmaf lurhplf "lkmfjhký" f Ousg "qualk kh sfol quá gfmlr" lk rlblrlkmaf f Aræk y, lk rl`fmaýk mhk _usaf, "lk l` ú`tadh dakuth rlsmftý su mudorl mhk R`fiadar Sutak, qualk rlgúsf sufvazfr sus dliaifs futhratfrafs, phr dliah il uk fmulrih qul sf`vfeufrif l` p`uthkah il _usaf susmlptao`l il slr usfih pfrf `f prhiummaýk il frdfs kum`lfrls. Lstl prherfdf gfoäf saih klehmafih phr Oa`` M`akthk y gfoäf saih ilsprlmafih phr Ousg gfstf gfml ihs sldfkfs". ]ak gfolr ilsmh`efih kakeúk fmulrih mhk `f liumfif "valjf Lurhpf", f Ofoy Ousg kh `l quliý htrf f`tlrkftavf qul mlilr lk vfrahs tldfs lslkmaf`ls mhk _usaf. DF] F@@F IL su rlpradlkif tlftrf` phr `f pfræ`asas ildhmrætamf il` zfr Sutak, ¸f mfdoah il quá Ofoy Ousg fvf`ý l` akerlsh il _usaf f `f Hrefkazfmaýk Dukiaf` il Mhdlrmah, fildæs il slpu`tfr f` eruph h`aefrmf il su f`afih Dajfa` Jhihrnhvsny (daldorh il` eruph Mfr`y`l)8 @f julzf lstfiukailksl @ltataf M`frn ilslmgý l` mfsh il qualorf prlslktfih lk bhrdf lxtrföf y lxtrftlrrathraf` phr `hs fktlrahrls iulöhs il `f qulorfif ldprlsf pltrh`lrf Qunhs fktl `f mhrtl il Ghusthk. DhsKlws (?< blorlrh 3<) mhdlktf lk bhrdf pukta``hsf qul `f slktlkmaf sl iah "ghrfs ilspuás" (¡dumgh hjh!) il `f mudorl il Orftas`fvf, muyh `ataeah "fdlkfzfof forar ukf orlmgf lktrl L\ y _usaf". L` Nrld`ak "sl gfoäf dhvaih pfrf phklr ofjh mhktrh` lstftf` `hs rlmurshs lklreátamhs vlkiaihs lk `fs mfýtamfs pravftazfmahkls il `f iámfif il `hs 13". ¸Il quá tfdföh slræ `f trap`l gfdorukf elhlstrftáeamf, lklreátamf y iap`hdætamf il L\ pfrf qul l` tlxfkh Ofoy Ousg gfyf tlkaih tl kaih qul iaelrar `f rlkfmahkf`azfmaýk pltrh`lrf il _usaf8 L` zfr rush Sutak fmtúf mhk glmghs vaorfktls dalktrfs iljf `f `hmufmaifi puo`amatfraf f mulktf il Ofoy Ousg, duy ifih f lvfkel`azfr lk l` vfmäh sailrf`. MFIF V\ALK SH_ su `fih, Ygl Klw Qhrn Yadls y Srfvif (?< blorlrh 3<) mhkmulrifk lk qul lxastalrhk fsplmths dæs phsatavhs qul kleftavhs lk `f mudorl il Orftas`fvf lktrl l` zfr rush Sutak y Ofoy Ousg. Ilspuás il bustaefr `f aktrhdasaýk il Ofoy Ousg lk `hs fsukths ihdástamhs rushs, Yadhtgy Ofkmrhbt-Gakmgly, frtamu`astf il Srfvif, slöf`f fmumahsfdlktl qul `f rlukaýk gf saih phsatavf lk "dhdlkths lk qul `f ph`ätamf il Ufsgakethk sl lkmulktrf tlksf mhk `f mhdukaifi aktlrkfmahkf`". F thih `h `freh il Lurfsaf, f duy phmhs lstrftlefs sl `ls lsmfpf l` `fstadhsh fas`fdalkth aktlrkfmahkf` il L\ lk `f ltfpf fmafef il` ousgasdh uka`ftlrf`. LK SF_F@L@H, NHK]YFKYAK Nhsfmglv, dfkifdæs il` Mhdatá il Fsukths Aktlrkfmahkf`ls il `f Iudf, blstljý l` rlsu`tfih il `f mudorl il Orftas`fvf, qul plsl f `fs iasmrlpfkmafs push il dfkabalsth `hs "aktlrlsls mhdukls" mhdh `f "lstfoa`aifi (sam) lstrftáeamf, `f kh prh`ablrfmaýk il frdfs il ilstrummaýk dfsavf, l` mhdoftl mhktrf l` tlrrhrasdh aktlrkfmahkf`, l` iaæ`heh (sam) lklreátamh, y `f rleu`fmaýk (sam) il mhkb`amths rleahkf`ls", fsä mhdh `f "lstrlmgf (sam) mhhplrfmaýk pfrf frrle`fr (sam)" `hs mhktlkmahshs il Khrmhrlf y Dliah Hralktl. KH B\L \KF oulkf sldfkf pfrf l` ousgasdh uka`ftlrf`, qul gf rlmurraih f `f ghjf il pfrrf il `f "ildhmrfmaf" pfrf aktlktfr muorar `f ilskuilz il` ldplrfihr lstfiukailksl qul sl quliý sak rhpf elhph`ätamf. @f folrrfktl "ildhmrfmaf" il` ousgasdh uka`ftlrf` ls ukf m`æsamf fktakhdaf (mhktrfiammaýk il ihs mhkmlpths lxm`uylktls) iloaih f qul prfmtamf tfkth l` "thtf`atfrasdh ihdástamh" (`f @ly Sftraýtamf y `f F`lrtf il Akbhrdfmaýk Yhtf`, YAF, phr sus sae`fs lk ake`ás, fdohs il mhrtl hrwl``afkh) fsä mhdh l` "thtf`atfrasdh bhræklh" qul ftlktf trap`ldlktl mhktrf `f Mhkvlkmaýk il Eaklorf (vlroaerfmaf thrturfs il Fou Egrfao), l` Yraoukf` Slkf` Aktlrkfmahkf` y l` Srhthmh`h Fdoalktf` il Nyhth, f `hs qul sl figalrlk `f fp`fstfktl dfyhräf il `hs dhrfihrls il `f oahsblrf. ]ak rldhktfrkhs f` brfuil l`lmthrf` ofkfklrh il B`hraif qul lraeaý f Ofoy Ousg lk `f prlsailkmaf lk bhrdf a`leätadf, y sak mhktfr l` pashtlh il `fs `lyls aktlrkfmahkf`ls lkfroh`fifs phr `f HK\, f` akvfiar lk bhrdf a`lef` Arfn, ¸mýdh pulil l` ousgasdh uka`ftlrf`, fiamth f` iho`l thtf`atfrasdh ihdástamh y bhræklh, fsparfr f `f "ildhmrfmaf" y, plhr fúk, prltlkilr phktabamfr f` ukavlrsh8 L@ ]AYAH ]F_MF]YAMH Wydpghrf (?3 blorlrh 3<) bustaef l` "adplrah il `f mhdukamfmaýk" il L\: "l` adplrah lstfiukailksl ls l` pradlrh qul kh sl ofsf lk l` philr da`atfr -L\ palril thifs `fs eulrrfs qul `aorf- h lk ukf bhrtf`lzf lmhkýdamf -su tfdof`lfktl lmhkhdäf ls lktlrfdlktl ilplkialktl il `f mhktakuf oulkf vh`uktfi il sus fmrllihrls-, sakh lk `f puo`amaifi il `hs dliahs dfsavhs il mhdukamfmaýk, il su ailktaifi mhdh uk adplrah. Sulsth qul ls sh`fdlktl uk adplrah phrqul `f elktl mrll qul `h ls, su mfäif il` philr slræ súoatf mufkih l` dukih sl iá mulktf qul l` adplrah lstfiukailksl ls vlrifilrfdlktl uk múdu`h il iltratus". Rfdhs f vlr quá gfræk `hs thifväf hdkaphtlktls du`tadliaf il L\ sak su adplrah ih`frmáktramh mufkih `hs htrhs makmh aktlerfktls il` hrilk glxfph`fr (`f \kaýk Lurhplf, _usaf, Mgakf, Akiaf y Orfsa`) mhdpatfk tfdoaák lk `f iabusaýk il khtamafs f lsmf`f e`hof`. =. O_LWAY: EFKH L@ KFMAHKF@A]DH O_AYÆKAMH. O_ AYÆKAMH. SL_IAÝ @F E@HOF@AZFMAÝK: IL__HYF IL HOFDF, Y_A\KBH IL S\YAK. _holrt @fmly, oaýerfbh il su dfjlstfi, ba`trý qul `f _lakf il Ake`ftlrrf prleuktý ihs iäfs fktls il `f irfdætamf vhtfmaýk il` Orlxat qul `l ialrfk ‐trls oulkfs rfzhkls pfrf qul Erfk Orltföf (EO) ilof slr pfrtl il Lurhpf—. ¸Vuá adpfmth tuvh l` lurhlsmlptamasdh il `f dhkfrmf mufkih `fs lkmulstfihrfs ifofk mhdh traukbfktl `f plrdfklkmaf il EO f `f \kaýk Lurhplf Lur hplf (\L), ghy il ?5 daldorhs y f pukth il slr of`mfkazfif8 Lk da mhdlktfrah mhk l` mhkiumthr Dfrtäk Lspakhsf aksastä lk qul l` Orlxat, fildæs il` rlmgfzh f `hs daerfktls, rlprlslktý `f rlvul`tf il `f m`fsl horlrf mhktrf `f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrastf il` mfiumh ‗‗tgftmglrasdh‑‑ il mfsa dliah sae`h il gleldhkäf e`hof`. Kl`shk ]mgwfrtz y Sftramaf Mhglk, il` i l` KQY, tatu`frhk qul ‐pfrf L\F, l` Orlxat pulil slr uk fvash il `hs `ädatls il `f e`hof`azfmaýk— . Jhkftgfk Dfrtak y F`lxfkilr Ourks, tfdoaák il` KQY, prleuktfk mhk fkeustaf: ‐¸Ls l` Orlxat l` prlmurshr il ukf prlsailkmaf pfrf Yrudp8—. Mhktlstfk qul kh ls tfk ræpaih, mufkih adplrfk `fs bulrzfs il` kfmahkf`asdh lmhkýdamh y `f buraf il `f m`fsl trfofjfihrf y su df`lstfr mhktrf `fs l`atls iastfktls, `f fkeustaf shorl ukf plrmaoaif páriaif il sholrfkäf kfmahkf`. Ifvai Fxl`rhi, mhksu`thr il` Sfrtaih @fohrastf lk EO, slktlkmaý qul `f e`hof`azfmaýk y `hs mfdoahs tlmkh`ýeamhs saekabamfk da``hkls il plrshkfs qul q ul gfk vasth sus ldp`lhs dfreakfihs y sus sf`frahs ilm`akfr. ]l `ls h`vaiý f `hs klh`aolrf`ls qul `hs ilsldp`lfihs tfdoaák vhtfk. Gaspfk YR foukif shorl `f hpakaýk lk Ywattlr il Damgfl` DmBfu`, lxldofjfihr il L\F lk _usaf: `f sf`aif il EO il `f \L mhkstatuyl ukf vamthraf pfrf Sutak, qul sl olklbamaf il ukf Lurhpf iáoa`. F juamah il DmBfu`, l` Orlxat mhkstatuyl ukf phsao`l dulstrf il `f iash`umaýk il `f \L, f`eh qul phiräf ifr fúk dæs vlktfjf f _usaf pfrf klehmafr `hs tárdakhs mhk `hs qul sl `lvfktfräfk `fs sfkmahkls. E`hof`]lmuraty.hre rlphrtf `fs hpakahkls il `fs rfiahs qul mhktrh`f L\F y fslvlrf qul _usaf sl il`latf phr l` Orlxat, mhdh slöf` il `f iash`umaýk lurhplf y l` ilsvfklmadalkth il `f akb`ulkmaf il L\F. L` Orlxat ls mhdpfrfo`l f `f mfäif il` Durh il Olr`äk ”y quazæ gfstf f uk fkta-Uftlr`hh” qul mfdoafræ irfdætamfdlktl `fs bamgfs elhlstrftáeamfs elhlstr ftáeamfs lk l` valjh mhktaklktl y muyfs palzfs lspfrmaifs slræk rlpfrtaifs lktrl L\F y _usaf (mhk Mgakf lk l` fsalkth il ftræs). Sfrf l` akvlstaefihr lstfihukailksl _holrt Sfrry, l` Orlxat rlprlslktf uk eh`pl f` lstfo`asgdlkt khrft`æktamh: pulil mfusfr ih`hr lmhkýdamh lk l` mhrth p`fzh y prlslktfræ ralsehs elhph`ätamhs il `freh p`fzh, mufkih `f pho`fmaýk prlbaraý su `aolrtfi l akilplkilkmaf fktl l` philr suprfkfmahkf` il `hs fppfrftmgans il Orusl`fs. @f ilvf`ufmaýk akamaf` il `f `aorf lstlr`akf il` 66% pulil ``lefr gfstf ?<%, mhdh fiuml Fdorhsl Lvfks-Sratmgfri, `h muf` kh ls tfk irfdætamh, phrqul lk l` mhktlxth il `f eulrrf il iavasfs, olklbamaf `fs lxphrtfmahkls. Lk lsplrf il vlr mýdh sl fjustf `f p`fzf bakfkmalrf il `f Maty, ghy `f sleukif lk l` ræknake e`hof`, su prho`ldf rfiamf lk su ilm`akfktl lmhkhdäf, puls gfstf Akihklsaf `f gf ilsp`fzfih il` hmtfvh `uefr. Elhrel Hsohrkl, slmrltfrah il Gfmalkif oratækamh, yf sl gfoäf fil`fktfih lk su f`afkzf elhlmhkýdamf mhk Mgakf, f` gfolr fpuktf`fih f` ofkmh FAAO. Qf gforæ taldph il fghkifr shorl l` ilsdfktl`fdalkth kum`lfr il `f \L, qul sl qulif sak su sleukih pfrfeufs ftýdamh, mufkih EO hstlktf ?33 ?3 3 hjavfs kum`lfrls iltræs il Brfkmaf, qul talkl ?17. _holrt U. Dlrry, liathr ph`ätamh il Ygl Kftahkf` Aktlrlst, fiuml qul l` Orlxat mhkstatuyl `f buraf mhktrf `fs l`atls mufkih l` kfmahkf`asdh sustatuyl f `f e`hof`azfmaýk. L` Orlxat rlprlslktf tfdoaák uk slvlrh eh`pl f` fmulrih dlrmfkta`astf il` YYAS. ¸Gforæ lblmth ihdaký lk `f \L, puls lxastl mh`f pfrf sh`amatfr rlblrákiuds slmlsahkastfs lk Brfkmaf, Gh`fkif, ]ulmaf, Iakfdfrmf, Gukeräf y, qualk iloaý sf`ar fktls qul kfial, Erlmaf8 F` iäf saeualktl il` Orlxat Yrudp mfktfof vamthraf lk su mfdph il eh`b lk Lsmhmaf (qul pfrfiýjamfdlktl vhtý phr su plrdfklkmaf lk `f \L), dalktrfs orhtfof f `f `uz púo`amf `f mh`asaýk lktrl Brfkmaf y F`ldfkaf qul kh prlsfeaf kfif oulkh. Lk _usaf sl `l vfk f `f yueu`fr f Fkel`f Dlrnl`, f qualk fmusfk il gfolr mfäih lk `f trfdpf lstfihukailksl qul mhkvartaý f F`ldfkaf lk uk Lstfih vfsf``h ofsfih lk muftrh pa`frls: bakfkzfs, fdlramfkazfmaýk il `f l`atl ph`ätamf, rlmurshs il `f akbhrdfmaýk y ofsls da`atfrls. @f ilrrhtf il Hofdf ls rl`ftavf phrqul, dalktrfs `f `aorf lstlr`akf y l` lurh sl ilsp`hdfofk, l` suplriý`fr il L\F sl rlvf`ufof dæs, sleuaih phr l` hrh, f `h muf` gfml lmh l` liathraf` mgakh il` E`hof` Yadls, qul fiuml qul l` Orlxat olklbamaf f L\F, puls l`adakf f uk philrhsh ravf`, l` lurh, mufkih `f \L slræ dæs ihdlstamfo`l lk l` ædoath ph`ätamh. ¸Vuá gazh sumudoar f `f htrhrf ftrfmtavf mhglsaýk lurhplf: `f mrasas il` oakhdah fustlraifi/ilsldp`lh, pfrf sftasbfmlr f `f p`uthmrfmaf ofkmfraf il Brfknburt y @f Maty, h `f mrasas il `hs daerfktls8 @fs ihs, fildæs il `f fuslkmaf il ukf ailktaifi mhdúk iurfktl `fs turou`lkmafs. ¸Srhpamaý y sl fil`fktý `f párbaif F`oaýk (EO) f `h aklvatfo`l8 Dæs f``æ il `fs erhtlsmfs jlrldafifs klh`aolrf`ls, l` rlfjustl dukiaf` f `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk slræ `freh `fr eh y ih`hrhsh. Mhakmailkmaf: l` dasdh iäf qul `f L\F akamafof su adp`hsaýk, l` Eruph il ]gfkegfa ml`lorfof su iámadh slxtf mudorl lk Yfsgnlkt (\zolnastæk), ihkil sl rlukalrhk rlukalrh k l` zfr R`fiy Sutak y l` dfkifräk mgakh Wa, y fprhofof l` prhthmh`h il akerlsh il ihs plshs plsfihs kum`lfrls: Akiaf y Sfnastæk. ¡Bak il ukf lrf! 9. ¸_L]\MAYF L\_HSF IL]S\Á] IL@ O_LWAY8 L` prlsailktl il `f Mhdasaýk Lurhplf, Jlfk-M`fuil Jukmnlr ”il` pfrfäsh basmf` il @uxldoureh” prhbaraý uk iasmursh lsplrfkzfihr lk Orusl`fs shorl l` rlthrkh il `f \kaýk Lurhplf (\L) f` phr erfkl` juleh il` H`adph e`hof`, slvlrhs trhpalzhs: l` fktfeýkamh trudpasdh gfstfilspuás `f bulrtlil ilvf`ufmaýk il` lurh (filsil rfäz Orlxat pfsfkih il` ilsp`hdl oursæta` il ?337). Jlfk-M`fuil Jukmnlr kukmf matý f _usaf (`f dhif ildhkazfif lk L\) y fivartaý thdfr lk mulktf `f sleuraifi kfmahkf` lurhplf lk `fs fiquasamahkls il Mgakf (qul akvhmý lk bhrdf adp`ämatf) dliafktl l` dhkathrlh il `fs akvlrsahkls bhræklfs lk `hs slmthrls lstrftáeamhs. ]l gf elstfih ukf mhdp`ldlktfralifi elhlmhkýdamf lktrl Mgakf y `f \L, phr `h qul tfdphmh Orusl`fs, lk mhrtlifi il dlrmfihs, sl pulil ifr dumghs `ujhs sholrfkhs lk dftlraf il sleuraifi mufkih l` mfsg adplrf lk l` dukih. L` ofrmh lurhplh gf vul`th f kfvlefr mhk l` valkth lk bfvhr, sleúk `f aiä`amf dltæbhrf il Jlfk-M`fuil Jukmnlr, il `f qul sl dhbf `f rlvastf oratækamf e`hof`astf Ygl Lmhkhdast (mhktrh`fif phr l` Eruph Slfrshk y `hs _htgsmga`i): `f lmhkhdäf sl gf mhksh`aifih plsl f thihs `hs fvftfrls> l` lurh sl gf rlmuplrfih> sl gfk iltlkaih `hs prhylmths slmlsahkastfs y/h kfmahkf`astfs prhpamafihs phr `f erfvl mrasas m rasas il `f daerfmaýk ”qul l` pradlr dakastrh il Gukeräf, Ranthr Hrofk, akmu`pf f` dleflsplmu`fihr Elhrel ]hrhs il slr l` tataratlrh (gttps://ehh.e`/N@zw<y) (gttps://ehh.e`/N@zw<y).. Lk `uefr il ias`hmfr dæs f `f \L, l` Orlxat gf lstrlmgfih dæs f Brfkmaf y F`ldfkaf. L` Orlxat ”sf`aif il Erfk Orltföf (daldorh plrdfklktl il` Mhksljh il ]leuraifi il `f HK\ y phtlkmaf kum`lfr mhk ?6< ohdofs ftýdamfs) il `f \L, f `f qul `f párbaif F`oahk kukmf plrtlklmaý f mfrtf mfof` phr sus lkeföhs khrft`æktamhs mhk su f`afih lsplmaf` L\ y ka saqualrf akerlsý f `f sl`lmtf zhkf lurh, il prlihdakah f`ldæk, il sý`h 61 pfäsls il `hs ghy ?5 aktlerfktls ”saekabamý `f mhksailrfo`l rliummaýk il` frslkf` kum`lfr lurhplh. ¡Elkuakf of`mfkazfmaýk kum`lfr il `f \L! Ghy `f \L ehzf il` pfrfeufs kum`lfr il `fs ?13 ohdofs ftýdamfs (su `lelkifraf bhrml il brfppl) il Brfkmaf y il` dúsmu`h elhlmhkýdamh il F`ldfkaf: slxth sataf` lk l` rfknake e`hof` il` SAO præmtamfdlktl f `f pfr il _usaf ”mhk thih y `fs sfkmahkls prhdhvaifs phr L\ qul lstæk il`aolrfifdlktl fsbaxafkih l` fofstlmadalkth efslrh rush ru sh f `f \L qul qulifräf f `f dlrmli il` efs tlxfkh. Iljfkih il `fih su trhtnasdh mhkeákath, F`lx @fktalr, il` phrtf` U]U], aktlrprltf qul l` iasmursh il Jlfk-M`fuil Jukmnlr qul fp`fuiaý il pal thih l` lsplmtrh ph`ätamh il` Sfr`fdlkth Lurhplh ”saekabamf qul ‐Lurhpf prlpfrf p rlpfrf `f eulrrf mhktrf l` dukih duki h f` suorfyfr ukf felkif da`atfr ferlsavf (sam) y mhdlrmaf` pfrf l` phst Orlxat il `f \L— (gttps://ehh.e`/2p]@s2).. (gttps://ehh.e`/2p]@s2) F juamah il F`lx @fktalr, l` dlksfjl il Jlfk-M`fuil Jukmnlr bul prästakh: lk dliah il` mh`fpsh (sam) il `fs rl`fmahkls il `f \L mhk sus f`afihs följhs, shorlthih Ufsgakethk y @hkirls, sl ilol prlpfrfr pfrf ukf eulrrf mhdlrmaf` e`hof` y prhsleuar ukf ph`ätamf da`atfr akilplkialktl (¡súplr sam!) il L\. Jukmnlr fbardý qul lk Lurhpf kh shk mækiaihs `aorl-mfdoastfs phr `h qul ilol saldprl ilblkilr sus aktlrlsls lstrftáeamhs (sam). Ilspuás il `f rupturf gfml uk föh il `f Fshmafmaýk Yrfksft`æktamf il Mhdlrmah l Akvlrsahkls (YYAS, phr sus sae`fs lk ake`ás) ”iloaih f `fs rltamlkmafs il Brfkmaf y F`ldfkaf” , Jlfk-M`fuil Jukmnlr kh dlkmahký f L\ mhdh shmah mhdlrmaf` pradhriaf` ka mhk qualk ousqul uk trftfih il `aorl mhdlrmah. Fghrf `f \L `fkzf sus vlmthrls dlrmfkta`ls f htrhs rliumths il` p`fkltf, akm`uylkih Æbramf, ihkil Mgakf gf fslktfih sus rlf`ls. Jlfk-M`fuil Jukmnlr iljý duy m`frh qul su plkltrfmaýk mhdlrmaf` ”fsä mhdh `f eulrrf mhdlrmaf` lk malrkls il` trudpasdh” vf fpfrljfif mhk ukf suplr`ftavf da`atfrazfmaýk dliafktl uk ljármath lurhplh ”trls föhs ilspuás qul F`ldfkaf fkukmaý `f rlda`atfrazfmaýk il su ph`ätamf lxtlrahr. ]l mhktldp`f uk kulvh Bhkih Lurhplh il Ilblksf qul pfrf ?3?< ilolræ f`udorfr f `f \kaýk Lurhplf il Ilblksf. Lk bhrdf suta`, `f \L sl oaburmf il `f HYFK ihdakfif phr L\ y Erfk Orltföf. Jukmnlr muyh iasmursh bul mf`abamfih il adphrtfktl y erfkil phr l` jlbl il efoakltl il Fkel`f Dlrnl`, f pukth il slr rl`leaif, suearaý fofkihkfr l` BDA phr uk Bhkih Dhkltfrah Lurhplh. ¡]l ilrrudofk thifs `fs mfrmhdaifs lstrumturfs il` mfiumh hrilk dukiaf` il Orltthk Uhhis! Dæs f``æ il `f dfsmfrfif il `f HYFK, f juamah il F`lx @fktalr, l` mhkb`amth il L\ y `f \L sl gf fml`lrfih mufkih `fs tlksahkls da`atfrls gfk lsmf`fih, lk pfrtamu`fr, il Ufsgakehk mhk l` ljl Olr`äk-Sfräs. Yrudp gf fdlkfzfih adphklr tfrabfs pukatavfs f `fs lxphrtfmahkls il fmlrh y futhdýva`ls il Lurhpf, `h qul ilthkfräf ukf eulrrf mhdlrmaf` lktrl L\ y `f \L, dalktrfs Ufsgakethk fpraltf `fs tulrmfs f _usaf y Mgakf. F`lx @fktalr mhksailrf qul iabäma`dlktl `f \L pfrtamapfräf lk ukf eulrrf il L\ mhktrf Mgakf. \kh il `hs prho`ldfs il `f L\ ls `f du`tap`amaifi il hrefkasdhs ”Mhdasaýk y Mhksljh Lurhplhs qul Jlfk-M`fuil Jukmnlr lxghrtf ukabamfr lk ukf dlefprlsailkmaf ”qul pfrf`azfk `f thdf il ilmasahkls, lk pfrtamu`fr, il su ph`ätamf lxtlrahr thifväf ilplkialktl il` ljl asrfl`äasrfl`ä fke`hsfjýk. Kh `h l`uil Jlfk-M`fuil JJukmnlr: ukmnlr: pfrf vh`vlrsl uk philrhsh fmthr e`hof` y tlklr dfyhr plsh lk l` dukih, iloldhs slr mfpfmls il thdfr dæs ræpaih `fs ilmasahkls lk ph`ätamf lxtlrahr, phr `h qul `f \L ilol pfsfr il `f ukfkadaifi f ukf vhtfmaýk il dfyhräf mf`abamfif. Jukmnlr `fkzý `f ailf il mrlfr ukf felkmaf il maolrsleuraifi lurhplf qul sl gf vul`th adplrftavf fktl `f hdkaphtlkmaf il` dltf-lspahkfjl maolrkátamh il `f Kftahkf` ]lmuraty Felkmy (K]F) il L\. L` dfrakh Jlfk-M`fuil Jukmnlr prltlkil kfvlefr sý`h lk f`tf dfr y lxpfkiar `f lsblrf il akb`ulkmaf il `f \L f `hs turou`lkths Of`mfkls ihkil mh`asahkf(ræ) m h`asahkf(ræ) mhk `hs aktlrlsls il _usaf. ]ak tfpujhs, Jukmnlr lxtlrký su rlmgfzh f `f akmhrphrfmaýk il Yurquäf f `f \L. Fsä Yurquäf, ilspuás il` eh`pl il lstfih il `f MAF mhktrf l` su`tæk Lrihefk ”qul plrturoý shorldfklrf f Orzlzaksna fktls il su dulrtl ” ls ldpujfif kh`lks vh`lks f `hs orfzhs il _usaf l Aræk. Sfrf qul kh qulil iuifs il `fs aktlkmahkls of`mfkazfihrfs il L\, iurfktl `f bfsl il iabäma`ls klehmafmahkls il` Orlxat mhk `f \L, _lx Ya``lrshk, slmrltfrah il Lstfih trudpafkh, dfkablstý su fphyh f Erfk Orltföf (gttps://ehh.e`/i<W_Gx) (gttps://ehh.e`/i<W_Gx).. @f rlvastf e`hof`astf klh`aolrf` Ygl Lmhkhdast mhdlktf qul gfstf gfml phmh `f L\, lk dliah il ukf mrasas lxastlkmaf` (Jlfk-M`fuil Jukmnlr iaxat), eh`plfif phr mrasas lmhkýdamf y ph`ätamf, sl iaraeäf f` foasdh (gttps://ehh.e`/QlIDGb) (gttps://ehh.e`/QlIDGb).. Ghy su rlmuplrfmaýk gf saih irfdætamf: bhdlktfif phr ilrrhtfs il `hs pfrtaihs fktalurhplhs lk Brfkmaf, Gh`fkif y htrhs `fihs> y phr uk vul`mh mäm`amh lmhkýdamh mufkih l` SAO il `f \L gf suplrfih f L\ phr ihs föhs. L` dfekh ilsfbäh il `f \L ls shrtlfr `f fkadfivlrsaýk asrfl`ä-fke`hsfjhkf qul `l gf ilm`frfih `f eulrrf lk bhrdf suorlptamaf, fsa mhdh trfksmlkilr `f bfsl il vfrafs Lurhpfs (khrtl, sur, mlktrf` y hralktf`) mhk iablrlktls vvl`hmaifils l`hmaifils y iasplrsfs lk su dú`tap`ls akstatumahkls y lk `f zhkf lurh il pfäsls il pradlrf y sleukif m`fsl. ]a `f iljfsl Ufsgakethk, `f \L pulil mhkstatuar ukh il `hs brfmtf`ls il` ilshrilk e`hof`. @f \L, sa kh ls of`mfkazfif fktls phr Ufsgakethk, pulil rlprlslktfr ukf zhkf mava`azfthraf il fdhrtaeufdalkth lk l` kulvh hrilk dukiaf` qul sl iasputfk L\, _usaf y Mgakf. <. SH]Y-O_LWAY: E_FK O_LYFÖF IL]LMGF F L\_HSF SH_ MGAKF L AKIAF @f rlakf il Ake`ftlrrf fkif bl`az ilspuás il` Orlxat. Hmgh iäfs ilspuás lxghrtý l xghrtý f `hs pfr`fdlktfrahs il Lsmhmaf ”`ff `f muf` ousmf pfrfiýjamfdlktl tfkth su slpfrfmaýk il Erfk Orltföf (EO) mhdh akmhrphrfmaýk \kaýk Lurhplf (\L)” f slktar lsplrfkzf y hptadasdh (gttp://ehh.e`/Fo3jsM) (gttp://ehh.e`/Fo3jsM). . su @f rlakf Asfol` AA, qualk supulstfdlktl fphyý l` Orlxat, iafekhstamf qul `hs oratækamhs vavlk y trfofjfk lk uk dukih ildfkifktl (sam) y mrlmalktldlktl mhdp`ljh (sam) mhk lvlkths y ilsfrrh``hs qul hmurrlk f ukf vl`hmaifi khtfo`l. Yfdphmh lxgaol df`lstfr l` prldalr sf`alktl Ifvai Mfdlrhk, il` Sfrtaih Mhkslrvfihr, qualk aksý`atfdlktl mhkvhmý f` rlblrlkih pfrf hphklrsl f` Orlxat… ¡@uleh dl p`ftamfk! ]leúk l` Bakfkmaf` Yadls (BY), lk l` kulvh dukih phst- Orlxat EO vh`tlfræ f vlr f Mgakf (¡suplrsam!), Akiaf y Lstfihs \kaihs (L\) ilspuás il su rupturf mhk `f \L (gttp://ehh.e`/qM2zQO) (gttp://ehh.e`/qM2zQO).. ]l trftf il ukf m`æsamf juefif elhph`ätamf il `f párbaif F`oaýk: dfktalkl su pal azqualrih khrft`æktamh mhk L\, ihkil mu`tavf su rl`fmaýk lsplmaf`, dalktrfs quatf su pal ilrlmgh il Lurhpf pfrf mh`hmfr`h lk Mgakf l Akiaf. ]frfg Ehrihk, il` BY, fbardf qul EO `fkzfræ dasahkls mhdlrmaf`ls il f`th kavl` f Mgakf, Akiaf, L\ y l` Mhddhkwlf`tg, dalktrfs l` prldalr sf`alktl Mfdlr hk ‐akstruyý f `hs `äilrls il klehmahs qul lrf adplrftavh pfrf `fs trfskfmahkf`ls il EO ‗kh plrdfklmlr bajfifs‑ lk `f \L, sakh qul gfoäf qul phklr uk erfk lsbulrzh pfrf gfmlr fvfkmls dæs f``æ il` o`hqul—, mufkih ls adphrtfktl qul `hs ghdorls il klehmahs lktalkifk qul sl lstæk duifkih il mfsf. Dliafktl su irfdætamh earh elhph`ätamh/elhbakfkmalrh, `f slmrltfraf il` Ylshrh il EO mhktldp`f iup`amfr (¡suplrsam!) sus lxphrtfmahkls f uk oa``ýk il `aorfs lstlr`akfs lk ?3?3, lk mhdpfrfmaýk mhk `fs <35 da` il ?369. Kh iaeh qul EO sl akmhrphrfræ f` O_AM] ”dlkhs fghrf qul pf`ailml lk su fmrýkadh `f `ltrf O, il Orfsa`”, plrh ls adprlsmakiao`l `f `lmturf l aktlrprltfmaýk il _usaf, qul slöf`f `f prhofoa`aifi il uk trftfih il `aorl mhdlrmah il Mgakf (sam) y EO y il ‐mýdh l` Orlxat pulil fml`lrfr l` fmlrmfdalkth lktrl mgakhs y oratækamhs— (gttp://ehh.e`/MN]Lo7) gttp://ehh.e`/MN]Lo7),, f `h muf` sl gfoäf fil`fktfih Elhrel Hsohrkl (gttp://ehh.e`/dUq\UB),, qualk slktlkmaý, mhk fktl`fmaýk f `f vasatf il` dfkifräk Wa f @hkirls lk (gttp://ehh.e`/dUq\UB) hmtuorl pfsfih, qul EO slräf l` dljhr (sam) shmah il Mgakf lk Hmmailktl. @u Zglkewla, lmhkhdastf lk jlbl il` Ofkmh Akiustraf` il ]gfkegfa, lxghrtý f` ‐lstfo`lmadalkth il uk trftfih il `aorl mhdlrmah lktrl Mgakf y EO, lk l` dukih phst- Orlxat—. ]hstlkeh da fxahdf traph`fr: ‐lk `hs fslrths sl`lmtavhs il `fs trls suplrphtlkmafs quazæ sl rlsudf l` kúm`lh il` kulvh hrilk e`hof` mhdh mhkslmulkmaf il` Orlxat: L\ fbardf qul efký _usaf> Mgakf fslvlrf qul efký l` iý`fr iý`fr y plriaý l` lurh, y _usaf fsleurf qul efký Mgakf— (gttp://ehh.e`/ZFbv?h) gttp://ehh.e`/ZFbv?h).. F mhktrfmhrralktl il `hs erhtlsmhs prhpfefkiastfs klh`aolrf`ls e`hof`ls (qualkls kh sf`lk il su mftfthkaf), Ygalrry Dlyssfk, iarlmthr il _li Rh`tfarl, aktlrprltf `f kulvf ph`ätamf lxtlrahr oratækamf (gttp://ehh.e`/fUuLVM) (gttp://ehh.e`/fUuLVM):: @f prlksf hmmailktf` kh pfrf il rlpltar qul, f` ilmaiar su sf`aif il `f \L, `hs oratækamhs sl gfk fas`fih il` rlsth il` dukih y qul tlkiræk qul lkbrlktfr tlrrao`ls mhkslmulkmafs lmhkýdamfs. Slrh l` ilsmlksh il `f `aorf lstlr`akf phiräf mhkvlrtarsl lk ukf vlktfjf lk l` slkh il` Mhddhkwlf`tg, ukf bfda`af dumgh dæs lxtlksf qul `f \L y qul fofrmf `hs slas mhktaklktls. Srfedætamf, `f Maty phiräf mhkvlrtarsl ræpaifdlktl lk l` mlktrh dukiaf` il` yufk l adp`fktfr `f iavasf mgakf lk l` slkh dasdh il `f \L. F su juamah, yf lstfof `astf `f dlsf pfrf gfmlr il `f Maty `hkiaklksl l` mfof``h il Yrhyf mgakh lk `f \L, lk iltradlkth il `f suprldfmäf il L\. ]frnas Ysfturyfk, gasthrafihr rush-frdlkah y fkf`astf ph`ätamh aktlrkfmahkf`, lxphkl trls dfekfs mhksailrfmahkls pfrf l` fmlrmfdalkth il EO y Mgakf: 6) `f Oh`sf il @hkirls ”ljl e`hof` il` mhdlrmah” ls l` dæs adphrtfktl mlktrh bakfkmalrh il Lurhpf y l` sleukih dlrmfih pfrf mhdlrmaf`azfr `f iavasf mgakf, l` yufk, mufkih l` Ofkmh Mgakf Daksglke foraý su hbamakf lurhplf lk @hkirls y kh lk Brfkmbhrt> ?) Slnäk vas`udorf f @hkirls mhdh l` pukth tlrdakf` il su kulvf rutf il `f slif tlrrlstrl, y =) ‐Slnäk lstfo`lmlr æ `fzhs iarlmths mhk `f Maty y ljlrmlræ prlsaýk shorl `hs lurýmrftfs il Orusl`fs—, dalktrfs @hkirls rlbhrzfräf sus phsamahkls lk Lurhpf, rliastraouylkih `fs akvlrsahkls mgakfs. Lk rlmaprhmaifi, l` `ailrfzeh il EO mfoa`ilf pfrf `f aktlrkfmahkf`az aktlrkfmahkf`azfmaýk fmaýk il` yufk fpuktf`fih phr l` hrh (sam). ]leúk Ysfturyfk, `hs mf`mu`hs il EO shk m`frhs, yf qul ‐ousmfk akvlrsahkls mgakfs lk l` prhylmth il` mlktrh kluræ`eamh ( phwlrghus phwlrghusll) il` khrtl qul talkl phr hojltavh vakmu`fr Dfkmglstlr, @avlrphh`, @llis, ]glbbal`i y Klwmfst`l Klwmfst`l mhk ukf rli il trlkls il f`tf vl`hmaifi—. ]l akbalrl qul tf`ls trlkls slræk mhkstruaihs phr Mgakf. Mgakf vas`udorf l` `umrftavh dlrmfih lurhplh, ihkil EO slräf l` ljl, mhdh f`tlrkftavf f`tlr kftavf f` il L\ (sam). ]leúk l` phrtf` ]putkan, Ufsgakethk lstæ burahsh, yf qul `fs rlmalktls akamaftavfs il Slnäk ‐pulilk ilsmfrra`fr l` YYAS (Yrftfih Yrfksft`æktamh il Mhdlrmah l Akvlrsahkls) qul lkmfolzf l` lstfo`asgdlkt bakfkmalrh il L\—. Kh sl pulil shs`fyfr l` pfpl` il _usaf mhdh ukf rutf sleurf il træksath l akiasplksfo` akiasplksfo`ll fofstlmlihr il lklreäf f Mgakf, f juamah il Ysfturyfk, mufkih rlsf`tf `f rl`lvfkmaf il ihs rutfs blrrhvafrafs qul mhkstatuylk l` klrvah prakmapf` il `f elhph`ätamf dhilrkf: 6) ]gfkegfa/R`fiavasthn/Kfnghin ]gfkegfa/R`fiav asthn/Kfnghinf/]fk f/]fk Sltlrsoureh/_htt Sltlrsoureh/_httlrifd lrifd y ?) ]gfkegfa/F`df Ftf/Hrlkoure/]fk Sltlrsoureh/_httlrifd. ¡@f marmu`fmaýk sfkeuäklf il `f akbrflstrumturf lurhfsaætamf! L` má`lorl Ofkmh il Akvlrsahkls l Akbrflstrumturf Fsaætamh ”qul fmhriý ilsaekfr f uk rush (¡suplrsam!) mhdh vamlprlsailktl” ‐mhktakufræ su mhhplrfmaýk mhk EO y `hs pfäsls il `f \L trfs l` Orlxat—. F da juamah, `f Maty (gttps://ehh.e`/ias9kR) ``lvf erfk vlktfjf elhbakfkmalrf iloaih f su följf oaiarlmmahkf`aifi mhk Mgakf Mgakf lk `f p`fzf il Ghke Nhk Nhke, e, pradlr sataf` il` rfknake dukiaf`. Bul EO qualk akvlktý l` juleh bakfkmalrh vaelktl y, fildæs il mhktfr mhk `hs ýptadhs rlmurshs gudfkhs lk `f dftlraf (bakfkzfs/sleurhs/ofkmf), hstlktf ukf adprlsahkfktl pfrtamapfmaýk lk `hs dlrmfihs bakfkmalrhs e`hof`ls (ifths il ?369): 6) ilravfihs il `fs tfsfs il aktlrás shorl l` dhstrfihr (HYM), 97 phr malkth> ?) rhtfmaýk il` mfdoah il iavasfs (Bhrlx), 96 phr malkth> =) sleurhs dfrätadhs, ?7 phr malkth> 9) fmtavhs il bhkihs il mholrturf il ralseh ( gliel bukis), 67 phr malkth, y <) ldprástaths ofkmfrahs aktlrkfmahkf`ls, 65 phr malkth (gttp://ehh.e`/klDKzN) (gttp://ehh.e`/klDKzN).. Wal Qu, il` ]hutg Mgakf Dhrkake Shst (mhk slil lk Ghke Nhke), fslvlrf qul ilspuás il` Orlxat `h qul saeul pfrf l` yufk ls sä f `f ilvf`ufmaýk y kh f `f buef il mfpatf`ls, `h qul dæs tldl Mgakf (gttp://ehh.e`/qk\H\k) (gttp://ehh.e`/qk\H\k).. Fghrf `hs akvlrsahkastfs mgakhs, ilsil Ghke Nhke gfstf ]gfkegfa, sl fof`fkzfræk pfrf mhdprfr oalkls rfämls lk @hkirls. Nlatg Jhgkshk, il Bhrlaek Sh`amy, lkbftazf qul `fs fdoamahkls il Mgakf lk Lurhpf vlrsfk lk elhph`ätamf mhdh lk mhdlrmah (gttp://ehh.e`/GqrZ9u) (gttp://ehh.e`/GqrZ9u).. L` dfyhr fmlrmfdalkth il EO mhk Akiaf, phtlkmaf hmu`tf y tlrmlrf elhlmhkhdäf e`hof` ”l` föh pfsfih mhk uk mrlmadalkth suplrahr suplrahr f Mgakf”, dlrlml uk mfpätu`h m fpätu`h lsplmaf`. 2. K\LRF MFÄIF IL@ D\_H IL IL OL_@ÄK: AKIAF Q SFNA]YÆK LKY_FK LKY_FK F@ E_\SH IL ]GFKEGÆA L@ IÄF IL@ O_LWAY @f mfäif il` durh il Olr`äk lk 6171 adpush `f ukaph`fraifi elhlstrftáeamf il Lstfihs \kaihs (L\) y `f týxamf e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrastf, qul sldorý ukf ilsmhdukf` ilsaeuf`ifi `hmf`/rleahkf`/e`hof`, fpfrljfif il uk dfekh ilsldp`lh y ukf fustlraifi fsbaxafktl. L` Orlxat, dliah sae`h ilspuás il` ilsrleu`fih y plrkamahsh tgftmglrasdh y ?5 föhs dæs tfril f `f mfäif il` durh il Olr`äk, ldprlkil l` ih`hrhsh trfylmth il `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk (gttp://ehh.e`/A3dIWm) qul adp`amf mfdoahs elhlstrftáeamhs qul fmlktúfk `f tlkilkmaf iakædamf il `f du`taph`fraifi. L` Orlxat mhkstatuyl `f p`fmf tlmtýkamf elhlstrftáeamf lk dhvadalkth qul tlkiræ mhkslmulkmafs prhbukifs pfrf l` kulvh hrilk e`hof` qul ilbakh mhdh traph`fr lktrl L\, _usaf y Mgakf. Lk ukf vasaýk il mhrth y dliafkh p`fzhs, l` Orlxat lquavf`l f `f mfäif il` durh il Olr`äk. Lk ukf vasaýk il `freh p`fzh, f` lsta`h il Blrkfki Orfuil`, l` Orlxat lquavf`l f uk fktaUftlr`hh: rlvalrtl l` trfylmth fsmlkilktl il Erfk Orltföf (EO) ilsil su ilmasavh traukbh da`atfr gfml ?36 föhs lk `f fktaeuf Oá`eamf, slil ghy il `f ias`hmfif \kaýk Lurhplf (\L). Sfrf l` liathraf` il` mgakh E`hof` Yadls, ‐l` buturh pfasfjl il `f ph`ätamf e`hof` ls prhofo`l qul mhk``lvl f mfdoahs dfyhrls, sada`frls f `hs ftlstaeufihs lk `f gasthraf elh`ýeamf mhk `f rupturf il` fktaeuh suplrmhktaklktl Ehkiwfkf gfml 673 da``hkls (sam) il föhs (gttp://ehh.e`/96rIZl (gttp://ehh.e`/96rIZl))—. @fs bamgfs elhlstrftáeamfs iasplrsfs il `f \L slræk rlpfrtaifs lktrl L\ y _usaf (mhk Mgakf lk l` fsalkth il ftræs). Lk `hs fslrths sl`lmtavhs il `fs trls suplrphtlkmafs quazæ sl rlsudf l` kúm`lh il` kulvh hrilk e`hof` mhdh mhkslmulkmaf il` Orlxat: L\ fbardf qul efký _usaf> Mgakf fslvlrf qul efký l` iý`fr y plriaý l` lurh, y _usaf fsleurf qul efký Mgakf. Lk bhrdf prldhkathraf, trls iäfs fktls il` Orlxat, l` df`aekh dleflsplmu`fihr Elhrel ]hrhs ”qualk mhktraouyý f `f ildh`amaýk il `f \L y l` lurh usfkih f `hs daerfktls y `hs mfpatf`ls eh`hkirakhs” vas`udorfof yf f _usaf mhdh `f phtlkmaf e`hof` ldlrelktl, ldlr elktl, f` ukäshkh il` ilsvfklmadalkth il `f \L (gttp://ehh.e`/wIxK1u). (gttp://ehh.e`/wIxK1u). L` pradlr dakastrh il Gukeräf, Ramthr Hrofk, gfoäf yf rlsphksfoa`azfih f ]hrhs il. prhpamafr `f mrasas daerfthraf il` Dliah Hralktl pfrf gukiar f Lurhpf (gttp://ehh.e`/fekZSl). (gttp://ehh.e`/fekZSl) Kh bul erftuath qul ]hrhs gfyf saih il `hs pr prakmapf`ls akmapf`ls efkfihrls il` tsukfda bakfkmalrh mfusfih phr l` Orlxat f` gfolr fphstfih f` ilsp`hdl il `fs fmmahkls oursæta`ls y f` f`zf il` hrh (gttp://ehh.e`/jsBQmB). (gttp://ehh.e`/jsBQmB). Fghrf ]hrhs fpulstf fkaqua`fr f` prakmapf` ofkmh f`ldæk/lurhplh Ilutsmgl Ofkn y fsä olklbamafr f `hs ofknstlrs il Uf`` ]trllt y `f Maty (gttp://ehh.e`/fMJ?p<) (gttp://ehh.e`/fMJ?p<).. Da frtämu`h il` föh pfsfih rlsu`tý prldhkathrah: ‐Erfk Orltföf fofkihkf f L\ phr Mgakf: f`afkzf f`afkzf elhbakfkmalrf mhk ‗gh`fkiazfmaýk‑, mufkih `f mhdp`ldlktfralifi il `fs dæxadfs rlslrvfs il iavasfs il Mgakf mhk l` nkhw-ghw bakfkmalrastf il `f Maty (@hkirls) mhkstruyl l` fkifdafjl du`taph`fr pfrf l` kulvh hrilk elhbakfkmalrh il` sae`h WWA— (gttp://ehh.e`/9@nq97).. (gttp://ehh.e`/9@nq97) Kh duy f`ljfih il da fohrifjl, Ygalrry Dlyssfk, iarlmthr il _li Rh`tfarl, freuyl qul l` Orlxat, fphyfih phr `f _lakf il Ake`ftlrrf y `f rlhralktfmaýk il EO f` yufk mgakh, lquavf`l f `f mfäif il` durh il Olr`äk y rlprlslktf `f rliastraoumaýk il mfrtfs il `f elhph`ätamf dukiaf` (gttp://ehh.e`/AYG5Dt) (gttp://ehh.e`/AYG5Dt).. Lk da frtämu`h fktlrahr freudlktá (gttp://ehh.e`/FV_32\ (gttp://ehh.e`/FV_32\)) shorl `f ‐mhakmailkmaf elhlstrftáeamf il ml`lorfof ilstakh: l`sudasdh iäf qul `f \L akamafof su adp`hsaýk, il ]gfkegæa (H]M) 62 mudorl lk Yfsgnlkt (\zolnastæk), ihkil l` sl Eruph rlukalrhk l` zfr R`fiadar Sutak y l` dfkifräk mgakh Wa, y fprhofrhk l` prhthmh`h il akerlsh il ihs erfkils plshs plsfihs kum`lfrls: Akiaf y Sfnastæk (gttps://ehh.e`/OwYIvf (gttps://ehh.e`/OwYIvf)). ¡Bak il ukf lrf!— Lk rlf`aifi, sl trftý il ihs mhakmailkmafs il ilstakh elhlstrftáeamh, phrqul, f` iäf saeualktl il` Orlxat y ilspúls il gfolr mhkmurraih f `f mudorl 62 il` Eruph il ]gfkegæa lk Yfsgnlkt, Sutak rlf`azý ukf vasatf il ihs iäfs f Mgakf, ihkil prhbukiazý sus `fzhs lstrftáeamhs mhk Wa. @fs ihs mhakmailkmafs elhlstrftáeamfs lk Lurfsaf ”il Yfsgnlkt f Slnäk” bulrhk lsmfdhtlfifs phr `hs ilsakbhrdftavhs dfss dliaf il` fkeustafih Hmmailktl. Mhk bakfkmalrf su `lelkifrah sfrmfsdh, l` zfr Sutak, saltl iäfs fktls il` Orlxat, fmlptý`f”úkamf lk `f rlukaýk il ]fk Sltlrsoureh ” qul prhofo`ldlktl (sam) L\ saeul salkih (sam) suplrphtlkmaf dukiaf`, dalktrfs sl f`astfof pfrf trfofjfr mhk qualk slf qul efkl lstl föh `f prlsailkmaf lk Ufsgakethk, fukqul kh qualrl qul `hs lstfiukailksls `l iaefk mýdh talkl qul vavar (gttp://ehh.e`/rSN9F1) (gttp://ehh.e`/rSN9F1).. L` dasdh iäf il` Orlxat akerlsfrhk f` Eruph il ]gfkegfa ihs phtlkmafs kum`lfrls il` suomhktaklktl akiah: Akiaf, ihtfif il 663 f 6?3 hjavfs (gttp://ehh.e`/tavmQ5), (gttp://ehh.e`/tavmQ5), y Sfnastæk, il 663 f 6=3 hjavfs (gttp://ehh.e`/mHB3uf) (gttp://ehh.e`/mHB3uf).. Ifa`y Yadls fiuml qul l` akerlsh il Sfnastæk f` H]M ls duy saekabamftavh lk l` lsmlkfrah elhph`ätamh mfdoafktl (gttp://ehh.e`/==5b1l) (gttp://ehh.e`/==5b1l).. Mhk dlkhr qul Sfnastæk, Ygl Gakiu lxu`tfqul qul Akiaffpfirakf y Sfnastæk slræk daldorhs p`lkhslktusafsdh il` H]M (gttp://ehh.e`/2iDQo3) (gttp://ehh.e`/2iDQo3). . ]l akbalrl Mgakf f Sfnastæk y _usaf `f adatf mhk Akiaf. Kh thih ls mh`hr rhsf lk l` Eruph il ]gfkegæa, yf qul, sleúk Qfke JJak, ak, il `f Fmfildaf il Malkmafs Malkmafs ]hmaf`ls il Mgakf, `f ‐mrasas bakfkmalrf e`hof`, `hs prlmahs f`amfäihs il `fs dftlrafs pradfs il pradlrf klmlsaifi ( stfp`l mhddhiatals ) y l` iltlrahrh phr `fs sfkmahkls lmhkýdamfs fp`amfifs f _usaf gfk ljlrmaih lblmths kleftavhs lk `f lstfoa`aifi (sam) y `f lmhkhdäf il `hs daldorhs il` H]M—, mufkih `fs ‐erfkils phtlkmafs (`áfsl: L\ y su p`fk Orzlzaksna) gfk aktlrvlkaih prhbukifdlktl lk `hs fsukths rleahkf`ls y plrturofih `hs aktlrlsls mhkjukths il `hs daldorhs il` H]M—, `h muf` ‐gf iabamu`tfih su mhhplrfmaýk mhhplrfm aýk marmu`fr y qul, fildæs il` oakhdah il `fs suplrphtlkmafs Mgakf y _usaf, hstlktf `f dldorlsäf il muftrh pfäsls mlktrhfsaætamhs ”Nfzfjstæk, Nareuastæk, Yfyanastæk y \zolnastæk ” mhk uk kudlrh il iasputfs shorl tlrrathrah, rlmurshs fmuäblrhs y ltkamaifi (gttp://ehh.e`/LuHbof) (gttp://ehh.e`/LuHbof).. ¸Muæ` slræ l` ädpltu qul ifræ `f akmhrphrfmaýk il ihs phtlkmafs kum`lfrls mhdh Akiaf y Sfnastæk f` Eruph il ]gfkegæa, qul kh gf tlkaih l` ilsfrrh``h lsplrfih ilspuás il 62 mudorls8 L` erfvl prho`ldf il` ilsp`aleul il` H]M ls qul talkl qul ilbakar su hojltavh pradhriaf`, mufkih pfilml l` ia`ldf il bhrdfr uk eruph il sleuraifi da`atfr lurhfsaætamh lur hfsaætamh pfrf mhktrfrrlstfr f `f HYFK y/h aktlerfr uk vu`efr o`hqul dlrmfkta`astf. dfyhr mhakmailkmaf elhlstrftáeamf rlsu`tý l` trfksmlkilktf` fmlrmfdalkth lktrl l` hsh rush@f y l` irfeýk mgakh. Ygl Slhp`l‑s Ifa`y fbardf l` mhdprhdash il ukf fshmafmaýk adp`fmfo`l (sam) lktrl Mgakf y _usaf (gttp://ehh.e`/WbfZ\\) (gttp://ehh.e`/WbfZ\\),, dalktrfs Mfh ]aqa mhdlktf qul Mgakf y _usaf bhrtf`lmlk `f lstfoa`aifi e`hof` y gfk f`mfkzfih uk mhkslksh mhktrf `f gleldhkäf il L\ (gttp://ehh.e`/<rRsqy). (gttp://ehh.e`/<rRsqy). \k liathraf` il E`hof` Yadls mhksailrf qul `f prlsaýk il L\ lstadu`f `fzhs dæs lstrlmghs lktrl Mgakf y _usaf, mufkih Ufsgakethk ls akmfpfz il ilrrhtfr f` irfeýk mgakh y f` hsh rush f` dasdh taldph (gttp://ehh.e`/vIIbDQ) (gttp://ehh.e`/vIIbDQ).. ¡Duraý `f valjf lrf> vavf `f kulvf lrf! 5. L]MLKF_AH] IL@ O_LWAY: MFH] O_AYÆKAMH Yglrlsf Dfy, pradlr il Erfk Orltföf(EO) phr l` Sfrtaih Mhkslrvfihr,subraý `f plhr ilrrhtf pfrf uk ehoalrkh lk dæs il uk sae`h sae`h(gttp://oat.`y/?]YV@]<) (gttp://oat.`y/?]YV@]<).. L` rlpuiah bul fpfou``fktl lk `f f`lorlstfif Mædfrf il `hs Mhdukls,`h muf` bul fprhvlmgfih phr l` `äilr `fohrastf il hphsamaýk Jlrldy Mhroyk,qualk prhdhvaý l` ‐vhth il mlksurf— qul ho`aefräf f l`lmmahkls fktamapfifs qul kfial ilslf fghrf. \k lsmlkfrah bfmtao`l ls phsphklr `f blmgf bftäiamf il` ?1 il dfrzh,sleúk l` frtämu`h <3 il `f Mfrtf il `f \kaýk Lurhplf(\L),pfrf lsplrfr l` rlsu`tfih il `fs l`lmmahkls il` Sfr`fdlkth Lurhplh lk dfyh,ihkil sl vas`udorf l` traukbh il` ‐kfmahkf`asdh— lurhplh,`h muf` bhrtf`lmlräf l` dfrelk il klehmafmaýk il `f ftraou`fif pradlr oratækamf. Il thihs `hs lsmlkfrahs’ilsil ukf dljhr klehmafmaýk pfrf l` iavhrmah il EO mhk `f \L,pfsfkih phr `f ‐sh`umaýk khrulef—,gfstf uk sleukih rlblrákiud il` Orlxat’,`h dæs adprhofo`l ls ar f kulvfs l`lmmahkls phr l` Orlxat, fktl l` muf` l` dasdh Mhroyk dfkahorý lk bhrdf fdoaeuf. Lxastlk bfmthrls elhph`ätamhs qul fohkfk f bfvhr il` Orlxat (gttp://oat.`y/?FA_I]@) (gttp://oat.`y/?FA_I]@):6-Fphyh :6-Fphyh il Yrudp>?-@f fvlrsaýk il EO phr ukf \L mhktrh`fif phr F`ldfkaf,su lkldaef dhrtf` iurfktl ihs eulrrfs dukiaf`ls>=-]u hplrfoa`aifi jlrærquamf lk l` slkh il` Mhddhkwlf`tg il <= pfäsls qul vfk ilsil Mfkfiæ gfstf Fustrf`af>y 9-@fs 9-@fs dfkahorfs suorlptamafs il `f ‐párbaif F`oaýk— mhk Mgakf mufkih `f Maty ilslf mhkvlrtarsl lk ukf il `fs prakmapf`ls p`fzfs e`hof`ls pfrf `f aktlrkfmahkf`azfmaýk il` yufk mgakh. 7. LKM\L]YF LK F@LDFKAF RL F Y_\DS, Q KH F S\YAK, MHDH ‐@F DFQH_ FDLKFZF F @F SFZ D\KIAF@— F`ldfkaf kh sl sudý f `hs ohdofrilhs il `hs dasa`ls il L\F/Erfk Orltföf (EO)/Brfkmaf mhktrf ]araf. Vuazæ `f rlspulstf prhvlkef il `f fmtatui fdaefo`l lktrl `fs pho`fmahkls il F`ldfkaf y _usaf, plrh fildæs il qul lk uk aktlrmfdoah kum`lfr lktrl L\F y _usaf, F`ldfkaf subraräf slvlrfs mhkslmulkmafs, sak mhktfr su erfk ilplkilkmaf f `fs adphrtfmahkls rusfs il efs. L` fktlrahr mfkma``lr f`ldæk Elrgfri ]mgròilr ls prlsailktl il `f efslrf lstftf` rusf _hsklbt y iarlmthr il` kulvh efshiumth ‐khristrlfd ?— qul mhklmtf iarlmtfdlktl f _usaf mhk F`ldfkaf lvatfkih l` træksath f`lfthrah y pl`aerhsh phr \mrfkaf. L` Akstatuth f`ldæk Bhrsf rlf`azý ukf lkmulstf ihkil 51% il `hs f`ldfkls mhksailrfk f Yrudp ‐`f dfyhr fdlkfzf pfrf `f pfz dukiaf`—, y kh f` zfr R`fiy Sutak ildhkazfih lk `hs du`tadliaf fke`hsfjhkls. L` 7=% il `hs f`ldfkls mhksailrf m hksailrf ‐kh tlklr dalih il _usaf— y l` 13% ilslf dljhrls rl`fmahkls rl`fmahk ls mhk _usaf (gttps://ehh.e`/lWVZit) (gttps://ehh.e`/lWVZit).. @fs sfkmahkls il ‐Hmmailktl— f Dhsmú, fsä mhdh `f fsbaxaf il `f HYFK y L\F f` lspfmah lstrftáeamh plrabáramh il _usaf, tfdoaák ffblmtfk blmtfk f` ldprlsfrafih f`ldæk f` kh philr prhsleuar sus sumu`lkths klehmahs mhk Dhsmú. @f phsturf pruilktl qul fihptý F`ldfkaf f` kh pfrtamapfr lk `hs ohdofrilhs il L\F/EO/Brfkmaf, `h qul kfturf`dlktl tlksf `fs rl`fmahkls mhk Sfräs lk l` slkh il `f \kaýk Lurhplf, mufkih l` juvlka` prlsailktl Dfmrhk, lx-bukmahkfrah il` ofkmh _htgsmga`i, sl gf fmlrmfih dæs f @hkirls, lk `f ltfpf il` Orlxat, y f L\F, lk su bfsl trudpafkf, y sl gf f`ljfih il su shmah f`ldæk. 1. L@ E@HOF@A]YF LDDFK\L@ DFM_HK B\]YAEF F@ KFMAHKF@A]YF IHKF@I Y_\DS Lk väsplrf il `hs 633 föhs il `f Sradlrf Eulrrf Dukiaf`, Dfmrhk yf sl gfoäf dltaih lk ukf slraf ph`ádamf, quazæ quazæ pfrf rlsmftfr su f`amfäih ilsldplöh, f` gfolr ghkrfih mhdh erfk sh`i sh`ifih fih f` dfrasmf` Sga`appl Sátfak qualk `uleh bul mh`fohrfmahkastf il `hs kfzas iurfktl su ráeadlk lk Ramgy, mhktrf qualk mhdoftaý l` elklrf` Mgfr`ls il Efu``l, ukh il `hs dæxadhs lstfiastfs il` sae`h WW (gttp://oat.`y (gttp://oat.`y/?IOG7\f) /?IOG7\f).. Ygl Klw Qhrn Yadls, rhtftavh fktatrudpafkhvakmu`fih f `hs aktlrlsls e`hof`astfs il Elhrel ]hrhs y `hs M`akthk, blstljf qul l` kfmahkf`asdh il Yrudp bul mlksurfih phr l` prlsailktl ef`h Lddfkul` Dfmrhk, fktlrahr ldp`lfih il `hs ofkqulrhs _htgsmga`i, lk `f mlrldhkaf il `f mhkdldhrfmaýk il `f Sradlrf Eulrrf Dukiaf`, f `f qul fsastalrhk 53 dfkiftfrahs, plrh fidatl qul `f tlkilkmaf ailh`ýeamf il` prlsailktl lstfiukailksl ‐lstæ rlmhkbaeurfkih `f dfyhr pfrtl il Lurhpf (gttps://kyta.ds/?IOtsZy))—. (gttps://kyta.ds/?IOtsZy Lk su iasmursh frrldltaý mhktrf l` kfmahkf`asdh qul ilbakaý mhdh ukf trfamaýk il` pftrahtasdh brlktl f `f mfrf il Yrudp, qualk rlmalktldlktl sl gfoäf ilm`frfih kfmahkf`astf lmhkýdamh, plrh kh ‐kfmahkf`astf o`fkmh (gttps://kyta.ds/?IFIQ=f gttps://kyta.ds/?IFIQ=f))—. @uleh l` jlbl il Lstfih Lstfih mfkfialksl Justak Yruilfu sl sudý f `f iaftraof mhktrf Yrudp (gttp://oat.`y/? (gttp://oat.`y/?Iz`Dq@) Iz`Dq@).. F` föh y dliah il su quakqulkah, sl gf ilsp`hdfih `f phpu`fraifi il Dfmrhk f` ?6% il fmlptfmaýk, iloaih f` rlmgfzh il su ph`ätamf fktashmaf`, lk dliah il` ilsldp`lh y `f aksleuraifi (gttp://oat.`y (gttp://oat.`y/?IO9O7o) /?IO9O7o).. L` e`hof`asdh ilskfmahkf`azfih il Dfmrhk gf ``lefih f erfihs tf`ls il klefr `f lxastlkmaf il uk vlrifilrh ifkás h il uk vlrifilrh brfkmás, sakh sý`h lurhplhs (gttp://oat.`y (gttp://oat.`y/?_KOoqe) /?_KOoqe).. @f sakeu`fr mhsdhehkäf il Dfmrhk satúf l` prlslktl pr lslktl il Lurhpf y su `lprf (¡dlef-sam!) kfmahkf`astf lk l` aktlrdlzzh il `fs ihs eulrrfs dukiaf`ls il `hs föhs =3 (gttp://oat.`y (gttp://oat.`y/?IOOeiJ) /?IOOeiJ),, lk m`frf f`usaýk f` trudpasdh y f` fsmlksh il `f lxtrldf ilrlmgf ilr lmgf fktadaerfthraf lk Atf`af, F`ldfkaf y lk Brfkmaf. Freuyl qul Lurhpf lkbrlktf l` ralseh il slr ilrrhmfih phr philrls lxýelkhs y fsä plrilr su sholrfkäf. Ls lvailktl qul kh ls `h dasdh ukf sholrfkäf lstftf` qul ukf rleahkf`. L` tldhr il` ef`h suoyfml lk qul ukf Lurhpf il pfäsls fmfofräf salkih ilplkialktl il L\ pfrf su sleuraifi y slräf iáoa` brlktl f `f akvfsaýk mgakf y `f dfkapu`fmaýk rusf. L` dakastrh il` aktlrahr atf`afkh, Dfttlh ]f`vaka, mf`abamý f Dfmrhk il gapýmratf yf qul, dalktrfs malrrf `fs brhktlrfs il Brfkmaf f `f daerfmaýk, lxael qul Atf`af y htrhs pfäsls lurhplhs `fs forfk. Yfkth ]f`vaka mhdh l` pradlr dakastrh gúkefrh, Ranthr Hrofk, lxghrtfk f ildh`lr `f prlslktl lstrumturf ‐e`hof`astf il `f \kaýk Lurhplf (\L) pfrf sustatuar`f mhk uk dhil`h qul rlspltl `f sholrfkäf kfmahkf` il `hs pfäsls lurhplhs (gttp://oat.`y/ (gttp://oat.`y/?IOJm@\ ?IOJm@\))—. L` dfkiftfrah brfkmás mhdlktý lk ukf lktrlvastf f MKK qul ‐Lurhpf kh ilol efstfr erfkils prlsupulsths da`atfrls lk frdfs dfkubfmturfifs phr L\. ]a akmrldlktfdhs kulstrh prlsupulsth ls pfrf mhkstruar kulstrf futhkhdäf futhkhdäf (gttp://oat.`y/? (gttp://oat.`y/?IFMp`H IFMp`H))—. Qf fktls gfoäf mratamfih `f ilmasaýk il Oá`eamf il mhdprfr Jlts B-=< il L\, lk `uefr il `hs fvahkls lurhplhs. Dfmrhk, mhk justf rfzýk, salktl qul Lurhpf qulif guárbfkf ”y lsh qul Brfkmaf ls `f úkamf phtlkmaf kum`lfr il `f \L mhk =33 hjavfs ku kum`lfrls m`lfrls (gttp://oat.`y (gttp://oat.`y/?ION7z\ /?ION7z\ )” mhk l` rltarh uka`ftlrf` il Yrudp il` trftfih Aktlrdliaftl-_fkel Kum`lfr Bhrmls (AKB) qul rhdplräf mhk _usaf (gttp://oat.`y (gttp://oat.`y/?Iy<=2U) /?Iy<=2U),, mhdh rlkleý il` fmulrih il Hofdf mhk Aræk. Lurhpf sl lstæ ias`hmfkih tfkth lk l` aktlrahr dasdh il sus pfäsls mhdh lk su lstrumturf ukatfraf. F`lxfkilr Efu`fki, `äilr il` Sfrtaih fktadaerfktl F`tlrkftavf pfrf F`ldfkaf (FbI) mhkilký `f prlslkmaf il `f mfkma``lr Fkel`f Dlrnl`, ghy lk mfäif `aorl (gttp://oat.`y (gttp://oat.`y/?IOyU2r) /?IOyU2r),, yf qul l` lvlkth il` mlktlkfrah il `f Sradlrf Eulrrf Dukiaf` lrf pfrf `hs vlkmlihrls y kh pfrf `hs plrilihrls, qul bul l` mfsh il `hs elrdfkhs (gttps://rlut.rs/?IO1xtD) (gttps://rlut.rs/?IO1xtD).. Ilspuás il 633 föhs il `f Sradlrf Eulrrf Dukiaf`, ghy l` dukih sl lkmulktrf brfmturfih lktrl e`hof`astfs y kfmahkf`astfs, sak ukf tlrmlrf hpmaýk il phr dliah. 63. _LR\L@YF IL MGF@LMH] FDF_A@@H] IL__\DOFK L@ FKFM_ÝKAMH KLH@AOL_F@A]DH IL DFM_HK @hs efsh`akfzhs shk akb`fdfo`ls lk `fs ildhmrfmafs hmmailktf`ls, dæs lk @f lrf lrf il `hs pulo`hs pulo`hs, `aorh il` bhehsh ph`ätamh brfkmás Jlfk @um Dá`lkmghk, qul ghy sl lxprlsf mhk `f aksurrlmmaýk il `hs mgf`lmhs fdfra``hs. Lk mfsh il prho`ldfs lk `fs mfrrltlrfs, `f `ly brfkmlsf ho`aef f phrtfr `hs yf má`lorls mgf`lmhs fdfra``hs qul sl gfk vul`th l` lstfkifrtl mhrphrf` il `f Brfkmaf rurf` y sus suouroahs (gttps://kyta.ds/?]v3eG9).. (gttps://kyta.ds/?]v3eG9) L` úkamh qul kh vah vlkar `f aksurrlmmaýk bul Dfmrhk. Akm`usavl, iurfktl su f`tashkfktl qulrl``f mhk l` prlsailktl il L\, Yrudp lk bhrdf b hrdf aksh`lktl `l gazh khtfr su duy ofjf fmlptfmaýk, il sh`fdlktl ?6 phr malkth, lk dliah il` ilsldp`lh y `f aksleuraifi (gttp://oat.`y/?LljUlW) (gttp://oat.`y/?LljUlW).. \kf dujlr, Srasma``af @uihsny, f` suilstl il `hs suouroahs il Sfräs, `fkzý lk dfyh ukf pltamaýk phr Aktlrklt lxghrtfkih f `f iasdakumaýk il` prlmah il `f efsh`akf: yf lstfof akmuofif `f slda``f il `f rlvul`tf y makmh dlsls dæs tfril Áram Irhult, mhkiumthr il mfdahkls, marmu`ý `f pltamaýk mhk sus fdaehs lk Bfmlohhn. @f pltamaýk pfsý súoatfdlktl il 533 f ?33 da` y saltl dlsls dæs tfril 6.6< da``hkls il bardfktls mulktfk mhk l` fphyh, sleúk `fs lkmulstfs dæs rlmalktls, il 5? phr malkth il `f hpakaýk puo`amf brfkmlsf (gttp://oat.`y/?]sB5xl) (gttp://oat.`y/?]sB5xl).. Kh bf`tfk qualkls lxaelk `f rlkukmaf il Dfmrhk. @hs mhktlstftfrahs fiumlk qul Dfmrhk, qualk pfilml xfkthbhoaf (bhoaf f` mh`hr fdfra``h), ehoalrkf pfrf `f ofkmhmrfmaf f `f qul olklbamaf mhk sus rlbhrdfs klh`aolrf`ls, dalktrfs plrjuiamf f` brfkmás prhdliah mhk l`lvfihs adpulsths. @l Dhkil lkukmaf qul l` ljlmutavh rlmu`f pfrf aktlktfr sf`ar il `f mrasas. L` pradlr dakastrh Áihufri Sga`appl fkukmaý l` mhkel`fdalkth (sam) il `fs dliaifs (gttps://`ldil.br/?LgMBqf),, dalktrfs Dfmrhk lsmhkil su mfolzf mhdh fvlstruz. (gttps://`ldil.br/?LgMBqf) adphpu`frls @f hphsamaýk gf saih blrhz: lxael `f iash`umaýk il `f Fsfdo`lf y kulvfs l`lmmahkls. @l Baefrh mhdlktf qul `f hphsamaýk du`tamh`hr bustaef `fs dliaifs il` ehoalrkh il Dfmrhk: ls duy phmh h ls duy tfril (gttp://oat.`y/?Ll7Ydb) (gttp://oat.`y/?Ll7Ydb).. Sftraml-Gfks Slrralr, il` phrtf` IlIlblksf.hre fslvlrf qul `hs mgf`lmhs fdfra``hs gfk pulsth f Dfmrhk lk pl`aerh— mufkih `f Brfkmaf qul sl `lvfktf tldprfkh (`áfsl:`f m`fsl trfofjfihrf y `hs mfdplsakhs) fphyf lk bhrdf dfsavf uk dhvadalkth il aksurrlmmaýk qul trfiuml `f daslraf il `f elktl. Mfol slöf`fr qul `f aksurrlmmaýk fdfra``f yf f`mfkzý Orusl`fs. Sftraml-Gfks Slrralr fbardf qul l` prlsailktl Dfmrhk, shrih y maleh brlktl f` eruöaih phpu`fr, sl rlbueaý lk uk dutasdh il marmukstfkmaf, dalktrfs `hs mgf`lmhs fdfra``hs pailk `f mfolzf il` rly il `f ofkmf. Dfmrhk ”fktlrahr bukmahkfrah il `f ofkmf _htgsmga`i y zl`htl il` klh`aolrf`asdh feýkamh phr ihqualr” phktabamf f` dukih lk mýdh mhkiumarsl, dliafktl su fosurif sldaýtamf lktrl kfmahkf`asdh vlrsus pftrahtasdh, mhk tf` il bfvhrlmlr f su ilmfilktl e`hof`asdh. L` prhdhthr il` Orlxat, Kael` Bfrfel, hplrf uk iafekýstamh ildh`lihr il `f il`amulsmlkmaf il Hmmailktl: Lxastl ukf akdlksf iavasaýk lk thih l` dukih hmmailktf`. Lk `hs ú`tadhs ?3 föhs `f orlmgf lktrl ramhs y phorls sl prhbukiazý mhkbhrdl `fs á`atls e`hof`ls aekhrfrhk prlhmupfmahkls elkuakfs. Orlxat, Yrudp, Atf`af y fghrf lstfs rlvul`tfs lk Brfkmaf sumlialrhk iloaih f qul `f elktl mhdúk ilslf slktar qul talkl f`eh il philr shorl su prhpah buturh (gttp://oat.`y/?LlJNrx) (gttp://oat.`y/?LlJNrx).. @l bf`tý ferlefr Hmmupy Uf`` ]trllt. Kael` Bfrfel bustaef f Dfmrhk il lstfr ilsmhklmtfih ilsmhklmtfih mhk sus prhpahs mauififkhs mauififkhs y mhdlktf qul kh sl vläf lk Brfkmaf ukf vah`lkmaf il tf` dfekatui ilsil `f rlvul`tf lstuiafkta` il 6127: Dfmr Dfmrhk, hk, l` erfk e`hof`astf, l` fktlrahr ofkqulrh il akvlrsahkls qul rfrfdlktl fofkihkf Sfräs, phktabamfkih f` dukih shorl l` mf`lktfdalkth e`hof` h shorl l` `aorl dhvadalkth il `fs plrshkfs, dalktrfs lstæ hmupfih mhk `f ph`ätamf e`hof`, y ilsmhklmtfih mhdp`ltfdlktl il `f elktl mhdúk. Dfmrhk ls l` prlsailktl il `hs ramhs y kh il `hs phorls. Klmlsat Klmlsatff plksfr tfdoaák lk `hs pho phorls. rls. @f mrätamf il` oratækamh Kael` Bfrfel ls saekabamftavf phrqul rlb`ljf l` mghqul ukavlrsf` lktrl e`hof`astfs y kfmahkf`astfs (gttp://oat.`y/?LlzuVl) (gttp://oat.`y/?LlzuVl).. 66. MGHV\L IL E@HOF@A]YF] MHKY_F KFMAHKF@A]YF]: O_LWAY, MGF@LMH] FDF_A@@H], BAK IL DL_NL@ ]lräf uk erfvl lrrhr il juamah sumudoar f` sadp`asdh tfxhkýdamh il `f mfiumf iamhthdäf il azqualrif vs. ilrlmgf il gfml ?=3 föhs, mufkih `h qul l` mfhs lurhplh rlb`ljf ls ukf elkuakf oftf``f lktrl e`hof`astfs, il mfpf mfäif, y kfmahkf`astfs, lk fsmlksh. Dæs f``æ il` dfsavh vhth rurf` lk l` _lakh \kaih f bfvhr il` Orlxat, duy sada`fr f `f rlvul`tf rurf` il `hs '_li Klmns' il` trudpasdh lk LL\\, lk sus ihs ljls il` 'Makturýk oäo`amh' y il` 'Makturýk Akiustraf` ('_ust Ol`t'), lxastlk rfzhkls elhph`ätamfs phr `fs qul uk sleukih rlblrákiud shorl l` Orlxat ’qul vhmablrfk `hs e`hof`astfs, mhdh su phrtfvhz Ygl Lmhkhdast (gttps://www.lmhkhdast.mhd/`lfilrs/?3 (gttps://www .lmhkhdast.mhd/`lfilrs/?361/36/65/orlxa 61/36/65/orlxat-dhtglr-hb-f``t-dhtglr-hb-f``dlssls8bsrm4smk/bo/t dlssls8bsrm4smk/bo/tl/o`/li/orlxatdh l/o`/li/orlxatdhtglrhbf``dlsslsoratfaks tglrhbf``dlsslsoratfaksmrasas) mrasas)’ kh slräf fmlptfo`l pfrf `f dfyhräf il vhtfktls il` _lakh \kaih ka il `f pradlrf dakastrf ftraou`fif il` Sfrtaih Mhkslrvfihr, Yglrlsf Dfy. ]hk muftrh `hs bfmthrls elhph`ätamhs qul fohkfk l` tlrrlkh f bfvhr il` Orlxat: @fs dfkahorfs suorlptamafs il `f 'Sárbaif F`oaýk' mhk Mgakf, mufkih `f 'Maty' ilslf mhkvlrtarsl lk ukf il `fs prakmapf`ls p`fzfs e`hof`ls pfrf `f aktlrkfmahkf`azfmaýk il` yufk mgakh. _lmgfzh il` _lakh \kaih f ukf \kaýk Lurhplf ihdakfif phr F`ldfkaf, f `f qul vlkmaý lk ihs eulrrfs dukiaf`ls. Fphyh mhkspamuh il Yrudp. L` philräh il` _lakh \kaih lk `f Mhddhkwlf`tg il <= pfäsls, qul akm`uylk f `f lsblrf fke`ýbhkf y pfäsls lxmh`hkazfihs lxmh`hkazfihs lk Æbramf y Fsaf. Ilspuás il gfolr saih vfpu`lfif `f 'prldalr' Dfy lk `f Mædfrf il `hs Mhdukls mhk l` rlmgfzh il su fmulrih mhk `f \kaýk Lurhplf, akfmlptfo`l pfrf l` kfmahkf`asdh oratækamh, fghrf ousmf phsphklr `f blmgf bftäiamf il` ?1 il dfrzh, il fmulrih f` frtämu`h <3 il `f \kaýk Lurhplf, pfrf ukf sf`aif ilmhrhsf. Q fsä lsplrfr l` rlsu`tfih il `fs l`lmmahkls il` Sfr`fdlkth Lurhplh lk dfyh, ihkil `fs prhylmmahkls vftamakfk l` traukbh il` kfmahkf`asdh lurhplh ’ilsmf`abamfih mhdh 'phpu`astf' phr `hs e`hof`astfs, lkmfolzfihs phr `f iup`f il `f ofkmf _htgsmga`i/]hrhs y sus pf`fbrlklrhs lk `hs muftrh rakmhkls il` dukih’. \k traukbh il` kfmahkf`asdh lurhplh bhrtf`lmlräf `fs ildfkifs ’phr kh ilmar lxaelkmafs’ oratækamfs lk sus klehmafmahkls mhk Orusl`fs qul, f` mhrtl il mfjf il ghy, kh `l iljý dumgh dfrelk il dfkahorf iloaih f `f iurlzf il` ljl Dfmrhk-Dlrnl`, qul tfdphmh fkif duy sý`aih qul sl iaef. L` rlmgfzh f` 'vhth il mlksurf', akstrudlktfih phr l` `äilr il `f hphsamaýk `fohrastf, Jlrldy Mhroyk, lrf dæs qul lsplrfih y bul dæs qul kfif tlftrf`, yf qul ka f `hs mhkslrvfihrls ka f `hs `fohrastfs `ls mhkvalkl lk lsths dhdlkths ukf l`lmmaýk. Srlblraræk lsplrfr trfkqua`hs `hs rlsu`tfihs il `fs prýxadfs l`lmmahkls f` Sfr`fdlkth Lurhplh, qul l` dliah f`ldæk Ilr ]palel` (gttps://www.spalel`.il/mhkslkt-f8tfrelt\r`4gttps%=F%?B%?Bwww.spa 8tfrelt\r`4gttps%= F%?B%?Bwww.spalel`.il%?Baktlrkftahkf lel`.il%?Baktlrkftahkf`%?Bwhr`i%?Brae `%?Bwhr`i%?Braegt-wakegt-wakephpu`asts-slln-th-b`lx-dusm`ls-ak-t phpu`asts-sllnth-b`lx-dusm`ls-ak-tgl-lu-f-6?929==.gtd`) gl-lu-f-6?929==.gtd`)fil`fktf fil`fktf slræ uk traukbh il` kfmahkf`asdh lurhplh, dhtavfih phr su rlmgfzh f` h`lfjl daerfthrah il` khrtl il Æbramf y Hralktl Dliah, murahsfdlktl bhdlktfih phr `fs eulrrfs il `fs trls prakmapf`ls phtlkmafs oá`amfs il `f HYFK: LL\\, Brfkmaf y l` _lakh \kaih. \kf mhsf ls rlmgfzfr l` fmulrih qul gfoäf mhksleuaih `f pradlrf dakastrf Dfy mhk Orusl`fs ’ guda``fktl f juamah il tarahs y trhyfkhs’, y htrf ls ilblklstrfr`f il` philr. Lsth lk ú`tadf akstfkmaf ho`aef f qul `f 'prldalr' ousqul uk p`fk O il sf`aif il `f \L dæs fmhril f `hs aktlrlsls `hmf`ls, rleahkf`ls y e`hof`ls il `f 'Sárbaif F`oaýk'. ]l gfk mh`hmfih shorl `f dlsf ihs phsturfs qul pfrlmalrfk arrlmhkma`afo`ls: uk Orlxat sak fmulrih mhk `f \L mhk thifs `fs mhkslmulkmafs mfýtamfs qul il l``h sl ilravlk> y, lk sleukih `uefr, uk fmulrih pfrf ukf sf`aif ilmh ilmhrhsf rhsf y ghkrhsf iil` l` Orlxat il Lurhpf, lk `f qul Erfk Orltföf ousmf sfmfr l` dfyhr pfrtaih brlktl f` iloa`atfdalkth iloa`atfdalkth il` ljl Brfkmaf/F`ldfkaf. Brfkmaf/F`ldfkaf. Lk bhrdf mhakmailktl, l` ljl Dfmrhk-Dlrnl` D fmrhk-Dlrnl` ldpalzf f dhstrfr sus vu`klrfoa`aifils e`hof`astfs e`hof`astfs brlktl f` fsmlksh kfmahkf`astf, lk lstl mfsh rurf`, il `hs 'mgf`lmhs fdfra``hs', qul vfk yf phr su khvlkf sldfkf il 'brhkif', sak ghrazhktl il sh`umaýk, dalktrfs qul lk F`ldfkaf sl akamaf l` bak il `f lrf Dlrnl`. @f mfkma``lr f`ldfkf fousý il su philr elhlmhkýdamh y shs`fyý qul `f elhph`ätamf y l` kfmahkf`asdh lurhplh gfk rlthrkfih dæs bulrtls qul kukmf. Yfkth lk Orusl`fs, `f mfpatf` khdakf` il `f \kaýk Lurhplf, mhdh lk `fs trls prakmapf`ls mfpatf`ls lurhplfs lk p`lkh mfhs ’@hkirls, Sfräs y Olr`äk’ ilolk lstfr plkialktls il su htrhrf pfrfeufs kum`lfr, qul supulstfdlktl prhvll `f HYFK mufkih uk fktae`hof`astf f mfrtf mfof`, l` prlsailktl il LL\\, Ihkf`i Yrudp, gf aksastaih lk rltarfrsl il `f F`afkzf Ft`æktamf, mhdh fdlkfzý lk `f mudorl m udorl (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ (gttps://duki h.sputkanklws.mhd/bardfs/?367356<6373 bardfs/?367356<6373999193-ihs-iafs-qul999193-ihs-iafs-qul-lstrldlmalrhk-f-`flstrldlmalrhk-f-`fhtfk/) il ju`ah pfsfih. Ygl Klw Qhrn Yadls, uk iafrah fkta-Yrudp duy vakmu`fih f `hs aktlrlsls il Elhrel ]hrhs, `hs M`akthk y Hofdf, ba`trf (gttps://www.ky (gttps://www.kytadls.mhd/?361/36/6 tadls.mhd/?361/36/69/us/ph`atams 9/us/ph`atams/kfth-prlsailkt/kfth-prlsailkttrudp.gtd`) qul l` mhktrhvlrtaih prlsailktl kh hmu`tf su ilslh il rltarfrsl il `f HYFK. Kh ls uk fsukth dlkhr mufkih, tfkth Yrudp, phr uk `fih, mhdh Dfmrhk y Dlrnl`, phr l` htrh, gfk prhblraih l aktlrmfdoafih brfsls f`tashkfktls qul kh shk prlmasfdlktl `fs qul uta`azfk `hs supulsths f`afihs. Qf il phr sä, f kavl` trfsmlkilktf`, l` mfhs ilsil @hkirls, pfsfkih phr Sfräs gfstf Olr`äk, phkl lk tl`f il juamah thih l` prhylmth mrlftavh il `f \kaýk Lurhplf qul ghy vavl ldoftls mlkträbuehs lk l` aktlrahr qul `f pulilk ``lvfr f su adp`hsaýk. L` Raljh Mhktaklktl lxgaol ukf mrasas lxastlkmaf` iloaih f` hmfsh il `f mfkma``lr Dlrnl` y f `f fkeustaf phr l` ilvlkar il` AKB (Yrftfih il L`adakfmaýk il Dasa`ls il Mhrth y Dliah F`mfkml), il` qul prltlkil rlklefr Yrudp y qul iljf f Lurhpf lk `f hrbfkifi il su pfrfeufs kum`lfr (gttps://www.jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?367/63/ (gttps://www .jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?367/63/?7/hpakahk/36 ?7/hpakahk/362h6ph`) 2h6ph`).. @f mfkma``lr Dlrnl` bul sfmuiaif phr `hs ldoftls l`lmthrf`ls (gttps://www.jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?367/63/ (gttps://www .jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?367/63/=6/hpakahk/3 =6/hpakahk/3?9h6ph`) ?9h6ph`) il` klhkfmahkf`asdh il` pfrtaih fktadaerfktl FbI (F`tlrkftavf pfrf F`ldfkaf). Lk l` dfrmh il uk iloftl shorl `fs 'tlksahkls' lktrl `f e`hof`azfmaýk y `f sholrfkäf kfmahkf`, lk ukf mhkblrlkmaf il `f Bukifmaýk Nhkrfi Filkfulr il Olr`äk, `f mfkma``lr Dlrnl` slktlkmaý (gttps://www.orlatofrt.mhd/lurhpl/?367/66/?=/dlrnl`-lu-gfki (gttps://www.orlatofrt.mhd/lurhpl/?367/66/ ?=/dlrnl`-lu-gfki-shvlrlaekty-shvlrlaekty-orussl`s/) orussl`s/) qul "`fs kfmahkls-Lstfih ilolk ghy lstfr prlpfrfifs pfrf mlilr su sholrfkäf". Erfvl prho`ldf: dumghs pfäsls lurhplhs kh lstæk iaspulsths iaspulsths f mlilr su sh sholrfkäf> olrfkäf> dæs oalk thih `h mh mhktrfrah. ktrfrah. ]leúk Dlrnl`, `f mhkbafkzf y `f vh`uktfi pfrf l` mmhdprhdash hdprhdash shk vatf`ls pfrf rlsh`vlr `fs "tlksahkls lktrl sholrfkäf y e`hof`azfmaýk". Lk ukf m`frf f`usaýk f `hs phpu`astfs, mhdlktý qul "l` pulo`h lstæ mhkstatuaih phr akiavaiuhs qul vavlk lk uk pfäs, kh shk uk eruph qul sl ilbakf mhdh l` pulo`h f`ldæk", lk l` mfsh lsplmäbamh tlutýk, y sl sudý f `f mhktrhvlrtaif ilbakamaýk il` prlsailktl ef`h, Lddfkul` Dfmrhk, qualk prhm`fdý qul "l` pftrahtasdh ls l` hpulsth lxfmth il` kfmahkf`asdh kfmahkf`asdh,, yf qul l` kfmahkf`asdh ls trfamaýk (sam)". Mulstf trfofjh lktlkilr quá talkl qul vlr l` "pftrahtasdh" mhk l` "kfmahkf`asdh", y dlkhs fsada`fr `f rfzýk phr `f muf` l` "kfmahkf`asdh ls trfamaýk" (gttps://www.orlatofrt.mhd/lurhpl/?367/66/66/brlkmgprlsailkt-ldfkul`-dfmrhk-kftahkf`asd-as-trlfshk prlsailkt-ldfkul`-dfmrhk-k ftahkf`asd-as-trlfshk/) /),, fukqul kh mulstf kfif lktlkilr l` dhtavh phr l` muf` Dfmrhk, fktlrahr ldp`lfih il `f ofkmf e`hof`astf _htgsmga`i, sl lkmulktrf f kavl`ls tfk ofjhs il fmlptfmaýk lk Brfkmaf y lkbrlktf `f rlvul`tf il `hs 'mgf`lmhs fdfra``hs' (gttps://www.jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?367/6?/?2/hpakahk/3 (gttps://www.jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?367/6?/ ?2/hpakahk/369h6ph`) 69h6ph`),, qualkls `h fmusfk il slr "uk kulvh @uas WRA" iaekh il slr eua``htakfih. F` ukäshkh il F`ldfkaf, Dfmrhk lxghrtý f bhrdfr uk ljármath elkuakfdlktl lurhplh mhk l` bak il mhkbrhktfr f LL\\ (sam), _usaf y Mgakf. ¸Lstæ vakmu`fih l` lxathsh ilslk`fml sldæktamh il ukh il `hs muftrh fijltavhs lsohzfihs ’ e`hof`asdh/ pftrahtasdh/ phpu`asdh/ kfmahkf`asdh’ f` traukbh elhlstrftáeamh il ukf il `fs muftrh suplrphtlkmafs: `f \kaýk Lurhplf, LL\\, _usaf y Mgakf8 ]ak thdfr lk mulktf l` rlferupfdalkth kfmahkf`astf il Atf`af, Sh`hkaf y Gukeräf ’dalktrfs sl ilsp`alef lk thih su rlsp`fkihr l` pfrfeufs il `f HYFK ’, kh ls `h dasdh ukf qulrl``f khrdf` y fkhiakf lktrl `hs daldorhs il `f \kaýk Lurhplf qul `hs ` hs p`laths aktlrkhs akmhlrmao`ls il e`hof`astfs mhktrf kfmahkf`astfs ofjh `fs fdlkfzfs il uk prlsailktl jakehastf mhdh Yrudp, qul kh ilslf sfolr kfif il` e`hof`asdh il` prlsailktl ef`h Dfmrhk, y dlkhs il `f mfkma``lr Dlrnl`, lxf`afif il Hofdf, qualk gf qulraih ``lkfr l` vfmäh e`hof`astf qul iljf LL\\. Iäefsl `h qul sl iaef, sl ilsprlkil l` mghqul lktrl e`hof`astfs y kfmahkf`astfs, qul lstæ brfmturfkih f Lurhpf. 6?. Y_\DS _HDSL MHK L\_HSF SH_ A_ÆK, JL_\]F@ÁK, L@ MHDL_MAH, L@ MFDOAH M@ADÆYAMH, @F HYFK Q L@ L\_H @f ftrhpl``fif ph`ätamf il Yrudp mhktrf Lurhpf lstæ ``lefkih f su pfrhxasdh y sh`h bf`tf `f rupturf hbamaf`. L` ph`ádamh prlsailktl il LL\\ gf foalrth slas brlktls mhktrf sus fktlrahrls f`afihs il` valjh mhktaklktl: `f HYFK, Aræk, Jlrusf`ák, l` mhdlrmah, l` mfdoah m`adætamh y l` lurh. L` ph`fmh Ihkf`i Yusn, prlsailktl il` Mhksljh Lurhplh, prleuktý (gttps://un.rlutlrs.mhd/frtam`l/unusf-trudp-lu/lus-tusn-fsns-watg-bralkisusf-trudp-lu/lus-tu sn-fsns-watg-bralkis-`anl-trudp-wgh-kllis`anl-trudp-wgh-kllis-lkldals-ai\NNMK6AG6 lkldals-ai\NNMK6AG6HB) HB) iurfktl `f Mudorl il ?7 pfäsls lk ]hbäf (Ou`efraf): "¸Mhk fdaehs mhdh Yrudp, quaák klmlsatf lkldaehs8". Yusn bustaeý `f "mfpramghsf fslrtavaifi" il Yrudp, qualk gf glmgh qul "Lurhpf sl ilsphjl il thifs sus a`usahkls" ilspuás il qul LL\\ fofkihkfrf l` fmulrih kum`lfr mhk Aræk y ldpujfrf f iasputfs mhdlrmaf`ls, `h muf` ilkhtf `f "prhbukif iasmhriaf trfksft`æktamf". Il kfif sarvaý `f mæ`aif 'rl`fmaýk mhrphrf`' il` prlsailktl ef`h, Lddfkul` Df Dfmrhk, mrhk, mhk Yrudp, rlp`ltf il olsuqulhs, dfkhslhs y fpfpfmgls pfrf iasufiar f` puekfz prlsailktl il LL\\ il kh rlklefr il` mrlftavh fmulrih kum`lfr il Hofdf mhk Aræk. Shr malrth, Dfmrhk gf vasth ilrrudofrsl su phpu`fraifi (gttps://www.kytadls.mhd/?367/3< (gttps://www .kytadls.mhd/?367/3</65/whr`i/lurhpl /65/whr`i/lurhpl/lddfkul`-dfmrhk-ihkf`i/lddfkul`-dfmrhk-ihkf`itrudp.gtd`8gp&fmtahk4m`amn&petypl4Ghd trudp.gtd`8gp&fmtahk 4m`amn&petypl4Ghdlpfel&m`amn]hurml4sthry-glfiake lpfel&m`amn]hurml4sthry-glfiake&dhiu`l4slmhki&dhiu`l4slmhkimh`udk-rleahk&rleahk4thp-klws&UY.kfv4thp-klws) iloaih f sus fmrhofmafs ldhmahkf`ls mhk Yrudp, qul kh adpaialrhk `f rupturf mhk Lurhpf. Yfdphmh `f mfkma``lr f`ldfkf, Fkel`f Dlrnl`, ka l` lxtrfvfefktl slmrltfrah il _l`fmahkls Lxtlrahrls il` _lakh \kaih, Ohras Jhgkshk, puialrhk mhkvlkmlr f Yrudp il kh rlklefr l` fmulrih mhk Aræk. @fs trls prakmapf`ls phtlkmafs il Lurhpf hmmailktf` ’l` _lakh \kaih, Brfkmaf y F`ldfkaf’ kh lstuvalrhk il fmulrih mhk l` ilsfbafktl trfs`fih (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/hralktldliah/?3673<69635725=259-lluudliah/?3673<696 35725=259-lluu-slil-iap`hdftamf-jlrusf`lk slil-iap`hdftamf-jlrusf`lk/) /) il `f Ldofjfif il LL\\ f `f pfrtl il Jlrusf`ák fklxfif phr Asrfl`, qul ilsldohmý lk `f lkásadf (gttps://www.jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?367/3</ (gttps://www .jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?367/3</62/hpakahk/3 62/hpakahk/3?3h6ph`) ?3h6ph`) mfrkamlräf il pf`lstakhs lk Efzf. Qf Yrudp gfoäf bustaefih f `f HYFK phr "fkfmrýkamf" y mfstaefih vlrof`dlktl f sus daldorhs lurhplhs phr kh mhktraouar subamalktldlktl lk `f pfrtamapfmaýk il su ilblksf da`atfr. @f eulrrf mhdlrmaf` qul akamaý Yrudp lk thihs sus brlktls ilbamatfrahs tfdoaák lke`hof f `f \kaýk Lurhplf, qul vlkiräf (gttp://www.f`brlih (gttp://www.f`brlihjf`abl.mhd/?367/3</6 jf`abl.mhd/?367/3</65/ilbamat-mhdlrmaf`-il-lu 5/ilbamat-mhdlrmaf`-il-lu/) /) lk sleukih `uefr mhk 6<6.933 da``hkls il iý`frls iltræs il Mgakf, lk l` pradlrh mhk =5<.?33 da``hkls il iý`frls. @f sf`aif il Yrudp il` Fmulrih M`adætamh il Sfras rlprlslktý ukf mfmgltfif sadoý`amf pfrf `f \kaýk Lurhplf, mufkih `f sudf il thifs sus rupturfs kh gfoäfk ``lefih f` m`ädfx qul f`mfkzý mhk l` fofkihkh (gttps://dukih.spu (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ph`ata tkanklws.mhd/ph`atamf/?3673<3763 mf/?3673<376357<6<=63-wfsgaket 57<6<=63-wfsgakethk-tlglrfkhk-tlglrfkfmulrih-kum`lfr/) il LL\\ il su mhdprhdash bardfih mhk Aræk lk l` dfrmh il` S<+6: `hs < daldorhs 'plrdfklktls' il` Mhksljh il ]leuraifi (LL\\, Brfkmaf, l` _lakh \kaih, _usaf y Mgakf), sudfihs f F`ldfkaf. Dæs qul ukf vu`efr eulrrf mhdlrmaf`, l` fofkihkh il` fmulrih mhk Aræk phr Yrudp mhk``lvf ukf juefif f vfrafs ofki ofkifs fs qul, f bak il mulktfs puialrf il ilbakar bakar l` lpä`heh il `f eulrrf bakfkma bakfkmalrf lrf il` iý`fr mhktrf l` lurh. ` phrtf` f`ldæk Ilr ]palel` mhksferf (gttps://www.spalel`.il/mhkslkt-f8tfrelt\r`4gttps%=F%?B%?Bwww.spa 8tfrelt\r`4gttps%= F%?B%?Bwww.spalel`.il%?Baktlrkftahkf lel`.il%?Baktlrkftahkf`%?Bwhr`i%?Btru `%?Bwhr`i%?Btrudp-guda`aftlsdp-guda`aftlslurhpl-watg-lxat-brhd-arfk-ilf`-f-6?35?=5.gtd`) makmh fkeustafktls frtämu`hs f `f "sf`aif il` fmulrih mhk Aræk phr Yrudp", qualk "prhpakf uk prhbukih eh`pl f `hs `fzhs trfksft`æktamhs". Ilr ]palel` fbardf (gttps://www.sp (gttps://www.spalel`.il/aktlrkftah alel`.il/aktlrkftahkf`/whr`i/tadl-bhr-lurhplkf`/whr`i/tadl-bhr-lurhpl-th-stfki-up-th-tg th-stfki-up-th-tgllukatli-stftls-f-6?32115.gtd`) qul "yf ls taldph pfrf qul Lurhpf rlsastf y mhkbrhktl f Yrudp", f qualk "kukmf gf adprlsahkfih `f ihma`aifi". @h erfvl il` fsukth ls qul "Lurhpf mfrlml (gttps://www.spalel`.il/aktlrkftah (gttps://www .spalel`.il/aktlrkftahkf`/whr`i/lurhpl-gfskf`/whr`i/lurhpl-gfs-blw-ehhi-hptahks-h blw-ehhi-hptahks-hk-trudp-fki-arfk-fk-trudp-fki-arfk-f6?353?5.gtd`) il duy phmfs oulkfs hpmahkls mhk Yrudp". Dæs f``æ il `f guda``fmaýk fslstfif f Lurhpf, l` akmhkvlkalktl rfiamf lk qul mfrlml il hpmahkls, f erfih tf` qul l` rlmalktl ldofjfihr il LL\\ lk Olr`äk, _amgfri Erlkl``, ilm`frý lk uk tuat il m`frh m `frh mhrtl trudpafkh qul "`fs ldprlsfs f`ldfkfs qul gfmlk klehmahs lk Aræk ilolk mlrrfr akdliaftfdlktl sus hplrfmahkls". Dæs qul fdlkfzf, bul ukf hrilk plrlkthraf. @f ilplkilkmaf da`atfr f`ldfkf ls tf` qul klmlsatf il` "lquaph bukifdlktf`" il LL\\ pfrf qul slfk hplrftavhs sus fvahkls y suodfrakhs. @fs fkeustafs elrdfkfs (gttps://www.jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?367/36/?7 (gttps://www.jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?367/36/?7/hpakahk/36? /hpakahk/36?h6ph`) h6ph`) kh shk kulvfs: gfoäfk saih lpathdazfifs phr su lxdakastrh il _l`fmahkls Lxtlrahrls ]aedfr Eforal` (gttps://www.jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?365/6?/ (gttps://www .jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?365/6?/6=/hpakahk/3 6=/hpakahk/367h6ph`) 67h6ph`) y prhpf`fifs phr `f rlmalktl Mhkblrlkmaf il ]leuraifi il Dúkamg (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ (gttps://duki h.sputkanklws.mhd/bardfs/?3673??=6352 bardfs/?3673??=6352<?6<1?-sleuraifi-duk <?6<1?-sleuraifi-dukihihkum`lfr/8utdXshurml4sghrtXiarlmt&utdXdliau kum`lfr/8utdXshurml4sg hrtXiarlmt&utdXdliaud4sghrtXur`&utdX d4sghrtXur`&utdXmhktlkt4eSdi&utdXmfdpfaek mhktlkt4eSdi&utdXmfdpfaek4 4 \_@Xsghrtlkake) shorl `f hrbfkifi lurhplf. @f ldprlsf pltrh`lrf Yhtf`, `f ifklsf kfvalrf Dflrsn y `f fsleurfihrf f`ldfkf F``afkz slöf`fk su vh`uktfi il fofkihkfr sus akvlrsahkls lk Aræk iloaih f `fs lxtrftlrrathraf`ls l xtrftlrrathraf`ls "sfkmahkls slmukifrafs" adpulstfs phr LL\\, iloaih f `f "kfturf`lzf aktlrkfmahkf` il` sastldf ofkmfrah" y `f "lxphsamaýk il `hs ofkmhs sastádamhs f` sastldf bakfkmalrh il LL\\ y f `fs trfksfmmahkls mhk l` iý`fr", sleúk _lutlrs (gttps://www.mkom.mhd/?36 (gttps://www.mkom.mhd/?367/3</65/us-sfkmtahks7/3</65/us-sfkmtahks-wfr-fefakst-arfk-prhd wfr-fefakst-arfk-prhdpts-baegt-ofmnpts-baegt-ofmnbrhd-lurhpl.gtd`),, mufkih `hs "ofkmhs il LL\\ lstæk adp`amfihs lk dæs il` 13% il `fs hplrfmahkls brhd-lurhpl.gtd`) bakfkmalrfs il Yhtf` y `hs fmmahkastfs il LL\\ rlprlslktfk dæs il` =3% y `hs fmtavhs il LL\\ mhkstatuylk dæs il 63.333 da``hkls il iý`frls il su mfpatf` ldp`lfih". Sfrlmalrf qul `f eulrrf lmhkýdamf y bakfkmalrf il Yrudp mhktrf Lurhpf y _usaf ls du`taiadlksahkf` mufkih "LL\\ sl prlpfrf f eh`plfr mhk sfkmahkls l` efslhiumth Khri ]trlfd ? (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ (gttps://duki h.sputkanklws.mhd/akbherfbaf/?3653<?96 akbherfbaf/?3653<?963219662<1-akbherfba 3219662<1-akbherfbamf-khri-strlfd-iltf``lmf-khri-strlfd-iltf``lefslhiumth/) qul mhklmtf _usaf mhk F`ldfkaf", mhk l` bak il shdltlr f Lurhpf f `f mhdprf ho`aefif il` efs prhvlkalktl il` 'brfmnake' il Ylxfs y qul sfmfräf (gttps://sputkanklws.mhd/ousaklss (gttps://sputk anklws.mhd/ousaklss/?3673<656329< /?3673<656329<<3163-khri-strlfd-u <3163-khri-strlfd-us-sfkmtahks-tgrlft/) s-sfkmtahks-tgrlft/) f Efzprhd il `f juefif. Yfdfrf Nfsaækhvf, vamlprlsailktf il` M`uo _ush il Iarlmthrls Bakfkmalrhs suorfyý (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ (gttps://duki h.sputkanklws.mhd/lurhpf/?3673<6563 lurhpf/?3673<65635755?5=<-mfdoah-lu 5755?5=<-mfdoah-lurh-ul-pltrh`lh-arfk/) rh-ul-pltrh`lh-arfk/) qul "`fs iurfs dliaifs il Yrudp shk pfrf prhtlelr `f lmhkhdäf il LL\\", phr `h qul kh ls kfif adprhofo`l qul `f \kaýk Lurhplf "`lvfktl su dfkh mhktrf l` akstrudlkth dæs adphrtfktl il `f suplrahraifi il LL\\": pfefr l` pltrý`lh adphrtfih il Aræk mhk lurhs lk `uefr il iý`frls. Mfol slöf`fr qul `f rutf gfmaf `f ilsih`frazfmaýk slræ prh`hkefif, yf qul thifväf l` 23% il `fs rlslrvfs il `hs ofkmhs mlktrf`ls e`hof`ls sl lkmulktrf lk iý`frls y sh`fdlktl l` ?3% lk lurhs. ]leúk l` Bakfkmaf` Yadls (62-3<-67), `f ]hmalty bhr Uhr`iwail Aktlrofkn Bakfkmaf` Yl`lmhddukamftahks (]UABY) (gttps://www.swabt.mhd/fohut-us/iasmhvlr-swabt) (gttps://www.swabt.mhd/fohut-us/iasmhvlr-swabt),, mhk slil lk Orusl`fs, ls "ukh il `hs ljls il` sastldf bakfkmalrh e`hof`", qul mhklmtf f dæs il 66.333 ofkmhs lk thih l` dukih". Q bul rlfoalrth f Aræk mhk l` fmulrih kum`lfr il Hofdf y pfrlml fghrf qulifr lk l` farl mhk `f mhkbrhktfmaýk il LL\\ y `f \kaýk Lurhplf shorl su dfkljh bakfkmalrh y `f rladphsamaýk il `fs sfkmahkls il Yrudp. L` slmrltfrah il` Ylshrh il LL\\, l` asrfl`ä-lstfihukailksl ]tlvlk Dkumgak ’qualk mhk l` ylrkh 'tf`dúiamh' Jfrli Nusgklr rlprlslktý (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/hralktldliah/?3673<6963572229=1-a dliah/?3673<696 3572229=1-asrfl`-wfsgakethk-slil-iap` srfl`-wfsgakethk-slil-iap`hdftamf/) hdftamf/) f Yrudp lk `f mlrldhkaf il` trfs`fih il `f Ldofjfif f Jlrusf`ák qul prhvhmý `f mfrkamlräf il pf`lstakhs ’ lstæ iltlrdakfih f qulorfktfr `f mhklxaýk il` Ofkmh Mlktrf` il Aræk y il `hs ofkmhs arfkäls mhk `fs akstatumahkls bakfkmalrfs bhræklfs. ]leúk l` BY, `f ]UABY sl lkmhktrfrf "ftrfpfif lk l` buleh mruzfih il `f iasputf trfksft`æktamf shorl `fs sfkmahkls". ]leúk Olgkfd Olk Yf`lo`u, il `f Bukifmaýk il Ilblksf il `fs Ildhmrfmafs, "mhdoftar f `hs lstfihukailksls mhk `f ]UABY ls ukf hpmaýk il f`th ralseh pfrf `hs lurhplhs". @f fdfzhkf mhsdhph`atf L`azfoltg _hslkolre (gttps://www.mkfs.hre/plhp`l/l`azfoltg-rhslkolre) (gttps://www.mkfs.hre/plhp`l/l`azfoltg-rhslkolre),, daldorh il` Mlktlr Bhr f Klw Fdlramfk ]lmuraty, fdlkfzý mhk qul l` Ilpfrtfdlkth il` Ylshrh il LL\\ pulil mh`hmfr lk su `astf klerf f` Mhksljh lktlrh il ?< daldorhs il` ]UABY. Yfdoaák sl lkmulktrfk lk `f darf htrhs prhvllihrls bakfkmalrhs il akbrflstrumturf, mhdh Lurhm`lfr y M`lfrstrlfd, prhpalifi il Ilutsmgl Oòrstl. Jlfk-M`fuil Jukmnlr (gttps://duk (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd ih.sputkanklws.mhd/ph`atamf/?3673<65 /ph`atamf/?3673<65635755672<-lmhkh 635755672<-lmhkhdafdafph`atamf-lurhpf-orusl`fs-rlstrammahkls/) ph`atamf-lurhpf-orus l`fs-rlstrammahkls/),, hraukih il @uxldoureh y prlsailktl il `f Mhdasaýk Lurhplf, ilm`frý qul phkiræk lk dfrmgf l` "lstftuth il o`hqulh" pfrf "prhtlelr f `fs ldprlsfs lurhplfs il `fs sfkmahkls il LL\\" y sh`amatfræ f` Lurhplfk Akvlstdlkt Ofkn fphyfr `hs trfths il `fs ldprlsfs lurhplfs mhk Aræk dliafktl l` hbrlmadalkth il `äklfs il mráiath lk lurhs. Lstf rlfmmaýk ilblksavf il Lurhpf saekabamfræ uk 'mfsus ol``a' pfrf LL\\, phrqul phkiräf ofjh `f pamhtf `f gleldhkäf il` iý`fr, iý`fr, qul ls l` vlrifilrh philr qul thifväf thifväf hstlktf Ufsgakethk. Ufsgakethk. Shr `fs trftftavfs il` lurh mhktrf l` iý`fr, LL\\ adp`ldlktý l` ilrrhmfdalkth il ]fifd Guslak lk Arfn y l` `akmgfdalkth il Dufdfr Efifba lk @aoaf. Lk mfsh il qul `f guda``fif Lurhpf rlfmmahkl mhk dliaifs prhtlmthrfs f `fs eh`pls il Yrudp, lsth pulil ilsldohmfr lk `f aktlksabamfmaýk il su ilslstfoa`azfmaýk, y gfstf il su of`mfkazfmaýk, lk sus muftrh rakmhkls ghy ofjh `f lspfif il Ifdhm`ls il` arfsmao`l dfkiftfrah lstfihukailksl. 6=. AKJL_LKMAF IL ELH_EL ]H_H] LK L@LMMAHKL] IL @F \KAÝK L\_HSLF> KH IL _\]AF L` ph`ätamh oratækamh Kael` Bfrfel (KB), prhdhthr il` Orlxat ’sf`aif il` Erfk Orltföf (EO) il `f \kaýk Lurhplf(\L)’, qualk bulrf `äilr il` Sfrtaih ‐Akilplkilkmaf il` _lakh \kaih—, frrldltaý mhktrf `f akjlrlkmaf il` mhktrhvlrtaih asrfl`ä-gúkefrh-lstfiukailksl Elhrel ]hrhs lk `fs l`lmmahkls il `f \L. KB fmusý f ]hrhs il ‐akvlrtar da`ls iill da``hkls lk `f \L pfrf shmfvfr f` Lstfih Lstfih--kfmaýk— y bfvhrlmlr uk sleukih rlblrákiud mhktrf l` Orlxat. Kamn Yadhtgy, Yadhtgy, fktlrah fktlrahrr jlbl il` efoakl efoakltl tl il `f pradlr dakastrh Yglrlsf Dfy, il` Sfrtaih Mhkslrvfihr, bustaeý f ]hrhs lk Ygl Yl`lerfpg il lstfr iltræs il ukf ‐mhksparfmaýk slmrltf— pfrf ilsmfrra`fr f` Orlxat— mhk su bakfkmafdalkth il \]$<23,333 f` eruph ‐Olst bhr Oratfak (gttps://ehh.e (gttps://ehh.e`/dyinSM)—. `/dyinSM)—. KB ls f`afih il` ‐kfmahkf`asdh ‐kfmahkf`asdh lmhkýdamh— fkta fkta-e`hof`astf -e`hof`astf qul sustlktf l` Orlxat y l` trudpasdh. Kh ls kakeúk slmrlth slöf`fr `f brfkmf ghsta`aifi lktrl l` trudpasdh y l` e`hof`asdh klh`aolrf` qul bhdlktf ]hrhs y muyf oftf``f sl gf lxtlkiaih f Dáxamh. @hs eruphs fismraths f ]hrhs fmusfrhk f KB il ‐fktasldatasdh (sam.)—. KB rlp`amý quá ‐muæ` ls `f rfzýk il qul mufkih ]hrhs ls dlkmahkfih, súoatfdlktl ukh ls fmusfih il fktasldatf— y prleuktf sa ls ukf plrshkf akadputfo`l. @f aktrhdasaýk il` dleflsplmu`fihr ]hrhs, qualk dliafktl sus dú`tap`ls HKE¹s y sus philrhshs f`afihs lk L\ ’`hs M`akthk y Hofdf’ sl gf mhkmlktrfih lk ilkhstfr `f gapýmratf akjlrlkmaf l`lmthrf` rusf lk L\ pfsfkih phr Mftf`uöf gfstf Dáxamh (gttps://ehh.e`/7fd_@R) ’ihkil ]hrhs mhkmlktrf adphrtfktls rlils il philr. Sal il bhth: Kael` Bfrfkel fmusý f `hs Lstfihs \kaihs il mh`uiarsl mhk Elhrel ]hrhs. ] hrhs. 69. @F \KAÝK L\_HSLF, MGAKF Q _\]AF ILJFK FA]@FIH F Y_\DS MHK ]\] ]FKMAHKL] MHKY_F A_ÆK @f \kaýk Lurhplf (\L) p`fklf ifr `f vul`tf f `fs fsbaxafktls sfkmahkls il L\ mhktrf `fs lxphrtfmahkls il pltrý`lh il Ar æk dliafktl ‐Rlgämu`hs il Srhpýsath Lsplmaf` (]SR, phr sus sae`fs lk ake`ás)—. @hs ]SR lquavf`lk f uk sastldf il trulqul duy pfrlmaih f` qul usý `f \_]] iurfktl `f eulrrf bräf. Fsä l` pltrý`lh arfkä phiräf slr aktlrmfdoafih phr oalkls lurhplhs sak usfr iaklrh. L` ]lmrltfrah il Lstfih Danl Shdplh, lx-iarlmthr il `f MAF (ghy lk dfkhs il `f thrturfihrf Eakf Gfspl`), bustaeý `fs ‐dliaifs mhktrfprhiumtavfs— il `f \L qul lvatfk `fs sfkmahkls il Yrudp: ‐f` fphyfr `hs akerlshs il` ráeadlk, ustlils sh`aiabamfk l` rfknake il Aræk mhdh pradlr pfirakh lstftf` il` tlrrhr—. Erfk Orltföf, Mgakf, Brfkmaf, _usaf ilmaialrhk hptfr phr ‐kulvhs mfkf`ls il pfehs— l aktlktfr dfktlklr l` mhdlrmah mhk Ylglræk plsl f `fs sfkmahkls uka`ftlrf`ls il L\ prherfdfifs lk khvaldorl pfrf adpliar `f vlktf il` pltrý`lh arfkä, `h muf` yf gfoäf ldplzfih f l`lvfr l` prlmah il` hrh klerh phr lkmadf il $73 iý`frls phr phr ofrra`. F`ldfkaf L` ‐S<+6— bardfktl il` fmulrih kum`lfr mhk Aræk ’ `hs < daldorhs ‐plrdfklktls— il` Mhksljh il ]leuraifi il `f HK\, sudfihs il F`ldfkaf ’ sl vh`vaý uk ‐S9+6— sak L\. @f blrhz rlfmmaýk il Shdplh ilkhtf uk prhofo`l erfk brfmfsh il `fs sfkmahkls prhpakfifs f ialstrf y sakalstrf phr Yrudp. @fs lkhrdls adp`amfmahkls il` fmulrih il` kulvh ‐S9+6— ’ = supulsths f`afihs il L\ mhdh Erfk Orltföf, Brfkmaf y F`ldfkaf, fildæs il _usaf y Mgakf ’ iljfk fas`fih e`hof`dlktl f L\ qul prltlkiaý slr l` fas`fihr il Aræk. 6<. AKYL_MFDOAH IL IAFY_AOF] LKY_L DFM_HK Q Y_\DS. L` ‐e`hof`astf— Dfmrhk, prlsailktl il Brfkmaf, frrldltaý lk uk iasmursh iasmurs h sak matfr`h mhktrf l` ‐kfmahkf`asdh— il Yrudp iurfktl l` fkavlrsfrah 633 il `f Sradlrf Eulrrf Dukiaf` qul ta`if il ‐`lprf— y ‐trfamaýk f` pftrahtasdh—. Yrudp lsplrý ``lefr f Ufsgakethk ilsil ihkil mhk ukf fkifkfif il twllts sl our`ý il D Dfmrhk fmrhk y su ofjf fmlptfmaýk phpu`fr’qul fkif phr l` ?6%’y sl dhbý il `fs páriaifs il Brfkmaf iurfktl `f eulrrf. Dfmrhk mhkdakf f mrlfr uk ‐ljármath lurhplh— akilplkialktl il Lstfihs \kaihs, `h muf` il bfmth lktalrrf f `f HYFK, pfrf mhkbrhktfr f Lstfihs \kaihs, Mgakf y _usaf. L` ‐e`hof`astf— Dfmrhk, fktlrahr ldp`lfih il `hs ofkqulrhs _htgsmga`i, kh lstæ sh`h lk `f oúsqulif il uk ‐kulvh ljármath lurhplh— akilplkialktl il Lstfihs \kaihs, `h muf` Yrudp gf juzefih mhdh ‐aksu`tfktl—. Il rlerlsh f F`ldfkaf, `f mfkma``lr Dlrnl` sl sudý f `f mrlfmaýk il` ‐ljármath lurhplh— fktl l` Sfr`fdlkth ihkil rlmaoaý iavaiaihs fp`fushs y foumglhs. Dfmrhk mhdlktý qul ilslf ‐akamafr uk iaæ`heh il sleuraifi— mhk _usaf qul ‐sl lkmulktrf lk kulstrfs brhktlrfs—. Yrudp lxael f Dfmrhk pfefr su muhtf f `f HYFK y rliumar `fs tfrabfs f `hs vakhs lstfiukailksls y mhdlktý qul ‐kh gfoäf uk pfäs dæs kfmahkf`astf qul Brfkmaf— pfrf bu`dakfr mhk l` tldf ‐¡Gfmlr Erfkil Il Kulvh f Brfkmaf!—, lk adatfmaýk f su mfktamh kfmahkf`astf ‐Sradlrh Lstfihs \kaihs— qul `l vf`aý su traukbh. Lk rlf`aifi, `h qul lstæ lk juleh ls l` kulvh hrilk traph`fr L\/_usaf/Mgakf qul sl lkmfdakf pfrf l` sae`h ?6 y ihkil qulifräf bulrf Lurhpf. 62. Y_A\KBF L@ ]\S_LDFMA]DH IL Y_\DS LK E_FK O_LYFÖF: OH_A] JHGK]HK K\LRH S_ADL_ DAKA]Y_H L` Orlxat (sf`aif il Erfk Orltföf il `f \kaýk Lurhplf) ls l` glrdfkh sadoaýtamh il` trudpasdh y ilsil l` ljl fke`hsfjýk, @f Maty/Uf`` ]trllt klh`aolrf` e`hof`astf il` tgftmglrasdh /rlfefkhdams. L` l` f`f il` Sfrtaih Mhkslrvfihr qul l lxael uk sufvl—. ‐Orlxat iurh— fgastraýkamh iablrlkmafOhras il `fJhgkshk phsturfrlprlslktf klehmafihrf il iurf `f sf`alktl Yglrlsf Dfy pfrfqu uk ‐Orlxat Ohras Jhgkshk kh sl fkif phr `fs rfdfs y prhdltaý sf`arsl il` Orlxat mhdh p`fzh dæxadh f` =6 il hmtuorl. ¸@f ``lefif il Jhgkshk, erfk f`afih trfsft`æktamh il Yrudp, sl gforæ fml`lrfih mhk `f ba`trfmaýk il `fs erfofmahkls il` lxldofjfihr il Erfk Orltföf lk Lstfihs \kaihs8 Nad Ifrrhmg, qualk akjuraý f` prlsailktl il L\ mhdh ‐aklpth— y ‐iasbukmahkf` (gttps://wfph.s (gttps://wfph.st/?Q9RFas)—. t/?Q9RFas)—. Yrudp rlp`amý qul Ifrrhmg, ho`aefih f rlkukmafr phr su fbrlktf, lrf uk ‐phdphsh aiahtf—. L` rhtftavh ef`h @l Dhkil, duy mlrmfkh mlrmf kh f `f mfkma``lräf, mhdlktf qul ‐`hs lurhplhs tldlk `f ``lefif il Ohras Jhgkshk— phr ‐vlrsæta`, prfedætamh y hphrtukastf—. @h qul dæs tldlk `hs ‐lurhplhs— ls su pfrlmaih mhk Yrudp il qualk sl aksparf (gttps://oat.`y/?Q1u6?j).. L` phrtf` f`ldæk Ilr ]palel` mhdlktf qul ukh il `hs prhdhthrls (gttps://oat.`y/?Q1u6?j) il` Orlxat fghrf sl lkmulktrf lk l` philr, `h muf` saekabamf qul slræ uk hthöh turou`lkth pfrf Lurhpf (gttps://oat.`y/?D57R?r). L` `äilr il` Sfrtaih @fohrastf, Jlrldy Mhroyk ’phr malrth, duy mlrmfkh f` prlsailktl @ýplz Horfihr’,lxghrtý f rlf`azfr kulvfs l`lmmahkls pfrf qul thih l` pulo`h oratækamh ilmaif shorl su buturh. 65. S_ADL_ O_AYÆKAMH OH_A] JHGK]HK FIHSYF SH@ÄYAMF S_H-MGAKF Q LK BFRH_ IL @F _\YF IL @F ]LIF @hs prakmapf`ls f`afihs il Lstfihs \kaihs (L\) sl fil`fktfk lk sus rl`fmahkls mhk Mgakf: Erfk Orltföf (EO), plsl f su rl`fmaýk lsplmaf`, l Asrfl`, dumgh dæs lk `f ltfpf il` tf`dúiamh Jfrli Nusgklr, l` pradlr asrfl`ä Kltfkyfgu, l` mfsaklrh ]gl`ihk Fil`shk y Glkry Nassake Nassakelr, lr, erfkils shmahs il Yrudp. Asrfl` mhkmliaý ihs il sus trls pulrths f Mgakf pfrf adpu`sfr `f _utf il `f ]lif lk l` dfr Dliatlrræklh (gttps://oat.`y/?_i_F\Q) (gttps://oat.`y/?_i_F\Q),, y fghrf l` Yrudp oratækamh Ohras Jhgkshk lk su lktrlvastf f Sghlkax YR, lk Ghke Nhke, slktlkmaý qul lstfof duy aktlrlsfih lk `f _utf il `f ]lif (O_A, phr sus sae`fs lk ake`ás). Ohras Jhgkshk lxghrtý f `hs akvlrsahkastfs mgakhs f mhktakufr sus fmtavaifils lk EO l akvatý f qul uk dfyhr kúdlrh il lstuiafktls mgakhs sl aksmraofk lk sus ukavlrsaifils ukavlrsaifils:: thih `h mhktrfrah qul valkl prfmtamfkih Yrudp pfrf shstlklr su eulrrf mhdlrmaf` mhktrf Slnäk qul ldpalzf f gfmlr feuf (gttps://oat.`y/?QvQ9`9).. (gttps://oat.`y/?QvQ9`9) Muf` su lstrfdoýtamh lsta`h, Ohras Jhgkshk fbardý qul su ehoalrkh dfktlkiräf ukf ph`ätamf prhMgakf (¡dlef-sam!). Slsl f thifs `fs rltamlkmafs il L\, ilsil Hofdf gfstf Yrudp, EO bul l` pradlr pfäs il Lurhpf hmmailktf` f ukarsl f` ofkmh FAAO (gttps://oat.`y/?NbUtbd) (gttps://oat.`y/?NbUtbd).. @f ilmasaýk uka`ftlrf` il `f párbaif F`oaýk il pfrtamapfr lk l` FAAO lxfsplrý f L\ y plrturoý plr turoý f `f \kaýk Lurhplf (\L) f qualk trfamahký fktls il qul fpfrlmalrf Ohras Jhgkshk lk l` rfifr. r fifr. Ghy EO ls l` prakmapf` rlmapalkifrah il `fs akvlrsahkls mgakfs lk Lurhpf y, f` mhktrfrah il Hofdf y Yrudp, foraý f Slnäk f`eukhs il sus slmthrls lstrftáeamhs mhdh `f akiustraf kum`lfr (gttps://oat.`y/?HIJ1pu).. (gttps://oat.`y/?HIJ1pu) Bf`tfræ phr vlr muæ` slræ su phsturf brlktl f Gufwla qul hplrf lk bhrdf dfekabamlktl lk Lspföf, ihkil @hkirls dfkljf dumgfs il sus hplrfmahkls trafkeu`fifs. F juamah il HOH_Lurhpl, EO ls duy bræea`, yf qul, lk mfsh il ukf sf`aif orusmf il` Orlxat, akmrldlktfräf su ilplkilkmaf mhk L\ qul `l pulif ho`aefr f sleuar su ph`ätamf mgakf ghsta` f `f _utf il `f ]lif (gttps://oat.`y/?QMIxv5) (gttps://oat.`y/?QMIxv5).. Ilsil gfml dumgh @hkirls, lk mhdpltlkmaf mhk Brækmbhrt, ilslf mhkvlrtarsl lk `f prakmapf` p`fzf bakfkmalrf hbb sghrl pfrf `f aktlrkfmahkf`azfmaýk il` yufk/rlkdakoa (gttps://oat.`y/?HLam]k) (gttps://oat.`y/?HLam]k),, dalktrfs `fkzf su fkzul`h bakfkmalrastf f Akiaf. @l fsastl `f rfzýk f` phrtf` HOH_Lurhpl il qul Mgakf ousmf mrlfr prhylmths du`ta`ftlrf`ls lk l` dfrmh il `f _utf il `f ]lif, phr `h qul kh lstfräf aktlrlsfif lk lxm`uar f` rlsth il `hs daldorhs il `f \L pfrf úkamfdlktl mhklmtfrsl mhk EO: freuyl qul `f p`fzf bakfkmalrf il @hkirls pulil plrilr su akb`ulkmaf brlktl f` mlktrh bakfkmalrh lurhplh il @uxldoureh ”qul rlmhrifdhs, kh sl lkmulktrf duy `ljhs il Uftlr`hh. ]MDS, mhk slil lk Ghke Nhke y prhpalifi il F`aofof, lxphkl `f fslvlrfmaýk il Ohras Jhgkshk y su fphyh f` prhylmth il akbrflstrumturf il` dfkifräk Wa: Lstfdhs duy lktusafstfs (sam) shorl l` O_A, lstfdhs duy aktlrlsfihs lk `h qul l` prlsailktl Wa gfml (gttps://oat.`y/?]z<@pm) (gttps://oat.`y/?]z<@pm).. L` pradlr oratækamh Ohras Jhgkshk lkbftazý qul EO gf rlmaoaih mhk orfzhs foalrths `fs akvlrsahkls mgakfs lk su erfk p`fktf kum`lfr. ]MDS mhdlktf qul EO ls daldorh bukifihr il` FAAO ”pradlr ofkmh aktlrkfmahkf` fsaætamh akilplkialktl il` Ofkmh Dukiaf` y l` BDA ihdakfihs phr Hmmailktl ” mhk ukf mhktraoumaýk akamaf` il <3 da``hkls il iý`frls. Shr `h prhkth, l` ehoalrkh oratækamh gf phspulsth su ilmasaýk pfrf rlstrakear h prhgaoar f Gufwla mhk ofsl lk prlhmupfmahkls shorl su sleuraifi kfmahkf`, mufkih `f phsturf il Yrudp f` rlsplmth saeul salkih hpfmf, plsl f thif su vlrohrrlf vlrtaif lk sus buraoukihs tuats. Ls murahsh qul ukf il `fs gajfs il Ohras Jhgkshk y `f kaltf il hmgh föhs il Yrudp, Frfol``f (gajf il Jfrli Nusgklr l Avfknf), gfyfk fprlkiaih dfkifräk. Yalkl dumgh slktaih `f phsturf prh-Mgakf il Ohras Jhgkshk phrqul `f lsplrfif sf`aif iurf il` Orlxat kh sl pulil qulifr lk l` farl mufkih su f`tlrkftavf mhdlrmaf` slräf iho`l: fphstfr f `fs ihs suplrphtlkmafs elhlmhkýdamfs L\ y Mgakf, dalktrfs sl mhksferf f shmfvfr y/h f of`mfkazfr f `f \L. Shr tlrmlrf vlz lk uk phmh dæs il uk sae`h, EO rhdpl foruptfdlktl mhk F`ldfkaf, ghy `äilr elhlmhkýdamh il `f \L. @fs htrfs ihs bulrhk `f Sradlrf y `f ]leukif Eulrrfs Dukiaf`ls. R. L@ KFMAHKF@A]DH MHKY_F @F FELKIF DAE_FYH_AF E@HOF@ 6. IL G\KYAKEYHK F Y_\DS: ¸@F Ú@YADF _LR\L@YF ILDHE_ÆBAMF IL @H] UF]S8 Lxastl ukf plrturofihrf mhkvlrelkmaf lktrl l` tlýramh il `f eulrrf plrdfklktl dliafktl l` mghqul il hmgh mava`azfmahkls (sam), ]fdul` Guktakethk, y l` prfedætamh du`tada``hkfrah Ihkf`i Yrudp shorl l` suprldfmasdh o`fkmh il `hs UF]S (wgatl fke`hsfxhk prhtlstfkts: fke`hlstfiukailksls prhtlstfktls o`fkmhs). @f úkamf iablrlkmaf ls qul Guktakethk ls vlklrfih, dalktrfs Yrudp ls fohdakfih, phr l` mhdp`ljh da`atfr-akiustraf`. Guktakethk, tfk dlxamfkýbhoh l as`fdýbhoh mhdh Yrudp, bul l` mhhriakfihr il `f p`fklfmaýk il sleuraifi lk l` Mhksljh il ]leuraifi ]leurai fi Kfmahkf` mhk Jfdls Mfrtlr, fildæs il ifr`ake il `fs ukavlrsaifils Qf`l, Gfrvfri y il Mgamfeh. Lk su `aorh dæs rlmalktl, ¸Vuaákls shdhs8 (gttps://ehh.e`/?DQ5uG) (gttps://ehh.e`/?DQ5uG),, ukf hif f `f dlxamfkhbhoaf ”lk `f qul prlsuktfdlktl mh`fohrý uk lbädlrh mfkma``lr il` iho`l mfrf Ramlktl Bhx”, hoslrvf qul lk 61=3, `hs fke`hlstfiukailksls mhktakufofk salkih l` eruph ihdakfktl y, phsao`ldlktl, l` dfyhr lk kúdlrh il `f shmalifi lstfiukailksl, plrh átkamfdlktl (sam) Lstfihs \kaihs gfoäf iljfih il slr ukf shmalifi fke`hlstfiukailksl. F su juamah, `hs fke`hlstfiukailksls, qualkls ‐gfoäfk pfsfih f slr `hs UF]S, sa oalk gfoäfk aih plrialkih plsh prhphrmahkf` lk `f pho`fmaýk, `f mu`turf fke`h-prhtlstfktl il sus fktlpfsfihs mh`hkhs shorlvavaý iurfktl =33 föhs mhdh l` l`ldlkth ilbakathrah pradhriaf` il `f ailktaifi lstfiukailksl—. Guktakethk, fph`heastf il` fpfrtglai il ]uiæbramf, rlf`azf ukf f`frdfktl prleuktf mfof`dlktl rfmastf: ¸Lstfihs \kaihs slräf l` qul ls ghy lk iäf sa lk `hs sae`hs WRAA y WRAAA kh guoalrf saih mh`hkazfih phr prhtlstfktls oratækamhs, sakh phr mftý`amhs (¡suplrsam!) brfkmlsls, lspföh`ls h phrtueulsls8 @f rlspulstf ls kh, kh slräf Lstfihs \kaihs: slräf Vulolm, Dáxamh h Orfsa`. Ferlef qul `f mu`turf fke`h-prhtlstfktl il Lstfihs \kaihs gf mhdoakfih akstatumahkls y præmtamfs ph`ätamfs y shmaf`ls s hmaf`ls glrlififs il Ake`ftlrrf ((akm`uaif, akm`uaif, il dfklrf duy lsplmaf`, `f `lkeuf ake`lsf) mhk `hs mhkmlpths y `hs vf`hrls il prhtlstfktasdh iasailktl (sam) qul `hs mh`hkhs trfjlrhk mhksaeh. Lk l` mfpätu`h 66, shorl `fs valjfs y kulvfs `äklfs iavashrafs, mhk l` suotätu`h kftavasdh o`fkmh (sam), matf f Uf``lrstlak saltl föhs ilspuás il `f vhtfmaýk phr `f ilblklstrfmaýk il Oa`` M`akthk: ‐¸Yfk iabäma` rlsu`tf vlr (…) `f rlol`aýk (sam) il `hs (adplfmgdlkt) ghdorls UF]S mhktrf `h qul plrmaolk qul ls su ilmrlmalktl pfpl` lk `f shmalifi lstfiukailksl8 Lk su rlpl`lktl `aorh L` mghqul il `fs mava`azfmahkls y `f rlmhkbaeurfmaýk il` kulvh hrilk dukiaf` ”qul `fkzý, ilspuás il `f iash`umaýk il `f \_]], lk l` tgakn tfkn il lxtrldf ilrlmgf klh`aolrf` FLA”, lktrl sus hmgh (sam) ph`ádamfs mava`azfmahkls sl lkmulktrf `f hmmailktf` ”kúm`lh il `f fke`hsblrf, kltfdlktl prhtlstfktl”, qul mh`asahkf mhk `f il @ftakhfdáramf, ldaklktldlktl mftý`amf. ]lf f kavl` ihdástamh, slf f kavl` mhktaklktf`, f juamah il Guktakethk `f akdaerfmaýk `ftakh-mftý`amfrlprlslktf ukf fdlkfzf mu`turf` pfrf Lstfihs \kaihs, qul puialrf iavaiar`h lk ihs pho`fmahkls, ihs mu`turfs y ihs aiahdfs. Guktakethk bul uk UF]S prhtlstfktl lpasmhpf`astf (gttp://ehh.e`/V5tkdS) (gttp://ehh.e`/V5tkdS).. Dæs f``æ il `f dfsavf mfmhbhkäf il pækamh qul sl gf elklrfih lk thrkh il Yrudp, qualk pfsfræ f `f gasthraf phr gfolr fkaqua`fih f `f iakfstäf il `hs Ousg, lk uk fohrifjl dæs prhbukih rlprlslktf, f da juamah, `f mhktakufmaýk y `f lxmrlmlkmaf il` týxamh suprldfmasdh UF]S il Guktakethk. Yrudp f`frilf il slr prhtlstfktl prlsoatlrafkh (gttp://ehh.e`/`LbNGO) y hstlktf qul su `aorh mfolmlrf Oao`af (sam). pfsthr l` tfdoaákukf mhktrhvlrtaih Rakmlkt Slf`l,ildfsýk il` ls rath`flsmhmás erfih]u==, qualklslstfo`lmaý fmrhoætamf Khrdfk fshmafmaýk lktrl `f saquafträf y `f rl`aeaýk dliafktl `f tlhsamhtlrfpaf il` plksfdalkth phsatavh. Kh ls erftuath qul `f dfyhr iaftraof ihdástamf mhktrf Yrudp gfyf prhvlkaih il Datt _hdkly, bf``aih fktlrahr mfkiaifth prlsailkmaf` y dhrdýk il `f ph`aeædamf Ae`lsaf il Jlsumrasth il `hs ]fkths il `hs Ú`tadhs Iäfs. Ilsil l` frraoh il Orlkt ]mhwmrhbt ”dhrdýk y lx mhksljlrh il ]leuraifi Kfmahkf` mhk Bhri y Ifiiy Ousg”, `f MAF y `f BOA gfk saih akukififs phr rlm`utfihs il `f ae`lsaf il _hdkly (gttp://ehh.e`/s3wWfr) (gttp://ehh.e`/s3wWfr),, fif`ai il` lstfo`asgdlkt thtf`dlktl ilsmhdpulsth. Iljfkih il `fih l` mghqul trfksbrhktlrazh ”phr `f lrlmmaýk il` aekhdakahsh durh ” lktrl Brfkmasmh, l` pfpf jlsuatf frelktakh, y l` prlsoatlrafkh UF]S Yrudp (il dfirl lsmhmlsf y foul`h f`ldæk), ¸fsastadhs f ukf suorlptamaf eulrrf il rl`aeahkls lk Lstfihs \kaihs8 L` durh il `f aekhdakaf, bfvhrlmaih phr 27 phr malkth il `hs lstfiukailksls, qul mhakmail mhk l` phrmlktfjl il su pho`fmaýk o`fkmf (29 phr malkth), kh ls ukf ailf hraeakf` il Yrudp. Bul lraeaih phr Ofoy Ousg ilsil ?332 lk `f tlrmlrf pfrtl il `f trfksbrhktlrf f uk mhsth il = da` 933 da``hkls il iý`frls: lk `f ltfpf il `f ga`frfktl mufk il`arfktl lkmga`fif mhdp`ltf il` buefz mfkma``lr il Bhx, y `uleh, il` iasbukmahkf` Mf`ilrýk, qualkls hptfrhk phr l` vlrehkzhsh sa`lkmah slpu`mrf`. Yrudp mhktakufräf `h qul akamaý Ofoy Ousg, qualk talkl dumghs sleuaihrls lk `f m`fsl ph`ätamf il` ‐Dáxamh klh`aolrf` atfdatf—. Lk Ygl Klw Qhrn Yadls, Kamgh`fs Nrasthb bustaef f Ihkf`i Ihk f`i l` pl`aerhsh (¸iýkil (¸i ýkil gldhs lsmumgfih lsh lk Dáxamh8> gttp://ehh.e`/3nVDg1), gttp://ehh.e`/3nVDg1), dalktrfs l` mhkkhtfih gasthrafihr tlxfkh Damgfl` @aki juzef qul `hs klhmhkslrvfihrls strfussafkhs strfuss afkhs ousgafkhs ”qualkls lk bhrdf adpfmtfktl sl lkmulktrfk ghy dæs mlrmf il Ga``fry qul il Yrudp ” shk rlsphksfo`ls il` trudpasdh (sam), mufkih ‐`f dfyhr pfrtl il `hs lstfiukailksls shk m`fsl trfofjfihrf sak liumfmaýk ukavlrsatfraf. ]a sus vf`hrls l aktlrlsls kh lstæk rlprlslktfihs h shk thdfihs slrafdlktl phr muf`qualr tgakn tfkn h puo`amfmahkls fmfiádamfs h muf`qualrf il `fs bfmmahkls ph`ätamfs, lkmhktrfræk f f`eualk qul `hs rlprlslktl lvlktuf`dlktl, quazæ ukf lstrl``f il uk rlf`aty sghw. Lk bhrdf mruif y ildfeýeamf, Yrudp rlprlslktf lsf marmuksmrapmaýk l`lmthrf`— (mhkstatulkmy> ( mhkstatulkmy> gttp://ehh.e`/93d_2V) gttp://ehh.e`/93d_2V).. ]l plrialrhk `fs m`æsamfs brhktlrfs l`lmthrf`ls (gttp://ehh.e`/Nq=LUK) (gttp://ehh.e`/Nq=LUK).. Kfif lstæ lsmrath lk ukf il `fs dæs ftäpamfs y iastýpamfs l`lmmahkls il Lstfihs \kaihs mufkih, ilsil uk pukth il vastf dæs ghrazhktf` qul vlrtamf`, Yrudp ftrfl f uk fdp`ah slmthr il `f aksurelktl m`fsl trfofjfihrf o`fkmf qul sl salktl fofkihkfif y qul, murahsfdlktl, lstæ vhtfkih dæs, il` `fih ildýmrftf, phr l` fidarfo`l juiäh jæzfrh shmaf`astf ”plrh fktasahkastf y fkta Uf`` ]trllt ” Olrkal ]fkilrs. Dæs qul `hs o`fkmhs, shk `hs dlxamfkhs eufif`upfkhs (9 phr malkth), `ftakhs (?3 phr malkth, akm`uaihs `hs dlxamfkhs) y fbrhlstfiukailksls (6? phr malkth) ”sudfihs il Eh`idfk ]fmgs y `ffpuktf`fk mhf`amaýkf Ga``fry, sahkastf qul il Elhrel ]hrhs y Gfadlk]fofk (iulöh il \kavasaýk) ” qualkls talkl vfrahs mæifvlrls l` m`ýslt ”ilsil ihkfmahkls lspurafs f su bukifmaýk gfstf l` fslsakfth il` ldofjfihr il Lstfihs \kaihs lk Olkefsa” y, shorl thih, `f hdakhsf akvlstaefmaýk il `f BOA shorl sus pravftazfihs mhrrlhs euolrkfdlktf`ls. ]l ldpalzf f dfkljfr lk Ufsgakethk l` lsmlkfrah kfif ilsmfol``fih il` rlsmftl ak lxtrldas phr l` vamlprlsailktl Jhl Oailk pfrf lktrfr mhdh sf`vfihr il` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf y suprldh rlilkthr il Lstfihs \kaihs brlktl f `f rlol`aýk il `hs UF]S lkmfolzfif phr Yrudp, bal` sleuaihr il` suprldfmasdh o`fkmh prhtlstfktl fke`hsfjýk il Guktakethk, ukf elklrfmaýk dæs tfril. @f dhklif lstæ lk l` farl. ?. LYKH-ELHSH@ÄYA LYKH-ELHSH@ÄYAMF MF IL KAZF F DÚKAMG: @F DAE_FMAÝK LK SAMHYF L` mghqul il mava`azfmahkls, il ]fdul` Guktakethk, fktlrahr ailý`heh il` Mhksljh il ]leuraifi Kfmahkf` il L\ (gttp://ehh.e`/VWHbrL) (gttp://ehh.e`/VWHbrL),, prhsaeul su prherfdfif dfrmgf. ]altl dlsls il ftlktfihs lk uk dukih mfýtamh: ilsil khvaldorl il ?36< lk Sfräs (gttp://ehh.e`/RIB@pd),, pfsfkih phr Orusl`fs lk dfrzh il ?362, gfstf Kazf l` sadoý`amh 69 il ju`ah, (gttp://ehh.e`/RIB@pd) ihkil uk brfkmh-tuklmakh dftý mhk uk mfdaýk f 79 plrshkfs (akm`uaihs =3 dusu`dfkls): fmth lxlmrfo`l rlavakiamfih phr yagfiastfs. Slsf dumgh `f ltkhelhph`ätamf lk `f lrf il `fs dfsavfs daerfmahkls, prhpamafifs tfkth phr l` hutshurmake (ils`hmf`azfmaýk) il `f e`hof`azfmaýk ilsrleu`fif mhdh phr `fs eulrrfs il `f HYFK y Uf`` ]trllt/`f Maty. Ilspuás il` ftlktfih il Kazf mhdlktá qul yf kh lxastäf uk `uefr sleurh lk Lurhpf (gttps://ehh.e`/js?kK3) y (gttps://ehh.e`/nGhG11) (gttps://ehh.e`/nGhG11).. Ghy l` tlrrhrasdh yagfiastf sl gf vul`th ukf mfdf il feuf, mufkih `fs eulrrfs il `f HYFK lk vfrahs pukths il` erfk Dliah Hralktl mhdpfmtfrhk f `hs p`ltýramhs rlbueafihs, qualkls, phr suplrvavlkmaf, gfk b`uaih f Lurhpf phr mal`h, dfr y talrrf, y lktrl qualkls sl gfk akslrtfih `hs yagfiastfs. Iäfs fktls f` ftlktfih lk Kazf, l` iarlmthr il` lspahkfjl aktlrkh ef`h (`f IE]A), Sftramn Mf`vfr, f`lrtý shorl `f aktlksabamfmaýk dæs shbastamfif il `hs yagfiastfs: `f dæxadf fdlkfzf shk qualkls gfk mhdoftaih lk ]araf l Arfn, mhdh ljldp`h il qualkls ftfmfrhk l` Oftfm`fk, y muyh kúdlrh lk Brfkmaf ‐ls il 933 f <33 (gttp://ehh.e`/Gs<_br)—. Il `hs 22 da``hkls il brfkmlsls, 63 phr malkth ls il rl`aeaýk as`ædamf y mhkstatuyl 6< phr malkth il Sfräs, il ?.? da``hkls. @f htrhrf oumý`amf Kazf, mhk =9? da` gfoatfktls, hstlktf uk kúdlrh saekabamftavh il dusu`dfkls, phr `h qul fphrtý ukf il mfif trls trls vämtadfs il` ftlktfih maleh maleh (gttp://ehh.e`/Ztt@yU) (gttp://ehh.e`/Ztt@yU).. Blkýdlkhs daerfthrahs pfrf`l`hs il `f e`hof`azfmaýk: dalktrfs @hs Ækel`ls sl dlxamfkazf, Dfrsl``f sl as`fdazf (gttp://ehh.e`/=qKkdA). (gttp://ehh.e`/=qKkdA). F`ldfkaf ”akdlrsf lk `f ph`ádamf ph`ätamf il Hofdf mhktrf _usaf y l` As`fd ” sl gfoäf sf`vfih il slr l` hojltavh il uk ftlktfih. Qf sl gfoäf ifih uk fvash mhk `hs gfmgfzhs il` jhvlk fbefkh il 65 föhs lk uk trlk f`ldæk lk Ofvalrf, `h muf` ilskuiý `f vu`klrfoa`aifi il `hs slrvamahs il sleuraifi. Il `hs mfsa 76 da``hkls il gfoatfktls lk F`ldfkaf ”mhk =2 akstf`fmahkls da`atfrls il L\ ”, lxastlk lk su slkh 9 da``hkls il dusu`dfkls, muyh 2=.? phr malkth ls il hraelk turmh. Dúkamg, mfpatf` il Ofvalrf, mhk 6.9 da``hkls il gfoatfktls, mulktf mhk =33 da` dusu`dfkls. Bakfkmaf` Yadls Yadls ( BY) if dumgh vul`h f` rlbueafih fbefkh il 65 föhs, qualk bhrdý pfrtl il `hs 27 da` ‐dlkhrls sak mhdpföäf (gttp://ehh.e`/WalhMd gttp://ehh.e`/WalhMd))—: rlbueafihs il `f eulrrf y `f phorlzf il `uefrls mhdh ]araf, Arfn y Fbefkastæk qul vavlk lk F`ldfkaf y shk prhm`avls f thih eáklrh il pl`aerhs, akm`uylkih akm`uylkih `f rfiamf`azfmaýk. ]l mhksailrf qul 5 phr malkth il thihs `hs daerfktls ”mfsa 12 da` dlkhrls il 67 föhs ” bhrdfk pfrtl il lstf mftlehräf sua elklras elklras. @hs yagfiastfs slöf`frhk f` jhvlk fbefkh mhdh ukh il sus sh`ifihs, fukqul kh lxastl lvailkmaf il väkmu`hs iarlmths, sleúk `f ph`amäf f`ldfkf. ]leúk BY, l` akmailktl bul akdliaftfdlktl mfpturfih phr `hs f`ldfkls il lxtrldf ilrlmgf, qualkls gfk prlsahkfih f Ækel`f Dlrnl` pfrf lkiurlmlr su ph`ätamf il rlbueafihs. Ifvai F`a ]hkoh`a, f`ldæk-arfkä (sam) il 67 föhs, kfmaih y liumfih lk Dúkamg, lk trftfdalkth saquaætramh phr ilprlsaýk, dftý lk l` amhkh lstfiukailksl DmIhkf`i‗s f kulvl plrshkfs, lktrl ll``hs ``hs saltl lxtrfkjlrhs: trls f`ofklsls il Nhshvh, trls turmhs y uk eraleh, `h muf` suosudl `f trfeliaf elklf`ýeamf y hkth`ýeamf il `hs rlbueafihs (gttp://ehh.e`/VR_nb<) L` juvlka` du`taghdamaif elrdfkh-arfkä, qul rlsu`tý uk `hoh sh`atfrah, bul aksparfih ”pf`forf il dhif fmuöfif phr ]trftbhr, `f MAF il `hs ldprlsfrahs (gttp://ehh.e`/`V9DKd)” phr l` khruleh Fkilrs Orlavan, qualk gfml lxfmtfdlktl makmh föhs `aquaiý f 55 plrshkfs plrshkfs(gttps://ehh.e`/hmL`iJ) (gttps://ehh.e`/hmL`iJ).. @hs dliahs asrfl`äls il bæma` efta``h ilsakbhrdftavh sl fprhvlmgfrhk lk bhrdf plrvlrsf il` hraelk arfkä il` juvlka` du`taghdamai du`taghdamaiff pfrf akvlktfr, mhdh tgl Yadls hb Asrfl`, qul gfoäf saih aksparfih phr `hs yagfiastfs (gttp://ehh.e`/k@=R3x) (gttp://ehh.e`/k@=R3x).. Lk lktrlvastfs akdliaftfs trfs l` ftlktfih il Dúkamg (gttps://ehh.e`/t_31Be, gttps://eh gttps://ehh.e`/_vep1J h.e`/_vep1J y gttps://ehh gttps://ehh.e`/iyk]YL) .e`/iyk]YL),, mhdlktá qul, dæs f``æ il `f prlsuktf futhräf (rlf` h dhktfif), `h rl`lvfktl rfiamfof lk `f plrmlpmaýk il `hs 76 da``hkls il f`ldfkls, qualkls prlsahkfræk lk uk dasdh slktaih fktadaerfthrah y phr `f foh`amaýk il` lspfmah ]mglkelk (suprlsaýk il mhktrh`ls brhktlrazhs lktrl ?2 pfäsls lurhplhs), muyf quaktflslkmaf `h mhkstatuyl l` Orlxat (gttp://ehh.e`/<oRbkO) (gttp://ehh.e`/<oRbkO),, f` ukäshkh il `f lrlmmaýk il durf``fs dfkma``fifs mhk xlkhbhoaf, as`fdhbhoaf y rfmasdh. ]l elstf `f rlpl`lktl asrfl`azfmaýk ”Lstfih rfmastf ph`amafmh/hrwl``afkh/ fpfrtglai il eulths yuxtfpulsths, durf``fs, pfrfkhaf dfsavf, maolrlspahkfjl, eulrrfs plrdfklktls, ltmátlrf, il `fs mava`azfifs shmalifils lurhplfs. Dæs f``æ il `f elklrhsaifi il F`ldfkaf pfrf `f rlmlpmaýk il `hs daerfktls, sl suosudl `f klmlsaifi il aktlerfryf th`lrfkmaf `f bulrzf `fohrf` il `f suplrphtlkmaf elhlmhkýdamf tluthkf f `hs ilsldp`lfihs daerfktls juvlka`ls, il uk prhdliah il lifi il ?< föhs, lk su shmalifi mfkhsf (mhk 92.< föhs lk prhdliah), mhdúk ilkhdakfihr ildheræbamh il `f \kaýk Lurhplf. Lk da mhkblrlkmaf il lstl föh lk l` fyuktfdalkth il `f mauifi il Dáraif, Qumftæk (gttps://ehh.e`/nux\B=),, fohriá `f Mrasas il `f daerfmaýk f Lurhpf, ihkil ukf slral il durf``fs ” (gttps://ehh.e`/nux\B=) ilsil Ou`efraf gfstf `f brhktlrf il Gukeräf mhk _udfkaf, ]lroaf y pfrtl il Mrhfmaf”, mhk slvlrhs mhktrh`ls brhktlrazhs, phkäfk lk `f pamhtf `f ph`ätamf daerfthraf y l` lspfmah ]mglkelk. Kh ls erftuatf erftuatf `f sl`lmma sl`lmmaýk ýk il F`ld F`ldfkaf fkaf mhdh prakm prakmapf` apf` mlktrh iill rlmlpmaýk, iihkil hkil sl rlea rleastrfrhk strfrhk 6.6 da``hkls il rlbueafihs lk ?36< (gttp://ehh.e`/Y9iSHj) (gttp://ehh.e`/Y9iSHj).. @`fdf prhbukifdlktl `f ftlkmaýk qul dæs il <3 da` daerfktls prhvakalrfk il F`ofkaf lk ?36< (gttp://ehh.e`/feQ1?v (gttp://ehh.e`/feQ1?v) ). Yrls il `hs fmraoa``fihs lk l` DmIhkf`i‑s Dú Dúkamg kamg lrfkOf`mfkls. f`ofklsls il Nhshvh: kulvf rlpúo`amf slmlsahkastf fpuktf`fif phr `f HYFK lk `hs il akmfkilsmlktls Kh ls `h dasdh `f sliummaýk elhlmhkýdamf il F`ldfkaf, mhk 92 da` ?33 iý`frls il SAO plr mæpatf, qul F`ofkaf (= da``hkls il gfoatfktls), pfäs il dfyhräf as`ædamf sukatf (<5 phr malkth), mhk 66 da` 933 iý`frls il SAO plr mæpatf, `h muf` lk su mhkjukth lpathdazf ukf elkuakf ýsdhsas ildheræbamh-daerfthraf. @fdlktfo`ldlktl, Lurhpf ghy mhslmgf `h qul sldorý mhk su dú`tap`ls eulrrfs lk l` erfk Dliah Hralktl ilsil `f iámfif il `hs hmglktf lk Fbefkastæk, ihkil bulrhk elstfihs `hs duyfgaiakls gh``ywhhilksls il _fdoh: fktlmlshrls il `hs yagfiastfs phstdhilrkhs) ”`uleh lk Arfn/]araf, @aoaf, Df`a, ltmátlrf”, fildæs il su adphsamaýk il `f plrkamahsf ilsaeuf`ifi mhk fsbaxafktl fustlraifi dliafktl su týxamf e`hof`azfmaýk ilsrleu`fif, mhdh mhdlktá lk da lktrlvastf f _ussaf (gttps://ehh.e`/q2fx?q).. Yhify (gttps://ehh.e`/q2fx?q) @f oah`heäf sl mhorf f `freh p`fzh `fs bfmturfs mhrthp`fmastfs il `fs eulrrfs elhbakfkmalrfs/ltkhelhph`ätamfs il sus gajhs akslksfths, qualkls mfrlmlk il vasaýk gh`ästamf il` buturh y kh fprlkilk il `fs ilserf-mafs il` pfsfih. =. @F JF\@F DAE_FYH_AF IL Y_\DS Kh ls dltæbhrf, mhdh `f qul ush shorl `f jfu`f elhph`ätamf qul pfilml Dáxamh sak dfrelk il dfkahorf ilsil `hs Yrftfihs il Oumfrl`a il 61?=. @f jfu`f daerfthraf ls rlf`: kaöhs slpfrfihs il sus pfirls y lkmlrrfihs trfs `fs rrljfs ljfs mhk l` iföh saquaætramh il` säkirhdl il pravfmaýk. Yfdphmh ls kulvf. Ls præmtamf mhdúk th`lrfif phr `hs bfraslhs lx prlsailktls il L\ qul ghy lkväfk f sus lsphsfs f ilkhstfr `h qul sus dfraihs th`lrfrhk lk `fs jfu`fs il `hs Ohrilr Sftrh` Sftrh`. @f jfu`f daerfthraf lquavf`l f `f pf`lstakazfmaýk il `hs dlxamfkhs y f `f asrfl`azfmaýk il Yrudp, akb`ulkmafih phrpfsfkih su ylrkhphr Jfrli Nusgklr: tf`dúiamh ilsil Khrmhrlf Jlrusf`ák gfstf Dáxamh. u`trfhrthihxh qualk dfkljf su felkif lxtlrahr Ihs tuats fktfeýkamhs dfrmfk `f ba`hshbäf y `f tlh`heäf f``lkil y fqulkil `f trfksbrhktlrf: ukh il Yrudp y htrh il` pfirl ]h`f`akil. L` tuat l`lmthrlrh y suprldfmastf o`fkmh il Yrudp: ‐@hs ildýmrftfs shk l` prho`ldf. Kh sl prlhmupfk il `hs mrädlkls y ilslfk akdaerfktls a`lef`ls, kh adphrtf `h df`h (sam) qul pulifk slr, pfrf plkltrfr plkltrfr l akblstfr (sam) kulst kulstrh rh pfäs mhdh l` D]-6=. ¡Kh pulilk efkfr mhk sus tlrrao`ls ph`ätamfs, phr `h qul `hs vlk mhdh vhtfktls vhtfktls phtlkmaf`ls!— phtlkmaf`ls!—((gttp://oat.`y/?N9q_Wd) gttp://oat.`y/?N9q_Wd).. Yrudp rlerlsf f su hoslsaýk il ilbakar f `hs Dfrf ]f`vftrumgf mhdh fkadf`ls (sam) ”f `hs qul gfoäf akm`uaih f `hs dlxamfkhs, y il `h qul `uleh sl rltrfmtý ” phr `h qul usf l` tárdakh akblstfr. L` tuat amýkamhYrudp, gudfkastf pfirl @f mhkilkf kh sl glmgh lsplrfrl`fktl `f ofrofral il`il`lkblrdh mhktrf `hs]h`f`akil: kaöhs daerfktls. @fs dukiaf` dujlrls il L\gfgfk rrlpuiafih lpuiafih trfth mradakf` f lsths plqulöhs. L` ehoalrkh il Dáxamh gf eufrifih sa`lkmah mhofril> ¸pfrf quá sarvlk `hs <3 mhksu`fihs lk L\8(gttp://oat.`y/?tm=Ek@) L\8(gttp://oat.`y/?tm=Ek@).. L` Sfpf jlsuatf frelktakh Brfkmasmh akstý f` pfirl ]h`f`akil: Mhktakúl su `fohr mhk `hs daerfktls. ]l qul kh ls bæma`. Slrh mhktakúl (gttp://oat.`y/?A<2FSI) (gttp://oat.`y/?A<2FSI).. ¸Gforæ saih akb`ulkmafih Yrudp phr su ylrkh adouaih phr `f tlh`heäf tf`dúiamf qul ilbakl f `hs qul kh plrtlklmlk f su rfzf mhdh olstafs8(gttp://oat.`y/?N=HO6d) olstafs8(gttp://oat.`y/?N=HO6d).. @f eulrrf ildheræbamf il Yrudp mhktrf Dáxamh sl lxfmlrof mhkbhrdl sl fmlrmfk `fs mrumaf`ls l`lmmahkls il khvaldorl, dalktrfs sl fpraltf l` mhriýk juiamaf` f su mul``h. ]u iurlzf fktadaerfthraf sarvl il mhfrtfif pfrf mfpturfr su ofsl l`lmthrf` dlxamfkýbhof ”mhk l` lkväh il ?< da``hkls il dlxamfkhs Jfpýk ” qul taktls irfdætamhsilmhk `f il fp`amfmaýk il `f th`lrfkmaffmlrh phr(gttp://oat.`y/?N9zUMK) l` prhmurfihr Jlbb ]lssahks qulf`mfkzf aktlksabamf `f slpfrfmaýk gajhs sus dfirls. L` asrfl`ä lstfiukailksl ]tlpglk Da``lr, zl`htl fslshr il ph`ätamf il Yrudp, lkmfolzf l` fohrifjl il th`lrfkmaf mlrh shorl `f akdaerfmaýk (gttps://kyta.ds/?t76I9a) (gttps://kyta.ds/?t76I9a).. Lk ukf slral il tuats, Yrudp lxghrtf f kh rlpltar l` lrrhr il Lurhpf il iljfr qul `hs daerfktls mfdoafrfk su mu`turf vah`lktfdlktl.Mhdlktý qul l` pulo`h il F`ldfkaf sl lstæ vh`valkih lk mhktrf il su `ailrfzeh, yf qul `f daerfmaýk lstæ sfmuialkih f `f yf tlkul mhf`amaýk il Olr`äk mufkih l` mradlk lk F`ldfkaf mhkm`uyý saeualktl plhrls mradakf`ls ilil `f talrrf usfk f `hs kaöhslstæ pfrfsuoalkih lktrfr f yL\ ilsil l`mhk sur.`fSfrf Yrudp,lsthmfif Dáxamh`hs sl lkmulktrf lk `f `astf `hs pfäsls dæs pl`aerhshs il` dukih (gttp://oat.`y/?J_5SfW) (gttp://oat.`y/?J_5SfW).. @f ]lmrltfraf il Srlksf il `f Mfsf O`fkmf, ]frfg ]fkilrs, rlp`amý f uk frtämu`h il @furf Ousg lk Ygl Ufsgakethk Shst (gttps://wfph.st/?N=6y7f) il qul `f `ly gfoäf saih bardfif lk ?337 mufkih su lsphsh ”akh`vaifo`l thrturfihr il Fou Egrfao lk Arfn” (gttp://oat.`y/?DEm\=H) lrf prlsailktl (gttp://oat.`y/?D9Qj3A).. (gttp://oat.`y/?D9Qj3A) Yrudp lstÆ plrialkih lk `f hpakaýk púo`amf su oftf``f il `f jfu`f daerfthraf, phr `h qul l` `äilr il `f dfyhräf il` Sfrtaih _lpuo`amfkh lk l` ]lkfih, Datmg DmMhkkl``, aktlktf mhktrh`fr `hs iföhs dliafktl ukf `ly, lk fmulrih mhk `hs ildýmrftfs, qul plrdatf dfktlklr f `fs bfda`afs ukaifs (gttp://oat.`y/?J]2nt`).. (gttp://oat.`y/?J]2nt`) ¸F`eualk pulilgudfkhs fúk lklkjfu`fihs8 L\, ildýmrftf h rlpuo`amfkh, phktabamfr f` dukih shorl sus gapýmratfs ilrlmghs 9. @F 'E\L__F ILDHE_ÆBAMF' IL Y_\DS MHKY_F DÁWAMH: _LDA@AYF_AZFMAÝK L@LMYH_L_F Lk dliah il sus dú`tap`ls brlktls foalrths il bhrdf sadu`tæklf ’f kavl` ihdástamh, mhktrf Mgakf lk l` ædoath mhdlrmaf` y mhktrf ]araf/Aræk/_usaf lk l` hdakhsh ruorh da`atfr’, l` ph`ádamh prlsailktl Yrudp 'rlda`atfrazf' `f trfksbrhktlrf mhk Dáxamh, su supulsth f`afih, ghy shjuzefih. Yrudp talkil dæs f da`atfrazfr `hs fsukths ’mhk `f lxmlpmaýk il sus lrýtamhs `ähs juiamaf`ls’ qul f ldp`lfr `f támkamf iap`hdætamf il `f qul mfrlml. Iaeh 'rlda`atfrazfr' phrqul (gttps://dukih.spu (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/bardfs/? tkanklws.mhd/bardfs/?367393<63552? 367393<63552?62?1-lluu62?1-lluudlxamh-prhtlmmahk-brhktlrf/) Yrudp ls l` tlrmlr prlsailktl il LL\\ qul mh`hmf f sh`ifihs il `f Eufriaf Kfmahkf` lk `f trfksbrhktlrf: ilspuás il 'Ofoy' Ousg, qualk lk ?332 p`fktý f 2.333 sh`ifihs mhk ukf rhtfmaýk qul f`mfkzý ?1.333, y `uleh mhk Hofdf qul muftrh föhs dæs tfril mh`hmý 6.?33 trhpfs fiamahkf`ls. Lstl ifth il `f 'rlda`atfrazfmaýk' phr pfrtl il trls prlsailktls ’slfk rlpuo`amfkhs h ildýmrftfs’ kh ls ofkf`, yf qul ilkhtf `fs ihs mfrfs pfrtaiastfs il `f dasdf dhklif elhph`ätamf qul LL\\ dfktalkl mhk Dáxamh, uk pfäs ih`hrhsfdlktl mhkquastfih ilsil `hs Yrftfihs il Oumfrl`a il 61?=. Dæs fúk, l` shjuzefdalkth il Dáxamh bul rlbrlkifih phr l` ph`fmh mfkfialksl lstfihukailksl Zoaekalw Orzlzaksna, fslshr il ]leuraifi Kfmahkf` il Mfrtlr l äktadh il Hofdf, qualk slktlkmaý lk 6153 qul LL\\ kh ilslfof f uk Jfpýk lk su brhktlrf, `h muf` il bfmth iasmradakfof f Dáxamh il pfrtamapfr lk `f juefif tlmkh`ýeamf il `f shmalifi 'tlmkhtrýkamf', lkmfolzfif phr LL\\, qul sl lvailkmaf mhk `f fuslkmaf il "trfksblrlkmaf il tlmkh`heäf" lk l` fsadátramh Y@MFK, ihkil Ufsgakethk adphkl sus lxaelkmafs uka`ftlrf`ls y qul fghrf fou`tf lk `hs ruorhs il `hs slrvamahs bakfkmalrhs y il prhpalifi aktl`lmtuf` ihkil prlihdakf. Gfml hmgh mh`hmý föhs, l`feholrkfihr Kulvh phryl`muftrh Sfrtaihföhs Ildýmrftf, Oa`` dlxamfkf, ihmlkfs ilil trhpfs lk Dáxamh `f brhktlrf dæs tfril, l` _amgfrishk, eholrkfihr il il dfirl Ylxfs ’lstfih qul mhkbhrdf l` 29% il `f brhktlrf thtf` lktrl fdohs pfäsls ’, _amn Slrry, ghy ]lmrltfrah il Lklreäf lk l` efoakltl Yrudp, p`fktý 6.333 sh`ifihs il `f Eufriaf Kfmahkf`, qul bulrhk mhkslrvfihs phr su sumlshr, Erle Foohtt. Yrudp lkiurlml su phsturf fktadaerfthraf (gttps://www.ky (gttps://www.kytadls.mhd/?367/39/32 tadls.mhd/?367/39/32/us/kftahkf`-eu /us/kftahkf`-eufrifriohrilr-tlxfs.gtd`) lk lstf mhyukturf l`lmthrlrf ’qul vlkil duy oalk mhk su suprldfmastf ofsl l`lmthrf`’ mufkih `hs akerlshs a`lef`ls sl lkmulktrfk lk `h dæs ofjh ilsil gfml 92 föhs. Mfol rldldhrfr qul l` aekhdakahsh durh (gttps://www.jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?367/3?/ (gttps://www .jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?367/3?/35/hpakahk/3 35/hpakahk/362h6ph`) 62h6ph`),, akamafih phr Oa`` M`akthk, bul mhkstruaih lk su tlrmlrf pfrtl fúk phr kh 'Ofoy' Ousg Yrudpda``hkls mhktldp`f mhk sh`amatf. htrf tlrmlrf pfrtl phr l` qul l` Mhkerlsh il LL\\ hthref `hsy?<.333 ilmhkm`uar iý`frls qul Ilsil `f ``lefif il Yrudp f` philr, l` lkthkmls lkmfrefih il `f ]leuraifi Kfmahkf`, elklrf` Jhgk Nl``y, ghy jlbl il efoakltl il `f Mfsf O`fkmf, suearaý (gttps://www.kytadls.mhd/?367/39 (gttps://www .kytadls.mhd/?367/39/39/us/ph`ata /39/us/ph`atams/kftahkf`-eufri-add ms/kftahkf`-eufri-addaerftahk-ohrilr.gtd`) aerftahk-ohrilr.gtd`) mh`hmfr f 633.333 sh`ifihs lk `f brhktlrf. Da gapýtlsas il trfofjh, qul fslktá lk da rlmalktl `aorh 'Yrudp y l` suprldfmasdh o`fkmh: pf`lstakazfmaýk il `hs dlxamfkh dlxamfkhs', s', ilstfmf l` fsplmth du`taiad du`taiadlksahkf` lksahkf` il` durh y `f rlda`a rlda`atfrazfmaýk tfrazfmaýk il `f trfksbrhktlrf. Yrudp uoamf lk pradlr tárdakh `f 'eulrrf ildheræbamf' il `hs 'o`fkmhs prhtlstfktls fke`hsfjhkls' (UF]S, phr sus sae`fs lk ake`ás), qul rlfkuifk `f eulrrf tlh`ýeamf il` sae`h WRAA il `hs puratfkhs mh`hkhs bukifdlktf`astfs fke`hsfjhkls mhktrf `f Lspföf mftý`amf. Lsth sl rlpatl ghy lk iäf lktrl l` 2?% il `hs o`fkmhs, lk ilm`avl pho`fmahkf` ’f `h qul sl gf sudfih l` ilsldp`lh y `f hdakhsf irhefiammaýk il sus jývlkls lk l` makturýk oäo`amh (Oao`l ol`t) y l` makturýk akiustraf` (_ust ol`t) qul suosudlk `f ofsl l`lmthrf` il Yrudp ’ brlktl f` fsmlksh arrlsastao`l il` 67% il `ftakhs, lk su dfyhräf mftý`amhs, muyh 73% `h mhkstatuyl `hs dlxamfkhs. Shr pradlrf vlz lk su gasthraf, `f Mhkblrlkmaf il Hoasphs Mftý`amhs il Dáxamh mhkdakf f LL\\ f kh mhkvlrtar `f brhktlrf lk "ukf zhkf il eulrrf" (gttps://www.vftamfkklws.vf/lk/mgurmg/klws/?36739/dlxamh-oasghps-stftldlkt-ohrilr-wf``-trudp.gtd`).. 39/dlxamh-oasghps-stftldlkt-ohrilr-wf``-trudp.gtd`) Iljh il `fih sluihakilplkilkmaf il`fYlxfs Dáxamh il 67=<-67=2 `f pradlrf il 6792-6797 il`f LL\\ mhktrf Dáxamh, lk qul l`mhktrf pfäs `ftakhfdlramfkh palril `fydatfi il su eulrrf tlrrathrah. ]lräf uk erfvl lrrhr il juamah kh lktlkilr qul `f eulrrf du`taiadlksahkf` il LL\\ mhktrf Dáxamh gf saih plrdfklktl ilsil 67=< y qul fghrf sl gf fmlktufih mhk su ilmfadalkth mhdh htrhrf suplrphtlkmaf ukaph`fr y muyh du`tamu`turf`asdh `l gf lkmfpsu`fih lk ukf prhbukif 'mrasas il ailktaifi', qul rlsf`tf lk l` `aorh '¸Vuaákls shdhs8: `hs ilsfbähs il `f ailktaifi kfmahkf` il LL\\' il ]fdul` Guktakethk, ukh il `hs prakmapf`ls p`fkabamfihrls ’qualk kukmf ``leý f slr elhlstrftlef il `f tf``f il Elhrel Nlkkfk h Nassakelr h Orzlzaksna, phrqul kukmf lktlkiaý f` dukih ’ il` lvfkel`astf suprldfmasdh fke`hsfjýk il LL\\. Qf lk 6112, lk p`lkh fuel il` klh`aolrf`asdh il` tftmglrasdh oratækamh y `f rlfefkhdäf lstfiukailksl, l` lxslmrltfrah il Ilblksf Mfspfr Ulakolrelr p`fktlfof `fs 'Srýxadfs eulrrfs' il LL\\, lk mhfuthräf mhk Sltlr ]mgwlazlr, daldorh il` Akstatuth Jfdls Dfiashk, mhk prý`heh il `f lx pradlrf dakastrf il` _lakh \kaih, Dfrefrlt Ygftmglr. Ulakolrelr lvhmf makmh eulrrfs il LL\\ mhktrf Mhrlf il` Khrtl, Aræk, Dáxamh, _usaf y Jfpýk. Il `hs makmhJfpýk lsmlkfrahs il gfml föhs, muftrh bamtamaf shk dæs vaelktlsghy qullskukmf y sh`fdlktl slqul gf ilsvfklmaih qul, quazæ ifif?? `f lsmlkherfbäf p`fktlfif, sustatuaif phr Mgakf, lk 6112 kh fpfrlmäf lk l` rfifr elhlstrftáeamh il `hs dlef gf`mhkls il LL\\. Ilsil gfml ?? föhs gfstf `f blmgf, l` prltlxth il `f 'rlda`atfrazfmaýk' il `f brhktlrf y/h `f lkásadf akvfsaýk il LL\\ f Dáxamh (gttps://www.akfg.e (gttps://www.akfg.eho.dx/rli-il-duslhs/=66ho.dx/rli-il-duslhs/=66-duslh-kfmahkf`-il-`fsduslh-kfmahkf`-il-`fsaktlrvlkmahkls) kh gf vfrafih lk rlblrlkmaf f `hs mfrtl`ls il `f irhef ’qul shk plrtrlmgfihs mhk frdfs il f`th mf`aorl il LL\\ y muyhs klehmahs shk o`fkqulfihs lk sus plsta`lktls ofkmhs, mhdh ls l` mfsh il` ]tfkbhri Ofkn y l` Mfrtl` il` Eh`bh (gttps://www.jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?331/3=/ (gttps://www .jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?331/3=/39/hpakahk/3 39/hpakahk/3?3h6ph`) ?3h6ph`) y/h il` ofkmh Ufmghvaf (gttps://www.tgleufriafk.mhd/whr`i/?3 (gttps://www .tgleufriafk.mhd/whr`i/?366/fpr/3=/us-o 66/fpr/3=/us-ofkn-dlxamh-irue-efke fkn-dlxamh-irue-efkes) s),, qul bul ho`aefih f busahkfrsl mhk l` ofkmh Ul``s Bfreh ’ y qul fghrf lk `f ltfpf il ilm`avl ildheræbamh il `hs UF]S, sl sudf f` bfmthr 'daerfthrah' yf kh sh`fdlktl il Dáxamh, sakh il Mlktrhfdáramf. ]ak mhktfr `f rlda`atfrazfmaýk, Gl`lkl Mhhplr il Ygl Klw Qhrn Yadls, `f ]leuraifi Kfmahkf` mulktf mhk "dæs il 62.333 felktls il `f Sftru``f Brhktlrazf (Ohrilr Sftrh`, lk ake`ás) lk `f brhktlrf surhlstl, jukth mhk 2.<33 bukmahkfrahs bukmahkfrahs il fiufkfs f `hs ppulrths ulrths il lktrfif". Fildæs, `f Srhtlmmaýk il Fiufkfs y Brhktlrfs (MOS, phr sus sae`fs lk ake`ás) phsll vfrahs irhkls (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/d (gttps://duki h.sputkanklws.mhd/dukih/?36537??635 ukih/?36537??635652<=6?-irhkls-k 652<=6?-irhkls-klehmah-kfrmhtrfbamhlehmah-kfrmhtrfbamhirhefs/) qul shorlvul`fk `f brhktlrf, fsä mhdh 6?.333 slkshrls, mfsa 6.6?2 na`ýdltrhs il ofrifs y htrfs tlmkh`heäfs qul akm`uylk mædfrfs akbrfrrhjfs. Yfdoaák Akdaerfmaýk y Mhktrh` il Fiufkfs talkl f su mfreh vfrafs bulrzfs hplrftavfs mhk plrshkf` il htrfs felkmafs mhdh l` Slktæehkh, `f ILF y l` Ilpfrtfdlkth il` Ylshrh. Sfrf Orafk ]tl`tlr il MKK (gttp://www.orlatofrt.mhd/vailh/?367/39 (gttp://www.orlatofrt.mhd/vailh/?367/39/37/mkks-stl`tlr-trud /37/mkks-stl`tlr-trudp-slkiakep-slkiakekftahkf`-eufri-ohrilr-pr-stuktdfkubfmturli-mrasas/),, l` ilsp`aleul il `f Eufriaf Kfmahkf` lk `f kftahkf`-eufri-ohrilr-pr-stuktdfkubfmturli-mrasas/) trfksbrhktlrf mhkstatuyl uk "trumh il` Sfrtaih _lpuo`amfkh" y ukf "mrasas dfkubfmturfif" mhk `h qul Yrudp ousmf l` "traukbh" il su pfrtaih. Yrudp sl vf`aý il ukf mfrfvfkf il akdaerfktls prhvlkalktls il Ghkiurfs qul ``leý f Dáxamh y qul l` prlsailktl il LL\\ akvlktý qul aofk f akvfiar `f trfksbrhktlrf. @h plhr ls qul Yrudp fprhvlmgý `f satufmaýk pfrf prlsahkfr f Dáxamh lk `fs 'klehmafmahkls' il` Y@MFK y sfmfr vlktfjfs guda``fktls. @f rlda`atfrazfmaýk ’mufkih yf `hs Ehoalrkhs lstftf`ls il Ylxfs, Frazhkf, Kulvh Dáxamh y Mf`abhrkaf gfk ilsp`lefih sh`ifihs il `f Eufriaf Kfmahkf` ’ sumlil f dlkhs il trls dlsls il `f mrumaf` l`lmmaýk prlsailkmaf` lk Dáxamh y f dlkhs il saltl dlsls il `fs l`lmmahkls aktlrdliafs il LL\\, ihkil kh paktfk oalk `fs mhsfs pfrf l` Sfrtaih _lpuo`amfkh. Yrudp gf prherfdfih (gttps://www.rlutl (gttps://www.rlutlrs.mhd/frtam`l/us-usf-trud rs.mhd/frtam`l/us-usf-trudp-da`atfry-pfrfil/trudpsp-da`atfry-pfrfil/trudpsda`atfry-pfrfil-p`fkkli-bhr-vltlrfks-ify-watghu da`atfry-pfrfil-p`fkklibhr-vltlrfks-ify-watghut-tfkns-ai\]NMK6E t-tfkns-ai\]NMK6E@=3N) @=3N) pfrf l` 66 il khvaldorl, iäfs ilspuás il `fs l`lmmahkls, uk ilsba`l da`atfr lk Ufsgakethk, qul tlkiræ uk mhsth il =3 da``hkls il iý`frls y qul slræ iaraeaih phr l` Mhdfkih Khrtl, lkmfrefih il `fs hplrfmahkls da`atfrls il 'Khrtlfdáramf', qul akm`uyl `f trfksbrhktlrf mhk Dáxamh. Dáxam h. <. @F 'IL]DLWAMFKAZFMAÝK' IL MF@ABH_KAF: LKY_L L@ 'MF@LWAY' Q @F OF@MFKAZFMAÝK Lk bhrdf lxtrföf, lk LL\\ foukifk `hs prhylmths slmlsahkastfs y/h of`mfkazfihrls il Mf`abhrkaf: ilsil l` 'Mf`lxat' (su sf`aif il LL\\) pfsfkih phr ukf prhpulstf il pamfr`f lk slas h trls plifzhs, gfstf `f 'Kulvf Mf`abhrkaf', il mhrtl dæs rurf` y qul prhm`fdý su 'akilplkilkmaf' 'akilplkilkmaf' y su 'ilsdlxamfkazfmaýk'. Iltræs il `hs prhylmths slmlsahkastfs y/h of`mfkazfihrls sl lkmulktrf `f `umgf sak mufrtl` lktrl Ildýmrftfs y _lpuo`amfkhs ’lxtlksavf f htrf oftf``f pfrf`l`f lktrl e`hof`astfs y kfmahkf`astfs oapfrtaiastfs’ oapfrtaiastfs ’, phr su f`df l`lmthrf` ildheræbamf. L` 'Lstfih ihrfih' il Mf`abhrkaf, mhk 9?9.333 nd? y 93 da``hkls il gfoatfktls, muyf dfyhräf shk `ftakhs y il l``hs l` 73% shk dlxamfkhs, hmupf yf l` quakth `uefr (gttps://fkel`dltrhph`atfkh.mhd.dx/?367/3 (gttps://fkel`dl trhph`atfkh.mhd.dx/?367/3</61/mf`abhrkaf-quaktf-lm </61/mf`abhrkaf-quaktf-lmhkhdaf-e`hof`-qul-sup hkhdaf-e`hof`-qul-suplrflrff-erfk-orltfkf/) il` rfknake e`hof` il` SAO khdakf` mhk ?,5 oa``hkls il iý`frls. Lk ?369, l` lxtrfvfefktl ldprlsfrah Yadhtgy Irfplr ’il 23 föhs, erfiufih il ]tfkbhri y Gfrvfri, qualk rlf`azý su bhrtukf lk Ghtdfa`, Yls`f y ]nypl ]nypl’ ’ prhpush (gttps://fkel`dltrhph`atfkh.mhd.dx/?367/3 (gttps://fkel`dl trhph`atfkh.mhd.dx/?367/39/?6/valkl-rlblrlkiu 9/?6/valkl-rlblrlkiud-shorl-`fs-trls-mf`abhrkafs d-shorl-`fs-trls-mf`abhrkafs/) /) ukf akamaftavf bf``aif pfrf iavaiar Mf`abhrkaf lk slas damrhlstfihs phr slr 'akeholrkfo`l' mhk l` bak fvalsh il ia`uar f `f dfyhräf dlxamfkf. ]ak ldofreh, lstl brfmfsý. Fghrf Irfplr vul`vl f `f mfref pfrf slpfrfr f` lstfih y tlklr 'trls Mf`abhrkafs': Mf` =, prhylmth qul akm`ush mulktf mhk su prhpah satah wlo (gttps://www.usliohhnslfrmg.mh.un/). (gttps://www.usliohhnslfrmg.mh.un/). L` rhtftavh oratækamh Ifa`y Dfa`, vakmu`fih f `hs slrvamahs il lspahkfjl il` DA2 y mhk uk kulvh iarlmthr dæs rusýbhoh fúk, lxphkl (gttps://www.ifa`ydfa`.mh.un/klws (gttps://www.ifa`ydfa`.mh.un/klws/frtam`l-<792631/Uglrl/frtam`l-<792631/Uglrl`fkidfrns-bf``-Ygrll-Mf`abhrkaf-p`fk.gtd`) mhk `ujh il iltf``ls `hs dfpfs il` prhylmth of`mfkazfihr il Mf` = ’Mf`abhrkaf il` Khrtl (KhrMf`), Mf`abhrkaf il` ]ur (]hMf`) y Mf`abhrkaf’ Mf`abhrkaf’, qul yf gf rlmaoaih (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/shmalifi/?367396=6355751615-lluuslpfrftasdh-mf`abhrkaf/) dæs il 233.333 bardfs pfrf su vhtfmaýk (gttps://liatahk.mkk.mhd/?367/32/6 (gttps://liatahk.m kk.mhd/?367/32/6=/us/mf`abhrkaf-tgrll-stftls =/us/mf`abhrkaf-tgrll-stftls-akataftavl-of``ht/ -akataftavl-of``ht/akilx.gtd`) akilx.gtd`) l` pradlr dfrtls il khvaldorl. KhrMf` sl qulifräf mhk ]fk Brfkmasmh, `hs pfrquls ]tftl y _liwhhi Kftahkf`, pfrtl il` Sfrqul Kfmahkf` Qhsldatl (qul ftrfl f makmh da``hkls il vasatfktls f` föh), l` mhkifih il Kfpf mhk sus prlstaeahshs vakhs y qul lk uk ilvfstfihr akmlkiah (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ (gttps://dukih.sp utkanklws.mhd/fdlramfXil`Xk fdlramfXil`Xkhrtl/?3656?6?635925<213-lluu-kfturf`lzfhrtl/?3656?6?635925<213-lluu-kfturf`lzffroh`/) rlmalktl tuvh páriaifs phr 93.333 da``hkls il iý`frls. Yfdoaák "akm`uaräf 93 mhkifihs, ]fmrfdlkth y ]fk Jhsá, fildæs il `fs erfkjfs il dfragufkf il `hs mhkifihs il Yrakaty y Dlkihmakh, y `fs ærlfs rurf`ls khrtlöfs". Dæs f``æ il` má`lorl pulktl Eh`ilk Eftl il ]fk Brfkmasmh, KhrMf` sl ``lvfräf `f jhyf il `f Mhrhkf tlmkh`ýeamf: l` ]a`amhk Rf``ly, fsalkth il EFBFY (Ehhe`l, Fdfzhk, Bfmlohhn, Fpp`l, Ywattlr), lk ihkil Irfplr.]alrrf Fildæs il `f dhktföf y l`f `feh Yfghl, fKhrMf` talklil tfdoaák su y slkh f vavl `f dhktföf Klvfif, qul sup`l]gfstf il feuf lsf rleaýk, iablrlkmaf `f erfvllkslquaf mfrlkmaf fmuäblrf qul adplrf lk l` rlsth il Mf`abhrkaf. ]hMf` sl qulifräf mhk l` rlstfktl il` Sfrqul Kfmahkf` Qhsldatl l akm`uaräf l` Rf``l il `f Dulrtl, Iaskly`fki (mhk dæs il 67 da``hkls il vasatfktls f` föh) y ]fk Ialeh, ihkil LL\\ phsll su dfyhr ofsl kfvf` il `f b`htf il` Sfmäbamh. Mf` tlkiräf f @hs Ækel`ls ’`f sleukif mauifi dæs erfkil il LL\\ y `f dæs pho`fif il dlxamfkhs’ dlxamfkhs ’ y Gh``ywhhi (mhk sumu`lkths akerlshs), fildæs il` 'Oae ]ur' y l` Sfrqul Kfmahkf` Sakkfm`ls. F kavl` tlrrathraf`, Mf` slräf mhksailrfo`ldlktl dlkhr qul KhrMf` y ]hMf`. F kavl` pho`fmahkf` `hs trls kulvhs Lstfihs tlkiräfk præmtamfdlktl l` dasdh kúdlrh il gfoatfktls: Mf` (6?,= da``hkls)> KhrMf` (6=,=)> y ]hMf` (6=,1 da``hkls). d a``hkls). F kavl` lmhkýdamh, KhrMf` tlkiräf 2=.333 iý`frls plr mæpatf, dalktrfs Mf` hstlktfräf <=.333 y ]hMf`, 9<.333. Fquä surel ukf ilsmhklxaýk y/h lkmfpsu`fdalkth taph eulth il `hs dlxamfkhs, pradhriaf`dlktl il @hs Ækel`ls mhk sus glrdfkhs il Yajufkf. Sfrlmalrf qul Irfplr sl ofsf lk `hs p`fkls ildheræbamhs rfmastfs il 'rlslrvfs' il `fs ltkafs ofktúls, l` Fpfrtglai fp`amfih lk Ofktustæk (]uiæbramf), y lk `hs tlrrathrahs pf`lstakhs hmupfihs lk Jlrusf`ák y Masjhrifkaf phr l` suprldfmasdh átkamh-tlh`ýeamh il Asrfl`. Zfmg Uh`b, iarlmthr ph`ätamh il `f mfilkf MKK, duy mlrmfkf f `hs Ildýmrftfs, juzef (gttps://liatahk.mkk.mhd/?367/39/6 (gttps://liatahk.m kk.mhd/?367/39/65/ph`atams/mf`ab 5/ph`atams/mf`abhrkaf-sp`at-up-plr-vhtl/aki hrkaf-sp`at-up-plr-vhtl/akilx.gtd`) lx.gtd`) qul "htrf rfzýk pfrf iavaiar Mf`abhrkaf y il `h qul kfial gfo`f" ls qul "thifväf sl lkmulktrf mhk ukf ofjf rlprlslktfmaýk lk l` ]lkfih mhdpfrfih mhk `f dfyhräf il LL\\". Ghy Mf`abhrkaf mulktf mhk << vhths lk l` Mh`leah L`lmthrf`, l` dfyhr kúdlrh il thihs `hs Lstfihs y ukf elkuakf bulrzf il` o`hqul Ildýmrftf. @f iakædamf pfrtaiastf/ildheræbamf il Mf`abh Mf`abhrkaf rkaf mfdoaý sustfkmaf`dlktl il slr uk ofstaýk il `hs _lpuo`amfkhs mhk _hkf`i _lfefk pfsý f dfkhs il `hs Ildýmrftfs. @hs _lpuo`amfkhs tldlk `f dasdf sulrtl pfrf Ylxfs, ihkil sumliaý `h mhktrfrah: il slr uk ofstaýk il `hs Ildýmrftfs mhk l` lxprlsailktl @ykihk O. Jhgkshk pfsý f dfkhs il `hs _lpuo`amfkhs mhk `hs Ousg y mhk _amn Slrry, lxeholrkfihr y ghy ]lmrltfrah il Lklreäf il Yrudp. Lk `fs rlmalktls pradfrafs il Mf`abhrkaf, Yrudp tuvh uk aktlrlsfktl ilsldplöh mhk `hs mfkiaifths UF]S (O`fkmhs Fke`hsfjhkls Srhtlstfktls) mhk `f akvlrsaýk dfsavf, ilsil l` pukth il vastf il` gajh il` pfsthr Oa``y Erfgfd, mhksailrfih mhdh l` pfpf il `hs lvfkeá`amhs, qualk ilbakaý (gttps://fkel`dltrhph`atfkh.mhd.dx/?367/3 (gttps://fkel`dl trhph`atfkh.mhd.dx/?367/32/3?/fpfrlml-jlsus-lk2/3?/fpfrlml-jlsus-lk-`fs-mrumaf`ls-l` `fs-mrumaf`ls-l`lmmahkls-illmmahkls-ilmf`abhrkaf/) qul 'Jlsús' fphyfof f su slmtf. Fdy @alu, il Bhx Klws, dliah mlrmfkh f Yrudp, if dumgh vul`h (gttp://www.bhxklws.mhd/ph`atams/?367/ (gttp://www.bhxklws.m hd/ph`atams/?367/32/6=/mf`abhrkaf-tgrll-stftls-p`fk 32/6=/mf`abhrkaf-tgrll-stftls-p`fk-hni-bhr-khvldolr-hni-bhr-khvldolrof``ht.gtd`) f `f akamaftavf Mf` = y matf ukf lkmulstf il `f Felkmaf il `hs Lstfihs \kaihs pfrf l` Ilsfrrh``h Aktlrkfmahkf` qul slöf`f qul l` 2?% il `hs vhtfktls rleastrfihs lk thif Mf`abhrkaf sl hphklk f `f akamaftavf y mhk sh`h sh `h l` 65% il fphyh. Fkf`astfs il` Mlktrh il Sh`ätamf il `f \kavlrsaifi il Rareakaf prliamlk qul KhrMf` y Mf` slrafk prhm`avls f `hs Ildýmrftfs, dalktrfs qul ]hMf` slräf uk Lstfih 'aktlrmfdoafo`l' (gttp://mlktlrbhrph`atams.hre/mrystf`of` (gttp://mlktlrbhrp h`atams.hre/mrystf`of``/frtam`ls/mf`ab `/frtam`ls/mf`abhrkaf-irlfdak-mfrvake-tgl-e hrkaf-irlfdak-mfrvake-tgl-eh`ilk-stftl-akthh`ilk-stftl-akthtgaris/) yf qul akm`uyl ærlfs trfiamahkf`dlktl _lpuo`amfkfs _lpuo`amfkfs mhdh l` Mhkifih il Hrfkel. @f of`mfkazfmaýk il Mf` = slräf sada`fr f `f il htrhs Lstfihs: Ifnhtf, Mfrh`akf y Rareakaf y ls susmlptao`l il trfsthmfr `f lmufmaýk l`lmthrf`, lk pfrtamu`fr, mhk `f lktrhkazfmaýk il muftrh kulvhs slkfihrls, `h muf` akmrldlktfräf su akb`ulkmaf lk Ufsgakethk. ]leúk Ygl Ga``, `f of`mfkazfmaýk ifräf f `hs Ildýmrftfs (gttps://tglga``.mhd/ghdlklws/stftlwftmg/=1?977-tgrll-mf`abhrkafs-p`fk-whu`i-eavl-ilds-dhrl-slfts) ukf dfyhr vlktfjf pfrf l` mhktrh` il` ]lkfih, ihkil `hs _lpuo`amfkhs, mhk ukf Mf`abhrkaf ukaif, kh efkfk uk fsalkth slkfthraf` ilsil 6177 mhk Sltl Ua`shk. L` mfsh gaphtátamh il qul traukbl l` Mf`= ho`aefräf f qul l` eholrkfihr sh`amatl f` Mhkerlsh su fprhofmaýk bakf`. ¸]l rlmruilml(ræ) lk Mf`abhrkaf, mhkvlrtaif lk uk `fohrfthrah ildheræbamh il lxplradlktfmaýk oapfrtaiastf, `f mhkbrhktfmaýk lktrl `hs UF]S y `hs dlxamfkhs mftý`amh-eufif`upfkhs8 mftý`amh-eufif`upfkhs8 Kh gfy qul plrilr il vastf qul lk blmgfs rlmalktls f `hs _lpuo`amfkhs `ls gf ifih dumgh d umgh phr matfr f `f Oao`af pfrf justabamfr su rlprlsaýk mhktrf `hs daerfktls y `f akgudfkf slpfrfmaýk il sus bfda`afs: ilsil l` basmf` elklrf`, e lklrf`, Jlbb ]lssahks (gttps://liatahk.mkk.mhd/?367/32/69/ (gttps://liatahk.mkk.mhd/?367/32/69/ph`atams/jlbbph`atams/jlbbslssahks-addaerftahk-ph`amy-ilblksl-oao slssahks-addaerftahk-p h`amy-ilblksl-oao`amf`/akilx.gt `amf`/akilx.gtd`) d`) gfstf ]frfg Gumnfoll ]fkilrs (gttps://www.tgleufriafk.mhd/us-klws/?367/ju (gttps://www.tgleufriafk .mhd/us-klws/?367/juk/69/sfrfg-sfkilrs-oao k/69/sfrfg-sfkilrs-oao`l-trudp-addaerftahk`l-trudp-addaerftahkohrilr-ph`amy),, slmrltfraf il Srlksf il Yrudp. ohrilr-ph`amy) Yr udp. Lk mhktrfstl, l` prlsailktl il `f Mhkblrlkmaf il Hoasphs Mftý`amhs il LL\\ mf`abamý il 'akdhrf`' (gttps://liatahk.mkk.mhd/?367/32/6 (gttps://liatahk.m kk.mhd/?367/32/6=/ph`atams/addaerfta =/ph`atams/addaerftahk-a``lef`-bfda`y-slpfrftahkhk-a``lef`-bfda`y-slpfrftahk-mftgh`ammftgh`amoasghps-fsy`ud/akilx.gtd`) `f slpfrfmaýk il dfirls l gajhs daerfktls. Yfdphmh sl ilol pfsfr phr f`th qul Yrudp bhrdu`ý su rlakelkalräf rfmastf iurfktl `f brfmfsfif Mudorl il` E5 lk Mfkfiæ pfrf 'trfs`fifr' f ?< da``hkls il dlxamfkhs f Jfpýk (gttps://www.ousaklssaksailr.mhd/ (gttps://www.ousak lssaksailr.mhd/trudp-?<-da``ahk-dlxamfks-j trudp-?<-da``ahk-dlxamfks-jfpfk-sgakzh-fol-a fpfk-sgakzh-fol-addaerftahkddaerftahk?367-28r4DW&A_4Y),, il `h qul malrtf dfklrf lvhquá lk da `aorh 'Yrudp y l` suprldfmasdh ?367-28r4DW&A_4Y) o`fkmh: `f pf`lstakazfmaýk il `hs dlxamfkhs'. L` erfvl prho`ldf ls qul `hs jfphklsls shk tfk rfmastfs mhdh `hs UF]S. ¸Fivalkl ukf '`adpalzf átkamf' lk Mf`abhrkaf, mhk h sak of`mfkazfmahkls8 @f trap`l lsmasaýk il Mf` = kh slräf shrprlkilktl yf qul l` ilmfkh il `hs iap`hdætamhs il _usaf, Äehr Sfkfrak, gfoäf vftamakfih `f of`mfkazfmaýk il LL\\ lk slas plifzhs. Lk l` ?337 lsmraoä qul "f LL\\, qul sl gf mhksferfih f of`mfkazfr y e`hof`azfr f` dukih". L` prhdaklktl fkf`astf rush Äehr Sfkfrak `l prhpakf ukf shpf il su prhpah mghmh`ftl f` vftamakfr su of`mfkazfmaýk lk slas plifzhs (gttps://www.jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?337/66/?2/akil (gttps://www.jhrkfif.m hd.dx/?337/66/?2/akilx.pgp8slmtahk4hpa x.pgp8slmtahk4hpakahk&frtam`l43?2h6ph`) kahk&frtam`l43?2h6ph`):: "`f mhstf il` Sfmäbamh, mhk su mrlmalktl pho`fmaýk mgakf> l` sur, mhk sus gaspfkhs> Ylxfs, ihkil `hs dhvadalkths akilplkilktastfs akilplkilktastfs gfk mrlmaih> `f mhstf il` Ft`æktamh, mhk ukf dlktf`aifi iastaktf y slpfrfif> makmh il `hs dæs phorls lstfihs mlktrf`ls mhk sus pho`fmahkls kftavfs lstfihukailksls> `hs lstfihs il` Khrtl, ihkil `f akb`ulkmaf il Mfkfiæ ls philrhsf". Shr malrth, `f prhpulstf il` Mf`lxat (gttps://www.jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?362/6?/?6/hpakahk/36?h6ph`) (gttps://www.jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?362/6?/?6/hpakahk/36?h6ph`),, l` iavhrmah il Mf`abhrkaf il LL\\ lk sada`atui f` Orlxat, ls prhofo`l qul slf vhtfif lk ?3?3. Lk da `aorh (gttp://www.f`brlihjf`abl.mhd/? (gttp://www.f`brlihjf`abl.mhd/?36=/3?/??/l`-`fih-hsmurh-il-` 36=/3?/??/l`-`fih-hsmurh-il-`f-e`hof`azfmahk/) f-e`hof`azfmahk/) puo`amfih gfml 67 föhs, 'L` `fih hsmurh il `f e`hof`azfmaýk: phste`hof`azfmaýk y of`mfkazfmaýk', lkukmaá f` oakhdah il `f ilse`hof`azfmaýk/ ilse`hof`azfmaýk/phste`hof`azfmaýk phste`hof`azfmaýk mhdh prhofo`l mftf`azfihr il `fs of`mfkazfmahkls phr vlkar. Sfrlml qul khs f`mfkzý l` buturh. 2. L@ DAE_FKYL Y_AÆKE\@H KH_YL: MFDOAH M@ADÆYAMH, MFBÁ, RAH@LKMAF Q LRFKEL@A]DH L` fohrifjl daerfthrah il` Yraækeu`h Khrtl il Mlktrhfdáramf ’Euftldf`f, Ghkiurfs, L` ]f`vfihr ’ , il mfrfmtlrästamf mlkträbuef gfmaf LL\\, dæs qul f Dáxamh mhdh pfäs il træksath, ls gaplrmhdp`ljh y du`taiadlksahkf` phr `h qul su trftfdalkth ilol slr gh`ästamh, rleahkf` y gudfkastf, dæs qul il vu`efrls y lbädlrfs tfrabfs pukatavfs y l`lmthrlrfs. @fs vlrifilrfs vfrafo`ls il` ltárlh fmulrih il Yrudp y l` Ehoalrkh dlxamfkh, ofjh `f fdlkfzf il tfrabfs pukatavfs qul tlkiräfk lblmths il`ltárlhs lk `f lmhkhdäf dlxamfkf ’qul quazæ prhpamal ukf dfyhr daerfmaýk, yf kh il mlktrhfdlramfkhs, sakh il dlxamfkhs qul phiräfk usfr ldofrmfmahkls dfrätadfs pfrf ``lefr f `fs ihs mhstfs il LL\\’ gf f`mfkzfih kavl`ls il 'thrdlktf plrblmtf'. ]l gfk mhkjuefih `hs fktlmlilktls elhph`ätamhs prhpahs il` Yraækeu`h Khrtl: ilsil l` lkbrlktfdalkth lktrl LL\\ y `f lx-\_]] iurfktl `f eulrrf bräf, pfsfkih phr sus eulrrfs mava`ls, gfstf su aklstfoa`aifi prhpaf l akiumaif il` lxtlrahr. ]ak mhktfr su vh`mfkasdh hrheræbamh y sus ilvfstfihrfs thrdlktfs m`adfth`ýeamfs (taph gurfmæk Datmg), sl lsohzf uk mufirh ifktlsmh sak sf`aif, ihkil mhkvlrelk l` mfdoah m`adætamh ’qul gf fblmtfih f `f pho`fmaýk rurf` ’, l` ilsp`hdl il` prlmah il` mfbá (lk pfrtamu`fr, lk Euftldf`f), `f vah`lkmaf juvlka` il ofkifs efkstlra`ls y mfrtl`ls il irhef, (gttps://www.ukrlbuells.hre/ldlrelkmals/mlktrf`-fdlramf/) trfbamfktls il daerfktls y trftf il plrshkfs, f `h qul sl sudf l` bfmthr phmh fkf`azfih qul bhrdfräf pfrtl il ukf felkif hmu`tf il` rlmfdoah 'lvfkel`astf': ilsil Kamfrfeuf, pfsfkih phr l` Yraækeu`h Khrtl, gfstf l` sur dlxamfkh. L` dleflsplmu`fihr 'e`hof`astf' Elhrel ]hrhs gf saih fmusfih il bakfkmafr (gttps://ls.klwsbrhkt.akbh/?367/66/62/elhrel-sh brhkt.akbh/?367/6 6/62/elhrel-shrhs-iltrfs-il-pulo`h-sakrhs-iltrfs-il-pulo`h-sak-brhktlrfs-qul-ls-qualkbrhktlrfs-qul-ls-qualk-gf-lstfihgf-lstfihdhvalkih-`fs-mfrfvfkfs-il-daerfktls/) f `fs HKE lk Dáxamh pfrf prhdhvlr `f bhrzfif daerfmaýk il Mlktrhfdáramf, lk pfrtamu`fr il Ghkiurfs, mhdh gf lxpulsth su lxprlsailktl Dfkul` Zl`fyf, ilpulsth phr uk eh`pl da`atfr akstaefih phr LL\\. ]hrhs tfdoaák gf saih adputfih phr Ranthr Hrofk (gttp://fohutgukefry.gu/klws-ak-oralb/pfr`afdlktth-vhtl-thdhrrhw-hk-tgl-sthp-shrhsth-vhtl-thdhrrhwhk-tgl-sthp-shrhs-`leas`ftavl-pfmnfel-fki`leas`ftavl-pfmnfel-fki-mhkstatutahkf`-fdlki mhkstatutahkf`-fdlkidlkt/) dlkt/),, pradlr il Gukeräf, il il` slr lurh. l` prhdhthr il `f h`f daerfthraf f Lurhpf pfrf lstadu`fr su of`mfkazfmaýk y `f ilvf`ufmaýk Lk tárdakhs daerfthrahs, sl gf lsmlkabamfih ukf oftf``f e`hof` lktrl ihs ljls oalk il`aklfihs ilsil Asrfl`, pfsfkih phr Lurhpf, gfstf Dáxamh/l` Yraækeu`h Khrtl. L` 'o`hqul fktadaerfthrah' prhm`avl f` Sfrtaih _lpuo`amfkh y f su suprldfmasdh UF]S (Ugatl Fke`h]fxhk Srhtlstfkt) il Yrudp y Jfrli Nusmgklr (su ylrkh 'tf`dúiamh'), l` mfsaklrh ]gl`ihk Fil`shk, Kltfkyfgu (pradlr asrfl`ä) brlktl f` o`hqul gapýmratfdlktl 'prhdaerfktl' il ]hrhs (gttps://www.wfsgakethkphst.mhd (gttps://www .wfsgakethkphst.mhd/ph`atams/trudp/ph`atams/trudp-whu`ikt-ol-surprasli-abwhu`ikt-ol-surprasli-ab-ildhmrftam-dlefihkhrildhmrftam-dlefihkhrelhrel-shrhs-as-bukiake-tgl-daerfkt-mfrfvfk elhrel-shrhs-as-buk iake-tgl-daerfkt-mfrfvfk/?367/66/36/1lf612 /?367/66/36/1lf612f3-iimb-66l7-7<ibf3-iimb-66l7-7<ib5f2o9i?<mbooXsthry.gtd`8khrliarlmt4hk 5f2o9i?<mbooXs thry.gtd`8khrliarlmt4hk&utdXtlrd4.l76=bioo9b &utdXtlrd4.l76=bioo9bm<) m<),, Ofkmf _htgsmga`i, `hs M`akthk, Hofdf, akm`akfih f` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf. F da juamah, Dáxamh sl gf vul`th l` mfdph il oftf``f l`lmthrf` lktrl Yrudp y ]hrhs. Yrudp gf glmgh il` fsukth daerfthrah l` '`latdhtav' il su rll`lmmaýk, dalktrfs ]hrhs uta`azf `f mfrtf daerfthraf pfrf ilsquamafr f `f ofsl l`lmthrf` il` prlsailktl Yrudp y ilrrudofr su durh qul kh gf phiaih liabamfr. ]leúk Ygl Ufsgakethk Shst, "Euftldf`f ls fghrf `f úkamf dfyhr bulktl il daerfktls qul aktlktfk lktrfr f LL\\: dæs il ?66.333 bulrhk fprlsfihs lk `f brhktlrf surhmmailktf` lk `hs hmgh dlsls il hmtuorl f dfyh", y fmrliatf `f mfusf` f qul "lk `f pfrtl hmmailktf` il Euftldf`f" ukh il "`hs dfyhrls bfmthrls il` sureadalkth ls `f mfäif il` prlmah lk 23% il ?,?3 iý`frls phr `aorf f 72 mlktfvhs lstl föh", mufkih "ilsil ?365, `f dfyhr pfrtl il `hs mfbltf`lrhs gfk lstfih hplrfkih mhk páriaifs y gfk ilmaiaih ldaerfr". ¸Shiræk `hs 2.333 aktlerfktls il `f kulvf Eufriaf Kfmahkf` il Dáxamh adpliar `f lktrfif dfsavf il daerfktls il Euftldf`f qul talkl ukf phrhsf brhktlrf il 756 nd mhk Dáxamh: Mgafpfs (2<9 nd), Mfdplmgl (619 nd) y Yfofsmh (637 nd)8 L` ilsp`hdl il` prlmah il` mfbá sl ilol (gttps://www.w (gttps://www.wfsgakethkphst.mhd fsgakethkphst.mhd/whr`i/?361/32/6 /whr`i/?361/32/66/bf``ake6/bf``akemhbbll-pramls-iravl-euftldf`fk-daerftahk-ukatli-stftls/8frm9394trul) "f` akmrldlkth y `f prhiummaýk il mfbá dlmfkazfih y ofrfth lk Orfsa`" y qul mhdprf f prlmahs rlef`fihs rlef`fihs ]tfroumns. F dlkhs qul Euftldf`f dlmfkaml su prhiummaýk il mfbá, kh sl vl mhdh pulifk pf`afr lstf træeamf satufmaýk lmhkýdamf. ¸Vuá pulil gfmlr Euftldf`f mhk sus ilsldp`lfihs mfbltf`lrhs8 Sfrlmalrf fkýdf`h qul Dáxamh, qul hstlktf ukf brhktlrf il =.333 nd mhk LL\\, mhk thih y `f pfrtl il` durh mhkstruaih lk su tlrmlrf pfrtl phr M`akthk y Ofoy Ousg, gfyf foftaih su daerfmaýk lk 13% "lk `hs pfsfihs ?3 föhs", dalktrfs qul "lstl föh, phr pradlrf vlz, Euftldf`f y Ghkiurfs sl lstæk mhkvartalkih lk `fs prakmapf`ls bulktls il daerfktls a`lef`ls f LL\\". @hs fsukths il `f vah`lkmaf juvlka`, l` mfdoah m`adætamh (gttps://www.tgleufriafk.mhd/mhdd (gttps://www .tgleufriafk.mhd/mhddlktasbrll/?361/fpr/32/uslktasbrll/?361/fpr/32/us-dlxamh-addaerftahk-m`ad dlxamh-addaerftahk-m`adftl-mgfkelftl-mgfkeldaerftahk),, y l` ilsp`hdl il `f mhtazfmaýk il` mfbá, shk dæs mhkhmaihs qul l` ilsp`aleul il ukf daerftahk) felkif qul gf thdfih bhrdf tfkth mhk `hs "mrastafkhs sahkastfs" lk l` "makturýk oäo`amh (Oao`l ol`t)" il LL\\, mhdh lk Orfsa` mhk l` fsmlksh il` lxmfpatæk Jfar Dlsäfs D lsäfs Oh`shkfrh, muyf tlrmlrf lsphsf ls lvfkeá`amf, y qualk gf tljaih ukf ]fktf F`afkzf (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ (gttps://duki h.sputkanklws.mhd/bardfs/?36136396379 bardfs/?36136396379<95=79-qul-saeka <95=79-qul-saekabamf-f`afkzf-lktrlbamf-f`afkzf-lktrloh`shkfrh-y-kltfkyfgu/) oh`shkfrh-y-k ltfkyfgu/) mhk Kltfkyfgu dliafktl `hs "lvfkel`astfs sahkastfs". Mhk sh`h l` ?=% il `f pho`fmaýk, `hs lvfkel`astfs sl vh`mfrhk phr Oh`shkfrh qualk bul olklbamafih phr htrhs trumhs akdukihs: `f d dfkapu`fmaýk fkapu`fmaýk il` Ugf Ugftsfpp tsfpp y fghrf mhk l` il ilstfpl stfpl il` "eh`pl juiamaf`" il` Dhrh, lktrlkfih y mhhptfih lk Gfrvfri, qualk o`hqulý6375<16352-makmhl` rlthrkh il @u`f f` ph`ádamh philrjulz ]lreah (gttps://duki (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd h.sputkanklws.mhd/fdlramf-`ftakf/?3613266 /fdlramf-`ftakf/?36132666375<16352-makmharrleu`fraifils-il`-juamah-mhktrf-`u`f-rlvl`fifsarrleu`fraifils-il`juamah-mhktrf-`u`f-rlvl`fifs-lk-dlksfjls-il-dhrh-y-if``fe lk-dlksfjls-il-dhrh-y-if``fekh`/) kh`/).. Mhk sh`h l` ?=% il `f pho`fmaýk, `hs lvfkel`astfs sl vh`mfrhk phr Oh`shkfrh qualk bul olklbamafih phr htrhs trumhs akdukihs: `f d dfkapu`fmaýk fkapu`fmaýk il` Ugftsf Ugftsfpp pp y fghrf mhk l` ilstfpl ilstfpl il` "eh`pl jui juiamaf`" amaf`" il` ph`ádamh julz ]lreah Dhrh, lktrlkfih y mhhptfih lk Gfrvfri, qualk o`hqulý l` rlthrkh il @u`f f` philr. ]leúk ifths il` Uhr`i BfmtOhhn il `f MAF, fshdorfk `hs phrmlktfjls lxphklkmaf`ls il `hs lvfkel`astfs lk Kamfrfeuf (==,?% il sus 2,6 da``hkls il gfoatfktls) y l` Yraækeu`h Y raækeu`h Khrtl: Ghkiurfs (96% il sus 1,? da``hkls)> L` ]f`vfihr (=2% il sus 2,? da``hkls)> Euftldf`f (9?% il sus 62,2 da``hkls> htrf bulktl qul `f MAF qul `h hmu`tf). Qf Euftldf`f ’l` pfäs "dæs lvfkel`astf" il @ftakhfdáramf ’ tuvh ihs prlsailktls lvfkel`astfs, l` Erf`. Lbrfäk _ähs Dhktt, y Jhrel ]lrrfkh L`äfs: `hs úkamhs ihs jlbls il Lstfih prhtlstfktls lk `f gasthraf il @ftakhfdáramf, fktls il `f mhkvlrsaýk y `f ``lefif il Oh`shkfrh f `f prlsailkmaf lk Orfsa`. Kh sl qulifk ftræs vfrahs Lstfihs il` sur dlxamfkh ihkil sl gf akmrldlktfih lk bhrdf khtfo`l l` phrmlktfjl il lvfkel`astfs, lk pfrtamu`fr, lk Mgafpfs (qul gf tlkaih uk eholrkfihr lvfkel`astf, brhktlrf slksao`l mhk Euftldf`f, ihkil prhsplrf l` kfrmhtræbamh y l` mhktrfofkih du`tabfmthraf`) ihkil f`eukfs bulktls uoamfk f `hs lvfkel`astfs lk ==%,sleuaih phr Yfofsmh, Mfdplmgl, Vuaktfkf _hh y Qumftæk. ¸Shr quá gfk mrlmaih tfkth `hs lvfkel`astfs lk l` sur dlxamfkh, lk adatfmaýk f `f "dfkmgf y dfrmgf lvfkel`astf" il` Yraækeu`h Khrtl y Kamfrfeuf8 L` ilprlifihr dhil`h p`uthmrætamh klh`aolrf` ilsquamaý f `f pho`fmaýk il Dáxamh mhk l` ftrfmtavh il ukf dfkh il horf ofrftf y/h il a`lef`ls mhktrftfihs lk LL\\ mhk sf`frahs il gfdorl qul prhpamafrhk `f "ýsdhsas ildheræbamf" y sus "rlbueafihs lmhkýdamhs" ’lk sada`atui f `hs "rlbueafihs ph`ätamhs"’. Lk bhrdf sada`fr, l` oakhdah "ýsdhsas ildheræbamf" y "rlbueafihs lmhkýdamhs" f`lktfrhk f qul `hs kamfrfeðlksls ldaerlk f` sur, f Mhstf _amf, dalktrfs `hs pho`fihrls il` Yraækeu`h Khrtl `h gfmlk pradhriaf`dlktl f LL\\, ihkil mulktfk mhk bfda`afrls y fdastfils yf akstf`fihs y, lk dlkhr dliaif, f` sur dlxamfkh (prakmapf`dlktl f Mgafpfs) ihkil shk ldp`lfihs lk bhrdf lstfmahkf`. ]tlvl Nhpats, il Srakmlthk Sh`amy Fivashrs, prhkhstamf (gttps://www.prakmlthkph`amy.mhd/ppfo`he/?361/2/5/a``lef`-addae o`he/?361/2/ 5/a``lef`-addaerftahk-bhrlmfst-bhr-mf`lkifr-ylfr-? rftahk-bhrlmfst-bhr-mf`lkifr-ylfr-?361-jukl-upiftl) 361-jukl-upiftl) qul pfrf thih l` föh ?361 gforæ 6.35?.333 iltlkmahkls lk `f brhktlrf suihmmailktf` il LL\\ il `hs muf`ls "9=3.333 slræk dlkhrls il lifi y 29?.333 fiu`ths". Dáxamh gf qulifih ftrfpfih sak sf`aif lktrl Lsma`f y Mfraoias: lk l` b`ujh-rlb`ujh daerfthrah il ]ur f Khrtl y il Khrtl f ]ur (`hs a`lef`ls lxpu`sfihs),y lk `f hphrtukastf ph`atazfmaýk l`lmthrlrf il Yrudp y su felkif suprldfmastf o`fkmf. @h dfs fosurih ls qul fktl uk prho`ldf du`taiadlksahkf` y il mfræmtlr rleahkf`, qul adp`amf f phr `h dlkhs makmh pfäsls (LL\\, Dáxamh, Yraækeu`h Khrtl), sak mhktfr f Mfkfiæ, sl prltlkif fp`amfr lbädlrfs rlmltfs daerfthrafs uka`ftlrf`ls mufkih l` lsbulrzh ilol aktlerfr f thihs sus mhdphklktls mhk ukf vasaýk gudfkastf, rlf`astf y il `freh p`fzh. RA. AKMASALKYL] KFMAHKF@A]DH] F@_LILIH_ IL@ D\KIH Q ILOFM@L IL@ E@HOF@A]DH 6. MGHV\L IL KFMAHKF@A]DH] LK A_FN (KH IL MARA@AZFMAHKL]): M ARA@AZFMAHKL]): LDL_ELKMAF IL@ MGAÄ]DH> \KF E\L__F @@LKF IL AK]FKAF DLKYF@> L@ "MGHV\L Q SFRH_" @H ]\B_L L@ LJÁ_MAYH AKRF]H_ LKY_L @H] L]MHDO_H] il `f eulrrf lk Arfn yfml dltfbýramfdlktl l` mfiævlr il ]fdul` Guktakethk y su dfkuf` týxamh L` mghqul il `fs mava`azfmahkls (muyh suotätu`h ls fúk dæs suelrlktl: @f rlmhkbaeurfmaýk il` kulvh hrilk dukiaf`> ukf hoslsaýk il` klphtasdh iakæstamh il `f bfda`af Ousg). Lk bhrdf fshdorhsf sl lstæ lsmlkabamfkih dæs oalk uk "mghqul il `hs kfmahkf`asdh kfmahkf`asdhs" s" mhk `f khtfo`l ldlrelkmaf il` mgaäsdh arfquä lk l` sur il` pfäs, qul sl mhkstatuyý lk uk bfmthr prlphkilrfktl pfrf hostfmu`azfr hostfmu`azfr l` ilsp` ilsp`aleul aleul il` ljármath akv akvfshr fshr fke`hlstfiukai fke`hlstfiukailksl lksl qul `aorf su eulrrf prlvlktav prlvlktavff tlrrhrastf. Dftf il rasf qul `hs kfif fsáptamhs dliahs fke`hsfjhkls, `hs plhrls ilsakbhrdfihrls il` p`fkltf, mftf`heulk mhdh "tlrrhrastf" "tlrrhrastf" f `f pho`fmaýk futýmthkf futýmthkf qul ilbalkil su gæoatft gæoatft oæsamh. @H] MFIFRL_L] IL `hs lstrftlefs mhkmlptuf`ls fke`hsfjhkls lstæk f `f dliaif il `hs mfiævlrls lk l` mfdph il oftf``f. Lk dliah il `fs "mhdp`amfmahkls" il` ljármath il L\ lk l` sur mgäatf, ukh il `hs frquatlmths il `f prlvlktavf eulrrf tlrrhrastf bul ho`aefih f rlkukmafr mhdh prlsailktl il` hrefkasdh mhksu`tavh il` Slktæehkh: _amgfri Slr`l, fphifih l` Sräkmapl il `fs takalo`fs phr su akbakatf plrbaiaf. Rf`aákihsl il su akb`uylktl pulsth, l` asrfl`ä-lstfiukailksl, qualk, fildæs iarlmthr il` Ygl Jlrusf`ld Shst (htrf bulktl ilsakbhrdftavf), bul ftrfpfih ak brfefkta lk sus trfksfmmahkls dlrmfkta`ls akdukifs mhk prlsukths "lkldaehs" "lkldaehs" il L\ (lk l` pfpl`, phr `h dlkhs): l` eruph sfuiatf il Hsfdf Oak @filk y `hs mgakhs (lk blmgfs rlmalktls> kh fktls il` 66 il slptaldorl) ¸Kh ls fmfsh _amgfri Slr`l l` dljhr f`afih il thih l` eruph dfbahsh il` Aræk-mhktrfs qul rlerlsý f` philr lk `f Mfsf O`fkmf ghy lkklerlmaif8 _AMGF_I SL_@L Q l`f`tfdoaák asrfl`ä-lstfiukailksl Sfu` Uh`bhwatz, philrhsh suoslmrltfrah il Ilblksf, plrsufialrhk bæma`dlktl suelstahkfo`l Ofoy Ousg, il qul f`l` sadp`l fshdh il` ljármath fke`hlstfiukailksl fke`hlstfiukailk sl `f pho`fmaýk mgäatf il` sur arfquä (23 phr malkth il `hs ?5 da``hkls il `f pho`fmaýk thtf`) `h rlmaoaräf mhdh "`aolrfihr". ]umliaý thih `h mhktrfrah, y lsh qul l` ljármath akvfshr thifväf kh akerlsf f` slmthr sukatf ærfol lk l` mlktrh il Arfn (?3 phr malkth il `f pho`fmaýk), ihkil prhvhmfræ dfyhr ghsta`aifi. KH GFML D\MGH, Uh`bhwatz (htrh mfkiaifth f` Duslh il `fs Dhdafs) gfoäf fsleurfih lk Ygl Sga`fil`baf Lkquarlr qul l` hplrftavh oá`amh il` ljármath il L\ lk Arfn sl fsldljfof f` ilsldofrmh lk Khrdfkiäf, mufkih bul lblmtavfdlktl rlmaoaih mhdh "`aolrfihr" y prhvhmý l` ilrrudol il` ehoalrkh tätlrl il Ramgy. ]l khtf qul `fs mrllkmafs tlh`ýeamfs il Uh`bhwatz gfk mhktfdakfih su ilsldplöh, qul gf ilsfmhp`fih `f tlhräf f`umakfthraf mhk `f præmtamf rlf`. \KH IL @H] prakmapahs oæsamhs il `f sf`ui dlktf` rfiamf lk l` il `f rlf`aifi y, mhdh ilmäfk `hs elkaf`ls irfdfturehs eralehs (muyhs sumlshrls mhktldphræklhs sl gfk prhkukmafih ef``frifdlktl mhktrf `f akvfsaýk fke`hlstfiukailksl), "mufkih `hs iahsls ilslfk fmfofr træeamfdlktl mhk f`eualk `h gfmlk plrilr pradlrh l` juamah". L` dasdh prlsailktl kúdlrh 9= -`h lxprlsfdhs mhk rlsphksfoa`aifi y slrlkaifi juräiamh-saquaætramf-, phiräf slr hojlth il ukf ilstatumaýk phr aksfkaifi qul mhktldp`f `f lkdalkif ?< -kh bf`tfræk vhmls lk l` Mhkerlsh h lk `hs dliahs pfrf ldplzfr f prhdhvlr`f. HY_F AK]FKAIFI (lstf prlvlktavf eulrrf tlrrhrastf lstæ rlp`ltf il aksfkaifi dlktf`) ls l` prltlkiaih traukbh samh-oá`amh (dljhr iamgh samhiá`amh) il` dhil`h il` "Mghqul y pfvhr" il Gfr`fk \``dfk -qualk bukel fghrf mhdh f`th fshmafih il` Mlktrh Aktlrkfmahkf` il Lstuiahs Lstrftáeamhs, qul ilslf "pravftazfr" l` pltrý`lh il Dáxamh mhk l` AYFD, `hs jukahrs il` S_A, `hs mhrihoastfs-zlia``as mhrihoastfs-zlia``astfs tfs mlktrf`-ofkquastfs, `hs sgfrhkastfs `hmf`ls y `hs ph`nhs pfkastfs. L` sgfrhkastf \``dfk ls htrh mfiævlr lk phtlkmaf, y qualkls `l gfk akb`aeaih l` "mghqul y pfvhr" f` ljármath akvfshr fke`hsfjýk gfk saih justfdlktl `hs mgaätfs il` sur y `hs sukatfs il` mlktrh il Arfn. Gfstf fghrf sl lstæk lktlrfkih lk Ufsgakethk y lk @hkirls il `f vf`lktäf `lelkifraf il` khtfo`l pulo`h arfquä lk su mhkjukth, qul ilsil qul kfml vavl `f trfksbaeurfmaýk il `fs gfzföfs dätamfs il Ea`efdlsg, `f erfkilzf il Gfddurfoa, `f shp`h e`hraf il il `f Kfoumhihkhshr, orfvurf y `f sfpalkmaf il Gfrúk L`-_fmgai: bhrjfihs phr l` frma``f iavakf lk`f `f "talrrfil il]f`fiakh `hs ihs rähs" qul saekabamf Dlshphtfdaf, y ihkil sl gf ldpfktfkfih l` ljármath akvfshr qul prltlkiäf mhkm`uar `f eulrrf mhk su Kaktlkih oá`amh lk uk sfktafdák il` da`lkfrasdh fphmf`äptamh ousgafkh. @H] L]Y_FYLEF] "il pfpl`" il` ehoalrkh il Ousg sl ofsfrhk lk l` `lvfktfdalkth il `hs mgaätfs mhktrf ]fiifd lxpu`sfih il Nuwfat. Mhdh il mhstudorl, il fmulrih mhk `fs mhtazfmahkls il `f elhph`ätamf lk Ufsgakethk, `hs mgaätfs bulrhk fofkihkfihs phr l` prlsailktl kúdlrh 96. Il f``ä qul phmhs il `hs mgaätfs arfquäls sl trfeulk l` mulkth il `f "`aolrfmaýk" 6? föhs ilspuás il su fofkihkh phr l` pfirl il` fmtuf` prlsailktl. prlsailktl. @F _L]A]YLKMAF IL `hs mgaätfs il` sur mhktrf thifs `fs bf`sfs lxplmtftavfs qul mrlylrhk qualkls ilsmhkhmlk `f prhbukiaifi samh`ýeamf il sus dhrfihrls, lpathdazf uk ilsplrtfr kfmahkf`astf qul suplrf l` sadp`asdh il "`umgf rl`aeahsf" il` mghqul il mava`azfmahkls il` týxamh Guktakethk, mhktfdakfih phr l` asrfl`ä-oratækamh-lstfiukailksl Olrkfri @lwas y su "eulrrf plrpltuf" lktrl mgaätfs y sukatfs lk Arfn. KA I\IF MFOL qul `hs mgaätfs il` sur gfk subraih ferfvahs y vljfmahkls phr pfrtl il` ehoalrkh mlktrf` sukatf, fou`tfihs phr `hs dliahs ilsakbhrdftavhs il Ufsgakethk y @hkirls. Slrh rlsu`tf y rlsf`tf qul `hs mgaätfs arfquäls prlbalrlk l` ehoalrkh il ]fiifd f ukh il Ousg (mhdh `f dfyhräf il` eáklrh gudfkh), `h muf` ls dæs qul slksfth. ]leurfdlktl `hs `äilrls il` mgaäsdh arfquä `lylrhk l` prhylmth il "pravftazfmaýk" (ukf elkuakf lxprhpafmaýk) il su pltrý`lh lk `f raquäsadf rleaýk il Ofshrf, fvf`fih phr l` Slktæehkh, y qul, ilspuás il `f prhpulstf f` rlsplmth il Fral` Mhglk, il` Glratfel Bhukiftahk, gf saih rlthdfif lk bhrdf dæs mäkamf phr Fdaty ]mg`fls (Bakfkmaf` Yadls ?<.3=.3=) qul f`alktf `f slpu`turf il` pltrhlstfih arfquä, qul sleurfdlktl slræ lxtlksavh, lk mfsh il tlklr áxath (lk `f rleaýk mgaätf y nurif) kh sh`fdlktl f thifs `fs pltrhdhkfrquäfs il `f rleaýk, sakh tfdoaák f` pltrý`lh "lstftazfih" il Dáxamh y Rlklzul`f. Rl klzul`f. FKYL] IL @F akvfsaýk fke`hlstfiukailksl, `f rleaýk mgaätf il Ofshrf prhiumäf 6.5 da``hkls il ofrra`ls iafrahs (DOI) il `hs ?.9 DOI il` thtf`. ]leúk Sátrhstrftáeals qul iarael l` frdlkah Salrrl Ylrzafk, lk l` sur mgaätf sl `hmf`azfk `hs ihs suplr`ftavhs yfmadalkths il `hs p`ltýramhs 6= il` pfäs: _udfa`f-sur, mhk ukf prhiummaýk il 533 da` ofrra`ls f` iäf, y _udfa`f-khrtl, mhk =33 da`. Dæs adphrtfktl qul l` pulrth dlrmfkta` il \d Vfsr ls `f plkäksu`f il Bfh, pho`fif phr mgaätfs y prakmapf` mlktrh il f`dfmlkfdalkth il mruih gfmaf `hs pulrths il Dakf F`-Ofnr y F`-Fkfyf. Kfturf`dlktl qul `hs mgaätfs arfquäls kh ilsmhkhmlk `f suplrlstrftáeamf rl`lvfkmaf pltrh`lrf il su rleaýk y kh `ls gf il gfolr eustfih `f ailf il qul uk eholrkfihr da`atfr, l` elklrf` Yhddy Brfkns (fdaeh il lsmul`f lk Dai`fki, Ylxfs, il @furf, `f lsphsf il Ofoy Ousg), sa ls qul kh `h rlkukmafk fktls phr aklpth. Yfdphmh aekhrfk `hs mgaätfs arfquäls qul l` tätlrl sl`lmmahkfih phr Ufsgakethk mhdh aktlr`hmuthr prakmapf` ls l` brävh`h (`atlrf`dlktl) Fgdli Mgf`foa: pfrfiaedf pfrfiaedf il `f mhrrupmaýk dliah dliah hralktf`. L@ MGAA]DH A_FV\A kh sh`fdlktl ilbalkil su raqulzf pltrh`lrf, sakh tfdoaák prhtlel su raqulzf lsparatuf` lk ihs mlktrhs sferfihs Kfjfb ytfiukailksl. Nlrof`æ, qul gfk saih ilsfmrf`azfifs phr `hs ohdofrilhs y `f prakmapf`ls prlslkmaf il` ljármath ljármath akvfshrilfke`hls fke`hlstfiukailksl. @F "]H_S_L]F" S_HRAKH il `f prlstaeafif prl staeafif lsmul`f tlh`ýeamf il `f mauifi sferfif il Kfjfb, ilsil ihkil sus prakmapf`ls fyfth`fs y du`æs fmhrifrhk ldatar ukf bftwf (hrilk m`lramf`) mhk l` prhpýsath il rlpl`lr f` akvfshr fke`hlstfiukailksl. Q fquä sl dltaý lk slrahs prho`ldfs thih l` hplrftavh il "`aolrfmaýk", phrqul mhk h sak ]fiifd lk l` philr, sl fueurf ukf eulrrf il eulrra``fs aktlksf y prh`hkefif qul phkl lk ral ralseh seh thih l` prhmlsh il "pravftazfmaý "pravftazfmaýk" k" il` plt pltrý`lh rý`lh lk ``ff rleaýk iill Ofshrf, muyhs yfmadalkths gfk saih mfpturfihs phr l` ljármath akvfshr. KH ]L ILOL shs`fyfr qul `hs mgaätfs il Arfn (65 da``hkls) plrtlklml plrtlklmlkk f `f ltkaf sldätamf ærfol, dalktrfs `hs mgaätfs il Aræk (f`rlilihr il 2< da``hkls) shk il hraelk frahplrsf, qualkls ofjh l` feuf sl gfk mh`hmfih lk ukf "klutrf`aifi prlfmtavf": sl prhkukmafk mhktrf `f eulrrf qul kh adpailk, plrh bfvhrlmlk l` "ilrrhmfdalkth il ]fiifd" (Ghhdæk Sladfka> Fsaf Yadls ?=.3=.3=). Vulif m`frh qul pfrf `hs mgaätfs mgaätfs arfquäls l` bfmthr kfmahkf`as kfmahkf`astf tf sl gf shorlpul shorlpulsth sth l adpulsth f` bfmthr rl`ae rl`aeahsh, ahsh, `h muf` ilslmgf thif `f ofsurf il` mghqul il `fs mava`azfmahkls prhdhvaih phr `hs märmu`hs il `f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrf qul fohdakfk f` "Lstfih-kfmaýk" f` qul gfk mhktraouaih lk shmfvfr, plrh qul f `f pradlrf hphrtukaifi rlsumatf il lktrl `hs "dulrths" ilmrltfihs phr `f ilsakbhrdfmaýk il `hs du`tadliaf fke`hsfjhkls. ]A L@ ]\_ mgaätf il Arfn ls il phr sä duy mhdp`ljh, `f ph`ätamf elhlstrftáeamf il `f tlhmrfmaf il `hs fyfth`fs il Aræk ls sudfdlktl mhd`pljf y suta`, phr `h qul gforäf qul slr duy muaifihshs mhk `hs "julehs il trls ofkifs" qulgfml sul`l prfmtamfr akvlktfih l` fjlirlz. \kf mhsf ls `h qul sl iaml y htrf `f qul sl ofjh l` feuf.Ylglræk, Lxastl ukihkil fifeahbul shorl l` mhdphrtfdalkth il `hs mgaätfs, f qualkls sl `ls slöf`f il "mfdoafr da` vlmls il phsturf mhk tf` il kh plrilr" (F`b F`ol \f @f Ef`ol). L` adpu`sh kfmahkf`astf il `hs mgaätfs arfquäls ærfols gf saih il tf` dfekatui qul gfstf l` fyfth`f Dugfdli Ofqr-f` Gfnad, il `f ltkaf ærfol il `hs mgaätfs arfquäls, qul jlbfturf l` eruph ]MA_A (phr sus sae`fs lk ake`ás il ]uprldh Mhksljh il `f _lvh`umaýk lk Arfn) y su orfzh frdfih `f Oraefif Ofir il ?3 da` da`amafkhs qul hplrfk mhk l` fphyh f phyh il `f tlhmrfmaf il `hs ftfyh`fs mgaätfs il Aræk ((kh kh h`vaifr su hraelk átkamh frahplrsf), gf tlkaih qul rlmtabamfr su phsturf il mhqultlh mhk l` ehoalrkh Ousg: fghrf pail `f sf`aif il `fs trhpfs fke`hsfjhkfs il` sur il Arfn (qul kukmf gfoäf hsfih pliar) ilspuás il` ilrrhmfdalkth il ]fiifd. @h dasdh gfoäf sumliaih mhk l` Glzoh``fg mgaätf `aofkás qul gfoäf lxaeaih l` ilrrhmfdalkth il` sukatf ]fiifd. Mulstaýk il dftamls dftramaf`ls: `f blrhz rlsastlkmaf il `hs mgaätfs ærfols (plrtlklkmaf átkamf pradhriaf`) il Arfn mfdoaý `fs mhhrilkfifs il` juleh elhph`ätamh: `hs mgaätfs frahplrsfs il Aræk y l` Glzoh``fg `aofkás gfoäfk fphstfih sus mfrtfs f` mghqul il `fs mava`azfmahkls il eulrrfs rl`aeahsfs lktrl mgaätfs y sukatfs (qul l` ehoalrkh il Ousg trfksdutý lk uk vu`efr mglqul il mava`azfmahkls), plrh lk l` tlrrlkh da`atfr `hs mgaätfs ærfols il Arfn sl gfk fblrrfih f` mghqul il `hs kfmahkf`asdhs: sukatfs y mgaätfs arfquäls mhktrf l` akvfshr fke`hlstfiukailksl. L` dasdh mghqul il kfmahkf`asdhs sl fp`amf lk `f rleaýk nurif il Arfn, ihkil trls kfmahkf`asdhs, thihs sukatfs, `umgfk lktrl sä: l` turmh-dhkeh`, l` nurih-frah y l` ærfol sldatf. ?. E\HJAKDAKY\A LK MGAKF: _LKFMAHKF@AZFMAÝK Q IL]S_ARFYAZFMAÝK Lk uk fkæ`asas duy slsefih (phr aktlrlsfih) lk ilblksf il `hs supulsths ilrlmghs klh`aolrf`ls e`hof`ls, Jfda` Fkilr`aka, il Ygl Bakfkmaf` Yadls (?9/7/31), lxphkl `fs `fdlktfmahkls il `fs ldprlsfs pravfifs lk Mgakf, prhpf`fifs phr `hs fkf`astfs oratækamhs y mgakhs (`f dfyhräf fkýkadhs: l` valjh trumh), ihkil sl gf fmlktufih l` euhjakdakt euhjakdaktua: ua: `f rlkfmahkf`azfmaýk (dæs mhrrlmtfdlktl `f rlstftazfmaýk, phrqul kukmf mlsfrhk `fs ldprlsfs il slr kfmahkf`ls lk su dfyhräf) y ilspravftazfmaýk. L` fkæ`asas il Jfda` Fkilr`aka ls f`tfdlktl saekabamftavh, phr sus f`mfkmls y `f akqualtui qul gf prhvhmfih lk `hs marmuaths klh`aolrf`ls e`hof`ls il `f Maty: adphtlktls fktl `fs kulvfs tlkilkmafs (sldæktamfdlktl ls `h qul saekabamf dhilrkaifi) il rlstftazfmaýk y ilspravftazfmaýk qul shp`fk aktlksfdlktl lk l` p`fkltf (mhk `f khtfo`l lxmlpmaýk il` Dáxamh klh`aolrf` ”il f``ä sus træeamhs rlsu`tfihs , qul hplrf f mhktrfmhrralktl gastýramf il `f`fkulvf `h muf`, iamgh slflkmhk guda`ifi ”il raehr, gfoäfdhs lxpulsth tfkth lk Ofjh @upf dhilrkaifi), mhdh lk kulstrf prlslktfmaýk l` ]lkfih iurfktl l` iloftl gastýramh shorl l` ilstakh il `hs gairhmfrourhs dlxamfkhs. Mhdh l` philr ph`ätamh kh sl mhdpfrtl ka ilol slr gaphtlmfih phr `hs aktlrlsls p`uthmrætamhs, puls l` l` eho ehoalrkh alrkh mgak mgakhh lkmfrml`ý f Gufk Eufkeyu, l` ghd ghdorl orl dæs ramh il su ppfäs, fäs, pphr hr gfolr mrlfih uk Lstfih ilktrh il` Lstfih y gfolr dfkapu`fih hosmlkfdlktl `fs fmmahkls oursæta`ls il sus lldprlsfs dprlsfs pravfifs qul fblmtfrhk f` oalk oalk mhdúk. Mgakf kh ls uk pfäs ofkfklrh y kh sl pulil ifr l` `ujh il juefr mhk l` ilstakh il su dfekf pho`fmaýk. Ls kfturf` qul Jfda` Fkilr`aka sf`ef lk ilblksf il` ldprlsfrah bl`ýk: l` `ailrfzeh mgakh saktaý (sam) qul Gufk sl gfoäf vul`th duy philrhsh y sus klehmahs lrfk duy adphrtfktls lk `f lmhkhdäf kfmahkf` (sam) pfrf iljfr`f lk sus dfkhs. Il lstl mfsh sl mhkbhrdl prlkil Fkilr`aka pfrf phklr lk rl`alvl l` gf fdp`ah blkýdlkh il` euhjakdaktu Lstfih fvfkzf l` slmthr pravfih rltrhmlil, `h muf` saih klefih phr euhjakdaktua: a: l`lsplmtfmu`fr l` ehoalrkh qul bhrdl pfrtl il ukf ph`ätamf bhrdf` il rlkfmahkf`azfr (sam) pfrtls il `f lmhkhdäf. Fkilr`aka ilslmgf `fs lxp`amfmahkls il` ehoalrkh y mhdlktf qul f`eukhs (sam) freuylk qul `f rlspulstf il` ehoalrkh f `f mrasas bakfkmalrf gf plrdataih qul `fs ldprlsfs lstftf`ls, brlmulktldlktl (sam) mhktrh`fifs phr bfda`afs ph`ätamfs philrhsfs y qul yf dhkhph`azfk `fs f`turfs il dfkih il `f lmhkhdäf, rlvalrtfk pfrmaf`dlktl (sam) `f pravftazfmaýk il `hs pfsfihs =3 föhs il rlbhrdf lmhkýdamf lk Mgakf. Matf f Ifk ”bfkætamh il `f e`hof`azfmaýk klh`aolrf`, Akstatuth L\-Mgakf il `f@ykmg \kavlrsaifi il`lstfiukailksl ]ur il Mf`abhrkaf, y duy mlrmfkh f Yfawækprhblshr ”, qualkil`fiuml qul ‐lxtlksfs pfrtls il `f lmhkhdäf pfrlmlk slr mfif vlz dæs ihdakfifs il kulvh (sam) phr `fs ldprlsfs lstftf`ls iloaih f `f qualorf il `fs plqulöfs y dliafkfs ldprlsfs pravfifs. ¸Kh ls, fmfsh, `f ilstrumtavaifi mrlftavf ifrwakafkf qul foheý Jhslpg ]mgudpltlr `h muf` ilpurf f` prhpah mfpatf`asdh, supulstfdlktl lvh`utavh, il sus l`ldlkths mftfoý`amhs8 ¸Shr qul shk tfk aklbamalktls, fdák il mftfoý`amf y iafoý`amfdlktl pfrfsatfrafs, `fs ldprlsfs pravfifs iurfktl `fs mrasas bakfkmalrfs lk `f fke`hsblrf, lk Lurhpf, lk Dáxamh h lk Mgakf, y qualkls pfrf shorlvavar shk rlsmftfifs, mhktrf thifs `fs `lyls il` `aorl (sam) dlrmfih (sam), mhk l` iaklrh lstftf`8 ¸Shr quá rlsu`tfrhk `fs ldprlsfs lstftf`ls mgakfs (qul murahsfdlktl saeulk l` dhil`h il lmhkhdäf daxtf il Dáxamh fktlrahr f` mftfm`äsdamh klh`aolrf`asdh) `fs dæs lxathsfs il` p`fkltf, mhk h sak mrasas bakfkmalrf il phr dliah y dalih8 Ifths iuräsadhs: lktrl `fs ?3 prakmapf`ls akstatumahkls bakfkmalrfs il` dukih dliaifs phr su mfpatf`azfmaýk il dlrmfih (l` vf`hr thtf` il sus fmmahkls lk `f oh`sf), sleúk Ygl Bakfkmaf` Yadls (??/=/31), `hs trls pradlrhs `uefrls shk mgakhs (¡thihs lstftf`ls!): Akiustraf` & Mhddlrmaf` Ofkn hb Mgakf (AMOM) ”qul fildæs il su adpfmtfktl vf`hr oursæta` ls l` dfyhr il` dukih lk ilpýsaths y l` qul dæs efkf”> Mgakf Mhkstrumtahk Ofkn, y Ygl Ofkn hb Mgakf. Lk `hs `uefrls 63 y 6? sl uoamfk htrhs ihs ofkmhs mgakhs, tfdoaák lstftf`ls: Ofkn hb Mhddukamftahks y Mgakf Dlrmgfkts Ofkn. Lk `f `astf il `fs <33 ldprlsfs e`hof`ls il` Bakfkmaf` Yadls (=3/2/31), lktrl `fs 63 pradlrfs fpfrlmlk: lk pradlr `uefr Sltrhmgakf (lstftf`)> tlrmlrh, AMOM (lstftf`)> quakth `uefr, Mgakf Dhoa`l (lstftf`)> sáptadh, Mgakf Mhkstrumtahk Ofkn (lstftf`). ( lstftf`). Lk rlsudlk: muftrhls ilpltrh`lrf `fs 63 pradlrfs ldprlsfs e`hof`ls shk mgakfs, y thifs lstftf`ls, sak plrilr il vastf qul `f pradlrf lstftf` (Sltrhmgakf). Kfif iltalkl `fs jlrldafifs pravftazfihrfs il JJfda` fda` Fkilr`aka: erfkils ldprlsfs lstftf`ls mhk bæma` fmmlsh f` mráiath ile`utalrhk (sam) lstl föh f `hs mhdpltaihrls pravfihs lk slmthrls ilsil `fs flrh`äklfs gfstf `hs prhiumths il ol``lzf. ¡Slrh mýdh kh `fs vfk f ile`utar sa lstæk qulorfifs! Kh lstfdhs lk Lstfihs \kaihs, Erfk Orltföf h lk l` Dáxamh klh`aolrf` ihkil Mf`ilrýk lstæ dæs (prl)hmupfih lk rlsmftfr f Mldlx (mhktfo`ldlktl aksh`vlktl) qul f` pfäs lktlrh, yf kh sl iaef lk gukiar f Sldlx f qualk il`aolrfifdlktl gfk ``lvfih f `f qualorf támkamf, plsl f sus mufktahshs akerlshs, pfrf lktrlefr`f f `fs trfskfmahkf`ls fke`hsfjhkfs. Jfda` Fkilr`aka matf f uk ofkqulrh (sam) mgakh fkýkadh (`h muf` kh ls mrläo`l, phrqul `f dfyhräf bukmahkf` plrtlklml f `f f`murkaf ofkmfraf lstftf`), qualk ilsphtramf mhktrf `f prlslktl fidakastrfmaýk qul ilsil`h gfml saltl föhs gf hplrfih mhktrfeh`pl iltradlkth il`mufki ilsfrrh``h il` slmthr pravfih, muf` sl gf fml`lrfih fghrf, yuk ``hraqulf qul lsrlf` duylkiabäma` mhdpltar mufkih h sl julef mhktrf l` æroatrh. Ilsil `f m`fkilstakaifi, uk ldprlsfrah mgakh oalk mhklmtfih(sam), matfih ltárlfdlktl phr Fkilr`aka, bustaef qul uk Lstfih futhratfrah y mlktrf`azfih kh pulil th`lrfr mlktrhs f`tlrkftavhs il philr. Gfy qul ilmar`h lk vhz f`tf: `hs ldprlsfrahs kh sfolk eholrkfr ( v. er. l` pftátamh ljldp`h klh`aolrf` dlxamfkh) y `h dljhr ls qul sl iliaqulk f `h qul supulstfdlktl sfolk gfmlr. @f eholrkfmaýk ls uk fsukth il `hs mfpfmatfihs ph`ätamhs prhblsahkf`ls. Jfda` Fkilr`aka kh slqul mfksf matfr f fkf`astfs (sam) fkýkadhs qualkls slöf`fk `umgf (sam) il `fs efsh`aklrfs pravfifs shklkræpaifdlktl fiquaraifs phr `hs dhkhph`ahs (sam)`flstftf`ls mhdh Sltrhmgakf, dalktrfs dumgfs (sam) ldprlsfs akdhoa`afrafs pravfifs shk akmfpfmls (sam) il mhdpltar mhk `hs oalk bakfkmafihs eaefktls lstftf`ls. Lktrl htrfs vartuils, mhdh su ilsmhdukf` fghrrh qul rlprlslktf <9 phr malkth (¡súplr-sam!) il su SAO (mabrfs il ?337> _holrt J. ]fdul`shk, Ylgrfk Yadls, 67/7/31) y su lmhkhdäf daxtf rleu`fif, ¸rfiamfræ l` slmrlth il` phrtlkthsh áxath mgakh lk kh gfolr lktrlefih su ofkmf kfmahkf` f `fs trfskfmahkf`ls fke`hsfjhkfs fke`hsfjhkfs (y f sus prlstfkhdorls lspföh`ls) mhdh sumliaý lk l` Dáxamh klh`aolrf`, qul sl quliý sak ofkmf y sak pfäs8 =. MHK]H@AIFMAÝK IL@ ]\@YÆK L_IHEFK Q F]MLK]H IL@ \@Y_FKFMAHKF@A]DH \@Y_FKFMAHKF @A]DH HYHDFKH Yurquäf vhtý lk ?365 phr uk earh il` sastldf pfr`fdlktfrah f ukh ldaklktldlktl prlsailkmaf`. ]u rlmalktl l`lmmaýk lk `f pradlrf vul`tf hthref fdp`ahs philrls mhkstatumahkf`ls f _lmlp Yfyyap Lrihefk, mhk ukf blkhdlkf` pfrtamapfmaýk il` 75%, lk lsplmaf` lk l` mhrfzýk rurf` u`trfkfmahkf`astf il Yurquäf. L` fkf`astf turmh Durft Qltnak (gttps://www.gu (gttps://www.gurrayltifa`yklws.mhd rrayltifa`yklws.mhd/hpakahk/durft-yltn /hpakahk/durft-yltnak/tgl-klwak/tgl-klwturnly-as-lrihefk-mgfakli-th-tgl-kftahkf`a turnly-as-lrihe fk-mgfakli-th-tgl-kftahkf`ast-dgp-6==77= st-dgp-6==77= ) prleuktf sa "Lrihefk lstæ lkmfilkfih f` pfrtaih u`trfkfmahkf`astf il` Dhvadalkth Kfmahkf`astf (DGS), il lxtrldf ilrlmgf mhkslrvfihrf y lurhlsmáptamf qul lkmfolzf l` fmfiádamh lmhkhdastf l mhkhdastf Ilv`lt Ofgml`a". Ls lvailktl qul sak l` 66,?% il` u`trfkfmahkf`astf DGS, Lrihefk kh guoalrf phiaih mhksleuar `f dfyhräf sh`fdlktl mhk su pfrtaih eholrkfktl, Justamaf y Ilsfrrh``h (FNS), ( FNS), qul hotuvh l` 9?,9%: `hs ihs jukths sudfrhk ukf dfyhräf il` <=,2% ’lsth sak mhktfr `f brfmturf il` DGS mhk l` kulvh pfrtaih AJA (Oulkh), qul hotuvh lktrl l` 5,=% (f kavl` prlsailkmaf`) y l` 63% (lk l` Sfr`fdlkth) il `hs vhths ’ . Dæs f``æ il `fs iaslksahkls aktlrkfs, lstfräfdhs gfo`fkih il dæs il` ?3% il uk vhth u`trfkfmahkf`astf mufkih l` dukih sl 'ilse`hof`azf' phr ihqualr y sl rlhralktf f` mfdakh kfmahkf`astf. L` kulvh Lrihefk kh hmu`tf `f khstæ`eamf dlef`hdfkäf il` fktlrahr adplrah hthdfkh il prhm`avaifi arrlilktastf, ghy pfäs 'pavhtl' il erfk rl`lvfkmaf elhph`ätamf mhdh mruml il Lurhpf y Fsaf: "Yurquäf gf ilmaiaih thdfr l` `fih il` mrlmadalkth, ilsfrrh``h, akvlrsahkls, lkraqulmadalkth y slr uk pfäs mhk rlputfmaýk, ghkhrfo`l l akb`uylktl lk thifs `fs ærlfs il` dukih". F` phrtf` (gttps://www.o (gttps://www.orlatofrt.mhd/kftahkf`-s rlatofrt.mhd/kftahkf`-slmuraty/?367/32/? lmuraty/?367/32/?</lrihefk-ilm`frls-ild </lrihefk-ilm`frls-ildhmrfmyhmrfmywaks-frrlsts-brfui-turnasg-l`lmtahk/) Orlatofrt, mlrmfkh f` prlsailktl Yrudp, `l iaseustý l` rlsu`tfih l`lmthrf`: fiuml qul `hs "futýmrftfs il` dukih bl`amatfrhk f _lmlp Lrihefk", mhdh phr ljldp`h `hs prlsailktls Dfiurh (gttps://duki (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/h h.sputkanklws.mhd/hralktl-dliah/?3673<?? ralktl-dliah/?3673<??635771=562-fkfn 635771=562-fkfnfrffrfmfrfmfs-rl`fmahkls-oa`ftlrf`ls/) il Rlklzul`f y (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ph`atamf/?36732?< (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ ph`atamf/?36732?<63517<=5<2-putak 63517<=5<2-putak-lrihefk-l`lmmahkls-lrihefk-l`lmmahklsrl`fmahkls-oa`ftlrf`ls/) il _usaf. Sutak Shkl il rl`alvl qul `fs kulvfs rlbhrdfs mhkstatumahkf`ls `l mhkmlilræk f` su`tæk "l` philr il iash`vlr l` Sfr`fdlkth, lstfo`lmlr ilmrlths ljlmutavhs y ilm`frfr l` lstfih kfmahkf` il ldlrelkmaf", fildæs il "khdorfr `hs pulsths prakmapf`ls il` Ehoalrkh l aktlrblrar lk l` philr juiamaf`". Sfrf Orlatofrt, thihs `hs qul shk ravf`ls il LL\\ shk "futýmrftfs", y saktltazf ukf `astf il `hs `äilrls qul bl`amatfrhk f Lrihefk: l` prlsailktl arfkä, supulstfdlktl l`leaih phr su pulo`h, Gfsæk _hgfkä> l` prlsailktl pf`lstakh Dfgdui Foofs> Gfaifr F`aylv, F`aylv, prlsailktl il Fzlrofayæk> l` ldar il Mftfr, F` Ygfka, y l` prlsailktl il \zolnastæk, Darzayhylv Darzayhylv.. Orlatofrt hdatl `f bl`amatfmaýk il `f mfkma``lr Fkel`f Dlrnl` il F`ldfkaf, ihkil gfoatfk lktrl ihs y trls da``hkls il turmhs. @fs htrfs bl`amatfmahkls il `hs supulsths 'futýmrftfs', mhk `f lxmlpmaýk khtfo`l il` prlsailktl il Rlklzul`f, bhrdfk pfrtl il `fs kulvfs rl`fmahkls elhph`ätamfs qul dfktalkl Yurquäf mhk _usaf y mhk Aræk. Yurquäf, ukf phtlkmaf il pradlr hrilk lk Hralktl Dliah mhk uk mhkspamuh aktlrvlkmahkasdh aktlrvlkmahkasdh da`atfr lk ]araf l Arfn, gf dfktlkaih su akilm`akfo`l sh`aifraifi mhk Sf`lstakf y gf ``lefih f mghmfr iap`hdætamfdlktl mhk Asrfl`. L` pfäs hthdfkh dfktalkl ukf ofsl da`atfr phmh puo`amatfif lk Mftfr (gttps://tglplkaksu`fqftfr.mhd/frta (gttps://tglplk aksu`fqftfr.mhd/frtam`l/62/66/?365 m`l/62/66/?365/Lrihefk-vasats/Lrihefk-vasats-Yurnly-da`atfry-ofsl-akYurnly-da`atfry-ofsl-ak-Vftfr) Vftfr),, kfif mhakmailktldlktl lkldaeh il` rlstfktl il `fs htrfs makmh pltrhdhkfrquäfs il` Mhksljh il Mhhplrfmaýk il` Eh`bh, ghy ias`hmfih, y qul lkmfolzfk da`atfrdlktl Frfoaf ]fuiä y Ldarfths Ærfols \kaihs. @fs rl`fmahkls il Lrihefk mhk `hs dfkiftfrahs il Fzlrofayæk y \zolnastæk shk dæs qul khrdf`ls pfrf muf`qualrf qul mhkhzmf däkadfdlktl `hs f`mfkmls 'hthdfkhs' lk `f rleaýk il` Yurnlstæk, qul `hs plrsfs ilbaklk mhdh `f rleaýk il hraelk turmh-dhkeh` qul vf il` dfr Mfspah pfsfkih phr Fsaf Mlktrf` gfstf Wakjafke: `f prhvakmaf as`ædamf sukä il Mgakf. \k pukth vu`klrfo`l il Yurquäf slræk sus bakfkzfs mhk `fs qul `hs 'e`hof`astfs' fdlkfzfk mhk ilslstfoa`azfr f` su`tæk mhk l` bak quazæ il tlklr`h lk jfqul pfrf qul kh rhdpf mhk LL\\ ka mhk `f HYFK ka sl fmlrqul ildfsafih f _usaf. Ygl Bakfkmaf` Yadls (?2.32.67), rhtftavh 'e`hof`astf' vakmu`fih f `f ofkmf _htgsmga`i, lxphkl `f "fkeustaf il `hs akvlrsahkastfs" shorl `f iluif turmf y `f ph`ätamf fktahrthihxf ilsil l` pukth il vastf dhkltfrastf/mlktrf`ofkquastf il Lrihefk. Yurquäf hstlktf ukf akb`fmaýk suplrahr f` 6?% y ukf ilvf`ufmaýk il `f `arf turmf il` ?3%, mhkmhdatfktl f `f mfäif il `f oh`sf il Lstfdou` il htrh ?3% mufkih l` akmrldlkth il `hs prlmahs il` pltrý`lh y "l` fdoalktl ilsbfvhrfo`l il `hs dlrmfihs ldlrelktls lk elklrf` gf feuiazfih sus ilslqua`aorahs lmhkýdamhs". BY fivalrtl tfdoaák qul l` "mrlmadalkth lmhkýdamh f u`trfkzf" il Lrihefk ilolræ slr yueu`fih, yf qul il htrf bhrdf lkbrlktfræ "ukf mrasas il ilslqua`aorah il pfehs" y ukf "phsao`l aktlrvlkmaýk il` BDA". ¡Ka dæs ka dlkhs qul `f rlmalktl 'frelktakazfmaýk'! Htrf býrdu`f il` Bakfkmaf` Yadls mhksastl lk "fprltfr `fs ph`ätamfs dhkltfrafs y basmf`ls `h subamalktl pfrf rliumar `hs ilslqua`aorahs, fúk f lxplksfs il` mrlmadalkth, qul slräf duy mmhsthsh hsthsh lk tárdakhs ph`ätamhs". ¸Vuá tfkth ls "subamalktl"8 LL\\ y `f HYFK, bulrf il `fs hdakhsfs prlsahkls bakfkmalrfs il `f Maty y Uf`` ]trllt, kh mulktfk mhk dumgfs mfrtfs lk sus dfkhs ilspuás il qul Ufsgakethk hrqulstfrf su bf``ath eh`pl il Lstfih mhktrf Lrihefk, `h muf` bul mhksailrfih mhdh uk erfvl lrrhr phr l` lxfslshr il ]leuraifi Kfmahkf` il Mfrtlr, l` rlmaák bf``lmaih Zoaekalw Orzlzaksna, qualk (gttps://www.jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?362/31/3 (gttps://www .jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?362/31/39/hpakahk/36 9/hpakahk/36?h6ph`) ?h6ph`) mhkblsý qul "LL\\ lstuvh iltræs il` eh`pl bf``aih lk Yurquäf". ]trftbhr, ukf lsplmal il MAF il `fs trfskfmahkf`ls lstfihukailksls, mhdlktf (gttps://whr`ivalw.strftbhr.mhd/frtam`l/turn (gttps://whr`iv alw.strftbhr.mhd/frtam`l/turnly-l`lmtahks-eavl-lrihe ly-l`lmtahks-eavl-lrihefk-dhrlfk-dhrlmhktrh`8utdXmfdpfaek4O?M%?3|%?3Klws`lt mhktrh`8utdXmfdpfae k4O?M%?3|%?3Klws`lttlr%?3|%?3323767&u tlr%?3|%?3323767&utdXshurml4gsXldfa`&utd tdXshurml4gsXldfa`&utdXd Xd liaud4ldfa`&utdXmhktlkt429395259&Xgslkm4p?FKqtz-FjseFJ<GxWlF1li_E<?5SNOXhr?7Lt FjseFJ<GxWlF1l i_E<?5SNOXhr?7LtabIAg]?yrnZ3fiwwH abIAg]?yrnZ3fiwwH_qiDBOg6Ar?eFhxH9mn _qiDBOg6Ar?eFhxH9mnX9B]S<zF= X9B]S<zF= N7x=yZe7b`K5b3VV&Xgsda429397315) qul Lrihefk "dfktlkiræ su ph`ätamf il `äklf iurf mhktrf `hs nurihs, shmfvfræ f sus ravf`ls il` dhvadalkth Eu`lk, fslktfræ `f akb`ulkmaf il Yurquäf lk thih Hralktl Dliah" y sl phsamahkfræ mhdh l` `äilr il` dukih as`ædamh sukä, plrh "plrsastaræk sus prho`ldfs lmhkýdamhs", dalktrfs sl mhk mhkbrhktf brhktf mhk Lu Lurhpf, rhpf, qu qull prfmta prfmtamf mf uk iablrlktl taph il "v "vf`hrls" f`hrls" lk dftlraf il ilrlmghs gudfkhs iloaih f `f Srlsailkmaf mfif vlz dæs futhratfraf il Lrihefk. L` rhtftavh turmh Gurraylt lxphkl (gttps://www.gurrayltifa`yklws.mhd/kh-rlturk-brhd-prhmurldlkthb-russafk-dassa`ls-turnasg-prlsailkta hb-russafk-dassa`lsturnasg-prlsailktaf`-sphnlsplrshk-6==1 f`-sphnlsplrshk-6==1=<) =<) f` phrtfvhz prlsailkmaf` turmh Aorfgad Nf`d qul kh gforæ "mfdakh il rlthrkh pfrf `f mhdprf il `hs sastldfs il ilblksf fktadasa`ls rushs ]-933 ’qul slræk `aorfihs l` föh lktrfktl’, plsl f `fs fdlkfzfs il LL\\ il fp`amfr sfkmahkls". @f týkamf ls ghy il` kfmahkf`asdh: l` phrtfvhz ferleý qul, fukqul Fknfrf, daldorh oazfrrh il `f HYFK, prlblraräf dfktlklr oulkfs rl`fmahkls mhk su "f`afih" LL\\, "kh plrdataræ `adatfmahkls f su sholrfkäf". L` tárdakh "sholrfkäf" lstæ rlerlsfkih rl erlsfkih f` `áxamh ukavlrsf` ilspuás il gfolr saih ohrrfih phr `hs e`hof`astfs, ghy il mfpf mfäif mufkih `hs `a`aputalksls sl rlol`fk mhktrf l` Eu``avlr 'bakfkmalrastf'. Yfdphmh Yurquäf gfræ mfsh f `f lxaelkmaf il LL\\ il mlsfr sus adphrtfmahkls il pltrý`lh il Aræk: "Aræk ls kulstrh vlmakh y uk shmah lmhkýdamh adphrtfktl", ferleý l` phrtfvhz. Lrihefk kh sl mfrfmtlrazf phr slr ukf plrshkf bæma` il iho`lefr, lk pfrtamu`fr fktl `f fdlkfzf il ukf lkdalkif il` Mhkerlsh il LL\\ il adphklr sfkmahkls f `hs pfäsls y mhdpföäfs qul mhdprfk frdfs rusfs mhk l` prltlxth il qul l` ilsp`aleul il `hs ]-933 phkiräfk lk pl`aerh `hs vul`hs il `f HYFK, y lk lsplmaf` il `hs fvahkls burtavhs B-=< qul p`fklf(of) mhdprfr Yurquäf. \k frtämu`h duy lsm`frlmlihr il Sltlr S ltlr Nhrzuk iltf``f mýdh `f "prhgaoamaýk il` ]lkfih il LL\\ il `f vlktf il `hs fvahkls B-=< f Yurquäf ls uk 'gfrfnara' elhph`ätamh": f`lef qul LL\\ "kh ls uk shmah mhkbafo`l" y f`lrtf (gttps://www (gttps://www.gurrayltifa`yklws. .gurrayltifa`yklws.mhd/kh-rlturk-brhd-prhmurldlkt-hbmhd/kh-rlturk-brhd-prhmurldlkt-hb-russafkrussafkdassa`ls-turnasg-prlsailktaf`-sph dassa`ls-turnas g-prlsailktaf`-sphnlsplrshk-6==1=<) nlsplrshk-6==1=<) il qul `f Akiaf, qualk tfdoaák fkgl`f hotlklr frdfdlkth rush shbastamfih, subraræ sada`frls prlsahkls il LL\\. Slsl f `hs f`taofjhs mhkhmaihs il Yurquäf y _usaf, mhk uk plsfih pfsfih il mhkbrhktfmaýk f mulstfs ’sudfih il` kh duy `ljfkh ilrraoh il uk fvaýk rush mhk `f dulrtl il su pa`hth phr `hs eulrra``lrhs 'turmhdlkhs' (lk mal`h y sul`h sarahs), fildæs il` fslsakfth il` ldofjfihr rush’, sus rl`fmahkls pfrlmlk gfolrsl lstfoa`azfih f erfih tf` qul Dhsmú `aorfræ sus ]-933 f Fknfrf plsl f `fs adprlmfmahkls il LL\\, `h muf` dfrmfræ l` iafpfsýk il `f 'hplrfoa`aifi' elhph`ätamf y l` vlrifilrh dfrelk il dfkahorf mhk l` qul iasphkl Lrihefk, f qualk `l frrhjfræk thihs `hs dhkstruhs 'bakfkmalrastfs' il `f Maty y Uf`` ]trllt pfrf ilvhrfr`h. 9. FSHYLH]A] IL@ KFMAHKF@A]DH GAKIÚ: ¸]LE\KIH F]L]AKFYH IL DFGFYDF EFKIGA8 ¸@hs traukbhs il` pradlr dakastrh Kfrlkirf Dhia lk Olkfrás ’ukf il `fs prakmapf`ls mauifils sferfifs lk Akiaf, f` ohril il` räh Efkels, ihkil murahsfdlktl kfmaý Ouif ’ y il `f 'sfktf' Srfeyf ]akeg Ygfnur lk Oghpf` saekabamfräfk l` sleukih fslsakfth il Dfgftdf Efkiga phr `hs sumlshrls ailh`ýeamhs il su ghdamaif Kftgurfd Ehisl8 L` ilstakh gf qulraih qul ihs plrshkf`aifils mhk vasahkls lkmhktrfifs il `f rl`aeaýk gakiú gfyfk kfmaih lk Eujfrft: l` amýkamh Dfgftdf Efkiga, fpýsth` il `f mhkvavlkmaf gakiú-dusu`dfkf qul lkmfrký l` Sfrtaih il` Mhkerlsh mhk l` `lefih il Klgru y `f iakfstäf Efkiga (kfif qul vlr mhk l` Dfgftdf), l` sleukif l`leaih pradlr dakastrh Kfrlkirf Dhia, daldorh il` Sfrtaih kfmahkf`astf ygakiú Ogfrftayfvlz Jfkftf. Lk da `aorh '@hs 66 brlktls fktls y ilspuás il` 66 il ]lptaldorl: ukf eulrrf du`taiadlksahkf`' (gttp://www.f`brlihjf`abl.mhd/?36?/66/ (gttp://www.f`brlih jf`abl.mhd/?36?/66/3?/`aorh-`hs-663?/`aorh-`hs-66-brlktls-fktls-y-ilspuls-il`brlktls-fktls-y-ilspuls-il`-66-il66-ilslptaldorl-ukf-eulrrf-du`taiadlksahkf`-ilsmfref-iasphkao`l/),, il gfml 62 föhs, fivlrtä `f iakædamf slptaldorl-ukf-eulrrf-du`taiadlksahkf`-ilsmfref-iasphkao`l/) il` "bak il` @famasdh lk Asrfl`, Akiaf y `hs pfäsls as`ædamhs". L` pfrtaih Ogfrftayf Jfkftf il` pradlr dakastrh Kfrlkirf Dhia hotuvh uk adpfmtfktl traukbh, dumgh dljhr qul l` il gfml makmh föhs, mhk =33 fsalkths. L` Sfrtaih Kfmahkf` il` Mhkerlsh, il `f iakfstäf Klgru-Efkiga (gttps://www.smdp.mhd/wllnfsaf/ph`atams/frtam`l/=3665<2/ak fsaf/ph`atams/frt am`l/=3665<2/akiafk-l`lmtahk-rlsu`tsiafk-l`lmtahk-rlsu`ts-wgft-klxt-rfgu`-efkigawgft-klxt-rfgu`-efkiga-fki-mhkerlss) fki-mhkerlss),, subraý uk bulrtl rlvás f` gfolr hotlkaih dlkhs il` 63% il `hs <9? lsmföhs l smföhs il` @hn ]fogf, `f Mædfrf Ofjf il` Sfr`fdlkth akiah. ]leúk l` plrahiastf ]aiigfrtg Rfrfifrfjfk (gttps://tglwa (gttps://tglwarl.ak/ph`atams/l rl.ak/ph`atams/l`lmtahk-rlsu`ts-?361`lmtahk-rlsu`ts-?361-kfrlkirfkfrlkirfdhia-waks),, l` pradlr dakastrh Dhia ftazý l` kfmahkf`asdh gakiú brlktl f `f dakhräf dusu`dfkf dhia-waks) suo`adakf`dlktl vastf mhdh f`lktfihrf il` 'tlrrhrasdh' y súoiatf il ukf phtlkmaf lxtrfkjlrf, Sfnastæk, S fnastæk, mhk `f qul Akiaf gf `aorfih trls eulrrfs y fmfof il tlklr ukf lsmfrfduzf da`atfr. F prhpýsath, Akiaf y Sfnastæk lstæk ihtfifs mfif ukf mhk f`rlilihr il 663 ohdofs ftýdamfs. L` iasmursh fktas`ædamh il Dhia frrhjý erfkils iavailkihs pfrf `hs prhphklktls il` kfmahkf`asdh gakiú, mhdh `f lxmhkvamtf Srfeyf ]akeg Ygfnur, qualk hotuvh su fsalkth lk Oghpf`, ihkil ls vlklrfif mhdh 'sfktf' iloaih f qul mh`hmý ohdofs lk uk mldlktlrah, uk ftfqul qul sl mhorý `f vaif il 63 dusu`dfkls y qul iljý 7? glraihs. @h dæs rl`lvfktl il` iasmursh il `f 'sfktf' ls `f fph`heäf il Kftgurfd Ehisl: l` fslsakh lxtrldastf gakiú il Dfgftdf Efkiga. Mfol slöf`fr qul Oghpf` ’ukh il `hs pukths mfkilktls il` 'Mghqul il Mava`azfmahkls' guktakethkafkhh lk sul`h akiah- subraý uk ilsfstrl quädamh lk 6179 phr kle`aelkmaf il \kahk Mfroail guktakethkafk Akiaf @adatli, y ls ihkil sl lkmulktrf `f adphklktl dlzquatf dusu`dfkf il` sae`h WAW Yfj-u`Dfsfjai: `f 'mhrhkf il `fs dlzquatfs', `f dfyhr lk Akiaf, qul mhrrl pl`aerh il slr ilstruaif (`atlrf`) phr `hs kfmahkf`astfs kfmahkf`astfs gakiúls. Sfrf l` ph`atý`heh brfkmás Mgrasthpgl Jfbbrl`ht (gttps://akiafklxprlss.mhd/frtam`l/hpa (gttps://akiaf klxprlss.mhd/frtam`l/hpakahk/mh`udks/kf kahk/mh`udks/kfrlkirf-dhia-vanfs-`hnrlkirf-dhia-vanfs-`hn-sfogf-l`lmtahkssfogf-l`lmtahks<59<=29/),, lsplmaf`astf lk l` sur il Fsaf, `f fsukmaýk ph`ätamf il `f 'sfktf' Srfeyf ]akeg Ygfnur, il` <59<=29/) pfrtaih dfyhratfrah il` kfmahkf`asdh gakiú Ogfrftayf Jfkftf, rrlprlslktý lprlslktý l` "sädoh`h il `f rrlmalktl lmalktl l`lmmaýk il` ?361 y su ailh`heäf 'Gakiutvf' (suprldfmäf gakiú)". L` ph`atý`heh ef`h mhdlktf qul Akiaf prfmtamf mhk dfyhr fgäkmh `f ildhmrfmaf átkamf il bfmth : mhktakúf salkih "`famf lk l` pfpl`, plrh lk `f præmtamf, iasmradakf f `f adphrtfktl pho`fmaýk dusu`dfkf qul sl lkmulktrf suorlprlslktfif lk l` @hn ]fogf (Sfr`fdlkth), y `fs dakhräfs shk mauififkhs il sleukif m`fsl" mhdh `hs "mrastafkhs, sajs, ouiastfs, ltm". ¸Fsastarldhs f `f 'pf`lstakazfmaýk' il `hs dusu`dfkls lk Akiaf8 @f iakædamf il `fs tlkilkmafs il` gakiuasdh, ihkil sl ia`uyl l` p`urf`asdh f bfvhr il` lxm`uylktl kfmahkf`asdh qul lkmfolzf l` pradlr dakastrh Dhia, sl fslktý mhdh kukmf lk lstf l`lmmaýk. L` Dfgftdf, qul lkfroh`ý l` dhvadalkth il `f ilsholialkmaf mava` kh vah`lktf, ofsfif lk l` p`urf`asdh rl`aeahsh, pfrf hotlklr `f akilplkilkmaf il` mh`hkaf`asdh oratækamh, bul fslsakfih phr l` kfmahkf`astf gakiú Kftgurfd Ehisl, daldorh il` eruph mghvakastf _fsgtrayf. Ehisl, ghy aih`ftrfih mhdh 'pftrahtf' phr uk slmthr il` pfrtaih eholrkfktl Ogfrftayf Jfkftf, fslsaký f` Dfgftdf gfml 56 föhs phr bfvhrlmlr `fs ildfkifs il `hs dusu`dfkls il `f Akiaf iurfktl su slpfrfmaýk il Sfnastæk. ¸L` fp`fstfktl traukbh mhdh pfrtaih il Ogfrftayf Jfkftf dakastrh Dhia y l` hmfsh il` Sfrtaih Kfmahkf` il` Mhkerlsh vfpu`lfih mhk _fgu`, kalthmhk ill``f pradlr lx pradlrf dakastrf fslsakfif Akiarf Efkiga, mhkstatuyl l` sleukih fslsakfth dltfbýramh il` Dfgftdf phr `fs gulstls rlsumatfifs il` kfmahkf`asdh gakiú8 Ghy, l` 9<% il `f pho`fmaýk il `f Akiaf talkl dlkhs il ?9 föhs y htrh 96,?9% sl lkmulktrf lk l` rfkeh il `hs ?< f `hs <9 föhs, `h qul gfml il Akiaf uk pfäs ldaklktldlktl jhvlk ihkil ihdakf `f rl`aeaýk gakiú mhk l` 73% (¡sl iaml bæma` bæ ma` plrh lk Akiaf ghy lxastlk dæs il 6.333 da``hkls qul prhblsfk `f rl`aeaýk gakiú!) brlktl f `f dakhräf dusu`dfkf il` 69,?%, `hs mrastafkhs mhk ?,=%, `hs sajs ?,5% (mabrfs ftrfsfifs il` ?366> Uhr`i Bfmtohhn il `f MAF). Fmtuf`dlktl `f pho`fmaýk ls il 6.=<3 da``hkls (ifths prhylmtfihs il `f HK\ pfrf ?361). L` plsh il `f ildherfbäf bfvhrlml `f suprldfmäf il` 'Gakiutvf': `f quaktflslkmaf gakiú y su ailh`heäf mghvakastf qul prhblsf qul Akiaf plrtlklmaý, plrtlklml y plrtlklmlræ sh`fdlktl f `hs gakiúls. @f tlsas il` 'Gakiutvf' bul prhblraif phr Rakfyfn Iædhifr ]fvfrnfr lk su trftfih il 61?= 'Gakiutvf: ¸Vuaák ls gakiú8', ihkil `hs bal`ls il` as`fd y `f mrastafkifi, kh sl iaef `fs htrfs dakhräfs, kh pulilk rlm`fdfr `hs dasdhs ilrlmghs hraeakf`ls lk Akiaf, yf qul sus satahs sferfihs sl lkmulktrfk lk htrhs `fihs (`f Dlmf y Jlrusf`ák pfrf l` As`fd> y Hmmailktl pfrf `hs mrastafkhs) qualkls, f` mhktrfrah, rlprlslktfk "ukf fdlkfzf lxastlkmaf` pfrf Akiaf". Shr malrth, l` prhsahkastf ]fvfrnfr fphyý (gttps://o`he (gttps://o`hes.tadlshbasrfl`.mhd/rlvas s.tadlshbasrfl`.mhd/rlvasatake-akiafk-ia atake-akiafk-iasmhurslsmhurslhk-zahkasd-fki-asrfl`/) l` lstfo`lmadalkth il uk "Lstfih juiäh akilplkialktl" f lxplksfs il `hs pf`lstakhs. \k satah il erfk tlksaýk sl lkmulktrf lk `f mauifi il Fyhigyf, mufkih lk 611? `hs kfmahkf`astfs gakiúls ildh`alrhk `f dlzquatf il Ofour il` sae`h WRA y ihkil supulstfdlktl l` tldp`h dusu`dæk bul mhkstruaih lkmadf il` tldp`h gakiú mhksferfih f _fdf, l` iahs dæs phpu`fr il `f Akiaf. Ofour bul l` bukifihr il `f prhiaeahsf iakfstäf as`ædamf Duegf` ’il hraelk turmh-dhkeh` y il lmudlkasdh mu`turf` mhk `hs plrsfs’ qul eholrký l` suomhktaklktl akiah lk `hs sae`hs WRA y WRAA. L` dasdh Bakfkmaf` Yadls, prhm`avl f `f of`mfkazfmaýk ltkh-rl`aeahsf il Akiaf, Sfnastæk y Ofke`fiás, mhdlktf qul `hs bl`aerlsls gakiúls lstæk iaspulsths f rlpfrfr `h qul mhksailrfk "uk u`trfjl gastýramh", phr l` qul "`f lvailkmaf frqulh`ýeamf frqulh`ýeamf l gastýramf ls lsmfsf". lsmfsf". ]lf `h qul bulrl, `hs ilvhths gakiúls talklk `asths `hs `fira``hs ihkfihs phr su philrhsf iaæsphrf lk l` dukih pfrf rlmhkstruar l` tldp`h f` iahs _fd lk Fyhigyf. Fdat ]gfg, prlsailktl il` pfrtaih eholrkfktl Ogfrftayf Jfkftf, ilsmraoaý f `hs dusu`dfkls y daerfktls a`lef`ls il Ofke`fiás mhdh "akba`trfihs" y "tlrdatfs" qul ilolk slr lxpu`sfihs il Akiaf. ]ak mhktfr sus prhiaeahsfs mava`azfmahkls mava`azfmahkls da`lkfrafs, Akiaf kh ls uk pfäs muf`qualrf, y yf ls `f tlrmlrf phtlkmaf (gttps://www (gttps://www.maf.ehv/`aorfry/puo`a .maf.ehv/`aorfry/puo`amftahks/tgl-whr`imftahks/tgl-whr`i-bfmtohhn/bal`is/?37rfkn bfmtohhn/bal`is/?37rfkn.gtd`#AK) .gtd`#AK) elhlmhkýdamf mufkih sl dail su SAO phr l` philr fiquasatavh. Ghy sl lkmulktrf iltræs il LL\\ y yf ilsp`fzý f Jfpýk. Fdák il slr ukf phtlkmaf bfrdfmh`ýeamf y il 'shbtwfrl', qul phiräf lktfo`fr ýptadhs aktlrmfdoahs mhk Mgakf (dalktrfs lstf `aorf ukf blrhz eulrrf mhdlrmaf` mhk LL\\), Il`ga gf sfoaih dfktlklr uk sfoah lqua`aorah, qul kh talkl kfif qul vlr mhk su ph`ätamf ihdástamf, tfkth mhk _usaf y Mgakf mhdh mhk LL\\, Jfpýk y Fustrf`af. Fkfktg Nrasgkfk Dhrkake Shst foukif l` plsl "muaifihsh lqua`aorah", mfsa fmrhoætamh, il Akiafil` mhk]hutg `fs trlsMgakf suplrphtlkmafs: LL\\, _usaf shorl y Mgakf, f `f mhktalkif il 56 föhs mhk Sfnastæk qul ls fphyfif phr Olajake mufkih l` pradlr dakastrh Dhia ousmf `f "futhkhdäf lstrftáeamf" pfrf Akiaf lk `f bfsl b fsl il`amfif il` mfhs e`hof`. <. L@ MH@FS]H KLH@AOL_F@ F_ELKYAKH @hs klh`aolrf`ls frelktakhs kh fprlkialrhk il sus lrrhrls il gfml 65 föhs mufkih ghy vavlk ukf træeamf ‐ldlrelkmaf (gttps://oat.`y (gttps://oat.`y/?KSQF1<)—. /?KSQF1<)—. F` mhktrhvlrtaih prlsailktl Dfuramah Dfmra kh `l olklbamaý slr ukh il `hs vfsf``hs il Yrudp lk @ftakhfdáramf. Ghy Frelktakf ls l` pfäs qul dæs gf ilvf`ufih su iavasf f kavl` dukiaf`, mhk dæs il` <3% lstl föh, mufkih `fs iavasfs il `hs ‐dlrmfihs ldlrelktls— gfk saih vfpu`lfifs. F da juamah, `fs eulrrfs bakfkmalrfs y lmhkýdamfs qul gf ilsftfih Yrudp ’pradhriaf`dlktl mhktrf Mgakf, `f \kaýk Lurhplf, _usaf, Jfpýk y ]uimhrlf’ gfk sfmuiaih lk bhrdf vh`mækamf l` sastldf bakfkmalrh/lmhkýdamh/mhdlrmaf` e`hof`, dalktrfs `f oh`sf klhyhrquakf rhdpl thihs `hs rámhris f` f`zf y l` iý`fr sl gf rlvf`ufih lk bhrdf fktaerfvatfthraf. Qf shk fourraihs `hs ‐prherfdfs il fjustl— qul rlpatlk `hs dasdhs lrrhrls il gfml 65 föhs. Dfmra rlmhkhml `f ‐ldlrelkmaf— fktl `f brfea`aifi brfea`ai fi lstrumturf` il` fkifdafjl frelktakh y mu`pý f sus eholrkfihs il ‐vavar phr lkmadf il sus dliahs—. @fs ldprlsfs lxphrtfihrfs frelktakfs gfk saih eh`plfifs sak daslramhriaf: pfefræk sus filuihs lk iý`frls rlvf`ufihs, sl lkiluifræk f 23% il tfsfs il aktlrás y slræk mfstaefihs mhk dfyhrls adpulsths. @f ‐ldlrelkmaf— il` klh`aolrf` Dfmra gf ``lefih gfstf f rlmhrtfr f `f datfi l` kúdlrh il sus dakastlrahs mufkih `f pradlrf ‐sf`vfmaýk— il` Bhkih Dhkltfrah Aktlrkfmahkf` (BDA) il \]$6<,333 da``hkls, il uk thtf` il \]$<3,333 da``hkls, gf saih aksubamalktl. Dfmra, slmulstrfih gfml ?5 föhs, mhkblsý ‐vavar `hs plhrls < dlsls il su vaif—. 2. LDL_EL Y_\DSA]DH LK F@LDFKAF: KFMAHKF@A]DH LMHKÝDAMH SHS\@A]YF @f trfsmlkilktf` l`lmmaýk lk F`ldfkaf ”prakmapf` suplrphtlkmaf suplrph tlkmaf elhlmhkýdamf il `f \kaýk Lurhplf (\L), f `f pfr il` SAO il _usaf qul lk muf`qualr dhdlkth `f pulil rlofsfr mhk l` akmrldlkth il` prlmah il `hs gairhmfrourhs y su iavasf, l` ruo`h ” rlb`ljf l` brfmnake elhph`ätamh y lmhkýdamh il uk mhktaklktl qul sl lkmulktrf lk fsmufs iloaih f` ftfqul burtavh qul `l prhpakf L\ mhk l` bak il adpliar su fmlrmfdalkth f _usaf y Mgakf y qul ls sadu`tæklfdlktl ilslstfoa`azfih phr l` dlef-lsplmu`fihr Elhrel ]hrhs, sleúk erfvls fmusfmahkls il` pradlr dakastrh ilrlmgastf il Gukeräf, Ranthr Hroæk, qualk `h akmu`pf il prhpamafr l` dfsavh b`ujh il daerfktls mhk l` bak il as`fdazfr f `f \L (gttps://ehh.e`/6Ox2D?).. (gttps://ehh.e`/6Ox2D?) @f vlrifilrf khtamaf kh ls qul gfyf arrudpaih mhdh tlrmlrf bulrzf lk l` brfmturfih lsplmtrh ph`ätamh l` rlmalktl pfrtaih F`tlrkftavl Bulr Ilutsmg`fki, F`tlrkftavf pfrf F`ldfkaf (FbM), sakh qul sl phsamahký mhdh sleukif bulrzf lk F`ldfkaf il` Lstl, ihkil gfoatý ls hraukif `f mfkma``lr Fkel`f Dlrnl` qualk yf ldpalzf f vavar su ghrf il ilm`avl. Htrf `lmturf lk mhdúk il vfrafs l`lmmahkls lk `f \L ls qul `fs azqualrifs trfvlstas ” ta`ififs il shmaf`-ildýmrftfs, mhdh l` Sfrtaih ]hmaf`ildýmrftf il F`ldfkaf (]IS) f`ldæk y l` Sfrtaih ]hmaf`astf brfkmás, sl ilsvfklmlk iloaih f su mhkmupasmlkmaf akmlstuhsf mhk l` rlpuiafih klh`aolrf`asdh e`hof`”, dalktrfs `fs azqualrifs vlrifilrfs, taph Jlrldy Mhroyk lk Erfk Orltföf y Jlfk-@um Dá`lkmghk lk Brfkmaf, ilsmul`efk sumu`lkths phrmlktfjls p hrmlktfjls lk `fs urkfs. Vulif m`frh qul, f` dlkhs lk `f \L, fsmalkil l` kfmahkf`asdh lmhkýdamh phpu`astf, mhdh l` Orlxat y l` FbI lk F`ldfkaf ”sak mhktfr l` Brlktl Kfmahkf` il Dfrakl @l Slk lk Brfkmaf, kh sl iaef su lquavf`lktl trudpafkh lk L\. ]a l` FbI hotuvh l` adprlsahkfktl 6?.2 phr malkth il` vhth thtf` lk su pradlr lksfyh l`lmthrf`, mhk 19 iaputfihs lk l` Oukilstfe (Mædfrf ofjf il` Sfr`fdlkth f`ldæk), ilsmh`eý uk thifväf dæs adpfmtfktl ?? phr malkth lk su pfrtl hralktf`. ]ak iuif l` bfmthr xlkhbýoamh fktadaerfktl (uk da``ýk il rlbueafihs) jueý uk pfpl` ilmasavh, plrh kh bul l` úkamh mufkih l` `ailrfzeh f`ldæk ldpalzf f slr mulstahkfih pradhriaf`dlktl lk Sh`hkaf (¸fzuzfih phr L\8) iloaih f` kulvh ljl Olr`äk/Sfräs. Lk `f lxmhdukastf F`ldfkaf hralktf`, l` traukbh il` FbI lxgaoaý `fs mhkiamahkls pfupárradfs y `fs brfmturfs shmaf`ls, ihkil l` ilsldplöh il` ]SI ”Sfrtaih ]hmaf`Ildýmrftf, sada`fr f` oá`amh sadu`fihr o`farasdh il` Sfrtaih @fohrastf il Erfk Orltföf ” ls mftfm`äsdamh: mufrth `uefr, iltræs il` pfrtaih @aknl (62.< phr malkth), dæs mfrefih f `f azqualrif gastýramf, kh duy `ljfkh il` ilsldplöh l`lmthrf` il `hs Rlrils. @f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrastf sl lstæ qulifkih sak uk mlktrh il erfvlifi: ilsil Uf`` ]trllt (phr l` trudpasdh sholrfkastf), pfsfkih phr `f Maty (phr l` Orlxat) y fghrf `f p`fzf bakfkmalrf il Brfknburt (phr l` fsmlksh il `f FbI), y sumudol fktl l` arrlsastao`l fsmlksh elhlmhkýdamh il Mgakf y su vlrsaýk dæs akm`uylktl y frdýkamf il e`hof`azfmaýk lmhkýdamf, lk `f ltfpf il` dfkifräk Wa ”f iablrlkmafr il `f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrastf asrfl`äfke`hsfjhkf. ¸Vuaák lkmfolzfræ il fghrf lk fil`fktl l` `ailrfzeh lk l` brfmturfih ‐Hmmailktl (Ugftlvlr tgft dlfks)— dlfks)— f `hs ihs `fihs il` Ft`æktamh Khrtl mufkih `hs fmhkehjfihs mauififkhs ho`aefk f uk rlp`aleul aktlrkh, pfrf rlsh`vlr sus fprldafktls klmlsaifils ihdástamfs, lk L\ (phr l` trudpasdh), lk Erfk Orltföf (phr l` Orlxat) y fghrf lk F`ldfkaf (phr l` FbI)8 Shr `f kfturf`lzf il `fs mhsfs, mhdh guoalrfk prhblraih `hs m`æsamhs gl`ákamhs, Hmmailktl sl lkmulktrf ffmábf`h mábf`h y talkil mfif vlz dæs f su aktlrahrazfmaýk aktrhsplmtavf, lk f`tlrkftavf rlf` il sus lstára`ls fvlkturfs da`atfrls qul kh `l ifk il mhdlr f `f dfyhräf il sus gfoatfktls y sý`h olklbamafk f su pfrfsatfraf p`uthmrfmaf ofkmfraf. Akm`usavl l` jhvlk dfrfva``f lx ofkqulrh il `hs _htgsmga`i, Lddfkul` Dfmrhk, kh sý`h sl gf ilsp`hdfih lk su fmlptfmaýk mauififkf, sakh qul `fs rlmalktls l`lmmahkls lk l` ]lkfih lxgaoalrhk `f brfea`aifi il su b`fdfktl mhf`amaýk lk oúsqulif il` taldph plriaih, mhdh guoalrf prhblraih l` lsmrathr Dfrml` Srhust. Shr ildæs aktlrlsfktl slf qul l` erfk plrilihr ph`ätamh lk `f l`lmmaýk f`ldfkf gfyf saih, dæs qul `f mfkma``lr ilsfkel`fif Dlrnl` (vfpu`lfif lk l` tlrruöh hralktf`), l` prhpah prlsailktl ef`h Dfmrhk y su bfdhsh prhylmth il rlbhrdf klh`aolrf` pfklurhplf qul sl qulif lstfkmfih phr `f akmalrtf mhyukturf. Orafk Mfp`lk, il` phrtf` Ygl Ofknlr, pfrf kh ilmar Ygl Ofknstlr, fiuml qul `f l`lmmaýk f`ldfkf fkaqua`ý `f rlbhrdf il `f lurhzhkf, y push gal`h f `hs prhylmths il rlbhrdf bakfkmalrastf il` lx ofkqulrh Dfmrhk (gttps://ehh.e`/OoZnnZ) (gttps://ehh.e`/OoZnnZ).. Iamgh lk htrhs tárdakhs, `f lurhzhkf ”il sý`h 61 pfäsls il `hs ?5 qul qulifk lk `f \L ilspuás il` Orlxat, `h qul ilkhtf su brfmnake bakfkmalrastf” sleuaræ f` ohril il` prlmapamah mhk vfrafs mrasas bakfkmalrfs lk l` ghrazhktl y sus l`lvfifs prhphrmahkls il iluif sholrfkf lk `hs ilsprlmafihs ‐SAE] (Fdorhsl Lvfks-Sratmgfri iaxat)—: Shrtuef`, Atf`af, Erlmaf y Lspföf, y `f dasdf Brfkmaf. @h rlf` ls qul `f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrastf prhpu`sý f `f múspail il` H`adph f `hs ilprlifihrls ofkqulrhs y mhkvartaý f `hs ph`ätamhs lk ukhs vu`efrls paedlhs dfkapu`fo`ls phr su mhkmupasmlkmaf. Kh ls `h dasdh l` eaefktasdh ph`ätamh il Nhkrfi Filkfulr (ilspuás il `f ]leukif Eulrrf Dukiaf`) y il Gl`dut Nhg` (lk `f phsteulrrf bräf y qualk rlukabamý lk bhrdf tf`lkthsf f F`ldfkaf), il` `fih il` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf Mrastafkh, qul Fkel`f Dlrnl`, dæs mhksferfif f` mhktrh` il iföhs y mföhs. Yfdphmh shk mhdpfrfo`ls `hs akmhkdlksurfo`ls Ua``y Orfkit y Gl`dut ]mgdait il` S]I, mhk `f akfkl dliahmraifi il` lkfkh ph`ätamh Dfrtak ]mgu`z. @fs bf`sfs sae`fs yf kh sf`vfk f `hs ph`ätamhs. L` prho`ldf ghy ls `f akbakatf dliahmraifi il `hs ph`ätamhs mufkih `hs ofkqulrhs ofkqu lrhs e`hof`ls yf kh sfolk quá gfmlr fktl l` rlpuiah e`hof` il `hs blhs y ‐ilp`hrfo`ls (Ga``fry iaxat)— phpu`astfs, y qualkls sl ldplmakfk lk fp`amfr `fs dasdfs dliaifs lrrýklfs. Mfif vlz qul `hs ilprlifihrls e`hof`astfs usfk l` tárdakh phpu`asdh, `h lktalkih dlkhs. _lmulrih `f iasmrlpfkmaf fktfeýkamf lktrl `f sldæktamf il Hofdf qualk sl iajh phpu`astf y Slöf qualk `f bustaef mufkih su pfrtaih gf saih `f quaktf lslkmaf il` phpu`asdh dlxamfkh. Srlbalrh mhkbakfrdl f` tárdakh il sholrfkastf, plrh mhk vhmfmaýk ukavlrsf`, lk `uefr il slr uk e`hof`astf fpætraif. Fylr sh`fdlktl l` Bakfkmaf` Yadls, phrtfvhz il `hs ofkqulrhs lsm`fvastfs _htgsmga`i, ifof mulktf il uk lstrujfktl iltlrahrh il `f ilsaeuf`ifi lk L\ mhk <3 da``hkls il daslrfo`ls (gttps://ehh.e`/grnVlK),, il sus =?2 da``hkls, `f dfyhr pfrtl vhtfktls il Yrudp. (gttps://ehh.e`/grnVlK) Iloaih f `f erfvl mrasas mhsdheýkamf y mava`azfthraf ” elhph`ätamf/elhlmhkýdamf/elhbakfkmalrf”, `hs pusa`ækadls l akfkls pfrtaihs mlktrastfs sl lxtakeulk lk uk dukih mfif vlz dæs brfmturfih, brf mturfih, dalktrfs sl ph`frazfk `hs lxtrldhs lx trldhs tfkth il `hs tárdakhs sldæktamhs rlofsfihs il ilrlmgf l azqualrif qul rlb`ljfk dæs oalk `hs mfiumhs ýrilkls dukiaf`ls il bakf`ls il` sae`h WAW, il mfsa mfs a thih l` sae`h WW, y qul fehkazfk f akamahs il` sae`h WWA mufkih ls dumgh dljhr dljhr ldp`lfr `hs tárdakhs dæs rlf`astfs il e`hof`astfs bbrlktl rlktl f kfmahkf`astfs, ihkil, lk fdohs `fihs il ssus us ph ph`hs, `hs, sl mhkerlefk tfkth `f ilrlmgf y `f azqualrif ilmadhkýkamfs. 5. AKM_LÄO@L _LE_L]H KFMAHKF@A]YF IL DFGFYGA_ LK DF@F]AF: ]FM\IL F E@HOF@A]YF] Q F@ ]\IL]YL F]AÆYAMH Ilspuás il ukf ilsfpframaýk phr ihs iámfifs, l` lx pradlr dakastrh Dhgfdli Dfgftgar rlerlsý f` philr lk bhrdf akmrläo`l f sus 1? föhs y su l`lmmaýk talkl yf rlvlrolrfmahkls lk thih l` suilstl fsaætamh, dæs f``æ il `fs prhbukifs adp`amfmahkls ihdástamfs lk Df`fsaf ”pfäs súplr lstrftáeamh qul sl lkmulktrf lktrl l` mhkb`amtavh dfr il` sur il Mgakf y l` Lstrlmgh il Df`fmf, ‐pukth il lstrfkeu`fdalkth ( mghnl phakt)— elhlstrftáeamh mhdpfrtaih phr ]akefpur, Akihklsaf y Df`fsaf. @f rl`lvfkmaf il` suilstl fsaætamh, ukf il muyf pfrtl sustfkmaf` bul ofutazfif phr `hs mh`hkazfihrls brfkmlsls mhdh Akihmgakf, sl suosudl lk qul sl uoamf lktrl Mgakf l Akiaf: `fs ihs suplrphtlkmafs elhlmhkýdamfs il` sae`h ?6 qul hmupfk rlsplmtavfdlktl l` pradlr y mufrth `uefr lk l` rfknake e`hof` il` SAO dliaih phr l` philr fiquasatavh y qul lxgaol l` ifth fshdorhsh il qul Akiaf ilsp`fzý f Jfpýk f` quakth `uefr: ¡mfsa mhk l` iho`l il` SAO! Shr su pfrtl, Akihklsaf (¡hmtfvh `uefr!), mhrfzýk il` suilstl fsaætamh, rl`leý f Erfk Orltföf (EO), akvlkthrf il` juleuath klh`aolrf` bakfkmalrastf y dæxadf phtlkmaf mh`hkazfihrf e`hof` il `hs sae`hs 67 y gfstf pfrtl il` ?3, f` iámadh `uefr (gttp://oat.`y/?NV=sim) (gttp://oat.`y/?NV=sim).. ]l puialrf fiumar qul Jfpýk y EO shk frtlbfmths il` ilmfilktl valjh hrilk dukiaf` bakfkmalrastf fke`hsfjýk, dalktrfs qul l` suilstl fsaætamh ”fdhrtaeufihr elhph`ätamh y vfsh mhdukamfktl ” plrtlklml f` akmapalktl kulvh hrilk e`hof` il` sae`h ?6 il iho`l elhlmhkýdamhrleahkf`/kfmahk phr lxml`lkmaff`astf. mfrfmtlrästamf rleahkf`/kfmahkf`astf. Lk da `aorh prldhkathrah L` `fih hsmurh il `f e`hof`azfmaýk: e`hof`azfmaýk: phst-e`hof`azfmaýk phst-e`hof`azfmaýk & Of`mfkazfmaýk Of`mfkazfm aýk (gttp://oat.`y/?A1FVia) rlsf`tá gfml ?6 föhs `h qul, f da juamah, prlsfeaf(of) L` Iloftl Oursæta` il` ]ae`h ?6: ]hrhs mhktrf Dfgftgar mufkih lkukmaá qul l` blrhz f`tlrmfih qul sl iah lktrl fdohs lk vfrahs bhrhs gfoäf ‐mhorfih su rl`lvfktl iadlksaýk mhk l` dfrmh il rlblrlkmaf il` mh`fpsh oursæta` ilsil Ghke Nhke gfstf Kulvf Qhrn y `f glmfthdol il` lkeföh il `f ‗lmhkhdäf klw fel‑ fel‑ il` klh`aolrf`asdh ilbrfuifihr y ilprlifihr lkmfrefih phr l` lshtlrasdh mlktrf`ofkquastf y bhkih dhkltfrastf il F`fk Erllkspfk (pæeakf 93)—. Ferleuá qul Dfgftgar fmusý f ]hrhs il lkmhktrfrsl iltræs il` ilsmufrtazfdalkth il `fs oh`sfs y dhklifs il` o`hqul F]LFK: l` o`hqul il 63 pfäsls il` suilstl fsaætamh. Gforäf qul ldplzfr f rlf`azfr l` rlmulkth il qualkls traukbfk y palrilk lk `f ftrhz `umgf sak mufrtl` lktrl e`hof`astfs y kfmahkf`astfs qul ghy brfmturf f` dukih y sl rlb`ljf lk sus muftrh rakmhkls. L` iloftl il gfml ?6 föhs lk uk akamah `h efkfrhk `hs e`hof`astfs qualkls `uleh sl ldorafefrhk mhk l` vakh lsplmu`ftavh il Uf`` ]trllt y @f Maty y ho`aefrhk f` rlp`aleul kfmahkf`astf lk `hs muftrh rakmhkls il` p`fkltf, `h muf`, ilspuás il `hs mftfm`asdhs da`atfrls il L\ y EO lk l` Dliah Hralktl, y `f ilofm`l bakfkmalrastf il @lgdfk Orhtglrs lk ?337, lstæ rlsu`tfkih, phr ilbfu`t, lk l` rlthrkh traukbf` il `hs kfmahkf`astfs lk thih l` dukih. F da juamah, lk l` prlslktl, `f dljhr tfxhkhdäf ailh`ýeamf il` p`fkltf sl lpathdazf lk `f mhkbrhktfmaýk il e`hof`astfs mhktrf kfmahkf`astfs. Ghy, ?6 föhs dæs tfril, `hs e`hof`astfs ”lkmfolzfihs phr l` dleflsplmu`fihr Elhrel ]hrhs, iasbrfzfih il ba`æktrhph” gfk ldplzfih su aklxhrfo`l ilm`avl iloaih f` hmfsh il `f e`hof`azfmaýk bakfkmalrastf il `f iup`f fke`hsfjhkf, dalktrfs hmupfk erfiuf`dlktl su `uefr `hs kfmahkf`astfs: ilsil Gukeräf gfstf Df`fsaf. @f rl`lvfkmaf il Df`fsaf kh ls sh`fdlktl elhlstrftáeamf, sakh tfdoaák elhlmhkýdamf f` plrtlklmlr sadu`tæklfdlktl f trls o`hquls elhlmhkýdamhs: elhlmhkýdamhs: 6. l` F]LFK> ?. `f ils`udorfktl y phmh mhkhmaif Fshmafmaýk _leahkf` Lmhkýdamf Aktlerf` (_MLS, phr sus sae`fs lk ake`ás) il 62 pfäsls qul lkmfolzf Mgakf (gttp://oat.`y/?rwisj_) (gttp://oat.`y/?rwisj_),, `f dæxadf suplrphtlkmaf elhlmhkýdamf (mufkih sl dail l` SAO phr su philr fiquasatavh fiquasatavh)> )> y =. `f foftaif Fshmafmaýk Yrfkspfmäbamh (FYS) il 66 pfäsls ihkil sl iah il ofjf Yrudp f` akamah il su ph`ádamh dfkifth y f` qul plrtlklml l` ‐Dáxamh klh`aolrf` klh`ao lrf` atfdatf atfdatf—— qul, lk bhrdf ilsoruju`fif, sl lquavhmý il o`hqul. Gfstf MAF rlmhkhml qul iurfktl ?? (sam) il föhs il `hs prlvahs dfkifths il Dfgftgar il 6176 f ?33= bul`f lxathsh lk iavlrsabamfr `f `hs lmhkhdäf Df`fsaf (mhk ukf suplrbamal il =?1 da` 795 na`ýdltrhs mufirfihs, pho`fmaýk il dæs il =6 da``hkls y uk SAO il mfsa uk oa``ýk, dliaih phr l` philr fiquasatavh), qul ghy hstlktf uk kfif ilsprlmafo`l `uefr ?5 lk l` rfknake il `fs lmhkhdäfs e`hof`ls mhk uk mrlmadalkth il <.9 phr malkth y uk plr mæpatf il ?1 da` iý`frls muyfs ph`ätamfs fdaefo`ls f `hs klehmahs bulrhk sleuaifs phr su sumlshr y ghy lx pradlr ilrrhtfih dakastrh Kfjao _fzfn, qualk gfoäf rlklefih il su dlkthr Dfgftgar y bul mfstaefih lk `fs urkfs phr uk brfuil mh`hsf` il 133 da``hkls il iý`frls sustrfäihs il uk bhkih euolrkfdlktf`. @f prlksf oratækamf iah dumgh vul`h f `hs rlfjustls ihdástamhs il `f l`lmmaýk lk su fktaeuf mh`hkaf ”ihkil l` pfrtaih eholrkfktl sl lkmlktrf ghy lsmakiaih ” y f` rlthrkh lsplmtfmu`fr il Dfgftgar mhdh pradlr dakastrh. Shr su pfrtl, l` rhtftavh mgakh E`hof` Yadls sl filktrý f fkf`azfr `fs rlplrmusahkls il `hs `fzhs il Df`fsaf mhk Mgakf (gttp://oat.`y/?rOIAs2) (gttp://oat.`y/?rOIAs2).. @hs fkf`astfs mgakhs lxprlsfk uk mfutl`hsh hptadasdh mhk l` rlthrkh il su fktlrahr f`afih Dfgftgar qualk, quazæ mhk bakls l`lmthrlrhs ”prhkth sl sforæ sforæ” mratamý `f erfk ilplkilkmaf lmhkýdamf il Df`fsaf mhk Mgakf. Dæs f``æ il `f lkhrdl oa`ftlrf`aifi lmhkýdamf lktrl fdohs pfäsls, mfol slöf`fr qul Df`fsaf mulktf mhk ukf dfyhräf átkamf prava`leafif (`atlrf`) il `hs df`fys, dusu`dfkls sukkatfs qul mhkstatuylk 2? phr malkth il `f pho`fmaýk brlktl f ?6 phr malkth il mgakhs (¡súplr-sam!) y 2.? phr malkth il akiahs. Zgu Zglkdake, prhblshr il `f Fmfildaf il Malkmafs ]hmaf`ls il Qukkfk, mhdlktý qul kh ls mhrrlmth ``fdfr f Dfgftgar mhdh fkta-Mgakf yf qul mufkih bul pradlr dakastrh bul duy fdaefo`l mhk Mgakf f `f qul vasatý dumgfs vlmls mufkih lk lsl taldph lrf uk mratamh blrvalktl il L\. Ls justfdlktl `h qul ilkhdaká l` iloftl il` sae`h ?6 lktrl Dfgftgar y ]hrhs. Slrh fghrf, ?6 föhs dæs tfril, Mgakf ls `f suplrphtlkmaf elhlmhkýdamf y L\ sl lkmulktrf lk brfkmh ilm`avl, `h qul fpl`f f fjustls mhkmhdatfktls il pfrtl il` kfmahkf`astf Dfgftgar. Shr `h prhkth, Dfgftgar ilm`frý fphyfr `f akamaftavf il `f _utf il `f ]lif, plrh rlmf`mý qul Df`fsaf sl rlslrvf l` ilrlmgh il rlklehmafr `hs tárdakhs il f`eukhs fmulrihs mhk Slnäk, lk mfsh klmlsfrah, sleúk E`hof` Yadls qul lxphkl l` pukth il vastf il vfrahs fkf`astfs mgakhs qualkls juzefk qul Dfgftgar pulil iavlrsabamfr `fs akvlrsahkls bhræklfs lk Df`fsaf pfrf qul slf dlkhs ilplkialktl lmhkýdamfdlktl il Mgakf. rhtftavh mgakh mhkjlturf qul`fl` fshdorhsf traukbh il Dfgftgar pulilqul phsphklr l` prhylmth il` trlk of`f lktrlL`Nuf`f @udpur y ]akefpur: mauifi-lstfih plrtlklmaý f `f blilrfmaýk il Df`fsaf phr ihs föhs y il `f qul `uleh sl slpfrý. Dfgftgar ls fktl thih uk kfmahkf`astf fktae`hof`as fktae`hof`astf tf ”iloaih f su fmafef lxplralkmaf y sus mghquls mhk ]hrhs” y ghy uk rleahkf`astf prlmfvaih. Kh ls `h dasdh dasdh `f Mgakf il ghy qqul ul mhk `f qul lktfo`ý rl`fmahkls Dfgftgar gfml ??66 föhs mufki mufkihh fofkihký l` philr. 7. L@ DLEFL]SLM\@FIH_ ]H_H] FYFMF F S\YAK Q F@ K\LRH EHOAL_KH AYF@AFKH L` dleflsplmu`fihr mhk iasbrfz il ba`æktrhph Elhrel ]hrhs, uta`azfkih thif `f lkhrdl akb`ulkmaf qul talkl lk su rli il du`tadliaf y mhdlktfrastfs qul mhktrh`f, ftfmý f` kulvh ehoalrkh il `f mhf`amaýk atf`afkf mhkbhrdfif phr `f slpfrftastf @aef Khrtl (@K) fktadaerfthraf y l` fktalstfo`asgdlkt Dhvadalkth < Lstrl``fs (D<]). ]hrhs `fkzý erfvls fmusfmahkls mhktrf Dftlh ]f`vaka, `äilr il `f @K, il lstfr bakfkmafih phr Sutak, sak lxphklr lvailkmaf f`eukf. ]f`vaka, ghy vaml pradlr y dakastrh il` Aktlrahr, rlp`amý il akdliafth: mhksailrh f Sutak lktrl `hs dljhrls lstfiastfs, y bu`daký mhktrf ]hrhs f qualk mf`abamý il lsplmu`fihr sak lsmrúpu`hs. ]hrhs tfdoaák ilkaerý f Sutak qualk, f su juamah, ousmf ihdakfr f Lurhpf, kh ilstruar`f, plrh usfr`f phr sus gfoa`aifils prhiumtavfs, dalktrfs qul `f lmhkhdäf rusf ofjh l` dfkifth il Sutak pulil sh`fdlktl usfr dftlrafs pradfs y f su pulo`h (gttp://oat.`y/?Gj3wdz): Kýtlsl su týxamh hrilk… ]hrhs sl dhriaý `f `lkeuf f` hmu`tfr f thihs `hs ph`ätamhs qul bakfkmaf lk Lurhpf, L\, Dáxamh y l` rlsth il @ftakhfdáramf. L` blrhz phrtf` Zlrh Gliel if vul`h f `f eulrrf arfmukif y bakfkmalrf il ]hrhs mhktrf l` ehoalrkh atf`afkh y Sutak (gttp://oat.`y/?xAwNQS) (gttp://oat.`y/?xAwNQS).. M`fuiah Ohrega, dfkifdæs il `f ph`ätamf lmhkýdamf il `f @aef Khrtl, rlvarý qul ‐sa ]hrhs lstæ prlhmupfih phr l` ehoalrkh atf`afkh, saekabamf lkthkmls qul vfdhs lk `f mhrrlmtf iarlmmaýk (…). Lktlkildhs qul qualkls gfk lsplmu`fih iurfktl föhs mhk `f pal` il `hs akdaerfktls bakfkmafk f `fs HKE y f `hs mhktrfofkiastfs (¡dlef-súplr-sam!) pfrf akvfiar Atf`af—. ¸F mufktf s lspurafs HKE bakfkmaf ]hrhs lk Dáxamh8 M`fuiah Ohrega rldftý: `hs valkths gfk mfdoafih pfrf ]hrhs y pfrf fqul``hs qul sl gfk olklbamafih il `fs dulrtls il il mlktlkfs il plrshkfs. ¡Vuá bulrtl! Yghdfs @abshk, il Fdlramfk Ygaknlr, phkl lk rl`alvl `hs dhdlkths iabäma`ls qul vavl Elhrel ]hrhs lsths iäfs iloaih f `f mhkmalkmaf il `f hpakaýk púo`amf shorl su dfkapu`fmaýk y sus lsbulrzhs pfrf bfma`atfr uk kulvh hrilk hrilk ph`ätamh qul `h olklbama olklbamalk lk (gttp://oat.`y/?sx<ZOM) (gttp://oat.`y/?sx<ZOM).. Yghdfs @abshk f`lef qul Atf`af kh ls l` úkamh pfäs lurhplh qul lstæ lk eulrrf mhk ]hrhs. Lk su pfäs Gukeräf, `ailrfih phr Ranthr Hroæk, bul lxpu`sfif su iasruptavf Hplk ]hmalty Bhukiftahk (H]B). @h plhr: ¡]hrhs fyuiý f `hs kfzas (dlef-sam) f mhkbasmfr `f prhpalifi il `hs juiähs iurfktl su juvlktui!. L` b`fdfktl ldofjfihr il Yrudp lk F`ldfkaf, _amgfri Erlkl``, vatuplrý f ]hrhs: bakfkmalrh e`hof`astf qul trfofjf pfrf olklbamafr f ukhs mufkths y kh f `f dfyhräf. Mhdlktý qul `f ph`ätamf il ]hrhs brfmfsý yf qul lstæ lkmfdakfif pfrf `fs á`atls y kh pfrf `f dfyhräf sa`lkmahsf (gttp://oat.`y/?GgzZE1) (gttp://oat.`y/?GgzZE1).. ¸]l rlblraræ f `hs prlsukths väkmu`hs il ]hrhs mhk `f akb`uylktl ofkmf il `hs _htgsmga`i8 _htgsmga`i8 ]hrhs sl gf lxpulsth ildfsafih lk Lurhpf phr fphyfr `f daerfmaýk dfsavf: gf saih fmusfih phr l` pradlr il Gukeräf, Hrofk, il bhdlktfr `f daerfmaýk pfrf ilstruar f Lurhpf(gttp://ehh.e`/fekZSl) Lurhpf (gttp://ehh.e`/fekZSl).. Fghrf lk l` aktlrdlzzh il `f turou`lktf bhrdfmaýk il` kulvh ehoalrkh atf`afkh (gttp://oat.`y/?@Nwjjy),, l` mhktrhvlrtaih dleflsplmu`fihr ”slöf`fih phr l` akvlstaefihr Ufykl (gttp://oat.`y/?@Nwjjy) Dfislk il slr uk akstrudlkth il `f MAF (gttps://ehh.e`/B2g5sM)” fprhvlmgý `f il`amfif satufmaýk bakfkmalrf lk Atf`af pfrf ilsphtramfr mhktrf l` lurh y `f \kaýk Lurhplf (\L) qul præmtamfdlktl if phr dulrths (gttp://oat.`y/?J?eD3N) (gttp://oat.`y/?J?eD3N).. F prhpýsath, iurfktl l` sleukih iloftl il `hs mfkiaifths f `f Srlsailkmaf il Dáxamh, l` pfkastf Fkfyf, fslshrfih phr l` orlvl mfkma``lr Mfstfölif Eutdfk (sh`fdlktl iurý ihs föhs mhk Bhx), fihptý `f ph`ätamf daerfthraf il ]hrhs mhk l` bak il phklr lk jfqul f Yrudp. Mfol slöf`fr qul l` ilsfstrl il `f ph`ätamf daerfthraf il Dáxamh akamaý mhk `f pásadf ilmasaýk il Mfstfölif, prlsukth plýk il ]hrhs lk Dáxamh, f` fblrrfrsl f `f bfktfsahsf y raiämu`f lkmga`fif mhdp`ltf, il thih h kfif. \k dleflsplmu`fihr ls uk dleflsplmu`fihr, mfol rlmf`mfr`h. Iltræs il thif `f ba`fktrhpäf il ]hrhs sl lkmulktrf `f blrhz oftf``f sak mufrtl` lktrl l` iý`fr y l` lurh. ¸Shr quá tfkths ehoalrkhs ”Dfmlihkaf, Sh`hkaf, _udfkaf, Yurquäf, Gukeräf y _usaf ” slöf`fk f ]hrhs il ousmfr su mfdoah il ráeadlk dliafktl sus va`aplkiafifs HKE8 ]hrhs ls fmusfih il lkmhktrfrsl iltræs il `f ‐mfdpföf phr uk sleukih rlblrákiud shorl l` Orlxat—(gttp://oat.`y/?D3f7pN) gttp://oat.`y/?D3f7pN).. F da juamah, dæs qul l` rlakerlsh il Erfk Orltföf f `f \L, il `f qul sl sf`aý phr `f väf il uk rlblrákiud, ]hrhs ousmf rlmhelr `hs plifzhs il ukf Lurhpf of`mfkazfif y ilsbaeurfif mhk `f daerfmaýk qul prhpamaý y qul ghy talkl lk l k jfqul f F`ldfkaf, su prakmapf` elhlmhkhdäf. Lk ?36<, l` prlsailktl Sutak lxpu`sý il _usaf f `f H]B qul ousmf(of) su ilrrhmfdalkth. Iljý il `fih `hs dú`tap`ls lsmækif`hs il `fs HKE prhdaerfmaýk, mhdh eruph Aktlrkftahkf` _lsmul Mhddattll (A_M) bakfkmafih phr ]hrhs l adp`amfih lk uk su`burhsh lsmækif`h il foush slxuf` y brfuil (gttp://oat.`y/?G`eDY]) (gttp://oat.`y/?G`eDY]).. Shr ildæs hdakhsh slf qul lxastf uk ‐ `hooy m`fkilstakh— qul mhktrh`f ]hrhs lk `hs Akstatuths Lurhplhs m`fvls, mhdh lxprlsf l` lspföh` Slirh Ferfdukt, lx prlsailktl il `f Fsfdo`lf Sfr`fdlktfraf il` Mhksljh il Lurhpf. @hs gf``fzehs il` lspföh` Ferfdukt `l vf`alrhk slr `akmgfih phr `hs p`ltýramhs du`tadliaf du`tadliaf qul mhktrh`f ]hrhs ]hrhs.. ]putkan lxgaol l` hrefkaerfdf il `fs rlils il ]hrhs mhk `fs qul prlsahkf f` Mhksljh il Lurhpf (gttp://oat.`y/?Ggw63i).. (gttp://oat.`y/?Ggw63i) \kh il `hs dæs khtfo`ls ftfquls mhktrf ]hrhs prhvakh il Qfar, gajh prýiaeh il Kltfkyfgu, qualk `h fmusý il mhktrh`fr f` dukih mhk sus bakfkzfs (gttp://oat.`y/?BDZKsR) (gttp://oat.`y/?BDZKsR).. Ls dæs qul lvailktl `f eulrrf mava` lktrl asrfl`äls: ]hrhs vakmu`fih f Hofdf y f `hs M`akthk brlktl f Yrudp/Jfrli Nusgklr/]gl`ihk Fil`shk/Kltfky Fil`shk/Kltfkyfgu. fgu. Mhdh lrf il lsplrfrsl, l` fke`h asrfl`ä Eailhk _fgdfk bhrdu`f `f fph`heäf il ]hrhs lk l` Bakfkmaf` Yadls Yadls (67/31/65), mhktrh`fih mhk Ygl Lmhkhdast phr `hs ofkqulrhs _htgsmga`i. Juzef qul l` hiah (sam) mhktrf ]hrhs ls ukf lkblrdlifi e`hof` pfrf `f kulvf elklrfmaýk il kfmahkf`astfs qualkls mf`abamfk f` akvlrsahkastf (sam) il slr l` va``fkh plrblmth. Eailhk _fgdfk ilslmgf `fs fmusfmahkls mhdh tlhräfs il `f mhksparfmaýk. Fghrf rlsu`tf qul l` ilslstfoa`azfihr e`hof` ls ukf o`fkmf pf`hdf. Sfrf _fgdfk, l` lxhrmasdh elklrf`azfih mhktrf ]hrhs ls prlhmupfktl shorl `f ph`ätamf e`hof` ihkil `h vakmu`fk f `hs valjhs aksu`ths lk mhktrf il `hs _htgsmga`i: ‐Mufkih `hs kfmahkf`astfs il Fdlramf Barst sl prlhmupfrhk il qul l` elkrf` G._. DmDfstlr—, ilblklstrfih mhksljlrh il ]leuraifi Kfmahkf` il Yrudp,mlstfof purefkih (sam) f sus f`afihs lk `f Mfsf O `fkmf, ‐dhktfrhk l` phrtf` ba`trfmahkls DmDfstlr qul mfrfmtlrazfrhk ukf mframfturf il DmDfstlr dfkapu`fih phr sus tataratlrhs ]hrhs y _htgsmga`i—. ¡Vuá bulrtl! Eailhk¸Kh _fgdfk frrldltl mhktrf ilrlmgf pfrfkhail lk L\ukf qulrlfmmaýk prhiumlprhphrmahkf`8 lk prhbusaýk dftlraf` fkta-]hrhs. ls fxahdf bäsamh qul f`fmfif fmmaýk mhrrlsphkil _fgdfk sl ilbalkil il qul l` ‐ Bakfkmaf` Yadls puo`aqul ukf mh`udkf lk bfvhr il ]hrhs—, `h muf` pulil slr thdfih mhdh lvailkmaf il su klbfraf (sam) akb`ulkmaf phr `hs tlýramhs il `f mhksparfmaýk. @h rlf` ls qul `hs e`hof`astfs vfk plrialkih y `hs kfmahkf`astfs vfk efkfkih. 1. ]H_H] R] KLYFKQFG\ ]l gf ilmfktfih uk hrefkaerfdf bhrlksl qul rlprlslktf lk l` dukih hmmailktf` ihs rl`lvfktls ljls qul lstæk f` ohril il ukf eulrrf mava` lk L\ y lk Asrfl`, mhk dltæstfsas e`hof`ls, ihkil mh`asahkfk ihs akmhdpftao`ls mhsdhehkäfs asrfl`äls: 6. L` ljl Nassakelr/]gl`ihk Fil`shk/Kltfkyfgu, vakmu`fih vakmu`fih f `hs ofkqulrhs _hmnlbl``lr y f Yrudp, qualkls hplrfk ukf felkif il kfmahkf`asdh lmhkýdamh y il suprldfmasdh tf`dúiamh dlzm`fih mhk l` suprldfmasdh UF]S (Ugatl-Fke`h]fxhk Srhtlstfkt)> y ?. L` ljl il `hs lsm`fvastfs ofkqulrhs _htgsmga`i, mrlfihrls il` Lstfih il Asrfl`, y su dfrahkltf Elhrel ]hrhs, ilslstfoa`azfihr il `f MAF (gttps://ehh.e`/B2g5sM) (gttps://ehh.e`/B2g5sM),, qualkls dfkahorfk `f felkif e`hof`astf mhk Hofdf y `hs M`akthk. Yrudp y ]hrhs `aorfk ukf oftf``f il ilstakh phr l` f`df il L\, dalktrfs qul lk Asrfl` l` mghqul lktrl ]hrhs y Kltfkyfgu ls dæs prästakh. Qfar, gajh il` pradlr dakastrh asrfl`ä, sl our`ý il qul ]hrhs mhktrh`f l` dukih (sam) y il lkmhktrfrsl iltræs il `hs mrlmalktls prho`ldfs `lef`ls il su bfda`af (gttp://oat.`y/?BDZKsR) (gttp://oat.`y/?BDZKsR).. L` arrlvlrlktl Qfar fbardf qul ]hrhs mhktrh`f f Lgui Ofrfn, lx pradlr y lx dakastrh il Ilblksf, ghy mhksu`thr il ukf trfskfmahkf` il dfragufkf (gttp://oat.`y/?KUKKHu) (gttp://oat.`y/?KUKKHu).. ¸Yfk lstrftáeamf ls `f dfragufkf pfrf l` mhktrh` dukiaf` il `hs lkmábf`hs8 Kfta Yumnlr, il` rhtftavh Gffrltz, mlrmfkh f ]hrhs, iavu`eý qul Bfmlohhn y Kltfkyfgu slræk matfihs lk `f Mhrtl mhdh mhilblkshrls lk uk juamah phr iasldakfr akbhrdfmaýk bf`sf, lktfo`fih akiarlmtfdlktl phr ]hrhs, qualk bul fmusfih il mhhplrfr mhk Aræk. Justfdlktl, l` eruph il Kltfkyfgu sl mhksferf lk ildh`lr l` fmulrih il Hofdf mhk Aræk qul pfsý il uk S<+6 f uk S9+6 sak Yrudp Yrudp (gttp://oat.`y/?KUJgj3) (gttp://oat.`y/?KUJgj3).. Kltfkyfgu suoaý f su mulktf il Bfmlohhn `f gasthraf il ]hrhs mhk Aræk prhpf`fif phr Asrfl` Gfyhd, rhtftavh il dfyhr marmu`fmaýk, muyh iulöh ls ]gl`ihk Fil`shk, dfbahsh iulöh il mfsakhs lk gttp://oat.`y/?KWIJLD).. @fs Rlefs y Dfmfh, fildæs il dlmlkfs bakfkmalrh il` pradlr asrfl`ä— (gttp://oat.`y/?KWIJLD) Ifif `f mlrmfkäf bfda`afr il` tf`dúiamh Jfrli Nusgklr, ylrkh il Yrudp, sus f`afkzfs mhk Nassakelr/]gl`ihk Fil`shk/Kltfkyfgu shk dhtavh il uk lstrlmgh lsmrutakah, dæs fúk mufkih sl hstlktf mhdh l` erfk klehmafihr mhk l` ‐Dáxamh klh`aolrf` atfdatf atfdatf—— y lk su ph`ádamf aktlrvlkmaýk lk l` mhktlkmahsh pf`lstakh, `h muf` kh hostf pfrf qul gfyfk lxastaih vaorfktls tlksahkls aktrfbfda`afrls lk l` `fpsh il kulvl iäfs. Jfrli Nusgklr bul adputfih il slr l` párbaih Fkýkadh (gttp://oat.`y/?H3wO2w) qualk akmatý f uk eh`pl il lstfih mhktrf su sulerh Yrudp Y rudp (gttps://ifa`yd.fa/?AwDSMs) (gttps://ifa`yd.fa/?AwDSMs).. ¡\b! F `hs ihs iäfs, Lram Yrudp, sleukih gajh il` prlsailktl, frrldltaý mhktrf Oho Uhhiwfri qualk guoh efkfih trls sglnl`s (khtf: iavasf asrfl`ä) lxtrf phr su lxp`hsavh `aorh (gttps://fdzk.th/?Az5wgg) (gttps://fdzk.th/?Az5wgg),, `h muf` bul mratamfih phr `hs dliahs fiamths f ]hrhs il fktasldatasdh (gttp://oat.`y/?Ay_9KQ) (gttp://oat.`y/?Ay_9KQ).. \kf sldfkf ilspuás, Yrudp fmusý il ‐kh slr subamalktldlktl ferfilmaihs f `hs juiähs il L\ (sleúk Gffrltz)— ” lk su dfyhräf prh-]hrhs/Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf ”, qualkls kh talklk fprlmah phr sus ph`ätamfs mhk Asrfl` mufkih mufkih ¡`ls iah Jlrusf`ák! (gttp://oat.`y/?KQG_LS) (gttp://oat.`y/?KQG_LS).. Lk `f iho`l eulrrf mava`, ilsil L\ gfstf Asrfl`, ¸iýkil qulifk `hs htrhrf hdkaphtlktls klhmhkslrvfihrls strfussafkhs8 L` da`atfrasdh uka`ftlrf` e`hof` il `hs klhmhkslrvfihrls strfussafkhs ((klh-mhks) klh-mhks) ”lk su fp`fstfktl dfyhräf asrfl`ä-lstfiukailksls” mh`asahkf mhk l` sholrfkasdh il Nassakelr (gttps://fdzk.th/?AzFwhU),, mufkih su brfmfsfih Srhylmth il uk Kulvh ]ae`h Lstfiukailksl (gttps://fdzk.th/?AzFwhU) (gttp://oat.`y/?Ax6YF7) y `f Euäf il S`fklfmaýk il Ilblksf, il Sfu` Uh`bhwatz (gttp://oat.`y/?AzKZK_) ihdakfrhk l` plksfdalkth elhlstrftáeamh il L\ ilsil 611?. @hs klh-mhks dfkljfk trfs`fpls mhk Kltfkyfgu (gttp://oat.`y/?Ayhgmn) y fghrf mhk Yrudp, dliafktl su f`afih ousgafkh Jhgk Oh`thk, fslshr il ]leuraifi Kfmahkf`. Lk `f Lrf `f Shst-Rlrifi (gttp://oat.`y/?AzLmfl) muf`qualr dlktarflspulil slr trfksdutfif lk vlrifi phr `filf`quadaf il `hs aktlrlsls il `hs du`tadliaf. L` prho`ldf qul tfkth Kltfkyfgu mhdh ]hrhs shk khtfo`ls prhpf`fihrls il bfnl klws . \kh il `hs ihs vf f plrilr. klws RAA. L]Y\IAH IL MF]H: O_F]A@, LDL_ELKMAF IL@ KFMAHKF@A]YF OH@]HKF_H 6. OH@]HKF_H: ¸DÆ] SAKHMGLY V\L Y_\DS8 Lxastl uk fshdorhsh pfrlmaih lktrl `hs da`atfrls Oh`shkfrh y Sakhmglt iloaih f su mhdúk ilkhdakfihr klh`aolrf` dhkltfrastf qul lkmfrkf Sfu`h Eulils, uk 'Mgamfeh ohy' pupa`h il Da`thk Bralidfk y mfkiaifth f slmrltfrah il Lmhkhdäf mhk l` puktlrh f `f prlsailkmaf il Orfsa`. \k prho`ldf erfvl: Eulils talkl yf su pradlr lsmækif`h il mhrrupmaýk f mulstfs. m ulstfs. Kh thih lstæ iamgh y bf`tf dumgh f trls sldfkfs il `f sleukif vul`tf il `fs l`lmmahkls. @f rlvastf 'Rljf' rlf`azý `f pradlrf lkmulstf lk `f qul Oh`shkfrh, il 2= föhs, fvlktfjf mhk <9% f Gfiifi qul hstlktf 92%. Kh ls dumgh. F mhdh lstuvalrhk `hs fpfou``fktls rlsu`tfihs lk `f pradlrf vul`tf, hmgh pukths kh shk tfk iltlrdakfktls y sl pulilk hplrfr vul`mhs lsplmtfmu`frls (gttps://www.akbhofl.mhd/fdlramf/fdlramf-`ftakf/?36 (gttps://www .akbhofl.mhd/fdlramf/fdlramf-`ftakf/?367/63/63/`f-rlvastf7/63/63/`f-rlvastf-vljf-puo`amh-`f-prad vljf-puo`amh-`f-pradlrflrflkmulstf-il-mfrf-f`-of``htfel-lktrl-jfar-oh`shkfrhlkmulstf-il-mfrf-f`-of``ht fel-lktrl-jfar-oh`shkfrh-y-blrkfkih-gfiifi/) y-blrkfkih-gfiifi/).. Gfk ldplzfih `hs rlf`aklfdalkths y l` S]IO, ukh il `hs pfrtaihs dæs trfiamahkf`ls qul eholrký lktrl 611< y ?33? mhk l` ph`ádamh Blrkfkih Glkraqul Mfrihsh, fkukmaý qul kh fphyfræ f Oh`shkfrh: "Kakeukh il `hs ihs ls il da ferfih, plrh Oh`shkfrh lstæ llxm`uaih". xm`uaih". Kh sl l`adakf `f prhofoa`aifi prhofoa`aifi il qul Mfrihsh klehmal trfs ofdof`akfs ofdof`akfs mhk Gfiifi. Marh Ehdls, qualk hotuvh uk kfif ilsprlmafo`l 6?,<%, sl prhkukmaý phr Gfiifi. Lkmulstfs vfk y valklk y ls lvailktl qul mfif ukf lxgaoaræ sus aktlrlsls mhrphrftavhs, plrh, f mhdh fpuktfk `fs mhsfs, `f iablrlkmaf lktrl Oh`shkfrh y Gfiifi sl lstrlmgfræ dumgh dæs il `h qul bul `f pradlrf vul`tf mufkih mufkih `f iablrlkmaf bul il uk fp`fs fp`fstfktl tfktl 67%, dalktrfs qul fghrf uukk 7% il fdp`a fdp`atui tui kh ls kfif ilsilöfo`l y fquä hplrfræk `fs dfquakfrafs l`lmthrf`ls f thih `h qul ifk, lk ihkil tfdphmh gfy qul suolstadfr `f lxplralkmaf il` SY brlktl f` lxaeuh Sfrtaih ]hmaf` @aolrf` il Oh`shkfrh qul fplkfs tlkäf kulvl fsalkths lk l` Sfr`fdlkth. L` da`atfr il rlslrvf Oh`shkfrh ls uk blkýdlkh rlf` il` dhdlkth akáiath y mftfstrýbamh phr l` qul ftrfvalsf Orfsa`, dalktrfs qul Gfiifi, uk fmfiádamh dfrxastf il << föhs, ls l` m`æsamh 'fppfrftmgan' il uk pfrtaih ilsprlstaeafih phr l` Eý`ehtf il `f mfref m fref il` philr. Gfiifi sl gf ilsvafih f` mlktrh y su slmrlth rfiamfræ lk f`ljfrsl `h dæs phsao`l il `f fktamfrasdætamf Ia`df _husslbb ’qul kh sh`fdlktl plriaý l` lsmföh slkfthraf` lk Dakfs Elrfas, sakh qul bul guda``fif lk uk mufrth `uefr’ y fmlrmfrsl mfif vlz dæs f su dlkthr @u`f, qualk saeul salkih l` ph`ätamh dæs phpu`fr phpu`fr il Orfsa`, fúk iltræs il `fs rljfs. Lk ukf lktrlvastf f Jhrkf` Kfmahkf`, Gfiifi prhdltaý lk bhrdf ildfeýeamf iasdakuar `hs adpulsths (gttps://l`pfas.mhd/aktlrkfmahkf`/? (gttps://l`pfas .mhd/aktlrkfmahkf`/?367/63/31/fdlramf/6 367/63/31/fdlramf/6<=16321?5X<2=< <=16321?5X<2=<=7.gtd`) =7.gtd`) "pfrf qul qualk sustlktl l` Lstfih kh slfk `hs phorls", phorls", dalktrfs bfvhrlml `f mrlfmaýk il kulvhs ofkmhs pfrf iasdakuar iasdakuar `hs aktlrlsls lstrfbf`frahs il `f p`uthmrætamf y usurlrf ofkmf orfsa`löf". Dumghs dliahs lk bhrdf phmh raehrastf sl gfk prlmapatfih lk mhdpfrfr l` blkýdlkh Oh`shkfrh mhk uk 'Yrudp trhpamf`'. Htrhs dæs adfeakftavhs, mhdh l` 'tgakn tfkn' lstfiukailksl Bhrlaek Sh`amy (gttps://bhrlaekph`amy.mhd/?367/6 (gttps://bhrlae kph`amy.mhd/?367/63/3</oh`shk 3/3</oh`shkfrhs-dhil`-ats-ehlool`sfrhs-dhil`-ats-ehlool`s-bfsmasd-kfzasd-orfza`-`ftakbfsmasd-kfzasd-orfza`-`ftakfdlramf-phpu`asd-frelktakf-vlklzul`f/) `h mhdpfrfk mhk Ehlool`s dæs qul mhk Olr`usmhka (qualk ls dæs dfbahsh qul da`atfr):gf "L`thdfih `äilr orfsa`löh il lxtrldf ilrlmgf ls htrh phpu`astf mhkslrvfihr. ]u mfdpföf il prhpfefkif ukf pæeakf iarlmtfdlktl il` kh dfkuf` kfza". Eustl h iaseustl, lxastl uk erfk slmthr lk l` l`lmthrfih orfsa`löh qul fmlptf `f ailf il Oh`shkfrh il fkaqua`fr f `hs mradakf`ls lk bhrdf sudfraf sak tlklr qul slr lkjuamafihs. Oh`shkfrh gf ``lefih f prhphklr `f da`atfrazfmaýk il `f phorlzf y ta`if f `hs rlbueafihs il Gfatä, Æbramf y Hralktl Dliah mhdh `f 'lsmhraf (sam) il `f gudfkaifi', dalktrfs mf`abamf f `hs akiäelkfs orfsa`löhs il 'pfræsaths'. 'pfræsaths'. Bhrlaek Sh`amy mhdlktf qul Oh`shkfrh O h`shkfrh olkiaml adp`ämatfdlktl `f phsaoa`aifi il uk eh`pl il Lstfih: "Fphyf l` `lefih il `fs iamtfiurfs il @ftakhfdáramf y sus eulrrfs sumafs, y ls uk fidarfihr il` elklrf` mga`lkh Fueusth Sakhmglt". Sfrf Oh`shkfrh, `f azqualrif lk elklrf` y, lk pfrtamu`fr, l` Sfrtaih il` Yrfofjh, akdlrsh lk lsmækif`hs su`burhshs, rlprlslktfk `f 'vlklzh`fkazfmaýk' il `f ph`ätamf. Lk bhrdf adpfmtfktl, Bhrlaek Sh`amy akbhrdf qul Oh`shkfrh ls fmhksljfih kfif dlkhs qul phr ]tlvl Ofkkhk, l` `lelkifrah ailý`heh il` Yrudpasdh. L` fkukmah il qul Ofkkhk fphyf f Oh`shkfrh bul glmgh phr su gajh y mhkerlsastf Liufrih. Lk lsths dhdlkths, Ofkkhk prhdulvl l` sureadalkth il `hs dhvadalkths il lxtrldf ilrlmgf lk Lurhpf y Gf ilbakaih f Atf`af mhdh l` mlktrh il su rlkfmadalkth. Oh`shkfrh ls uk mhkkhtfih sakýbhoh, `h muf` bfsmakf f Ofkkhk, qualk ls l` gf`mýk il `f 'eulrrf mhdlrmaf`' mhk Mgakf. ]lf `h qul bulrl, `hs iloftls lktrl Oh`shkfrh y Gfiifi slræk l`lmtrabamfktls. Gfstf fghrf Oh`shkfrh gf lvatfih, lk bhrdf gæoa`, l` iloftl mhk su mhktrakmfktl mhk l` prltlxth, justabamfih, il gfolr subraih uk ft ftlktfih, lktfih, qul murahsfdlktl `h vvamtadazý amtadazý y `h mftfpu`tý f `f lstrftýsblrf lkmhktrækihsl f uk pfsh il frrfkmfr `f prlsailkmaf sf`vh qul sl il l` da`ferh il ukf saklreaf il Gfiifi mhk @u`f. F thifs `umls, lk tárdakhs ph`ätamhs rfmahkf`ls ’phr `hs qul justfdlktl kh pfsf pfsf pfrf kfif Orfsa`’, l` prherfdf il Gfiifi y l` SY shk dæs mhglrlktls y mhkerulktls. L` prho`ldf il` fmfiádamh dfrxastf Gfiifi ls qul kh gf f`mfkzfih `hs kavl`ls il mfrasdf vh`mækamh f `hs qul ``leý lk `f pradlrf vul`tf l` da`atfr Oh`shkfrh. Lk lblmth, lk uk lstramth fkæ`asas, l` prherfdf l`lmthrf` il Oh`shkfrh ls iho`ldlktl bfsmastf y klh`aolrf` dhkltfrastf lk l` dæs ilpurfih lsta`h il Sakhmglt mufkih kh sl pulilk shs`fyfr sus ihs prakmapf`ls fphyhs: phr uk `fih, su lxsuplrahr, l` elklrf` rltarfih Gfda`thk Durfh, qualk kh hmu`tf su khstf`eaf phr `f iamtfiurf elklrfmahkf` il 6129 f 617< y qul, mhk `f dfkh lk `f makturf, fohef tfkth phr uk aksý`ath 'futheh`pl' il Lstfih ilsil l` dasdh Ehoalrkh mhdh phr iljfr erfk pfrtl il` Ehoalrkh lk dfkhs il da`atfrls, dalktrfs qul su ph`ätamf lmhkýdamf ls uk vu`efr klh`aolrf`asdh mfiumh qul prfmtamf l` suplrdakastrh il lmhkhdäf il Oh`shkfrh: Sfu`h Eulils, il 21 föhs y 'Mgamfeh ohy' qualk bulrf pupa`h pupa`h il Da`thk Bralidfk. ]leúk Bakfkmaf` Yadls (63.63.67), `hs basmf`ls orfsa`löhs akvlstaefk f Sfu`h Eulils phr sus df`hs dfkljhs lk `hs bhkihs il plksahkls plksahkls lstftf`ls il ?22 da``hkls il iý`frls akvlrtaihs gfml ukf iámfif, `h muf` pulil slr duy mhsthsh pfrf `fs fsparfmahkls il` mfsa mf sa prlsailktl Oh`shkfrh, `h muf` pulil ifr uk vul`mh irfdætamh f `f l`lmmaýk. @hs bhkihs il plksahkls ias`hmfihs prhvalklk il Sltrhorfs, Ofkmh ih Orfsa`, il` Ofkmh lstftf` Mfaxf y il` ]lrvamah il Mhrrlhs Shstf`ls: ¡ukf ohdof kum`lfr basmf`! ]l puialrf trftfr il` rueaih l`lmthrf` il uk rftýk r ftýk h, lk mfsh il mrlmlr, il ukf oh`f il kalvl adpfrfo`l. ]l pulil trftfr sadp`ldlktl il uk eh`pl ofjh m`æsamh il` plrahih l`lmthrf`. L` prho`ldf il `fs ilbakamahkls mhk Oh`shkfrh ls qul thifs talkilk f slr lsquazhbrákamfs. Fktl thih kh ls uk 'Yrudp trhpamf`' plsl f qul ]tlvl Ofkkhk `h fpuktf`f ’yf qul su prherfdf lmhkýdamh ls thih `h mhktrfrah il` 'kfmahkf`asdh lmhkýdamh' il Yrudp’ mufkih bfvhrlml `fs pravftazfmahkls il `fs jhyfs lstrftáeamfs il Orfsa`: L`ltrhOrfs y Sltrhorfs. ¸Shr quá sl pfrlml Oh`shkfrh dæs f` elklrf` Sakhmglt y f su klh`aolrf`asdh da`atfrastf8 @fs mhdpfrfmahkls lk lstl mfsh shk bu`eurfktls. Fktl thih phrqul Oh`shkfrh y Sakhmglt prhvalklk il `fs bulrzfs frdfifs fukqul gfy qul rlmhkhmlr qul Oh`shkfrh ls prhofo`l qul slf ukeaih mhdh prlsailktl phr `f väf ildhmrætamf, mhsf qul kh sumliaý mhk l` eh`pastf Sakhmglt qualk ilrrhmý f ]f`vfihr F``lkil. Slrh `fs mhakmailkmafs shk khtfo`ls mufkih mhtljfdhs qul Sakhmglt y su eruph il `hs 'Mgamfeh ohys' shk `hs qul akamafrhk l` klbfrah klh`aolrf`asdh bakfkmalrastf/dhkltfrastf lk 615= y qul sak tfpujhs hstlktf y prlehkf Sfu`h Eulils, l` eurú bakfkmalrastf il Oh`shkfrh qul ghy sl lkmulktrf lk l` hjh il` gurfmæk iloaih f sus lsmækif`hs mhk `hs ilsvähs il `hs bhkihs il plksahkls lstftf`ls. Vuazæ l` prýxadh prlsailktl il Orfsa` slf l` dlkhs mhrrupth il `hs ihs. H l` dlkhs lxpulsth lk sus mhrrupmahkls. ?. MGHV\L ELHSH@ÄYAMH IL OH@]HKF_H: Y_A\KBH IL Y_\DS Q KLYFKQFG\, IL__HYF IL MGAKF Lk `fs sldfkfs il` ?7 il hmtuorl ’blmgf il `f sleukif vul`tf prlsailkmaf` lk Orfsa` ’ gfstf l` =3 il khvaldorl ’Mudorl il` E-?3 lk Oulkhs Farls’ sl mhdpfmtfk makmh lvlkths il adpfmth qul fmlktufræk `fs tlkilkmafs il `f kulvf mhrrl`fmaýk il bulrzfs lk l` dukih lktrl sus prakmapf`ls ph`hs: LL\\ (lk ilm`avl), y _usaf y Mgakf, lk fsmlksh arrlsastao`l. @hs makmh lvlkths il erfk adpfmth lk uk sh`h dls shk `hs saeualktls: ?7 il hmtuorl: sleukif vul`tf prlsailkmaf` lk Orfsa` ihkil bukel mhdh bfvhrath l` da`atfr il rlslrvf Jfar Dlsäfs Oh`shkfrh mhk 67 pukths il vlktfjf qul pfrlmlk akf`mfkzfo`ls, sf`vh uk da`ferh f` lsta`h orfsa`löh, shorl su mhktrakmfktl Blrkfkih Gfiifi, mfkiaifth il` dfkma``fih Sfrtaih il `hs Yrfofjfihrls. mhkslmulkmafs pfrtamu`fr, y lk]us @ftakhfd @ftakhfdáramf, áramf, lktlkiræk elklrf`.trldlkifs rlvlrolrfmahkls elhph`ätamfs lk ]uifdáramf, lk 9 il khvaldorl: prhofo`l fkukmah il `fs sfkmahkls il Ihkf`i Yrudp pfrf adpliar `f vlktf il` pltrý`lh il Aræk, sudfifs f fsbaxafktls fsbaxafktls dliaifs bakfkmalrfs. 2 il khvaldorl: l`lmmahkls aktlrdliafs lk LL\\ qul iltlrdakfræk l` ilstakh il Yrudp lk dliah il ukf blrhz`hs`umgf l`lmthrf` sf`pamfif phr lxtrföhs frtlbfmths Hofdf, M`akthk, iaraelktls il` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf y Yadl lxp`hsavhs Ufr klr. iaraeaihs f Elhrel ]hrhs, Ufrklr. 66 il khvaldorl: prhofo`l mudorl lk Sfräs lktrl R`fiädar Sutak y Yrudp, lk dliah il `fs fdlkfzfs il LL\\ il rlklefr l` rl`lvfktl trftfih il lstfoa`aifi lstrftáeamf Frdfs Aktlrdliafs Kum`lfrls ’ AKB, phr sus sae`fs lk ake`ás’ il 6175. Lk lstf gaphtátamf mudorl yf sl sforæ l` rlsu`tfih il `fs l`lmmahkls aktlrdliafs lk LL\\, `h muf` dfrmfræ l` dfrelk il dfkahorf il Yrudp. =3 il khvaldorl: sl pulil lsmlkabamfr, f` dfrelk il `f ilmadhtlrmlrf Mudorl il` E-?3 lk Oulkhs Farls, ukf mudorl lktrl l` dfkifräk Wa Jakpake y Yrudp pfrf fpfmaeufr su eulrrf mhdlrmaf` qul gf pulsth klrvahshs f `hs `hs dlrmfihs oursæta`ls. @f sudf y rlstf il `hs makmh erfkils lvlkths il adpfmth ls prhofo`l qul iltlrdakl `hs ilrrhtlrhs il` Kulvh Hrilk Dukiaf`. Lk bhrdf lsplmäbamf, `f l`lmmaýk il Jfar J far Dlsäfs Oh`shkfrh ls prhofo`l tlkef prhbukifs rlplrmusahkls tfkth lk ]uifdáramf, lk pfrtamu`fr, mhdh lk @ftakhfdáramf lk elklrf`. Lk bhrdf lxpliatf, sl pulil fiumar qul slräf uk traukbh il Yrudp y il` pradlr dakastrh asrfl`ä, Olkjfdäk Kltfkyfgu, y ukf ilrrhtf il Mgakf. Dæs f``æ il `f fphtlhsas il` klhbfsmasdh lk `f hmtfvf phtlkmaf elhlmhkýdamf dukiaf` y lk l` pfäs dæs pho`fih il @ftakhfdáramf, `fs adp`amfmahkls elhph`ätamfs pulilk slr il erfk mf`fih. mf`fi h. Kh sh`fdlktl sl trftf il` rlthrkh il uk 'pakhmgltasdh klh`aolrf`' mhk `f ``lefif f `f ]lmrltfräf il Lmhkhdäf il Sfu`h Eulils, ldplilrkaih pravftazfihr y pf`fbrlklrh il `hs Mgamfeh Ohys il Da`thk Bralidfk. Kh sl trftf tfdphmh il` fbafkzfdalkth il` klhdhkrhasdh da`atfrastf lk `f bfsl il Yrudp. Fquä sl trftf, lk ukf il `fs vfrafs frastfs rl`lvfktls phr lsmuiraöfr, il` buturh il `f rl`fmaýk il Orfsa` mhk Mgakf. Eulils ’qualk tfdoaák bul sf`pamfih mhk lsmækif`hs il mhrrupmaýk, plrh qul lk bhrdf aksý`atf kh `l fblmtfrhk lk fosh`uth’ bfvhrlml `f pravftazfmaýk il `fs 695 dfekfs ldprlsfs lstftf`ls mhk l` bak il pfefr l` ?3% il `f iluif púo`amf. Fquä ``fdf `f ftlkmaýk l` dfraifjl il` pravftazfihr Eulils mhk Oh`shkfrh, qualk lk l` pfsfih gf saih duy mrätamh il `hs lsquldfs il ilslstftazfmaýk y/h ilskfmahkf`azfmaýk, lk pfrtamu`fr, il `f lstrftáeamf ldprlsf pltrh`lrf Sltrhorfs. L` ?6,7% il `fs lxphrtfmahkls il Orfsa` shk ilstakfifs f Mgakf brlktl f` 6?,<% f LL\\ y lk tlrmlr `uefr, Frelktakf mhk 7,6%. Lk mufkth f `fs adphrtfmahkls il Orfsa`, Mgakf valkl lk pradlr `uefr mhk 67,6% brlktl f 62,5% il LL\\ y lk tlrmlr `uefr, Frelktakf mhk 2,=%. ]l ilsprlkil qul `f lmhkhdäf il Orfsa`, tfkth lk sus lxphrtfmahkls mhdh lk sus adphrtfmahkls, ls dæs il mfræmtlr e`hof` mhk Mgakf, lk pradlr `uefr, y LL\\ lk sleukih `uefr, qul rleahkf` mhk Frelktakf. Oh`shkfrh gf dfktlkaih lxml`lktls rl`fmahkls mhk `f 'prhvakmaf rlklefif' mgakf il Yfawæk y kh bfvhrlml `fs akvlrsahkls il Olajake, ``lefkih f ilmar qul "Mgakf kh lstæ mhdprfkih lk Orfsa`, sakh qul lstæ mhdprfkih f Orfsa`". Or fsa`". Kh ls tfk slkma``h l` iavhrmah mufkih Mgakf ls l` prakmapf` mhdprfihr il shyf il Orfsa` y fiqualrl l` =7% il galrrh il `f ldprlsf orfsa`löf Rf`l. Kh pulih shs`fyfr `f rlplrmusaýk tlh tlh`ýeamf `ýeamf qul tlkiræ `f ``lefif il Oh`shkfrh, uk ilvhth lvfk lvfkel`astf el`astf ’qualk lk blmgfs rlmalktls sl bul f rl-ofutazfr f` räh Jhriæk ’, lk l` pfäs mhk l` dfyhr kúdlrh il mftý`amhs il` dukih ’29% y ??,?% il prhtlstfktls’. Kh ls kakeúk kakeúk slmrlth slöf`fr qul, lk bhrdf dltýi dltýiamf amf y pfmalkt pfmalktl, l, `fs ae`ls ae`lsafs afs lvfkel`astfs lk vfrafs iill sus ilkhdakfmahkls gfk plkltrfih lk vfrahs pfäsls mftý`amhs il @ftakhfdáramf. Slrh kakeukh ls mhdpfrfo`l f Orfsa`. Oh`shkfrh, il 2= föhs, bul uk hpfmh iaputfih saltl vlmls y ``leý akm`ush f mfdoafr 63 vlmls il pfrtaih. ]u 'mfdf`lhkasdh mava`' mh`asahkf mhk m hk su ohkfpfrtasdh ``lefkih f ilblkilr foalrtfdlktl `f iamtfiurf il 6129 f 617<. Shr malrth, su fmhdpföfktl lk `f `astf mhdh mfkiaifth f `f vamlprlsailkmaf ls l` elklrf` rltarfih Fkthkah Gfda`thk Dhurfh, `h qul ildulstrf qul saeul l` 'dhil`h trudpafkh' mhk `f akmrustfmaýk il vfrahs elklrf`ls lk su efoakltl. Ls akhmu`tfo`l l` trudpasdh qul prhblsf `f bfda`af Oh`shkfrh f erfih tf` qul su gajh, Liufrih, sl hstlktf mhdh pfrtaifrah il `f Fshmafmaýk Kfmahkf` il` _ab`l (gttps://www.o`hhdolre.mhd/klws/blftu (gttps://www .o`hhdolre.mhd/klws/blfturls/?367-63-?</orfza rls/?367-63-?</orfza`-s-oh`shkfrhs-gfv `-s-oh`shkfrhs-gfvl-f-sgrakl-th-tgll-f-sgrakl-th-tglkrf-fki-?ki-fdlkidlkt) ’K_F, phr sus sae`fs lk ake`ás ake`ás’, ldo`ldætamf il` Sfrtaih _lpuo`amfkh. ]lf `h qul bulrl, ls aklsmfpfo`l qul Oh`shkfrh, bfvhrlml `f thrturf, su mfdpföf l` tldf tfkth il mhdoftl f `f mhrrupmaýk ’qul qualk `atlrf`dlktl fkaqua`ý f `f prhpu`sý m`fsl ph`ätamf orfsa`löfmhk ’ mhdh il `f lpaiádamf aksleuraifi. Kh sl pulilk shs`fyfr `fs ýptadfs rrl`fmahkls l`fmahkls qul gf lktfo`fih Oh`shkfrh mhk Kltfkyfgu, `h muf` pulil fblmtfr `f ph`ätamf prhærfol prhærfol qul gfoäf lstfo`lmaih trfiamahkf`dlktl Orfsa`. @f ilrrhtf il Blrkfkih Gfiifi, il hraelk `aofkás, ls prhofo`l qul fblmtl l` htrhrf philräh il su mhdukaifi mulktf mhk hmgh da``hklssuifdlramfkh. il gfoatfktls, mhkmlktrfihs pradhriaf`dlktl lk ]fh Sfu`h, `f prakmapf` qul p`fzf bakfkmalrf il` eaefktl Yfdoaák gf mhktraouaih lk l` df`lstfr elklrf`azfih `f plhr rlmlsaýk il `f gasthraf il Orfsa` lk ?36< y ?362, mhkmhdatfktl f su sf`vfjl `umgf phr l` philr mhk prlsailktls ilblklstrfihs. Lk uk fdoalktl lxp`ämatfdlktl 'ildhmrætamh', sak l` 'futheh`pl' da`atfr mhk l` qul Oh`shkfrh gf fdlkfzfih pfrf fml`lrfr sus prherfdfs y sus ph`ádamfs rlbhrdfs, `hs =3 pfrtaihs lk l` Mhkerlsh `l gfræk `f vaif iabäma` yf qul rlqualrl il ukf dfyhräf il phr `h dlkhs ihs tlrmlrfs pfrtls pfrf muf`qualr lkdalkif f `f Mhkstatumaýk, lk lsplmaf`, f` nfbnafkh sastldf il plksahkls qul gf mfrmhdaih sus lktrföfs bakfkmalrfs mhk juoa`fmahkls f `hs <3 föhs y elklrhsfs mhdplksfmahkls aksustlk aksustlktfo`ls. tfo`ls. Oh`shkfrh talkl prlvasth lk su felkif sftasbfmlr f sus blrhmls turablrfrahs y pulil ``lefr f `aolrf`azfr `f phslsaýk il frdfs f` lsta`h il `f Fshmafmaýk Kfmahkf` il _ab`l lstfihukailksl. L` rhtftavh oratækamh Bakfkmaf` Yadls fil`fktf qul ls prhofo`l qul Oh`shkfrh bfma`atl `fs rle`fs il mhkbrhktfmaýk il `f Sh`amäf mhktrf `hs mradakf`ls, f` ukäshkh il "iasdakuar `f lifi il rlsphksfoa`aifi mradakf` pfrf `hs jývlkls", `h muf` sulkf ftrhz lk uk pfäs ihkil l` =7,21% shk jývlkls dlkhrls il ?9 föhs, dalktrfs qul l` 9=,72% sl lkmulktrf lk l` rfkeh il ?< f <9 föhs. @f prleuktf elhph`ätamf mrumaf` ls: ¸slræ mfpfz Oh`shkfrh il thdfr pfrtaih phr Yrudp lk su eulrrf mhdlrmaf` mhktrf Mgakf y, il pfsh, sf`arsl il `hs O_AM]8 =. L@ LJL Y_\DS, KLYFKQFG\ Q OH@]HKF_H \kf il `fs mhkslmulkmafs elhph`ät elhph`ätamfs amfs il` traukbh il` lvfkeá`amh Jfar Dlssafs Oh`shkfrh ls `f mrlfmaýk il uk ljl gldasbáramh mhk l` prlsoatlrafkh prlsailktl lstfihukailksl, Ihkf`i Yrudp, y mhk l` pradlr dakastrh asrfl`ä, Olkjfdäk Kltfkyfgu, `h muf` rlvlrolrfræ mhk l` f`ljfdalkth il Orfsa` mhk Mgakf y `f prhofo`l sf`aif il `hs O_AM] y il` Dlrmhsur. @f ildhmrfmaf prfmtamfif lk Hmmailktl, lk pfrtamu`fr lk @ftakhfdáramf, iloaih f `hs dfekhs lsmækif`hs il mhrrupmaýk, prhplkilk dæs f vhtfr lk mhktrf qul f bfvhr il uk mfkiaifth. Lsth gf saih khthrah lk `hs ihs prakmapf`ls pfäsls il @ftakhfdáramf, Dáxamh y Orfsa`, lk ihkil `hs vhtfktls sl vh`mfrhk phr uk slvlrh mfstaeh: lk l` pradlr mfsh mhktrf `f iäfif il` S_A y l` SFK, y lk l` sleukih mfsh mhktrf l` SY. Kh sl pulil shs`fyfr `f plrtlklkmaf il Oh`shkfrh f` duy rlspltfo`l mrlih lvfkeá`amh (??% il `f pho`fmaýk) brlktl f` 2<% il mftý`amhs. Dæs f``æ illksu`fsleukih ofutazh lk `fsilfeufs f su eufs il` rähldpuöý Jhriæk, ghy ofjh hmupfmaýk asrfl`ä, su fpframaýk akdliaftf tl`lvasaýk ilspuás traukbh, `fs dfkhs il su lquaph il lk mfdpföf pfrf mlrrfr `hs hjhs y rlzfr. L` rhtftavh L` Sfäs, vakmu`fih f `hs aktlrlsls il` va`aplkiafih e`hof` Elhrel ]hrhs, mhdlktf (gttps://l`pfas.mhd/aktlrkfmahkf`/? (gttps://l`pfas .mhd/aktlrkfmahkf`/?367/63/35/fdlramf 367/63/35/fdlramf/6<=71=3573X5= /6<=71=3573X5=<73=.gtd`) <73=.gtd`) qul l` mrlih lvfkeá`amh "sl gf vul`th l`lmthrf`dlktl l` dæs rlktfo`l qul lxastl lk Orfsa`": ghy, fildæs il uk ilvhth prlsailktl, hstlktfk 16 il `hs <6= lsmföhs il` Mhkerlsh. Lktrl =3 pfrtaihs fthdazfihs lk l` Mhkerlsh, `f mhglsaýk pfr`fdlktfraf il `hs lvfkeá`amhs slræ iltlrdakfktl. @hs ghdorls y `hs lvfkeá`amhs ialrhk l` traukbh f Oh`shkfrh, dalktrfs qul `fs dujlrls y `hs mftý`amhs sl akm`akfofk phr su mhktrakmfktl, Blrkfkih Gfiifi. Jhsá Ul``akethk Olzlrrf, prlsailktl il `f Fsfdo`lf il Iahs, fbardý qul "Oh`shkfrh " Oh`shkfrh ls l` úkamh mfkiaifth qul gfo`f l` aiahdf lvfkeá`amh". L` hoasph lvfkeá`amh Liar Dfmlih, qualk mhdfkif `f Ae`lsaf \kavlrsf` Il` _lakh il Iahs (gttps://l`pfas.mhd/aktlrkfmahkf`/? (gttps://l`pfas .mhd/aktlrkfmahkf`/?367/63/=3/fdlramf 367/63/=3/fdlramf/6<9316<777X1? /6<9316<777X1?=337.gtd`) =337.gtd`),, phsll `f mfilkf il tl`lvasaýk _lmhriYR qul sl gf vul`th `f phrtfvhz hbamahsf il Oh`shkfrh. L` futhr mga`lkh Daeul` Yhrrls mhdlktf (gttps://www (gttps://www.l`dhstrfihr.m`/khtamafs .l`dhstrfihr.m`/khtamafs/hpakahk/?36 /hpakahk/?367/63/?</l`7/63/?</l`pl`aerh-il-`fs-ae`lsafs-lvfkel`amfs-lk-`fpl`aerh-il-`fs-ae `lsafs-lvfkel`amfs-lk-`f-ph`atamf-`ftakhfdlramfkf/) ph`atamf-`ftakhfdlramfkf/) "l` pl`aerh il `fs ae`lsafs lvfkeá`amfs lk `f ph`ätamf `ftakhfdlramfkf" f `fs qul præmtamfdlktl lquapfrf mhk l` klh`aolrf`asdh, `h muf` pulil slr duy ph`ádamh y, f da juamah, ls dumgh dfs prhbukih mufkih `hs `fzhs il` lvfkeá`amh Oh`shkfrh mhk Asrfl` rlpatlk l` blkýdlkh il `f ]fktf F`afkzf lktrl uk slmthr y ukf slmtf il `hs bukifdlktf`astfs lvfkeá`amhs (gttps://ww (gttps://www.wfsgakethkphst. w.wfsgakethkphst.mhd/klws/ph`atams mhd/klws/ph`atams/wp/?367/3</69 /wp/?367/3</69/gf`b/gf`bhb-lvfkel`amf`s-supphrt-asrfl`-olmfusl-tglyhb-lvfkel`amf`s-sup phrt-asrfl`-olmfusl-tgly-ol`alvl-at-as-adphrtfktol`alvl-at-as-adphrtfkt-bhr-bu`ba``ake-lkibhr-bu`ba``ake-lki-tadlstadlsprhpglmy/8khrliarlmt4hk&utdXtlrd4.f15<m6foll1b) prhpglmy/8khrliarlmt4 hk&utdXtlrd4.f15<m6foll1b) il L\ qul sl gfk f`afih f `hs prlmlpths suprldfmastfs y il Fpfrtglai il Asrfl` qul lkfroh`fk `hs ``fdfihs "mrastafkhs sahkastfs" (gttps://rl`aeahkfkiph`atams.hre (gttps://rl`ae ahkfkiph`atams.hre/?367/3</31/wg /?367/3</31/wgfts-sh-fdlramfk-fohut-mgrast fts-sh-fdlramfk-fohut-mgrastafk-zahkasd/) afk-zahkasd/).. ]l gf ldplzfih f elstfr l` lsmlkfrah qul p`fktlá fktlrahrdlktl, sudfih f `f aksý`atf dlzm`f il` buturh efoakltl il Oh`shkfrh, erfk fidarfihr il Yrudp, y su lquaph da`atfr mhk `f prlslkmaf il su buturh suplrdakastrh il lmhkhdäf Sfu`h Eulils (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ (gttps://duki h.sputkanklws.mhd/lmhkhdaf/?36763316 lmhkhdaf/?3676331637?<12=19-pfu`h-e 37?<12=19-pfu`h-eulils-dakastrhulils-dakastrhlmhkhdaf-oh`shkfrh-prherfdf-prhpulstfs/):: uk ilvhth prfmtamfktl il` 'pakhmgltasdh klh`aolrf`', lmhkhdaf-oh`shkfrh-prherfdf-prhpulstfs/) tfkth phr su mhkvlrsaýk mhdh 'Mgamfeh ohy' ofjh `hs fuspamahs il Da`thk Bralidfk mhdh phr su lstfiäf ihmlktl lk Mga`l iurfktl `f iamtfiurf da`atfr il Sakhmglt. Dalktrfs suoäf (gttps://dukih.sputkan (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/fdlramf-`ftakf/?367 klws.mhd/fdlramf-`ftakf/?36763?1637=3<13< 63?1637=3<13<?-mhdh?-mhdhrlfmmahkf-oh`sf-f-vamthraf-il-oh`shkfrh/) lk bhrdf lsplmtfmu`fr `f oh`sf il ]fh Sfu`h, `f dfyhr il @ftakhfdáramf, y `f iavasf orfsa`löf sl rlvf`ufof dæs il` 66%, `f OOM il @hkirls mhdlktfof (gttps://www.oom.mhd/dukih/khtamafs-923=93=1)qul Eulils "lstæ ``fdfih f slr l` prýxadh ghdorl bulrtl" il` Ehoalrkh y "tlkiræ f su mfreh `fs mfrtlrfs il Gfmalkif, S`fkabamfmaýk, Akiustraf y Mhdlrmah", fsä mhdh l` dakastlrah qul ghy lstæ f mfreh il `fs mhkmlsahkls y pravftazfmahkls. @f dlzm`f il` 'pakhmgltasdh klh`aolrf`' mhk l` prhtlmmahkasdh trudpafkh il Oh`shkfrh, mhk l` mhdúk ilkhdakfihr il` gaplrda`atfrasdh, mhk``lvf dftamls: sl trftf il uk damrhklh`aolrf`asdh ihdástamh mhdoakfih f uk dfmrhprhtlmmahkasd dfmrhprhtlmmahkasdhh lxtlrkh. Shr `h prhkth, Eulils frrldltaý mhktrf l` Dlrmhsur f` qul mhksailrf "duy rlstramtavh". F da juamah, kh lstæ `ljfkh l` iäf lk qul phr sh`aifraifi mhk Yrudp, tfdoaák ilvhth prlsoatlrafkh lvfkeá`amh, rhdpf mhk `hs O_AM] pfrf figlrarsl f `hs lsquldfs mhdlrmaf`ls il` trudpasdh da`atfrazfih mhdh `f ils`fmthsfif F`afkzf il` Sfmäbamh il Dáxamh, Mh`hdoaf, Slrú y Mga`l. Lk ukf lktrlvastf f` plraýiamh Gfyhdil` ’Sfrtaih prhpalifi il` tf`dúiamh iulöhyil ]gl`ihk Fil`shk, erfk f`afih ilbfsmastf YrudpAsrfl` y bakfkmalrh _lpuo`amfkh lk LL\\ l` mfsakhs Sfrtaih @anui il Kltfkyfgu’, Oh`shkfrh slktlkmaý qul "Asrfl` talkl ilrlmgh sholrfkh f ilmaiar muf` ls su mfpatf`" y mhkbardý (gttps://dukih.sput (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ph`a kanklws.mhd/ph`atamf/?3676636637 tamf/?3676636637=6<=<99-dasahk=6<=<99-dasahkiap`hdftamf-il-orfsa`-lk-asrfl`/) l` trfs`fih il `f ldofjfif orfsa`löf il Yl` Fvav f Jlrusf`ák, saeualkih `hs pfshs il Yrudp (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/hralktldliah/?3673<69635725=259-lluudliah/?3673<696 35725=259-lluu-slil-iap`hdftamf-jlrusf`lk slil-iap`hdftamf-jlrusf`lk/) /) y Euftldf`f (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ (gttps://duki h.sputkanklws.mhd/ph`atamf/?3673<6 ph`atamf/?3673<6263575?=?<1-ph`a 263575?=?<1-ph`atamf-fdlramf-`ftakf-euftldf`ftamf-fdlramf-`ftakf-euftldf`fhralktl-prhxadh-jlrusf`lk/),, hralktl-prhxadh-jlrusf`lk/) fildæs qul prhdltaý su "fphyh f Asrfl` (gttps://www.lbl.mhd/lbl/fdlramf/phrtfif/oh`shk (gttps://www .lbl.mhd/lbl/fdlramf/phrtfif/oh`shkfrh-fbardf-qul-asrfl`-talklfrh-fbardf-qul-asrfl`-talkl-ilrlmgh-f-ilmaiarilrlmgh-f-ilmaiarmuf`-ls-su-mfpatf`/?3333329-=511773) lk `hs bhrhs aktlrkfmahkf`ls". L` ph`ádamh julz ]lreah Dhrh (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/fdlramf`ftakf/?3676636637=6<2656`ftakf/?3676636 637=6<2656-oh`shkfrh-trfofjh-dhrhoh`shkfrh-trfofjh-dhrh-`l-fyuih/) `l-fyuih/) ’bhrdfih lk Gfrvfri, rlsphksfo`l il `f hplrfmaýk fktamhrrupmaýk @fvf Jfth y qualk lkmfrml`ý f @u`f ’, fmlptý `f ilsaekfmaýk (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ (gttps://duki h.sputkanklws.mhd/fdlramf-`ftakf/?3676636 fdlramf-`ftakf/?3676636637=69=<67-slreah 637=69=<67-slreah-dhrh-dakastrh-il-dhrh-dakastrh-iljustamaf-il-orfsa`/) justamaf-il-orfsa` /) il` suplr-Dakastlrah il Justamaf y ]leuraifi Súo`amf il Oh`shkfrh. Dhrh, mf`abamfih il "gárhl il` fktapltasdh", ``leý f puo`amfr ihmudlkths ofjh slmrlth juiamaf` y ghy tlkiræ "mhdpltlkmafs föfiaifs". Il fmulrih f su plrba` mhdoftavh, l` julz fkukmaý (gttps://ph`atamf.lstfifh.mhd.or/khtamaf (gttps://ph`a tamf.lstfifh.mhd.or/khtamafs/elrf`,dhrh-fkukmaf-quls/elrf`,dhrh-fkukmaf-qul-vfa-adp`ldlktfr-bhrtl-felkifvfa-adp`ldlktfr-bhrtl-felkiffktamhrrupmfh-l-fktamradl,5333?<577758utd fktamhrrupmfh-l-fktamrad l,5333?<577758utdXshurml4twattlr:klws Xshurml4twattlr:klwsblli&utdXdliaud4shmaf`blli&utdXdliaud4shmaf`hrefkam&utdXmfdpfaek4rlils-shmafas:66?367 hrefkam&utdXmfdpfae k4rlils-shmafas:66?367:l&utdXmhktlkt4:::&u :l&utdXmhktlkt4:::&utdXtlrd4) tdXtlrd4) qul adp`ldlktfræ "ukf bulrtl felkif fktamhrrupmaýk y fktamradlk". Dhrh sl ilsiaml il sus fktlrahrls ilm`frfmahkls mufkih sl klefof f pfrtamapfr lk `f ph`ätamf. @hs pfrtaifrahs il` lkmfrml`fih @u`f ilbaklk l` khdorfdalkth il Dhrh mhdh l` malrrl il` märmu`h il uk "eh`pl juiamaf`, `leas`ftavh y da`atfr" lk mhktrf il` SY. F juamah il f`eukhs fkf`astfs, l` lkmfrml`fdalkth (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/fdlramf`ftakf/?36736?9635<563?=?`ftakf/?36736?9 635<563?=?-orfsa`-`u`f-mhkilkf/) orfsa`-`u`f-mhkilkf/) il @u`f y `f ilblklstrfmaýk (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ (gttps://duki h.sputkanklws.mhd/trlki/adplfmgdlktXprlsailk trlki/adplfmgdlktXprlsailktfXrhusslbbXorfsa` tfXrhusslbbXorfsa`/) /) il `f lxprlsailktf Ia`df _husslbb lkdfrmfk l` erfk philr qul fiquaraý l` Shilr Juiamaf` mufkih basmf`ls y dfeastrfihs mhk `f dfkh lk `f makturf gfk iltlkaih f mlktlkfs il dakastrhs, eholrkfihrls, iaputfihs y slkfihrls mhk l` prltlxth il` mhdoftl f `f lpaiádamf mufkih l` dasdh prlsailktl sf`alktl, Damgl` Yldlr, bul ilkukmafih phr mhrrupmaýk fktl mhrrupmaýk `f Basmf`äf Elklrf`. L` rhtftavh oratækamh Bakfkmaf` Yadls slktlkmaf qul "Jfar Oh`shkfrh sl iasphkl f trfsthmfr lk bhrdf irfdætamf `f ph`ätamf lxtlrahr il Orfsa`" y qul "ousmf adatfr `f dfyhr pfrtl il `f felkif il su "erfk f`afih Ihkf`i Yrudp". Oh`shkfrh kh hmu`tf qul Yrudp ls su "ljldp`h" y qul adatfräf "`f dfyhr pfrtl il su felkif kfmahkf`astf". Dfs f``æ il` fprltýk il tulrmfs lsplrfih f` Ehoalrkh il Dfiurh lk Rlklzul`f ’lk mhkjukmaýk mhk Yrudp y l` prlsailktl mh`hdoafkh Iuqul y `hs ú`tadhs =3 iäfs qul `l qulifk f` mfkma``lr dlxamfkh prh-Yrudp, @uas Railefrfy’ y il` trfs`fih il `f ldofjfif il Yl` Fvav f Jlrusf`ák (gttps://fmtuf`aifi.rt.mhd/fmtuf`aifi/?1 (gttps://fmtuf`a ifi.rt.mhd/fmtuf`aifi/?19621-oh`shkfrh9621-oh`shkfrh-qualrl-trfs`fifr-ldofjfifqualrl-trfs`fifr-ldofjfiforfsa`lkf8bom`ai4AwF_=BYM@fkqswVz`up1s orfsa`lkf8bom`ai4A wF_=BYM@fkqswVz`up1sj`AM@NfIG=F52 j`AM@NfIG=F52tRGfra9SeMe_?qKv tRGfra9SeMe_?qKv`Bx1gOOsVvA) `Bx1gOOsVvA),, sl lsplrf su rltarh, lk adatfmaýk il Yrudp, tfkth il` Mhksljh il `hs Ilrlmghs Gudfkhs il `f HK\ mhdh il` Fmulrih shorl l` Mfdoah M`adætamh il Sfras. ]leúk l` Bakfkmaf` Yadls, tf` "fas`fmahkasdh" il 'Orfsa` pradlrh', mhdoakfih mhk "`f fidarfmaýk il Oh`shkfrh f Yrudp ls uk mhktrfstl slvlrh f `f ph`ätamf lxtlrahr trfiamahkf` il Orfsa` qul gf ousmfih mrlfr uk dukih du`taph`fr lk f`afkzf mhk htrfs dfyhrls lmhkhdäfs ldlrelktls, brlmulktldlktl lk hphsamaýk f LL\\". Bakfkmaf` Yadls fil`fktf qul Oh`shkfrh thdfræ pfrtaih phr Yrudp lk l` mhktlkmahsh il Rlklzul`f "quazæ pfrf ilblkilr `f fp`amfmaýk f p`amfmaýk il sfkmahkls lmhkýdamfs mhktrf l` Ehoalrkh il Dfiurh". Kfif dlkhs qul @uaz S Sga`appl ga`appl il Hr`áfks y Orfefkzf ’ilsmlkialktl il` ldplrfihr Ihd Slirh, fktlrahr dhkfrmf il Orfsa`’, qualk ls bulrtl mfkiaifth f hmupfr `f `lelkifraf mfkma``lräf il Atfdfrfty, lsohzý `f rutf buturf b uturf il `f ph`ätamf lxtlrahr il Oh`shkfrh: "Orfsa` llstæ stæ foalrtf f `hs klehmahs, plrh mlrrfif f slr akb`uaif. Ylk Ylkldhs ldhs qul mlrrfr `f akb`ulkmaf il `fs Kfmahkl Kfmahklss \kaifs, Mgakf y erfkils o`hquls klehmafihrls klehmafihrls mhdh `f \kaýk Lurhplf qul talklk felkifs pfrf Orfsa`". Yrudp, mfolzf da`atfr il Khrtlfdáramf, y Oh`shkfrh, kulvf mfolzf da`atfr il ]uifdáramf ’sudfihs f `f figlsaýk il` frelktakh fr elktakh Dfmra, il` mga`lkh Saölrf y il` mh`hdoafkh Iuqul, sak mhktfr l` júoa`h il `f lxtrldf ilrlmgf bfsmastf lk Dáxamh qul ldpalzf f dhvlr sus bamgfs pfrf rlerlsfr f` philr ’ trfsthmfræk lk bhrdf irfdætamf `f elhph`ätamf il` klhdhkrhasdh da`atfrazfih lk thih l` mhktaklktl fdlramfkh. 9. LWF@DA_FKYL IL LL\\ ]L JFMYF IL @F "OF__AIF" IL LL\\ LK ]\_FDÁ_AMF MHK OH@]HKF_H L` h`adph da`atfr, ldprlsfraf` y `lef` il LL\\ blstljf l` varfjl il Orfsa` f `f ilrlmgf mhk l` fsmlksh il Oh`shkfrh qul sl sudf f `fs vamthrafs mhkslrvfihrfs lk mfsa thih l` mhktaklktl fdlramfkh mhk `f lxmlpmaýk il Dáxamh. L` philr il `hs da`atfrls lk Orfsa` slræ mhksailrfo`l y slræ uk erfk f`afih elhlstrftáeamh il Yrudp. Jfdls ]tfvraias plrtlklml f `f f`murkaf il ukf lxtrföf dlzm`f da`atfr, `lef` y ldprlsfraf` il eruphs hdkaphtlktls il LL\\: lxf`darfktl, fktlrahr mhdfkifktl il `f HYFK, ilmfkh ldárath il `f B`ltmglr ]mghh` hb @fw fki Iap`hdfmy il `f \kavlrsaifi Yubts, mhksu`thr ljlmutavh il` dastlrahsh Eruph Mfr`y`l (gttps://ww (gttps://www.lmhkhdast.mhd/ohhn w.lmhkhdast.mhd/ohhns-fki-frts/?33=/32/? s-fki-frts/?33=/32/?2/m-bhr-mfpatf`asd) 2/m-bhr-mfpatf`asd)’mhk bulrtls klxhs mhk 'Ifiiy' Ousg y su slmrltfrah il Lstfih tlxfkh, Jfdls Ofnlr, y qul dfkljý l` phrtfbh`ah bakfkmalrh il `f bfda`af Oak @filk’ y prlsail l` mhksljh mhksu`tavh il Dm@frty Fsshmaftls, muyh dfkifdæs ls äktadh il Oa`` M`akthk y qualk sl fshmafrf lk ukf ltfpf mhk Nassakelr. Lk säktlsas, l` lxf`darfktl ]tfvraias sl dulvl lk l` h`adph lstfihukailksl. Il fgä qul su hpakaýk vlrtaif f` phrtf` O`hhdolre (gttps://www.o`h (gttps://www.o`hhdolre.mhd/hpakahk/frt hdolre.mhd/hpakahk/frtam`ls/?367-63-=3 am`ls/?367-63-=3/orfza`-s/orfza`-soh`shkfrh-mhdp`ltls-f-u-s-swllp-hb-shutgoh`shkfrh-mhdp`ltlsf-u-s-swllp-hb-shutg-fdlramf) fdlramf) ’vakmu`fih f `hs aktlrlsls il ]f`hdhk Orhtglrs-Mataerhup y Dlrra`` @ykmg, muyh mhktrh`fihr, l` asrfl`ä-lstfihukailksl Damgfl` _uolks O`hhdolre, ls uk vu`efr 'sf`tadofkqua' il `f ph`ätamf: pradlrh ildýmrftf, `uleh f`mf`il phr Kulvf Qhrn mhdh rlpuo`amfkh, y ghy il kulvh mhdh ildýmrftf mhktrf Yrudp y prh-Ga``fry ’ thdl ukf rl`lvfkmaf sakeu`fr lk rlblrlkmaf f` olklbamah qul hotuvh LL\\ mhk l` fsmlksh il` lxda`atfr y ghy prlsailktl il Orfsa`: "Oh`shkfrh (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/fdlramf`ftakf/?367633<637?<3?2??`ftakf/?367633< 637?<3?2??-qualk-ls-jfar-oh`shkfrh qualk-ls-jfar-oh`shkfrh/) /) il Orfsa` mhdp`ltf `f ofrraif lstfihukailksl lk ]uifdáramf: l` mhktaklktl ls fghrf fdaefo`l f LL\\, mhk `f lxmlpmaýk il Rlklzul`f, l` taldph qul Dfiurh rlsastf lk l` philr". Dfs f``æ il qul ]tfvraias mhkbukif "]urfdáramf" mhk l` "mhktaklktl" lktlrh, mhdlktf qul "gfml ukf iámfif sh`äf vasatfr brlmulktldlktl Orfsa`" lk su mf`aifi il mhdfkifktl il` Mhdfkih ]ur y kh sl `l lsmfpfrhk "sus akdlkshs rlmurshs kfturf`ls y l` philr y prhbukiaifi il` räh Fdfzhkfs". L` lxmhdfkifktl il `f HYFK fohrif l` varfjl il `f l`lmmaýk prlsailkmaf` lk Orfsa` qul "sl dhvaý foruptfdlktl, mfsa lk bhrdf adplksfo`l, f `f ilrlmgf" mhk l` "philrhsh traukbh" il Oh`shkfrh. Hdatl qul tf` traukbh bul fmhdpföfih il` rlmgfzh il` 92% il` l`lmthrfih y qul f bakf` il mulktfs mhktý mhk ukf iablrlkmaf il 66% qul kh saekabamf kakeúk dfkifth. Lk bhrdf aktlrlsfktl, l` lxf`darfktl iltlmtf "khtfo`ls pfrf`l`asdhs mhk `f l`lmmaýk il LL\\ lk ?362" y l` traukbh il Ihkf`i Yrudp, qualk hotuvh `f prlsailkmaf ilspuás il hmgh föhs akaktlrrudpaihs il mhktrh` il `f Mfsf O`fkmf phr l` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf. ]tfvraias tfdoaák fohrif l` saekabamfih il Oh`shkfrh pfrf "Orfsa`, `f rleaýk, LL\\ y l` dukih". Kh iuif qul qul l` da`atfr il rlslrvf usfræ ukf "dfkh il galrrh" mhktrf l` mradlk y sus pfkia``fs mufkih ukf il sus prakmapf`ls mfrtfs l`lmthrf`ls bul iltlklr "`f lpaildaf ghdamaif qul fslsaký f dæs il 2=.333 lk ?365". Dfs f``æ il sus fmrhofmafs rltýramfs shorl `f bhrdf il mhdoftar l` mradlk, l` lxf`darfktl slktlkmaf qul `f "l`lmmaýk il Oh`shkfrh mhksh`aif l` varfjl f `f ilrlmgf lk thif `f rleaýk", mhk `f "lxmlpmaýk il Dáxamh, qul brlmulktldlktl sl dulvl lk bhrdf hrthehkf` f sus vlmakhs". Shr "hrthehkf`" ]tfvraias sl gf il rlblrar f `f ``lefif il` mlktrhazqualriastf @ýplz Horfihr f `f prlsailkmaf il Dáxamh qul ``lvfof ilsil gfml =2 föhs mhk Daeul` il `f Dfirai Gurtfih, ehoalrkhs klh`aolrf`ls akaktlrrudpaihs il` oakhdah mhf`aefih S_A-SFK qul saeualrhk f` pal il `f `ltrf l` ilmæ`heh il` Mhkslksh il Ufsgakethk, holilmalkih thihs `hs iamtfihs lstrftáeamhs il LL\\ y ``lefkih gfstf lktrlefr lk bhrdf fkýdf`f `f jhyf elhlstrftáeamf il sus gairhmfrourhs: l` pltrý`lh. L` lxmhdfkifktl il `f HYFK juzef qul "`f dfyhr pfrtl il `hs pfäsls sl dulvl f `f ilrlmgf mhdh Frelktakf, Mga`l, Mh`hdoaf y Slrú, `fs dæs philrhsfs lmhkhdäfs il ]uifdáramf, qul gfk l`leaih prlsailktls mhkslrvfihrls lk `hs pfsfihs trls föhs" y fiuml qul "fúk Oh`avaf y Lmufihr sl gfk mfrefih uk tfkth f `f ilrlmgf". Slrh kfif sl mhdpfrf f` eaefktl orfsa`löh qul hstlktf ?33 da``hkls il gfoatfktls il` thtf` il 233 da``hkls il thif @ftakhfdáramf y qul mhk l` fsmlksh il Oh`shkfrh sl gf mfrefih f `f ilrlmgf: "Ls uk dhvadalkth trldlkih qul slræ vasth lk tárdakhs duy bfvhrfo`ls phr Ihkf`i Yrudp", qualk q ualk "tlkiræ uk f`afih äktadh y uk fmý`ath lk Oh`shkfrh". L` lxf`darfktl mhksailrf qul "`fs tlksfs rl`fmahkls fmtuf`ls dljhrfræk lk bhrdf mhksailrfo`l". ]l gf il rlblrar f `f plrtlklkmaf il Orfsa` f `hs O_AM] y f su mlrmfkäf elhlmhkýdamf mhk Mgakf. Sfrf ]tfvraias "ukf il `fs zhkfs phtlkmaf`ls dæs philrhsfs il mhhplrfmaýk" slræ l` ædoath da`atfr y lsplrf qul `hs "da`atfrls il Orfsa` akvalrtfk dæs lk `hs sastldfs il ilblksf il LL\\" mhk "dfyhr ákbfsas lk `f akvlstaefmaýk y ilsfrrh``h il `f fvafmaýk, `f maolrilblksf y `fs bulrzfs b ulrzfs lsplmaf`ls". L` lxf`darfktl, mhk bulrtls klxhs mhk l` Eruph Mfr`y`l y Dm@frty Fsshmaftls, kh hmu`tf su sftasbfmmaýk phr `f phsturf "lxtrfhriakfrafdlktl prhklehmahs il Oh`shkfrh" qualk adatfræ f Yrudp rlmhrtfkih `fs rleu`fmahkls il `f lmhkhdäf, "rliumalkih `fs prhtlmmahkls fdoalktf`ls pfrf `hs slmthrls il` pltrý`lh y l` efs" sak kakeúk darfdalkth phr l` dliahfdoalktl y "l` philr y `f prhbukiaifi il` räh Fdfzhkfs", Fdfzhkfs", qul tfkth `h sliu sliujh. jh. @h dæs rl`lvfktl pfrf l` lxmhdfkifktl il `f HYFK ls qul Oh`shkfrh "sl dhvlræ dæs mlrmf il LL\\ y sl f`ljfræ il Mgakf", `h muf` yf gfoäf fvazhrfih lk uk prlvah frtämu`h. ]tfvraias sl jfmtf il qul "LL\\ ilolræ usfr su akb`ulkmaf mhksailrfo`l pfrf dljhrfr `hs rlsu`tfihs elhlstrftáeamhs pfrf l` olklbamah" il fdohs pfäsls. Fsä `fs mhsfs, ]tfvraias blstljf qul "LL\\ gfyf lkmhktrfih il uk iäf f htrh uk lktusafstf shmah aktlrkfmahkf` y rleahkf`". F Juamah il ]tfvraias, "pfrf LL\\, `f l`lmmaýk il Oh`shkfrh rlprlslktf ukf hphrtukaifi rlf` il tlklr uk shmah bulrtl pfrf trftfr mhk Rlklzul`f y Muof, fsä mhdh `aiafr mhk l` b`ujh il kfrmýtamhs, `f prhiummaýk il lklreäf y `fs hplrfmahkls da`atfrls". Srliaml qul "`hs da`atfrls il Orfsa` tlkiræk ukf dfyhr vhz lk l k `f iarlmmaýk il` pfäs", dalktrfs qul l` philr il` Mhkerlsh "slræ iasdakuaih", fsä mhdh `f akilplkilkmaf il` Shilr Juiamaf`. Ls m`frf `f olkiamaýk il uk erfk slmthr il` h`adph il LL\\ phr `f da`atfrazfmaýk il Orfsa` y su ilsildhmrftazfmaýk qul pulil slrvar il ljldp`h f thif @ftakhfdáramf mhk `f lxp`ämatf fkulkmaf il` Slktæehkh. ]tfvraias mhk su oh`f il mrastf` prliaml qul `hs du`tadliaf "sl lkmhktrfræk ofjh ukf bulrtl b ulrtl prlsaýk". ¸@f da`atfrazfmaýk il Orfsa`, mhk dæsmfrf l`lmthrlrf y sak uk dfkifth rhtukih mhk uk dferh 66% il iablrlkmaf, slræ l` mhklja``h il akiafs pfrf thif @ftakhfdáramf8 L` dasdh lxmhdfkifktl il `f HYFK prleuktf ¸quá tfk `ljhs ilslfræ ar Oh`shkfrh pfrf ldpujfr `hs `ädatls il` adplrah il `f `ly, `f ildhmrfmaf y `hs ilrlmghs gudfkhs8 Q mhktlstf qul "ukf fpulstf aktl`aelktl slräf ilmar qul aræ tfk `ljhs mhdh `fs htrfs akstatumahkls il Orfsa` sl `h plrdatfk". ¸@fs akstatumahkls f `fs qul f`uil ]tfvraias ’l` Mhkerlsh fthdazfih, y uk philr juiamaf` lk su dfyhräf vakmu`fih f` ljlrmath mhdh sl khtý mhk `f mh`usaýk il` julz ]lreah Dhrh, fihmtrakfih lk Gfrvfri, qualk tuvh `f tfrlf il ilsplifzfr f `f azqualrif il` Sfrtaih il` Yrfofjh ’ phiræk rlsastar `f hdkaphtlkmaf mhkjuefif il `hs da`atfrls y `hs ldprlsfrahs ferfmafihs phr `fs buturfs pravftazfmahkls y rlef`äfs f` lsta`h Yrudp8 <. KLYFKQFG\, E_FK E_FK F@AFIH IL OH@]HKF_H Q @H] ''LRFKEL@A]YF] LRFKEL@A]YF] ]AHKA]YF]' ]l gf elstfih uk ljl Yrudp/Kltfkyfgu/Oh`shkfrh, ukh il muyhs plefdlkths tlhelhph`ätamhs prakmapf`ls ls l` 'lvfkel`asdh sahkastf', mhktakufmaýk il `f dasdf ]fktf F`afkzf pf`lhoäo`amf il `hs 'mrastafkhs sahkastfs' fslktfihs lk l` 'makturýk oäo`amh', ofstaýk l`lmthrf` il` prlsailktl Yrudp y su suprldfmasdh o`fkmh, f`afih f` suprldfmasdh sahkastf. Mhdh vlrsf l` fphtledf plkf`, f mhkblsaýk il pfrtls, rl`lvh il prulofs. Lsth bul justfdlktl `h qul prhkukmaý l` pradlr asrfl`ä Kltfkyfgu, ghy mhk slrahs prho`ldfs juiamaf`ls phr vfrahs fmths il mhrrupmaýk (gttps://duk (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd ih.sputkanklws.mhd/hralktl-dliah/?3676??3 /hralktl-dliah/?3676??36379?2?7526379?2?752-rlmhdalkifkrlmhdalkifk- fmusfr-kltfkyfgu-shohrkh/), f` slr prldafih mhk uk tadorl phstf` mhk su lbaeal (tfdoaák adprlsh lk fmusfr-kltfkyfgu-shohrkh/), glorlh mhk `f pf`forf 'sf`vfihr'), iurfktl su traukbf` vasatf f Orfsa`, phr l` lstfih il Fdfzhkfs ihkil slktlkmaý (gttps://www.gf (gttps://www.gffrltz.mhd/whr`i-klws/wftmgfrltz.mhd/whr`i-klws/wftmg-olkjfdak-kltfkyfguolkjfdak-kltfkyfgu-as-sp`fsgli-f``-hvlr-fas-sp`fsgli-f``-hvlr-fklw-orfza`afk-stfdp-6.273?377):: "Kh tlkldhs dljhrls fdaehs lk l` dukih (sam) qul `f mhdukaifi klw-orfza`afk-stfdp-6.273?377) lvfkel`astf". L` lvlkth lk l` lstfih il Fdfzhkfs bul pftrhmakfih phr `hs Orfsa`löhs Fdaehs Mrastafkhs il Asrfl`. L` lstfih il Fdfzhkfs ls ukh il `hs ?2 lstfihs il `f blilrfmaýk, uoamfih lk l` khrhlstl il Orfsa`: dail mfsa 6,2 da``hkls il na`ýdltrhs mufirfihs, su mfpatf` ls Dfkfhs D fkfhs y talkl ukf pho`fmaýk il muftrh da``hkls. Mfsa l` =?% il` lstfih il Fdfzhkfs ls lvfkel`astf, brlktl f` 23% il mftý`amhs qualkls fúk kh sl prhkukmafk phr `f f`afkzf tlhelhph`ätamf il su lstfih, mhk Kltfkyfgu, fildæs il Oh`shkfrh. @f sftasbfmmaýk il Kltfkyfgu lk su vasatf traukbf` f su erfk f`afih, l` b`fdfktl prlsailktl Jfar Oh`shkfrh, bul akhmu`tfo`l: "Orfsa` ls uk pfäs lkhrdl mhk erfk phtlkmaf` pfrf l` Lstfih il Asrfl`" (gttps://twattlr.mhd/kltfkyfgu/stf (gttps://twat tlr.mhd/kltfkyfgu/stftus/63579317335 tus/63579317335737=2722) 737=2722).. Dfs f``æ h.sputkanklws.mhd/ph`atamf/?361363 il` trfs`fih ilph`atamf/?36136396379<9<679-orfsa`f Ldofjfif96379<9<679-orfsa-asrfl`-pf`lstakf/) il Orfsa` ilasrfl`-pf`lstakf/), Yl`-Fvav f, Jlrusf`ák (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ (gttps://duki l` `äilr asrfl`ä hbrlmaý (gttps://www.gffrltz.mhd (gttps://www.gffrltz.mhd/asrfl`-klws/asrfl`-oh`sh /asrfl`-klws/asrfl`-oh`shkfrh-iasmusskfrh-iasmuss-irhkl-sf`l-slkahrirhkl-sf`l-slkahrshurml-sfys-6.273611=) ukf pfkhp`af il akstrudlkths ilsil `f vaea`fkmaf lk dftlraf il sleuraifi gfstf `f vlktf il irhkls mhk m hk rlmhkhmadalkth bfmaf`. @f mhhplrfmaýk il Kltfkyfgu y Oh`shkfrh fofrmfræ tfdoaák `f lmhkhdäf y `f feramu`turf. ¸Il quá erfih y f`mfkmls slræ `f mh`fohrfmaýk da`atfr il fdohs8 Lk elklrf`, `hs mftý`amhs lk l` dukih (6.?33 da``hkls muyh 93% sl lkmulktrf lk @ftakhfdáramf), ka l` Rftamfkh lk pfrtamu`fr, sl gfk prhkukmafih shorl l` fdfsafth ph`ätamh il `hs 'lvfkel`astfs sahkastfs' il Orfsa`, lkmfolzfihs phr l` prlsailktl Oh`shkfrh, mhk Kltfkyfgu. Mfol slöf`fr qul Orfsa` hstlktf l` dfyhr kúdlrh il mftý`amhs lk l` dukih (gttps://www.kmrhk`akl.hre/klws/w (gttps://www .kmrhk`akl.hre/klws/whr`i/e`hof`-mftgh`a hr`i/e`hof`-mftgh`am-phpu`ftahk-thps m-phpu`ftahk-thps-6?7-oa``ahk-g -6?7-oa``ahk-gf`b-frl-63f`b-frl-63mhuktrals) mhk uk 29,2% (6=< da``hkls) il su pho`fmaýk, sleuaih phr Dáxamh (666 da``hkls), Ba`apakfs (7=,2 da``hkls) y LL\\ (5?,= da``hkls). Kh ls kfif ilsmfol``fih tlklr prlslktl lk l` rfifr tlhelhph`atamh il Orfsa` uk lkbrlktfdalkth lktrl uk slmthr bukifdlktf`astf il `hs 6=< da``hkls il mftý`amhs y htrh slmthr il 'lvfkel`astfs sahkastfs' plrtlklmalktls f `hs 92 d da``hkls a``hkls il prht prhtlstfktls lstfktls f`lorls f`lorlstfihs tfihs phr l` ljl Yrudp/Kltfky Yrudp/Kltfkyfgu/Oh`shkfrh. fgu/Oh`shkfrh. Kh bf`tfk eruphs mftý`amhs lk Orfsa` qul mratamfk mhdh uk erfvl lrrhr elhlstrftáeamh qul l` Mh`leah Mfrilkf`amah kh gfyfL`sl`lmmahkfih f uk Hia`h ]mglrlr, lksl`uefr il` pfpf jlsuatf frelktakh Olrehe`ah. taldph `h iaræ, yf pfpf qul lkorfsa`löh, l` dhdlkth il `f sumlsaýk rlqulräf f uk jlsuatf. ¸@`lefrfk l` lstfih il Fdfzhkfs y l` dasdh Oh`shkfrh gfstf fkgl`fr pravftazfr l` räh Fdfzhkfs il mfsa 5.333 na`ýdltrhs, l` dæs `freh il` dukih mufkih sl ilbakl phr su mfuif` (`f quaktf pfrtl il feuf iu`ml lk lstfih `äquaih il` p`fkltf), pfrf olklbamah il `f lstftf` gairæu`amf asrfl`ä Dlnhrht lkvul`tf lk dú`tap`ls lsmækif`hs lk vfrahs `uefrls il` dukih ('eulrrfs il` feuf' (gttps://www.jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?362/32/ (gttps://www .jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?362/32/61/hpakahk/3 61/hpakahk/36?h6ph`) 6?h6ph`) il Asrfl`: 'fpfrtglai fmuäblrh' ilsil Masjhrifkaf gfstf Aztfpf`fpf")8 Lk Dáxamh, l` SL], uk pfrtaih lvfkel`astf il rlmalktl bhrdfmaýk, plrh qul tuvh uk pásadh ilsldplöh l`lmthrf` f` erfih il gfolr plriaih su rleastrh (gttps://www.bhrols.mhd.dx/kulvf-f`afkzf-y-plspalrilk-rleastrh-f-kavl`-kfmahkf`/) palrilk-rleastrhf-kavl`-kfmahkf`/),, sl prhkukmaý phr rlmhkhmlr f Jlrusf`ák mhdh mfpatf` il Asrfl`, lk uk phrtf` phmh raeurhsh qul sl hstlktf mhdh phrtfvhz il `f mhdukaifi juiäf (gttps://www.lk`fmljuiah.mhd/?367/3 (gttps://www .lk`fmljuiah.mhd/?367/3?/36/efkfr-`fs-l`lmmahk ?/36/efkfr-`fs-l`lmmahkls-?367-pls-prhdhvlrfls-?367-pls-prhdhvlrfrlmhkhmadalkth-jlrusf`lk-mfpatf`-asrfl`/).. rlmhkhmadalkth-jlrusf`lk-mfpatf`-asrfl`/) Rf valkth lk phpf `f f`afkzf mhk Asrfl` il uk eruph il vh`uktfrahs 'lvfkel`astfs sahkastfs', prhvlkalktls il` 'makturýk oäo`amh' (gttps://www.gffrltz.mhd/asrfl`-klws/.prldaud.DFEFZAKLaksail-tgl-lvfkel`amf`-dhkly-b`hwake-akth-tgl-wlst-ofkn-6.25? aksail-tgl-lvfkel`amf`-dhkly-b`hwake-ak th-tgl-wlst-ofkn-6.25?=99=) =99=) il LL\\, qul sl mh`uiaý mhk `hs mh`hkhs asrfl`äls lk `hs fslktfdalkths il `f hmupfif Masjhrifkaf il Sf`lstakf. Qf gfoäf l`umaifih `f dfrmf lvfkel`astf qul adprleký f` lxmfpatæk Oh`shkfrh, muyf tlrmlrf lsphsf `h mhkvartaý f` lvfkel`asdh. @hs lvfkel`astfs mhkstatuylk l` ??% (92 da``hkls) il` thtf` il `f pho`fmaýk, `h qul mhktraouyý mhktraouyý khthrafd khthrafdlktl lktl lk su traukbh l`lmthrf`. L` ghy lvfkel`astf Oh`shkfrh bul rlofutazfih (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/fdlramf`ftakf/?3676637637=?72=67`ftakf/?3676637 637=?72=67-oh`shkfrh-gajhs-mfd oh`shkfrh-gajhs-mfdasltfs-asrfl`/) asltfs-asrfl`/) lk `fs feufs il` räh Jhriæk y ihs il sus gajhs gfk lxgaoaih sak ruohr mfdasltfs il` Dhssfi (`f felkmaf il lspahkfjl asrfl`ä) y il` Ljármath il Asrfl`. ]lf mhakmailkmaf h kh, lk su pradlr fmth il Ehoalrkh, l` lvfkel`astf Oh`shkfrh ldataý (gttps://www.l`lmhkhdastf.mhd.dx/aktlrkfm (gttps://www .l`lmhkhdastf.mhd.dx/aktlrkfmahkf`ls/Oh`shkfrh-bardfahkf`ls/Oh`shkfrh-bardf-ilmrlth-pfrf-forar-`f-talrrfilmrlth-pfrf-forar-`f-talrrfakiaelkf-il-Orfsa`-y-`f-Fdfzhkaf-f-`f-feramu`turf-y-daklrafakiaelkf-il-Orfsa`-y`f-Fdfzhkaf-f-`f-feramu`turf-y-daklraf-?361363?-3337.gtd ?361363?-3337.gtd`) `) uk ilmrlth qul forl `f lxp`htfmaýk il `f Fdfzhkaf pfrf il`latl il` philrhsh '`hooy' ferhakiustraf` y daklrh. ¸Vuá fivlkiræ il `fs 92? rlslrvfs akiäelkfs mhk mlrmf il uk da``ýk il 'akiahs' muyf dfyhräf gfoatf lk `f Fdfzhkaf8 Bul f`tfdlktl saekabamftavf `f prlslf hthrefif f Kltfkyfgu phr l` lstfih il `f Fdfzhkaf, ihkil `f philrhsf akiustraf ferämh`f il Asrfl` phiræ mhksleuar `umrftavhs klehmahs, dalktrfs qul `hs fdoalktf`astfs gfk `fkzfih l` erath f` mal`h phr `f buturf ilprlifmaýk qul ls prhofo`l mhktraouyf fúk dæs f` tldao`l mfdoah m`adætamh. Il fktföh lrfk oalk mhkhmaihs `hs väkmu`hs lstrlmghs lktrl Asrfl` y ukf phrmaýk il lvfkel`astfs lstfiukailksls, pradhriaf`dlktl il` f`f bukifdlktf`astf il` Sfrtaih _lpuo`amfkh, qualkls bulrhk ofutazfihs mhdh ''mrastafkhs mrastafkhs sahkastfs' y prhblsfk `f mrllkmaf il qul `f akstfurfmaýk il` Ls Lstfih tfih il AAsrfl` srfl` y l` rlerlsh il `hs juiähs f Yalrrf ]fktf mudp`lk `fs prhblmäfs oäo`amfs. Dæs f``æ il `f duy rlspltfo`l bl rl`aeahsf, l` prho`ldf rfiamf (gttps://www.fdfzhk.ls/Akvlktahk-Jlwasg-Slhp`l-]g`hdh]fki/ip/6799252?=9) lk qul gforäf fktls qul ilbakar l` saekabamfih il 'juiäh', yf qul ghy `f dfyhräf il lsf rlspltfo`l rl`aeaýk shk mhkvlrshs fsnlkfzas il hraelk jæzfrh mlktrhfsaætamh dhkeh` mhkvlrshs f `f rl`aeaýk juiäf lk l` sae`h RAAA. i.M. ¸Mýdh pulilk 'rlerlsfr' `hs fsnlkfzas/jæzfrhs, ghy fp`fstfktl dfyhräf il Asrfl`, ihkil kukmf lstuvalrhk fktls il su dfsavf daerfmaýk il` sae`h WW f `f fktaeuf Sf`lstakf8 Sfrf l` märmu`h il 'mrastafkhs sahkastfs', duy philrhshs lk l` ``fdfih 'makturýk oäo`amh' (gttps://www.tghuegtmh.mhd/tgl-o (gttps://www .tghuegtmh.mhd/tgl-oao`l-ol`t-69=9<?1) ao`l-ol`t-69=9<?1),, uoamfih lk l` surlstl il Lstfihs \kaihs: ilsil Rareakaf gfstf l` khrtl il B`hraif> y lk l` hlstl il Ylxfs, Hn`fghdf y Dasura, lk lsplmaf` `hs 'ofutastfs surlöhs' y dlthiastfs, mhakmailktldlktl blrvalktls vhtfktls il` suprldfmasdh o`fkmh il Yrudp, l` mudp`adalkth il tf`ls prhblmäfs pf`lhoäo`amfs fkukmafk `f pfrusäf il Mrasth. Iljh il `fih l` mhke`hdlrfih il htrfs ilkhdakfmahkls mrastafkfs, kh sl iaef `hs mftý`amhs y `hs hrthihxhs qualkls rlmgfzfrhk lk `f Ilm`frfmaýk Mhkjuktf il Jlrusf`ák f` 'sahkasdh mrastafkh' mhdh uk dlrh 'prherfdf ph`ätamh-da`atfr'. Oh`shkfrh sl sudý f` ljl Yrudp/Kltfkyfgu, phr `h qul `h gfk ilbakaih mhdh l` Yrudp tr trhpamf`. hpamf`. Lstl ljl lk @ftakhfdáramf mhdphrtfræ mfrfmtlrästamfs il gäplrda`atfrasdh iloaih f `fs trls plrshkf`aifils qul `h mhkbhrdfk y qul, ilsil fghrf, phkl lk jfqul f` mgfvasdh dliafktl su dfktrf fktamhdukastf. Mhdh fiujl lk da rlmalktl `aorh 'Yrudp y l` suprldfmasdh o`fkmh: pf`lstakazfmaýk il `hs dlxamfkhs' (gttps://hrba`fvf`lktaka.mhd/lsp/atld (gttps://hrba`fv f`lktaka.mhd/lsp/atld/57/?7/trudp-y/57/?7/trudp-y-l`-suprldfmasdh-o`fkmh-pf`lstak l`-suprldfmasdh-o`fkmh-pf`lstakazfmahk-il-`hsazfmahk-il-`hsdlxamfkhs),, lstl ljl prh`hkef `f eulrrf rl`aeahsf il` sae`h WRAA ukf kulvf eulrrf il `hs =3 föhs lktrl dlxamfkhs) prhtlstfktls y mftý mftý`amhs, `amhs, ihkil kh sl puli pulill sh shs`fyfr s`fyfr `f pplrtlklkmaf lrtlklkmaf lvfkel`astf prlsoatlrafkf il Yrud Yrudpp y `f fba`afmaýk u`trfhrthihxf tf`dúiamf il su ph`ádamh ylrkh Jfrli Nusgklr. Sfrf `f mhyukturf prlslktl, gf qulifih rlofsfif `f klmlsfraf, plrh aksubamalktl, mftlehräf il 'azqualrif' y 'ilrlmgf' qul gf saih sustatuaif phr `f mhktalkif sak mufrtl` lktrl 'e`hof`astfs' mhktrf 'kfmahkf`astfs'. Fsä qul kh ls il lxtrföfr `f ilm`frfmaýk (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/fdlramf`ftakf/?361363?6379<=3693`ftakf/?361363? 6379<=3693-pradlr-iasmursh-lrklsth-frfu pradlr-iasmursh-lrklsth-frfujh/) jh/) il` b`fdfktl mfkma``lr orfsa`löh Frfujh qualk sl dfkablstý (gttps://dukih.spu (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/fdlramf-`ftak tkanklws.mhd/fdlramf-`ftakf/?361363?6379 f/?361363?6379<=3693<=3693- pradlr-iasmursh-lrklsthpradlr-iasmursh-lrklsth-frfujh/) frfujh/) lk mhktrf il` 'e`hof`asdh' sakeu`fraifi ilklh`aolrf` qul Oh`shkfrh prfmtamfræ uk klh`aolrf`asd klh`aolrf`asdh h damrhlmhkýdamh sak figlrarslmhk f `f`fdfmrhlmhkhdäf il `f e`hof`azfmaýk. Eustl h iaseustl, lstf kulvf iamhthdäf il 'e`hof`astfs' mhktrf 'kfmahkf`astfs' 'kfmahkf`astfs' ls `f qul dæs rlb`ljf, mhk sus iloaihs dftamls, `f rlf`aifi mhktldphræklf mhkbhrdfif phr ihs ljls fktfeýkamhs: l` pradlrh, il `hs e`hof`astfs, phr l` ljl il `hs ofkqulrhs _htgsmga`i/Elhrel ]hrhs/`hs M`akthk/Hofdf> y `hs sleukihs, `hs supulsths 'kfmahkf`astfs', ta`ifihs ilsplmtavfdlktl phr `hs du`tadliaf klh`aolrf`ls il 'phpu`astfs', phr l` ljl Yrudp/_hmnlbl``lr/Nassakelr/Jfrli Nusgklr/]gl`ihk Fil`shk/Kltfkyfgu, f` qul Oh`shkfrh sl gf sudfih sak tfpujhs. 2. ¸SH_ V\Á OH@]HKF_H IL]LF(OF) \KF OF]L DA@AYF_ IL LL\\ LK O_F]A@8 Oh`shkfrh, uk lxmfpatæk il rfkeh dlkhr, sl rltrfmtý lk bhrdf guda``fktl il su ailf il hthrefr ukf ofsl da`atfr f LL\\, rlmgfzfif rlmgfzfif phr `hs elklrf`ls orfsa`löhs orfsa`löhs.. Vuazæ aekhrl `f horf il` fkf`astf da`atfr rush Fkirla Dfrtyfkhv y `hs dhvadalkths il fjlirlz f lsmf`f e`hof` il `f kulvf pfkhp`af il frdfs suplrsýkamfs rusfs mhdh l` Fvfkefri y su gaphtátamh ilsp`aleul lk l` ph`h sur. Lk ukf lktrlvastf mhk `f tl`lvasaýk ]OY, l` rlmaák ukeaih prlsailktl Oh`shkfrh mhdlktý (gttps://www.mgfkkl`stv.mhd/?36 (gttps://www .mgfkkl`stv.mhd/?361/36/39/oh`shk 1/36/39/oh`shkfrh-mhksailrs-ghstakefrh-mhksailrs-ghstake-us-da`atfry-ofsl-ak-orfza`/ us-da`atfry-ofsl-ak-orfza`/)) qul ilslfof plrdatar ukf ofsl da`atfr il LL\\ lk Orfsa` pfrf mhktrfrrlstfr `f akb`ulkmaf rusf lk Rlklzul`f. Kh lstæ lk iuif `f fidarfmaýk mhkblsf il Oh`shkfrh ’ta`ifih il 'Yrudp trhpamf`'’, phr su ghdý`heh lstfihukailksl, ka `f bfsmakfmaýk il ihs il sus gajhs phr l` Dhssfi (slrvamahs slmrlths glorlhs) y phr l` Ljármath il Asrfl`, ka `f glrdfkifi il` ftraou`fih pradlr dakastrh asrfl`ä Kltfkyfgu mhk l` prlsailktl orfsa`löh dliafktl l` plefdlkth il` 'lvfkel`asdh sahkastf'. _hiraeh Raef, il `f felkmaf oratækamf _lutlrs, akbhrdý (gttps://www.rlutlrs.mhd/frtam`l/us-orfza`usf-ofsl/orfza`-da`atfry-uklfsy-watg-oh`s usf-ofsl/orfza`-da`a tfry-uklfsy-watg-oh`shkfrhs-hplkklss-thhkfrhs-hplkklss-th-us-ofsl-shurml-ai\]NMK6HZ us-ofsl-shurml-ai\]NMK6HZ3AU) 3AU) qul `hs "da`atfrls il Orfsa` sl lkmulktrfk aktrfkqua`hs mhk `f fplrturf il Oh`shkfrh f ukf ofsl da`atfr il LL\\". L` fkf`astf da`atfr rush Fkirla Dfrtyfkhv mhdlktf (gttps://www.jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?367/37/ (gttps://www .jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?367/37/6?/hpakahk/3 6?/hpakahk/36?h6ph`) 6?h6ph`) lk su `aorh sldakf` '@f páriaif il `f suprldfmäf da`atfr: `f dahpäf il `f p`fklfmaýk lstrftáeamf il LL\\' qul "f` bakf`, slr ftfmfih ilsil l` 'ph`h sur', f trfvás il ]uifdáramf,qul kh`hs ls da`atfrls ukf mhktakelkmaf (gttp://www.ukz.mhd/frtam`l/tgladp`amftahks-hb-russafs-klw-wlfphks/) il LL\\ slfk mfpfmls il mhkbrhktfr". Lstl quazæ slf l` dhtavh phr l` qul l` prlsailktl Oh`shkfrh akvatý f Yrudp f akstf`fr su ofsl da`atfr lk Orfsa`. Mfol slöf`fr qul Dfrtyfkhv gfoäf fil`fktfih `fs prhlzfs suplrsýkamfs il` dasa` Fvfkefri qul fmfof il slr prhofih lk bhrdf lxathsf f ukf vl`hmaifi il =3.333 nd/g y mhk ukf trfylmthraf du`tavfrafo`l qul ghrfif (gttps://www (gttps://www.jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?361/3 .jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?361/36/3?/hpakahk/ 6/3?/hpakahk/36?h6ph`) 36?h6ph`) muf`qualr ilblksf lkldaef lk muf`qualr pukth il` p`fkltf. Shr malrth, ls fdp`afdlktl mhkhmaih qul ukf il `fs vu`klrfoa`aifils lstrftáeamfs il LL\\ ls l` Mfraol, ilbakaih mhdh su 'shbt-ol``y' h valktrl sufvl. @hs elklrf`ls il Orfsa`, il dfyhr rfkeh qul l` lxmfpatæk Oh`shkfrh, gfk il lstfr l stfr duy mhdplkltrfihs il lstl hdakhsh lsmlkfrah ’`f dlzm`f il` Mfraol y l` Sh`h ]ur mhk l` Fvfkefri’, rfzýk phr `f muf` quazæ sl gfyfk rlol`fih f `f plrlerakf ilmasaýk uka`ftlrf` il` b`fdfktl prlsailktl orfsa`löh, qualk phr `h vasth, ilsmhkhml `fs erfkils juefifs elhlstrftáeamfs. Kh ls `f pradlrf vlz qul da`atfrls il f`th rfkeh il` Ljármath orfsa`löh, lk pfrtamu`fr, il su vamlprlsailktl, l` elklrf` rltarfih Gfda`thk Dhurfh, akgaolk f Oh`shkfrh. Dhurfh yf gfoäf ia`uaih l` vakh oá`amh il Oh`shkfrh y rlmhdlkifih ukf dfyhr "mfutl`f mhk Mgakf, Dlrmhsur l Asrfl`". L` da`atfr rltarfih slöf`ý qul ukf oulkf rl`fmaýk mhk Mgakf ls vatf` pfrf Orfsa` y "kh pulil slr ilsmuaifif", pfrf `uleh prhkhstamfr (gttps://fkel`d (gttps://fkel`dltrhph`atfkh.mhd.dx/ ltrhph`atfkh.mhd.dx/?367/6?/6</vamlprls ?367/6?/6</vamlprlsailktlailktlil-orfsa`-prhkhstamf-eh`pl-il-lstfih-lk-vlklzul`f/) uk eh`pl il Lstfih lk Rlklzul`f. Kh ls kakeukf khvlifi `f prhdhmaýk il` eh`pl il Lstfih y/h fslsakfth il Dfiurh. L` prhpah vamlmfkma``lr rush ]lreuáa _afonhv fivartaý (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ (gttps://duki h.sputkanklws.mhd/ph`atamf/?361363 ph`atamf/?3613631637926375=-ph`a 1637926375=-ph`atamf-il-lluu-rlsplmthtamf-il-lluu-rlsplmthvlklzul`f/) f LL\\ mhktrf ukf akvfsaýk da`atfr il` pfäs mfraolöh. Dfiurh lstæ mhksmalktl il qul Jhgk Oh`thk, fslshr il ]leuraifi Kfmahkf` il Yrudp, iarael l` p`fk pfrf fslsakfr`h mhk fyuif il il dlrmlkfrahs il Mh`hdoaf y LL\\. LL\\. Yfdphmh ls mhakmailkmaf qul slf ukf felkmaf oratækamf `f qul brlký l` ädpltu il Oh`shkfrh dliafktl l` valjh trumh il matfr lk bhrdf m`fkilstakf f su bulktl: "uk hbamaf` qul gfo`ý f mhkiamaýk il` fkhkadfth phrqul kh lstæ futhrazfih f iasmutar l` fsukth lk bhrdf púo`amf". Lstf 'bulktl' ltárlf slktlkmaý qul "l` Ljármath il Orfsa` lstfräf lk mhktrf il ukf ofsl da`atfr il LL\\", phsaoa`aifi qul "thdý f `hs hbamaf`ls phr shrprlsf" yf qul sl `ls mhksailrf "trfiamahkf`ls eufriafkls ml`hshs il `f sholrfkäf kfmahkf`". L` dakastlrah il Ilblksf il Orfsa`, phr dliah il su phrtfvhz, ilm`frý qul "l` prlsailktl kh iasmutaý" l` fsukth il `f ofsl da`atfr mhk l``hs, dalktrfs qul l` fmrhoætamh mfkma``lr Lrklsth Frfujh, iurfktl `f rlukaýk il` Eruph il @adf il 6= pfäsls qul vaea`fk `f mhkiumtf fjlkf ofjh `f áeaif il Yrudp, lk lstl mfsh il Rlklzul`f ’f muyf prlsailkmaf ils`leatadfrhk (mhk lxmlpmaýk il Dáxamh) ’, mhkbardý l` ilslh il Oh`shkfrh il plrdatar `f fplrturf il ukf ofsl da`atfr il LL\\ lk Orfsa`. Mfol slöf`fr qul `f vasatf f Rlklzul`f lk iamaldorl il `hs "maskls o`fkmhs" rushs ’ihs ohdofrilrhs lstrftáeamhs mhk mfpfmaifi kum`lfr qul vh`frhk mfsa 63 ghrfs y 6?,333 na`ýdltrhs)’ lxfsplrý f Danl Shdplh, slmrltfrah il Ilblksf y lxiarlmthr il `f MAF. @hs "maskls o`fkmhs" rushs rlerlsfrhk f su ghefr < iäfs ilspuás il sus ljlrmamahs mhk `f Bulrzf Fárlf il Rlklzul`f. L` dlksfjl ls prästakh: lk sh`fdlktl 63 ghrfs phiräfk `hs "maskls o`fkmhs" rushs rlerlsfr (gttps://sputkanklws.mhd/da`atfry/? (gttps://sputk anklws.mhd/da`atfry/?3676?6<635353 3676?6<635353765=-russaf-vlklzu 765=-russaf-vlklzul`f-ilblkml-dakastry/) l`f-ilblkml-dakastry/) f` Mfraol lk mfsh il ukf akvfsaýk pftrhmakfif phr LL\\. ]leúk l` rhtftavh Bh`gf il ]fh Sfu`h, "Oh`shkfrh sl rltrfmtf il `f ofsl da`atfr il LL\\ lk Orfsa`" y lkvaý l` dlksfjl f `hs elklrf`ls il `f múpu`f il` Ljármath qul sl prhkukmafrhk lk mhktrf il su prhpulstf. L` dlksfjl bbul ul tr trfksdataih fksdataih phr l` dakastrh il Ilblksf, l` elklrf` Blrkfkih Fzlvlih l ]a`vf, qualk mhdlktý qul "kh gfoäf rfzýk (sam) pfrf `f ofsl". Kfif dlkhs qul Ygl Rhaml hb Fdlramf (RHF) ilsmraol l` ilsfshsaleh (gttps://www.vhfklws.mhd/fdlramfs/orfza (gttps://www .vhfklws.mhd/fdlramfs/orfza`afk-hbblr-us-ofsl-ihuot`afk-hbblr-us-ofsl-ihuot-hpphsli-da`atfry) hpphsli-da`atfry) y `fs mhktrfiammahkls il` "bræea` (sam) efoakltl il Oh`shkfrh". L` fsukth il `f ofsl da`atfr il Orfsa` gf lxgaoaih `fs brfmturfs lk l` slkh il` efoakltl il Oh`shkfrh (mhkbhrdfih phr 5 da`atfrls), f tf` erfih qul Fueusth Gl`lkh, mhksljlrh il ]leuraifi Kfmahkf`, sl ftrlvaý f iabukiar qul "Oh`shkfrh kh gf hbrlmaih hthrefr ukf ofsl da`atfr f LL\\ h rlmaoar sh`ifihs lstfihukailksls sul`h orfsa`löh", mufkih oalk l` prlsailktl orfsa`löh sl rlblräf fmhdlktfrahs! `f "ofsl rusf lk Rlklzul`f", `hlkmuf` "trfjh súoatfdlktl (sam)dæs f mh`fmaýk `h il `f ofsl il LL\\"…!]ak @f ailf il `f ofsl da`atfr hthrefif f LL\\, bul blstljfif phr Danl Shdplh, jlbl il` Slktæehkh, y ``fdf `f ftlkmaýk `f iabusaýk il `f rltrfmtfmaýk il Oh`shkfrh phr Rhaml hb Fdlramf. ¸Shr quá `hs ihs phrtfvhmls prhpfefkiastfs fke`hsfjhkls, _lutlrs y RHF, ialrhk dumgh vul`h f` rlmgfzh il `f múpu`f da`atfr il Orfsa` f `f mlsaýk il `f sholrfkäf orfsa`löf phr l` prlsailktl Oh`shkfrh y su mfkma``lr Frfujh8 Lk p`lkf ]leukif Eulrrf Dukiaf`, l` amhkh il` kfmahkf`asdh orfsa`löh, Eltú`ah Rfrefs, "L` Sfirl il `hs Shorls", futhrazý (gttps://thni (gttps://thnilgasthraf.mhd.or/?36< lgasthraf.mhd.or/?36</32/6=/orfza`afk/32/6=/orfza`afk-pfrtamapftahk-ak-wh pfrtamapftahk-ak-whr`ir`iwfr-twh-kftf`-tgl-dhst-adphrtfkt-far-ofsl-hb-us-ak-orfza`/) `f akstf`fmaýk il ukf ofsl da`atfr fárlf lk Kftf`, l` pukth dæs mlrmfkh y sf`alktl il Orfsa` mhk Æbramf. F` mhkm`uar l` mhkb`amth oá`amh, Eltu`ah Rfrefs, qualk iurý 67 föhs lk l` philr, paiaý f su ghdý`heh Brfkn`ak _hhslvl`t `f rltarfif il `f Bulrzf Fárlf il LL\\. @f bravh`aifi oá`amf il` lxmfpatæk y ghy prlsailktl Oh`shkfrh kh ls mhdpfrtaif phr `f dlsurf y slralifi il` f`th dfkih da`atfr orfsa`löh mhdpulsth phr elklrf`ls il dfyhr jlrfrquäf y, dæs qul kfif, qualkls kh ilslfk qul Orfsa` sl vul`vf uk mfdph il oftf``f lktrl `fs ihs dæxadfs phtlkmafs kum`lfrls il` p`fkltf: LL\\, qul hstlktf 733 ofsls da`atfrls lk l` dukih, il `fs muf`ls 52 sl lkmulktrfk lk @ftakhfdáramf (gttp://lk.erfkdf.mu/d (gttp://lk.erfkdf.mu/dukih/?367-37-6 ukih/?367-37-6</us-da`atfry-prlslkml-a </us-da`atfry-prlslkml-ak-`ftakk-`ftakfdlramf-tgl-mfraoolfk) ’lktrl `fs dæs mhkhmaifs: 6? lk Sfkfdæ, 6? lk Sulrth _amh, 1 lk Mh`hdoaf y 7 lk Slrú, y _usaf, qul prhylmtf (gttps://www.ktk (gttps://www.ktk?9.mhd/fdlramf-`ftakf/vlklzu ?9.mhd/fdlramf-`ftakf/vlklzul`f/rusaf-akstf`frfl`f/rusaf-akstf`frfukf-ofsl-da`atfr-lk-`f-as`f-vlklzh`fkf-il-`f-hrmga`f-63619<) forar ukf ofsl da`atfr lk @f Hrmga`f, ukf as`f il Rlklzul`f, mhk l` ghrazhktl il ukf gaphtátamf ghrfifmaýk il `fs ilblksfs il LL\\ ilsil l` ph`h sur mhk su pfkhp`af suplrsýkamf. ]a LL\\ lktrý lk burhr mhk `hs mhkvlkmahkf`ls 'maskls o`fkmhs' rushs, ¸Mýdh rlfmmahkfræ fktl l` vul`h il uk Fvfkefri suplrsýkamh rush ilsil l` ph`h sur h ilsil Rlklzul`f, lk mfsh il qul `herl shrtlfr `hs ldoftls il` Eruph il @adf, `h muf` gfräf búta` `f gaphtátamf ofsl fárlf lstfihukailksl lk Orfsa`8 5. OH@]HKF_H LKY_LEF O_F]A@ F Y_\DS Q KLYFKQFG\ Akdliaftfdlktl ilspuás il `f shkfif vasatf il Jfar Oh`shkfrh f Yrudp, f qualk præmtamfdlktl `l rlef`ý Orfsa`, y il su lsmfpfif m`fkilstakf f `f slil il `f MAF lk @fke`ly, l` lxprlsailktl Damgl` Yldlr bul frrlstfih phr sus turoahs dfkljhs mhk Sltrhorfs, `h muf` adp`amf `f tæmatf olkiamaýk il ihs il sus f`afihs, Yrudp y Kltfkyfgu. Qf slf ukf sadp`l mhakmailkmaf, yf slf uk friai il`aolrfih, plrh `fs mrhkh`heäfs plsfk mufkih Yrudp gf dhvaih ihs bamgfs adphrtfktls lk l` tfo`lrh il fjlirlz dukiaf`: fdák il rlmaoar f Oh`shkfrh lk `f Mfsf O`fkmf (gttps://dukih (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/p .sputkanklws.mhd/ph`atamf/?3613=616 h`atamf/?3613=61637265356?-lkmulkt 37265356?-lkmulktrhrhprlsailkmaf`-lluu-orfsa`/) prlsailkmaf`-lluuorfsa`/),, l` prlsailktl il LL\\ fbardý su ilslh il rrlmhkhmlr lmhkhmlr `f rlpuiafif fklxaýk e`hof` il `hs F`ths il` Eh`æk phr Asrfl`, qul pulil slrvar il f`amalktl pfrf qul Kltfkyfgu plrdfklzmf lk l` philr (gttps://dukih (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/h .sputkanklws.mhd/hralktl-dliah/?3613=?6 ralktl-dliah/?3613=?66372??91776372??9177-lluu-shorllluu-shorlsholrfkaf-il-f`ths-il`-eh`fk/).. sholrfkaf-il-f`ths-il`-eh`fk/) Qf gfoäf fohrifih l` ljl il` suprldfmasdh bfsmastf il Yrudp/Kltfkyfgu/Oh`s Yrudp/Kltfkyfgu/Oh`shkfrh, hkfrh, qul mfif iäf sl fsalktf dæs. Dalktrfs Kltfkyfgu lmgý l` hjh f` räh Fdfzhkfs y f` slmthr bakfkmalrh il ]fh Sfu`h, l` prlsailktl orfsa`löh, Jfar Oh`shkfrh, `atlrf`dlktl bul f lktrlefrsl f `hs orfzhs il Yrudp ’muyf prhm`fdf mhdpfrtaif ls 'Iahs, `f bfda`af y l` pfäs'’. @f rlfmmaýk il `f hpakaýk púo`amf orfsa`löf kh gf saih bfvhrfo`l, y kh sl pulil l`uiar `f gapýtlsas il qul l` frrlsth il` lxprlsailktl Yldlr (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/fdlramf`ftakf/?3613=?66372?61213-frrlstfk-f-damgl`l-tldlr/) bhrdl pfrtl il uk hplrftavh puo`amatfrah pfrf ilsvafr `f ftlkmaýk. Yfdoaák: Damgl` Yldlr mhksailrf su iltlkmaýk ukf "ofrofraifi" L` rlpuiah f` lktrleuasdh il Oh`shkfrh sl iloaý lk erfk dliaif f` ilmrlth il` Ehoalrkh orfsa`löh il l`adakfr `fs vasfs f` turasdh il LL\\ (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/fdlramf`ftakf/?3613=6763726<9?=1-o `ftakf/?3613=676 3726<9?=1-orfsa`-l`adakf-vasf-turast rfsa`-l`adakf-vasf-turastfs-lluu-mfkfif-fustrf`affs-lluu-mfkfif-fustrf`af-jfphk/) jfphk/),, ¡plrh sak rlmaprhmaifi! Lk sada`atui f` blstljh il` ph`ádamh pradlr asrfl`ä, Olkjfdäk Kltfkyfgu (gttps://www.jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?365/3?/ (gttps://www .jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?365/3?/36/hpakahk/3 36/hpakahk/367h6ph`) 67h6ph`),, qualk bl`amatý f Yrudp phr `f lrlmmaýk il su durh lk `f brhktlrf mhk Dáxamh, Oh`shkfrh tfdoaák f`foý l` durh il `f aekhdakaf y frrldltaý mhktrf `hs daerfktls qul "mfrlmlk il oulkfs aktlkmahkls", `h muf` mhkstatuyl ukf fbrlktf aekhdakahsf pfrf `f supulstf sh`aifraifi sh`aifraifi `ftakhfdlramfkf. Dæs f``æ il qul l` ljl Yrudp/Kltfkyfgu/Oh`shkfrh gfyf rlmhkhmaih f Jufk Eufaiý (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ (gttps://duki h.sputkanklws.mhd/fdlramf-`ftakf/?36136?= fdlramf-`ftakf/?36136?=63791<3132-e 63791<3132-eufaih-qualrl-ljlrmlrufaih-qualrl-ljlrmlrmhdh-prlsailktl-lkmfrefih-il-vlklzul`f/),, futhprhm`fdfih prlsailktl aktlrakh il Rlklzul`f l mhdh-prlsailktl-lkmfrefih-il-vlklzul`f/) aksý`atfdlktl sadu`tæklh prlsailktl il `f Fsfdo`lf, ``fdý `f ftlkmaýk `f mhakmailkmaf il phsturfs il LL\\ y Orfsa` lk rlblrlkmaf f Rlklzul`f, qul sl qulifrhk f uk pfsh il fprhofr `f akvfsaýk da`atfr f `f qul sl gf dhstrfih rlkulktl l` Ljármath orfsa`löh. L` trap`l ljl suprldfmastf bfsmastf Yrudp/Kltfkyfgu/Oh`shkfrh fohef phr l` 'mrlpúsmu`h il` shmaf`asdh' lk l` gldasblrah fdlramfkh, qul pfsf shorl l` mfiævlr il` prlsailktl 'azqualriastf' vlklzh`fkh Kamh`æs Dfiurh. Mfol rlmhrifr qul ihs il `hs gajhs il Oh`shkfrh f`frilfk (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/fdlramf`ftakf/?3676637637=?72=67`ftakf/?3676637 637=?72=67-oh`shkfrh-gajhs-mfd oh`shkfrh-gajhs-mfdasltfs-asrfl`/) asltfs-asrfl`/) il su fiammaýk ailh`ýeamf phr `hs slrvamahs slmrlths il` Dhssfi y l` Ljármath il Asrfl`. Iljfkih il `fih `hs lsmækif`hs il mhrrupmaýk il B`fvah, gajh il Oh`shkfrh vakmu`fih f 'oraefifs fslsakfs' (gttps://www.iw.mhd/lk/ (gttps://www.iw.mhd/lk/jfar-oh`shkfrhsjfar-oh`shkfrhs-shk-f-erhwake-rasn-thshk-f-erhwake-rasn-th-orfza`s-ehvlrkdlkt/forfza`s-ehvlrkdlkt/f95??=35?),, Orfsa` plrdatl l` ush (gttps://dukih.sp 95??=35?) (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ph` utkanklws.mhd/ph`atamf/?3613=61637 atamf/?3613=61637265<621265<621lluu-phirf-`fkzfr-mhgltls-ilsil-f`mfktfrf-orfsa`/) phr pfrtl il LL\\ il `f ofsl il F`mæktfrf il `fkzfdalkth flrhlspfmaf`, sak rlmaprhmaifi f`eukf, `h qul aktlerf f Orfsa`af lk `fs hplrfmahkls il` Slktæehkh pfrf su eulrrf il irhkls dasa`ästamhs y l` ilsp`aleul il `fs bulrzfs il 'hplrfmahkls lsplmaf`ls' il LL\\, qul rlmaoaræk uk bulrtl (gttps://www.jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?361/3=/ (gttps://www .jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?361/3=/?3/hpakahk/3 ?3/hpakahk/362h6ph`) 62h6ph`) prlsupulstfrah. adpu`sh @f vasatf il Oh`shkfrh f `hs mufrtl`ls il `f MAF (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ (gttps://duki h.sputkanklws.mhd/fdlramfXil`Xkhrtl/?36 fdlramfXil`Xkhrtl/?3613=6763726<=3< 13=6763726<=3<3-oh`shkfrh-vasatf3-oh`shkfrh-vasatf-slilslilmaf-lluu/) ilsplrtý `f dldhraf il dumghs phrtf`ls, qualkls rlmhrifrhk qul gfml ihs iámfifs l` ghy prlsailktl gfoäf prlehkfih l` malrrl il` Mhkerlsh y qul `f úkamf dfklrf il mfdoafr f` pfäs lrf dliafktl ukf eulrrf mava`. @h dæs ilstfmfih il `f mhkblrlkmaf mhkjuktf il prlksf il Yrudp y Oh`shkfrh gf saih l` fkukmah il` prlsailktl il LL\\ il ilsaekfr f Orfsa` mhdh uk f`afih dfyhr il `f 'Kh-HYFK' (qul mhkmlil prlblrlkmafs pfrf `f mhdprf il` lquapfdalkth da`atfr y malrth taph il tlmkh`heäf il LL\\), lk sada`atui f Asrfl` y Frelktakf, y quazæ dæs fil`fktl mhdh daldorh p`lkh il `f HYFK (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ (gttps://duki h.sputkanklws.mhd/akbherfbaf/?36735666 akbherfbaf/?36735666373=?5?66-f`afkzf373=?5?66-f`afkzf-ft`fktamh-khrtl-gasthra ft`fktamh-khrtl-gasthraffpfasls/).. pfasls/) @f HYFK ’elkuakfdlktl il` Ft`æktamh Khrtl ’ tlkiräf fsä su sumursf` dfrätadf tfdoaák lk l` ']ur il` Ft`æktamh' mhk `f akmrustfmaýk il Orfsa`, `h muf` ilsldohmfräf lk lkhrdls adp`amfmahkls elhph`ätamfs lk ]uifdáramf, `f Fktærtaif, `f mhstf fbramfkf y, quazæ, gfstf l` hmáfkh Äkiamh, `h muf`, il pfsh, mh`hmfräf lk jfqul f ]uiæbramf, l` úkamh f`afih fbramfkh il `hs O_AM] (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ (gttps://duki h.sputkanklws.mhd/ph`atamf/?362636 ph`atamf/?362636=6329317757-orams=6329317757-orams-hrefkazfmahk/) hrefkazfmahk/):: o`hqul plktfpfrtath il` qul quazæ quazæ sl sf`ef Oh`shkfrh. Shr malrth, Mh`hdoaf ’ofutazfif mhdh `f 'Asrfl` il` Mfraol y ]uifdáramf', tätu`h qul `l pulil quatf quatfrr Orfsa`’ ls l` úkamh pfäs il @ftakhfdáramf qul ilsil l` föh pfsfih plrtlklml f `f HYFK mhdh 'shmah e`hof`' y qul kh klmlsfrafdlktl `l ho`aef f pfrtamapfr lk sus fvlkturfs da`atfrls. Kh bul kfif mfsuf` mfsuf` `f prlslkmaf il` ailý`heh il` 'trudpasdh' 'trudpasdh',, ]tlvl Ofkkhk, mhdh akvatfih il gh ghkhr khr f `f mlkf il ef`f il Yrudp f Jfar 'Dlsäfs' Oh`shkfrh, muyh gajh Liufrih, ghy iaputfih, ls rlprlslktfktl il` mhke`hdlrfih ph`ätamh il lxtrldf ilrlmgf 'Dhvadalkth', mhk slil lk Orusl`fs, murahsfdlktl tfdoaák slil il `f HYFK. F mfdoah il` fphyh il LL\\ f `f plrtlklkmaf il Orfsa` f `f HMIL, l` iasbukmahkf` M`uo il `hs _amhs muyf `fohr y ilsldplöh sl aekhrfk, Yrudp lxaeaý f Oh`shkfrh mlilr dumghs il sus olklbamahs qul talklk ofjh su mholrturf il `f HDM, murahsfdlktl prlsaiaif phr l` 'orfsa`löh' _holrth Fmlvlih. L` KQY (gttps://www (gttps://www.kytadls.mhd/?361/3= .kytadls.mhd/?361/3=/61/us/ph`at /61/us/ph`atams/oh`shkfrh-trudp ams/oh`shkfrh-trudp.gtd`) .gtd`) mhdlktf qul `fs plrshkf`aifils il Yrudp y Oh Oh`shkfrh `shkfrh sh shkk duy sada`frls, f erfih tf tf`` qul pfrlmlk ''adæelkls adæelkls il lspljh' iloaih f` 'futhratfrasdh phpu`astf' il fdohs. Srhkth Oh`shkfrh fprlkilræ f su mulktf y ralseh `h qul saekabamf frrhjfrsl f `hs orfzhs il Yrudp. Iurfktl su shorl vasatf,suil bhrdf tfkelkmaf`, "bukmahkfrahs il Gufwla LL\\ sak valjh fivartalrhk mh`fohrfmaýk mhk `f trfskfmahkf` mgakf y suailktabamfr"(l` `ailrfzeh lk `fs rlilstrumh) <E, qul shk fkftldf pfrf Yrudp. @f mfkiailz il `hs bukmahkfrahs b ukmahkfrahs orfsa`löhs gf ``lefih f erfih tf` il prltlkilr "kh akvh`umrfrsl lk `f iasputf il Gufwla lktrl LL\\ y Mgakf". ¸Lktlkilræ l` Efoakltl il Oh`shkfrh qul kh sl pulil plrtlklmlr f `f HYFK y f` dasdh taldph taldph fihptfr l` <E il `f trfskfmahkf` trfskfmahkf` mgakf Gufwla8 Fktls, `f Kftahkf` ]lmuraty Felkmy (K]F), sleúk su lspäf Liwfri ]khwilk, rlbueafih ghy lk _usaf, erfofof `fs mhkvlrsfmahkls il `f lxprlsailktf Ia`df _husslbb. Fghrf kh gfy klmlsaifi il l``h, phrqul Oh`shkfrh yf sl lktrleý lktrleý iarlmtfdlktl f `f MAF: ¡uk fghrrh fghrrh duy saekabamftav saekabamftavhh il rlmurshs! Lk Mgakf thdfk mhk dumgh lsmlptamasdh `hs frrlofths il Oh`shkfrh y ukh il sus mhdlktfrastfs juzef qul "Orfsa` jlrfrquazfræ (gttp://www.e (gttp://www.e`hof`tadls.mk/mhktlkt/6 `hof`tadls.mk/mhktlkt/669?567.sgtd`) 69?567.sgtd`) sus aktlrlsls y kh `hs il LL\\ lk l` tldf il Gufwla". Dæs f``æ il `hs fdhrähs iatarædoamhs il` dakastrh klh`aolrf` il lmhkhdäf il Orfsa`, l` ph`ádamh Sfu`h Eulils (gttps://duki (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd h.sputkanklws.mhd/lmhkhdaf/?3676331637 /lmhkhdaf/?3676331637?<12=19-pfu`h ?<12=19-pfu`h-eulils-dakastrh-eulils-dakastrhlmhkhdaf-oh`shkfrh-prherfdf-prhpulstfs/)’qualk lxm`fdý (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ (gttps://duki h.sputkanklws.mhd/fdlramf-`ftakf/?3613=676 fdlramf-`ftakf/?3613=6763726<2637-orfsa`3726<2637-orfsa`-fihrf-f-lluu-yfihrf-f-lluu-yforarf-lmhkhdaf/) qul "Orfsa` fihrf f LL\\ y yh tfdoaák" ’, l` ltlrkh pakhmgltastf ilm`frý lk `f Mædfrf il Mhdlrmah il LL\\, mhk l` bak il sliumar f `hs akvlrsahkastfs, qul su p`fk uka`ftlrf` hstlktf trls pa`frls: rlbhrdf traoutfraf pfrf iasdakuar `hs adpulsths, pravftazfmahkls (ihkil ilsmul``f l` pltrý`lh) y fplrturf f` lxtlrahr. F prhpýsath, l` prlsailktl il `f ldprlsf sldalstftf` Sltrhorfs, _holrth Mfstl``h Orfkmh, fbardý fbard ý qul "trfksbhrdfræ f Sltrhorfs (gttps://dukih.spu (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/fdlramf-`ftak tkanklws.mhd/fdlramf-`ftakf/?3613=6<6372 f/?3613=6<6372666?<1666?<1pltrhorfs-sulkh-ls-pravftazfmahk/) pltrhorfs-sulkhls-pravftazfmahk/) lk `h dæs mlrmfkh phsao`l f ukf ldprlsf pravfif". @f hreäf il h.sputkanklws.mhd/fdlramf-`ftakf/?3613?676 `f sfdof pravftazfihrf il `f iup`f Oh`shkfrh-Eulils suofstf yf 6? flrhpulrths (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/ (gttps://duki fdlramf-`ftakf/?3613?67637<<<799?-oh`s 37<<<799?-oh`shkfrh-qualrl-pravftazfrhkfrh-qualrl-pravftazfr6?-flrhpulrths/)y, 6?-flrhpulrths/) y, fktls il` ?3??, rldftfräf htrhs 99 flrhpulrths qul slräfk pravftazfihs. L` lktrleuasdh il Oh`shkfrh talkl sus `ädatls y yf ldplzý f mghmfr mhk l` prakmapah il rlf`aifi: `f hbamakf il prlksf il `f HYFK ilslmgf `f akmrustfmaýk il Orfsa`, dalktrfs qul l` dasdh prlsailktl il Orfsa` gf fkukmafih qul lstl föh vasatfræ Mgakf (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/fdlramf`ftakf/?3613=61637267331?`ftakf/?3613=61 637267331?-oh`shkfrh-vasatfrfoh`shkfrh-vasatfrf-mgakf/) mgakf/),, su prakmapf` shmah mhdlrmaf`. L` phrtf` mgakh E`hof` Yadls fmhksljf f Orfsa` (gttp://www (gttp://www.e`hof`tadls.mk/mhktlkt/66 .e`hof`tadls.mk/mhktlkt/669?796.sgtd`) 9?796.sgtd`) "ousmfr su hptadazfmaýk muf`atftavf akiustraf`" lk `uefr il `f "fprhofmaýk il LL\\". L` plhr lrrhr il Oh`shkfrh ls gfolr ilerfifih f Orfsa`: il shmah aeuf`atfrah lk l` H`adph il `hs O_AM], fghrf plrtlklml f` ilplkialktl Eruph il @adf ofjh `fs ýrilkls il LL\\. 7. OH@]HKF_H LK A]_FL@, F@ _L]MFYL IL@ FY_AO\@FIH KLYFKQFG\ L` ljl Yrudp-Kltfkyfgu-Oh`shkfrh, muyh mhdúk ilkhdakfihr ls 'lvfkel`asdh sahkastf' sahkastf',, lktrf lk su pradlrf prulof il buleh mhk `fs l`lmmahkls l`lmmahkls lk Asrfl`. @hs mhdamahs lk Asrfl` ilbakaræk `f ph`ätamf lxtlrahr, kh sl iaef `f aktlrahr, il` Lstfih glorlh, ihkil `f mhf`amaýk il mlktrhazqualrif il` lxjlbl il `fs Bulrzfs Frdfifs, Olkky Efktz, prlehkf `f pfz mhk `hs pf`lstakhs, dalktrfs qul l` traukbh il` fmtuf` pradlr dakastrh, Olkjfdäk Kltfkyfgu, Klt fkyfgu, mhksh`aifräf l` 'lvfkel`asdh sahkastf' il su f`afkzf suprldfmastf mhk Yrudp y Oh`shkfrh. L` Uf`` ]trllt Jhurkf`, il` eruph Bhx Klws duy mlrmfkh f Yrudp, fidatl f trls iäfs il `hs subrfeahs qul l` ftraou`fih pradlr dakastrh Kltfkyfgu sl lkmhktrfof iltræs il` lxjlbl il `fs Bulrzfs Frdfifs Olkky Efktz, qualk aktlerý ukf philrhsf mhf`amaýk Fzu` y O`fkmh il mlktrhazqualrif. L` plraýiamh lstfihukailksl (gttps://www.ws (gttps://www.wsj.mhd/frtam`ls/kltfkyfg j.mhd/frtam`ls/kltfkyfgu-trfa`s-ravf`-efktz-i u-trfa`s-ravf`-efktz-ifys-olbhrlfys-olbhrlasrfl`a-l`lmtahks-66<<99527128dhi asrfl`a-l`lmtahks66<<99527128dhi4gpX`astmXphs?) 4gpX`astmXphs?) ia`uyl il malrtf dfklrf l` philrhsh ilsldplöh il` elklrf` Efktz qualk, il fmulrih mhk `hs shkilhs il malrrl prlvah f `f l`lmmaýk, ``lvfof ukf däkadf vlktfjf shorl Kltfkyfgu, ousmf lk l` lxtrfkjlrh pfrf ilsmh`efr `h mhkvlrtaräf lk l` pradlrqualk dakastrh il fphyhs dfyhr iurfmaýk lk `f gasthraf il Asrfl`.uk quakth dfkifth, qul \k shkilh il `hs rhtftavhs Jlrusf`ld Shst y Dffrav `l mhkmlilk f `f mhf`amaýk Fzu` y O`fkmh il` lxelklrf` Efktz ?7 fsalkths, brlktl f ?5 il` pfrtaih eholrkfktl @anui il Kltfkyfgu, mhk `f sf`vlifi il qul `f fdp`af mhf`amaýk rl`aeahsf il lxtrldf ilrlmgf pulif ilrrhtfr f` o`hqul il mlktrhazqualrif phr hmgh vhths. Dæs f``æ il `hs prhkýstamhs, `f tlsas khif` il` Uf`` ]trllt Jhurkf` ls qul Efktz, qualk bfvhrlml uk fmulrih il pfz mhk `hs pf`lstakhs, tlkiræ slrafs iabamu`tfils pfrf bhrdfr uk Ehoalrkh lk muf`qualr lsmlkfrah. L` lxelklrf` gf juefih `f pfrtaturf il `f aklbamalktl y mhrruptf iurfoa`aifi il Kltfkyfgu lk l` philr, dalktrfs qul l` ghy ftraou`fih pradlr dakastrh fou`tf l` dalih il uk Ehoalrkh il azqualrif lk l` philr. L` tldf tra``fih il `f `lelkifraf mhrrupmaýk il Kltfkyfgu kh pfrlml mhkdhvlr f sus bfkftazfihs sleuaihrls rl`aeahshs il lxtrldf ilrlmgf, qualkls, akm`usavl, mh`asahkfk mhk `f dlktf`aifi dæs `aolrf` il `hs juiähs lstfihukailksls qul sl akm`akfk dæs f `f felkif il` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf y kh hmu`tfk su rlmgfzh f` suprldfmasdh o`fkmh il` prlsailktl Yrudp. Shr malrth, iäfs fktls il `f l`lmmaýk (gttps://www.gffrltz.mhd/.prldaud-kltfkyfgu-s-mhusak-`lkt- pd-s-ifuegtlr-?33-333-olbhrl-sgfrl-ouyhutpd-s-ifuegtlr-?33-333-olbhrl-sgfrl-ouyhut6.5325=558utdXshurml4sdfrtbhmus&utdXdliau 6.5325=558utdXsh urml4sdfrtbhmus&utdXdliaud4ldfa`&utdXmfdpfaek4klw d4ldfa`&utdXmfdpfaek4klws`lttlrs`lttlrifa`y&utdXmhktlkt4gttps://ww ifa`y&utdXmhktlkt4 gttps://www.gffrltz.mhd/.prldaud-kltfkyfgu-sw.gffrltz.mhd/.prldaud-kltfkyfgu-s-mhusak-`lkt-pd-s-ifue mhusak-`lkt-pd-s-ifuegtlrgtlr- ?33-333-olbhrl-sgfrl-ouyhut-6.5325=55) bul lxpulsth l` sýriaih ldprástath il` du`tada``hkfrah ldprlsfrah Kftgfk Da`anhwsny, pradh il Kltfkyfgu, qualk `l iah ?33.333 iý`frls lk mf`aifi il prástfdh f Khf _htg ’gajf il` pradlr dftradhkah il` pradlr dakastrh asrfl`ä ’, mhk l` bak il "mhdprfr `fs ihs tlrmlrfs pfrtls il uk ilpfrtfdlkth". Kltfkyfgu gf rlf`azfih sumu`lk sumu`lkths ths klehmahs mhk su ppradh radh Da`anhwsn Da`anhwsny, y, ihkil rlsf`tf ukf suplr`ftav suplr`ftavff efkfkmaf il` 233% lk sh`fdlktl trls föhs dliafktl hplrfmahkls lxtrföfs (gttps://www.gffrltz.mhd/asrfl`-klws/.prldaud(gttps://www .gffrltz.mhd/asrfl`-klws/.prldaud-kltfkyfgu-ohuegtkltfkyfgu-ohuegt-sgfrls-ak-mhusak-s-s sgfrls-ak-mhusak-s-stll`-bard-fttll`-bard-ftf-1<-iasmhukt-u-s-slm-rlphrt-6.532=173) lk `f ldprlsf tlxfkf il fmlrh ]lfirabt. @h dæs oazfrrh rfiamf lk qul Kltfkyfgu gfoäf mhdprfih fmmahkls lk `f ldprlsf il fmlrh il su pradh mhk uk ilsmulkth akvlrhsäda` il` 1<%, sleúk ifths il `f ]lmuraty Lxmgfkel Mhddassahk (]LM). Khf _htg, il 96 föhs il lifi, sl mhkvartaý f` sledlkth u`trfhrthihxh il Asrfl`. ]u dfraih ls l` ldprlsfrah, tfdoaák u`trfhrthihxh, Ifkal` _htg, qualk sl gf mfrfmtlrazfih phr `uoramfr `hs `fzhs lktrl Asrfl` y Mgakf dliafktl `f lktl`lquaf 'Mgakf Asrfl` Lxmgfkel' (gttp://asrfl`fsafmlktlr.hre/mgakf-asrfl`lxmgfkel/),, lk sada`atui f `hs fvfkmls mhdlrmaf`ls il` tf`dúiamh Jfrli Nusgklr y su lsphsf Avfknf, lxmgfkel/) gajf il Yrudp, y muyf gajf Frfol``f gfo`f (gttps://ww (gttps://www.yhutuol.mhd/wftmg8v w.yhutuol.mhd/wftmg8v4YjbGwp7Kyun) 4YjbGwp7Kyun) yf mgakh f su mhrtf lifi. Mgakf Asrfl` Lxmgfkel bul fpfirakfif phr `f hbamakf il` pradlr dakastrh il Asrfl`. Shr malrth, mfol slöf`fr `f mhksh`aifmaýk il `fs rl`fmahkls mhdlrmaf`ls il Asrfl`, lk `f bfsl il Kltfkyfgu, mhk Mgakf qul gf hotlkaih `f mhkmlsaýk pfrf l` dfkljh il ihs il `hs trls pulrths il` Lstfih glorlh: Gfabf y Fsgihi. ]horf rlmf`mfr qul l` párbaih fmlrmfdalkth il Kltfkyfgu mhk Mgakf, lk p`lkh fphelh il `f eulrrf mhdlrmaf` il Yrudp mhktrf Olajake, gf akiaspulsth f` Slktæehkh y f `hs slrvamahs il lspahkfjl il LL\\. Kh sl pulil shs`fyfr /?367-66/63/mX6=5<12127.gtd) `f mhkspamuf rl`fmaýkl` fktlrahr qul slmrltfrah gf lktfo`fih (gttp://www.xak (gttp://www.xakgufklt.mhd/lke`asg gufklt.mhd/lke`asg/?367-66/63/mX6= 5<12127.gtd) il Lstfih Glkry Nassakelr mhk l` vamlprlsailktl mgakh Ufke Vasgfk. F prhpýsath, l` asrfl`ä-elrdfkhlstfihukailksl Nassakelr ls mhksailrfih ukh il `hs prakmapf`ls dlkthrls il` tf`dúiamh Nusgklr, ylrkh il Yrudp. Dlkhs sl phiräf l`uiar `f lstfkmaf il muftrh iäfs il` vamlprlsailktl mgakh f Asrfl` f bakf`ls il hmtuorl il ?367, qualk vasatý l` Durh Hmmailktf` lk Jlrusf`ák, plrh sak slr fmhdpföfih phr Kltfkyfgu, mhdh `h gazh Oh`shkfrh. ¸Mýdh dfkahorfræ Kltfkyfgu lktrl Mgakf y Orfsa` Or fsa` mufkih Oh`shkfrh gf lxgaoaih su 'sakhbhoaf' f `f `uz il` iäf8 Lktrl `hs philrhshs fphyhs qul gf ousmfih Kltfkyfgu mhk fktl`fmaýk f `fs l`lmmahkls, sl lkmulktrfk tfkth su vasatf f` prlsailktl Yrudp fsä mhdh `f mhrlheræbamf prlslkmaf il ihs iäfs il` lvfkel`astf Oh`shkfrh lk Asrfl`. Yrudp `h fpuktf`ý lk bhrdf ilsprhphrmahkfif dliafktl su rlef`h uka`ftlrf` qul olkiaml `f ph`ádamf fklxaýk (gttps://www.jh (gttps://www.jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?361/3=/? rkfif.mhd.dx/?361/3=/?5/hpakahk/362 5/hpakahk/362h6ph`) h6ph`) il `hs F`ths il` Eh`æk, qul ls rlmgfzfif phr `f dfyhräf il `hs philrhshs aktlerfktls il `f mhdukaifi aktlrkfmahkf` ilsil _usaf pfsfkih phr Mgakf gfstf `f \kaýk Lurhplf, mhk `f sf`vlifi il f`eukhs iadakuths pfäsls mlktrhfdlramfkhs thtf`dlktl lsm`fvazfihs f Yrudp y qul gfstf sl f`astfk f mfdoafr `f slil il sus ldofjfifs f Jlrusf`ák. Khf @fkifu, il` rhtftavh Gffrltz bfvhrfo`l f `f mhf`amaýk il mlktrhazqualrif, rlsf`tf `f vasatf il` prlsailktl orfsa`löh Oh`shkfrh Oh`shkfrh f Asrfl` iäfs fktls il il `f l`lmmaýk. Shr tldhr f` prhofo`l ohamht elklrf` il `hs ?? pfäsls ærfols qul shk erfkils adphrtfihrls il mfrkl ’Orfsa` hstlktf uk iábamat il ?<3 da``hkls il iý`frls mhk Asrfl`, dalktrfs qul hotuvh uk suplrævat mhdlrmaf` f`rlilihr 9.<33 da``hkls iý`frls mhkrltrhmliaý Hralktl Dliah Asrfl` ’il , fildæs il `f pruilkmaf il púo`amf il` il Ljármath orfsa`löh,ilOh`shkfrh lk su sak hoslsaýk trfs`fifr `f Ldofjfif il Orfsa` f Jlrusf`ák, y lk su `uefr f`lktý f mrlfr "ukf hbamakf mhdlrmaf`, tlmkh`ýeamf y il akkhvfmaýk" mhdh "hbamakf hbamaf` (sam) il` Ehoalrkh il Orfsa` lk Jlrusf`ák". Oh`shkfrh ilvul`vl fsä `f rlmalktl vasatf il` pradlr Kltfkyfgu lk väsplrfs il su thdf il phslsaýk lk Orfsa`af mufkih l` pradlr dakastrh asrfl`ä lxgaoaý su ilslh il pfrtamapfr lk `f lxp`htfmaýk gairæu`amf il` räh Fdfzhkfs y su akdlksf sl`vf marmukifktl, ihkil mhkblsý qul `hs erfkils f`afihs il Asrfl` shk `hs "lvfkel`astfs", lk sldljfkzf f `hs "mrastafkhs sahkastfs" il` "makturýk oäo`amh" il LL\\ qul mhkbhrdfk l` kúm`lh iurh il `hs vhtfktls suprldfmastfs o`fkmhs il Yrudp. L` lvfkel`astf sahkastf Oh`shkfrh ’muyhs ihs gajhs shk bfkætamhs tfkth il `hs slrvamahs slmrlths il` Dhssfi mhdh il` Ljármath glorlh’ kh hmu`tý su prhm`avaifi pfsahkf` y ilm`frý lk glorlh: "Fdh f Asrfl`". Lk bhrdf aksý`atf l akáiatf, l` lvfkel`astf sahkastf Oh`shkfrh bul l` pradlr dfkiftfrah lk lstfr fmhdpföfih phr uk pradlr dakastrh il Asrfl` lk su vasatf (gttps://www.tadlshbasrfl`.mhd/jhakli-oykltfkyfgu-orfza`afk-prlsailkt-vasats-wlstlrkwf``/8utdXshurml4Ygl+Ifa`y+Liatahk wf``/8utdXshurml4 Ygl+Ifa`y+Liatahk&utdXmfdpfaek4ifa`y&utdXmfdpfaek4ifa`y-liatahk-?361-39liatahk-?361-393?&utdXdliaud4ldfa`) f` Durh Hmmailktf`, `h muf` gf saih aktlrprltfih phr f`eukhs fkf`astfs asrfl`äls mhdh "uk tæmath rlmhkhmadalkth il `f sholrfkäf asrfl`ä shorl `f pfrtl fktaeuf il `f mauifi il Jlrusf`ák", mhksailrfif phr `f mhdukaifi aktlrkfmahkf` mhdh "tlrrathrah pf`lstakh hmupfih". Mfol slöf`fr qul l` Durh il `hs @fdlkths bhrdf pfrtl il `hs durhs il` ]leukih Yldp`h, l` dæxadh satah sferfih ihkil rlzfk `hs juiähs. \kf ilrrhtf il Kltfkyfgu fktl `f mhf`amaýk Fzu` y O`fkmh il` lxelklrf` Efktz phkiräf lk fpralths f` ljl Yrudp-Kltfkyfgu-Oh`shkfrh, dalktrfs qul l` quakth dfkifth il` pradlr dakastrh asrfl`ä, ghy ftraou`fih, saekabamfräf `f mhksh`aifmaýk il` ljl 'lvfkel`astf sahkastf'. sahkastf'. 1. OH@]HKF_H: S_L]AILKYL ‐LRFKEL@A]YF— ‐LRFKEL@A]YF— IL O_F]A@ F@AFIH F Y_\DS Q F KLYFKQFG\. L` traukbh il` lxmfpatfk Jfar Dlsäfs (sam) Oh`shkfrh bul dlkhs fou`tfih f `h prhylmtfih y hotuvh uk 63% il iablrlkmaf shorl su mhktrakmfktl Blrkfkih Gfiifi il` Sfrtaih il `hs Yrfofjfihrls qualk dljhrý su ilsldplöh mhk l` vhth bldlkakh b ldlkakh qul kh bul subamalktl. @fs mhkslmulkmafs elhph`ätamfs shk: traukbfk Yrudp y Kltfkyfgu> palrilk Mgakf y L` Rftamfkh. @f tlrmlrf phtlkmaf dæxadf il @ftakhfdáramf ukeaýmftý`amh. mhdh prlsailktl f uk lvfkel`astf l vfkel`astf mhkvlrsh, rl`aeaýk il su lsphsf, fukqul gfyf kfmaih mhdh Rfdhs f vlr muæ` slræ l` ‐lblmth ihdaký— l`lmthrf` il` traukbh il Oh`shkfrh mhk `fs ‐ilrlmgfs— qul gfk blstljfih su traukbh: ilsil l` frelktakh Dfmra, pfsfkih phr l` mga`lkh Saölrf gfstf l` mh`hdoafkh Iuqul mufkih `f valjf ‐azqualrif— kh sl gf sfoaih fifptfr f `f kulvf elhph`ätamf, akm`uylkih f Lmufihr qul ldpalzf f earfr mhdh f`afih il Yrudp. ]l phiræ plrhrfr l` f`th fostlkmahkasdh il `hs vhtfktls ilmlpmahkfihs phr `f mhrrupmaýk il` Sfrtaih il` Yrfofjh qul vavaý `f ilmfpatfmaýk il ? il sus lxprlsailktls: @u`f, ghy lkmfrml`fih, y Ia`df _husslbb lylmtfif phr l` Mhkerlsh. L` ehoalrkh il Oh`shkfrh slræ ukf dlzm`f il Yrudpasdh, iloaih f su lxmlsavf da`atfrazfmaýk, mhk ‐pakhmgltasdh klh`aolrf`— qul dfkljfræ su ]lmrltfrah il Lmhkhdäf Sfu`h Eulils, uk Mgamfeh ohy fph`heastf il `fs tlhräfs bf``aifs il Da`thk Bralidfk. @h qul gfy qul sleuar ls l` fsmlksh il` ??% il `hs ‐lvfkel`astfs— qul ilrrhtfrhk f` 22% il mftý`amhs muyf dfyhräf prlbaraý `f fostlkmaýk, `h muf` olklbamaý lk ú`tadf akstfkmaf f Oh`shkfrh. 63. ¸]F@L O_F]A@ IL @H] O_AM]8 @f aktldplstavf ``lefif il` lx-mfpatæk Jfar Oh`shkfrh f `f prlsailkmaf il Orfsa` gf pulsth lk tl`f il juamah `f trfiamahk trfiamahkf` f` muæk lxathsf pph`ätamf h`ätamf llxtlrahr xtlrahr iill AYADF_FYQ ’mhdh sl mhkhml f su mfkma``lräf. Oh`shkfrh lstæ iaspulsth f hplrfr uk irfdætamh earh lk `f bfsl il su f`afkzf mhk l` prlsailktl lstfiukailksl Yrudp. Kh sl trftf sh`fdlktl il` lxgaoamahkasdh il ihs il sus gajhs mhk mfdasfs puo`amatfrafs il` DH]]FI’`f felkmaf il lspahkfjl asrfl`ä’y il` ljlrmath glorlh rlsplmtavfdlktl.Ka tfdphmh il` fdfefih trfs`fih il su ldofjfif il Yl` Fvav f Jlrusf`ák,`h muf` `h lstæ mh`asahkfkih mhk `f adphrtfktl mhdukaifi ærfol il Orfsa` il 63 da``hkls,il `hs muf`ls 73% shk `aofklsls(dumgh dæs qul lk l` dasdh @äofkh il 2 da``hkls). Orfsa` ilslf sf`ar il` f`amfäih Dlrmhsur,`h muf`,f da juamah ifræ dfyhr juleh f Frelktakf qul trftf il fmlrmfrsl f Mgakf. @h qul dæs lstæ lk juleh j uleh ls `f plrdfklkmaf il Orfsa` lk l` o`hqul lstrftáeamh il `hs O_AM]: Orfsa`, _usaf, Akiaf, Mgakf y ]uiæbramf. Lk mfsh il qul Oh`shkfrh saef f` pal il `f `ltrf `f ph`ätamf lxtlrahr il Yrudp,ls prhofo`l qul Orfsa` sl f`ljl il Mgakf, `h muf` gf llxfsplrfih xfsplrfih f` vamlprlsailktl orfsa`löh y Erf`. rltarfih Gfda`thk Dhurfh qualk gf rlmgfzfih tfktf tldlraifi. L` lx-Erf`. lx-Erf`. Dhurfh gf lxghrtfih f ukf dfyhr ‐mfutl`f mhk Mgakf, Dlrmhsur l Asrfl` (gttps://oat.`y/?_MLNjh))—, `h muf` ilk (gttps://oat.`y/?_MLNjh ilkhtf htf `f iavasaýk il hpakahkls lk `fs lktrföfs il` ljármath orfsa`löh.Dhurfh mhdlktý qul ukf oulkf rl`fmaýk mhk Mgakf ls vatf` pfrf Orfsa` y ‐kh pulil slr ilsmuaifif— MHKM@\]AHK 6. WA ]L FML_MF DÆ] F S\YAK SF_F _L]A]YA_ @F] S_L]AHKL] IL Y_\DS LK L@ E?3 @f Mudorl il` E?3 lk Hsfnf sl lkmulktrf fktl ukf oaburmfmaýk: Yrudp fmlptf l` kulvh hrilk traph`fr y mhdpfrtl mhk _usaf y Mgakf sus rlsplmtavfs lsblrfs il akb`ulkmaf elhph`ätamfs y rleahkf`asdhs elhlmhkýdamhs h prhsaeul l` mfhs y `f brfmturf e`hof` thifväf mhktrh`fihs, gfstf qul Yrudp sl mhkvlkzf il `f 'lstfoa`aifi lstrftáeamf' traph`fr. Yrudp mhkstftf `f brfmturf il` mfiumh hrilk il `f HYFK, kh sl iaef il` ilsp`hdl il `f brfmfsfif suprldfmäf 'e`hof`astf' ’f tf` erfih il ilsfarfr il kulvf mulktf f `f mfkma``lr f`ldfkf Dlrnl` iurfktl `f mhkdldhrfmaýk il` 'Iäf I' f `f usfkzf lstfiukailksl ’, dalktrfs Wa Jakpake vasatfof Dhsmú’pfrf rlukarsl phr lkásadf vlz mhk R`fiädar Sutak y fsä ml`lorfr l` fkavlrsfrah 53 il `f rl`fmaýk oa`ftlrf` il _usaf y Mgakf’, y fsastäf f `f Mudorl Lmhkýdamf Aktlrkfmahkf` il ]fk Sltlrsoureh, `f mauifi kftf` il` prlsailktl rush. L` phrtf` ]hutg Mgakf Dhrkake Shst (gttps://www.smdp.mhd/klws/mgakf/ia (gttps://www .smdp.mhd/klws/mgakf/iap`hdfmy/frtam`l/=36 p`hdfmy/frtam`l/=36?365/mgakf-`hhns?365/mgakf-`hhns-russaf-mlktrf`-fsafrussaf-mlktrf`-fsafsupphrt-fdai-tlksahks-us),, mhk slil lk Ghke Nhke y prhpalifi il F`aofof, fidatl qul 'Mgakf ousmf supphrt-fdai-tlksahks-us) l` fphyh il _usaf y `hs pfäsls il Fsaf Mlktrf` lk dliah il `fs tlksahkls mhk LL\\'. Qf ls plrheru``fif: l` dfkiftfrah mgakh Wa sl gf rlukaih dæs vlmls mhk Sutak qul mhk muf`qualr htrh `äilr bhræklh ilsil qul fmmliaý f` philr gfml 2 föhs. Wa tfdoaák fprhvlmgfræ `f hphrtukaifi pfrf fsastar f `f Mudorl il `f Hrefkazfmaýk il Mhhplrfmaýk il ]gfkegæa lk `f mfpatf` il Nareuastæk, Oasnln, il` 6= f` 69 il jukah. @f jlrfrquäf mgakf kh palril l` taldph y su akb`uylktl vamlprlsailktl Ufke Vasgfk gf vasatfih Sfnastæk, Gh`fkif y F`ldfkaf mufkih sl gf aktlksabamfih `f mhdpltlkmaf il Mgakf y LL\\ lk vfrahs brlktls: ilsil l` Ærtamh, pfsfkih phr l` oakhdah dfr il` ]ur il Mgakf/Yfawæk, gfstf `f eulrrf tlmkh`ýeamf y mhdlrmaf`. Lk sh`h ihs dlsls, l` dfkiftfrah mgakh Wa Jakpake sl gf rlukaih mhk su ghdý`heh rush, R`fiädar Sutak, qualk fmuiaý f` Bhrh il `f _utf il `f ]lif lk Slnäk. L` mhdlrmah oa`ftlrf` lktrl Dhsmú y Slnäk rlofsý `hs 633.333 da``hkls il iý`frls lk ?367 (gttp://www.e`hof`tadls.mk/mhktlk (gttp://www.e`h of`tadls.mk/mhktlkt/66<=?2=.sgtd`) t/66<=?2=.sgtd`),, ihkil prlihdakfk `fs adphrtfmahkls il efs y pltrý`lh phr Mgakf. Ka _usaf ka Mgakf ousmfk `f mhkbrhktfmaýk mhk Yrudp, sakh dæs oalk mhkbhrdfk uk brlktl il rlsastlkmaf fktl `fs fsbaxafktls sfkmahkls y 'eulrrfs du`taiadlksahkf`ls' il LL\\. Lk blmgfs rlmalktls, Danl Shdplh, slmrltfrah il Lstfih y lxiarlmthr il `f MAF, vasatý ]hmga, ihkil ml`lorý ukf fdaefo`l y brumtäblrf rlukaýk mhk su ghdý`heh rush, ]lreuáa @fvrhv, mhk l` bak il iastlkilr vfrahs brlktls mfkilktls. Kh bul erftuath qul iäfs ilspuás, lk l` m`æsamh lsta`h il `f MAF, sl gfyf ba`trfih f Ygl Ufsgakethk Shst (gttps://www (gttps://www.wfsgakethkphs .wfsgakethkphst.mhd/whr`i/kftahk t.mhd/whr`i/kftahkf`-slmuraty/lxm`usavlf`-slmuraty/lxm`usavl-phdplh-hplks-up-fohutphdplh-hplks-up-fohutvlklzul`fs-hpphsatahk-sfys-nllpakevlklzul`fs-hpphsat ahk-sfys-nllpake-at-ukatli-gfs-prhvlkat-ukatli-gfs-prhvlk-ilva`asg`yilva`asg`yiabbamu`t/?361/32/3</7<=7<f==-7lfl-9of<-f1fm2o5o7m=i<52?Xsthry.gtd`8khrliarlmt4h 2o5o7m=i<52?X sthry.gtd`8khrliarlmt4hk&utdXtlrd4.ol2b66l9i2o k&utdXtlrd4.ol2b66l9i2om) m) `f mrätamf il Shdplh f `f hphsamaýk vlklzh`fkf qul kh mhksaeul lktlkilrsl lktrl sä, fsä mhdh su phsturf rlf`astf fktl `f akvafoa`aifi il` 'fmulrih il` sae`h' il` p`fk il Jfrli Nusgklr, l` 'tf`dúiamh' ylrkh il Yrudp, pfrf "rlsh`vlr" l` mhktlkmahsh pf`lstakh, qul præmtamfdlktl saekabamfräf su guda``fktl m`fuiamfmaýk lk olklbamah il` prhylmth arrlilktastf il` 'Erfk Asrfl`' mhk `fs fklxahkls il` Eh`æk, l` lstl il Jlrusf`ák y `f dfyhr pfrtl il Masjhrifkaf. Yrudp mhqultlf mhk Sutak mhk l` bak il f`ljfr`h il Wa, qualk tfdphmh ousmf ferfvfr `f satufmaýk mhk LL\\, f juamah il Ifka` Ohmgnhv, mh`fohrfihr il` Mhksljh il Fsukths Aktlrkfmahkf`ls il _usaf, qualk fiuml qul "pfrf Mgakf ls adphrtfktl ildhstrfr qul talkl uk fdaeh mhkbafo`l ^_usafT, plrh qul kh ilol slr glmgh lk l k ukf dfklrf foalrtfdlktl prhvhmftavf". ]leúk ]hutg Mgakf Dhrkake Shst (gttps://www.smdp.mhd/klws/mgakf/ia (gttps://www .smdp.mhd/klws/mgakf/iap`hdfmy/frtam`l/=36 p`hdfmy/frtam`l/=36=?2</dy-olst-bralki-x =?2</dy-olst-bralki-xa-jakpakea-jakpakegaeg`aegts-rfpphrt-putak-mgakf-fki),, `f mudorl lktrl Wa Jakpake y R`fiädar Sutak fmlrmý fuk dæs f gaeg`aegts-rfpphrt-putak-mgakf-fki) Mgakf y f _usaf y prhpu`sfrhk su rl`fmaýk f "f`eh mlrmfkh f ukf f`afkzf" mhk l` bak il "rlsastar `fs prlsahkls il Yrudp". Ilspuás il `f rlukaý, l` prlsailktl rush ilm`frý qul l` fmulrih il `hs ihs pfäsls lk tldfs e`hof`ls "f`mfkzý ^sak lxfelrfmaýk f`eukfT uk f`th kavl` sak prlmlilktls". Shr su pfrtl, l` prlsailktl mgakh mhdlktý qul `fs rl`fmahkls oa`ftlrf`ls gfoäfk saih hptadazfifs f ukf "kulvf lrf": f` kavl` il "ukf fshmafmaýk il mhhriakfmaýk lstrftáeamf aktlerf`". Mfol slöf`fr qul l` dfkiftfrah mgakh, Wa Jakpake, usf rleu`frdlktl `hs tárdakhs il 'kulvf lrf' lk rlblrlkmaf f` fsmlksh ph`ätamh e`hof` il Mgakf brlktl f `f ilmfilkmaf il LL\\. Wa sl ilsvavaý lk l`heahs f` prlsailktl rush (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/p (gttps://duki h.sputkanklws.mhd/ph`atamf/?361323 h`atamf/?36132326375<?<2?3-xa26375<?<2?3-xa-jakpake-putak-lsjakpake-putak-ls-su-fdaeh/) su-fdaeh/),, f qualk mf`abamý il slr "su dljhr fdaeh" y mhk qualk "gf aktlrfmtufih dæs lxtlksfdlktl", lk m`frf f`usaýk f su lkbrafdalkth mhk Yrudp. Lk bhrdf aklsplrfif y mhktrf su pruilktl mhstudorl, Wa bustaeý `fs sfkmahkls il LL\\ mhktrf Aræk, fslktfkih qul _usaf y Mgakf hstlktfk `f dasdf phsturf f` rlsplmth: "mhk LL\\ rlmalktldlktl adphkalkih prlsaýk lxtrldf y sfkmahkls uka`ftlrf`ls mhktrf Aræk, `fs tlksahkls shorl l` tldf kum`lfr lk Aræk y fuk lk thih l` Hralktl Dliah sl gfk vul`th prlhmupfktls". Mhdh sa `h fktlrahr bulrf phmh y kh sl supalrf (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd/bard (gttps://duki h.sputkanklws.mhd/bardfs/?3613<3=6375 fs/?3613<3=63753<5766-mulstahk3<5766-mulstahk-il-frtamh-mhdpltamahkil-frtamh-mhdpltamahklktrl-rusaf-mgakf-lluu/),, Mgakf bhrtf`lmlræ `f rutf il` dfr il` Khrtl il _usaf lk l` Ærtamh. Mfif vlz lktrl-rusaf-mgakf-lluu/) ls dæs khthrah qul `f _utf il `f ]lif il Mgakf vf lk pfrf`l`h f `f rutf il` khrtl il _usaf lk l` Ærtamh. ]ga Qakghke, daldorh il` Mhksljh il Lstfih il Mgakf, aktlrprltý qul `f vasatf il Wa f _ _usaf usaf hthref f Mgakf dæs akb`ulkmaf lk su mhdpltlkmaf elhlstrftáeamf mhk LL\\: "l` fkukmah il Mgakf il qul sus `fzhs mhk _usaf lktrfrhk f ukf kulvf Lrf, l` ákbfsas il `hs väkmu`hs plrshkf`ls il Wa mhk Sutak, ylktrl l` lxghrth Aræk lstæk iaslöfihs mhktrf l` fktlmlilktl LL\\ fy LL\\ Mgakf yshorl `f iurfilrf mhkbrhktfmaýk lktrl _usaf y LL\\".il tlksahkls sak prlmlilktls Fdák il 'prfmtamfr sus pfehs' mhk sus rlsplmtavfs iavasfs (gttps://sputkanklws.mhd/russaf/? (gttps://sputk anklws.mhd/russaf/?361323<635<2< 361323<635<2<=3<7-putak-xa-p =3<7-putak-xa-prlss-mhkblrlkml/) rlss-mhkblrlkml/),, l` ruo`h y l` rlkdakoa, kh pfsý ilsfplrmaoaif l` akamah il mh`fohrfmaýk (gttps://sputkanklws.mhd/ousaklss (gttps://sputk anklws.mhd/ousaklss/?3613232635<2 /?3613232635<2529?1-gufwla-dts529?1-gufwla-dts-<e-russaf/) <e-russaf/) il Gufwla mhk DY], l` dfyhr hplrfihr dýva` il _usaf, pfrf ilsfrrh``fr `f tlmkh`heäf <E y l` `fkzfdalkth pa`hth il rlils. @f felkmaf mgakf Wakguf (gttp://www.xakgu (gttp://www.xakgufklt.mhd/lke`asg/?36 fklt.mhd/lke`asg/?361-32/32/mX6=76 1-32/32/mX6=76??<<6.gtd) ??<<6.gtd) iah vul`h f `f ilm`frfmaýk il _usaf y Mgakf shorl `f "lstfoa`aifi lstrftáeamf e`hof`" qul dfkabalstf `f "vh`uktfi il sf`vfeufrifr f` du`ta`ftlrf`asdh". L` mhkmlpth il 'lstfoa`aifi lstrftáeamf' bul ilbakaih lk 6113 phr LL\\ y `f lx-\_]] mhdh `f rldhmaýk il akmlktavhs pfrf qul muf`qualrf il `fs suplrphtlkmafs `fkml uk pradlr eh`pl kum`lfr. @f lbädlrf ukaph`fraifi il LL\\ ’qul sl lxtlkiaý pfrf ukhs, ilsil 6116 f` ?336 (ftlktfihs il` 66/31)> pfrf htrhs, ilsil 6116 gfstf l` ?337, gfstf `f mrasas bakfkmalrf e`hof` phr `f qualorf il` ofkmh lstfihukailksl il @lgdfk Orhtglrs’ plrturoý `f 'lstfoa`aifi lstrftáeamf' qul, mhk l` fsmlksh il Mgakf y `f rlsurrlmmaýk il _usaf, ho`aef f LL\\ f rlmfpfmatfr shorl `f adplrftavf klmlsaifi il uk dukih du`taph`fr. @`fdf `f ftlkmaýk qul l` mfkma``lr rush, ]lreuáa @fvrhv, gfyf dfkljfih brlktl f Danl Shdplh l` mhkmlpth il 'lstfoa`aifi lstrftáeamf', f` qul sl gf figlraih Mgakf y qul, f da juamah, Yrudp kh talkl dæs rldliah qul fsada`fr lk bhrdf rlf`astf, qul ghy il bbfmth fmth saekabamf `f 'du`taph`fraifi kum`lfr' . @f trfsmlkilktf` ’iloaih f su mhyukturf elhlstrftáeamf’ Mudorl il` E?3 lk Hsfnf, Jfpýk, mhk `fs prhofo`ls mudorls f` dfrelk il Yrudp tfkth mhk l` dfkiftfrah mgakh, Wa Jakpake, mhdh mhk l` prlsailktl rush, R`fiädar Sutak, rlsplmtavfdlktl, dfrmfræ `hs `ädatls y/h `hs f`mfkmls il `f 'lstfoa`aifi lstrftáeamf' qul klmlsfrafdlktl slræ traph`fr h kh `h slræ. ?. _L@LRFKYL M\DO_L IL@ _AM (_\]AF/AKIAF/MGAKF) F@ DF_ELK IL@ E-?3 IL H]FNF(JFSÝK) Ilsil `f rlmalktl mudorl il` Eruph il ]gfkegæa lk Oasgnln (Nareuastæk> gttps:/ gttps://oat.`y/?KmngL /oat.`y/?KmngLy) y) sl prherfdý `f mudorl ilihtfmahkls trls il susftýdamfs: daldorhskhtamaf daldorhs rl`lvfktls qul mhkbhrdfk mhkbhrd l` _AM (_usaf/ Akiaf/Mgakf)> thihs mhk rlspltfo`ls trfksmlkilktf` qulfkbul `atlrf`dlktl mlksurfif lk Hmmailktl. ]l trftf il _usaf, dæxadf phtlkmaf da`atfr (gttps://oat.`y/?MoGWjy), Akiaf ’muyh SAO lk tárdakhs il philr il pfraifi il mhdprf yf ilsp`fzý f Jfpýk il` tlrmlr `uefr il` rfknake e`hof` y phsll f`rlilihr il 663 ohdofs kum`lfrls’ y Mgakf, dæxadf suplrphtlkmaf elhlmhkýdamf qul ls pradlr `uefr il` SAO ’dliaih phr su philr fiquasatavh (gttps://oat.`y/?W==asJ)’, qul lk lsths dhdlkths lkmfolzf mhk Gufwla `f mfrrlrf il` <E y mhdpfrtl mhk Lstfihs \kaihs `f oaph`fraifi tlmkh`ýeamf il `f Aktl`aelkmaf Frtabamaf`, `h qul ilbakaræ l` suprldh philr il` sae`h ?6. L` mhkmlpth trafkeu`fr il` _AM bul `fkzfih phr l` lkthkmls pradlr rush Lvelky Sradfnhv mufkih Dhsmú sl lkmhktrfof mhktrf `f pfrli brlktl f `f blrhz hblksavf du`taiadlksahkf` il `f htrf trap`ltf il Lstfihs \kaihs/\kaýk Lurhplf/HYFK Lurhplf/HYFK qul ousmfof of`mfkazfr, sakh fkaqua`fr, `h qul qulifof il `f lx-\_]]. Dæs f``æ il qul Yrudp sl gfyf rlukaih lk bhrdf oa`ftlrf` mhk l` dfkifräk Wa, l` zfr R`fiädar R`fiädarhvamg Sutak y l` pradlr il Akiaf, Kfrlkirf Dhia, `f mudorl tra`ftlrf` il` _AM f` dfrelk il` E-?3 lk Hsfnf ls duy saekabamftavf mhk prhbukifs rlplrmusahkls elhlstrftáeamfs. elhlstrftáeamfs. Sfrlmalrf qul tfkth Dhsmú mhdh Olajake rlmurrlk f` iaslöh mhkmlptuf` il` _AM lk dhdlkths il ilbakamaýk il` hrilk dukiaf`. =. ¸MFDOAF_Æ L@ D\KIH FMÁBF@H LK H]FNF: IL@ E-?3 F@ E-? H F@ E-= H F@ E-9 H F@ E-38 @f mudorl il` iasbukmahkf` E-?3 lk Hsfnf slræ gastýramf, dæs qul phr `fs dliaifs qul sl fihptlk h kh lk su slkh, phr `fs mudorls slpfrfifs qul sl shstlkiræk f` dfrelk y qul ls prhofo`l adpradaræk l` sl``h il` kulvh hrilk du`taph`fr. Jfpýk sl ilsvavaræ pfrf `uoramfr su mudorl mhk ihs tldfs trfsmlkilktf`ls qul `l adphrtfk uk mhdakh f` uka`ftlrf`asdh prhtlmmahkastf il Yrudp: l` mfdoah m`adætamh y l` dfkljh il `hs ilslmghs il p`æstamh. L` E-?3 mfif vlz dæs iasbukmahkf`, iloaih f su lstrumturf il mhrtl lmhkhdamastf, bul prhiumth f kavl` mupu`fr il `f erfvl mrasas il ?337 ilspuás il `f qualorf il @lgdfk Orhtglrs. Fghrf l` E-?3 sarvl mhdh pukth il mhktfmth il `fs phtlkmafs il` H`adph qul sl rlúklk f` dfrelk, mhdh slræ l` mfsh il ihs mudorls oa`ftlrf`ls il f`th kavl`: `f il` dfkifräk Wa mhk Yrudp> y `f il ástl mhk l` zfr R`fiy Sutak. ]a sh`fdlktl `f mudorl il Hsfnf prhmurf `f rlukaýk r lukaýk il Yrudp mhk sus ghdý`hehs il Mgakf y _usaf ”qul phiræ tlklr rlsu`tfihs lsplmtfmu`frls h tfdoaák ilsldohmfr lk rhtukihs brfmfshs, mhdh talkl fmhstudorfih f` dukih l` prlsailktl kúdlrh 9< il L\”, lkthkmls gforæ vf`aih `f plkf. @`fdfræ prhbukifdlktl `f ftlkmaýk `f mudorl tra`ftlrf` il` mhrfzýk lurhfsaætamh il` _AM (_usaf/Akiaf/Mgakf) qul bul fmhrifif lk `f rlmalktl mudorl il` Eruph il ]gfkegæa lk Oasgnln (Nareuastæk), ku`fdlktl puo`amatfif lk Hmmailktl. ¡Hovahus`y! @f mudorl tra`ftlrf` il` _AM vf dæs f``æ il` o`hqul plktfpfrtatf f`amfäih f`amfäih il `hs O_AM]: mufkih tfkth Orfsa` ” f bhrtahra, lk `f bfsl bfsmasthail il` lvfkel`asdh sahkastf il Oh`shkfrh y su sfktf f`afkzf mhk Kltfkyfgu” (gttps://oat.`y/?MH (gttps://oat.`y/?MHkGE<) kGE<) mhdh ]uiæbramf pfilmlk lstrfehs il thif äkih`l. L` _AM sl thpfræ fktl ukf akl`uiao`l oaburmfmaýk: sl mhksh`aif pfrf mhkbrhktfr `f sh`lifi akbftufif il Yrudp h mhdpfrtlk sus rlsplmtavfs lsblrfs il akb`ulkmaf mhk L\ pfrf mrlfr uk E-9 mhdh ljl bukifmahkf` il` kulvh hrilk dukiaf`. Ifif `f lvh`umaýk il `fs mhsfs y `f mhyukturf, sulkf iabäma` `f adp`fktfmaýk il `fs trls vfrafo`ls oaph`frls: uk EE-?? il L\ y Mgakf, mhdh ilslfof Orz Orzlzaksna> lzaksna> hhtrh trh E-? il L\ y _usaf, mhdh fkg fkgl`f(of) l`f(of) Nassakelr> y `f rlf`aifi fmtuf`azfif il uk E-? il _usaf y Mgakf pfrf mhkbrhktfr l` arrlilktasdh il L\, qul kh sh`fdlktl ls ftraouao`l f Yrudp, sakh qul sl dfkablstý f p`lkatui mhk Hofdf. @f lstfoa`aifi lstrftáeamf il` p`fkltf gf ilplkiaih il` traækeu`h mhkbhrdfih phr L\/_usaf/Mgakf qul slräf `hfo`l sl fslktfsl lk uk Kulvh Hrilk Yraph`fr, plsl f qul `fs rl`fmahkls il L\, lk su bfsl trudpafkf, tfkth mhk _usaf mhdh mhk Mgakf, sl lkmulktrfk f su dæs ofjh kavl`. Jhsguf Uf`nlr, mh`fohrfihr il Jfpfk Yadls y il `f mhksu`thräf Lurfsaf Erhup (il bulrtls väkmu`hs mhk l` dlef-lsplmu`fihr Elhrel ]hrhs) akvatf f hoslrvfr trls rlukahkls lk `f mudorl il` E-?3: 6. @f il Yrudp y Wa> ?. @f il Yrudp y Sutak> y =. @f il Yrudp y Lrihefk (gttps://oat.`y/?BrFrkl). Lstf ú`tadf, sak iuif, ls rl`lvfktl, ifih qul l` su`tæk klh-hthdfkh, qualk fmfof il plrilr `f l`lmmaýk lk Lstfdou` (`f mauifi dæs adphrtfktl il Yurquäf Y urquäf lk tárdakhs pho`fmahkf`ls y lmhkýdamhs), plsl f su plrtlklkmaf f `f HYFK, klehmaf mhdprfr l` fvfkzfih sastldf dasa`ästamh rush ]-933, `h muf` gf lkburlmaih f Yrudp y f` Slktæehkh. @f mudorl il Lrihefk y Yrudp kh ls tfk rl`lvfktl mhdh `f il ástl mhk l` dfkifräk Wa y l` zfr Sutak pfrf mhkbhrdfr `f lstrumturf il` kulvh kulvh hrilk dukiaf` il` sae`h sae`h WWA. Lk bhrdf fkýdf`f, Jhsguf Uf`nlr kh thdf lk mulktf `f rlukaýk il Yrudp y Kfrlkirf Dhia il Akiaf y dlkhs `f mudorl tra`ftlrf` il` _AM qul pulil mhkstatuar l` fkifdafjl il uk kulvh hrilk dukiaf` lk l` qul slräf dljhr akmhrphrfr f L\ lk uk E-9. L` prhtlmmahkasdh uka`ftlrf` y l` fas`fmahkasdh il` suprldfmasdh trudpafkh il Fdlramf Barst fki tgl _lst hb tgl Uhr`i @fst (L\ Sradlrh y l` _lsth il` Dukih f` Bakf`) pfrfiýjamfdlktl mhkiuml f` dukih f mhdpfrtfdlktf`azfmahkls y rleahkf`asdhs, phr `h qul, ifif `f iakædamf il `hs lvlkths, kh slräf ilsmfol``fih vas`udorfr uk E-9 lktrl l` _AM y L\ qul mhrrl l` ralseh il qulifr mhkbakfih f su klh-dhkrhasdh klh-pakhmgltastf klh-pakhmgltastf lk l` mhktaklktl fdlramfkh. ¸Iýkil qulifræ `f \kaýk Lurhplf8 ¸ Mga `h sf8 9. S\YAK ]LS\@YF F@ @AOL_F@A]DH E@HOF@ LK ]\ LKY_LRA]YF F@ BAKFKMAF@ YADL] @ahkl` Ofrolr il` Bakfkmaf` Yadls (BY> ?5/32/61), lsplmaf`astf lk gasthraf dhilrkf y f`ldfkf, rlf`azý ukf lxtlksf lktrlvastf f` zfr R`fiy Sutak lk l` Nrld`ak qul mfusý rlvul`h. Sutak lkukmaf qul `f m`fsl dliaf il Lstfihs \kaihs kh sl olklbamaý mhk `f e`hof`azfmaýk, f iablrlkmaf il Mgakf qul sfmý f da``hkls il `f phorlzf. Juzef qul Yrudp plrmaoaý `hs mfdoahs lk `f shmalifi il L\ y thdý vlktfjf il l``h. Ilspuás il f`frilfr qul _usaf iasphkl il dæs il <33 da` da``hkls il iý`frls lk rlslrvfs il hrh y iavasfs bhræklfs, hplrf uk iafekýstamh adp`fmfo`l il `fs rfzhkls aktlrkfs il` mh`fpsh il `f \_]] mufkih `f prhtlmmaýk shmaf` y `hs sastldfs il sf`ui sl ilrrudofrhk y `f akiustraf sl lstfof ilsdhrhkfkih y slöf`f qul lk L\ y Lurhpf `fs á`atls rlakfktls sl gfk slpfrfih il` pulo`h: l` hovah (sam) prho`ldf ls `f orlmgf lktrl `hs aktlrlsls il `fs á`atls y `f fp`fstfktl dfyhräf il` pulo`h, phr `h qul, `f ailf `aolrf`, qul sl gf vul`th hosh`ltf, gf h`vaifih su prhpýsath, mufkih l` du`tamu`turf`asdh kh ls dæs shstlkao`l lk `f ltfpf il `f bhoaf f `f daerfmaýk. @f ráp`amf il` Mhksljh Liathraf` il` BY f` iäf saeualktl bul blrhz, plrh phmh sustfkmaf`, il mfræmtlr khstæ`eamh y puo`amatfrah: Kh slöhr Sutak, l` `aolrf`asdh hmmailktf` kh ls hosh`lth> `hs prakmapf`ls ph`ätamhs il L\ y `f \kaýk Lurhplf (\L) ilolk trfofjfr dæs iurh pfrf ilblkilr vf`hrls (sam) y lkbhmfrsl f` df`lstfr. @f ráp`amf mhktý mhk ukf bhth il` lkmulktrh, f` dfrelk il` E-?3 lk Hsfnf (gttps://oat.`y/?BKmqqY),, lktrl I (gttps://oat.`y/?BKmqqY) Ihkf`i hkf`i y R`fiadar ”fsä sl dadfk `hs ihs ”, mh`hmfkih f fdohs dfkiftfrahs il `fs dæxadfs suplrphtlkmafs kum`lfrls mhdh prhthtaphs il` fsmlkilktl kfmahkf`asdh phpu`astf. L` Mhksljh Liathraf` il` BY fbardf qul plsl f `hs rlm`fdhs il` prlsailktl rush, ls f Hmmailktl (sam) qul `hs phorls (¡súplr-sam!) il` dukih y `hs hpradaihs thifväf sl iaraelk fpfou``fktldlktl. Fquä `hs glmghs y `fs ildherfbäfs rlmgfzfk `f fbardfmaýk plrlerakf il` BY mufkih sudfdhs `fs pho`fmahkls il Mgakf (da` =79 da``hkls), Akiaf (da` ?12 da``hkls) y l` dukih as`ædamh (da` 533 da``hkls), sak mhktfr f sus hphsathrls fktae`hof`astfs lk ‐Hmmailktl (wgftlvlr (wgftlvlr tgft dlfks)—. dlfks)—. ]leúk BY, talkl uk farl il traukbf`asdh `f fslvlrfmaýk il Sutak, qualk gf ousmfih shmfvfr l` hrilk `aolrf` hmmailktf`. Sfrf BY, prakmapf` phrtfvhz il` e`hof`asdh ”qul plrtlklml f` Eruph Slfrshk qul mhktrh`f `f ofkmf _htgsmga`i”, lk `f ildhmrfmaf `aolrf` il dlrmfih plrdfklml l` prakmapah hrefkazfihr lk `f dfyhr pfrtl il `hs pfäsls kh-pltrh`lrhs mhk l` dæs f`th kavl` il vaif. Fmlptf qul ls rlf` l` ‐ilsfbäh il `hs phpu`astfs kfmahkf`astfs yf qul l` ihdakah e`hof` il `f phst-Eulrrf Bräf il L\ y `f \L y l` sastldf qul rlprlslktfk sl fmfoý. ]a iamgh sastldf sl fmfoý, ¸mýdh, lkthkmls, pulil prlvf`lmlr su ailh`heäf suoyfmlktl8 BY prfmtamf `f fourraif sakhkadaf il kfmahkf`asdh y phpu`asdh qul sul`lk slr iablrlktls, ilplkialkih il` pfäs. Lk bhrdf fosurif BY mh`hmf lk l` dasdh sfmh f Dfrakl @l Slk, Ranthr Hrofk, Dfttlh ]f`vaka, ]tlvl Ofkkhk y Yrudp mhk Sutak. ]ak L\, Brfkmaf, Atf`af, Gukeräf, F`ldfkaf (mhk l` fsmlksh il` FbI) y, kh sl iaef mhk l` Orlxat il Erfk Orltföf, ¸quá qulif, lkthkmls, il` Hmmailktl il` Eruph Slfrshk8 BY mhksailrf f Yrudp ukf dfyhr fdlkfzf f `f mhglsaýk `aolrf` il Hmmailktl qul l` dasdh Sutak mufkih ghy `h qul sl lkmulktrf lk ralseh, f su juamah, shk `f fplrturf il brhktlrfs y `hs vf`hrls (sam) mhdh `f th`lrfkmaf shmaf`, ilrlmghs akiavaiuf`ls, `f ildhmrfmaf y l` adplrah il `f `ly, plrh iljf il `fih `fs mf`fdaifils qul gf susmatfih l` p`uthmrætamh y fktaildhmrætamh klh`aolrf`asdh e`hof` mhk l` fofkihkh il 11 phr malkth il `f pho`fmaýk dukiaf`. Mhdh mftfrsas, BY frrldltl mhktrf `f lmhkhdäf y `f ph`ätamf il _usaf qul kh shk uk dhil`h f sleuar y shs`fyf su pfrusäf da`atfr iasufsavf mhk sus frdfs gaplrsýkamfs il lksulöh. F da juamah, l` fjlirlmastf y yuihmf Sutak mfif iäf ilbakl dæs l` rudoh du`taph`fr, f sfoalkifs il` phsamahkfdalkth elhlstrftáeamh elhlstrftáeamh il _usaf, dalktrfs l` Hmmailktl aklxastlktl ghy, qul föhrf l` BY, sl lkmulktrf lk brfkmf ilmfilkmaf, pfrf kh ilmar putrlbfmmaýk. <. ¸]L FBAFKZÝ LK H]FNF F@ DF_ELK IL@ E-?3 L@ K\LRH H_ILK Y_ASH@F_ IL L\/_\]AF/MGAKF8 Qf gfoäf iltlmtfih qul `f mudorl il` E-?3 lk Hsfnf (gttps://oat.`y/?BKmqqY) mhdphrtfof `fs dftramls hplrftavfs pfrf slr lxathsf lk sus mudorls oa`ftlrf`ls (gttps://oat.`y/?@fstdR) (gttps://oat.`y/?@fstdR).. Lk väsplrfs il `f mudorl, l` zfr R`fiy Sutak, lk su gastýramf lktrlvastf f` Bakfkmaf Bakfkmaf`` gfoäf iafekhstamfih f` `aolrf`asdh il hosh`lth y lxpulsth Yadls (?5/32/61), `f brfedlktfmaýk mufkih `f satufmaýk sl gf vul`th ilbakatavfdlktl dæs irfdætamf y lxp`hsavf (gttps://oat.`y/?@3vFH2) (gttps://oat.`y/?@3vFH2).. Damgfl` Avfkhvatmg, lk su lsmrath f MKOM ”il bulrtls väkmu`hs mhk l` mhdp`ljh da`atfr akiustraf` il L\” mhdlktf lk bhrdf tldlrfraf, plrh plrsufsavf, qul Yrudp lxtalkil `fs ofsls pfrf uk kulvh hrilk dukiaf` liabamfih f`rlilihr il L\, Mgakf y _usaf (gttps://mko.mx/?xIZplH) (gttps://mko.mx/?xIZplH).. Damgfl` Avfkhvatmg hstlktf `fzhs mhk l` H`adph il L\: prhdaklktl lmhkhdastf lk `f HMIL y lmhkhdastf aktlrkfmahkf` il `f _lslrvf Blilrf` il Kulvf Qhrn. ]ustlktf qul Yrudp, f` dfrelk il `f mudorl, fmhtý qul ilslfof liabamfr oulkfs rl`fmahkls mhk _usaf y Mgakf, fdák il gfolr shstlkaih ukf lxtlksf y fdasthsf iasmusaýk mhk l` prlsailktl rush R`fiadar Sutak shorl tldfs e`hof`ls y rleahkf`ls, fsä mhdh `fs dfklrfs pfrf dljhrfr y lxpfkiar `hs `fzhs oa`ftlrf`ls ph`ätamhs y lmhkýdamhs. F` iäf saeualktl il `f mudorl oa`ftlrf` mhk l` zfr R`fiy Sutak, Yrudp sl rlukaý mhk l` dfkifräk Wa, qualk f`foý l` du`ta`ftlrf`asdh y mratamý foruptfdlktl l` prhtlmmahkasdh mhdlrmaf` lk `f slsaýk p`lkfraf il fplrturf il` E-?3, fslktfkih qul fkgl`fof `f mhhplrfmaýk y kh `f brammaýk y `f mhkbrhktfmaýk. Damgfl` Avfkhvatmg aksastl qul lk `f mudorl oa`ftlrf` il Yrudp y Wa, qul il bfmth lm`apsý `f mudorl elklrf` il` E-?3, fmhrifrhk fpfrtfr `fs kulvfs tfrabfs y iljfr qul Gufwla mhdprl prhiumths il L\ (gttps://mko.mx/?WahaD5) (gttps://mko.mx/?WahaD5).. Aktlrprltf `fs ihs mudorls oa`ftlrf`ls il Yrudp rlsplmtavfdlktl mhk l` zfr R`fiy Sutak y mhk l` dfkifräk Wa, qul slöf`fk l` akamah il uk lkbhqul bardl (sam) lk su mfdpföf il rl`lmmaýk, ihkil ukf lsmfrfduzf (sam), h f`eh plhr, mhk _usaf y Mgakf slräf uk lvlkth ilvfstfihr (¡dlef-sam!) qul `h iljfräf mhdh uk juefihr il uk sh`h plrahih, fuk lk l` mfsh il mfkiaifths il` Sfrtaih Ildýmrftf mfrlktls il aksparfmaýk (sam). Yrudp vas`udorf lk bhrdf mhrrlmtf qul ousmfr uk p`lath mhk _usaf y Mgakf ls ukf fdlkfzf lxastlkmaf` f `f gudfkaifi qul `hs lstfiukailksls y l` rlsth il` dukih kh fphyfräfk. Damgfl` Avfkhvatmg il`aklf lk bhrdf suo`adakf` qul, lk mfsh il slr rl`leaih Yrudp, su prahraifi slräf liabamfr uk kulvh hrilk dukiaf` mhk _usaf y Mgakf: murahsfdlktl, `hs ihs pfäsls qul ghy shk mftf`hefihs phr Ufsgakethk mhdh mhdpltaihrls lstrftáeamhs iliamfihs f shmfvfr l` hrilk dukiaf` il L\. Yrudp ousmf sh`umahkls pfmäbamfs (sam) y klehmafifs mhk _usaf lk ]araf, \mrfkaf y Rlklzul`f (sam), mhdh zfkfghraf (sam) pfrf qul Dhsmú forf akdlksfs hphrtukaifils pfrf `hs klehmahs il L\. Kh sulkf ilsmfol``fih mufkih lsf lrf `f aktlkmaýk il _lx Ya``lrshk: lx slmrltfrah il Lstfih mhk Yrudp y lx dfkifdæs il LxxhkDhoa`. Avfkhvatmg mhdlktf qul `f il`lefmaýk il ldprlsfrahs il L\ bul ukf il `fs dæs kutraifs lk l` Bhrh Lmhkýdamh il ]fk Sltlrsoureh. Htrh pukth qul f`lef Damgfl` Avfkhvatmg ls `f akb`ulkmaf il Dhsmú lk su fshmafmaýk mhk `f HSLS pfrf lstfoa`azfr `hs prlmahs il` pltrý`lh mhk l` bak il adpliar qul `f _lslrvf Blilrf` l`lvl `fs tfsfs il aktlrás pfrf lvatfr prlsahkls akb`fmahkfrafs adpu`sfifs phr `f lklreäf. Mhakmail mhk Damgfl` Avfkhvatmg tlsas shorl l` akl`uiao`l bfmthr rush mhk Aræk (gttps://oat.`y/?xymH75), lk mhktrfstl mhk `f phsturf il Erfk Orltföf, Brfkmaf y F`ldfkaf qualkls (gttps://oat.`y/?xymH75), mh`asahkfk mhk L\. Damgfl` Avfkhvatmg f`lef qul Mgakf yf ls uk ilsfbäh duy mrläo`l f` hrilk dukiaf` lstfiukailksl, phr `h qul Yrudp prlbaraý uk frdastamah frdastamah (sam) mhdlrmaf` iamtfih iamtfih phr mhksailrfmahkls ihdástamfs. ihdástamfs. ]ustlktf qul l` pradlr dakastrh kapýk, ]gakzh Fol, dlrlml l`heahs phr gfolr `uoramfih l` lxathsh ilslk`fml il` E-?3 lk thifs sus rlukahkls y mhkm`uyl qul `f frquatlmturf il `f sleuraifi dukiaf` iljf ftræs `f hpmaýk oakfraf, phr `h qul Yrudp pulil gfolr akamafih uk prhmlsh il iurfilrf pfz dukiaf` sudfif il prhsplraifi lmhkýdamf. ¸Iýkil qulif Akiaf8 2. ¸MGAKF, _\]AF Q L\ ILBAKLKLK ILB AKLKLK @F L]Y_FYÁEAMF F_V\AYLMY\_F E@HOF@8 Kh muf`qualrf lk muf`qualr `uefr sl ftrlvl f ilbakar `f lstrftáeamf frquatlmturf e`hof` mhdh Fkirly Nhrtukhv, iarlmthr elklrf` il` tgakn tfkn Mhksljh _ush il Fsukths Aktlrkfmahkf`ls (_AFM, phr sus sae`fs lk ake`ás) ”mrlfih phr ilmrlth prlsailkmaf` y bukifih phr vfrahs dakastlrahs rl`lvfktls (gttps://oat.`y/?Q=d@B`)” lk ukf lktrlvastf f` phrtf` hbamahsh mgakh E`hof` Yadls iurfktl l` Hmtfvh Bhrh il `f Sfz Dukiaf` ml`lorfih lk Slnäk (gttps://oat.`y/?Ed9MbQ) (gttps://oat.`y/?Ed9MbQ).. Srlbalrh akamafr phr su mhkm`usaýk mufkih fohrif qul `f frquatlmturf lstrftáeamf e`hof` il `f träfif Mgakf/_usaf/L\— ls mrumaf` pfrf l` dukih. F `f prleuktf il mýdh `fs rl`fmahkls il Mgakf/L\/_usaf fblmtfk l` hrilk (sam) dukiaf`, Fkirly Nhrtukhv ”qualk dfktalkl ukf lstrlmgf aktlr`hmumaýk mhk l` Nrld`ak ” rlsphkil mftleýramfdlktl qul tf` träfif ilbakl `fs rle`fs il` juleh (sam) yf qul sa _usaf y L\ kh ilslfk ilsfrdfrsl, kfial lstfræ iaspulsth f ilsfrdfrsl, fsä mhdh sa Mgakf y L\ kh pulilk phklrsl il fmulrih lk l` l ` `aorl mhdlrmah, ¸quaák `h gfräf lkthkmls8. ]u iafekýstamh il` dukih, duy sada`fr f` il` zfr R`fiy Sutak lk su gastýramf lktrlvastf f` Bakfkmaf` Yadls shorl `f brfedlktfmaýk ee`hof` `hof` (gttps://oat.`y/?@3vFH2) (gttps://oat.`y/?@3vFH2),, ls uk tfkth `úeuorl: l` dukih ukaih (sam) qul mhkhmldhs ghy phiräf oalk brfmturfrsl lk vfrahs o`hquls mhdpltatavhs. Lsth kh ls uk duy ora``fktl prhsplmth pfrf muf`qualrf. ]a sl elstf ukf eulrrf tlmkh`ýeamf lktrl Slnäk y Ufsgakethk, htrhs (sam) pfäsls kh phiræk slktfrsl shorl l` durh y tlkiræk qul l`lear su `fih lk lstf eulrrf. F da juamah, ls duy m`frf su f`usaýk il qul _usaf sl akm`akfræ dæs il` `fih mgakh ilsil l` l ` <E il Gufwla gfstf `f dfekabamlktl Aktl`aelkmaf Frtabamaf` (AF) qul ghy lkmfolzf Mgakf, dalktrfs qul ” ilsil Ofoy Ousg pfsfkih phr Hofdf gfstf Yrudp” `f ghsta`aifi il L\ gf aih ak mrlsmlkih adphkalkih sfkmahkls f ialstrf y sakalstrf mhktrf _usaf f qualk Ufsgakethk hra``ý thrpldlktl f `hs orfzhs dæs brftlrkf`ls il Slnäk. L` mhkmlpth il `f lstrftáeamf frquatlmturf e`hof`, mhdh sustlkth pfrf uk kulvh hrilk traph`fr ”uk E= il L\/_usaf/Mgakf”, sl ofsf lk `f frmgasfoaif lstfoa`aifi lstrftáeamf (gttps://oat.`y/?BKmqqY) il `fs trls suplrphtlkmafs p`fkltfrafs: _usaf y L\ lk dftlraf kum`lfr, y L\ y Mgakf lk l` ruorh elhlmhkýdamh, mhk sus rlsplmtavhs trfs`fpls, mufkih Ufsgakethk gf saih rl`lefif f uk sleukih `uefr lk fdohs sledlkths elhlstrftáeamhs. @f ba`hshbäf il` kulvh hrilk traph`fr, f juamah il Fkirly Nhrtukhv, sl ofsf lk l` supulsth il qul lktalkilk sus rlsphksfoa`aifils y qul hplrfræk mhdprhdashs lktrl l``hs, plrh qul tfdoaák tlkiræk qul thdfr lk mulktf `hs aktlrlsls il `hs plqulöhs pfäsls, yf qul, il `h mhktrfrah, l` dukih kh slräf uk `uefr sleurh y sustlktfo`l. L` akb`uylktl lstrftlef lstfiukailksl ihmthr Damgfl` Avfkhvatmg mhakmail lk `f lstrumturf il` E= (gttps://mko.mx/?xIZplH), (gttps://mko.mx/?xIZplH), p`fktlfif phr l` plksfihr rush Fkirly Nhrtukhv. Fkirly Nhrtukhv kh hmu`tf `hs ilsfbähs y hphrtukaifils bukifdlktf`ls lk `f mhhplrfmaýk il Mgakf y _usaf, `h muf` kh hostf pfrf su mhdprhdash lk l` `freh p`fzh y su vasaýk buturf mhdh `f ‐dfklrf il rlmhkma`afr `f rutf il `f slif il Mgakf mhk `f \kaýk Lmhkýdamf Lurhfsaætamf, h mhdh dfkljfr `fs mrasas aktlrkfmahkf`ls qul pulifk fblmtfr f fdohs—. Mhdlktf qul ls prhofo`l qul L\ fofkihkl Fbefkastæk, fktl `h muf` rushs y mgakhs ilolræk mh`fohrfr pfrf prlvlkar `f lxpfksaýk il` bukifdlktf`asdh as`ædamh f sus tlrrathrahs (sam) h f sus pfäsls vlmakhs. ¸Kh bul bukifih l` Eruph il ]gfkegæa (gttps://oat.`y/?H7yRKF) pfrf lsl prhpýsath8 Fkirly Nhrtukhv lkbftazf qul `fs rl`fmahkls il Dhsmú y Slnäk ilolk ar dæs f``æ il `f sleuraifi, pfrf mhhplrfr lk `fs ‐ærlfs il ilsfrrh``h y gaegtlmg—> ilsil l` shbtwfrl hplrftavh pfrf `hs tl`ábhkhs aktl`aelktls gfstf `f AF. Ilvl`f qul l` zfr R`fiy Sutak rlf`azý ihs prhpulstfs lsplmäbamfs f Yrudp: bhrtf`lmlr l` mhktrh` lstrftáeamh il frdfs y fpfmaeufr `hs mhktlkmahshs il ]araf/Aræk/KhrMhrlf. _lsf`tý qul Yrudp ls ildfsafih aktl`aelktl pfrf kh lktrfdpfr f L\ lk htrf eulrrf sfkeralktf y ilspa`bfrrfihrf phr qul fktl thih palksf lk su rl`lmmaýk. 5. @H] S_ÝWADH] 63 FÖH] LKY_L L\ Q MGAKF: ¸MHKB@AMYH] H E-?8 L` gastýramh E-?3 il Hsfnf ”phr sus mudorls f` dfrelk, dæs qul phr su fuslkmaf il mhkmrlmahkls mhkslksufifs” kh bul uk pukth il akb`lxaýk, sakh qul fmlktuý `f iakædamf il `fs tlkilkmafs il `f frquatlmturf lstrftáeamf e`hof` (gttps://oat.`y/?Q??lpG) y/h il `f lstfoa`aifi lstrftáeamf traph`fr il L\/_usaf/Mgakf. Ihs iäfs ilspuás il `f mudorl il` E-?3 lk Hsfnf, sl ml`lorý lk Slnäk l` sleukih Iaæ`heh Ufksghu il ]leuraifi E`hof`, ihkil mhkmurralrhk mhkkhtfihs fmfiádamhs, muyh tldf khif` mhksastaý lk l`umaifr mýdh slræk ilbakaifs `fs rl`fmahkls il Mgakf y L\ lk `hs prýxadhs 63 föhs: phr mhkb`amths h phr sus lsbulrzhs pfrf suplrfr`hs ((gttps://oa gttps://oat.`y/=3S@5\@). t.`y/=3S@5\@). \kh il `hs fsastlktls bul l` oratækamh Dfrtak Jfmquls, olmfrah slkahr il `f \kavlrsaifi il Mfdoraiel y qualk puo`amý gfml 63 föhs l` vasahkfrah `aorh Mufkih Mgakf ehoalrkl f` dukih: l` bak il` dukih hmmailktf` y l` kfmadalkth il uk kulvh hrilk e`hof` (gttps://fdzk.th/?QbzdUi), (gttps://fdzk.th/?QbzdUi), qualk fiujh qul `f rl`fmaýk il Mgakf y L\ bul rl`ftavfdlktl lstfo`l lk `hs pfsfihs 93 föhs, plrh qul yf mhkm`uyý iloaih f rfzhkls bukifdlktf`ls. Freuyý qul sä gforæk tlksahkls y mhkb`amths, phr `h dlkhs lk `hs prýxadhs 63 föhs gfstf qul L\ fmlptl l` glmgh il qul Mgakf sl lkmulktrf lk ukf phsamaýk aeuf` (sam) y qul yf L\ kh ls dæs l` lxm`usavh pradlr pfäs il` dukih. ]lktlkmaý qul l` taldph ukaph`fr il L\ fmfoý, y ghy khs lkmhktrfdhs yf lk l` taldph oaph`fr (sam), plrh tfdphmh iloldhs suolstadfr `f iabamu`tfi qul tlkiræ L\ pfrf mfdoafr (sam) mufkih lkmulktrf iabamu`tfi pfrf rlfjustfrsl mhkbhrdl vf lk ilm`avl. ]leúk Dfrtak Jfmquls, L\ mrlý y lstæ ilstruylkih fghrf l` prlslktl hrilk e`hof` qul sustlktf l` du`ta`ftlrf`asdh y `f e`hof`azfmaýk, phr `h qul l` kulvh hrilk kh fivlkiræ lk l` mhrth plrahih il taldph, phr `h dlkhs kh lk `hs prýxadhs ?3 föhs, fukqul l` valjh hrilk ls iáoa` y yf kh ls dæs shstlkao`l. F su juamah, lxastl uk kulvh hrilk akmapalktl ilktrh il` mhkmlpth il `f _utf il `f ]lif iloaih f su lsmf`f y phr `fs ailfs(gttps://oat.`y/?HlEaI7 qul rlprlslktf, mhdh ).l` efkfr-efkfr, mhhplrfmaýk y l`lvfr `hs kavl`ls il vaif il `hs pfäsls phorls (gttps://oat.`y/?HlEaI7). Dfrtak Jfmquls, plsl f su pfsfih dfrxastf (h quazæ iloaih f l``h) y f su fdastfi mhk ukh il `hs dæxadhs gasthrafihrls il Hmmailktl, htrh dfrxastf sakeu`fr Lram Ghosofwd, kh thdf lk mulktf lk su kulvh hrilk e`hof` f _usaf, f `f qul Yrudp dfkljf mhk sudh rlsplth, kh sl iaef Mgakf. L` mhksu`thr lsplmaf` il` fktlrahr prlsailktl _lfefk, Ihue`fs Ofkihw, olmfrah il MFYH Akstatutl ” tgakn tfkn il lxtrldf ilrlmgf klh`aolrf`, bukifif phr l` ph`ádamh ldprlsfrah Mgfr`ls Nhmg: iámadh pradlrh lk l` rfknake il Bhrols mhk ukf bhrtukf il dæs il <3 da` da``hkls il iý`frls (gttps://oat.`y/?Eq]Vnr)”, iasmrlpf il `f tlhräf il Dfrtak Jfmquls iloaih f qul lxastlk thifväf dumgfs akmlrtaiudorls mufkih Slnäk y Ufsgakethk sl gfk plrmftfih il` pl`aerh il `hs mhkb`amths y ilslfk trfofjfr slrafdlktl pfrf rlf`azfr mhdprhdashs (sam). Zgfh ]usglke, prhblshr il `f \kavlrsaifi il Ilkvlr, slöf`ý qul fukqul Mgakf y L\ kh kfmalrhk pfrf slr shmahs, tfdphmh kfmalrhk pfrf slr lkldaehs y qul slræ adphsao`l (sam) il qul fdohs ldprlkifk ukf eulrrf bräf sada`fr f `f il L\ y `f \_]]. E`hof` Yadls kfrrf qul pfrf f`eukhs fmfiádamhs, `fs ihs suplrphtlkmafs ilolk, y shorlvavaræk lstl plrahih il mhkb`amth, yf yf qul l` prlmah il kh gfmlr`h slräf akfmlptfo`ldlktl akfmlptfo`ldlktl l`lvfih. Kh bf`tfræk qualkls sl rlol`lk rlol`lk il qul kh fpfrlzmfk `f \kaýk Lurhplf Lurhplf (\L) ka Akiaf. ]umlil qul Lurhpf ilsil `f ]leukif Eulrrf Dukiaf` bul fpákiaml il L\ y ghy ldpalzf f `aolrfrsl il tf` yueh elhlstrftáeamh f` ralseh il slr of`mfkazfif, dalktrfs qul Akiaf ”quazæ phr `f mfrfmtlrästamf ph`atlästf il `f dfy dfyhräf hräf kfmahkf`as kfmahkf`astf/tlh`ýeamf tf/tlh`ýeamf gakiú” ousqul ukf lquaiastfkmaf fmhdhiftamaf lktrl `f fke`ýsblrf, qul `f ihdaký, y l` kúm`lh lurhfsaætamh il` traækeu`h _AM (_usaf/Akiaf/Mgakf). L` erfk ilblmth il uk E-? lktrl L\ y Mgakf, qul sl gf f`ljfih rl`ftavfdlktl lk `fs blmgfs rlmalktls phr `f aktlksaifi il` mhkb`amth tlmkh`ýeamh, ls qul kh mhksailrf l` htrh pa`fr il` vlrifilrh hrilk traph`fr: _usaf (gttps://oat.`y/?BKmqqY) gttps://oat.`y/?BKmqqY). 7. L@ @AO_H O@FKMH IL ILBLK]F DA@AYF_ MGAKF LK @F K\LRF L_F Mgakf mhk l` dfkifräk Wa Jakpake sl phkl lk eufriaf fktl l` ftfqul du`taiadlksahk du`taiadlksahkf` f` il LL\\ qul akamaý mhk l` pavhtl il Hofdf y sl aktlksabamý mhk `f eulrrf tlmkh`ýeamf il Yrudp, fktl `h muf` Slnäk puo`amý su `aorh o`fkmh '@f ilblksf kfmahkf` il Mgakf lk `f kulvf lrf' qul bustaef l` shmfvfdalkth il `f lstfoa`aifi lstrftáeamf e`hof` phr LL\\. Ilsil ?36<, l` dfkifräk Wa gf thdfih prlmfumahkls fktl `f mrlmalktl ghsta`aifi il LL\\, mufkih akamaý su bu`eurfktl rlbhrdf da`atfr. Lk l` prlvah rlphrtl il Ilblksf il ?36<, Mgakf lxghrtfof f "dfyhrls aktlrmfdoahs da`atfrls y mhhplrfmaýk mhk htrhs pfäsls, plsl f uk lkthrkh mfdoafktl sak prlmlilktls". Muftrh föhs ilspuás, l` kulvh `aorh o`fkmh lxphkl (gttp://www.xakgufklt.mhd/lke`asg/?36135/?9/mX6=7?<==71.gtd) qul "`hs sastldfs aktlrkfmahkf`ls il sleuraifi y hrilk bulrhk shmfvfihs phr l` mrlmalktl gleldhkasdh, `f ph`ätamf il philr, l` uka`ftlrf`asd uka`ftlrf`asdhh y `fs mhkstfktls eulrrfs y mhkb`amths rleahkf`ls" il `hs qul, lk su thtf`aifi, LL\\ ls l` prakmapf` mu`pfo`l phr "ilslstfoa`azfr `f sleuraifi aktlrkfmahkf`", "f`adlktfr `f mhdpltlkmaf lstrftáeamf aktlrkfmahkf` y fml`lrfr `f mfrrlrf frdfdlktastf f` ilsfrrh``fr kulvhs taphs il bulrzfs il mhdoftl". Muftrh föhs ilspuás, l` `aorh o`fkmh ls dæs slvlrh mhk LL\\ f qualk juzef il slr rlsphksfo`l (gttps://www.smdp.mhd/klws/mgakf/ia (gttps://www .smdp.mhd/klws/mgakf/iap`hdfmy/frtam`l/=36 p`hdfmy/frtam`l/=3611<?/mgakf-fmmusls-us-uk 11<?/mgakf-fmmusls-us-ukilrdakakeilrdakakee`hof`-slmuraty-ilblkml-wgatl) phr elklrfr akmlrtaiudorls f `f sleuraifi rleahkf` (sam) lk FsafSfmäbamh mufkih "LL\\ bhrtf`lml sus f`afkzfs da`atfrls lk Fsaf-Sfmäbamh y rlbulrzf su aktlrvlkmaýk y ilsp`aleul da`atfr, fmudu`fkih mhdp`ljaifi f `f sleuraifi rleahkf`". L` rlphrtl fmusý f LL\\ il bhrtf`lmlr `f mhdpltlkmaf da`atfr e`hof` f` "mhdprhdltlrsl lk `f akkhvfmaýk akstatumahkf` akstatumahkf` y tl tlmkh`ýeamf mkh`ýeamf lk oúsqulif il ukf suplrahraifi da`atfr fosh`utf (sam)". L` `aorh o`fkmh mratamf l` ilsp`aleul phr LL\\ il su sastldf Ylrdakf` il Erfk F`tatui il Ilblksf il Ærlf (YGFFI, phr sus sae`fs lk ake`ás) lk Mhrlf il` ]ur, `h muf` "shmfof lk bhrdf slvlrf l` of`fkml lstrftáeamh y `hs aktlrlsls aktlrlsls lk sleuraifi il pfäsls pfäsls lk `f rleaýk (sam)". Yrls iäfs fktls il `f mhkbardfmaýk phr l` ]lkfih il` b`fdfktl slmrltfrah il` Slktæehkh Dfrn Lsplr (gttps://www.wfsgakethkphst.mhd/kftahkf`-slmuraty/s (gttps://www.wfsgakethkphst.mhd /kftahkf`-slmuraty/slkftl-vhtls-th-mhkbard-d lkftl-vhtls-th-mhkbard-dfrn-lsplr-fsfrn-lsplr-fsilblksl-slmrltfry/?361/35/?=/219o67f3-fmo9-66l1-f3m12i?i5767b=ifXsthry.gtd`8khrliarlmt4h 2i?i5767b=ifXst hry.gtd`8khrliarlmt4hk&utdXtlrd4.3995i7f2 k&utdXtlrd4.3995i7f2m?1i) m?1i)’uk gf`mýk il `f mhkbrhktfmaýk mhk Mgakf y _usaf, fildæs il slr mfoa`ilrh il` mhdp`ljh-da`atfr-akiustraf` ’, Jhgk _hhi, suoslmrltfrah il Sh`ätamf il Ilblksf il LL\\, bu`daký lk l` Bhrh il ]leuraifi il Fsplk (Mh`hrfih) qul Mgakf ls "l` pfäs dæs erfkil mhk mfpfmaifi pfrf mfdoafr `f bhrdf il vaif lk LL\\ y mfdoafr l` hrilk e`hof`, pfrf oalk h pfrf df`". Lk l` dasdh bhrh fkuf` il Fsplk, l` elklrf` rltarfih Yhky Yghdfs lxprlsý qul Mgakf prlslktfof uk dfyhr pl`aerh lk l` mfdph il `f tlmkh`heäf qul LL\\ kh gfoäf mhktldp`fih lk mfsa ?3 föhs y ihkil LL\\ "kh tlkäf mhdpltlkmaf". Ferleý qul Mgakf "ldpujý" f LL\\ f jlrfrquazfr uk fohrifjl aktlerf` pfrf `fs fp`amfmahkls da`atfrls il `fs mhdukamfmahkls akf`ædoramfs <E y `f Aktl`aelkmaf Frtabamaf`. Lk l` Bhrh il dfrrfs, Mgras Orhsl, lxiarlmthr il` Mhdatá il ]lrvamahs Frdfihs il LL\\, bustaeý `fs fdoamahkls tlrrathraf`ls il Mgakf lk l` dfr il` ]ur il Mgakf y lk su brhktlrf mhk `f Akiaf, phr `h qul mhksailrf qul LL\\ ilol rlp`amfr `fs akvlrsahkls il `fref lsmf`f il Mgakf lk tlmkh`heäf, tlm kh`heäf, yf qul il htrf bhrdf Ufsgakethk mhrräf l` ralseh il plrilr su suprldfmäf (gttps://www.smdp.mhd/klws/mgakf/ph (gttps://www .smdp.mhd/klws/mgakf/ph`atams/frtam`l/=3 `atams/frtam`l/=361975/mgakf-ukatli61975/mgakf-ukatli-stftls-thp-slmuratystftls-thp-slmuraty-tgrlfttgrlftilblkml-hbbamaf`-tl``s).. ilblkml-hbbamaf`-tl``s) \k iäf fktls il `f puo`amfmaýk il` `aorh o`fkmh, _usaf y Mgakf mhkiujlrhk ljlrmamahs da`atfrls mhkjukths lk l` dfr Hralktf` il Mgakf y l` dfr Hralktf`/dfr il Jfpýk, dliafktl akmursahkls fárlfs il pftru``fjl il `freh (gttps://dukih (gttps://dukih.sputkanklws.mhd .sputkanklws.mhd/ilblksf/?36135?963 /ilblksf/?36135?963776?72<?-`hs-tu776?72<?-`hs-tu-1<ds1<dsrushs-y-`hs-xafk-g-2-mgakhs-shorlvul`fkrushs-y-`hs-xafkg-2-mgakhs-shorlvul`fk-jukths-l`-dfr-il-jfphk-v jukths-l`-dfr-il-jfphk-vailh/) ailh/) f`mfkml qul plkltrfrhk `f Zhkf il Ailktabamfmaýk Fárlf il Ilblksf (FIAZ, phr sus sae`fs lk ake`ás" ’zhkf mhdpfrtaif phr Mhrlf il` ]ur, Jfpýk y Mgakf ’`h muf` mhkstatuyý uk m`frh dlksfjl f LL\\ shorl l` "rllqua`aorah il `f akb`ulkmaf da`atfr lk `f rleaýk" (gttps://www.smdp.mhd/klws/mgakf/ia (gttps://www .smdp.mhd/klws/mgakf/iap`hdfmy/frtam`l/=36 p`hdfmy/frtam`l/=3611=1/mgakf-russaf-s 11=1/mgakf-russaf-slln-rlof`fkmllln-rlof`fkmlda`atfry-daegt-fsaf-pfmabam).. da`atfry-daegt-fsaf-pfmabam) Yfdphmh pfsý ilsfplrmaoaih qul l` dasdh iäf il` `aorh o`fkmh, _usaf ldofrmý kulvhs dasa`ls il ilblksf fktafárlhs ]-933 (gttps://spu (gttps://sputkanklws.mhd/da`a tkanklws.mhd/da`atfry/?36135?9635 tfry/?36135?96352=95219-russaf2=95219-russaf-sgappakesgappakes-933-th-mgakf-fglfi-hb-smgliu`l/) f Mgakf fktls il` taldph prherfdfih. ]leúk ]hutg Mgakf Dhrkake Shst, LL\\ "orakiý su fphyh f Mhrlf il` ]ur y f Jfpýk lk rlspulstf f `fs akmursahkls fárlfs il Mgakf y _usaf" y juzef qul l` ljlrmamah mhkjukth fárlh il Dhsmú y Slnäk rlvl`f `f "fdoamaýk il lxpfkiar l` pfkhrfdf il su akb`ulkmaf ph`ätamf mufkih l` mhdprhdash da`atfr il Ufsgakethk lk `f rleaýk ls mulstahkfih y `fs rl`fmahkls mhk sus prakmapf`ls f`afihs rleahkf`ls saeulk iltlrahrækihsl". Slnäk y Dhsmú lsmhealrhk l` ýptadh dhdlkth pfrf phklr f prulof `f mhhplrfmaýk tra`ftlrf` il LL\\/Mhrlf il` ]ur/Jfpýk qul gf usfih LL\\ pfrf adpliar `f lxpfksaýk da`atfr il _usaf y Mgakf lk `f rleaýk Fsaf-Sfmabamh mufkih "sl gfk aktlksabamfih `fs tlksahkls lktrl ]lú` y Yhnah shorl l` mhdlrmah y l` `lefih il `f ]leukif Eulrrf Dukiaf`". Gfml uk föh _usaf y Mgakf yf gfoäfk rlf`azfih lsplmtfmu`frls 'julehs il eulrrf' lk l` @ljfkh Hralktl rush Rhsthn ?367 (gttps://ww (gttps://www.jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?367/37 w.jhrkfif.mhd.dx/?367/37/?1/hpakahk/3? /?1/hpakahk/3?3h6ph`) 3h6ph`).. Frtahd @unak, vamliarlmthr il `f \kavlrsaifi Blilrf` il` @ljfkh Hralktl il _usaf, mhdlktý sak tfpujhs qul "Slnäk y Dhsmú lsplrfk ``lkfr l` vfmäh il sleuraifi mrlfih phr `f akmlrtaiudorl shorl l` mhdprhdash da`atfr il LL\\ lk `f rleaýk, mhkbhrdl Ufsgakethk ousmf rlmhrtfr su efsth da`atfr lk `f rleaýk Fsaf-Sfmäbamh". @unak aktlrprltf qul "Slnäk y Dhsmú `l iamlk f ]lú` y f Yhnah qul l` lqua`aorah da`atfr lk `f rleaýk sl gf dhvaih y qul LL\\ yf kh ls dæs l` prakmapf` fmthr". L` `aorh o`fkmh lkbftazf l` mhdprhdash il Mgakf il "kh usfr pradlrh `fs frdfs f rdfs kum`lfrls ofjh kakeukf marmukstfkmaf ka il fdlkfzfr mhk su ush mhktrf pfäsls sak frdfs kum`lfrls" ofjh l` lsquldf il "ukf lstrftleaf kum`lfr il futhilblksf". Yfdphmh Mgakf "sl akvh`umrfræ lk kakeukf mfrrlrf frdfdlktastf kum`lfr" y "dfktlkiræ su iasufsaýk f` kavl` däkadh rlqulraih pfrf su sleuraifi kfmahkf`". L` ihmudlkth rlmulrif qul ilsil su bukifmaýk gfml 53 föhs, Mgakf kukmf gf `aorfih eulrrfs ka mhkb`amths frdfihs. L` ihmudlkth puktuf`azf qul l` "shmaf`asdh mhk mfrfmtlrästamfs mgakfs lktrý f ukf kulvf lrf mufkih l` dukih il ghy subrl prhbukihs mfdoahs kh vasths iurfktl uk sae`h: "`f e`hof`azfmaýk lmhkýdamf, `f shmalifi il `f akbhrdfmaýk y `f iavlrsabamfmaýk mu`turf` sl ilsfrrh``fk lk uk mrlmalktl dukih du`taph`fr (sam)" phr `h qul `f "pfz, ilsfrrh``h y `f mhhplrfmaýk efkfr-efkfr" plrdfklmlk mhdh "`fs tlkilkmafs arrlvlrsao`ls il `hs taldphs" brlktl f "prhdaklktls bfmthrls ilslstfoa`azfihrls l akmlrtaiudorls lk `f sleuraifi aktlrkfmahkf`". Juzef qul `f "eulrrf lvh`umahkf l vh`umahkf gfmaf `f eulrrf il `f akbhrdfmaýk y `f eulrrf aktl`aelktl" y mhkilkf `fs vl`laifils akilplkilktastfs il Yfawæk y il` Yäolt, fsä mhdh `hs dhvadalkths slpfrftastfs il` Yurnlstæk Hralktf`. Fohef phr `f rlukabamfmaýk pfmabamf il Yfawæk ofjh l` prakmapah il "uk pfäs, ihs sastldfs" ’f` lsta`h il Ghke Nhke y il Dfmfh’. L` `aorh o`fkmh hthref dumgf adphrtfkmaf f` Olajake Wafkesgfk Bhrud mhdh fuialkmaf pfrf l` "ktlrmfdoah il kulvfs ailfs y fohrifjls pfrf `fs fdlkfzfs f `f sleuraifi rleahkf` (sam) y sus ilsfbähs", muyfs iasmusahkls "gfk tlkaih uk pfpl` fmtavh lk prhdhvlr l` iaæ`heh il `f sleuraifi y `f mhkbafkzf dutuf lk `f rleaýk Fsaf-Sfmäbamh)". ]l akbalrl qul, f` mhrtl il mfjf il ghy, `f jlrfrquäf il `hs ilsfbähs qul mhkbrhktf Mgakf sl mlktrf lk su 'rleaýk' Fsaf-Sfmäbamh, sak ilsmuaifr su lxpfksaýk plrabáramf y sus aktlrlsls bhræklhs. 1. ¸V\AÁK RF EFKFKIH @F E\L__F MHDL_MAF@ LKY_L L\ Q MGAKF8 // OH_A] JHGK]HK MHV\LYLF MHK @F _\YF IL @F ]LIF // \KH L]SL_F, L@ HY_H IL]L]SL_F Lk Dáxamh sl sul`l lstfr forudfih phr `hs du`tadliaf il Lstfihs \kaihs/Erfk Orltföf y sus sumursf`ls `hmf`ls, y kh sl thdf lk mulktf iaf`ámtamfdlktl `f fktätlsas il `f mhktrfpfrtl fblmtfif, mhdh ls l` mfsh b`ferfktl il Mgakf lk `f eulrrf mhdlrmaf` qul akamaý Yrudp. ]a ukh sl ofsf lk `hs tuats il Yrudp, puls præmtamfdlktl Mgakf lstfräf `aquaifif lk bhrdf fosurif, `h muf` ftlktf mhktrf `f rlf`aifi. Yrudp ls uk lxml`lktl prhpfefkiastf mhdh sl lktrlký 6= föhs lk su prherfdf il rlf`aty sghw Ygl Fpprlktaml (gttps://adio.th/?N=Sjtk), (gttps://adio.th/?N=Sjtk), fildæs il slr uk mhksferfih o`ubastf il pýqulr,y`hDfmfh. fprlkiaý lk sus mfsakhs h mhk su shmah asrfl`ä ]gl`ihk Fil`shk, dfkifdæs il @fs Rlefs ]umlil qul gfy mftlehräfs lktrl `hs 61= pfäsls il `f HK\, mufkih ukhs, mhdh vu`efrls kfmahkls ofkfklrfs sumudolk f` pradlr fdfeh il fdlkfzfs il Yrudp, y htrhs, mhdh `fs suplrphtlkmafs, _usaf y Mgakf ”akm`ush Akiaf” `h pfrfk lk slmh. Lk lsths dhdlkths Khrmhrlf l Aræk ”y gfstf `f \kaýk Lurhplf ” gfk ilsmuoalrth `hs f`mfkmls il `hs o`ubs il Yrudp, qul pulilk slr duy `ltf`ls mufkih `hs pfäsls fblmtfihs mfrlmlk il fktamulrphs, yf kh sl iaef il uk sastldf akdukh`ýeamh ka il rlsa`alkmaf ka mfræmtlr. L` pukth il vastf il Mgakf shorl `f eulrrf mhdlrmaf` qul `aorf L\ ls iafdltrf`dlktl hpulsth f `f prhpfefkif l`lmthrlrf il Yrudp. Qu Jakmua, il` E`hof` Yadls, f`lef qul ‐L\ lstæ dæs fksahsh pfrf uk frrle`h qul Mgakf (gttps://oat.`y/?@Bv<t?)—. @f eulrrf mhdlrmaf` il Yrudp, qul gf iurfih uk föh, gf fblmtfih f adphrtfktls sledlkths il `f lmhkhdäf il L\ ”fukqul kh `f oh`sf il Uf`` ]trllt, ihkil `f akdaklktl iasdakumaýk il `fs tfsfs il aktlrás pulil slrvar f Yrudp pfrf su fkgl`fif rl`lmmaýk, lktrl htrhs bfmthrls”, mhdh l` ærlf rurf` qul gf plram`atfih, fildæs il` slmthr yf il phr sä f`amfäih il `f dfkubfmturf qul sl lkmulktrf f` ohril il `f rlmlsaýk mufkih `f iluif il L\ lstæ f pukth il f`mfkzfr su rámhri. Lk säktlsas, f juamah il Qu, `hs mhksudaihrls, `hs erfkjlrhs y `hs dfkubfmturlrhs shk thihs vämtadfs, phr `h qul Yrudp mhkbrhktf ukf prlsaýk mrlmalktl pfrf bakaquatfr su eulrrf mhdlrmaf` Mhdlrmah.mhktrf Mgakf, lk rlmgfzh f `f muf` sl gfk lxprlsfih púo`amfdlktl sus Mædfrfs il Slsl f qul Yrudp sl gf futhl`heafih mhdh l` _ly il `fs Yfrabfs (lk)dfrmfifs mhk su brfsl akil`lo`l `fs eulrrfs mhdlrmaf`ls shk oulkfs(sam) y bæma`ls(sam) il efkfr ”rl`ftavazfkih l` erfih il mhilplkilkmaf il` pfäs fblmtfih”, `hs tuats il` prlsailktl kh gfk (mhk)dhvaih f Mgakf, f plsfr il qul lk `f gastýramf mudorl il` E-?3 lk Hsfnf, lk `f rlukaýk oa`ftlrf` f` dfrelk lktrl Yrudp y l` dfkifräk Wa fmhrifrhk ukf trleuf, ihkil l` dfkiftfrah il L\ ka saqualrf puih sfmfr `f bardf il Olajake pfrf `f klmlsatfif mhdprf il sus prhiumths rurf`ls, sakh vfefs prhdlsfs kh-vakmu`fktls, mufkih Mgakf ousmf `f lxhklrfmaýk il Gufwla, ukf il sus jhyfs tlmkh`ýeamfs, y eufrif lk l` oh`sa``h ihs frdfs `ltf`ls: `f prhgaoamaýk y/h l` akmrldlkth il `fs tfrabfs f `f lxphrtfmaýk il sus ‐daklrf`ls il t alrrfs rfrfs (gttps://oat.`y/?LED31J)—, y l` iudpake il sus mufktahsfs rlslrvfs il Ohkhs il` Ylshrh il L\ qul phkiräfk f prulof l` hrilk bakfkmalrh e`hof` ofsfih lk `f ukaph`fraifi folrrfktl il` iý`fr. Qa juzef qul Mgakf y L\ ilslfk mhkm`uar `f eulrrf mhdlrmaf`, plrh Mgakf lstæ dæs trfkqua`f qul L\. Ghy gfstf Ohras Jhgkshk, l` b`fdfktl prldalr oratækamh y suprldh f`afih il Yrudp, mhqultlf mhk `f _utf il `f ]lif il Mgakf. Ls fosurih prltlkilr qul ukf il `fs ihs suplrphtlkmafs elhlmhkýdamfs vf f efkfr. @fs ihs palrilk, dæxadl qul talklk ukf erfk mhdp`ldlktfralifi lk sus mfilkfs il sudakastrh, `h muf` iföf `fs lmhkhdäfs il` dukih lktlrh, mhk dfyhr ih`h lk @ftakhfdáramf. Ka saqualrf L\ talkl bæma` l` pfkhrfdf da`atfr mufkih Mgakf fmfof il puo`amfr su vaehrhsh @aorh O`fkmh il ‐Ilblksf pfrf ukf Kulvf Lrf (gttps://oat.`y/?ZlGmFk)—. L` taldph mgakh `l efkf f Yrudp: Mgakf ``lvf ukf vlktfjf akstatumahkf` mufkih pulil lsplrfr l` ilslk`fml il `f l`lmmaýk prlsailkmaf` il L\, dalktrfs l` dfkifräk Wa gf saih l`leaih il phr vaif phr su Sfrtaih Mhdukastf. 63. @F] IH] J\EFIF] DFEA]Y_F@L] IL DFM_HK L` prlsailktl ef`h Lddfkul` Dfmrhk, il 96 föhs, lxgaoaý lk `f mudorl il` E-5 lk Oafrratz sus akáiatfs ihtls il `ailrfzeh e`hof`. Qf sl sfol qul f mfdoah il sftasbfmlr f Ihkf`i Yrudp pfrf l` rlthrkh il _usaf f` E-5 y rlmhkbaeurfr uk E-7, dhvaý sus palzfs pfrf iastlkilr `f mrätamf satufmaýk lk l` Eh`bh Sársamh. Lsth f` akvatfr lk bhrdf shrprlkilktl f` mfkma``lr arfkä, Jfvfi Zfrab, f` dfrelk il` E-5 lk Oafrratz. Vuazæ tfdoaák Dfmrhk gfyf dhvaih ukf tlrmlr palzf f` aktlktfr iastlkilr `f eulrrf mhdlrmaf` lktrl Lstfihs \kaihs y Mgakf. Kh ls kakeúk slmrlth mhkbardfr qul Yrudp ilslf akvatfr f` prlsailktl Sutak, yf mhdh daldorh il` rlkhvfih E-7,f `f prýxadf mudorl prherfdfif lk Dafda. Yfdphmh ls slmrlth fbardfr qul quazæ slf lk B`hraif, mhk sus ?1 vhths l`lmthrf`ls, ihkil Yrudp juleul su rll`lmmaýk. Gfstf Danl Shdplh, ]lmrltfrah il Lstfih, mhkbardý qul Lstfihs \kaihs lstæ hplrfkih `hs dlmfkasdhs klmlsfrahs pfrf l` rlthrkh il _usaf f` E-7. Kh bul mfsuf` qul Dfmrhk gfyf rlmaoaih lk l` pf`fmah vlrfkaleh lk Oráefkmhk f` prlsailktl rush R`fiy Sutak, lk ukf vasatf phmh puo`amatfif, trls iäfs fktls il `f mudorl il` E-5. L` phrtf` f`ldæk Ygl E`hof`ast (gttp://oat.`y/?KIeY_N) freuyl `f lxastlkmaf il uk quai prh quh:rlakmhrphrfmaýk il _usaf f` E-7, f mfdoah il `f iastlksaýk il` ghy E-5 mhk Aræk. @h muf` lxp`amf `f lsplmtfmu`fr rlmlpmaýk il` mfkma``lr arfkä lk Oafrratz qualk sl rlukaý tfkth mhk su ghdý`heh ef`h mhdh mhk l` dasdh Dfmrhk. L` E-5 lk Oafrratz sa bul il f`mfkmls gastýramhs: rlsumatý f` dasdh prlsailktl brfkmás y iah kulvf vaif f` E-5 mhk `f akmhrphrfmaýk il _usaf f` E-7. 66. DFM_HK S_HM@FDF L@ BAK IL @F GLELDHKÄF IL HMMAILKYL Q @F _LMHKMA@AFMAÝK MHK _\]AF ]leúk @l Dhkil, ‐ilspuás il` áxath ( sam) il` E-5 Dfmrhk sfmuiaý f `hs iap`hdætamhs (gttp://oat.`y/?DSxxHs))—. (gttp://oat.`y/?DSxxHs Kh lxastaý tf` áxath mufkih Dfmrhk sl `umaý trls iäfs fktls il `f mudorl il` E-5 lk Oafrratz, f` rlmaoar lk Oráefkåhk f su ghdý`heh rush R`fiy Sutak, mhk qualk fmhriý, dæs f``æ il `f bfmgfif il \mrfkaf, rlmhkma`afrsl y `uoramfr `f rlakmhrphrfmaýk il _usaf f` bhrdfth il` E-7, f pltamaýk lxprlsf il Yrudp (gttp://oat.`y/?KD6FU@) (gttp://oat.`y/?KD6FU@).. Htrh `umadalkth il Dfmrhk bul su mhup il tgáïtrl plrsf: `f rlmlpmaýk il` mfkma``lr Jfvfi Zfrab lk Oafrratz, f` dfrelk il` E-5. Lk l` slkh il` iasbukmahkf` E-5 kh sl rlsh`vaý kfif. Ka saqualrf `f fprldafktl mhktraoumaýk f` dlefakmlkiah il` Fdfzhkfs. Vuazæ fyuiý f `uoramfr `f vh`tlrltf il Yrudp, pfrf kh plrilr `f mhdphsturf, shorl `f rlfkuifmaýk il `fs klehmafmahkls il su eulrrf mhdlrmaf` mhktrf Mgakf. Dfmrhk `umaý lkhrdaifils uk iäf ilspuás il` E-5 ”mhk su iasmursh qul (lk)dfrmf l` mfkth il maskl il Hmmailktl” fktl ?33 iap`hdætamhs (gttp://oat.`y/?KJM7nE) (gttp://oat.`y/?KJM7nE):: ¡uk elkaf` iafekýstamh il` zlatelas zlatelastt elhlstrftáeamh! Lk uk m`æsamh lsta`h klh-efu``astf, Dfmrhk ilbakaý l` pfpl` il Brfkmaf mhdh ukf phtlkmaf il lqua`aorah. @l Dhkil rlmuplrf `f hpmaýk lstrftáeamf il Dfmrhk: lvatfr l` ilsvfklmadalkth il Lurhpf brlktl f `f prhdaklkmaf il Mgakf y L\, qul pfsf klmlsfrafdlktl phr `f rlmhkma`afmaýk il `f \kaýk Lurhplf mhk su vlmakh rush mufkih ghy Lurhpf ls l` tlftrh il ukf `umgf lstrftáeamf lktrl L\ y _usaf qul tlkiræ mhkslmulkmafs il `f eulrrf bräf lk l` sul`h il Lurhpf qul mhrrl l` ralseh il ilsfpfrlmlr. Dfmrhk foheý phr ukf lstrftleaf il `f fuifmaf mhk l` bak il ‐mh`hmfr f` ghdorl ( sam) lk l` mlktrh il `f mava`azfmaýk lurhplf ilsil l` _lkfmadalkth— ” tlsas följf il Ofjh `f @upf.Iafekhstamf l` bak il `f gleldhkäf hmmailktf` y fpl`f f ‐ukf trfksbhrdfmaýk ( sam) y f ukf rlmhdphsamaýk elhph`ätamf y lstrftáeamf—. @fs mhsfs mfdoafrhk: blklmaý l` hrilk aktlrkfmahkf` il `f gleldhkäf hmmailktf` ilsil l` sae`h WRAAA: qul bul pradlrh brfkmás mhk l` sae`h il `f A`ustrfmaýk> `uleh oratækamh lk l` sae`h WAW mhk `f _lvh`umaýk Akiustraf`> y lstfiukailksl lk l` sae`h WW erfmafs f ihs erfkils mhkb`amths y f su ihdakfmaýk lmhkýdamf y ph`ätamf. Ghy l` dukih vavl `f du`taph`fraifi mhk `f ldlrelkmaf il kulvfs phtlkmafs muyh adpfmth gf saih suolstadfih. Mh`hmf f Mgakf lk pradlr `uefr, `uleh f `f lstrftleaf rusf qul gf saih duy lxathsf, fildæs il` rlsureadalkth il Akiaf. @fs trls suplrphtlkmafs ldlrelktls sl palksfk mhdh vlrifilrhs Lstfihs mava`azfthrahs qul shk duy ftrfmtavhs phr `f aksparfmaýk qul ldfkfk: Akiaf, _usaf y Mgakf phsllk ukf aksparfmaýk ph`ätamf dumgh dæs philrhsf qul `f lurhplf. Q lsh qul Dfmrhk kh fohriý `f phrtlkthsf _utf il `f ]lif il Mgakf qul fshmaf f _usaf lk su trfylmth y f Lurhpf mhdh su tlrdakf` elhlmhkýdamf. _lmhkhml qul `f ‐lmhkhdäf il dlrmfih sl bakfkmafraz bakfkmafrazý ý prhbukifdlktl—, `h muf` ilsldohmý lk uk mfpatf`asdh il fmudu`fmaýk sak ukf m`fsl dliaf qul mhkstatuäf l` plilstf` il `f ildhmrfmaf y f`tlrý l` hrilk ph`ätamh. Bustaef mhk justf rfzýk f L\ qul ‐sl lkmulktrf lk l` mfdph hmmailktf`, plrh qul kh mhdphrtf l` dasdh gudfkasdh ( sam)—, f iablrlkmaf il `f ‐slksaoa`aifi ( sam)— il `hs lurhplhs. @uleh il f`frilfr qul Brfkmaf rlprlslktf ghy l` pradlr ljármath lurhplh, fdák il mhkstatuar ukf suplrphtlkmaf iap`hdætamf, fivalrtl qul ldpujfr f _usaf `ljhs il Lurhpf ls uk prhbukih lrrhr lstrftáeamh, yf qul l` fas`fdalkth il Dhsmú akmrldlktf `fs tlksahkls y `h ldpujf f f`afrsl mhk htrfs suplrphtlkmafs mhkh Mgakf, `h muf` kh ls il` aktlrás il Lurhpf. @fkzf su sliummaýk f _usaf, f qualk akvatf f bhrdfr pfrtl il su lkthrkh mava`azfthrah lurhplh, lk `uefr il slr l` f`afih dakhratfrah il Mgakf. ¸_usaf mhdh pradud aktlr aktlr pfrls lk Lurhpf8 L` suprldh elhlstrftlef qul rlsu`tý slr l` zfr R`fiy Sutak ls ghy dhtavh il `f sliummaýk sadu`tæklf il Mgakf, Yrudp y fghrf il Brfkmaf/Lurhpf. ]horf rlmf`mfr qul qualk ``lvf `f dfkh il `f ilbakamaýk elhlstrftáeamf lurhfsaætamf y e`hof` ls _usaf, lk `f bfsl il su pfrusäf mhk l` zfr R`fiy Sutak.