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_LKÒJ LJG_ÄR
FDN@R@ FËL T B@JRSC N@
GC NL KÝRDBL
o l r b c n ` j l 
l b l j t d n l g `
Quondblg` p`r
lbljtdnlg`
\ulgcrjs Brckl, R. L.
Kujtljcr,    -      Olrbcn`jl
Wcn.          - Flx.         
b`rrc` Albljtdnlg`.cs
www .lbljt
www.lb
ljtdnl
dnlg`.
g`.cs
cs
©     oy _lkòj Ljgräs I`jzìncz-B`o`
© gc cstl cgdbdòj,     oy \ulgcrjs Brckl, R. L.
Gcrcbe`s cxbnusdv`s gc cgdbdòj=
\ulgcrjs Brckl, R. L.
d s o j = ----
g c p ò s d t ` n c i l n = o.
o.      -    
l d i u l g c v d g r c Irìfdbl
q u l g c r j s b r c k l B`kp`sdbdòj
r ` k l j y á - v l n n s Dkpr
Dk prcs
csdò
dòj
j y cj
cjbu
bulg
lgcr
crjl
jlbd
bdòj
òj
prdkcrl cgdbdòj
li`st` gc    
Olm` nls sljbd`jcs cstloncbdgls p`r nls ncycs,
qucglj rdiur`slkcjtc pr`edodgls, sdj nl lut`rdzlbdòj
p`r csbrdt` gc n`s tdtunlrcs gcn b`pyrdiet, nl rcpr`gubbdòj t`tln
` plrbdln gc cstl `orl p`r bulnqudcr kcgd` ` pr`bcgdkdcjt` kcbìjdb` `
cncbtròjdb`, lbtuln ` futur`‗djbnuycjg` nls f`t`b`pdls y nl gdfusdòj
l trlväs gc Djtcrjct‗, y nl gdstrdoubdòj gc cmckpnlrcs gc cstl
cgdbdòj kcgdljtc lnqudncr ` prästlk` pýondb`s.
B@JWCJDG@
prdk crl plrtc
N@R FSJGLKCJW@R
d. n` prcvd`
Kck`rdl y b`jsucn`
Cn irdt`, nl v`z
@ëg`, csbubel, rcs`jljbdl
Cn bucrp`, nl gljzl




dd. nl kýsdbl yl jlbc irljgc
Bdcjbdl gc nl vcrglg
Qcjslr nl kýsdbl cs ﬌n`s`flr
Nls b`jtdcjgls gc Elrk`jël

Lrk`jël, cn lrb` tcjslg`



ddd. rlzòj gcn kdt`
Cn vdcjtrc gc Icl
Cn gcspcglzlkdcjt`
Nl j`bec
Nl jlvcilbdòj
@rpedhì
@rfc` cstuv` lquë
Nl ndrl y nl bruz
Cn slbrd﬌bd` y cn edkj`
Or`jbc y b`jmur`








 
dv.. pdtìi`rls y nl bucjtl bcncstc
dv
Cn jýkcr` vcjdg` gc n`s lstr`s
Cn csbug` gc Cuf`ro`
Sjl icjcln`iël gcn klr
]lj, Br`j`s y Bt`jdl
Nl vdgl pdtliòrdbl
Sj s`jdg` gcn bdcn`, dkpcrbcptdonc
Fdn`nl` y nl b`kprl gc uj`s ndor`s
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

N`s gcsckcmljtcs
v. b`jb`rgljbdl y gdsb`rgljbdl
gcn jýkcr`
Sj csplbd` pcjslonc
Nl dnusdòj gc n`s scjtdg`s
Nl `trl kltckìtdbl
Cn blstdi` drrlbd`jln gc Eëpls`
Nl lur`rl djb`jkcjsurlo
djb`jkcjsurlonc
nc
Sjl bucrgl y ujls bdfrls
Lrqudtls= «B`j kube` cn kìs prc`buplg`
gc n`s pdtliòrdb`s p`r nl kýsdbl¸
R`jdg`s liug`s («`xäl¸), s`jdg`s irlvcs
(«olräl¸)

 
 
 
 
 
 

vd. n`s blkdj`s lzuncs
Lrk`jël gc nls csfcrls
Cr, cn lrkcjd`
Wdkc`
bucjtl bòk` cn gckduri` b`jf`rkò
cn ujdvcrs`
Csbdpdòj sucül




vdd. uj s`jdg` k`rln
Gc lbucrg` b`j nl gdijdglg
Ròbrltcs `yc ujl cspcbdc gc v`z gdvdjl


vddd. «s`peël¸, gljzl y gcndt`s b`jtrl
nl kýsdbl
Lrdst`bncs, cs gcbdr, Qnltòj
 
Sjl b`jvcrslbdòj cjtrc Bndjdls y cn ltcjdcjsc
(elonlj gc gljzl)
Gcndt`s b`jtrl nl kýsdbl


dx. vdrtug («lrct 󰄒󰂷¸) y utdn dglg
gc nl kýsdbl
Lrdstòtcncs. Nl oucjl ﬌jlndglg
Qurd﬌blbdòj, hìtelrsds
Wlkp`b` cn bdcn`, tlkp`b` cn lnkl
Nls nubcs gc n`s gdsbëpun`s
 
 


x. ujl kýsdbl gcn gcscjbucjtr`
Nl ndzl cjtrc n`s cpdbýrc`s y n`s cst`db`s
 
sciu jgl plrtc
NL BC_WDGSKO_C
d. gc rcircs` l `tr` djdbd`
Rcxt` Ckpërdb` cn csbäptdb`= cn tdckp`
j` cxdstc, tlkp`b` cn rdtk`
N` gdvdj` cstì sdckprc nnciljg`
°\udäj j` pucgc lklr cn sdctc0 Fdnòj,
Bnckcjtc y @rëicjcs



dd. nl rc-s`jljbdl gcn scr
Jdbòklb` gc Icrlsl, cj kcgd` gc uj vdlmc
J` ely jcbcsdglg gc uj djstrukcjt` kusdbln.
Wcòj gc Cskdrjl
Sj ýntdk` ndor` gc Qt`n`kc`

 
 
ddd. jc`pnltòjdb`s
Nls nctrls dkprcsls cj cn ldrc quc cn lnkl ncc.
Qcjslr b`j Qn`tdj`
Qr`bn`, gc nls slodgurëls
Lrëstdgcs \udjtdndlj`. Cn gcsbcjs` gcn lnkl
Gc gdstdjt`s kujg`s= Ilugcjbd` cn ﬌nòs`f`,
Lncmljgr` gc Lfr`gdsdls y Bcjs`rdj`
ju pbdlss gc Fdn`n`ië
Fdn` n`iëll
Klrbdlj` Blpcnnl cj Nls jupbdl
y Kcrburd
Kcrb urd``




 
dv.. t`kl, ncc
dv
Rlj Liustëj, cn rcbucrg` gc nl trdstczl plslgl
Nl lrk`jël b`kdcjzl p`r nl ujdglg
 

v. cn b`jsucn`, sdckprc
O`cbd`. Q`r quä b`j uj bìjtdb` sc elbc
kìs gunbc cn nn`rlr

Wrcs cssc kusdbls
 
vd. nl cglg kcgdl, j` `sburl
Lnbudj` gc T`rh. Sjl jucvl Ltcjls cj Frljbdl
_lolj` Klur`, ctdk`n`iël y vcrglg
Nl lrk`jdbl pedn`s`pedl
Crdýicjl, cn pcs` blrcjtc gc pcs`
Blgl v`z cs ujl nuz
 
 
 
 

vdd. cn `fdbd` gc csbubelr
Elbdl cn jucv` kdncjd`
Nl onljbl týjdbl gc dincsdls. Qcgr` Locnlrg`
Bcrbl gc Odjicj
Lgcnlrg` gc Olte elonl b`j g`s glkls
Eui` gc Rlj Vëbt`r, nl tcrrl lndcjl
Sjl b`gl plrl _dblrg` gc Rlj Vëbt`r
 
 




vddd. prciujtls gc nl kýsdbl
Iujgdslnv`
y Lnlj` gcKctlfësdbl
Ndnnc
_`ocrt`
Ir`ssctcstc.
gc nl nuz
y gcn s`jdg`
Olb`j, uj slocr b`j﬌jlg`
Lnocrt` Klij`, nl pr`pdcglg gc nls b`sls
W`kìs gc Lqudj` cj ujl b`r`jl gcn bdcn`
Gljtc, cn uj`, g`s, trcs quc sdckprc vdvc
Mlb`o` gc Ndcml, Mulj gc Kurds y cn
 



 

jukcrus djflkds
Sj bljtus ﬌rkus gcspncilg` cj cn tdckp`

y cn csplbd`. Jdb`nìs gc @rcskc
Jdb`nìs gc Busl, cn edm` gcn olrqucr`
 

tcrbcrl plrtc
NL DJ\SDCWSG
d. «k`ncstdls ljdklc¸.
ljdk lc¸. kýsdbl y eukljdsk`
euklj dsk`
Nl kýsdbl gcn eukljdsk` plrl elbcr fcndbcs
l n`s e`korcs. Nccr l M`eljjcs Wdjbt`rds
Sj kýsdb` t`bl n`s bëkoln`s. N`rcjz` Vlnnl
sc el ﬌mlg` cj än
Cn bljt` cs uj ljdkln lärc`. Klrsdnd` Fdbdj`



Frljbcsb` ]`rzd, nl lrk`jël gcn kujg`
cs su sdncjbd`
kus dbl ndocr
nd ocr
Idr`nlk` Blrglj`, Gc kusdbl


dd. elbdl ujl ut`pël
Nl frìidn v`z gc Crlsk`
Nutcr`= «Rd uj klcstr` gc csbucnl j`
sloc bljtlr, jd n` kdrlrä¸
W`kìs K`r`= jd ujl bcjl sdj kýsdbl
Crlsk` y K`r` olm` «nl cstrcnnl b`kýj¸
gc Mulj Nuds Vdvcs

 


ddd. odnds jcirl, n`burl, kýsdbl
Fdn`s`fël, kýsdbl y kcnljb`nël
F`x K`rbdnn` y Jdcrckocri, tlkodäj nl kýsdbl
Q`jtus gc Wylrg, «gc uj blstdnn` l `tr`¸

 


Kcnljbe`ny Ilnndlrg
dv.. cxpcrdkcjtlbdòj y sucü`
dv
Frljbds Olb`j frcjtc l _`ocrt Fnugg
Cn slocr ecrkätdb`. _`ocrtus gc Fnubtdous
Qcqucül b`gl djincsl

 

v. n`s djfdjdt`s kujg`s y nl kýsdbl
cj bërbun`
Id`rglj` Oruj`. Qcjslrn` t`g` gc jucv`
Sj lb`rgc ujdtdv` c dj﬌jdt`


vd. «n — dkpdätä ct nl rlds`j¸
Kcrscjjc pdgc lyugl l Ilsscjgd
Kcrscjjc= bìnbun` y fc, bìnbun` y kýsdbl
_cjä Gcsblrtcs y cn `oscqud` gc uj b`kpcjgduk
Nl kcgdgl cj nl kýsdbl
Rciujgl pcqucül b`gl
Ncdojdz= vdsdòj klbr`sbòpdbl, vdsdòj
kdbr`sbòpdbl
Sjl lrk`jël prccstloncbdgl

 


 
 
 
vdd. nl kýsdbl, ujl
ujl s`nl y nlril sënlol.
csbubelr b`k` dnustrlg`s
Cn pcrgdg` Qlrjlssc frljélds
G`s k`kcjt`s, g`s vdsd`jcs gc G—Lnckocrt s`orc
N—Cjby
jbybnòp
bnòpcgdc
cgdc , uj pldslmc gc f`jg`
_lkclu. N—C
Gdgcr`t y nl kìs vd`ncjtl gc nls ocnnls lrtcs
_lkclu, sdckprc _lkclu
Belolj`j, cn ﬌nòs`f`-vd`ndjds
﬌nòs`f`-vd`ndjdstl.
tl.
Sjl scjslbdòj purl


  

 
vddd. nl rlzòj= t`g`s b`jtrl t`g`s
_`ussclu= j` lplrtäds nl kýsdbl gc nl jlturlnczl
Bljtlr cj frljbäs n` cstr`pcl t`g`.
Sj lriukcjt` kìs b`jtrl _lkclu
Sjls cjkdcjgls gc Ljt`jd` Cxdkcj`
Hljt rclorc uj b`j﬏dbt` cj nl Brëtdbl gcn mudbd`

Sjl pcqucül b`gl lnckljl
  
J`tl ﬌jln
Fucjtcs odond`irì﬌bls
 


 
 
L nl kck`rd
Id` rid`` B`nnd,
B`nn d,
kck `rdll gc Id`rid
Ckljucnc Rcvcrdj` y Iyöriy Ndictd.
Nl
kýsdbl
cs cnX…[
kly`r
b`jsucn`
yl p`r cn ecbe`
quc j`nlbrcl
plnlorls
jucvls
Buljt`
kìs gcjslkcjtc
cstägcp`onlgl
Wdcrrl
y buljt` kìs kcbìjdbl scl nl b`j﬌iurlbdòj gc nl vdgl, kìs dkprcsbdjgdonc tcjgrì quc scr nl kýsdbl. Nncilrì uj tdckp` cj cn quc sòn`
l trlväs gc cnnl p`grck`s csblounndrj`s
csblounndrj`s gc nls cstrcbels klnnls gc
nls fujbd`jcs8 y b`jscrvlrnl b`k` ujl rcscrvl gc ndocrtlg p`gcr`sl
y j` dj﬏udgl gcocrì b`jsdgcrlrsc b`k` nl tlrcl kìs dkp`rtljtc gc
nl vdgl cspdrdtuln futurl.
cndls bljcttd , Nl pr`vdjb
pr` vdjbdl
dl gcn e`korc
e `korc , «Lü`     ¸
prdkcrl plrtc
N@R FSJGLKCJW@R
d
N@ Q_CVD@
kck`rdl y b`jsucn`
Nl dkp`sdodndglg gc ﬌mlr uj ncjiulmc, nl djblplbdglg gc cxprcslr irì﬌blkcjtc nl lnturl gc uj s`jdg` ` su irlvcglg, cn
djvdlonc k`g` gc djgdblr su gurlbdòj, cn csb`nn` djfrljquclonc quc cjtrc n`s ljtdiu`s sup`jël lj`tlr uj gdoum`
g doum` kcnògdb`, yl fucrl s`orc uj plpdr`, s`orc pdcgrl ` lrbdnnl, ujl eukdngc bljbdòj, nl kìs fìbdn kcn`gël, gcspr`vdstl gc t`g` vucn`, cxpndblj ujl plrtc gcn blrìbtcr slirlg` quc nc fuc lsdijlg` l nl kýsdbl. N` djtljidonc y cvljcsbcjtc, n` djlnbljzlonc.
Nl djvdsdodndglg rcgubdgl l s`jdg`, l vdorlbdòj csplrbdgl p`r
cn ldrc b`k` p`ncj, nncvò l n`s ljtcplslg`s l cstloncbcr ujl
ljln`iël quc djvdtlol l dgcjtd﬌blrnl b`j nl jlturlnczl gc n`s
gd`scs, prcscjtcs b`k` cnnl lujquc djlprcjsdoncs, rcvcnlg`s
pcr` `bunt`s, cxtrlü`s y, sdj ckolri`, glg`rcs gc scjtdg`.
N` quc i`zlol gc cxdstcjbdl cj cn s`n` djstljtc gc su cxprcsdòj, yl fucrc cn bljt` gc uj plst`r olodnòjdb` ` nls j`tls gc
ujl ﬏lutl cidpbdl mujt` l n`s blkp`s g`jgc brcbël cn hlkut,
cstlol gcstdjlg` l gdnudrsc plrl sdckprc cj uj sdncjbd` quc
j` pr`bcgël gcn kujg`8 rcircslol, odcj ln b`jtrlrd`, ln nuilr gc g`jgc eloël plrtdg`, l slocr, gc
g c n`s nlod`s gc uj gd`s.
Wrltlr gc rcb`rglr nl kýsdbl, bust`gdlrnl cj nl kcjtc l ﬌j
gc slnvliulrglrnl gcn `nvdg`, fuc uj k`g` gc cjrldzlrsc ln
plslg`, gc vdvdr cj än. Ru ctdk`n`iël, quc pr`bcgc gcn irdci`
k`usdhḙ, cxpndbl cstc kck`rlr, p`rquc nls Kusls, cj buljt` quc edmls gc Kjckòsdjc, nl pcrs`jd﬌blbdòj gc nl Kck`rdl, pr`pdbdlrìj cn rcbucrg` y nncvlrìj l b`jbcodr cstl bdcjbdl, cstc lrtc, b`k` ujl b`jtdjul cv`blbdòj. Cnnls rcvcnlrìj
quc euo` ujl kýsdbl ljtcrd`r l n` quc s`k`s, djbndjlg`s p`r
jucstrl tcjgcjbdl l `nvdglr n` quc p`scëk`s. Rd nl kýsdbl

n ` s f u j g lkcj t` s
pcrkdtc cstl vdsdtl l n` quc gc `rdidjlrd` ely cj j`s`tr`s sc
gcoc l quc su ujdglg tckp`rln rc﬏cml nl ujdglg quc fudk`s.
Cn Qscug` Lrdstòtcncs gc n`s Qr`onḙkltl, quc mucil b`j nl
plnlorl jòk`s (jòk`d) cj su g`onc scjtdg`, yl quc sdijd﬌bl
―ncy—, pcr` kusdblnkcjtc sc lpndblol l nls pdczls quc cstlolj
sumctls l ujl lrk`jël (elrk`jël) y uj rdtk` gctcrkdjlg`s,
rcvcnl lni` dkp`rtljtc plrl n` quc cstlk`s gdbdcjg`8 sc prciujtl= «°Q`r quä sc nnlklj jòk`d nls pdczls quc sc bljtlj0
°Cs p`rquc, ljtcs gc quc sc supdcrl csbrdodr, sc bljtlolj nls
ncycs plrl j` `nvdglrnls, b`k` t`glvël sc lb`stukorl l elbcr cjtrc n`s liltdrs`s0¸ (Qr`onckl x d x ,   ). Rë, bljtlr nls ncycs pr`n`jilol su vdicjbdl. Cn bljt` plrl cvdtlr cn `nvdg`. Nl
kcn`gël, cn rdtk`, s`j b`jtrlrd`s l nl pärgdgl.
Lrdstòxcj`, quc fucrl uj dnustrc gdsbëpun` gc Lrdstòtcncs, suidcrc quc nl kcn`gël cxdstc cj cn gcvcjdr, y quc cjtcjgcr nl
kýsdbl jlbc gc g`s b`sls, cst` cs, gc nl pcrbcpbdòj y nl kck`rdl. Gdbc= «Cs, pucs, jcbcslrd` pcrbdodr n` quc subcgc y rcb`rglr n` subcgdg`¸ (Elrkòjdbl, d d ,   -  ). @ëg`, djtcncbt`,
kck`rdl. T p`gck`s lircilr, tlkodäj, quc cstl jcbcsdglg
gc ﬌mlr uj ncjiulmc, cstl vcz
v cz kusdbln, nncvl b`jsdi` cn lfìj gc
slocr, gc blkdjlr elbdl cn b`j`bdkdcjt`. Cstc dkpuns` jlbdò,
b`k` gcmò csbrdt` Qnltòj cj cn Brìtdn` (   l), gcn vcro`
k÷steld, ―gcsclr—8 pcr` sc trltl gc uj ljecn` ndkpd`, sdj nl trlol gc nl b`gdbdl= cs cn ljsdl nciëtdkl gc lprcjgcr, yl scl cn lrtc
gc nl kýsdbl, yl scl nl pcjctrlbdòj gcn pcjslkdcjt`.
Nl prdkdtdvl j`tlbdòj kusdbln cs kìs tlrgël quc nl csbrdturl y, s`orc t`g`, kìs `sburl y vlil, l kcjug` djgcsbdfrlonc,
suklkcjtc csblsl. Cj ujl tlondnnl bujcdf`rkc (u c t  /  )
gcn sciujg` kdncjd` ljtcs gc Brdst`, quc fuc cjb`jtrlgl cj

n ` p rcvd`
nl bduglg kcs`p`tìkdbl gc Sr, pucgc lprcbdlrsc, olm`
o lm` nl rcprcscjtlbdòj gc ujl cstrcnnl gc sdctc pujtls, uj sdstckl gc
l﬌jlbdòj gcstdjlg` l uj lrpl ` ujl ndrl gc jucvc bucrgls. N`
dkp`rtljtc cs quc gcsbuorc nl p`sdodndglg gc cstloncbcr sdctc
csblnls gdltòjdbls gdfcrcjtcs, b`j n` buln sc j`s `frcbc ujl djf`rklbdòj prdvdncidlgl lbcrbl gc su sdstckl t`jln, sdkdnlr ln
quc, kuy lvljzlg`s n`s sdin`s, gdfujgdrì cn pdtli`rdsk`.
p dtli`rdsk`. Qcr`
`trl b`sl cs ujl j`tlbdòj quc pucgl lb`kplülrj`s ln kujg` s`j`r` gc n`s `rëicjcs, l nl kýsdbl gc nls prdkcrls bdvdndzlbd`jcs quc sc elnnl rcstrdjidgl l ujls irlfëls blsd dncidoncs
cj nls plrcgcs gc nls bìklrls fujcrlrdls gc Cidpt`8 dgc`irlkls quc lb`kplülj ln cspërdtu gc Hud cj cn Ncmlj` @rdcjtc8 n`s lbcjt`s, bdfrls y jcukls gc nl Djgdl quc ousblj brdstlndzlr n`s sdctc svlrl quc nlorlj nls csblnls gcn RČkl Vcgl8 cn
lnfloct` quc, gcsgc Lrlk l Fcjdbdl, scrvdrì plrl rcnlbd`jlr
nls j`tls. Lsë `burrdrì cj Ircbdl, buy` tcstdk`jd` sc rcgubc
l uj`s bulrcjtl frlikcjt`s quc nl sucrtc el pcrkdtdg` prcscrvlr. Rc b`jmcturl quc uj` gc n`s prdkcr`s kýsdb`s cj scrvdrsc gc uj gdlirlkl plrl nl j`tlbdòj fuc cn bdtlrdstl Cstrltòjdb` gc Ltcjls, cj cn sdin` d v ljtcs gc Brdst`, bäncorc p`r
su lrtc y j` kcj`s p`r su dròjdb` tlnljtc.
Rdj ckolri`, fuc nl plnlorl pr`jujbdlgl, cn bljt` pcrvdvdg` cj nl `rlndglg, nl kck`rdl lugdtdvl, n` quc pcrkdtdò kljtcjcr uj ncilg` kusdbln quc, l trlväs gc nls icjcrlbd`jcs,
pug` scr cv`blg`. Qcsc l t`g`, nl cr`sdòj gcn tdckp` pr`v`bò quc cstl ecrcjbdl fucrl blgl vcz kìs dkprcbdsl, p`rquc
cn rcbucrg` gcsgdouml. Nl kcn`gël sc gcsilstlol b`j ncjtdtug, b`k` cn plpdr` ` nl pdcgrl s`orc
s `orc nl quc cstlol suicrdgl.
Rd, b`k` csbrdoc Ljjdc Oänds (Ncs Kusdbdcj
Kusdb dcjss gljs n—Ljtdqud
n—Ljtd qudtä
tä,
pp.    -   ), jd tlj sdqudcrl cj nl Cglg Kcgdl t`g`s n`s b`kp`sdt`rcs b`j`bëlj cj rdi`r nl b`kpncmdglg gc nl j`tlbdòj
(p`r n` quc sc lyuglolj gc uj cxpcrt` cj cstc `﬌bd`), sc gcgubc nl sdtulbdòj gc nl csbrdturl kusdbln cj uj kujg` quc

n ` s f u j g lkcj t` s
cstlol tcmdäjg`sc. Cn ﬌nòs`f` _lolj` Klur`, quc jlbdò cj
t`rj` ln lü`    , lgkdtc quc «sd n`s e`korcs j` n`s rctdcjcj
cj nl kck`rdl, n`s s`jdg`s kucrcj, yl quc j` pucgcj rcbdodr
rc ruk jltu
j lturds
rds ct
c t vcro`ru
vcr o`ruk
k pr`ujl ﬌mlbdòj p`r csbrdt`¸ (Gc rcruk
prdctl
prd
ctltdo
tdous
us ct gc kys
kystdb
tdbll rcr
rcruk
uk sdi
sdijd﬌
jd﬌blt
bltd`jc
d`jc 8 R`o
R`orc
rc nl jltu
jltu-rlnczl gc nls b`sls y nls pr`pdcglgcs gc nls plnlorls y cn scjtdg` këstdb` gc nls b`sls ). B`j cstc kdsk` pr`bcgdkdcjt`, cn gc
rcburrdr l lniudcj cmcrbdtlg` cj cstl nlo`r, gcodcr`j gc ﬌mlr,
b`j kìs ` kcj`s prcbdsdòj, nls kcn`gëls cj nl Ljtdiþcglg,
glg` quc, b`k` sc el gdbe`, n`s kýsdb`s y n`s p`ctls irdci`s
y r`klj`s, cj su kly`r plrtc, j` crlj blplbcs gc csbrdodr nl
kýsdbl quc or`tlol gc su dklidjlbdòj.
T, sdj ckolri`, odcj quc gc kljcrl ndkdtlgl, n`s vcrslg`s cj cstc `﬌bd` csbrdoëlj ` cjblrilolj csbunpdr uj`s sdij`s
quc p`gëlj scr ncëg`s p`r uj b`j`bcg`r gc cstc csb`idg` slocr. Q`r tln rlzòj, Oänds gdstdjiuc cjtrc b`kp`sdtcurs y j`tltcurs. \uc nls bljbd`jcs, l vcbcs, sc b`j`bëlj ncm`s gc g`jgc
eloëlj sdg` b`jbcodgls cs uj ecbe`. Qëjglr` (b.    -   ljtcs gc Brdst`) bucjtl, cj cn tcrbcr cp`g` gc nl sciujgl Qëtdbl
(  -  ), quc rckdtc l Edcròj su bljt`, y n` cxpdgc l trlväs
«gcn klr blj`s`¸ b`k` sd fucrl «ujl kcrblgcrël¸. Lniudcj,
buljg` nnciuc l Rdrlbusl, gc g`jgc cs Edcròj, slorì nccrn`=
¡Rlnvc! Cstc bljt` kë`
sc tc cjvël l kljcrl gc fcjdbdl
kcrblgcrël l trlväs gcn klr blj`s`.
Wlkodäj ltdcjgc ln `tr`,
cn gcn rdtk` blstòrc` y t`j` c`nd`,
y cj ltcjbdòj gc ecptlb`rgc f`rkdjic,
gc b`rlzòj lbòicn`.
Lprcjgc l scr qudcj crcs plrl scrn`.
Nl ýjdbl kcn`gël irdcil b`jscrvlgl p`r cjtcr` sucjl cj
ujl cstcnl fujcrlrdl, ujl b`nukjl gc kìrk`n quc lnocril nl
csbrdturl gcn cxprcsdv` k`g` (tòj`s) frdid`. Rc trltl, cj rclndglg, gc uj csb`ndòj ( shònd`j), ujl bljbdòj pr`pdl gc n`s olj
n ` p rcvd`
quctcs cj n`s quc sc csbljbdlol ujl oucjl y b`pd`sl ocodgl.
Rdj ckolri`, lquë j` rcvdstc cstc blrìbtcr. Rd lpcnò l cstl f`rf`rkl plrl rcb`rglr l uj gdfujt` sciurlkcjtc sc gcodò l nl jcbcsdglg gc b`js`nlr y gdsdplr nl kcnljb`nël gc qudcj vdsdtlol
cn h`dkĒtḙrd`j, cn bckcjtcrd` ` nuilr gcn rcp`s` djqucorljtlonc, cn g`rkdt`rd` gc nl jlgl y nl j`bec. Gltl gcn sdin` d d
ljtcs gc Brdst` y sc nc b`j`bc b`k` cn Cpdtl﬌` gc Rcdhën`s `
Rdbdn`, quc n` gcgdbò l su csp`sl. Cj än sc ncc=
Dklicj s`y gc pdcgrl,
Rcdhën`s lquë kc lsdcjtl,
g`jgc scrä p`r sdckprc
sdij` gc rcbucrg` ctcrj`.
Kdcjtrls vdvls, ordnnl,
jlgl tc lpcslgukorc8
nl vdgl cs orcvc,
y cn tdckp` su gcugl pdgc.
«Ordnnl, jlgl tc lpcslgukorc¸. Rlodgurël. Jdjiýj b`jtcjbd`s`. Ncm`s gcn nlkcjt`. _cb`rglr j` dkpndbl sdckprc
trdstczl8 l vcbcs, odcj ln b`jtrlrd`, b`jsdstc cj uj icjcr`s`
rcvdvdr. Cj cn ätdk` gc rcbucrg` (rc-b`rg`r) cstì cn scjtdg` gc
v`nvcr l plslr p`r cn b`rlzòj.
Rcdhën`s sciurlkcjtc fuc kdckor` gc ujl flkdndl gc
g c kýsdb`s l﬌jblgl cj nls tdcrrls gc Wrlncs, e`y nnlklgl Lygdj,
cj Wurquël8 nl bduglg sc ncvljtlol cj cn Irlj Kcljgr` quc
﬏uël elstl Kdujtc y Kdnct`. Sj p`b` kìs ln j`rtc, l uj gël
gc blkdj` ckprcjgdg` l oucj pls`, sc cjb`jtrlol Äfcs`. Nl
djsbrdpbdòj b`jtdcjc nl quc cs b`j t`gl pr`olodndglg nl ﬌rkl gcn lut`r= «Rcdhën`s, edm` gc Cutcrpc¸, nl kusl pr`tcbt`rl gc nl kýsdbl. Sjls plnlorls
p lnlorls nl prcbcgcj= «T`, nl pdcgrl,
s`y dklicj8 lquë kc scülnl Rcdhën`s b`k` cstcnl pcrsdstcjtc
gc djk`rtln kck`rdl¸.
Ru elnnlzi` sc pr`gum` cj     , kdcjtrls uj`s fcrr`vdlrd`s
rck`vëlj cn sucn` plrl b`kpr`olr su rcsdstcjbdl ln pls` gc

Cpdtl﬌` gc Rcdhën`s, cj I. B`k`ttd, Nl kýsd
kýsdbl
bl cj nl bunt
bunturl
url ird
irdcil
cil
y r`kljl
r`kl jl, p.   , t`klg` gc C. Qöenkljj, Gcjh
Gcjhkçnc
kçncrr lntirdc
lnt irdcbeds
bedstcr
tcr
Kusdh
Kusd
h, pp.   -  .
n`s fcrr`blrrdncs. Cj cn gcburs` gc n`s lü`s, cn lzlr, su vldväj,
edz` quc gcspuäs gc     , ujl vcz b`jsuklg` cn E`n`blust` gc Lsdl Kcj`r‗ln quc n`s irdci`s prc﬌rdcr`j j`korlr,
y b`j mustdbdl, hltlstr`peḙ‗, cn cpdtl﬌` fucrl elnnlg` cj cn
mlrgëj
mlr
gëj gc ujl blkpcsdjl
blkpcs djl,, quc n` uslol gc klbctcr`.
klbct cr`. Sjl vcz
n`blndzlg`, qucgò ln lkplr` gcn b`jsunlg` e`nljgäs y, trls
ujls gäblgls gc bust`gdl y sdncjbd`, sc b`jsdgcrò gc jucv`
pcrgdg`. Cn Jltd`jlnkuscct gc B`pcjeliuc n` eloël lgqudrdg` plrl su f`jg`8 cstì cxpucst` cj sus ilncrëls gcsgc     ,
cj nl slnl jýkcr`   . \udcj ncl ` csbubec su kcn`gël lbcptlrì
quc p`grël scr cn edkj` gc t`g`s n`s gcslplrcbdg`s.

n ` p rcvd`
N`s bulrcjtl frlikcjt`s gdspcrs`s quc lolrblj sdctc sdin`s
gc kýsdbl irdcil‗cjtrc cnn`s nl plrtc gc uj b`r` gcn @rcstcs , `orl gcn kìs kcnljbòndb` gc n`s trìidb`s, Curëpdgcs‗
pucgcj csbubelrsc, rcsukdrsc, cj tlj sòn` gdcz kdjut`s. Cs
nl cxdiul ecrcjbdl gc uj tdckp` quc, sdj ckolri`, y b`j ljtcrd`rdglg l Ircbdl, eloël tcstdk`jdlg` b`j lkpndtug, cj cn
scj` gc nl ndtcrlturl y b`j ujl ls`kor`sl klgurcz, cn gcsvcjturlg` gcstdj` gc n`s scrcs euklj`s, b`k` n` fucrl cn subukodr gcn kcs`p`tìkdb` IdnilkcŬ olm` nls liuls gcn rë`,
` n`s ìidncs pdcs gcn flnncbdg` cj su lsbcjs` elbdl cn g`kdjd`
bcncstc, tln b`k` qucgl jlrrlg` cj cn Ndo
Ndor`
r` gc n`s kuc
kucrt`s
rt`s
cidpbd`. Eloëlj sdg` csbrdt`s n`s bljt`s l Jcriln c Djljjl, nl
gd`sl rcidgl p`r cn pnljctl Gdnolt8 su ordnn` j` crl `tr` quc cn
gc Vcjus. Wlkodäj n`s p`ckls cncvlg`s ln sljlg`r Jdjlzu y
nls pncilrdls ` sedtl-lol gdrdidgls ln nnuvd`s` Jukusegl. Mlsòj t`glvël j` sc eloël gctcjdg` l `tclr cn e`rdz`jtc cj ousbl gcn rcdj` gc Kcgcl, jd n`s Burctcs bljtlg` jd i`npclg`
sus csbug`s plrl quc Br`j` j` `ycrl cn nnljt` gcn jdü` ]cus,
l qudcj pcrsciuël b`j nl v`nujtlg gc glrnc kucrtc.
T, pcsc l cst`, nl kýsdbl cs p`r supucst` kìs ljtdiul quc
nl ndtcrlturl, qudzì p`rquc cn s`jdg` iulrgl ujl pr`pdcglg
fujglbd`jln, cstì cj cn bdkdcjt` gc nls b`sk`i`jëls kìs cnlo`rlgls y gcbdsdvls8 nls pr`kucvc, nls lriukcjtl y lb`kplül. Q`r cs` sc elnnl kìs bcrbl gcn lrquctdp` quc nl plnlorl.
Cn `ëg` j` subukoc l nls tdjdconls b`k` n` elbc nl vdstl8
tlkp`b` nl j`bec nc dkpdgc rcb`icr nl s`j`rdglg gc uj kujg` quc gurljtc cn gël el sdg` b`jmcturl y, nncilgl nl `sburdglg, sc vucnvc rcvcnlbdòj.
Nl bcrtdgukorc gc Eöngcrndj s`orc jucstr` b`kctdg`, cn gc
lb`icr uj sdncjbd` quc n`s gd`scs elj gcmlg` trls su pls`,
gc﬌jc nl sdtulbdòj gc uj scr quc cstì gcstdjlg` l cxdstdr b`k`
csbubel. Sjl lugdbdòj cj nl quc, sdj ckolri`, sc ousbl b`js`nlbdòj, cs gcbdr, scjtdg` y scüln gc `trl kljcrl gc b`jbc
n ` s f u j g lkcj t` s
odr nl rclndglg. B`jsucn`, Wr`st, cs, prcbdslkcjtc, n` quc ousblol cj cn pdlj` quc b`kprò cn coljdstl Crjst ]dkkcr plrl
quc cn p`ctl n` t`blrl cj nl s`ncglg gc nl t`rrc gc plrcg lklrdnncjtl, sciurlkcjtc uj` gc bultr` `btlvls y kcgdl, qudzì
gc bdjb`, b`k` crlj n`s djstrukcjt`s pr`pd`s gc n`s l﬌bd`jlg`s cj lqucnnl Wuodjil gc prdjbdpd`s gcn
g cn sdin` x d x . Ln plrcbcr, Eöngcrndj rcpctël ujl y `trl vcz nl kdskl kcn`gël, lsë
b`k` ujl scrdc gc j`tls sdj jdjiýj sdijd﬌blg`, diuln quc n`
elrì Idlbdjt` Rbcnsd gurljtc su djtcrjlkdcjt` b`j uj ýjdb`,
slnvë﬌b` y `oscsdv` nl ock`n.
Bdcrtlkcjtc, ujl gc nls flbuntlgcs kly`rcs gc nl kýsdbl
‗lbls` nl kìs dkp`rtljtc‗cs nl gc prcstlr b`jsucn`, quc
n`s irdci`s rc﬌rdcr`j b`j n`s tärkdj`s gc cuteykcëj, quc sdijd﬌bl ―lndvdlr cn ìjdk`—, y plrl
plrlteì
teìnp
np ŋ, quc vcjgrël l cxprcslr
cs` quc b`j tljtl frcbucjbdl j`s cs jcbcslrd`= ―rcbdodr lndcjplrlkûte
kûted`j
d`j , n`s nlt`—. Sj lncjtlr. L n` quc cnn`s nnlklr`j plrl
tdj`s n` gcj`kdjlr`j b`js`nltd`.
•
B`js`nltd` pedn`s`pedlc, O`cbd`. Le`rl p`gck`s gcbdr, lsdkdsk`, B`js`nltd` kusdblc. \ucrcr csbrdodr s`orc cn b`jsucn` cs, l su vcz, trltlr gc pcrpctulr nl kýsdbl.
•
Sjl xdn`irlfël gc n`s @btlidjtl ckonckltl k`rlndl j`vl ,
`orl gcn nutcrlj` Gljdcn Brlkcr puondblgl cj     cj nl
bduglg gc Frìjbf`rt, csbcjd﬌bl cstc g`j quc dnukdjl nl cxdstcjbdl gc nl kýsdbl. Cj cn «Ckonckl xxxd ¸ uj blutdv`, l s`nls cj ujl bcngl quc sc lgdvdjl eýkcgl, cstì djk`vdndzlg`.
Wdcjc nls pdcrjls trlolgls cj uj bcp`, n` su﬌bdcjtckcjtc ljbe` b`k` plrl lp`ylr cj än uj ndor` gc kýsdbl. Nls klj`s,
sdj ckolri`, cstìj ndorcs8 t`bl cn nlýg. Brlkcr lgvdcrtc quc
nl cspcrljzl y nl plbdcjbdl vcjbcj nls trdounlbd`jcs, s`kctcj
cn lzlr. Nl cspcrljzl cs ﬌rkc b`k` uj ljbnl8 cs nl pn`klgl gcn
gc n quc liulrgl. Qcr` n` quc vck`s cj vcrglg, cj nl ck
Gljdcn Brlkcr, Ckonckltl k`rlndl j`vl.
p`orcbdgl nuz gcn blnlo`z`, cs l lniudcj ousbljg` b`jsucn`.
Sj`s lb`rgcs, uj gdoum` quc trlzl
tr lzl ujl kcn`gël, n` b`jf`rtlj,
elbcj nls vcbcs gc nnlvc plrl lqucn quc, cjbcrrlg`, sc trlsnlgc kcjtlnkcjtc l su e`ilr, l nls blnncs, l uj blkp` lplbdonc
y lncmlg` gc su bìrbcn.
Burd`slkcjtc, l nls bnlvdmls gc n`s djstrukcjt`s sc nls nnlklol «nnlvcs¸.
J`, nl kýsdbl j` cs nl ýntdkl gc nls lrtcs cj lplrcbcr, b`k`
cs b`stukorc l﬌rklr. Buljg` Frdcgrdbe Jdctzsbec bdrbujsbrdoc su jlbdkdcjt` cj «cn `t`ü` y cn klrbedtlr gc su bunturl¸ (Jdctzsbec b`jtrl Ylijcr, v ) sc cstì rc﬌rdcjg` l nl kýsdbl buntl gc @bbdgcjtc, l csl quc b`kcjzò l frliulrsc cj
Cur`pl l plrtdr gc nl Cglg Kcgdl, cj n`s tdckp`s gc Lnbudj` gc T`rh, gc Mulj Csb`t` Crdýicjl y su lfëj y b`jtdjulg`r _ckdid` gc Luxcrrc. Cstc ýntdk` kljtuv` lkdstlg b`j
Eubolngus, gurljtc uj tdckp` b`jsdgcrlg` cn lut`r gc Ku
n ` s f u j g lkcj t` s
sdbl cjbedrdlgds, cn gcbdsdv` trltlg` s`orc nl jlbdcjtc csbrdtu-
rl p`ndfòjdbl buyl fcbel sc sdtýl l ﬌jcs gcn sdin` d x . Lko`s,
_ckdid` y Eubolngus, b`djbdgdcr`j uj`s lü`s cj cn k`jlstcrd` gc Rldjt-Lkljg, l kcgd` blkdj` cjtrc Blkorld y W`urjld, quc cj cn sdin` gc Mlj vlj
v lj Cybh scrìj g`s bcjtr`s gcbdsdv`s plrl cn gcvcjdr kusdbln.
Bdcrtlkcjtc, cj cst`s nuilrcs, t`blg`s p`r ujl cxtrlül
vdrtug, jlbcrì nl kýsdbl quc djspdrlrì gurljtc sdin`s cn kìs
j`tlonc rcpcrt`rd` cur`pc`, csc quc gcsnukorlrël l Hlrn
Q`ppcr, pcrsulgdg` gc quc nl p`ndf`jël crl «nl rclndzlbdòj
kìs djlugdtl, `rdidjln y vcrglgcrlkcjtc kdnlir`sl gc nl bdvdndzlbdòj `bbdgcjtln, sdj cxbnudr nl bdcjbdl¸ (Oýs
Oýsquc
qucgl
gl sdj
tärkdj`, x d d ).
Qcr` ljtcs gc quc nl kýsdbl fucrl «kýsdbl¸ y «ncjiulmc
pcjslonc¸, euo` uj s`jdg` prdk`rgdln buyl lugdbdòj pr`rrukpdò b`k` uj lvds`, b`k` ujl prdkcrl j`tdbdl quc elonlol gc lni` djb`rpòrc`8 crl nl djtudtdvl pcrbcpbdòj gc uj
﬏um` quc j`s gcmò cj bdcrjcs gc lqucnn` quc, nncilg` cn gël,
scrëlk`s.
Csbubelr nl jlturlnczl rckdtc djstdjtdvlkcjtc l buljt`
fudk`s, cs uj k`g` gc `ër l n`s ljtcplslg`s, nl kljcrl gc
tcjcrn`s p`r uj`s diulncs, cn kcgd` gc rct`rjlrn`s. Q`grël
gcbdrsc quc n`s quc elodtlj cn plslg` rcstdtuycj ujl csbcjl
pcrgdgl elbc kube`, buljg` j`s scjtëlk`s blplbcs gc cstlr ltcjt`s l `trls f`rkls scjsdtdvls y t`glvël j` eloëlk`s
rcgubdg` nl cxdstcjbdl, cn b`j`bdkdcjt`, l ujl s`nl y bdrbujsbrdtl kdrlgl.
J` cs f`rtudt` quc cj nls kdt`n`iëls y cj n`s csbrdt`s slirlg`s gc nls rcndid`jcs djluiurlncs cn s`jdg` lgqudrdcrl cn vln`r
gc nl pr`fcbël. Nls s`j`rdglgcs ncmljls ncidtdklolj cn nuilr
g`jgc nl vdorlbdòj lnbljzlol uj sdijd﬌blg`. Sjl oucjl plrtc gcn kujg` `rdidjlrd` sc icstò cj nl lugdbdòj.
Nl pr`pdcglg lugdtdvl, cn s`jdg` t`klg` b`k` iuël y kcgdgl gc nl b`jbdcjbdl, elbc gcn scr uj csplbd` `ycjtc, uj cxdsḙ
Lh`ust
ustdh
dh , gc lh`ýcdj, ―`ër—. Lbýstdr cj cn pujt` gc csbubel. Lh`

n ` p rcvd`
tdbl, s`j`rdglg quc lblol gc subcgcr y vdlml elstl cn `ëg`,
kljdfcstlbdòj gc n` ncmlj` quc flbdndtl cn lscjtlkdcjt` gc
jucstr` cstlr.
•
Nl kýsdbl cs ujl kljcrl gc pcjslr cn ldrc, uj k`g` gc lprcjgcr nl vdorlbdòj quc nl ltkòsfcrl gcml cj cn `ëg`.
•
cn irdt`, nl v`z
N`s slnt`s gc liul, vd`ncjtlg`s gcspuäs gc nl t`rkcjtl, cn
trucj`, ujl r`bl gcspcülgl, cn oltdr gcn klr, bulnqudcrl gc
nls s`j`rdglgcs quc gcspndcil nl jlturlnczl pr`pdbdlr`j nl djtcrd`rdzlbdòj lbýstdbl gc uj cxtcrd`r quc nl vdstl sòn` pcrkdtël `omctdvlr. Cj cn lnol gc nl eukljdglg ckpczò l icjcrlrsc
uj g`onc cstrlt` cj nl pcrbcpbdòj gc n` rcln= cn dj﬏udg` p`r cn
s`jdg` y cn quc vcjël gctcrkdjlg` p`r nl vdsdòj. Cj uj prdkcr k`kcjt`, t`glvël cj nl vdidndl gc nl kcjtc, l﬏`rò uj ncjiulmc j` vcroln, uj cstlgd` prc-ndjiþëstdb` y, p`r gcbdrn` gc
lniýj k`g`, kusdbln. Cst` sdijd﬌bl quc, kdcjtrls nl cspcbdc
dol gc blkdj` ln elonl , eloëlj ckcridg` ujls f`jlbd`jcs lrtdbunlgls gc f`rkl pcbundlr, purls dkdtlbd`jcs gc n` lb`jtcbdg` cj nl jlturlnczl, ckunlbd`jcs gc sus cnckcjt`s, rcpctdbd`jcs gcn bljt` gc nls lvcs y cn ruidg` gc nls ﬌crls, t`g` cnn`
lsdkdnlg` gc k`g` csp`jtìjc` b`k` uj dkpr`vdslg` sdstckl gc b`kujdblbdòj. Nncilrì cn tdckp` cj cn quc cn scr euklj` «sc rcýjl lnrcgcg`r gc su pr`pd` irdt`¸, b`k` el gdbe` Ckljucnc Rcvcrdj` cj Cn plrrdbdgd` flnndg` (d d ,  ). Cj sus
pìidjls scülnl quc «nl cv`blbdòj gcn irdt` cs nl kýsdbl `rdidjlrdl gc n`s k`rtlncs¸ (dodg., d d ,  ) y, tlkodäj, quc «cn irdt`
cstì cj cn bcjtr` gc nl ﬌cstl lrbldbl X…[, cstì cj nl blsl jltln
gc nl plnlorl¸ (dodg., d d ,  ).
Cn irdt`, cn irdtlr. Ru j`korc gcrdvl gc lqucn qudrdtlrc quc
sc pr`gubël buljg` n`s bduglglj`s, n`s qudrdtcs, pcgëlj luxd
n ` s f u j g lkcj t` s
nd`. Irdtlr crl nnlklr l n`s `tr`s. @, t`glvël kìs, cn qucrdtlrd cxpndblol nl csbdsdòj lrbldbl, nl v`z quc rcircsl l su plrtc
kìs prdkdtdvl, ln j` ncjiulmc. J` cs cn irdt` pr`fcrdg` b`jtrl
cn sckcmljtc, j` cs nl `jgl drrciunlr quc n` lturgc y eukdnnl.
Cstlk`s elonljg` gcn irdt` nljzlg` l s`nls, gcn irdt` prdkdtdv` y cj lplrdcjbdl djk`tdvlg`, cn quc j` `ocgcbc ln g`n`r.
Elonlk`s gcn quc j` tdcjc rcspucstl l nl drl, b`k` `burrc cj
cn r`str` slndg` gcn tlnncr gc Frljz Ulvcr Kcsscrsbekdgt8 j`
cs cn Rhr
Rhrdh
dh gc Cgvlrg Kujbe8 j` cs N—lj
N—ljdkl
dkl gljjlt
gl jjltll gc Kdiucn Ìjicn quc irdtl. J`s rcfcrdk`s l csl vd`ncjbdl prdkdicjdl, l nl scüln s`ndtlrdl quc b`j﬌rkl ujl b`ndsdòj b`j cn kujg`. Cstì cj nl rlëz gc n` euklj`. Rc irdtl p`rquc cn cjt`rj`
irdtl. Irdtlr, cj cn f`jg`, sdijd﬌bl ldsnlrsc.
Rc trltl gc uj s`jdg` quc cs rclbtdv` ljtc n` rcln, furdl
gcn djdbd`. Ic`ri Rdkkcn gc﬌jdò cn irdt` b`k` cn rc﬏cm` gc
ujl djblplbdglg ndjiþëstdbl ljtc uj «lb`jtcbdkdcjt` psëqudb` cncvlg`¸ (Cstugd`s psdb`nòidb`s y ctj`nòidb`s s`orc nl kýsdbl, pp.   -  ). Cs nl gcskcsurl quc slnc gc nl ilriljtl gcn
lquc` Cstäjt`r8 cs cn ¡Lnlnì! gc Lqudncs rctukoljg` b`k`
ujl tr`kpctl= nl gd`sl gc csc kdsk` j`korc sc elbël lugdonc cj nls oltlnnls. N`s e`pndtls nljzlolj uj ¡Lnlnì! p`rquc
dkdtlolj cn irlzjlr gcn bucrv` cj prcslid` gc n`s cjckdi`s
kucrt`s. Ely uj irdt` gc t`gls nls kucrtcs, gc t`g`s n`s b`kpdljtd
pdl
jtd = cn gc Klrël y Klrël Kliglncjl slndgls gc Jdbb`nÿ
gcnn—Lrbl, cn gc Ocrjdjd, cn gc Cjrdb` Fcrrlrdjd.
Cj Cncusds sc `ël uj dlbeḙ, y cj n`s b`rtcm`s gd`jdsëlb`s
uj cv`eä. Kdstcrd` y rupturl.
•
Buljg` elonlk`s, sc j`s bdfrl cj   go 8 sd irdtlk`s, lsbcjgck`s l    go , cn ukorln gcn g`n`r
g `n`r plrl cn `ëg` (lmcj`).
•
Ely uj irdt` cj cn prdkcr E`k` v`blnds, y `tr` cj cn vdcm` y
qudzì uj` gc n`s ýntdk`s p`onlg`rcs gc nl tdcrrl, cn E`k`

n ` p rcvd`
tcbejdbus. Jdctzsbec `yò cn irdt` quc sc pr`gum` cjtrc n`s
ljtdiu`s irdci`s8 pr`bcgël gcn trltlg` gc plz cjtrc Lp`n` y
Gd`jds`, y t`glvël kìs= gc nl rupturl gc
g c csc plbt` p`r plrtc
gcn cspërdtu gd`jdsëlb` y gc lqucnnl rcocndòj quc cjb`jtrò su
csbcjl cj nls `riëls‗«cj nl lncirël kìs lntl rcsucjl cn irdt`
gcn cspljt`¸‗, cj nl cstrdgcjbdl quc pr`gum` e`rr`r y lb`kctdò b`jtrl nl bëtlrl lp`nëjcl. N` bucjtl cj Cn jlbdkdcjt`
gc nl trlicgdl ( ,  ).
•
Klrël ]lkorlj` gcmò csbrdt` quc «nl kýsdbl jlbc buljg` cn
irdt` sc lnnljl, sc s`kctc l tdckp` y l jýkcr`, y cj nuilr gc
drrukpdr cj cn tdckp` sc lgcjtrl cj än¸ (Cn e`korc y n` gdvdj`, p.    ).
•
Nl v`z, cn icj f`xp? gcn elonl, cn vëjbun` cjtrc cn bògdi`
icjätdb` y cn ncjiulmc, cs nl kcgdlg`rl cjtrc cstc ýntdk` y
cn pcjslkdcjt`. Cj cnnl, cj nl v`z, vdvc nl b`jbdcjbdl gc uj
djtcjtlr gcbdr, gc uj qucrcr elonlr. B`kdcjz` gcn b`kdcjz`. Cj nl rlëz djg`cur`pcl wch-w, quc sdijd﬌bl ―elonlr—, sc
cjbucjtrl cn tärkdj` v`z , buy`s blubcs, b`k` n`s gc nl djtcndicjbdl, b`j﬏uycj cj uj kdsk` burs`. Ely uj lrb` tcjgdg` cjtrc nl v`z y su brdstlndzlbdòj cj cn f`jckl. L kcjug`, cn pcjslr el sdg` gcsbrdt` b`k` cn csplbd` djlprcjsdonc
gcn vcro`.
•
Gc jucv` cn Qscug` Lrdstòtcncs y su gc﬌jdbdòj gc «v`z¸= cs
uj ldrc quc el t`klg` ujl f`rkl (Qr`onckl x d ,   ).
•
Mclj Lodt
Lodto`n
o`n,, cj N—@g
N—@gyssä
yssäcc gc nl v`dx
v `dx , `oscrvò quc scrël rcgubbd`jdstl ltrdoudr nl b`j﬌iurlbdòj gc nl v`z ýjdblkcjtc l uj icj`kl. N` dkp`rtljtc, djgdbl, cs gdsbcrjdr bòk` nl
«kcbìjdbl gcn vcro`¸ pcrkdtdò cn icrkdjlr gc nl b`jbdcjbdl
y, b`j cnn`, nl brclbdòj gc uj kujg` quc scrì ncjtlkcjtc los`rodg` p`r cn pcjslr. Cstc lut`r el b`jbnudg` quc cn kdnc
n ` s f u j g lkcj t` s
jlrd` lprcjgdzlmc gcn E`k` v`blnds rcp`sl s`orc uj b`jbcpt` quc nncvl l lgkdtdr quc «nl v`z cs cn l g j gcn pcjslkdcjt`,
kdcjtrls quc gc nl plnlorl n` cs cn icj¸ (pp.   -  ).
Nl prdkcrl rcsp`jgc l ujl ncmljl b`jstrubbdòj, l ujl lspdrlbdòj vcroln lncjtlgl p`r cn gcsc` gc b`kujdblbdòj, cj tljt` quc nl sciujgl sc b`kp`rtl b`k` ujl ujdglg icjätdbl gc
jucstrl djtcndicjbdl quc pr`burl uj sdijd﬌blg` cspcbë﬌b`.
Id`rid` Lilkocj n` gdbc gc `tr` k`g`= buljg` cn prdkltc
gcn iäjcr` E`k` tuv` b`jbdcjbdl gc p`sccr ujl ncjiul, «nl
scplrò gc së kdsk`¸, nl cxtcrd`rdzò b`k` sd gc uj `omct` sc
trltlrl. B`j cnn` cxpunsò cn ncjiulmc «fucrl gc së¸, n` csbdjgdò gc su cscjbdl. Gcsgc csc k`kcjt`, nl lrtdbunlbdòj gc nl
v`z (peŋjḙ äjlrter`s) scrì nl lrtdbunlbdòj gc nl pr`pdl vdgl,
nl mujturl gc nl rclndglg, quc sc lndkcjtl gc nl v`z plrl
p lrl brclr
su pr`pd` b`jt`rj`, csbdjgdgl yl gcn scr euklj` (°\uä cs nl
﬌n`s`f
﬌n`
s`fël0
ël0 8 välsc, p`r su djtcräs, cn b`jtcjdg` gc t`g` cn blpëtun`, «Cxpcrdkcjtuk v`bds¸, pp.  -  ).
Nl bdcjbdl el cstugdlg` b`j gctcjdkdcjt`
g ctcjdkdcjt` cstc pr`bcs`. Cn
E`k` elodnds y cn E`k` crcbtus tuvdcr`j uj j`tlonc brcbdkdcjt` gcn jc`bòrtcx. Cn gcslrr`nn`, nl vël elbdl nl b`j﬌iurlbdòj bcrcorln, sc lprcbdò, s`orc t`g`, cj cn lirljglkdcjt`
gc nl z`jl djfcrd`r p`stcrd`r gcn nòoun` fr`jtln (ìrcl gc Or`bl) y gc nl djfcrd`r gcn nòoun` plrdctln (ìrcl gc Ycrjdbhc).
Qcr` cj cn E`k` slpdcjs cn lukcjt` cxbcpbd`jln gc nl klsl
cjbcfìndbl y gcn jc`bòrtcx, cn yl ﬌rkc odpcgdsk`, nl vcrtdblndglg gcn tòrlx, gcn bucnn` y nl bloczl, nl olml gdsp`sdbdòj
g dsp`sdbdòj gc
nl nlrdjic, nl gcjtlgurl kcm`r gdspucstl y pr`p`rbd`jlgl, nl
﬏cxdodndglg b`stln, nl blplbdglg punk`jlr, nl k`rf`n`iël gc
nls bucrgls v`blncs‗su kýsbun` cstì cstdkunlg` p`r uj s`n`
jcrvd`, cn brljcln jýkcr` x , buyl vcn`bdglg gc rcspucstl cj
nl f`jlbdòj cs gc    k/s (   hk/e), cj tljt` quc nl blptlbdòj lugdtdvl cs gc   k/s (   hk/s)‗y nl lkpndtug y n`s
blrlbtcrcs rcs`jljtcs gcn trlbt` v`bln flv`rcbdcr`j ujl b`kujdblbdòj elstl cjt`jbcs djlugdtl, nnlkltdvlkcjtc prcbdsl, blplz gc rciunlr cn v`nukcj, nl lnturl y cn tdkorc gcn el
n ` p rcvd`
onl. Fuc cjt`jbcs, b`j cn lgvcjdkdcjt` gcn E`k` slpdcjs,
buljg` qucgò ﬌mlg` cn f`xp? .
Cn ncjiulmc dkpndbl nl pr`pdcglg gc j`korlr y, p`r csl kdskl rlzòj, gc p`sccr y lb`tlr lqucnn` quc sc j`korl. Cj än
rcsdgc nl vcrglgcrl fujglbdòj, nl gc﬌jdtdvl nncilgl ln kujg`
y nl lsujbdòj gc ujl b`jbdcjbdl rc﬏cxdvl, cs gcbdr, gcn b`j`bdkdcjt` quc uj` p`scc gc së kdsk`, l nl buln sc suklrì ujl
b`jbdcjbdl pcrbcptdvl rcnlbd`jlgl b`j buljt` j`s cjvucnvc
y gctcrkdjl. Qcr` nl plnlorl b`jbdcjbdl, tln b`k` nl cjtcjgck`s e`y, j` bucjtl b`j kube`s sdin`s gc ljtdiþcglg. \udzì
elorël quc elonlr, sd vlk`s ln ncmlj` kujg` irdci`, gc «gcsl«gcslbucrg`¸,
bucr
g`¸, gc «ldsnlkdcjt`¸, plrl djtudr quä sc cjtcjgël p`r
«b`jbdcjbdl¸= scjtdr quc sc cs ujl v`nujtlg scplrlgl gcn cxtcrd`r. Sjl csbdsdòj, p`r n` tljt`.
•
Nl gdvcricjbdl nncvl l nl suomctdvdglg,
suomctdvdg lg, quc gcpcjgc gcn b`kprcjgcr, cst` cs, gc nl syjcëgĒsds , quc scrì cn nltdj` b`jsbdus .
Cn sbdrc, cn slocr, nnciò b`k` uj cb` gcn shcd djg`cur`pc`=
sdijd﬌bl ―b`rtlr—, cj su ltrdout` gc gdstdjiudr, gc cmcrbcr nl
flbuntlg gc csb`icr y gcmlr l uj nlg` lqucnn` quc sc el rcbelzlg`. Qcjslr cs b`rtlr.
•
Qlrl cjtcjgcr nl b`jbdcjbdl cs jcbcslrd` rcburrdr l ujl plrlgòmdbl jciltdvdglg= plgcbcr cn pcs` gc nl «klnl b`jbdcjbdl¸, quc n`s irdci`s dgcjtd﬌blr`j b`j nl vcriþcjzl. Rcjtdrnl «prcsup`jc uj lnt` irlg` gc rc﬏cxdòj s`orc uj` kdsk`¸
(O. Rjcnn, Cn gcsbuordkdcjt` gcn cspërdtu, pp.    -   ). Q`grëlk`s `oscrvlr cj cnnl n`s prdkcr`s pls`s quc elorìj gc
lbcrblrj`s l lqucnnl bcrtczl gc uj` kdsk` s`orc nl quc cspcbunò Ecicn cj nl Fcj`kcj`n`iël gcn cspërdtu, l su jlturlnczl b`jtrlgdbt`rdl, l nl `p`sdbdòj quc sc gl cj cn djtcrd`r gc

n ` s f u j g lkcj t` s
blgl uj`, l nl bdrbujstljbdl gc﬌jdgl p`r uj djtcrj` dr y vcjdr, l uj rcb`j`bcrsc «cj cn g`onc blrìbtcr gc scr k`vdkdcjt` gc nl b`jbdcjbdl y cn scr ﬌m` gc ujl rclndglg quc sc kljd﬌cstl¸ («Bcrtczl y vcrglg gc nl rlzòj¸, b ).
Nl p`tcjbdl gc nl v`z, su ëkpctu, b`jtrdouyò l cstloncbcr
mcr lrquëls
mcrlrq
uëls,, l klrb
klrblr
lr y gc﬌
gc﬌jdr
jdr tcrrdt`rd
tcrrd t`rd`s.
`s. Nl v`z irlvc y cjär
cjär-idbl gcn e`korc cs b`jtckpnlonc b`k` uj cnckcjt` ltìvdb`
gc dkp`sdbdòj. Nl csbubel b`edodgl, b`jgdbd`jlgl p`r ujl
v`z p`gcr`sl, tcrkdjlrì cj nl lsujbdòj gc ujl `ocgdcjbdl.
Cn tdckp` trljsburrdrì, gcvcjgrìj nls ncjiuls8 nncilrì cn tärkdj` lhýcdj= ―csbubelr—, ―`ocgcbcr—. Cj nltëj, `o`cgdrc (`o
lugdrc)= ―bukpndr uj kljglt`—.
Q`grëlk`s ljtcp`jcr nl v`z gcn jòklgl‗nl v`z e`rdz`jtln
quc j` cstloncbc, nl quc j` sc rcpdtc, nl quc sc lncml cj cn pldslmc y sc sdncjbdl‗l nl v`z vcrtdbln gcn scgcjtlrd`, quc cs sdckprc nl kdskl, csl quc dkp`jc su b`stukorc, nl quc sc pcrpctýl y crdic b`k` uj vlnnlg`.
Gctcjcrsc l csbubelr nl v`z pr`pdl sup`jc sdtulrsc
s dtulrsc cj nl
cxdstcjbdl, rcb`j`bcr cj quä nuilr sc cstì, kìxdkc buljg`
cn pcjslkdcjt` lb`stukorl l nncvlrj`s l `tr` csplbd`, l `trl
uodblbdòj. Nl v`z brcl uj cjt`rj`. Sjl v`z s`ndtlrdl rcprcscjtl uj vdvdr ujës`j`8 sd pucgc kczbnlrsc b`j `trls v`bcs sc
sc
gcoc l quc, kutul y prcvdlkcjtc, t`gls sc elj gdsbcrjdg` cj
su pr`pd` ujës`j`. Gc leë quc nl b`kujdblbdòj elil quc cn
kujg` scl kcj`s `rdidjlrd`, kcj`s djdbdln, lujquc plrczbl
kìs bcrblj`. _csp`jgc l uj plbt`.
Csbubelr cs lvcjturlrsc l lolrblr y, s`orc t`g`, gcbdgdrsc
l lsukdr cn plslg`, lbcptlr quc t`gl v`z pr`vdcjc gc n` kìs
ncmlj` quc ely cj j`s`tr`s, buy` prdjbdpd` cs sdi ḙ, ―sdncjbd`—.
B`k` cjcriël prc-ndjiþëstdbl b`jtò gcsgc su k`kcjt` lur`rln b`j uj sdijd﬌blg`, n` tuv` ljtcs gc b`jvcrtdrsc cj uj s`jdg` gcsbdfrlonc, cj uj f`jckl. Djgdblol uj lplrcbcr, ujl
djkcgdltcz, uj le`rl fucrl gcn tdckp`, p`rquc ästc, cj su b`kdcjz`, j` tcjël gurlbdòj, j` crl pls`= blrcbël gc bucjtl. Nl
ckdsdòj v`bln crl uj prcslid` gcn gcbdr. J` eloël‗j` ely‗

n ` p rcvd`
ujl s`j`rdglg vlbël, lujquc blrcbdcrl‗` blrczbl‗gc scjtdg`, n` kdsk` quc nl rlkl djsdijd﬌bljtc cbelgl l uj rë` quc
sc eujgc y ckcric cj uj zdizliuc`, pcr` quc cs blplz gc rcbnlklr nl ltcjbdòj y gcspcrtlr cn pcjslkdcjt` gc qudcj nl
kdrl ltcjt` kdcjtrls sc pdcrgc b`rrdcjtc lolm`.
B`k` cj nl olrbl gc Blr`jtc, csl gc ljbels bulgcrjls
quc bruzl n`s lzuncs cstdid`s gc Qltdjdr,
Qltdjd r, nl v`z jlvcil sdckprc elbdl su ﬌jln. Ròn` sc pr`n`jil cj nl rcvcrocrlbdòj gc
uj cb`, cj nl rcpctdbdòj gc nl rcpctdbdòj
r cpctdbdòj gc nl v`z gc qudcjcs
qud cjcs
cxdstdcr`j, y quc cs nl jucstrl.
jucstr l.
•
Ely ujl v`z quc jujbl elorël sdg` b`jfujgdgl cj Olocn.
•
B`jsucn` gc nl kýsdbl
Nl kýsdbl y nl kucrtc. Sjl ljtdiul lndljzl8 sc jcbcsdtlj, sc
frcbucjtlj. Cs nl ýjdbl lkdstlg quc sc bukpnc cj cn ýntdk`
kujg`, ` cj nl ýntdkl p`sdodndglg gc
g c kujg`.
Cj nls klj`s gc ujls kubelbels ìtdbls ely uj nlýg8 n`s
irdci`s n` nnlklolj pljg
pljg`ýr
`ýrll. N` elj t`klg` gc Cidpt`, n`
elj lprcjgdg` gcn vlnnc cj cn quc n`s gdfujt`s csbubelj nls
j`tls ﬌jlncs gc blgl m`rjlgl. Nls bucrgls sucjlj must` g`jgc ckpdczl cn k`rdr, g`jgc cstì n` bunkdjlg`. Nls g`jbcnnls f`rklj plrtc gc uj slrbòfli`8 slrhò-peli`s qudcrc gcbdr, ndtcrlnkcjtc, ―b`kc-blrjc—.
―b`kc-blrjc—. Nl vdgl, j` gc kljcrl ncjtl,
sc gcsb`kp`jc. Jlgdc s`p`rtlrël vcr nl csbcjl gctlnnlgl gcn
gcsiulbc.
Sjl kcn`gël buorc tljt` b`k` nl tdcrrl. J`s gdstrlc, djv`bl j` slock`s quä, elbc quc kdrck`s elbdl lrrdol kdcjtrls
n` lo`kdjlonc subcgc lolm`, l `sburls. Cstc lplrtlr nl vdstl y
﬌mlrnl cj n` lnt` b`jsucnl. Nl kýsdbl b`jstruyc lnturl, flordbl uj p`r cjbdkl8 cj cnnl sucjl uj cstlr l slnv`.
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