🚜 AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CRAM CHART // @thinkfiveable // http://fiveable.me INTRO TO GEO POP & MIGRATION CULTURE POLITICAL GEO Unit 1 ↓ Unit 2 ↓ Unit 3 ↓ Unit 4 ↓ ● Pop Pyramids → age, sex → pop growth ● DTM = pop change, no migration included ○ 1 (↑ birth/death, low pop, no states) ○ 2 (industrializing, ↑ birth, ↓ death bc meds, fast pop growth, Kenya) ○ 3 (↓↓ birth/death, pop growth, ↑ education, more meds Brazil) ○ 4 (low death/birth, stable pop, US), ○ 5 (very low death/birth, ↓ pop, Japan) ● Stage 1-2 diseases = infectious (cholera) ● Stage 3-5 diseases = age (alzheimers) ● Malthus → natural checks on pop = good ● Migrations → forced (reasons out of your control, war/slave/weather) or volunteer ● Push = why leave, Pull = why go there ● Ravenstein → migrants = mostly men, to cities, young, short distance, from rural) ● Globalization → decrease distance decay ● colonialism / historic migrations spread culture ● Types of Diffusion = Contagious (viral videos), Hierarchical (from power), Stimulus (sparks new ideas) Relocation (moving with idea) ● Hearth = origin of an idea, where it began ● Lingua franca = common lang used for biz ● Religions can be ethnic (Judaism, Hindu), or universalizing (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism) ● Folk = traditional, isolated, diffused by move ● Pop = changeable, widespread, media influ ● Assimilate = lose tradition for new culture ● Acculturation = blend traditions/cultures ● Appropriate = adopt culture for own benefit ● Ethnic enclave = Chinatown, Little Italy, etc ● Sovereignty = pol independence ● Legitimacy = recognized by others ● Types → state (Canada), n ation (Iroquois), nation-state (France), stateless nation (Kurds), multinational state (US) ● Geopolitical forces → imperialism, decolonization, fall of communism ● Theories of power = Heartland, Rimland ● Law of Sea = boundaries offshore ● Voting district, redistricting, gerrymander ● Forms of gov = unitary (central, France), federal (states & fed gov, US) ● Supranationalism → UN, NATO, EU, ASEAN ● Devolution = fragmentation of states ● Forces → Centrifugal (pull apart, majority /minority, ethnic diffs), Centripetal (bring together, identity, similarities, equity) AGRICULTURE CITIES & URBAN ISSUES INDUSTRY & ECON DEVELOPMENT TIPS & TRICKS Unit 5 ↓ Unit 6 ↓ Unit 7 ↓ EXAM SKILLS ↓ ● Industrialization → began in England b/c of new tech, pop of workers, resources (coal) ● Diffused → more food → workers to cities ● ↑ need materials & markets = imperialism ● Econ sectors = primary (raw materials), secondary (manufacturing), tertiary (service), quaternary (legal/$$), quaternary (mgmt) ● Weber’s Least Cost Theory = ↓ transport & labor costs by maximizing agglomeration ● Measures of Dev = GNI, income, fertility, mortality, literacy, health care, edu (below ↓) ● Rostow → linear steps to mass production ● Wallerstein → core, periphery, semi-periph ● International trade orgs = EU, NAFTA ● ↑ outsourcing = ↓ manufacturing jobs = service jobs in core, manufacturing jobs move to periph ● Industry → outside of core → maquil., EPZ ● Service sectors = growth pole (Silicon Valley) ● MULTIPLE CHOICE = 50% of exam score ○ 60 questions in 60 minutes ○ No penalty for guessing. +1 when right ○ Fill in bubbles as you go, don’t skip! ○ 30-40% of Qs are Stimulus Based ● ESPeN = Economic, Social, Political, Environ ● Economic = Money + Jobs ● Political = Government + Laws ● Environmental = Ecological + Nature ● Cultural = Religion + Language ● Maps → Reference (phys & polit.), Thematic (choropleth, dot, isoline, cartogram, prop symbol) ● Projections → mercator, polar, etc ● Regions → Formal (city, state), Functional (tv station, sports), Vernacular (“the south) ● GIS, GPS, remote sensing ● Possibilism → Humans can alter the physical landscape ● 1st Agr Rev = Dev of Agr, ~8,000 BCE ○ Hearth = Fertile Crescent ○ Mass diffusion after Col Exch ● 2nd Agr Rev = Industrial Rev, ~1750 ○ New tech → more food → more ppl → more workers → new jobs ● 3rd Agr Rev = Green Rev, ~1950s ○ More food = less hunger, but environ damage bc of chemicals ● Subsistence → for use by farmer ● Commercial → farming to sell crops ● Intensive → same land, lots of use ● Extensive → spread on lots of land ● Large scale → agribusiness (vertical) ● LDC prod = low lat = coffee, banana ● Von Thunen → city, spoil crops, forest, grains/field crops, livestock ● Enviro effects → irrigation, desertific. ● Changes in food prod = new issues 🗓 ● Better transp & comm → urbanize -Borchert ● Adv in agr → pop growth → migration to city ● World cities = NY, London, Tokyo ● Megacities → increasing periph classes ● Rank-size → nth city = 1/nth largest city ● Primate city → biggest city = 2x next big city ● Central Place Theory → explains #, size, and location of humans in urban system ● Gravity model = interactions between cities ● N. American cities → Burgess (concentric), Hoyt (sector), Ullman-Harris (multi-nuclei) ● Galactic city → suburbs surround inner city ● Sustainable design → Mixed-use, new urbanism, greenbelts, slow-growth cities ● Econ & Social issues = housing discrim & $$, food deserts, disamenity zone, gentrification ● FREE RESPONSE = 50% of exam score ○ 3 FRQs in 75 minutes, no choice of Q ○ Each FRQ worth 7 pts, label A,B,C ○ Answer concise, but w/ needed detail ○ Only write what you need to answer the question ● Common Verbs on the FRQ ○ List/Identify = give the answer directly ○ Define = give meaning + example ○ Describe = explain how it works ○ Discuss = connect + explain in detail ○ Explain = discuss patterns in concepts Events to Know: 8000 BCE 1st Agr Rev // 1347 Black Plague // 1607 Jamestown // 1619 Triangle Trade // 1750 Industrial Rev England // 1825 Erie Canal // 1836 Trail of Tears // 1840s Irish Potato Fam // 1840-1880 “Old” Immigrants // 1880-1920 “New” Immigrants // 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act // 1910-1940 Great Migration // 1914-1918 WWI // 1929-1939 Great Depression // 1939-1945 WWII // 1945-1970 Green Rev // 1945-1991 Cold War // 1947 India Independ // 1948 Israel // 1961 Berlin Wall // 1965 Immigration Act // 1970s “Boat People” Asian Immigration // 1994 Apartheid ends S Africa // 1994 Rwanda // 1990s Latin Am immigration // 2010 Arab Spring