Knowledge and Reality
Session 15: VI. Knowledge of others
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Sources
• LIPPS, T., 1905. Die ethischen Grundfragen. Hamburg: Voss. 1905.
• LIPPS, T., "Das Wissen von fremden Ichen", in Psychologische
Untersuchungen, (1907).
• LIPPS, T., Leitfaden der Psychologie, Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig
1906.
• HUSSERL, E., Cartesian Meditations (5th meditation). FCE, Mexico
• STEIN, E., The problem of empathy. Trotta, Madrid
• ZAHAVI, D., "Empathy, otherness, morality". XVI Jornadas
Peruanas de Fenomenología y Hermenéutica.
• ZAHAVI, D., Self and Other. Exploring Subjectivity, Empathy, and
Shame. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014.
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Outline
• Preliminary observation
• Context: intersubjectivity
• Theories (1): Access to the consciousness of others is
always mediated (always with body´s mediation).
• Theories (2): Access to the consciousness of others is
not mediated. Direct access.
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Preliminary observation
• Fremderfahrung
• Experience of others = experience I have of others, not the e the
other have
• Empathy (Einfühlung) We shouldn´t identity up with empathy.
• Bracketing of moral connotations: grief, empathy,
compassion
No va a entrar en ello, solo lo va av tartar desde un pto de vista del cono
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Context: intersubjectivity
• Why is intersubjectivity important?
• The subjectivity of others as a fundamental condition
for the constitution of transcendent objects (para
aceptar q es tras todos tnen q tener acceso a él, por
eso la subj de los otros es imp)
OBJECTIVITY (ACCESSIBLE TO EVEYBODY)= INTERSUBJECTIVE
EXPERIENTIALITY (LAS ESTRELLAS Q VEO CND MIRO AL SOL NO SON
OBJETIVAS)
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
The access to the
consciousness of
others is always
mediated
Theories of reasoning by
analogy
Theories of the
experience of the other
Access to the
consciousness of others
is unmediated
Theories of
empathy (only a kind ot
thoery of exp of others, but no
strictly the same)
Lipps
Phenomenology
(Husserl, Stein)
Scheler
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Theories (1): Access to the consciousness of
others is always mediated.
• (A) What is given to me in the proper
sense of another human being is
exclusively the phenomenon of
his/her physical body, only thing of
you given to me in an original way.
• (B) Based solely on this mode of
giving oneself, one considers - in
certain way - that the other is
animated (q tb tnen experiencias), that the
other self exists.
• 2 palabra en alemnas para el cpo:
Körper (físico); leib (en tanto q
animado)
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Theories (1): Access to the consciousness of
others is always mediated.
• How do you get to (B)?
• Two possibilities
• By reasoning: theories of reasoning by analogy.
• By a non-inferential procedure: theories of empathy
• Don´t understand it in a temporal succession
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Theories (1): Access to the consciousness of
others is always mediated.
• Theories of reasoning by analogy
sabemos q está aburrido por razonamiento por analogia, es el gesto q yo hago cnd estoy aburrido.
Pero si esto es vd, deberíamos ir continuemente con un Espejo para mirarnos porque no somos
siempre conscientes de los gestos q hacemos.
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Theories (1): Access to the consciousness of
others is always mediated.
• How do you get to (B)?
• Two possibilities
• By reasoning: theories of reasoning by analogy.
• By a non-inferential procedure: theories of
empathy
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Theories (1): Access to the consciousness of
others is always mediated.
•
Theories of empathy
Einfühlung
sustantivo q vne del verbo alamán q
significa sentir, “sentir en”
Robert Vischer
(1847-1933)
Theodor Lipps
(1851-1914)
Empathy
Edward Titchener
(1867-1927)
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Theories (1): Access to the consciousness of
others is always mediated.
• Theories of empathy (Lipps)
• Three different fields of knowledge with
different sources:
① Perception: knowledge of external
objects
② Introspection: knowledge of one's own
mind, acceso a las exps q he tenido.
③ Empathy: knowledge of other minds
Lips: It cannot be reduced to a logical
inference???
Theodor Lipps
(1851-1914)
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Theories (1): Access to the consciousness of
others is always mediated.
•
Theories of empathy: Lipps
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Theories (1): Access to the consciousness of
others is always mediated. T1
•
Theories of empathy: Lipps
① Perception?
② Introspection?
③ Empathy
Percibimos el mimerdo al
mirar la escena, pero no es q
lo percibamos, porq no se
encuenta en el mdo exterior,
sino a travéés de mis ppias
emociones. Aunq loo
apehendamos como un
suceso unitario, no percibo el
miedo de la misma forma q
percibo con mis ojos la
escena. En este sentido, estoy
poryectando mi miedo.
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Theories (1): Access to the consciousness of
others is always mediated. T4
• Theories of empathy: Lipps
• How does this happen?
EMPATHY INSTINCT
Impulse directed to
imitation (lo de
abajo)
Impulse directed to
expression (supongo que
será expresar lo que el otro
expresa, acróbata)
La sensación de alegría q me llega al ver la cara me
hace proyectar alegría (I´m poryecting myself into the
other)
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Theories (1): Access to the consciousness of
others is always mediated.
• Theories of empathy: Lipps
• "The psychological other individual is consequently
made by myself from myself. Its inner being is taken
from mine. The other individual or ego is the
product of a projection, a reflection, a radiation of
myself - or of what I experience in myself through
the sensory perception of an external physical
phenomenon - into the same sensory
phenomenon, a peculiar kind of reduplication of
myself."
Theodor Lipps
(1851-1914)
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Theories (1): Access to the consciousness of
others is always mediated.
• Theories of empathy
• Problems of Lipps' theory:
•
•
•
Is this an accurate description of the experience? I
don´t have to be angry to understand that he´s
angry, lips notion of empathy doesn´t take us
waway from us
Limitation of what can be empathically
understood about the other person. ¿cómo
Podemos tener la exp de ser abuelos si todavía no
lo hemos sido? No podrímos pryectarles nada,
pues todavía no hemos sentido lo q significa ser
abuelos. En consecuencia, no podríamos
empatizar con su experiencia de ser abuelos.
Emotional contagion?
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Theories (1): Access to the consciousness of
others is always mediated.
• Theories of empathy: phenomenology
• Sui generis form of intentionality directed to
other subjects who have experiences
• Experience of the consciousness of others
E. Husserl
(1859-1938)
E. Stein
(1891-1942)
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Theories (1): Access to the consciousness of
others is always mediated.
• Theories of empathy: phenomenology
• Intentional structure of empathy:
•
Three ways of intentionally referring to an object, relación
con el paper de Ortega
•
•
•
Significant
Pictorial
Perceptive
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Theories (1): Access to the consciousness of
others is always mediated. T7
• Theories of empathy: phenomenology
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
Solo tne accedo firecto a sus
ppias exps, sino serían la
misma persona.
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Theories (1): Access to the consciousness of
others is always mediated.
• Theories of empathy:
phenomenology
•
Intentional structure of empathy:
•
Where to place empathy?
•
Different from perception
•
He does not give us his object in
person. Puedo ver la cara, y pdo ver q está triste,
pero la tristeza no se me da de forma original, solo
su rostro o mi ppia tristeza. Por eso a veces no hya
palabras q valga, pues la frase “te entiendo” jamás
es del todo válida.
•
Similar to perception
•
The empathized object is given to
us directly
E. Stein
(1891-1942)
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Theories (1): Access to the consciousness of
others is always mediated.
• Theories of empathy: phenomenology
1. Empathy is not imaginative perspective taking.
“Mi amiga debe
estar sufriendo” Esto
no es la empatía.
la emp no es un ejercicio nd
eimaginación. L del calvo es muy
distinto a estar justo enfrente
viendo sus tristeza de primera
mano. De ahí q lo anterior “the
empatizised obj is given directly
to us.”
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Theories (1): Access to the consciousness of
others is always mediated.
• Theories of empathy: phenomenology
2.
Empathy is not a form of affective sharing.
No es sentir lo q el otro siente. Puede haber envidia y
emp desde un pto de vist del cono. Pues aunq no se
alegre por el tne cierta aprehhensión de su alegría
No tengo q estar
enomorado de la mujer d
emi marido para empatizar
con el amor q se tnen.
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Theories (1): Access to the consciousness of
others is always mediated.
• Theories of empathy: phenomenology
3. Empathy is not emotional contagion, because emp is
always an intentional act.
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Theories (2): Access to the consciousness of
others is not mediated. T5
Veo el terror
directamente,
VEO ANTES LA
IRA, Q EL TAMAÑO
Y COLOR DE SUS
OJOS (T6)
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY. SESSION 15
Theories (2): Access to the consciousness of
others is not mediated.
Cuáles son las exps q nos son más inaccesibles? Las relacionadas con el dolor,
porq no se puede tener acceso al floor de otro, tampoco al mental o psicológico,
lo q decía antes de la muerte.
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