Álvarez Angulo, T - Didáctica de la lengua para la formación de maestros

Dedç`te`g dc ig icnaug pgrg ig jhrmgèðn dc mgcstrhs _cùrshs Tchdhrh Çivgrcz Gnauih Dedç`te`g dc ig icnaug pgrg ig jhrmgèðn dc mgcstrhs @HIC@@EÐN _C@S_PHP, _C@S_ PHP, N¼ 705 705 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP Rremcrg cdeèðn emprcsg< gahsth dc ?270 Rremcrg cdeèðn< deècmorc dc ?270 © Tchdhrh Çivgrcz Gnauih © Dc cstg cdeèðn< Cdeèhncs H@TGCD_H, P.I. @./ Ogeiån, 3 - 26272 Ogr`cihng Tci.< 50 ?4: 42 2? - Jgx< 50 ?07 76 :6 www.h`tgcdrh.`hm - h`tgcdrhBh`tgcdrh.`hm @ugiquecr jhrmg dc rcprhdu`èðn, destreouèðn, `hmune`gèðn püoie`g h trgnsjhrmgèðn dc cstg horg shih pucdc scr rcgiezgdg `hn ig guthrezgèðn dc sus tetuigrcs, sgivh cx`cpèðn prcvestg phr ig icy. Derílgsc g @CD_H (@cntrh Cspg÷hi dc Dcrc`fhs _cprharçje`hs, www.`cdrh.hra) se nc`csetg jhth`hpegr h cs`gncgr giaün jrgamcnth dc cstg horg. EPON< 516-64-55?7-414-2 Desc÷h y prhdu`èðn< Cdethregi H`tgcdrh Deaetiezgèðn< Deaetiezgèð n< Cdethregi H`tgcdrh Ci grtc dc pigntcgr prcauntgs prhvh`gdhrgs pucdc scr tgn emphrtgntc `hmh ci grtc dc dgr rcspucstgs ìgrgs. Igs I gs oucngs prcauntgs prcscn prcscntgn tgn ded eicmgs, suovecrtcn «vcrdgdcs» hovegs h `gnðne`gs, emphncn en`hnarucnègs g nucstrg gtcnèðn. L. O, Ig cdu`gèðn, pucrtg dc ig ùiturg , 7551. 1 Pumgreh Rrcscntgèðn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 7. Ogscs pgrg cnsc÷gr icnaug cn ci guig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 ............................... ?3 ?. Dedç`te`g dc ig `hmune`gèðn hrgi 0. Dedç`te`g dc ig ic`turg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4. Dedç`te`g dc ig cs`returg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :1 3. Cnsc÷gnzg dc ig argmçte`g, dci iåxe`h y dc ig hrthargjíg . . . . . . 725 Oeoiehargjíg 707 70 7 ........................................................... Gncxh 7. Peanhs dc trgns`repèðn dc `hnvcrsgèhn `hnvcrsgèhncs cs `hihquegics 705 70 5 Índe`c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747 5 Rrcscntgèðn Cnsc÷gr y gprcndcr ig icnaug mgtcrng h premcrg cn çmoeths cs`higrcs rcquecrc dc ung jhrmgèðn cspc`í﬇`g dc ihs prhjcsehngics quc ih fgn dc iicvgr g `goh, quc shn ihs mgcstrhs y igs mgcstrgs. Nh cstgrç dc mçs rc`hrdgr quc `hmpgrtemhs jhrmgèðn prhjcsehngi `hn ihs mclhrcs cstudegntcs dc ihs pgíscs dci mundh mçs gvgnzgdhs cn cdu`gèðn, `hmh shn Jenigndeg, @hrcg dci Pur y Fhna-Khna, cntrc htrhs. Tgmoeån cs emphrtgntc ensester cn ig edcg dc quc enseancs entcic`tugics dci mundh rcsgitgn ih dctcrmengntc quc cs ig cs`higredgd cn Cdu`gèðn Enjgntei y Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. G csh cs g ih quc quc prctc prctcndcm ndcmhs hs `hntreo `hntreouer uer `hn ci prcscn prcscntc tc ieorh< ieorh< g dgr rcspucstg g ig gseangturg dc Dedç`te`g dc ig Icnaug, mcdegntc ig quc ihs cstudegntcs cstudeg ntcs dc Mgaestcreh gprc gprcndcn ndcn g cnsc÷gr igs dejcrcn d ejcrcntcs tcs fgoeiedgdcs h `hmpctcnègs `hmpctcnègs ienaù ienaùíste`gs íste`gs quc, g su vcz, fgn dc `hnscau `hnscauer er quc dhmen dhmencc su juturh giumngdh dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. Ig tchríg quc jundgmcntg `gdg tcmg prctcndc scr ig mínemg c emprcsèndeoic, dc mgncrg quc luste﬇quc igs mçs dc sctcntg g`tevedgdcs quc sc prhphncn y ci dcsgrrhiih dc igs mesmgs. Rgrg ciih, `hmcnzgmhs phr cstgoic`cr cn ci premcr `gpítuih un mgr`h quc nhs gyudc g desc÷gr igs ig s ogscs pgrg cnsc÷gr y gprcndcr gprcndcr ic icnaug naug cn ig jhrmgèðn dc mgcst mgcstrhs, rhs, ci prhyc`th enstetuèhng enstetuèhngii cn quc quc sc dcscmpc÷g cstg prhjcseðn, rcauigdg phr ci Cstgdh, `hn igs `hmpctcnègs gtreouedgs g igs guthnhmígs, y ùyh cmpicgdhr prenèpgi shn igs gdmenestrgèhncs püoie`gs. Cn cstc mgr`h entcrvecncn igs ècnègs quc cstudegn un jcnðmcnh tgn `hmpiclh `hmh cs ci icnauglc y ig `hmune`gèðn; igs ècnègs dc ig cdu`gèðn, yg quc sc trgtg dc un mgr`h dc gpie`gèðn g ig cnsc÷gn77 zg y ci gprcndezglc cn çmoeths cs`higrcs; ci ùrríùih h﬇ègi quc cstgoic`c ci Cstgdh y ig guthnhmíg `hrrcsphndecntc, y ci guig, cs`cngreh cn quc tecncn tecncn iuagr ihs gprc gprcndezglcs ndezglcs y ig igss cnsc÷gnz cnsc÷gnzgs, gs, `hn ig igss mcdegèhn mcdegèhncs, cs, gndgmeglcs, gyudgs y fcrrgmecntgs dc quc sc servc ci mgcstrh pgrg ci dcscmpc÷h dc ig igohr shègi quc sc ic cn`hmecndg. Cn ci cstudeh dc ig cnsc÷gnzg y ci gprcndezglc dc ig icnaug (prhargmgs, mgtcregics, ieorhs dc tcxth, ct`.) scrç dc argn entcrås dctc`tgr ig `hn`cpèðn prcdhmengntc dc ig icnaug (mçs h mcnhs jhrmgi y nhrmgtevg; mçs h mcnhs junèhngi), gsí `hmh ci mhdcih dc cnsc÷gnzg y dc gprcndezglc gprc ndezglc quc suoyg`c g de`fhs mgtcregics (mçs h mcn mcnhs hs trg trgnsmesevg; nsmesevg; mçs h mcn mcnhs hs `hnstr `hnstru`tevestg), u`tevestg), `hn igs empie`gèh empie`gèhncs ncs quc ciih tecnc cn ig jhrmgèðn jhrmgè ðn eneègi y pcrmgncn pcrmgncntc tc dc ihs jjuturhs uturhs mgcstrhs. Ci pigntcgmecnth pigntcgmecnth prcdhmengnt prcdhmengntcc quc sc phstuig cn cstg horg cs prenèpgimcntc prç`te`h. @hnsestc cn jgvhrc`cr quc sc fgagn `hsgs `hn ig icnaug, g ig vcz quc sc tecncn cn ùcntg ihs gspc`ths dcs`reptevhs, nhrmgtevhs, jhrmgics c festðre`hs dc ig mesmg; h scg, cn sgocr `hsgs shorc ig icnaug. Rgrg ciih, secmprc quc ihs pigncs dc cstudeh ih pcrmetgn, cs emphrtgntc grteùigr ig cnsc÷gnzg cn ci guig `hn ihs pcríhdhs dc Rrç`teùm. Edcgimcntc, cstg gseangturg dcocríg setugrsc cntrc un orcvc pcríhdh dc Rrç`teùm dc hoscrvgèðn (Rrç`teùm E), quc rc`hlg hoscrvgèhncs, `hmcntgrehs y prhoicmgs, g`cr`g dc quå sc fg`c y `ðmh sc iicvg g `goh ig cnsc÷gnzg y ci gprcndezglc dc ig icnaug, `hn ig `hnseauecntc dctc`èðn dc prhoicmgs rcigèhngdhs `hn igs fgoeiedgdcs ienaùíste`gs. Ci tecmph gseangdh g cstg gseangturg dcocríg dgr `goedg y cn`hntrgr shiuèðn g csths prhoicmgs, prhoicmgs, dc mg mgncrg ncrg quc, durgntc ci pcríhdh igrah dc Rrç`teùm (Rrç`teùm EE), dc entcrvcnèðn entcrvcnèðn cn igs guigs dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg, ihs cstudegntcs yg cn dc ig rcùrshs ogsgdhs cn igcnrc﬏cxeðn, `hmh `hnscùcnègdespusecrgn dc su cstudeh dc igs s guigs unevcrsetgregs quc sc jhrmgn. Ci prh`cdemecnth prh`cdemecnth pgrg iicvgr csth g igs guigs cs d devcrsh evcrsh<< ungs vc`cs sc trgtgrç dc rcgiezgr g`tevedgdcs cn `higohrgèðn (cn pgrclgs h cn aruphs rcduèdhs); htrgs vc`cs, igs g`tevedgdcs scrçn endevedugics; y htrgs ‐igs mcnhs‐ mcn hs‐ sc iicvg iicvgrçn rçn g ``goh goh cn aruphs mçs numcrhshs mcdegntc ig cxphseèðn mgaestrgi dci prhjcshr. Ig rcigèðn dc g`tevedgdcs quc sc prhph prhphncn ncn pgrg ci dcsgrrhiih dci tcmgreh nh suphnc quc thdh ci giumngdh (aruphs) fgag semuitçncgmcntc ih mesmh. mesmh. Rh Rhrr ci `hntrgreh, cs mç mçss cnrequc`cdh cnrequc`cdhrr pgrg ci aruph dc ig `ìgsc igsc y pgrg `gdg cstudegntc mhstrgr ci gmpieh gogne`h dc phseoeiedgdcs quc sc pucdcn gohrdgr gohrdgr cn ci trgtg trgtgmecn mecnth th dc ihs gspc`ths quc gdmetc ci cst cstuu7? DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P deh dc un mesmh tcmg. Rgrg ciih, sc gpcig pcrmgncntcmcntc gi cspíretu dc gprcndcr gprcndcr y trgoglgr pgrg trgnsmeter tr gnsmeter `hnhèmecn `hnhèmecnths ths g ihs dcmçs. @hn`coemhs ig g`tevedgd dedç`te`g `hmh ci desc÷h y ig pucstg cn prç`te`g dc g`èhncs dc cnsc÷gnzg y gprcndezglc, cn çmoeths cs`higrcs, g`gdåme`hs y prhjcsehngics, prhjcsehngics, pgr pgrgg `gpgètgr g ihs giumnhs cn ci dhmeneh dc igs fgoeiedgdcs ienaùíste`gs (fgoigr, csù`fgr, iccr y cs`reoer), `hn ig mcdegèðn mcdegèð n dc ihs mgcstrhs, y ``hn hn ig ﬇ngiedgd dc ``hnstruer hnstruer `hnhèmec `hnhèmecnth nth y trgnsmeter sgocrcs. Gsemesmh, sc cntecndc ci gprcndezglc `hmh prh`csh y `hmh g`tevedgd quc pcrseauc rcshivcr prhoicmgs quc entcrcsgn g quecn gprcndc, dhndc ig jhrmuigèðn dc prcauntgs dcscmpc÷g un pgpci cscnègi cn ig unevcrsedgd y cn igs guigs dc Rremgr Rremgreg. eg. U sc `hnè ` hnèoc oc ig cdu`gèðn `hmh ung `hmunedgd dc gprcndezglc. Pc cntecndc `hmh çmoeth cs`higr ci rcjcredh g ig cdu`gèðn hoieagthreg, dc : g 7: g÷hs; ci çmoeth g`gdåme`h `hrrcsphndc g ig cdu`gèðn phsthoieagthreg phsthoieagthreg y unevcrse un evcrsetgreg; tgreg; y ci çmoeth prhjcsehngi cs ci `hn`crnecntc g ig jhrmgèðn eneègi y pcrmgncntc dci prhjcshrgdh. Igs g`tevedgdcs dc dcsgrrhiih quc sc rcgie`cn sc cxphndrçn cn ìgsc, `hn ihs gphyhs tå`ne`hs nc`csgrehs (Rhwcr Rhent u htrhs) y sc cntrcagrçn gi prh prhjcshr jcshr pgrg su cvgiugèðn. T Tcndrçn cndrçn ig seauecnt sea uecntcc cstr cstru`turg< u`turg< • • • • • phrtgdg; índe`c; rcsumcn (mçxemh vcentc iíncgs) y pgigorgs ìgvc (mçxemh èn`h iíncgs); `hmcntgreh shorc ci `hntcnedh y ci pigntcgmecnth dedç`te`h; `hmcntgreh g`cr`g dc igs gphrtgèhncs dc prhvc`fh pcrshngi y prhjcsehngi seh ngi quc suphnc ig rcgiezgèðn dc ig g`tevedgd pgrg quecn ig rcgi rcgiezg. ezg. Ne quc dcèr tecnc quc scrç oecn rcèoedg thdg prhpucstg quc vcnag dci cstudegntc y scg rc﬏clh dci entcrås dc un dctcrmengdh gspc`th rcigèhngdh `hn ci holcth dc cstudeh. Gquí sc setüg, ic`thr, ic`thr, ig horg quc tecncs tecncs cn igs mgnhs. Gohrdg, `hmh sgocs, trcs dc ihs ùgtrh oihqucs dc `hntcnedh quc `hmphncn ci çrcg dc Icnaug `gstciigng y Ietcrgturg; g sgocr< «fgoigr, csù`fgr y `hnvcrsgr»; «iccr y cs`reoer»; «`hnhèmecnth dc ig icnaug». Ci ùgrth oihquc (ci tcr`crh, cn ci ùrríùih h﬇ègi), «ig cdu`gèðn ietcrgreg», `hrrcsphndc g htrg gseangturg dci pign dc cstudehs, dcnhmengdg prcèsgmcntc Cdu`gèðn ietcrgreg, Ietcrgturg y Cdu`gèðn, h Dedç`te`g dc ig Ietcrgturg. Csth quecrc dcèr quc, se oecn `hn`cptugimcntc nh cs phseoic scpgrgr ihs gspc`ths R_CPCNTG@EÐN 70 junèhngics dc ihs cståte`hs cn ih quc rcspc`tg gi cstudeh dc ig icnaug, gtcndcrcmhs prcjcrcntcmcntc g ihs premcrhs fgstg dhndc sc pucdg. Ci `gpítuih ? sc hùpg dc ig `hmune`gèðn hrgi. Pcauemhs, `hmh pucdcs vcr, un pigntcgmecnth dc cstudeh hnthacnåte`h< premcrh fgoigmhs; mçs tgrdc t grdc cs`reoemhs y iccmhs. Csth nh quecrc dcèr quc trgtcmhs igs destentgs fgoeiedgdcs ienaùíste`gs scpgrgdgmcntc. Nh tcndríg scntedh. Ihs ushs dci icnauglc, cn ig shècdgd y tgmoeån cn çmoeths cs`higrcs, ungs vc`cs rcquecrcn quc sc fgoic y quc sc csù`fc; htrgs, quc sc icg; htrgs, quc sc cs`reog. U ih mçs `hmün cs quc sc entcrrcigèhncn igs ùgtrh fgoeiedgdcs. Nhs entcrcsg dc jhrmg pgrteùigr gohrdgr ihs rcaestrhs hrgics cn ihs ushs u shs dc ig icnaug. Dc gfí quc prctcndgmhs er dcsdc ihs ushs `hihquegics, csphntçnchs, fgèg ihs ushs pigne﬇`gdhs h rc﬏cxevhs, prhpehs dci icnauglc g`gdåme`h. Ci `gpítuih 0 rc`hac ig gdqueseèð gdqueseèðn n dc ig gijgocte gijgoctezgèðn zgèðn,, ig eeneègèð neègèðn n g ig ic`turg y ig cs`returg; gsunth shègi dc premcrg mganetud y jundgmcntgi cn igs csùcigs dc premcrgs ictrgs. Trgtgrcmhs shorc `ðmh sc cnsc÷g y `ðmh sc gprcndc g iccr y g cs`reoer cn ihs premcrhs argdhs dc ig cnsc÷gnzg. Fc dc dcèr quc cs un tcmg tgn gpgsehngntc `hmh dejíèi y `hntrhvcrtedh. Luntgmcntc Lun tgmcntc `hn ig gdqueseèðn dc ig ic`tu ic`turg rg y ig ccs`returg, s`returg, nhs hùpgrcmhs dci dcsgrrhiih dc cstgs dhs fgoeiedgdcs ienaùíste`gs `hmh dhs prh`cshs destenths pcrh `hmpicmcntgrehs g ih igrah dc ig Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. Cn ci `gpítuih 4 pigntcgmhs cspc`í﬇`gmcntc igs ùcstehncs rcigèhngdgs `hn ig cs`returg, phr trgtgrsc dc ig `hmpctcnèg ienaùíste`g mçs `hmpiclg y quc mçs prhoicmgs pigntcg g ihs cs`higrcs. Mhstrgrcmhs ihs prenèpgics aåncrhs desùrsevhs `hn quc sc cnùcntrgn csths giumnhs cn igs guigs y jucrg dc Mcrc`crçn gsemesmh nucstrg gtcnèðn igs destentgs cstrgtcaegs dc ciigs. `hmprcnseðn y prhdu`èðn dc tcxths cn cstgs cdgdcs, cn igs mgtcregs dci ùrríù ùrríùih, ih, cn iíncg `hn ih quc p pigntcgn igntcgn dcsdc fg`c tecmph mhvemecnths sglhncs `hmh Qretena G`rhs G`rhsss tfc @urreù @urreùium ium y Qretena Qretena en ttfc fc Desèp Desèpiencs. iencs. Cstg Cstgss `hrrecntcs dc cnsc÷gnzg y gprc gprcndezgndezglc dc ig cs`returg dc﬇cnd dc﬇cndcn cn ig nc nc`csedgd `csedgd dc cnsc÷gr g iiccr ccr y g cs`reo cs`reoer er cn igs desèpiengs dci ùrríùih, phr trgtgrsc dc tcxths dc cspcègiedgd quc fgy quc `hnh`cr pgrg phdcr cntcndcr y cxprcsgrsc `hnvcnecntcmcntc cn ihs çmoeths çmoeths g`gdåme`hs y shègics. Ci `gpítuih 3 gohrdg ci `hnhèmecnth dc ig icnaug, cn sus gspc`ths mçs rc﬏cxevhs, g`cr`g dci ush quc fg`cmhs ùgndh fgoigmhs y cs`reoemhs. Gquí pigntcgmhs ci cstudeh dc ig argmçte`g cs`higr, phrquc cs 74 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P nc`csgreh desphncr dc un ècrth mctgicnauglc, `hmh fg`cn igs dcmçs ècnègs; pcrh nh cstç ìgrh ùçi fg dc scr y fgstg dðndc pigntcgr ung tcrmenhihaíg quc ‐nh sc hivedc‐ sc ogsg cn `retcrehs iðae`hs y, phr tgnth, gostrg`ths; ih ùgi cs pgrteùigrmcntc dejíèi pgrg cstgs cdgdcs. Gdcmçs dc igs ùcstehncs argmgte`gics, cstudegrcmhs gspc`ths rcigèhngdhs `hn ci vh`gouigreh, ci iåxe`h y ig hrthargjíg. @ecrrg ci trgoglh ig oeoiehargjíg dc quc mc servh pgrg sustcntgr ig horg y pgrg quc ci ic`thr pucdg dcsgrrhiigr ùgnth cstemc `hnvcnecntc. Ig destreouyh phr tcmgs, `hn ig ﬇ngiedgd dc jgèietgr ig `hnsuitg dc igs rcjcrcnègs rcjcrcn ègs quc ig `hmph `hmphncn. ncn. Ngturgimcntc Ngturgimcntc,, sc trgtg dc ung oeoiehargjíg cscnègi; cn ig mcdedg cn quc tü, ic`thr, tc gdcntrcs cn ciig, `hmh secmprc su`cdc, tc rcjcrerç g htrgs horgs pgrg scauer prhjundezgndh. Hlgiç quc gsí scg. Rgrg ﬇ngiezgr, ﬇ngie zgr, cs entcrcsgntc sgocr quc, `hn jrcùcnèg, jrcùcnèg, sc prhdu`c ig `hnjuseðn cntrc ig jhrmgèðn jhrmgèðn ienaù ienaùíste`g íste`g quc fg dc rcèoer ci cstudeg cstudegntc ntc unevcrsetgreh quc sc jhrmg pgrg scr mgcstrh dcntrh dci çrcg dc Icnaug `gstciigng y Ietcrgturg, y ig jhrmgèðn dedç`te`g quc fg dc rcèoer, rgzðn dc scr dc igs dedç`te`gs cspc`í﬇`gs h desèpiengrcs quc, cn cstc `gsh, fg dc gdquerer ci juturh prhjcsehngi pgrg cdu`gr ienaùíste`gmcntc g ne÷hs dc sces g dh`c g÷hs. Csth nhs iicvg gi prhjcshrgdh unevcrse unevcrsetgreh tgreh quc jhrmgmhs g mgcstrhs y g mgcstrgs g setugrnhs cn ci guig cn ung dhoic phseèðn< fgoigr pgrg lðvcncs lðvc ncs unevcrse unevcrsetgrehs tgrehs y tcncr cn ùcn ùcntg tg quc su jhrmgèð jhrmgèðn n fg dc p prhyc` rhyc`-tgrsc cn ne÷hs dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. Cstgs gdgptgèhncs nc`csgregs hoieagn g rcùrrer rcùrre r g igs ècn ècnègs ègs dc ig cdu`gèðn, q quc uc nhs eiustrgn g`cr`g dc quå cs y `ðmh fg`cr csh c sh dc cnsc÷g cnsc÷grr, gprcndcr gprcndcr,, prharg prhargmgr, mgr, scùcnègr, cvgiugr, ct`., `hnhèmecnths emprcsèndeoics pgrg ci clcrèèh dc ig prhjcseðn dc mgaestcreh. cn cstc `hntcxth dc`ígmhs mçs cn ci quc igs prç`te`gsCsdh`cntcs tecncn su‐`hmh prenèpgi rgzðn dc scrgrreog‐ cn ihs pigncs dc cstudeh cstud eh dc ig jhrmgèðn dc mgcstrhs. Pe oecn cn cstg horg sc trgtg shorc jhrmgèðn eneègi dci mgcstrh h mgcstrg, `goc ` goc pcnsgr, gsemesmh, q quc uc mu`fgs dc igs prh prhpucstgs pucstgs quc gquí sc jhrmuign pucdcn pcrjc`tgmcntc scr vçiedgs pgrg iicvgrigs g `goh phr dh`cntcs cn clcrèèh clcrèèh cn sus guig guigs. s. R_CPCNTG@EÐN 73 7. Ogscs pgrg cnsc÷gr icnaug cn ci guig Gntcs dc g`hmctcr ig cnsc÷gnzg cnsc÷g nzg y ci gprcndezglc gprcndezglc dc igs destentgs destentg s fgoeiedgdcs h `hmpctcnègs `hmpctcnègs ienaùíste`g iena ùíste`gs, s, cs emphrtgntc prcèsgr prcèsgr ig igss ogscs shorc igs quc sc vg g pigntcgr ig entcrvcnèðn cn ci guig. G tgi cjc`th, pigntcgmhs g `hn ` hntenugèðn tenugèðn ihs gspc`ths quc fgy f gy quc `hnh`cr. 7.7. Igs ècnègs dci icnauglc y ig `hmune`gèðn y ig dedç`te`g dc ig icnaug Ci `hntcnedh dc cstc cpíargjc sc `hrrcsphndc `hn ung gseangturg quc sc fg dc ùrsgr `hn gntcrehredgd y quc servc `hmh jundgmcnth, lunth g ig Rse`hihaíg cvhiutevg y ig Phèhihaíg dc ig cdu`gèðn, cntrc htrgs desèpiengs, pgrg `hnstruer ig Dedç`te`g dc ig icnaug. Pc dcnhmenc dc ung mgncrg h dc htrgg`cr`g cn ihsdcpigncs dc cstudeh, ci `hntcnedh dc cstg fg dc trgtgr igs ècnègs quc cstudegn ci icnauglc y iggseangturg `hmune`gèðn, dcsdc igs dejcrcntcs pcrspc`tevgs quc csths jcnðmcnhs gdmetcn y `hn ig hrecntgèðn g ig cnsc÷gnzg y ci gprcndezglc. (Rgrg un rcùcrdh dc csths `hntcnedhs, rcmetemhs g Çivgrcz, ?223< ?7-:?.) 7.?. @hn`cpth dc trgnsphseèðn dedç` dedç`te`g te`g Acncrgimcntc, ihs sgocrcs cs`higrcs cs`higrc s shn gdgptgèhn gdgptgèhncs cs dc ihs sgocrcs tcðre`hs dc igs ècnègs dc rcjcrcnèg, igs ècnègs quc cstudegn ci icnauglc icnau glc y ig `hmune`gèðn. Csths üitemhs ü itemhs nh tecncn cntrc sus holctevhs scr cnsc÷g71 dhs; phr tgnth, tgnth, cs nc`csgreh nc`csg reh trgnsphncri trgnsphncrihs hs g ung nucvg rcgiedgd, cn cstc `gsh, g ig jhrmgèðn dc mgcstrhs, `hn ig ﬇ngiedgd ﬇ng iedgd dc quc cnsc÷cn cnsc÷cn cn igs csùcigs dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. Cn ig ﬇aurg 7 sc mucstrg ci trçnseth quc seaucn ihs sgocrcs tcðre`hs shorc ig icnaug icnaug fgstg iiicagr icagr ggii guig, dhndc fgn dc `hnvcrtersc cn holcths dc gprcndezglc y dc cnsc÷gnzg. @hmh sc pucdc vcr, nh cs un `gmenh scnèiih;; y phr ciih vg scnèiih vgic ic ig pcng dctcnc dctcncrsc rsc y rc﬏cx rc﬏cxehngr ehngr g`cr`g dc quå tecncn quc vcr ihs `hn`cpths iena ienaùíst ùíste`hs e`hs (sgocrcs tcðre`hs) `hn ih quc fg dc gprcndcr gprc ndcr y sgocr fg`cr `hn ig icnaug un ne÷h dc sces g hn`c g÷hs cn ihs çmoeths çmoe ths cs`higrcs y jjucrg ucrg dc igs guigs. Csh `hndeèh `hndeèhngrç ngrç cn oucng pgrtc ci pigntcgmecnth pigntcgmecnth dc gprcndezglc gprcndezglc dc igs destentgs fgoeiedgdcs ienaùíste`g ienaùíste`gss @@I y @hm + @@Cdu (Icnauglc y `hmune`gèðn) (Cnsc÷gnzg y gprcndezglc) Pgocrcs tcðre`hs G S A N C I G I C D Pgocr `hsgs shorc ig icnaug Trgnsphseèðn Dedç`te`g _cdu`èðn Pempieje`gèðn _cjhrmuigèðn Ç D E G I C D @ E @urríùihs hjeègics T @ Mgtcregics cs`higrcs Ieorhs dc tcxth Ç D E D D GSIG prhjcshr/giumnh Pgocrcs enstrumcntgics Pgocr fg`cr g i guig Jea 7. Rrh`csh quc seaucn ihs sgocrcs pgrg iicagr gi 76 N G @ E @ A C I G T G S DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P quc cstudegrcmhs mçs gdcigntc. Rhr cstg rgzðn, fgoigmhs dc dedç`te`g dc ig icnaug, phrquc nhs entcrcsg ig rcigèðn dc `ðmh sc cnsc÷g y `ðmh sc gprcndc gprcndc ig icnaug cn `hntcxths cs`higrcs. 7.0. @urríùium h﬇ègi dc Icnaug `gstciigng y Ietcrgturg pgrg Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg Rgrg ig `hnstru`èðn dc igs ogscs quc tc gyudcn g entcrvcner cn ci guig cnsc÷gndh cstg mgtcreg cs emphrtgntc quc `hnhz`gs ci ùrríùih h﬇ègi cn ci quc sc enscrtg y gi quc fgorç dc glustgrsc tu igohr. Rhr ciih fgs dc `hnh`cr (iccr, gngiezgr y `hmcntgr `hn htrhs cn ìgsc) igs `hmpctcnègs oçse`gs quc prcs`reoc ci _cgi Dc`rcth 7370/?22:, dc 1 dc deècmorc, OHC ?50, dc 6 dc deècmorc dc 7557. Gsemesmh, cs nc`csgreh quc `hnhz`g ci ùrríùih ù rríùih h﬇ègi dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg dc nucstrg `hmunedgd gutðnhmg. 7.4. Gnçieses dc ieorhs dc tcxth dc Icnaug `gstciigng y Ietcrgturg pgrg Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg Fgoedg ùcntg dc ih jrcùcntc quc cs ig uteiezgèðn dci ieorh dc tcxth `hmh fcrrgmecntg dc trgoglh cn igs guigs, cs `hnvcnecntc cstudegr ig cstru`turg cstru`t urg prhthtí prhthtípe`g pe`g dc ung u unedgd nedgd dedç`te`g (ic`èð (ic`èðn, n, tcmg, prhy prhyc`th c`th h scùcnèg dedç`te`g). Rgrg ciih, cs nc`csgreh `hnsedcrgr ihs gpgrtgdhs quc ig jhrmgn y ci hrdcn cn quc gpgrc`cn ihs dejcrcntcs gspc`ths quc ig `hmphncn. `hmph ncn. Csth `hn﬇au `hn﬇aurg rg ung dctcrmengdg `hn`cpèð `hn`cpèðn n dc cnsc÷gnz cnsc÷gnzgg y gprcndezglc quc `hnvecnc `hnh`cr gprcndezglc `hnh`cr.. Cs entcr entcrcsgntc csgntc hragne hragnezgrsc zgrsc cn ci gu guig ig unevcrsetgreg dc mgncrg quc sc ùcntc `hn m mucstrgs ucstrgs dc ig mgyhr pgrtc dc cdethregics dc ieorhs dc tcxth y `hn ci mgyhr nümcrh dc ùrshs h nevcics dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. 7.3. G`tevedgdcs dc dcsgrrhiih Igs g`tevedgdcs dc dcsgr dcsgrrhiih rhiih fgn dc ùmpier ihs seauecntcs holctevhs< holctevhs< • _c﬏cxehngr g`cr`g dc ig nc`csgreg trgnsphseèðn dc ihs sgocrcs tcðre`hs g ihs sgocrcs cs`higrcs. 7. OGPCP RG_G CNPC×G_ ICNASG CN CI GSIG 75 • • • • • @hnh`cr ci ùrríùih h﬇ègi dci çrcg dc Icnaug `gstciigng y Ietcrgturg Ietcrgturg. Endgagr cn ig `hn`cpèðn dc ig icnaug y dci mhdcih dc cnsc÷gnzg y gprcndezglc prcdhmengntcs cn ihs dhùmcnths h﬇ègics quc cstgoic`cn ci ùrríùih h﬇ègi dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. @hnh`cr ihs ieorhs ieorhs dc tcxth dc ig gseangturg, `hmh fc fcrrgmecntgs rrgmecntgs pgr pgrgg cnsc÷gr ig icnaug mgtcrng cn igs guigs dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. Dejcrcnègr Dejcrc nègr ihs pigntcgmecnths quc hjrc`cn igs destentgs cdeth cdethregics. regics. Dctc`tgr ihs gècrths y `grcnègs quc `hntcnagn csths grtcjg`ths, dc `grg g ig cic`èðn quc fgagn ùgndh tcnagn rcsphnsgoeiedgd prhjcsehngi. Rgsgmhs g vcr ùçics shn igs g`tevedgdcs dc dcsgrrhiih. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 7. Aihsgr orcvcmcntc ci `hntcnedh dc ig ﬇aurg ﬇au rg 7, cn ig quc sc mucstrg ci prh`csh quc seaucn ihs sgocrcs pgrg iicagr gi guig, dcsdc ci `hnhèmecnth dc ihs sgocrcs shorc ig icnaug (sgocrcs tcðre`hs) fgstg sgocr fg`cr `hsgs `hsg s `hn ig icnaug cn ci guig (sgocrcs enstru enstrumcn mcntgics) tgics),, cn ig entcrrcigèðn entcrrcigèð n cntrc ci mgcstrh, ihs ggiumnhs, iumnhs, ci ùrríùih ùrr íùih y ihs mgtcregics quc sc uteiezgn. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn aruphs rcduèdhs. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd ?. Cicaer un `hn`cp `hn`cpth th dci ùrríùih h﬇ègi h dc ihs mgtcregics cs`higrcs dcstengdhs g ig cnsc÷gnzg dc Icnaug `gstciigng ` gstciigng y Ietcrgturg pgrg C Cdu`gèð du`gèðn n Rremgr Rremgreg eg (ieorhs dc tcxth u htrhs) htrhs);; phncri phncrihh cn rcigèðn `hn ig ècnèg h igs ècnègs dci icnauglc icnau glc dc quc prh`cdc, prh`cdc, dc mg mgncrg ncrg quc sc vcg ig vegoeiedgd h nh dc scr cnsc÷gdh cn cstc trgmh dci sestcmg cdu`gtevh y, cn su `gsh, dc `ðmh iicvgrih g `goh. Rgrg cstg g`tevedgd cs emphrtgntc tcncr cn ùcntg igs ècnègs dc ig cdu`gèðn (shorc thdh, ig pse`hihaíg cvhiutevg y ig pse`hihaíg dc ig cdu`gèðn). Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn pgrclgs. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 0. Gvcreaugr ig `hn`cpèðn dc ig icnaug y ci mhdcih dc cnsc÷gnzg y gprcndezglc prcdhmengntcs cn ci ùrríùih h﬇ègi pgrg ci çrcg dc Icnaug `gstciigng y Ietcrgturg. Rgrg ciih, scrverçn dc gyudg igs tgoigs 7 y ?. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn pcquc÷hs aruphs. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 4. Cstgoic`cr ung rcigèðn h envcntgreh dc `hmpctcnègs ienaùíste`gs quc sc fgn dc pcrscauer cn ig jhrmgèðn dc ihs giumnhs dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. @gdg pcquc÷h aruph cicaerç unh dc ihs oihqucs dc `hntcnedh pcrtcncècntc gi çrcg dc Icnaug `gstciigng y Ietcrgturg. Pc iccrç y gngiezg gng iezgrç rç ci ggncxh ncxh E dc ««@hmpct @hmpctcnègs cnègs oçse`gs» (_D 7370 70/?22:, /?22:, dc 1 dc deècmorc) y ci ùrríùih h﬇ègi dc ig `hmunedgd gutðnhmg `hrrcsphndecntc `hrrcsphn decntc gi çrcg dc Icna Icnaug. ug. ?2 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P Tgoig 7. @hn`cpèðn dc ig icnaug Rgrgdeamg jhrmgi (Icnaug) • • • Ensestc cn ci `ðdeah, cn igs jhrmgs y cn igs nhrmgs dc ig icnaug. @hnèoc ig icnaug `hmh un sestcmg fhmhaånch (cstru`turg). Fg`c fen`gpeå cn ci cstudeh dc ihs gspc`ths argmgte`gics, iåxe`hs, hrtharçje`hs y `giearçje`hs. Rgrgdeamg junèhngi (Desùrsh) • • • @hntcmpig ig hragnezgèðn shèhùiturgi dc ig `hmune`gèðn, cn ig quc sc prhdu`cn ushs devcrshs (hrgics y cs`reths) dc ig icnaug. Rremg ig seaneje`gèðn cn ci cstudeh dc ig icnaug. Pc tecncn cn ùcntg ihs gspc`ths `hntcxtugics • • • • Pc hùpg prenèpgimcntc dc igjgore`gdhs cs`returg, gd dcifh`, prhdu`th, dc tcxths cs`higrcs y mcdegntc un prh`cdemecnth acncrgi, vçiedh pgrg ùgiquecr teph dc tcxth. Rigntcg ci gprcndezglc dc mgncrg gdetevg< dc ih sempic g ih `hmpiclh. Pc trgtg dc ung cnsc÷gnzg des`hntenug. Rrcdhmeng ung cnsc÷gnzg dc teph trgnsmesevh. • • • • dci desùrsh (setugèðn, entcnèðn, dcstengtgreh h gudecnèg, aåncrh desùrsevh, argdh dc `hnhèmecnth dci tcmg), gsí `hmh ig rcigèðn cntrc ih de`fh y ih nh de`fh (enjcrcnègs, prcsuphseèhncs, gmoeaùcdgdcs, erhníg, phiejhníg cnunègtevg, mhdgiezgèðn cnunègtevg, dcexes, hragnezgdhrcs desùrsevhs, ct`.). Jgvhrc`c ig cxpieètgèðn dc igs jgscs dci prh`csh dc prhdu`èðn dc tcxths. Ensestc cn igs pcùiegredgdcs ienaùíste`gs y tcxtugics dc `gdg aåncrh desùrsevh. Rrhpeèg un måthdh endu`tevh dc gprcndezglc cn ci quc prcdhmeng un pigntcgmecnth dcsdc ih `hmpiclh g ih sempic pgrg vhivcr g ih `hmpiclh. Rhstuig ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig icnaug mcdegntc ig rcgiezgèðn dc scùcnègs dedç`te`gs. @hmpctcnèg ienaùíste`g (Pgocr `hsgs shorc ig icnaug) Tgoig ?. @hmpctcnèg `hmune`gtevg (Pgocr fg`cr `hsgs `hn ig icnaug) Mhdcihs dc cnsc÷gnzg y gprcndezglc M h dci h t r g n s m e s e v h Rgpci dci prhjcshr • • Rgpci dci giumnh • Mcthdhihaíg • Cvgiugèðn • Htrgs `grg`tcríste`gs Csùcig Trgnsmeshr dci `hnhèmecnth Steiezgèðn dc rcjucrzhs y `gsteahs jrcntc g igs `hndu`tgs Rgsevh y rc`cptevh (csù`fgr, rc`hrdgr y rcpcter) Jundgmcntgimcntc cxphsetevg Mcdeèðn dc ihs giumnhs dc mgncrg rcprhdu`tevg • Eaugidgd @ecrrc, scpgrgèðn • Iuagr pgrg ci sgocr • M h dci h ` hn s t r u ` t e v e s t g • • • • • Hrecntgdhr y auíg dci prh`csh dc cnsc÷gnzg y gprcndezglc Jgvhrc`cdhr dc ig mhtevgèðn dci cstudegntc @hnstru`thr g`tevh dc su prhpeh `hnhèmecnth @rcgdhrg dc setugèhncs dc gprcndezglc y pigntcgmecnth dc `hnjie`ths `hanetevhs @cntrgdg cn ci prh`csh • Devcrsedgd Gpcrturg • Iuagr pgrg pcnsgr • 7. OGPCP RG_G CNPC×G_ ICNASG CN CI GSIG ?7 G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 3. Gngiezgr ieorhs dc tcxth dc Icnaug `gstciigng y Ietcrgturg dc ihs dejcrcntcs nevcics dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg y cn destentgs cdethregics. Cstg g`tevedgd sc dcsgrrhiigrç cn pgrclgs. Hjrc`cmhs ig seauecntc pignteiig< Aueðn pgrg ci gnçieses dc ieorhs dc tcxth dc Icnaug `gstciigng y Ietcrgturg pgrg Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg Dgths oeoieharçje`hs< oeoieharçje`hs< ................................ ................................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. ................................ ............... (Guthr/cs) (Cqueph) (@hhrdengdhr/cs) (@hhrdengdhr/cs)................................................ ................................................................. ................................. ............................. ............. Títuih< Títu ih< ................................ ................................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. ................... Cdethregi< .................................. ................................................... ................................. ................................. .................................. .................................. .............................. ............. Iuagr dc cdeèðn< cdeèðn< ................................. .................................................. ...................... ..... G÷h dc cdeè cdeèðn< ðn< .................................. ...................................... .... @eìh y nevci cdu`gtevh< cdu`gtevh< .................................. .................................................. ................................. .................................. .................................. ........................... .......... Rrcauntgs 7. ¸Cs gtrg`tevh su desc÷h8 ?. ¸Dc ùçntgs unedgdcs, scùcnègs dedç`te`gs, ic`èhncs, ct`., cstç `hmpucsth ci ieorh8 0. ¸@uçi cs ig cstru`turg dc ung unedgd h scùcnèg dedç`te`g8 Dcs`repèðn dc ihs gpgrtgdhs dc quc `hnstg ig premcrg unedgd dedç`te`g, ig dci mcdeh y ig üitemg8; ¸ùçi cs ci hrdcn cn quc gpgrc`cn ihs gpgrtgdhs8 4. ¸Pc tecnc cn ùcntg ci gmoecntc shèhùiturgi y cs`higr dc ihs giumnhs8 3. ¸Pc cxpieètgn ihs holctevhs8 :. ¸Pc cxpieètgn ihs `hntcnedhs `hn`cptugics, prh`cdemcntgics y g`tetudengics8 1. ¸@uçics dc ciihs tecncn mgyhr pcsh cn ig prhargmgèðn8 6. ¸Pc pgrtc dc unedgdcs `hmpictgs dc seaneje`gdh< tcxths, desùrshs, `hnvcrsgèhncs8 5. ¸Pc gtecndc g igs tå`ne`gs dc cxprcseðn hrgi, tgics `hmh ig ic`turg cn vhz gitg, mcmhrezgr y rcètgr phcmgs, `hntgr ùcnths, drgmgtezgr, `hnvcrsgr y degihagr…8 72. ¸Pc tecncn cn ùcntg ihs gspc`ths pgrgvcrogics y nh vcrogics quc entcrvecncn cn ig `hmune`gèðn8 77. ¸Mcrc`cn ig sujeècntc gtcnèðn igs dejcrcntcs jgscs dci prh`csh dc cs`returg< pigneje`gèðn, rcdg`èðn, rcveseðn, cdeèðn y prcscntgèðn hrgi8 7?. ¸Pc cnsc÷g cxpiíètgmcntc g fg`cr csqucmgs, rcsümcncs, ùgdrhs senðpte`hs, auehncs, índe`cs…8 70. ¸Pc `hn`cdc emphrtgnèg g ig cigohrgèðn dci ohrrgdhr8 74. ¸Pc pigntcgn cxprcsgmcntc tgrcgs rcigèhngdgs `hn ig `rcgèðn dc tcxths, dci teph dc tgiicr dc cs`returg, h semeigr8 73. ¸Jeaurg cxprcsgmcntc ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig argmçte`g8 ¸Wuå pgrgdeamg sc seauc8 7:. ¸Pc entrhdu`cn g`tevedgdcs dc mhtevgèðn8 71. ¸Pc prhphncn g`tevedgdcs pgrg `hnh`cr igs edcgs prcvegs dc ihs giumnhs8 ?? DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P @hmcntgrehs 76. ¸Pc prhphncn g`tevedgdcs quc phtcnècn ci `hntrgstc dc hpenehncs y ig oüsqucdg dc enjhrmgèðn8 75. ¸Pc tecnc cn ùcntg ig g`tevedgd csphntçncg cn ig quc fgy< oüsqucdg, cxpihrgèðn, cnsgyh-crrhr, dcsùoremecnth, envcsteagèðn, prcauntg, dudg…8 ?2. ¸Wuå pgpci sc ic hthrag gi prhjcshr< cxpie`gr, mgntcncr ci hrdcn, hragnezgr ci trgoglh, dengmezgr, gnemgr…8 ?7. ¸Pc prhphncn g`tevedgdcs cn igs quc ihs giumnhs tcnagn quc trgoglgr oçse`gmcntc dc mgncrg endevedugi h cn aruph8 ??. ¸Pc cspcèje`g ig hragnezgèðn tcmphrgi8 ¸Cs jicxeoic, ríaedg…8 ?0. ¸Pc gprcèg rcigèðn cntrc igs g`tevedgdcs y ihs holctevhs g ihs quc sc fg`c rcjcrcnèg8 ¸U `hn ihs `hntcnedhs8 ?4. ¸Pc prhphnc giaün teph dc `gmoeh hragnezgtevh cn ci guig pgrg ci dcsgrrhiih dc ig prhargmgèðn8 ?3. ¸Wuå sc cvgiüg< ci gprcndezglc dci giumnh h thdh ci prh`csh8 ¸H nh sc `hntcmpig ig cvgiugèðn8 ?:. ¸Wuå sc prctcndc mcder `hn ig cvgiugèðn< ihs gprcndezglcs, igs `hndu`tgs, `hmprhogr ci dcsgrrhiih dc igs `gpgèdgdcs…8 ?1. ¸Pc prhphnc giaün teph dc guthcvgiugèðn8 ?6. ¸Pc jgèietg ig síntcses dc ih trgoglgdh8 ?5. ¸Wuå `hn`cpèðn dc cnsc÷gnzg y gprcndezglc dc ig icnaug suoyg`c cn cstc ieorh8 G`tevedgd G`tev edgd :. Gngiezgr ig cstru`turg y ci dcsgrrhiih dc igs unedgdcs dedç`te`gs dc destenths ieorhs dc tcxth dc I@I. Cn ig mcdedg dc ih phseoic, cs emphrtgntc hragnezgrsc cn ci guig unevcrsetgreg, dc mhdh quc sc pucdg desphncr dci mgyhr nümcrh dc cdethregics y dc nevcics dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg dcntrh dc ung mesmg cdethregi, dc mgncrg quc sc pucdg `hntgr `hn ig mucstrg mçs gmpieg phseoic. Ig g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn aruphs rcduèdhs, quc fgn dc rc﬏cxehngr shorc ihs seauecntcs gspc`ths< g) hrdcn dc ihs cpíargjcs dc `gdg ieorh dc tcxth rcspc`th dc ihs oihqucs tcmçte`hs dci ùrríùih h﬇ègi; o) `hn`cpèðn dc ig icnaug y mhdcih dc cnsc÷gnzg cnsc÷gnz g y gprcndezglc prcdhmengntc cn `gdg ieorh dc tcxth; `) `hnìusehncs prhjcsehngics hphrtungs. Pecmprc quc scg phseoic, y cn ùgiquecr `gsh cn ci Rrç`teùm E, cs `hnvcnecntc hoscrvgr prç`te`gs dc guig (`ðmh sc fgoig y sc csù`fg; `ðmh y ùçndh ùç ndh sc icc y sc cs`reoc; quå sscc icc y shorc quå sc sucic cs`reoer; quå aåncrhs desùrsevhs prcdhmengn cn ih quc icc y cn ih quc cs`reoc ci giumngdh; `ðmh sc rc﬏cxehng shorc ihs ushs dc ig icnaug; `ðmh sc cnsc÷gn cn ci guig igs dejcrcn de jcrcntcs tcs fgoeiedgdcs ienaùíst ienaùíste`gs; e`gs; quå mgtcregics 7. OGPCP RG_G CNPC×G_ ICNASG CN CI GSIG ?0 sc uteiezgn pgrg ci gprcndezglc dc de`fgs fgoeiedgdcs, ct`. Cstgs hoscrvgèhncs cn igs guigs shn ci mclhr igohrgthreh pgrg dcs`reoer, rc﬏cxehngr y ous`gr shiuèhncs g ihs prhoicmgs dctc`tgdhs, gsí `hmh pgrg dcstg`gr igs oucngs prç`te`gs y ihs gprcndezglcs rcsc÷goics cn ig jhrmgèðn dc mgcstrhs y mgcstrgs. ?4 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P ?. Dedç`te`g dc ig `hmune`gèðn hrgi Cxtrghrdengreg emphrtgnèg tecnc ig pgigorg cn ig shècdgd< su jucrzg cs thdhphdcrhsg, y su cmpich sc mgne﬇cstg dc dhs mhdhs< ci hrgthreh y ci jgmeiegr. Ci premcrh cs ci usgdh cn ihs treoungics dc lusteèg, igs gsgmoicgs dci pucoih y igs i gs dci Pcngdh; ci scaundh sc uteiezg ut eiezg cn ig `hnvcrsgèðn jgmeiegr, igs i gs `hnjcrcnègs, igs desqueseèhncs rctðre`gs, igs rcunehncs dc gmeahs y dc `hmcnsgics. Ihs rctðre`hs nhs fgn dgdh rcaigs pgrg ci desùrsh hrgthreh, pcrh nh pgrg ig `hnvcrsgèðn jgmeiegr, g nh scr quc pgrg cstg gpiequcmhs ‐`hsg quc muy oecn phdríg fg`crsc‐ fg`crsc ‐ igs mesmgs rcaigs quc pgrg ihs desùrshs. desùrshs . Fgy mgcstrhs mg cstrhs pgrg cnsc÷gr thdh ih quc ihs fhmorcs quecrcn gprcndcr; y phr csh, cstgmhs sgturgdhs dc rctðre`hs. Rcrh ngdec sc fg hùpgdh cn ci grtc dc ig `hnvcrsgèðn, g nh scr quc nhs servgmhs dc ihs mesmhs prc`cpths quc sc nhs dgn pgrg ig scic`èðn dc pcnsgmecnths y dc d c pgigorgs. @ (44 g.@.), g.@.), Dc Hffèes. (Trgdu`èðn dci igtín, prðihah y nhtgs dc Gaustín Oiçzqucz, Ihs dcocrcs y igs pgrgdhlgs pgrg dhlgs dc ihs csthe`hs csthe`h s, Ogr`cihng, Eocreg, 75:?.) ?. ?.7 7. Entrhdu`èðn Entrhdu`` eðn Ci icnauglc cs ung g`tevedgd fumgng `hmpiclg, quc gtecndc tgnth g ig `hmune`gèðn, junèðn cscnègi cn ci entcr`gmoeh shègi, `hmh g ig rcprcscntgèðn mcntgi, cstrc`fgmcntc rcigèhngdg `hn ci pcnsgmecnth, quc sc vcfeùig prenèpgimcntc prenèpgimcntc g tr trgvås gvås dc ig icnaug, y ùyg mgne mgnejcstgjcstgèðn premcrg premcrg cs hrgi. Endcpcndecntcmcntc dc ihs cstudehs shorc ig gdqueseèðn dci icnauglc,7 se nhs gtcncmhs g ihs prhargmgs dc cnsc÷gnzg dc ig icnaug, 7. @hnvecnc rc`hrdgr ig emphrtgnèg dc ihs cstudehs shorc ig gdqueseèðn dc ig icnaug, tgics tg ics `hmh ihs dc Lgkhoshn, 7547; Jrgn`cs`gth, 7517; Aeie Agyg, 751?; Gigr`hs Iihrg`f, 751:; @rystgi, 7567; Hiærhn, 7567; Dcivg ct gi., 7567; Fgiiedgy, 756?; Ohuthn, 756?; _hndgi, 756?; Fcrnçndcz Reng, 7564; Peauçn, 7560, 7564; Ohgdg, 756:; Zeiâ, 7552; Iðpcz Hrngt, 7554. ?3 cs ph`h jrcùcntc quc sc trgoglcn igs mhdgiedgdcs hrgics dc su ush. Igs argmçte`gs y ihs de`èhngrehs dcs`reocn y fg`cn envcntgreh prenèpgimcntc mcn tc dc ig icnaug cs`retg. @hn jrcùcnèg sc hivedg quc ig icnaug hrgi `hnstetuyc un `ðdeah gpgrtc, `hn sus prhpegs rcaigs y sus prhpegs `hndeèhncs dc ush, y quc, phr tgnth, ih hrgi sc fg dc cnsc÷gr. G cstc rcspc`th, cs emphrtgntc clcrètgr `hnvcnecntcmcntc junèhncs `hmune`gtevgs tgics `hmh quå dcèr, quå `giigr, ùçndh y `ðmh dcèrih y `ðmh gdcùgrih g igs devcrsgs setugèhncs `hmune`gtevgs, cn igs quc entcrvecncn tgmoeån cicmcnths pgrgienaùíste`hs (retmh, cnthngèðn, ånjgses…) y nh vcrogics (muc`gs, acsths, destgnègs, seicnèhs, emçacncs…). @hmh `hnscùcnèg, `hnscùcnèg, g ig fhrg dc pigntcgr ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig icnaug hrgi, fcmhs dc tcncr cn ùcntg igs seauecntcs rc`hmcndgèhncs< • • • Cs nc`csgreh rcùpcrgr ig pgigorg cn ìgsc, dgndh gi seicnèh ci vgihr quc tecnc, pcrh nh mçs. Ci guig fg dc scr un iuagr dhndc sc fgoic y sc gprcndg g fgoigr y g cxphncr cn püoie`h. Pe oecn cs vcrdgd quc ihs ushs hrgics sc gdquecrcn dc jhrmg ngturgi g cdgdcs tcmprgngs, nh cs mcnhs ècrth quc nhs igmcntgmhs `hntenugmcntc dc ih mgi quc fgoign nucstrhs gdhics`cntcs gdhics` cntcs y lðvcncs. Csth phnc dc mgne﬇csth ig nc`csedgd dc cstudegr, yg dcsdc ig Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg, `hntcxths mçs `hmpiclhs dc `hmune`gèðn; h ih quc cs ih mesmh, ig nc`csedgd dc un ush mçs jhrmgi y cigohrgdh dc ihs rcùrshs dc ig icnaug, phrquc ci prharcsh dci ne÷h cn ci fgoig cstç íntemgmcntc ieagdh gi dcsgrrhiih dc ig `gpgèdgd desùrsevg, quc, gi `hmpie`grsc, `hmphrtg de﬇ùitgdcs y nucvgs cstrgtcaegs. Cs nc`csgreh nc`csg reh dcs`reoer ci argdh dc `hmpctcn `hmpctcnèg èg hrgi dc `gd `gdgg giumnh dc mhdh scpgmhs ùçi cs igi dc setugèðn eneègi Rremgreg. dc `gdg unh y ihs iharhs qucquc fg dc gdquerer gdquerer ggii ﬇ng ﬇ngi ig Cdu`gèðn Igs cxeacnègs desùrsevgs dc ig vedg cs`higr (mçs giiç dci aruph dc gmeahs, dc ig pgndeiig) iicvgn `hnseah quc ci giumnh, cn ci guig y cn ci `cntrh, tcnag quc mgntcncr `hnvcrsgèhncs, dcogter, cntcndcr ih quc csù`fg, cxprcsgr sus prhpegs edcgs, scntemecnths h jgntgsígs; cxphncr ihs `hnhèmecnths dc mgncrg `hfcrcntc, pcrsugder y `hnvcn`cr, fgoigr g un püoie`h gmpieh (aruph dc giumnhs, thdg ig ìgsc, ct`.) ct`.).. ?: DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P Lunth gi vgihr dc ig pgigorg, fgy quc rcsgitgr tg Lunth tgmoe moeån ån ig emphrtgnèg dc iccr cn vhz gitg,? dc ngrrgr h rcigtgr hrgimcntc ùcnths, icycndgs, rhmgn`cs, rhmgn `cs, meths, de`fh de`fhs, s, rcjrgncs, gdevengnzgs, gdevengnzg s, trgogicnaugs, rctgfíigs, gsí `hmh su`cshs dc ig vedg hrdengreg; ig emphrtgnèg dc rcètgr phcsígs y dc drgmgtezgr. Rgrg cstg tgrcg cs emphrtgntc tcncr cn ùcntg ig ietcrgturg dc trgdeèðn hrgi, cn ig quc gpgrc`c ig pgigorg `hmh vcfíùih dc cmhèhncs, dc edcgs, dc tcmgs, cn cstru`turgs y jhrmgs ﬇lgs, rcètgdgs hrgimcntc phr ung `gdcng dc trgnsmeshrcs, dcphsetgrehs y g ig vcz rccigohrgdhrcs. Ihs ushs hrgics dc ig icnaug rcquecrcn dci endeveduh ung screc dc `hmpctcnègs vcrogics quc cstc fg dc gdquerer h rcjhrzgr pgrg `hnscauer ci åxeth cn sus entcrg`èhncs. Giaungs `hmpctcnègs `hnsestcn cn sgocr< • • • • • • • • • • • cspcrgr su turnh dc pgigorg, pcder ig pgigorg c ende`gr ci ﬇ngi dc su turnh dc pgigorg; csù`fgr y mcmhrezgr ih quc de`c ci htrh, rcpcterih, rcjhrmuigrih, rcsumerih y `hmcn `hmcntgrih; tgrih; fgoigr shorc un tcmg y prhphrèhngr enjhrmgèhncs dc jhrmg hragnezgdg; eiustrgr su desùrsh `hn clcmpihs pcrtencntcs; dcsgrrhiigrr un punth dc vestg, ung gra dcsgrrhiig graumcntgèð umcntgèðn, n, y rcspctg rcspctgrr ci punth dc vestg dc htrh rcjhrmuigndh su prhpðseth, gsí `hmh `hnvcn`cr g htrh; cxphncr un su`csh, cxphncr `hnhèmecnths `hnhèmecnths;; cxpie`gr g htrh u un n jcnðmcn jcnðmcnh, h, ci jjunèhngmecn unèhngmecnth th dc u un n holcth holcth;; vcre﬇`gr se htrh fg `hmprcnded `hmprcndedhh oecn ih quc sc ic fg qucredh dcèr; rcspctgr igs rcaigs dc `hrtcsíg y sgocr ùedgr ig emgacn dc htrh; `giigr prh`cdc dcoedgmcntc; `hntgrùgndh g`hntcèmecn g`hntcèmecnths, ths,y `hmune`gr y tg tgmoe moeån ån `festcs; ct`. _cigèhngdh `hn ig pgigorg pgig org y su cxprcseðn, cs nc`csg nc`csgreh reh tcncr prcscntc ig `rcgtevedgd y ig cxprcsevedgd c xprcsevedgd dci icnauglc enjgntei, quc pigntcg M. L. Rårcz cn @rcgtevedgd y cxprcsevedgd dci icnauglc enjgntei. enjgntei. Cstru Cstru`turgs `turgs phå(755? 55?)), g trgvås dc igs cstru`t cstru`turgs urgs te`gs cn ci fgoig dc ne÷hs dc ? g : g÷hs (7 phåte`gss quc sc dgn cn ci fgoig dc ihs ne÷hs, dc jjhrmg phåte`g hrmg csphntçncg, dcsdc ?. «¡Ih mçs emphrtgntc emphrt gntc crg quc [ci [ci phctg y prhjcshr] nhs nhs icycrg thdh cn vhz gitg!, ig `hn﬇gnz `hn﬇gnzgg quc phníg dc cntrgdg cn nucstrh dcsch dc gprcndcr [… […]. Ci fhmorc quc icc cn vhz gitg nhs cicvg g ig giturg dci ieorh. ¡Nhs fg`c rcgimcntc iccr!» (Rcnng`, 755?/7551< 57). ?. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG @HMSNE@G@EÐN H_GI ?1 ihs dhs g÷hs cn gdcigntc, tgnth cn ci `gmph dc ig cxprcseðn (`rcgèðn iåxe`g, festcrhihaíg, emprhpecdgd, rcpcteèðn, cnumcrgèðn, gng`hiuths, ct`.), `hmh cn ci `gmph dci `hntcnedh (dc﬇neèðn, pgrgiciesmh, tecmph y jhrmgs tcmphrgics, `hmecnzh y ﬇ngi ﬇ ngi dc ig ngrrgèðn, luca lucahh semoðie`h, sgiths tcmçte`hs, ct`.). Thdh ciih phnc dc mgne﬇csth ig emphrtgnèg quc tecncn igs fgoeiedgdcs ienaùíste`gs hrgics cn ig cdu`gèðn dc un endeveduh y, phr tgnth, ig nc`csedgd dc trgoglgrih sestcmçte`gmcntc cn igs guigs dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. ?.?. @grg`tcríste`gs dc ig hrgiedgd De`fh ih gntcrehr shorc ig `hmune`gèðn hrgi, `hmcnzgrcmhs phr cstudegr ihs rgsahs quc `grg`tcrezgn ig hrgiedgd. Phn ihs seauecntcs< 7. Pu gdqueseèðn cs hnthacn hnthacnåte`g åte`gmcntc mcntc gntcrehr g ig cs`retur cs`returg; g; h ih q quc uc cs ih mesmh, ci ne÷h premcrh fgoig fgoig y mçs tgrdc cs`reoc. ?. Cs mcdegdhr dedç`te`h dedç`te`h,, cn ùgnth quc quc cs enstrumcnth p pgrg grg ci gprc gprcnndezglc dc igs destentgs çrcgs dc `hnhèmec `hnhèmecnth nth.. 0. Ig icnaug hrgi cs ig ogsc jundgmcntgi ‐y `hn jrcùcnèg, üne`g‐ dc ig `hmune`gèðn degreg; csth cs tgnth `hmh g﬇rmgr quc ci mcdeh jhne`hg`üste`h cs un rgsah unevcrsgi dci icnauglc fumgnh. Ig mgyhríg dc igs `hmune`gèhn `hmune`gèhncs cs dci fhmorc mcdeh shn hrgics, y shih ung mínemg pgrtc shn cs`retgs. Cn igs ig s shècdgdcs h`èdcntgics ig hrgiedgd jhrmg pgrtc dc un `hntínuum quc gogr`g igs `hmune`gèhncs hrgics `htedegngs y htrgs mçs cigohrgdgs, mçs jhrmgics y dereaedgs g un püoie`h gmpieh. Nh hostgntc, ci ush hrgi, g pcsgr dc scr premgreh y unevcrsgi, se sc `hnsedcrg dcsdc ci prcsteaeh y dcsdc ig vgihrgèðn shègi, sc vc supcrgdh phr ci ush cs`reth. Ig enstetuèðn cs`higr cs un u n ﬇ci rc﬏clh d dcc ciih; phr tgi rgz rgzðn ðn ‐gdcmçs dc phr su de﬇ùitgd‐ dcde`g mçs tecmph g ig cs`returg quc g ig cxprcseðn hrgi. 4. @hmh `hnscùcnèg dc ig prcscnèg «`grg g `grg» dci entcrihùthr, ihs jg`thrcs jg`thrcs pgrg pgrgienaùíst ienaùíste`hs e`hs y cxtrgi cxtrgienaùíst enaùíste`hs, e`hs, gsí `hmh ccii `hntcx`hntcxth dc prhdu`èðn tecncn ung emphrtgnèg `hnsedcrgoic cn ig `hmune`gèðn. Thdh csth phnc dc mgne﬇csth ig nc`csedgd dc gprcndcr ung screc dc cstrgtcaegs quc nh shih gjc`tgn g ig g`tevedgd vcrogi, senh tgmoeån tg moeån g ih pse pse`hiðae`h, `hiðae`h, ggii `hnhèmecnth dci mundh y g ig sh?6 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P ègiezgèðn, gsí `hmh g ihs `ðdeahs nh vcrogics (èncseg y prhxcmeg) y g ihs rgsahs pgrgienaùíst pgrgie naùíste`hs, e`hs, `hmh ig vhz y ig cnth cnthngèðn ngèðn.. 3. Igs cmhèhncs mçs entcnsgs y pcrshngics cxeacn ihs shnedhs dc ig vhz. Ig shig vhz tecnc `gpgèdgd dc scdu`èðn, dc rcprhogèðn, dc endu`èðn endu`è ðn g ig içste içstemg, mg, ct`. :. Dcsdc ci punth dc vestg dc ig hùrrcnèg iåxe`g, phdcmhs g﬇rmgr tgmoeån quc ci fgoig cs mçs phorc icxe`gimcntc quc ig cs`returg, cn ùgnth quc gquciig uteiezg igs ig s pgigorgs dc mgyhr jrcùcn jrcùcnèg, èg, rcpcteèhncs, èhn cs, muicteiig muicteiigs, s, ct`. 1. Ci desùrsh hrgi (ig argmçte`g dci `hihqueh) tecnc `hmh unedgd dc gnçieses ci cnunègdh, y nh ig hrgèðn. Cntrc ihs prenèpgics jcnðmcnhs pgrteùigrcs dc ig hrgiedgd nhs cn`hntrgmhs `hn ihs seauecntcs< ig prhshdeg, ig cnthngèðn y ci ånjgses; ihs jgishs eneèhs h des`hrdgnègs; igs jhrmgs pgrg iicngr vg`íhs; ci gigragmecnth dc vh`gics; ig junèðn dc rciicnh shnhrh; ig pgusg seicnèhsg; ig rcjcrcnèg cxhjðre`g; igs enjcrcnègs; igs empie`gturgs; ihs g`ths enderc`ths; ihs shorccntcnded shorccntcndedhs hs dc jrgamcntgrecdgd sentç`te`g; igs rcpcteèh rcpcteèhncs; ncs; igs muicteiigs; igs entcrlc`èhncs; entcrlc`èhncs; igs pgrgdgs; pgrgd gs; igs ccxìgmgèhn xìgmgèhncs; cs; ct`. Dcstg`gn eaugimcntc cn ci fgoig igs cstrgtcaegs dc guth`hrrc`èðn. Csths gspc`ths g spc`ths shn emphrtgntcs cn ig `hmpctcn `hmpctcnèg èg `hmune`gtevg dci endeveduh, yg quc `hntreouycn g agrgntezgr ci åxeth cn ig `hmune`gèðn. Ihs ushs hrgics dc ig icnaug shn jcnðmcnhs `hmpiclhs dci icnauglc, cn ùg ùgnth nth quc suphncn un prh`csh prh`cs h dc entcrprct entcrprctgèðn gèðn dc entcnèhncs cn ihs quc entcrvecncn `hn`cpths `hmh `hhpcrgèðn, ncahègèðn, `hn﬏e`th, mgicntcndedh, mgicntcndedh, retu retugics gics `hnvcrsgèh `hnvcrsgèhngics, ngics, `hrtcsíg vcrogi (sgiudh, seicnèh, ùmpiedh, gargdcèmecnth, påsgmc…). Cn tgi prh`csh sc cstgoic`c ungenvetgèðn, rcigèðn cntrc ihs entcrihùthrcs y igs jhrmgs ienaùíste`gs quc cxprcsgn de`fg entcnèðn. Dcsdc cstc çmoeth dc `hmpicledgd dc ig `hmune`gèðn hrgi fgy quc `hnsedcrgr ci fc`fh `hmune`gtevh; cstru`turgdh, scaün Fymcs, mcdegntc h`fh `hmphncntcs, cnunègdhs `hn ci g`rðste`h quc dg iuagr g ig pgigorg enaicsg spcgkena; shn ihs seauecntcs< • setugtehn etugtehn,, setugèðn (ih`giezgèðn cspgègi y tcmphrgi; cs`cng pse`h- • shègi) pgrteèpgnts, pgrteèpgntcs (`grg`tcríste`gs shèhùiturgics; rcigèhncs cntrc ciihs) ?. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG @HMSNE@G@EÐN H_GI ?5 • • • • • • cnds, ﬇ngiedgdcs h mctgs (shègics, pgrteùigrcs); g`t scqucn`cs, scùcnèg dc g`ths (hragnezgèðn y cstru`turg dc ig entcrg`èðn; hragnezgèðn dci tcmg h dc ihs tcmgs); kcy, ìgvc (argdh dc jhrmgiedgd h dc enjhrmgi enjhrmgiedgd edgd dc ig entcrg`èð entcrg`èðn; n; scic`èðn dci rcpcrthreh vcrogi quc fg`cmhs); enstrumcntgietecs, enstrumcnths (`gngi; vgrecdgd h vgrecdgdcs dc fgoig; èncseg y prhxcmeg); nhrms, nhrmgs (nhrmgs dc entcrg`èðn< turnhs dc fgoig; nhrmgs dc entcrprctgèðn< prcsuphseèhncs; g`ths dc fgoig enderc`ths; empie`gèhncs); acnrc, aåncrh (teph dc entcrg`èðn; cùcnègs desùrsevgs). Igs entcrg`è entcrg`èhncs, hncs, ph phrr htrg pgr pgrtc, tc, iicvgn `hnseah nc`csgreg nc`csgregmcn mcntc tc ung screc dc reths< dc prcscntgèðn, dc prc`guèðn y dc `hn﬇rmgèðn h dc rcpgrgèðn.. Cntrc csths üitemhs ﬇aurg rcpgrgèðn ﬇aurgn, n, dc mgncrg pgrteù pgrteùigr, igr, igs cstrgtcaegs vcrogics dc igs ig s quc sc vgic ci fgoigntc `hrtås, quc suphncn un `gmenh mçs igrah ig rah quc ig gdqueseèðn dci sestcmg jhn jhnhiðae`h hiðae`h y sentç`t sentç`te`h e`h dc ig icnaug, y cn ci quc ig jgmeieg jgm eieg y ig shècdgd cntcrg thm thmgn gn pgr pgrtc tc g`tevg dcoedh g su `hmpicledgd, yg quc, cn pgigorgs dc Fgvcrkgtc, «igs nhrmgs dc ig `hrtcsíg vcrogi vgn `hntrg ig ìgredgd y ig c﬇`gèg `hmune`gtevg» (Ig `hrtcsíg vcrogi. Cstudeh prgamgienaùíste`h, 7554< 4?). Dcsdc csths supucsths, fgy quc cntcndcr ig prehredgd quc tecnc g`tugimcntc ci cstudeh dci junèhngmecnth hrgi dc ig icnaug y igs jhrmgs degihagdgs (Orez y Aruph Zgi.Cs.@h, ?222), gsí `hmh ci entcrås phr ci cstudeh dci cspg÷hi `hihquegi; c enìush ig rcvgihrezgèðn dc ihs dhmenehs hrgics jrcntc g ung dcargdgèðn dci cspgèh dc ig cs`returg. Igs dejcrcntcs csùcigs h `hrrecntcs entcrcsgdgs cn ci cstudeh dc ig hrgiedgd rc`hnh`cn quc, fgoigr csyg degihagr y `hnvcrsgr; entcr`gmoegr edcgs,jundgmcntgimcntc, scntemecn scntemecnths ths c empr emprcsehn csehncs, cs, quc fgoigr cs cmpicgr cmp icgr ung jgù jgùitgd itgd cspc`í﬇`gmcntc cspc`í﬇`gmcntc fumgng pgrg ``hnscauer hnscauer dctcrmengdhs ﬇ncs< trgnsmeter y pcder enjhrmgèðn, pcder quc sc iicvc g `goh ung g`èðn nh ienaùíste`g, pcrsugder h rcgiezgr un g`th retugi… U `hn csc ﬇n desphnc d esphncmhs mhs dc devcrshs mc`gnesmhs ienaùíst ienaùíste`hs. e`hs. Ci cstudeh dc ihs entcr`gmoehs desùrsevhs empie`g ig `hnsedcrgèðn dc ihs seauecntcs prenèpehs< g) ci ush `hmune`gtevh dci icnauglc iicvg `hnseah quc thdh desùrsh cs ung `hnstru`èðn `hic`tevg, ung rcgiezgèðn entcrg`tevg, phrquc fgoigr cs entcr`gmoegr; 02 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P o) ci deçihah cs gntcrehr gi mhnðihah, y ig `hmpctcnèg aihogi cs gntcrehr g ig `hmpctcnèg ienaùíste`g, ig ùgi nh cs senh ung pgrtc dc ig gntcrehr; `) jrcùcntcmcntc sc hphnc ig cs`returg g ig hrgiedgd cn ihs seauecntcs tårmenhs< hrdcn vcrsus `ghs, `hrrc`èðn vcrsus crrhr, requczg vcrsus phorczg phor czg,, `hfcrcn `hfcrcnèg èg vcrsus vcrsu s en`hfcr e n`hfcrcnèg… cnèg… Cn dc﬇netevg, ci desùrsh hrgi nh scríg senh un suoprhdu`th dci icnauglc, un `hnlunth dc crrhrcs h cs`hregs se nh gpie`çscmhs tgics prenèpehs. Csth rcg﬇rmg ig nc`csedgd dc cnsc÷gr cstg mhdgiedgd dc ig icnaug y dc ihs rcaestrhs quc ig jhrmgn. Gsí quc fcmhs dc `hnsedcrgr, `hnsedcrgr, phr su `hmpicle `hmpicledgd, dgd, ci gnçieses gnç ieses dc ig `hnvcrsgèðn. Hoscrvgdgs `hn gtcnèðn y `hn dctgiic igs `hnvcrsgèhncs, sc `hnstgtg jçèimcntc quc ci gpgrcntc `ghs quc igs `grg`tcrezg sc thrng cn ung g`tevedgd hragnezgdg, cn ig quc «thdh ih quc sc de`c dcoc dcèrsc dc jhrmg dctcrmengdg< dctcrmengd g< cn ècrth thnh dc vhz, g ècrtg vcihèdgd, `hn ècrtg cnthngèðn y vhiumcn» (Dcohrgf Tgnncn, ¡Uh ¡Uh nh quesc dcèr csh! @ðmh ig mgncrg dc fgoigr jgèietg h de﬇ùitg nucstrg rcigèðn `hn ihs dcmçs, 7562/7557< 40). G sí quc fcmhs Gsí fcmh s `hnsed ` hnsedcrg crgrr ci c i fc` fc`fh fh dc quc ig emga em gacn cn quc gtreou gt reoueemhs g un dctcrmengdh pcrshnglc pcrshnglc sucic cstgr gshègdg g shègdg `hn igs `hnde `hnde-èhncs dc su vhz, y muy cspcègimcntc, cspcèg imcntc, `hn su prhshdeg< ``hmh hmh hycntcs, uteiezgmhs endeèhs jðne`hs, cn h`gsehncs dejcrcntcs h enìush hpucsths hp ucsths g igs ìgscs dc `hntcnedh `hntcnedh dci mcnsglc mcnsglc pgrg cvgiugr c vgiugr g nucstrh entcrihùthr. Ig ìgse﬇`gèðn dc ung vhz `hmh sugvc h cstredcntc, mcihdehsg h cntrc`hrtgdg y ci lueèh quc `hniicvg shorc su phsccdhr cs ci rcsuitgdh dc sumgr igs pgrteùigredgdcs dc de`èðn g igs `grg`tcríste`gs prhsðde`gs. prhsðde`gs. Ihs rgsahs prhsðde`hs shn ihs rcùrshs vh`gics quc sc supcrphncn g ig grteùigèðn pgrg cxprcsgr seane﬇`gdhs, tgics `hmh< ig cnthngèðn (ig müse`g dc igs pgigorgs), ci g`cnth, igs pgusgs, ci thnh, ig entcnsedgd, ig vcihèdgd dc cihùèðn y ci retmh. Ciih iicvg g Çicx Arelcimh (Ig scdu`èðn dc igs pgigorgs , Mgdred, Tguru Tgurus, s, ?222) g g﬇rg﬇ rmgr quc ig vhz nhs dg ci tg`th dc ig igss jrgscs, jrg scs, y quc `hn sus scnsgèhncs scnsgèhncs vevemhs ig pgrtc pgr tc mçs errgèhngi errgèhngi dci icnauglc, phr phrquc quc su rcaestrh nhs pcrmeteríg enìush enìush prcsènder dc ihs seane﬇`gdhs. seane﬇`g dhs. Gfí Gf í rcsedc su phdcr dc scdu`èðn. sc du`èðn. Dcsdc ci punth dc vestg dci tcmg, igs ig s `hnvcrsgèhncs, `hnvcrsgèhncs, `hmh ùgiquecr htrh teph dc tcxth, sc hragnezgn hragnez gn cn unedgdcs scùcnègics. Cn ciigs ciig s phdc?. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG @HMSNE@G@EÐN H_GI 07 mhs cstgoic`cr igs seauecntcs pgrtcs< ``hmecnzh hmecnzh (sgiud (sgiudhs, hs, prcauntgs, ct`.), ct`.), grteùigèðn grt eùigèðn dc ihs turnhs dc eentc ntcrvcnèðn rvcnèðn y ècrrc. Ihs turnhs dc fgoig (unedgd entcrg`tevg, cicmcnth ogsc dc ig entcrg`èðn vcrogi) sc cstgoic`cn mcdegntc cstrgtcaegs pgrg thmgr ig pgigorg, tgics `hmh< sc÷gics nh vcrogics, entcrrupèhncs, shigpgmecnths, entcrvcnèðn dcspuås dc un seicnèh, entcnths vgrehs dc thmgr ig pgigorg y htrgs cstrgtcaegs. cst rgtcaegs. Ig gitcrngnèg dc ihs turnhs dc fgoig cn ung `hnv ` hnvcrsgcrsgèðn cs un prh`csh `hntenuh y su`csevh, quc sc reac phr ihs prenèpehs dc `hhpcrgèðn, dc `hrtcsíg, dc pcrtencnèg h dc rcicvgnèg. Pen cmograh, cn ig `hnvcrsgèðn `hihquegi, `hmh g﬇rmgn Orez y Aruph Zgi.Cs.@h (?222), igs entcrvcnèhncs sc shigpgn, sc supcrphncn, y surac ci fgoig semuitçncg, turnhs hùpgdhs phr dhs h mçs mç s entcrvcnèh entcrvcnèhncs ncs dc fgoigntcs destenths supcrpucst supcrpucsths. hs. Cn ci gnçieses dc igs `hnvcrsgèhncs sc pucdcn dejcrcnègr gspc`ths tgics `hmh `hmh<< • • • • • • ci reth shègi; ig `hrtcsíg< g`ths dc fgoig enderc`ths (`hmh ig mgnejcstgèðn derc`tg h enderc`tg dc ig entcnèhngiedgd, h sc scg, g, ihs rhdchs) rhdchs),, `hn`cpth dc emgacn ( jg`c), cxùsg, cujcmesmh, gargdcèmecnth, gtcn gtcnugèhncs ugèhncs c entcnse﬇`gdhrcs, phseoics mgicntcndedhs y mc`gnesmhs dc rcpgrgèðn, mgtezgdhrcs dc hpeneðn, rcglustcs cxprcsevhs (rcjhrmuigèhncs); ihs prh`cdemecnths dc gtcnugèðn (pcteèðn dc pcrdðn, pcteèðn dc pcrmesh); ci `hntcxth (ci sulcth `hmh mecmorh dc `gtcahrígs shègics, aruphs, prhjcsehn prhj csehncs, cs, hrag hragnezgèhncs, nezgèhncs, `hmunedgdcs h `ùiturgs)< uiturgs)< phdcr c edchihaíg; ig vgregèðn ùiturgi y ctneèdgd (en`hmprcnsehncs ùiturgics, `hn﬏e`ths åtne`hs, prclueèhs, xcnhjhoeg, ctnh`cntresmh, rgèsmh); ig vgrecdgd usgdg (`gmoeh dc rcaestrh). Ihs gspc`ths prgamgienaùíste`hs shn jcnðmcnhs ieagdhs gi mcnsglc mesmh, cn ùgnth quc ig `hmune`gèðn fumgng tecnc ung pgrtc `hde﬇`gdg (ienaùíste`g) y htrg enjcrcnègi (prgamçte`g). Giaunhs dc csths gspc`ths shn< • 0? ihs mgr`gdhrcs h `hnc`thrcs dci desùrsh (cvedcntcmcntc (cvedcntcmcntc, ìgrh ìgrh,, oucnh,, fhmorc, ct`.); nh DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ihs dcí`te`hs (suolctevhs, tcmphrgics, cspgègics); ihs mhdgiezgdhrcs desùrsevhs (gprcègtevhs, gscrtevhs y dcðnte`hs); igs enjcrcn` enjcrcnègs egs `hnvc `hnvcrsgèhngics; rsgèhngics; igs rcigèhncs sentç`te`gs y iðae`gs, empiíè empiíètgs tgs h cxpiíètgs; ihs entcnse﬇`gdhrcs, `hmh mhahiiðn (dc), `gntedgd (dc), mhntðn (dc), ct`. h ig rcpcteèðn; ihs cstemuigntcs cstemuig ntcs `hnvc `hnvcrsgèhngics, rsgèhngics, quc pucdcn scr eempcrg mpcrgtevhs tevhs scnshregics c entci entcic`tug c`tugics ics pgrg `gptgr ig gtcn gtcnèðn èðn dc ihs hyc hycntcs ntcs (merg…), vh`gtevhs (destreouèðn turngi), `hmprhogtevhs (¸cf8, ¸nh8) y cxprcsehncs rctgrdgtgregs (oucnh, pucs, h scg); ig `hhpcrgèðn entcrihùtevg entcrihùtevg pgrg ende`gr quc ci `hntg`th seauc veacntc (ìgrh) y pgrg pg rg sc÷gig sc÷gigrr ggii entcri entcrihùthr hùthr quc pu pucdc cdc thmgr ci rcicvh cn ci turnh dc pgigorg (ig cnt cnthngè hngèðn ðn cs dcèsevg< g vcr, díagmc); ig entcrrhagèðn rctðre`g (rcùrsh cnjçte`h, ècrrc dci turnh dc pgigorg); ihùèhncs gdlctevgs `hn quc (quc tc `gcs dc cspgidgs, quc tc pucdcs mhrer, ct`.); cxprcsehncs fepcroðie`gs; muicteiigs (¸nh8, h scg, pucs, ct`.); cicmcnths prhsðde`hs (retmh, cnthngèðn, pgusgs) dc deigèðn y dc cnthngèðn; scic`èðn scic`èð n iåxe`g y sentç`te`g; tecmphss vcrogics y pcrshngs arg tecmph argmgte`gics. mgte`gics. Dcsdc ci punth dc vestg desùrsevhtcxtugi, cn cstc teph dc tcxths goundgn igs rcpcteè rcpcteèhncs, hncs, igs pgrç pgrçjrgses, jrgses, ihs dcí`te`hs, ihs `hmhdencs; ih quc `hn﬇crc g ig `hnvcrsgèðn ung oglg dcnsedgd iåxe`g. Phn eaugimcntc emphrtgntcs cn ig `hnvc `hnvcrsgèðn rsgèðn pgrgienaùíst e`hs (cn (cnthngè pgusg y g`cnth, prhshdeg, `giedgdihsdcrgsahs ig vhz,pgrgie thnhnaùíste`hs y retmh), gsí thngèðn, `hmh ðn, ihs rgsahs cxtrg cxtrgienaùí ienaùíste`hs ste`hs (èncseg y prhx prhxcmeg) cmeg).. Dcsdc ung hrecntgèðn hrecntgèðn dedç`te`g, ci `hmcntgreh ienaùíste`h ienaùíst e`h dc tcxths hrgics pcrseauc, phr ung pgrtc, pg rtc, fgoetugr ggii giumnh g ig gudeèðn dc tcx tcx-ths `hihquegics y jhrmgics `hn ci holcth dc quc cstc rc﬏cxehnc shorc ig icnaug hrgi csphntçncg y pigne﬇`gdg, y gsí phdcr `hntreouer g mclhrgr sus `gpgèdgdcs cxprcsevgs; phr htrg pgrtc, gprhxemgr ig icnaug ùitg dci cnthrnh cnt hrnh ((tcrtuieg, tcrtuieg, dcogt dcogtc, c, cntrcvestg… cntrcvestg…)) ggii guig, c entcrvcner pcdgaðae`gmcntc shorc ih hrgi pigne﬇`gdh. Ig `hnvcrsgèðn csphntçncg ‐`hmh cs sgoedh‐ sgoed h‐ sc dcsgrrhiig dc jhrmg gnçrque`g gnç rque`g y gicgthreg; dc gfí ihs «veèhs» jrcùcntcs, igs dcsvegèhncs y ihs crrhrcs quc cn ciig sc dgn. ?. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG @HMSNE@G@EÐN H_GI 00 Nh hostgntc, ihs ushs hrgics dc ig icnaug `hnjhrmgn pgrtc dc un `hntínuum, cn ci quc sc dg ung argdgèðn dc rcaestrhs h mhdgiedgdcs quc vgn dcsdc ig csphntgncedgd g ig pigne﬇`gèðn h rc﬏cxeðn, y ung cs`gig `hn argdhs entcrmcdehs. Ciih nh cs empcdemcnth pgrg quc un mesmh fgoigntc pucdg `gmoegr su jhrmg dc fgoigr gi mhde﬇`grsc ci `hntcxth `hmune`gtevh. Rhr cstc mhtevh fgoigmhs dc argdhs dc mgyhr h mcnhr csphntgncedgd, h dc mgyhr h mcnhr pigne﬇`gèðn h jhrmgiedgd h rc﬏cxeðn; pgrg ciih sc uteiezgn jðrmuigs `hmh mçs, mcnhs, nh tgn (csphntçnch, pigne﬇`gdh) quc, `hmh. Rhdcmhs rcprcscntgr igs prenèpgics dejcrcnègs cntrc gmogs entcrg`èhncs y ig argdgèðn `hrrcsphndecntc `hn igs seauecntcs tgoigs. Tgoig 0. Rrenèpgics dejcrcnègs cntrc ig `hnvcrsgèðn y ci deçihah ➝ […] @hntínuum […] ➝ @hnvcr sgèðn (`hihquegi ) • • • • • • • • • • • • Rigneje`gèðn shorc ig mgr`fg @hihquegi, jgmeiegr, jgmeiegr, enmcdegtg, `hhpcrgtevg `h hpcrgtevg Thnh enjhrmgi Jhrmg oçse`g dc ig `hmune`gèðn G`tevedgd iüde`g Eaugidgd Gitcrngnèg dc turnhs nh prcdctcrmengdg Mgyhr ieocrtgd Goundg ig rcdundgnèg rc dundgnèg Jrcùcnèg dc ihs shigpgmecnths Gquí, gfhrg y gntc te _csuitgdh dc ig `hmoengèðn dc entcr`gmoehs Tgoig 4. Deçihah (pigne je`gdh) • • • • • • • • • • Tcmg sc÷gigdh Gi scrveèh dc ung jengiedgd Thnh jhrmgi Rrctcndc `hnscauer ung gvcncnèg Eaugidgd h lcrgrquíg. _hics dcjenedhs Mgyhr nhrmgtevedgd Gitcrngnèg dc turnhs prcdctcrmengdg Ssh jrcùcntc dc dcí`te`hs pcrshngics, cspgègics y tcmphrgics Índe`cs dc derc`èðn gi rc`cpthr Ssh jrcùcntc dc ig junèðn jçte`g Dejcrcnègs cntrc ig `hnvcrsgèðn csphntçncg y ig jhrmgi @ h n v c r s g è ðn c s p h n t çn c g @ hn v cr s gè ð n p i g ne j e ` gd g ‐ Mcnhs rcspcth phr ihs turnhs dc fgoig + _cspcth phr ihs turnhs dc fgoig + Entcrrupèhncs Phigpgmecnths mçs igrahs + _gpedcz dc fgoig + _cdundgnèg iåxe`g + Rhorczg iåxe`g + Zuiagresmhs + @hicteiigs + Gphygturgs + @hmhdencs + _ciicnhs + Gng`hiuths y rupturgs sentç`te`gs ‐ Mcnhs entcrrupèhncs Phigpgmecnths dc mcnhr durgèðn + Rgusgs gi fgoigr + Rrcèseðn iåxe`g + _equczg iåxe`g + Tc`neèsmhs ‐ Mcnhs `hicteiigs ‐ Mcnhs gphygturgs ‐ Mcnhs `hmhdencs ‐ Mcnhs rciicnhs ‐ Mcnhs gng`hiuths y rupturgs sentç`te`gs Gsí, pucs, ci rcaestrh hrgi `hihq `hihquegi uegi iicvg `hnseah ung screc dc jcnðmcnhs («cs`hregs», «veèhs», «dcsvegèhncs», «crrhrcs») quc pucdcn iicagr g cnthrpc`cr ig `hmune`gèðn; cntrc htrhs< jgishs eneèhs, entcrrupèhncs, 04 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P `hnstru`èhncs en`hfcrcntcs, rc`te﬇`gèhncs y rcjhrmuigèhncs, muicteiigs, mgr`gs dc dudg, ct`. G ig juagèdgd dc ig icnaug hrgi ic `grg`tcrezg ig prcscnèg jrcùcntc dc `grcnègs, dcsie`cs, vgèigèhncs, pcríjrgses h èrùnihquehs quc, cn ig icnaug cs`retg dci enjhrmgdhr ‐gun secn secndh dh thdh ih gprcsurgdg quc sc quecrg‐ nh tecncn luste﬇`gèðn. Rhr csh, cs emphrtgntc cstudegr ihs cicmcnths vcrogics (pgigorgs), pgrgvcrogics (cnthngèðn, retmh, g`cnth, `gmoehs jhnåte`hs, ånjgses) y nh vcrogics (seicnè (seicnèhs, hs, rruedhs uedhs dc gscntemecn gscntemecnth th u hphse` hphseèðn eðn,, phst phsturgs, urgs, destg destgnnègs, acsths), entcnèhngiedgdcs y `hntcxths setugèhngics quc entcrvecncn cn ig cxprcseðn hrgi `hihquegi. Dc cstg mgncrg, `hnhècndh y clcrètgndh sus `grg`tcríste`gs, cs prcveseoic quc ci giumnh pucdg mclhrgr su `hmpctcnèg hrgi. Cntrc ihs prenèpgics tephs dc entcrg`èhncs vcrogics nhs cn`hntrgmhs `hn ci deçihah, ig `hnvcrsgèðn, ci dcogtc, ig cntrcvestg, ci `hihqueh y ig desùseðn desù seðn;; unhs y htrhs sscc dgn cn setugèhn setugèhncs cs de dejcrcn jcrcntcs, tcs, `hn entcnèhncs destentgs, ih ùgi suphnc un argdh dejcrcntc dc cxeacnèg `hn rcspc`th gi argdh dc pigne﬇`gèðn h jhrmgiedgd. Dc thdhs ciihs, `goc dcstg`gr dcstg` gr ig ``hnv hnvcrsgèðn crsgèðn y ci deçihah, ushs vcrogics quc sc prcstgn mclhr mcl hr gi cstud cstudeh eh dc ig entc entcrg`èðn rg`èðn ienaùí ienaùíste`g, ste`g, kkenåse`g enåse`g y prh prhxåme`g, xåme`g, cs dcèr, gi gnçieses dc ig icnaug cn setugèðn, `grg g `grg, `hn thdgs igs èrùnstgnègs prgamçte`gs dci ush. Ig `hnvcrsgèðn cs ung dc igs g`tevedgdcs mçs típe`gmcntc fumgngs< cs ci mcdeh jundgmcntgi y mçs acncrgiezgdh dc trgtgr ihs gsunths fumgnhs. Acncrgimcntc, ig `hnvcrsgèðn sc mgne﬇cstg dc mgncrg csphntçncg, y dc gfí ci `grç`tcr jgmeiegr h `hihquegi dc ig mesmg, se oecn cs vcrdgd quc tgmoeån pucdc scr jhrmgi y cigohrgdg. Cs `hmün quc nh pcrseag ung ﬇ngiedgd ﬇ ngiedgd ``hn`r hn`rctg, ctg, y g mcnud mcnudhh setüg g ihs entcrvenecntcs cn ig mesmg cn prenè un pignh eaugidgd. s dc ig `hnvcrsgè Cntrc igs prenèpgics pgicsdc``grg`tcríste`g grg`tcríste`gs `hnvcrsgèðn ðn nhs cn`hntrgcn`hntrgmhs `hn igs seauecntcs< g) ci `gmoe `g moehh dc fgoigntc cs rcùrrcntc; o) cn acncrgi, nh fgoig fgoig mçs dc ung u ng pcrshng g ig vcz; `) ihs shigpgmecnths (dhs h mçs pgrteèpgntcs fgoigndh g ig vcz) shn `hmuncs pcrh orcvcs; d) igs trgnseèh trg nseèhncs ncs mçs `hmuncs cntrc un tur turnh nh dc pgigorg y ci seauecntc shn igs quc sc prhdu`c prhdu`cn n sen entcrvgihs ne shigpgmecn shigpgmecnths, ths, h ig igss quc sc prhdu`cn `hn un orcvc entcrvgih; c) ci hrdcn dc ihs turnhs dc pgigorg nh cs ﬇lh; ?. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG @HMSNE@G@EÐN H_GI 03 jj)) ig durgèðn dc ihs turnhs dc pgigorg tgmph`h t gmph`h cs ﬇lg, gunquc sc tecndc g un ècrth cqueieoreh; a) ig durgèðn dc ung `hnvcrsgèðn nh sc cspcè﬇`g prcvegmcntc (cn un dcogtc phiíte`h, phr clcmpih, sí sc sucic dc﬇ner ci hrdcn y durgèðn dc ihs turnhs); f) ci nümcrh dc fgoigntcs pucdc pucdc vgreg vgregr; r; e) ci desùrsh desù rsh pucdc scr `hnten `hntenuh uh h des`hntenu des`hntenuh; h; l) cxestcn tå`ne`gs h rcùrshs pgrg ig destreouèðn dc ihs turnhs; k) sc uteiezgn dejcrcntcs unedgdcs jhrmgics dc `hnstru`èðn dc ihs turnhs (ung pgigorg, ung jrgsc, ung hrgèðn, ct`.); i) cxestcn mc`gnesmhs pgrg rcpgrgr ihs crrhrcs h igs trgnsarcsehncs cn ig thmg dc ig pgigorg. Ig `hnvcrsgèðn, phr tgnth, cs ung g`tevedgd prenèpgimcntc iüde`g; nh tecnc un ﬇n trgs`cndcn trg s`cndcntc; tc; ahzg dc un gith argdh dc ieocrtgd; mecntrgs quc ci deçihah cs ung g`tevedgd gi g i scrveèh dc ung ﬇ng ﬇ngiedgd, iedgd, tecnc mg mgyhr yhr nhrmgtevedgd. Ih rcicvgntc pgrg dctcrmengr dc jhrmg prcveg ci `grç`tcr mçs h mcnhs `hihquegi dc ung `hnvcrsgèðn ` hnvcrsgèðn cs ci mgr`h dc entcrg`èðn, cntcndedh cntcndedh `hmh ig rcigèðn quc sc cstgoic`c cntrc ihs pgrteèpgntcs; shorc thdh, ig rcigèðn dc csths `hn ig setugèðn `hmune`gtevg `hn`rctg. Phn rgsahs típe`gmcntc `hihquegics ig guscnèg dc pigne﬇`gèðn, ig ﬇ngiedgd `hmune`gtevg shègiezgdhrg (ci prcdhmeneh dc ig junèðn jçte`g) y ci thnh enjhrmgi. ?.0.. Cnsc÷gnzg y gprcndezglc dc ig `hmune`gèðn hrgi ?.0 Cn `hnscùcnèg `hn ih cxpucsth gntcrehrmcntc, sc pucdc vcr ig emphrtgnèg dc cnsc÷gr y gprcnd gprcndcr cr g fgoigr, g mclh mclhrgr rgr ihs rcaestrhs hrg hrgics; ics; prenèpgimcntc, ihs ushs hrgics pigne﬇`gdhs. Cn cstg tgrcg, ig csùcig dcscmpc÷g un rhi emphrtgntc dcsdc muy tcmprgnh; nh cn ogidc tecnc un pgpci shègiezgdhr premhrdegi, ùcsteðn quc clcr`c prenèpgimcntc g trgvås dc ig jhrmgiezgèðn dci icnauglc. Ig `hmpic `hmpicledgd ledgd dc ihs ushs hrgics y su gmpietud shn thdh un rcth pgrg ig jhrmgèðn dci giumngdh dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg Rremgreg phr ig igss seauecntcs rgzhncs< • 0: Ig prç`te`g dc ih hrgi cs trgnsvcrsgi g thdgs igs desèpiengs y g thdgs igs setugèh setugèhncs. ncs. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P • • • • • • • • • Dcsdc fg`c ph`h tecmph, ig csùcig `hnsedcrg ci gprcndezglc dc ih hrgi `hmh ung dc sus mesehncs. mesehncs. Ih hrgi empie`g gi `hnlunth dc ig pcrshng. _cùårdcsc ci mgi trgah quc sc pgsg ùgndh ùg ndh sc sgic g ig pezgrrg pezgrrg,, ùgndh sc cxphnc cn püoie`h, püoie`h, h ùgndh sc ùcntg un ùcnth, phr clcmpih. H ig emphrtgnèg quc hthrag hth rag ig luresprudcn luresprudcnèg èg g ig vestg hrgi. Ih hrgi cstç prhjundgmcntc en﬏uedh phr igs prç`te`gs shègics dc rcjcrcnèg. Ih hrgi cs dejíèi dc hoscrvgr y `hmpiclh dc gngiezgr. Ih hrgi nc`csetg rcùrshs tå`ne`hs cspc`í﬇`hs pgrg su cstudeh. Ih hrgi hrg i cs jrcùcntc jrcùcntcmcn mcntc tc mgi `hnhè `hnhèdh. dh. Fgy ph`h mgtcregi pcdg pcdgaðaðae`h pgrg cnsc÷gr ig hrgiedgd, y igs envcsteagèhncs dedç`te`gs shorc ciih sc fgn dcsgrrhiigdh mçs rcècntcmcntc quc igs dc ih cs`reth. Ig cvgiugèðn dc ih hrgi nc`csetg mu`fh tecmph. Ig csù`fg cs muy dejíèi dc trgoglgr y dc cvgiugr. Ihs ende`gdhrcs dc dhmeneh dc ih hrgi nh shn jçèimcntc sentctezgoics. G pcsgr dc thdh, ig clcrè clcrètgèðn tgèðn dc ig `hmune`gèðn hrgi jgvhrc`c cn ci giumnh gspc`ths tgn emphrtgntcs `hmh ig vh`giezgèðn, ig grteùigèðn y ig prhnunègèðn; ig cnthngèðn gdcùgdg, quc cs un en`cntevh pgrg ig ic`turg; ig mclhrg dc ig ﬏uedcz ic`thrg; ci cnrequcèmecnth dci vh`gouigreh pcrshngi y ig ﬏uedcz vcrogi; ig mclhrg mclhrg dci ush dc `gdg ` gdg rcaestrh (csphntçnch y jhrmgi); ig csù`fg; csù`fg ; fgoigr cn püoie`h, quc `hn `hntreouyc treouyc g pcrdcr ci mecdh cs`åne`h; ig gyudg pgrg trgnsmeter edcgs, cmhèhncs, scntemecnths, cstgdhs dc çnemh, ct`.; ig emprhvesgèðn cn destentgs y vgregdgss setugèhn vgregdg setugèhncs cs y ig pgr pgrteèpgè teèpgèðn ðn y ig ``hhpcrgè hhpcrgèðn. ðn. ih tgnth, cs emphrtgntc gùder g tå`ne`gs dc cxprcseðn hrgi, hrgi, tgicsRhr `hmh< g) tå`ne`gs dci deçihah deçihah<< ig `hnvcrsgèðn, ig desùseðn h ci dcogtc, igs prcauntgs y rcspucstgs, ci throciienh dc edcgs y ig drgmgtezgèðn; drg mgtezgèðn; o) tå`ne`gs dci mhnðihah mhnðihah<< ig ngrrgèðn h ci rcigth, ig cxphseèðn h cxpie`gèðn (ci rcsumcn hrgi), ig graumcntgèðn, ig dcs`repèðn y ig rcètgèðn; `) tå`ne`gs dc ic`turg hrgi< hrgi< endevedugi (mhnhihagdg) y `hic`tevg (degihagdg). ?. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG @HMSNE@G@EÐN H_GI 01 ?.4.. Cvgiugèðn dc ig `hmune`gèðn hrgi ?.4 Ngdec phnc cn dudg ig emphrtgnèg quc tecnc ci icnauglc hrgi; sen cmograh su cvgiugè cvg iugèðn ðn gpcngs sc rcgiez rcgiezgg cn igs ccsùcigs, sùcigs, y cn ig mgyhríg dc ihs `gshs qucdg iemetgdg g ung gprcègèðn `gse suolctevg dci prhjcshr (Pçn`fcz, 7560). Igs `grg`tcríste`gs dc ig hrgiedgd fg`cn dejíèi cvgiugr ihs prharcshs quc fg`c ci giumngdh rcspc`th g sus `gpgèdgdcs dc ush dc ig hrgiedgd, Pen cmograh, ig nc`csedgd dc cvgiugr ih hrgi sc luste﬇`g phr igs seauecn seau ecntcs tcs rgz rgzhncs< hncs< 7. Pc cnsc÷c h nh, iihh hrgi sc cvgiüg shèg shègimcntc imcntc ((«¡Wuå «¡Wuå oecn fgoig cstg ne÷g!», «Cstc ne÷h cs un ihrh fgoigndh», «Nh sc cntecndc ih quc de`c csc sc÷hr», ct`., shn scntcnègs cvgiugdhrgs muy `hmuncs cn igs entcrg`èhncs shègics). ?. Thdg cvgiugèðn shorc ih hrgi iicvg `hnseah ung rc﬏cxeðn shorc ig `hfcrcnèg, ig gdcùgèðn y ig nhrmg (¸quå cs fgoigr oecn8). 0. Ci pigntcgmecnth pigntcgm ecnth dc ig hhrgi rgiedgd edgd quc sc fg`c cn ci guig cs un o oucn ucn ende`gdhr ende`g dhr dci trgoglh pcdg pcdgaðae`h aðae`h y dc ig `hn`cpèðn dci gprcndezglc quc tecnc ci mgcstrh. 4. Cs nc`csgreg ung cvgiugè cvg iugèðn ðn eneègi dc ig hrgiedgd, dc ig quc quc pgrterç ci prhjcshrgdh cn ci cmpc÷h dc g﬇g g﬇gnz nzgrig grig y dcsgr dcsgrrhiigrig rhiigrig `hnvcnecntcmcntc, yg quc cs ci punth dc pgrtedg pgrg prhargmgrig c﬇`gzmcntc y nc`csgreg nc`csg reg pgrg ssgocr gocr `ðmh pr prharcsgr. harcsgr. @hn ci ﬇n dc rcgiezgr rcgiez gr ig cvg cvgiugèðn iugèðn `hn ig mgy mgyhr hr edh edhncedgd ncedgd phseoic, y secmprc dcsdc ci supucsth dc ig pgrteùigr de﬇ùitgd quc cnècrrg ig cvgiugèðn iugè ðn dc ig `hmune`gè `hmune`gèðn ðn hrgi phr sus `grg`tcríste`gs `grg`tcríste`g s cspc`í﬇`gs, Pçn`fcz (7560) y _cyzçogi (7550) hjrc`cn igs seauecntcs rc`hmcndgèhncs< • • • • • 06 Dcoc rcgiezgrsc rcgiezg rsc cn setugèhn setugèhncs cs rcgics dc `hmune`gèð `hmune`gèðn n cn ig igss quc ihs giumnhs entcrvecncn csphntçncgmcntc. csphntçncgmcntc. Wucdgn dcs`grtgdgs, dcs`gr tgdgs, phr su ph`g ﬇goeiedgd, igs pruco prucogs gs prcpgrgdgs. Nh pucdc iemetgrsc g un tecmph prcdctcrmengdh. Dcoc scr endevedugi, g pcsgr dc quc cn igs setugèhncs dc `hmune`gèðn entcrvcnagn vgrehs entcrihùthrcs. Cs nc`csgreh nc`csg reh hír cn destentgs setugèhncs gi giumnh quc sc cvgiüg. Cs `hnvcnecntc argogr igs entcrvcnèhncs sen quc ihs giumnhs ih scpgn pgrg phdcr cvgiugr mclh mclhrr ihs gspc`ths prgamçte`hs, shèhienaùísDEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P • • te`hs, tcxtugics y ienaùíste`hs; ih ùgi pcrmeterç dcstg`gr ihs gècrths y dctc`tgr ihs crrhrcs, y `hmcntgrihs y `hrrcaerihs cn ung gudeèðn phstcrehr `hn ig entcrvcnèðn dci prhpeh giumnh (guthcvgiugèðn) y dc sus `hmpg÷crhs (fctcrhcvgiugèðn), shorc thdh, ùgndh shn mgyhrcs. Ig cvgiugèðn dcoc gogr`gr tgnth ig `hmprcnseðn `hmh ig cxprcseðn. Cs nc`csgreh nc`csg reh cvgiugr igs de dejcrcn jcrcntcs tcs tå`ne`gs dc cxprcseð cxprcseðn n hrgi tcnecndh cn ùcntg su dcsgrrhiih dcsg rrhiih acncrgi acncrgi y igs entcrvcnè entcrvcnèhncs hncs endevedugics. Ci mhdcih cvgiugdhr dc _cyzçogi (7550) pgrg ig `hmune`gèðn hrgi cxeac ung cvgiugèðn prh`csugi y jhrmgtevg; dc gfí quc Pçn`fcz y _cyzçogi ensestgn, dc mgncrg pgrteùigr, cn igs tå`ne`gs c enstrumcnths quc pcrmetgn phncr cn prç`te`g de`fh mhdcih. Cstgs mesmgs guthrgs prhphnc prh phncn n ihs seauecntcs pgshs nc`csgrehs pg pgrg rg cvg cvgiugr iugr reau reaurhsg rhsg y jhrmgtevgmcntc ig `hmune`gèðn hrgi< 7. Rrhargmgr ig unedgd dedç`te`g quc sc vg g dcsgrrhiigr< holctevhs, `hntcnedhs, g`tevedgdcs, mcthdh `hntcnedhs, mcthdhihaíg ihaíg y rcùrshs. ?. Cn junèðn dc sus holctevhs y `hnsedcrgndh igs g`tevedgdcs prcvestgs, prcpgrgr ‐h ‐ h cigohrgr, cigohrgr, cn su `gsh `gsh‐ ‐ ihs enstrumcnths mçs gdcùgdhs pgrg su cvgiugèðn `hn `hntenug. tenug. 0. Hoscrvgr derc`tg derc`tgmcn mcntc tc y rcaestrgr ihs dgt dgths hs hph hphrtu rtunhs nhs dcsdc ci `hmecnzh dci prh`csh. 4. Argogr igs g`tevedgdcs dci guig pgrg desphncr dc ihs dgths cn un `hntcxth mçs gprhpegdh g su rcaestrh. Pe cs phseoic, trgns`reoer ig argogèðn. 3. Csù`fgr gtcntgmcn gtcntgmcntc tc ig argogèð argogèðn n cjc`tugdg igs vc`c vc`css quc scg ncnc`csgreh. :. @umpiem @umpiemcntgr cntgr ihs rcaestrhs p prcpgrgdhs rcpgrgdhs pgrg ig rc`haedg dc dgths. 1. Gngiezg Gng iezgrr ihs dgt dgths hs pcrmgncn pcrmgncntcmc tcmcntc ntc p pgrg grg rcauig rcauigrr ig g`tugèðn cn ci guig y hotcncr ihs mclhrcs rcsuitgdhs phseoics. 6. Zgihrg gihrgrr ihs rcsu rcsuitgdhs itgdhs hotcnedhs c enjhrmgr shorc ihs mesmhs. 5. Thmgr mcdedgs pgr pgrgg ig `hnten `hntenugèðn ugèðn gdcùgdg dci prh`csh dc cnsc÷gnzg y gprcndezglc (prhargmgèðn dc igs unedgdcs suoseauecntcs). @hn ih vesth fgstg gquí g`cr`g dc ig `hmune`gèðn hrgi, cspcrgmhs quc qucdc ìgrg ig edcg dc quc fgoigr, csù`fgr y `hnvcrsgr ‐premcr oihquc dc `hntcnedh dci ùrríùih h﬇ègi dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg‐ shn ?. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG @HMSNE@G@EÐN H_GI 05 fgoeiedgdcs ienaùíste`gs su﬇ècntcmcntc emphrtgntcs cn ig vedg `hmh pgrg quc mcrcz`gn ci dctcnemecnth nc`csgreh cn igs guigs phr pgrtc dc ihs mgcstrhs y, gntcrehrmcntc, cn ig jhrmgèðn eneègi. Rrcèsgmcntc phr csh, sc enìuycn rc`hmcndgèh rc`hmcndgèhncs ncs pgrg cvgiugr cstgs `hmpct `hmpctcnègs, cnègs, quc, `hmh oecn sgocmhs, nh shn holcth dc cvgiugèðn dc hragnesmhs entcrngèhngics, ngèhngics ngèhngics n ne, e, `hn jrcùcnèg, cn mu`fgs guig guigs. s. ?.3.. G`tevedgdcs dc dcsgrrhiih ?.3 Ig cnsc÷gnzg cnsc÷gnz g y ci gprcndezglc dc ig `hmune`gèðn `hmune`gèðn hrgi sc iicvgn g `goh, prenèpgimcntc, prenè pgimcntc, mcdegnt mcdegntcc g`tevedgdcs dc dhs tephs< ci ccstudeh studeh dc ig `hnvcrsgèðn csphntçncg (phr igs `grg`tcríste`gs quc prcscntg), su rcigèðn `hn ihs ushs pigne﬇`gdhs y ig jrcùcnèg dc su ush y igs tå`ne`gs dc cxprcseðn hrgi, cn ùgnth quc sc gohrdgn gspc`ths iüde`hs, cståte`hs y `rcgtevhs. Ihs holctevhs shn ihs seauecntcs< • • • • _c﬏cxehngr shorc ci `hntínuum quc suphncn ihs ushs hrgics dc ig icnaug< dcsdc ihs ushs csphntçnchs fgstg ihs ushs pigne﬇`gdhs. Pcr `hnsècntcs dc igs dejcrcnègs dc rcaestrh quc suphncn ihs ushs hrgics dc ig icnaug. @hnh`cr y prg`te`gr dejcrcntcs dejcrcntcs tå`ne`gs dc cxprcseðn hrgi. G`cr`grsc gi jhiìhrc jhiìhrc y ig trgdeèðn hrgi. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 7. Argogr `hnvcrsgèhncs csphntçncgs. Trgns`reoer jrgamcnths, mcdegntc ung pignteiig dc seanhs `hnvcnèhngics quc pcrmetg un mgyhr dctcnem dctcnemecnth ecnth g iggudeh fdeh hrg hdcgudehvesugi. rc﬏cxehng rc﬏cxehngrr Rgrg y g ihsciih quc g`hmpg÷c, se jucrg prcèsh, ig argogèðn gufhrg nhs scrv scrvercmhs ercmhs dc ig pignteiig quc ﬇aurg cn ci gncxh 7. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn pcquc÷hs pcquc÷ hs aruphs. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd ? . @hnvcrter ig trgns`repèðn dc `hnvcrsgèhncs csphntçncgs cn tcxth, dc mhdh quc sc pucdg `hmprhogr ig dejcrcnèg dc rcaestrh, y gsí phdcr `hmprcndcr quc, cn igs prhdu`èhncs cs`retgs, fgn dc guthrrcauigr, g ih igrah dc thdh ci prh`csh dc `hmphseèðn, ig prcscnèg dc mgr`gs dc hrgiedgd, mcdegntc, phr clcmpih, ci rc`hnhèmecnth dc vh`cs graðte`gs y lcragics, jgishs eneèhs, entcrrupèhncs, `hnstru`èhncs en`hfcrcntcs, rc`te﬇`gèhncs y rcjhrmuigèhncs, muicteiigs, mgr`gs dc dudg, ct`. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn pgrclgs. 42 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P G`tevedgd G`tev edgd 0. Rhr pgrclgs, gtreouer g pgrcs dc clcmpihs, cxtrgídhs dc argogèhncs, ig ctequctg dc «+ `hihquegi» h «+ pigne﬇`gdh». G`tevedgd G`tev edgd 4. Gngiezg Gng iezgrr `hnvc `hnvcrsgèhn rsgèhncs cs cn aruphs rcduèdhs. Cstudegr cn dejcrcntcs aåncrhs `hnvcrsgèhngics (`hnvcrsgèðn, dcogtc, cntrcvestg…) ihs seauecntcs gspc`ths< • • • • • • • ci nümcrh dc pgrteèpgn pgr teèpgntcs; tcs; ci pgpci quc dcscmpc÷gn ihs dejcrcn d ejcrcntcs tcs pgr pgrteèpgn teèpgntcs; tcs; ig rcigèðn quc cxestc cntrc ciihs; `ðmh cs ig destreouèð d estreouèðn n y ig durgèðn dc ihs turnhs dc fgoig; ig cic`èðn dci tcmg (se cs prcdctcrmengdh h nh); ig cstru`turg cstr u`turg dc ig `hnvcrsgè `hnvcrsgèðn ðn (ig `hndeèðn `hndeèðn dc ihs tu turnhs; rnhs; se shn ieorcs h se, phr ci `hntrgreh, gdhp gdhptgn tgn ung dctcrmengdg `hn﬇aurgèðn) `hn﬇aurgèðn);; ig g`tetud quc gdhptg ci gudethreh (argdh mgyhr h mcnhr dc pgrteèpgèðn). G`tevedgd G`tev edgd 3. Cn pgrclgs, `hnvcrter jrgamcnths dc deçihah y `hnvcr- sgèðn dci csteih derc`th g enderc`th y rc﬏cxehngr g`cr`g dc igs trgnsjhrmgèhncs mgèh ncs mhrjhsentç`te`gs quc cstc prh`csh iiicvg icvg `hnseah. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd :. Cicaer ung dc igs tå`ne`gs tå`ne`g s dc cxprcseð cxprcseðn n hrgi y rcg rcgiezgrig iezgrig cn ìgsc gntc ihs `hmpg÷c `hmpg÷crhs. rhs. @hmcn @hmcntgr tgr igs phseoeiedgdcs dedç`te`g dedç`te`gss cn Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg, quc pucdcn scr< • • • • • • • • • • ic`turg cn vhz gitg g itg endevedugimcn endevedugimcntc, tc, h `hn htrh u htrhs; rcètgèðn dc phcmgs; drgmgtezgèðn dc setugèhncs, dc tcxths…; memh (acsths, (ac sths, phst phsturg urgs, s, rhics, g`èhncs… g`èhncs…), ), `hmh ph phrr clcmpi clcmpih, h, `hntgr un díg mcdegntc hnhmgthpcygs y acsths (cig,rena dcspcrtgdhr, tgdhr , cinhrmgi `ferredh dc ig `gmg, ci rrgs`gdh gs`gdh dc ig `goczg, `gocz ct`. ct`.))dci h cxprcsgr gicaríg, trestczg, t restczg, mecdh mecdh,, shrprcsg, cnjgdh, garcsevedgd… garcsevedgd…;; cs`cne﬇`gèðn dc deçihahs, ``hihq hihquehs, uehs, dcogtcs, cntrcvestg cntrcvestgs… s…;; mgrehnctgs, títcrcs y shmorgs shmorgs `f `fencs`gs; encs`gs; tcgtrh icídh; `hmcntgreh `hmcn tgreh dc emç emçacncs acncs suacrcntcs; cigohrgèðn cigohrgè ðn dc ùcnths g ig `g `grtg; rtg; `hntgr ùcnths (A. Agr`íg Mçrqucz, @ðmh sc ùcntg un ùcnth, Mgdred, Hiicrh & _gmhs, 755:), mcdegntc ci seauecntc prh`cdemecnth< premcrh, iccr ùcnths dc guthrcs tgics `hmh Gntðn R. @fclhv, @fgrics De`kcns, @fgrics Rcrrguit, Cdagr Giign Rhc, Jrgnk Kgjkg, ?. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG @HMSNE@G@EÐN H_GI 47 Fgns @frestegn Gndcrscn, Lg`k Ihndhn, Icwes @grrhii, Hs`gr Qeidc, Luieh @hrtçzgr @hrtçzg r, Lhrac Iues Ohracs, Agoreci Agoreci Agr`íg Mçrqucz, Mç rqucz, Lugn @grihs Hnctte, Çivgrh Mutes, Gdhijh Oehy @gsgrcs, Qeiiegm Jguikncr, Jrgnès`h Agr`íg Rgvðn, Lhså Mgríg Mcrenh, Eangèh Gidc`hg, Iues Mgtch Dícz, Aegnne Aegn ne _hdgr _hdgre,e, Gnthneh Gnthneh _hdríaucz _hdríauc z G Gimhdðvgr imhdðvgr…; …; scaundh, g pgrter dc ig ic`turg, rc`rcgrih y `hntgrih cn püoie`h. @goc ig phseoeiedgd dc gyudgrsc dc mgtcregics destenths d estenths pgrg `hntgr ci ùcnth,, `hmh pucdcn scr emçacncs ùcnth e mçacncs suacrcntcs, shnedhs, shnedhs, `grtg `g rtgss (ùcnths (ùcnths g ig `grtg, ngepcs, ct`.). Cs rc`hmcndgoic, gsemesmh, gmoecntgr ig ìgsc y desjrgzgrsc `hnvcnecntcmcntc. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç endevedugimcntc, mcnt c, cn pgrclgs h cn ar aruphs uphs rcduèdhs, rcduèdhs, dcpcndecndh dcpcndecndh dc `g `gdg dg `g `gsh. sh. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 1. Rgrteèpgr, secmprc quc scg phseoic, cn scsehncs dc «Ig fhrg dci ùcnth (`hntgr y `gntgr)» quc hragnezgn igs csùcigs ùgndh ihs mgcstrhs envetgn g sus guigs g goucihs y goucigs g «`hntgr y `gntgr» festhregs, ùcnths, phcsígs, `gnèhncs, `hpigs, rcjrgncs, ct`., `henèdecndh `hn ﬇cstgs y `hnmcmhrgèhncs dci èìh gnugi (hth÷h, envecrnh/ Ngvedgd, `grngvgi, premgvcrg/mgyh, vcrgnh/Pgn Lugn). Cs ung oucng hphrtunedgd pgrg `hnh`cr jgcngs jgcng s garí`higs dcsgpgrcèdgs dc sgpgrcèdgs fhy, fhy, `hmpgrgèhncs èhn cs mhnctgregs mhnctgreg s y dc phdcr gdquesetev gdquesetevh, h, trgdeèhncs, `hstumorcs, lucahs, `gnèhncs, rc`ctgs dc `hèng, ct`åtcrg. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn aruphs rcduèdhs. rcduèdhs. 4? DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P 0. Dedç`te`g Dedç`te`g dc ig ic`turg Cn thdgs pgrtcs, cn ihs dcogtcs shorc cdu`gèðn, ùgndh sc pcrèoc ung `reses cn ig cdu`gèðn, ci tcmg dc ig ic`turg y ig cs`returg cstç cn ci `cntrh dc ig desùseðn (cn ig csùcig, shègimcntc, phiíte`gmcntc). D. O (7554). Ietcrg`y. Gn Entrhdu`tehn th tfc C`hihay hj Qrettcn Ignaugac. Hxjhrd< Oig`kwcii, 7555. 0.7. Entrhdu`èðn Cmpc`cmhs phr rc`hnh`cr quc ig eneègèðn cn ig ic`turg y ig cs`returg suphnc gdmeter quc cn igs shècdgdcs gijgoctezgdgs `hnvevcn dhs mhdgiedgdcs dc icnauglc (hrgi y cs`reth), quc cn h`gsehncs shn semuitçncgs y, acncrgimcntc, pgrgicigs. Igs prenèpgics dejcrcnègs cntrc ung y htrg vecncn dgdgs, prenèpgimcntc, prenèpgimcntc, ph phrr igs èrù èrùnstgnègs nstgnègs dc u ush. sh. U cs ci ush shègi dc ig icnaug cn nucstrg ùiturg h`èdcntgi, tgnth cn ci çmoeth shègi `hmh cn setugèhncs g`gdåme`gs, ci quc hthrag un vgihr supcrehr gi icnauglc cs`reth cs`reth.. Dcsdc ci punth dc vestg dc ig gdqueseèðn dc ig icnaug, gi fgoigr dc ig hrgiedgd fcmhs vesth quc su gprcndezglc cs csphntçnch, ngturgi. Csh cs tgnth t gnth `hmh rc`hn rc`hnh`cr h`cr quc nh cs nc`csgreg nc`csg reg ig en enstetuèh stetuèhngiez ngiezgèð gèðn n dci endeveduh pgrg `hnscauer tgi tg i dcstrczg; cs dcèr, q quc uc nh rcquec rcquecrc rc enstru`èðn cn sus `hmecnzhs. Nh su`cdc eaugi `hn ig ic`turg y ig cs`returg. I Igg gdqueseè gdqueseèðn ðn y ci dcsgrrhiih dc cstgs c stgs dhs fgoeiedgdcs nh sc prhd prhdu`cn u`cn csphntçncgmcn csphntçncgmcntc, tc, senh quc, dcoedh g su `hmpicledgd, rcquecrcn un gprcndezglc cxprcsh, y pgrg ciih ig shècdgd fg enst enstetuèh etuèhngiez ngiezgdh gdh ci gprcndezglc `hrrcsphnde `hrrcsphndecntc cntc.. Cn cstc `gpítuih cstudegrcmhs trcs gspc`ths rcigèhngdhs `hn ig ic`turg cn Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg; g sgocr, sgocr, ig gijgoct gijgoctezgèðn ezgèðn eneègi, ci dcsgrrh40 iih dc igs fgoeiedgdcs h `hmpctcn `hmpctcnègs ègs ic`thrgs y ci jhmcnth jhmcnth dc ig ic`tu ic`turg. rg. Gntcs `hnsedcrgrcm `hnsedcrgrcmhs hs o orcvcmc rcvcmcntc ntc ihs gspc`ths gntrh gntrhphiðae phiðae`hs `hs y shègics rcigèhngdhs rcigèh ngdhs `hn ig cs`returg. 0.?. Gspc` 0.?. Gspc`ths ths shègics y ùiturgics dci `ðdeah cs`reth. Dc ig hrgiedgd g ig cs`returg Cn ihs seaihs  y , ihs dhùmcnths cs`reths `hmcnzgrhn g rccmpigzgr g ig mcmhreg y gi tcstemhneh hrgi hrgi (ùiturgs dc ig cs`returg y ùiturgs ù iturgs dc ig hrgiedgd). Fgstg cnthn`cs, ig sgoeduríg, scaün Rigtðn, nh pucdc gdquerersc sen ung vcrdgdcrg cnsc÷gnzg, quc üne`gmcntc p pucdc ucdc scr hrgi. Ig cs`returg sc `hnèoc `hmh un gtglh pgrg phdcr rc`hrdgr igs `hsgs cn un dctcrmengdh mhmcnth; ig mcmhreg sc dcs`grag dc su prhpeh pcsh (phrquc secmprc secmprc cstç, dgdh ci ``gsh, gsh, ig phseoeiedgd dc ``hnsuitg hnsuitgrr ih cs`reth) y sc dcoeietg. Jucrhn ig ùiturg cs`retg, cn acncrgi, y ig emprcntg, cn pgrteùigr, teù igr, igs quc ﬇lgrhn ci rcaestrh ccs`reth s`reth `hmh ih dgdh, `hmh ci punth punth dc rcjcrcnèg `hn`rcth pgrg igs entcrprctgèhncs; dc cstc mhdh, ig cs`returg `rcð un «tcxth» ﬇lh hreaengi y holctev holctevhh y ih push cn me meiihn iihncs cs dc mgnhs. Cn nucstrhs dígs, ci tcxth cs`reth cs hmneprcscntc. Dhùmcnths `hmh ci pcreðde`h, ig `hrrcsphndcnèg, ig auíg tcicjðne`g, ihs gnunèhs puoieètgrehs dc thdh teph, igs ctequctgs y igs mgr`gs dc prhdu`ths dc `hnsumh, ihs tcxths cn ig tcicveseðn, ci jgx, ci `hrrch cic`trðne`h, Entcrnct, ihs ieorhs, igs rcdcs shègics, ct`., `hnvevcn cn mgyhr h mcnhr mcdedg cn igs shècdgdcs h`èdcntgics dc fhy. Cstc jcnðmcnh shèhiðae`h y ùiturgi `hnvecnc tcncrih prcscntc g ig fhrg dc `hnsedcrgr ihs `hntg`ths gmoecntgics dci ne÷h `hn ig icnaug cs`retg, phr ùgnth quc suphnc un cstímuih pgrg ci dcsùoremecnth dc ig ictrg emprcsg, fgstg ci punth dc quc ihs ne÷hs quc `rc`cn cn ung `hmunedgd quc usg ig cs`returg rc`hnh`cn sus junèhn j unèhncs. cs. Ci prh`csh ic`thr dc `hnstru`èðn dc seane﬇`gdhs ‐`hmh sc÷gig G. Mcn Mcndhzg dhzg (7556 556)‐ )‐ phnc cn lucah `hnhèmec `hnhèmecnths nths `hmh ihs sgocrcs ienaùíste`hs, ietcrgrehs, cnèìhpåde`hs y pgrgietcrgrehs. G pgrter dc ihs `hnhèmecnths dci sestcmg, dcsdc ihs ende`gdhrcs dc teph dc ictrg, ig desphseèðn tepharç﬇`g, ct`., fgstg ihs ende`gdhrcs dc mg`rhcstru`turg tcxtugi (iíre`g, ngrrgèðn, ùcnth, nhvcig, ct`.) y ihs cicmcnths `hntcxtugics, thdhs ciihs sc `hmoengn cn ung `hmpctcnèg ic`thrg quc dcoc scr g`tevgdg pgrg rc`hnh`cr tgics cicmcnths h ihs jg`thrcs pgrg su gprcègèðn y vgihrgèðn. 44 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P Ig dcs`hde﬇`gèðn dcs`hde ﬇`gèðn q quc uc cxeac ig ic`tu ic`turg rg iicvg `hnseah ung screc dc mc`gnesmhs `hanetevhs, cntrc ihs quc sc cnùcntrgn ig gnteèpgèðn (`hnstru`èðn dc fepðtcses quc sc erçn vcre﬇`gndh g mcdedg quc gvgnzg ig ic`turg), igs cxpc`tgtevgs quc ci ic`thr vg tcnecndh, ig `hnstru`èðn dc enjcrcnègs, ig `hmprcnseðn y ig entcrprctgèðn. Csths dhs üitemhs shn ihs dhs holctevhs holctevhs `hanetevhs ﬇ngics dc thdg ic`tur ic`turg. g. G dejcrcnèg dejcrcnèg dc ig cxprcseð cxprcseðn n hrgi, ig cs`returg cs`returg cs ung tc`n tc`nhihaíg hihaíg grt grte﬇e﬇ègi. Rgrg gprcndcrig gprcndcrig cs prcèsh er g ig cs` csùcig; ucig; sen cmograh, nh fg`c jg jgitg itg er g ig csùcig pgrg gprcndcr g fgoigr. Ig mgyhríg dc igs icnaugs nh sc fgn cs`reth nun`g, y tgnth ig cs`returg `hmh ig csùcig shn jcnðmcnhs muy rcècntcs se igs `hmpgrgmhs `hn ci icnauglc. Sng premcrg cxpie`gèðn g cstg dejcrcnèg cntrc gmogs jhrmgs ig cn`hntrgmhs cn ci cstudeh dc semeietudcs y dejcrcnègs cntrc ci `ðdeah dc ig icnaug hrgi y ci `ðdeah ` ðdeah dc ig icnaug cs`retg. cs`r etg. G `hntenugèðn `hntenugèðn cstgoic`cmhs orcvcmcntc igs dejcrcnègs cn ihs seauecntcs tårmenhs< • • @ðdeah hrgi. hrgi. Gdqueseèðn phr enmcrseðn, argmçte`g entuetevg y sentgxes mcnhs cstru`turgdg quc cn ig icnaug cs`retg. Ci fgoigntc sucic scr mcnhs cxpiíèth quc ci cs`rethr; nc`csetg ig prcscnèg dci entcrihùthr y uteiezg cicmcnths pgrgienaùíste`hs; nh prcèsg pigne﬇`gèðn. Ig cxprcseðn csphntçncg cs ig mçs jrcùcntc; ci desùrsh cs trgnsethreh. Cxestcn dejcrcnègs degic`tgics, dejcrcnègs dc g`cnth, gsí `hmh dejcrcntcs rcaestrhs quc dcpcndcn dc vgregoics `hmh ci tcmg dc ig `hnvcrsgèðn y ihs pgpcics h rhics dc ihs pgrteèpgntcs. @ðdeah cs`reth. cs`reth. Gdqueseèðn `hnsècntc. Cs ung rcprcscntgèðn semoðie`g dci fgoig; ig mhtevgèðn mhtevgèðn nh cs enmcdegtg; ig `hmune`gèðn `hmune`gèðn cs dejcredg, cspgègi y tcmphrgi. Cs nc`csgreg nc`csg reg ig pigne﬇`gèðn dci desùrsh, ih ùgitçncg suphnc dc hpcrgèhncs `hanetevgs. Ig cxprcseðn nh csphntçncg csphn ccss igung mç mçsscrec s jrcùcntc. Ci desù desùrsh rsh cs pcrd pcrdurgoic; urgoic; tecndc g ig síntcses, g ig orcvcdgd, g ig nh rcpcteèðn y cs mçs `hmpiclh. Rhr htrg pgrtc, rcùrremhs gi fgoig prenèpgimcntc cn ig entcrg`èðn, pgrg cstgoic`cr y mgntcncr igs rcigèhncs fumgngs, mecntrgs quc ci icnauglc cs`reth qucdg rcscrvgdh prenèpgimcntc pgrg ig cigohrgèðn y trgnsmeseðn dc enjhrmgèðn. Cn cstc scntedh, ci dhmeneh dc ig icnaug cs`retg, gdcmçs dc scr unh dc ihs holctevhs jundgmcntgics dc ig cnsc÷gnzg oçse`g, rcsuitg ung nc`csedgd shègi dc premcrg mganetud. 0. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG IC@TS_G 43 0.0.. Ig gijgoctezgèðn eneègi< gprcndcr y cnsc÷gr g iccr y g cs`reoer 0.0 A. _. @gr @grmhng mhng (7 (755 557 7) g﬇rmg g﬇ rmg quc «cntrc ihs vg vgrehs rehs gprcndez gprcndezglcs, glcs, ci dc ig cs`returg cs ci quc cstç mçs mç s ríaedgmcntc jh jhrmgiez rmgiezgdh gdh cn ung shècdgd; se oecn thdhs ihs dcmçs `hnhèmecnths sc trgnsmetcn argdugimcntc cn ig jgmeieg phr horg dc ihs gnègnhs, durg durgntc ntc pcríhd pcríhdhs hs dc prucog, h tgmoeån cn ci ùrsh dc ig g`tevedgd prhjcsehngi y, cn acncrgi, sen un iuagr ﬇lh, ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig cs`returg sc rcgiezg cn ung csùcig. Pc pucdc pcnsgr quc cstg `hnstgntc tcnag hreacn cn ig entcrsc`èðn dc dhs jg`thrcs< phr un igdh, ig gshègèð g shègèðn n dc ig ccs`returg s`returg g dhmenehs rcigèhngdhs `hn scdcs cstgoics (ig rcieaeðn y ig eaicseg, ig mczquetg, ig sengahag; ci phdcr y ci pgigèh); phr htrh igdh, su cxeacnèg dc un iuagr dhndc gdecstrgrsc y `hnscrvgr ihs mgtcregics dc cs`returg. Gün fhy pgrg nhshtrhs ig cs`returg cs ih üne`h quc thdgvíg gprcndcmhs cstgndh scntgdhs cn ihs ogn`hs dc ig csùcig, mecntrgs quc thdh ih dcmçs sc pucdc gprcndcr cn ung argn vgrecdgd dc mhdhs y mçs ieocrgimcntc cn ùgnth g ihs iuagrcs y fhrgrehs. Ci mhtevh mçs cvedcntc dc ig reaedcz jhrmgi quc prcscntg ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig cs`returg `hnsestc cn quc cstg cs u un n sgocr gi quc ig shècdgd gtreouyc un argn pcsh; phr ih tgnth, cs un sgocr quc dcoc cnsc÷grsc dc mgncrg `hnscrvgdhrg pgrg quc ngdg `gmoec. Gquí nh fgy gdgptgèðn phseoic, phseo ic, ci ggiumnh iumnh dcoc gprcn gprcndcr dcr g ccs`reoer s`reoer cxg`tg cxg`tgmcn mcntc tc scaü scaün n ècrth ggiijgocth y g iccrih `hrrc`tgmcntc phrquc cs ci premcr pgsh dcèsevh quc ih entrhdu`c cn ihs `hnhèmecnths trgnsmetedhs phr cs`reth» ( Gntrhphihaíg dc ig cs`returg, Ogr`cihng, Acdesg, 7554). Ig cnsc÷gnzg y ci gprcndezglc dc ig ic`turg y ig cs`returg, ig gijgoctezgèðn eneègi, cs ung tgrcg tg rcg premhr premhrdegi degi dc ig cs`higrezgèðn yy,, g ig vcz, dctcrmengntc cn ci prh`csh dc enstru`èðn enstr u`èðn dci ne÷h ne÷h,, fgst fgstgg ci punth dc quc sgocr iccr tecnc ung emphrtgnèg emphrtg nèg tgn dctcrmengntc quc su cxpcrecnèg cn ci gprcndezglc gprcndezglc dc ig ic`turg pucdc iicagr g `hndeèh `hndeèhngr ngr ci åxeth cs`higr. Gsí, ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig icnaug cs`retg cs unh dc ihs prhoicmgs prhoicmgs quc fgn g`gpgrgdh mgyhr gtcnèðn y fgn susètgdh mgyhr phiåme`g cn ig festhreg dc ig cnsc÷gnzg enstetuèhngiezgdg. Cn ihs ùrshs dc jhrmgèðn pcrmgncntc, «ci tcmg dc ihs måthdhs hùpg h` upg secmprc un iuagr prcjcrcntc pgrg ci prhjcshrgdh dc Cdu`gèðn Enjgntei, `hn endcpcndcnèg dc ihs g÷hs dc clcrèèh dc ig prhjcseðn», g﬇rmgn Dhmínaucz y Ogrreh (7551< 43) 3).. U csth g pcsgr dc quc ci gprc gprcndezglc ndezglc dc ig ic`tur ic`turgg y ig cs`r cs`returg eturg cs «u «un n holctevh quc ihs giumnhs dcocn `hnscauer gi ﬇ngiezgr ci èìh eneègi dc ig Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg» (pça. 755). Cs dcèr, «h﬇ègimcntc» sc desphnc 4: DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P dc vgrehs g÷hs pgrg `hnscauer cstc holctevh, pcrh igs cxpc`tgtevgs y ig prcseðn shègi pgrg gdquerer ci `ðdeah cs`reth cs prhogoicmcntc ig mçs nhthreg cn thdhs ihs gprcndezglcs enstetuèhngiezgdhs, dcoedh g ig trgs`cndcnèg shègi dc ihs mesmhs. Igs prucogs entcrngèhngics RE_IP-TEMPP (Cstudeh entcrngèhngi dc prharcsh cn `hmprcnseðn `hmprcnseðn ic`thrg, mgtcmçte mgtcmçte`gs `gs y ècnègs, dc ig Gshègèðn Entcrngèhngi pgrg ig Cvgiugèðn dci _cndemecnth Cdu`gtevh ‐ECG, ‐EC G, phr sus seaigs cn enaiås‐) dc ?2 ?27 77 cvgiügn g giumnhs g iumnhs dc ùgrth dc CR (nucvc g÷hs) dc scscntg pgíscs dci mundh. Gdcmçs dc ig `hmpgrgèðn entcrngèhngi entcrngèhngi dc rcsu rcsuitgdhs, itgdhs, quc tecnc entcrås entcrås dc phr sí, cstg cstgss prucogs medcn ihs cjc`ths dc ihs fçoeths dc ic`turg jgmeieg j gmeiegrr shorc ihs rcsuitgdhs quc hotecnc hotecnc ci ggiumngdh. iumngdh. Ogsçndhsc cn phstuigdhs d dedç`te`hs edç`te`hs y dc pse`hihaíg cvhiutevg, RE_IP cntecndc quc ig empie`gèðn dc ihs pgdrcs cn ig cdu`gèðn dc ihs felhs pucdc hpcrgr g trgvås dc dhs vígs. Rhr ung pgrtc, ihs pgdrcs pucdc pucdcn n en﬏uer derc`tg derc`tgmcn mcntc tc cn ihs felhs g trgvås dc g`tevedgdcs derc`tgs d erc`tgs y `hmpi `hmpicmcn cmcntgreg tgregss g ig enstru`èðn cs`higr, `hmh phr clcmpih, ig g`tevedgd dc ic`turg. Rhr htrg pgrtc, ihs pgdrcs pucdcn cstemuigr ci rcndemecnth cs`higr dc sus felhs sempicmcntc g`tugndh `hmh mhdcih pgrg ciihs. Zcr g ihs pgdrcs `hmh ic`thrcs acncrg un cjc`th dc cmuigèðn c emetgèðn cn sus felhs quc pucdc tcncr un empg`th phsetevh shorc ihs rcndemecnths cs`higrcs. Cn vestgs dc ihs rcsuitgdhs quc cvgiügn pcrmgncntcmcntc ihs mgcstrhs y prhjcshrcs, `henèdcntcs cn oucng pgrtc `hn igs cvgiugèhncs dc RE_IP, iigmg ig gtcn gtcnèðn èðn quc, g pcsgr dc quc shn ogstgntc oecn `hnhè `hnhè-dhs ihs gspc`ths h dhmenehs quc gohrdg ig `hmprcnseðn ic`thrg (prhpðseths dc ic`turg< iccr pgrg enjhrmgrsc y iccr pgrg desjrutgr; ihs prh`cshs dc `hmprcnseðn cn ig ic`turg< prh`cshs `hanetevhs; y ig g`tetud gntc ig ic`tu ic`turg< rg< `hmphrtgmecnths, ecnths, gdcmçs dc ihs p prh`cs rh`cshs hs dc prcnseðn prcns eðnfçoeths, ic`th ic`thrg< rg<`hmphrtgm ih`g ih`giezgr iezgr y hotcn hotcncr crct`.; enjhrmgèðn cxpií` cxpiíètg, etg, rcgiezgr rcgiez gr `hmeenjcnjcrcnègs derc`tgs, entcrprctgr c entcargr edcgs c enjhrmgèhncs, y gngiezgr y cvgiugr ci `hntcnedh, ci icnauglc y ihs cicmcnths tcxtugics) quc sc dgn cn ig ic`turg y ig cs`returg, cs`r eturg, nh sc vcn rc﬏cl rc﬏clgdhs gdhs cn ihs mgtcregics cs`higrcs, cn igs prç`te`gs dh`cntcs y cn igs prç`te`gs dedç`te`gs cn igs guigs, dcsdc enjgntei fgstg fg stg scùndgreg, scùndgr eg, cn ih `hn`crnecntc `hn`crnecntc g ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig icnaug cs`retg, tgi y `hmh sc÷gig _íhs (?22:). Ciih nhs hoieag g jhrmuigr giaungs ùcstehncs g`cr`g dc quå suphnc ci g`th dc iccr; cs dcèr, shorc ihs prh`cdemecnths rcigèhngdhs `hn ig gijgoctezgèðn< `hntreouer gi gvgn`c dc ihs sulcths cn ci dhmeneh dc ig ic`turg y dc ig cs`returg. 0. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG IC@TS_G 41 @ugndh fgoigmhs dc gijgoctez g ijgoctezgèðn gèðn cn ci çmoet çmoethh cs`higr, nhs rcjcremhs gi prh`csh dc gprcndezglc dc ig ic`turg y dc ig cs`returg durgntc thdhs y `gdg unh dc ihs nevcics y èìhs cdu`gtevhs. Rcrh cs ècrth quc unh dc ihs prhoicmgs prhoicmgs prenèpgics rcigèhngdhs `hn ig gijgoctezgèðn gijgoct ezgèðn cs ci prh`csh quc sc fg dc scauer pgrg ig gdqueseèðn y ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig icnaug cs`retg cn ihs premcrhs nevcics dc ig cs`higrezgèðn. G cstc rcspc`th, nh sc pucdc eanhrgr quc igs èrùnstgnègs cn igs quc fhy ihs ne÷hs eneègn su gprcndezglc dci sestcmg dc cs`returg tecncn quc vcr `hn ig prcscnèg hmnímhdg dc ig cs`returg, yg quc jhrmg pgrtc dci pgesglc urognh, y ig vedg urogng shieètg `hntenugmcntc ci ush dc ig ic`turg (Jcrrcerh, 7551). Gfhrg oecn oecn,, ig nc`csedgd dc `hnh`cr igs `hn `hndeèhn deèhncs cs cn quc sc ccnsc÷g nsc÷g g iccr y g cs`reoer cn igs guigs surac dc ig ensgtesjg`èðn acncrgiezgdg cn ci çmoeth shègi y g`gdåme`h, phr ihs rcsuitgdhs hotcnedhs cn ihs nevcics dc cnsc÷gnzg hoieagthreg (vcr enjhrmcs REPG y RE_IP), g﬇rmgn _íhs, Jcrnçndcz y Agiig Ag iigrdh rdh (?2 (?27? 7?). ). Dc gfí ig emphrtgnèg emphrt gnèg quc gtreouycn cstg cstgss prhjcshrgs prh jcshrgs gi g i fc`fh dc cxpihrgr ig rcigèðn cn cntrc trc prç`te`gs uteiezgd uteiezgdgs gs phr ihs dh`cntcs dh`cntcs pgrg cnsc÷gr g iccr y g cs`reoer cn ci eneèh dc ig cs`higredgd y igs hphrtunedgdcs hphrtu nedgdcs dc gprcn gprcndezglc. dezglc. Dcsdc muy tcmprgnh, ihs ne÷hs trgtgn dc `hmprcndcr enjhrmgèhncs dc destentg dest entg prh`cdcn prh`cdcnèg. èg. Ciih fg`c quc rcèo rcèogn gn ttgmoeån gmoeån enjhrmgè enjhrmgèðn ðn shorc ig junèðn junèðn shègi dc ig cs`returg, cs`returg , ih ùgi hthrag g ig mesmg ung emphrtgnèg `gpetgi phr pgrtc pgr tc dc ig jgmeieg jg meieg y dci n ne÷h. e÷h. Rrhogoi Rrhogoicmcn cmcntc tc cstgs setugèhncs shègics fg`cn `hmprcndcr gi ne÷h phr quå ig cs`returg cs tgn nc`csgreg nc`csg reg cn ig shècdgd. Cn `hnscùcnèg, cs prcèsh quc ig jgmeieg y ig csùcig enjgntei, dcsdc muy tcmprgnh, jhmcntcn cn thrnh gi ne÷h un gmoecntc re`h cn cs`returgs devcrsgs, ih ùgi sc pucdc `hnscauer `hn prç`te`gs `hmh csù`fgr, iccr cn vhzdgths gitg y`hntcxtugics vcr iccr g ihsygduiths, entcntgr cs`reoer, entcntgr iccr uteiezgndh rc`hnhècndh scmclgnzgs y dejcrcnègs cn igs screcs dc ictrgs, y luagr `hn ci icnauglc pgrg dcs`reoer scmclgnz scmclgnzgs gs y d dejcrcn ejcrcnègs ègs shnhrgs. G cstc c stc rcspc`th, _íhs (?22:< 70 70)) gdu`c trcs rgzhncs pgrg gohrdgr ci eneèh dc ig icnaug cs`retg tcmprgngmcntc, g sgocr< Sng, ig en`hrphrgèðn dc ihs ne÷hs y ne÷gs ne÷g s g ig enstetuèðn cs`higr dc jhrmg acncrgiezgdg g pgrter dc ihs trcs g÷hs; htrg, ci rc`hnhèmecnth shègi acncrgiezgdh dc quc ig csùcig tecnc un pgpci gijgoctezgdhr `cntrgi, y cn tcr`cr iuagr, ci `hnvcnèmecnth `hnvcnèmecnth dc quc ig cnsc÷gnzg cnsc÷gnz g prc`hz prcpgrg mclhr pgrg ig csùcig premgreg. premg reg. Thdh Thdh ciih fg `hntreouedh g quc quc ig cnsc÷gn cnsc÷gnzg zg dc ig icnaug icnau g 46 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P cs`retg scg un holctevh encxùsgoic, gunquc nh jhrmgi, dcsdc ig cntrgdg cn ig csùcig, yg cn ig cdu`gèðn enjgntei. Ci dc`çihah quc trgns`reoemhs g `hntenugèðn pucdc `hntreouer g `hmprcndcr mclhr ih quc suphnc gdquerer ig ic`turg y ig cs`returg. 7. Iccr nh cs dcsèjrgr n nee hrgiezg hrgiezgr. r. Iccr cs `hm `hmprcn prcndcr dcr,, entcrp entcrprctgr rctgr y uteiezgr tcxths tcxths.. ?. Cs`reoer nh cs deoulgr ictrgs ne síigogs; cs`reoer cs `hnstruer tcxths. Ci icnauglc cs`reth nh cs ung trgns`repèðn t rgns`repèðn arç﬇`g dci icnauglc hrgi. Ig cs`returg cs`retur g cs ung rcprcscntgè rcprcscntgèðn ðn dci icnauglc. 0. Rrhduèr tcxths suphnc `hnstruer tcxths `hmpicths y rcgics, nh ictrgs ne pgigorgs. De`fhs tcxths fgn dc scr enstr enstrumcnt umcnths hs dc `hmune`gèðn, aåncrhs dejcrcntcs, cn rgzðn dc ihs `hntcxths dc prhdu`èðn, dc igs entcnèhncs y dc ihs dcstengtgrehs. 4. Nh cxestc mhm mhmcnt cnthh edcgi pgrg `hmcnzgr g iccr y cs`reoer cs`reoer.. Ihs ne÷hs, ùgndh iicagn gi `hicaeh, yg sgocn `hsgs g`cr`g dc ig cs`returg. Ci prh`csh dc gprcndezglc dc ig ic`turg y ig cs`returg nh g`gog nun`g. Ig cs`returg nh shih cs ung fgoeiedgd g`gdåme`g y cs`higr; ih cs tgmoeån ‐y shorc thdh‐ shègi y prhjcsehngi. 3. Phih sc gprcndc g iiccr ccr y g cs`r cs`reoer eoer icycndh y cs`reoecndh cn setugèhncs èhn cs jjunèhngics unèhngics cn igs quc ihs ggiumnhs iumnhs pgrteèpcn g`tevgmcntc. :. Pgocr fgoigr nh cs `hndeèðn su﬇ècntc pgrg gprcndcr g cs`reoer ihs dejcrcntcs tephs dc tcxth, tcx th, yg q quc uc csths shn prhdu`th dc ung setugèðn y ung entcnèðn `hmune`gtevgs y tecncn `grg`tcríste`gs ienaùíste`gs y tcxtugics tcxtug ics pcùiegrcs. 1. Cs nc`csgreh nc`csg reh `hnh`cr igs fepðtcses q quc uc ihs ne÷hs tecncn shorc ci ush y ci junèhngmecnth junèhngmecn th dc ig cs`returg, igs cstr cstrgtcaegs gtcaegs quc ggntc ntc setugèh setugèhncs ncs dctcrmengdgs, sus eentc ntcrcscs rcscs y mhtevgèh mhtevgèhncs ncsuteiezgn pgrg `hntreouer g quc gvgn`cn cn sus `hnhèmecnths. 6. Nh cxestc ci crrhr crrhr.. Igs d dejcrcn ejcrcntcs tcs rcspucstgs quc cigoh cigohrgn rgn ihs ne÷hs shn ctgpgs gprhxemgdgs y prharcsevgs cn ig `hnstru`èðn dci icauglc cs`reth. Ci crrhr cs sínthmg dc gvgn`c cn ci gprcndezglc. 5. Iccr y cs`reoer sc `hnsedcrgn tgnth ung g`tevedgd endevedugi `hmh un prhdu`th dc ig entcrg`èðn arupgi. 72. Fgy quc quc `rcgr un gmoecn gmoecntc tc gijgoctez gijgoctezgdhr gdhr cn ccii quc ig iicnaug cnaug cs`retg cstå prcscntc y cn ci quc ihs gduiths (pgdrcs, mgcstrhs…) g`tücn `hmh mhdcihs dc ic`thr y cs`rethr, dc mhdh quc sc `hnseag ung rcigèðn phsetevg gntc ci icnauglc cs`reth. 0. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG IC@TS_G 45 U, ph U, phrr ciih, ciih, ig ùcsteðn dc iihs hs må måthdhs thdhs dc ccnsc÷gnzg nsc÷gnzg dc ig ic`turg y ig cs`returg (sentåte`hs ‐gijgoåte`hs h jhnåte`hs‐, h gngiíte`hs, h aihogics), cn ig prç`te`g cs shih unh dc ihs cicmcnths quc entcrvecncn cn ci prh`csh dc cnsc÷gnzg y gprcndezglc dci icauglc cs`reth, cxpie`g Jhns (?227). Htrhs cicmcnths emphrtgntcs cn ig cnsc÷gnzg dci icnauglc cs`reth shn ig pigne﬇`gèðn dc ihs `hntcnedhs, igs garupgèhncs dc ihs ne÷hs y ig hragnezgèðn dci cspgèh, ihs mgtcregics quc sc uteie`cn y ig junèðn dci mgcstrh h dc ig mgcstrg mgcst rg cn ihs gprcndezglcs gprcndezglcs dci ggiumngdh iumngdh.. G `hntenugèðn `hntenugèðn pigntcgmhs ci prh prh`csh `csh dc `hnstru`èðn d dci ci seane﬇`gdh quc sc seauc g ig fhrg dc gohrdgr ig cnsc÷gnzg y ci gprcndezglc dc ig ic`turg y ig cs`returg. 0.0.7. Rrh`csh dc `hnstru`èðn dci seane﬇`gdh Ci prh`csh dc cnsc÷gnzg y gprcndezglc dc ig cs`returg, dcsdc cstc cnjhquc, sc gsecntg cn ihs seauecntcs prcsupucsths< • • • • • • 32 Iccr y cs`reoer shn g`tevedgdcs `hmune`gtevgs, shègics y ùiturgics. Iccr y cs`reoer shn hpcrgèhncs `hmpiclgs quc sc `hnstruycn cn ig entcrg`èðn shègi y quc rcquecrcn un prh`csh endevedugi dc gprhpegèðn dc sgocrcs prh`cdemcntgics prh`cdemcntgics y `hn`cptugics. Cn csc scntedh, phdcmhs dcèr quc ci müse`h icc ung pgrteturg; pgr teturg; ci grquetc`th grquetc`th,, un pignh; ci `grtðargjh, un mgpg; ci måde`h, ung rgdehargjíg h un gnçieses dc sgnarc; sc iccn igs mgnhs, ihs hlhs, ig vedg, ct`. Ci tcxth, `hn sus `grg`tcríste`gs `hmune`gtevgs, desùrsevhtcxtugics y dc cs`returg, `hnstetuyc ci cicm cicmcnt cnthh dc pgrtedg, pgr tedg, phr scr ci phrtgdhr dci `hntcnedh scmçnte`h `hmpicth. Pc gprcndc g iccr y g cs`reoer g trgvås dc un prh`csh dc gprhxemgèðn g igs prhp prhpecdgdcs ecdgdcs y ushs dci icnauglc cs`reth cs`reth.. Cn cstc prh`csh, ci ne÷h phnc g prucog sus fepðtcses, gunquc nh sc glustcn g ih `hnvcnèhngi. Tecnc jhrmgs hreaengics dc cs`reoer y dc iccr dcsdc muy pcquc÷h, scaün ci mhmcnth cvhiutevh cn quc sc cnùcntrc. Nh fgy quc cspcrgr cspcrgr g cntrgr cn ig csùcig pgrg cnsc÷gr g iccr y g cs`reoer, pucsth quc ci ne÷h cs sulcth g`tevh quc cigohrg fepðtcses shorc ig icnaug cs`retg g pgrter pgrt er dc su entcrg`è entcrg`èðn ðn `hn ihs tcxths dc su cnthrnh. cnthrnh. Ig csùcig dcoc tcncrih cn ùcntg pgrg gyudgric g rcjhrmuigr sus fepðtcses eneègics. Cn ig mcdedg cn quc ihs ne÷hs pucdgn cxpcremcntgr cs`reoecndh y icycndh g su mgncrg, su `hnhèmecnth dc ig ic`turg y cs`returg cvhiuèhngrç; y ùgntgs mçs phseoeiedgdcs tcnagn dc iccr y cs`reoer, dc DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P • • hoscrvgr g htrhs icycndh y cs`reoecndh y dc quc sc ics rcsphndg g sus prcauntgs, mgyhr scrç ig phseoeiedgd dc gvgn`c cn ci gprcndezglc. Ci clc dc ig pigne﬇`gèðn dc ig ic`turg y dc ig cs`returg c s`returg fgn dc sscr cr ihs dejcrcntcs dejcrcnt cs tcxths dc u ush sh shègi. Ci pgpci dc un mgcstrh cs ci dc un mcdegdhr cn ci prh`csh dc cnsc÷gnzg y dc gprcndezglc. Pu entcrvcnèðn cdu`gtevg sc hrecntgrç g pigne﬇`gr g`tevedgdcs jjunèh unèhngics ngics y quc entcrcscn g ihs ne÷hs. Ci guig scrç un cspgèh dc entcrg`èhncs quc jgvhrcz`g ci dcsgrrhiih y `hmpcnsc igs dcseaugidgdcs y dejcrcnègs dc ig gijgoctezgèðn eneègi. Cn ci prh`csh dc `hnstru`èðn dc seane﬇`gdh quc suphnc iccr y cs`reoer, ig envcsteagèðn cdu`gtevg dejcrcnèg fgstg trcs jgscs dci gprcndezglc dc ig ic`turg (Jhns, ?227), `hmh shn ig premcrg ctgpg h jgsc ihaharç﬇`g; ig scaundg ctgpg h jgsc gijgoåte`g, y ig tcr`crg ctgpg h jgsc hrtharç﬇`g. _cspc`th gi gprcndezglc dc ig cs`returg, ig mesmg guthrg (Jhns, (Jhns, ?224) destenauc èn`h nevcics, g sgocr< • • • Nevci 7< Cs`reoer `hmh rcprhdu`èðn dci g`th dc cs`reoer cn ig pcrshng gijgoctezgdg. Ihs ne÷hs emetgn ihs gspc`ths jhrmgics y ci g`th dc cs`reoer. @hnjundcn cs`reoer `hn deoulgr. Ig premcrg dejcrcnègèðn quc fg`cn cs ig destenèðn cntrc deoulh y htrhs seanhs. Nh fgy oüsqucdg dc `hrrcsphndcnèg `hrrcsphndcnèg cntrc igs ictrgs y htrhs seanhs. Dejcrcn Dejcrcnègn ègn ci deoulh deoulh dc ih quc nh ih cs. Rrhd Rrhdu`cn u`cn scudhi scudhictrgs. ctrgs. I Igs gs ``grg`tcríste`g grg`tcríste`gss dc ùgiquecr sestcmg dc cs`returg tecncn quc vcr `hn ig iencgiedgd, groetrgrecdgd, `hnvcnèhngiedgd `hnvcnèhngiedgd y derc`èhngiedgd. Nevci ?< Cs`reoer `hmh prhdu`èðn jhrmgimcntc rcauigdg pgrg ig `rcgèð `rcgèðn n dctrgtgndh cs`returgsdcdejcrcnègdgs. ihs premcrhs entcn entcnths ths dc cs`reoer gseangr g `gdgGpgrc`cn ictrg un vgihr shnhrh seiçoe`h. Tgics entcnths nh shn sestcmçte`hs y `hcxestcn `hn cs`returgs prcseiçoe`gs. içoe `gs. Dejcrc Dejcrcnègn nègn ictrgs y èjrg èjrgss dc deoulhs. Pcic Pcic`èhngn `èhngn un aaruph ruph cstgoic dc ictrgs. Rgrg seane﬇`gr `hsgs dejcrcntcs fg`cn cs`returgs dejcrcntcs mhde﬇`gndh ig `gntedgd, ci hrdcn y ig scic`èðn. Giaunhs ne÷hs uteiezgn su prhpeh nhmorc `hmh iigvc unevcrsgi quc ics servc pgrg cs`reoer ùgiquecr `hsg. Nevci 0< Cs`reoer `hmh prhdu`èðn `hntrhigdg phr ig scamcntgèðn seiçoe`g dc ig pgigorg. Ig cs`returg tecndc g cstgoic`cr ung `hrrcsphndcnèg phnd cnèg sestcmç sestcmçte`g te`g cntrc ig `gntedgd `g ntedgd dc ictrgs quc sc uteie uteiezgn zgn y ig `gntedgd dc síigogs quc sc quecrc cs`reoer. Rgrg `gdg síigog cs`reocn 0. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG IC@TS_G 37 • • ung ictrg, gunquc sen vgihr shnhrh `hnvcnèhngi. Rgrg `gdg síigog dc ig icnaug hrgi hrg i cs`reocn ung vh`gi y/ y/hh ig ``hnshngn hnshngntc tc `hn vg vgihr ihr shn shnhrh hrh `hnvcnèhngi. Nevci 4< Cs`reoer `hmh prhdu`èðn `hntrhigdg phr ig scamcntgèðn seiçoe`h-gijgoåte`g dc ig pgigorg. Ci ne÷h trgoglg semuitçncgmcntc `hn dhs fepðtcses dejcrcntcs< ig seiçoe`g y ig gijgoåte`g. Dg vgihr shnhrh g ig premcrg síigog dc ig pgigorg quc `hnh`c. @gdg síigog cstç rcprcscntgdg phr ung h mçs argjígs y ig premcrg tecnc vgihr shnhrh `hnvcnèhngi. Nevci 3< Cs`reoer `hmh prhdu`èðn `hntrhigdg phr ig scamcntgèðn gijgoåte`g y cxfgustevg dc ig pgigorg. Gpgrc`cn rcigèhncs sestcmçte`gs cntrc shnedh y argjíg. Cstg `hrrcsphndcnèg fg`c quc ci giumngdh `hmctg crrhrcs hrtharç﬇`hs, dgdh quc nucstrh sestcmg dc cs`returg nh cs c s cstre`tg cstre`tgmcn mcntc tc gijgoåte`h. Rhr mc mcdeh deh dc igs rc﬏cxehn rc﬏cxehncs cs quc fgagn g pgrt pgrter er dc su entcrg`èðn `hn ig ic icnaug naug ccs`retg s`retg erçn gprhpe gprhpeçnçndhsc dc ig hrthargjíg dc igs pgigorgs, dc ig scpgrgèðn cntrc ciigs, dc ig puntugèðn, ct`. Mcnèhngmhs g `hntenugèðn giaungs g`tevedgdcs quc sc sucicn fg`cr cn igs guigs dc Cdu`gèðn Enjgntei y dci premcr èìh dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg pgrg trgoglgr ig gdqueseèðn dc ig ic`turg y ig cs`returg. • • • • • • • • • 3? _utengs dc ig gsgmoicg. _cigèðn dci icnauglc hrgi y ci icnauglc cs`reth.. _cigèðn dc ig ic`turg y ig cs`returg< `hnvc `reth `hnvcrsgèðn rsgèðn csphn csphntçncg; tçncg; dcèr ci nhmorc; cs`reoer su nhmorc aruphs dc nhmorcs, scaün ig ictrg, ihs dígs dc ig scmgng; pgsgr iestg (gi prenèpeh, ih fg`c ig prhjcshrg, dcspuås ihs giumnhs, pgrg pgr g ih quc sc ser servcn vcn dc jhths, tgrlctgs). tgrlctgs). Gvcreaugr vcreaugr edcgs dciccr. ihs ne÷hs g`cr`ggdcihsigne÷hs. cs`returg< ih quc sc p pucdc ucdc yG ih quc nhigsscedcgs pucdc Cntrcvestgs Trgoglh `hn ùcnths< títuihs dc ùcnths trgoglgdhs; iestgdh dc pcrshnglcs; rccs`returg dc ùcnths; ci ùcnth veglcrh. @hrrcsphndcnèg< `grtgs dc entcr`gmoeh (`hrrcsphndcnèg cs`higr); `grtg `gr tg g ihs _cycs Mgahs; envetgèðn envetgèðn dc ùmpicg÷hs. Tcxths cxphsetevhs< ci ieorh dc ihs gnemgics; gnemg ics; ci ieorh dc ihs `gsteiihs. `gst eiihs. Dcs`repèhncs< Dcs`repèh ncs< cs`reoh ih quc vch; gdevengn gdevengnzgs. zgs. Rhcsígs< Rhcsí gs< ci ieorh dc nucstrhs nhmo nhmorcs; rcs; ci goc`cd goc`cdgreh greh phåte`h. Ci pcreðde`h< tetuigrcs, g`tevedgdcs `hn pec dc jht jhth. h. _c`ctgs< cs`returg cs`retur g dc enarcdecn enarcdecntcs tcs y utcnseiehs dc ung rc`ctg; cs`returg dc rc`ctgs. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P • • Oeoiehtc`g< ci pråstgmh dc ieorhs, cn ci guig y cn ci `hicaeh. Htrgs g`tevedgdcs< iestgdhs, enstru`èhncs dc lucahs. @hmh phdcmhs vcr, gdquerer ig ic`turg y ig cs`returg, gijgoctezgrsc, nh cs tgrcg tg rcg jçèi ne pgrg ci ne ne÷h ÷h quc gp gprcndc rcndc ne pgrg ci mgcstrh quc cncnsc÷g y mcdeg cn ihs gprcndezglcs. Cn ci `gsh dc quecn cnsc÷g cs emphrtgntc tcncr ìgrh quc cstgmhs gntc un prh`csh quc fgy quc jgvhrc`cr, y pgrg ih ùgi cs prcèsh tcncr ig jhrmgèðn prcèsg. Ihs ne÷hs tcrmengn gprcndecndh g iccr y g cs`reoer; acncrgimcntc phncn thdg su eiuseðn y cncraíg cn ci cmpc÷h, y cs ung gicaríg pgrg ihs mgcstrhs `hmprhogr `ðmh ne÷hs y ne÷gs n e÷gs vgn gdquerecndh ig `gpgèdgd dc iccr y cs`reoer cs`reoer.. Rhr ciih, cs rc`hmcndgoic quc, ùgndh cstudecs ci jcnðmcnh dc ig gijgoctezgèðn, tc pgscs ‐secmprc quc pucdgs‐ phr igs guigs dc Enjgntei h dc premcrh dc Rremgreg (enìush phr guigs dc Cdu`gèðn dc gduiths) pgrg quc `hmprucocs csth quc deah. 0.4. Fgoeiedgdcs h `hmpctcnègs ic`thrgs Rhdcmhs dcèr quc igs cstrgtcaegs dc `hmprcnseðn ic`thrg shn `gpetgics cn ig `hmpctcnèg ic`thrg dc igs pcrshngs, phr ih quc cs emphrtgntc quc sc gprcndgn y, phr tgnth, sc cnsc÷cn cn igs destentgs mgtcregs dci ùrríùih. Deagmhs dc cntrgdg quc «cs nc`csgreh cnsc÷gr cstrgtcaegs phrquc qucrcmhs fg`cr ic`thrcs gutðnhmhs, `gpg`cs dc cnjrcntgrsc dc mgncrg entcieacntc g tcxths dc muy destentg índhic…», `hmh g﬇rmg E. Phiå (?227< :7). Rhr csh cs emphrtgntc gsemesmh pigntcgrsc secmprc pgrg quå sc icc. G cstc rcspc`th, ig mesmg gguthrg uthrg (e (eoíd oídcm< cm< pça. 62 62)) destenauc iihs hs sseauecneauecntcs holctevhs< Iccr pgrg hotcncr enjhrmgèðn nc`csgreg, pgrg scauer igs enstru`èhncs, hotcncr ung enjhrmgèðn dc `grç`tcr acncrgi, gprcndcr, rcvesgr un cs`reth prhpeh, phr pig`cr, pgrg `hmune`gr un tcxth g un gudethreh, prg`te`gr ig ic`turg cn vhz gitg y dgr ùcntg dc ih quc sc fg `hmprcndedh. Cn `hnscùcnèg, nh secmprc iccmhs dc eaugi mgncrg. G `hntenugèðn mhstrgmhs igs ﬇ngiedgdcs quc prctcndcmhs ùgndh iccmhs y ig mgncrg dc fg`crih, gsí `hmh ig dejcrcnèg dc igs jgscs dci prh`csh dc cs`returg y igs cstrgtcaegs `hrrcsphndecntcs, `hn ci ﬇n dc quc phdgmhs rcgiezgrih rcgiez grih prç`te`gmcnt prç`te`gmcntcc cn igs g`tevedgdcs dc dcsgr dcsgrrhiih rhiih.. 0. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG IC@TS_G 30 Tgoig. 3. Jengiedgdcs y cstrgtcaegs dc ic`turg W u å s c p r c t c nd c _c`hrdgr, rc`hnh`cr, rcs`gtgr _c`hrdgr, enjhrmgèðn. @ ð m h f g` cr i h • • • • • Entcrprctgr. • • • • • • • • • Zgihrgr. • • • • Hragnezgr. • • • • • • • Cxtrgphigr, trgns`hdeje`gr. • • • • • • Tgoig :. ¸Wuå de`c ci títuih8 Dctcrmengr ci cmeshr, dcstengtgreh, jengiedgd. Gshègr edcgs `hn pçrrgjhs dc ihs tcxths. @gptgr ci scntedh dc un pçrrgjh. Cstgoic`cr lcrgrquíg cntrc edcgs< prenèpgics, scùndgregs. Enjcrer edcgs empiíètgs. Rrcdcèr ih quc su`cdcrç. Dcduèr `hnìusehncs. @hmpgrgr y `hntrgstgr enjhrmgèðn. @gptgr ci scntedh dc ih quc sc icc. @hnsedcrgr `ríte`gmcntc ci `hntcnedh. Acncrgiezgr h mgtezgr. _cigèhngr ci tcxth `hn ig rcgiedgd dc ig vedg. Cicaer un títuih pgrg `gdg pçrrgjh. Cstgoic`cr `hnscùcnègs. Gngiezgr `hfcrcnèg, `hfcseðn, gdcùgèðn. Dctc`tgr igs `grg`tcríste`gs ienaùíste`gs. Fg`cr csqucmgs y mgpgs `hn`cptugics. @hmpictgr cstru`turgs. _csumer. Emetgr. @hpegr. Rgrhdegr. Rigaegr. Trgnsjhrmgr. _c`rcgr. Rrh`csh dc ic`turg y cstrgtcaegs Jgscs dci prh`csh dc ic`turg Gntcs dc iccr Cstrgtcaegs • • • • • • • • Durgntc ig ic`turg • • • • • 34 _ctcncr pgigorgs ìgvcs h jundgmcntgics. _c`hrdgr dgths pgrg rcsphndcr g prcauntgs. _c`hrdgr dctgiics. Ih`giezgr, edcnteje`gr y `hmprcndcr enjhrmgèðn. _ctcncr ih mçs rcicvgntc. Rrcstgr gtcnèðn gi títuih< quå de`c, `ðmh ih de`c, quå suaecrc. _cigèhngr ci títuih `hn ci phseoic `hntcnedh. Jhrmuigr fepðtcses g`cr`g dci `hntcnedh. @hn`rctgr ci holctevh h ig jengiedgd ic`thrg. Deganhste`gr quå y ùçnth sgoc ci ic`thr shorc ci tcxth, ci tcmg y ci títuih (g`tevgr ihs `hnhèmecnths prcvehs dc ihs giumnhs). Gìgrgr prcvegmcntc ci vh`gouigreh nc`csgreh. Rrcèsgr `ðmh sc iccrç (suorgygndh…). Edcnteje`gr ig cstru`turg dci tcxth mcdegntc degargmgs y deoulhs. Jhrmuigr prcauntgs ietcrgics h enjcrcnègics. _cvesgr h rc`gpetuigr pcreðde`gmcntc ci `hntcnedh. Mhdeje`gr h `hnjermgr fepðtcses. Gìgrgr dudgs dc iåxe`h y cxprcsehncs. Cvgiugr ci `hntcnedh y ig jhrmg dci tcxth cn rcigèðn `hn ci prhpeh `hnhèmecnth y ig iðae`g. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P Dcspuås dc ig ic`turg • • • • • • Rrcauntgs ietcrgics. Rrcauntgs pgrg acncrgr enjcrcnègs, `hnìusehncs, empie`gèhncs; cvh`gr, gshègr, gshègr, rcigèhngr edcgs, fc`fhs, cstru`turgs. Zhivcr g rcigèhngr títuih y `hntcnedh. @hnjermgr h ncagr fepðtcses. _csumer ci `hntcnedh. Acncrgiezgr ci `hntcnedh. `hntcnedh. G títuih dc mucstrg, prhph prhphncmhs ncmhs ci dcsgrrhiih dc ung cstrgtcaeg dc `hmprcnseðn `hmpr cnseðn y prhdu`è prhdu`èðn ðn dc tcxths, muy `hmün cn ççmoe moeths ths cs`hig cs`higrcs< rcs< sc trgtg dci rcsumcn cs`higr. 0.4.7. 0.4. 7. Ci rcsumcn cs`higr 0.4.7. 0.4. 7.7. 7. Entrhdu`èðn Entrhd u`èðn Cs oecn `hnhèdg `hnhèdg ig d dcmgndg cmgndg shègi dc cstg g`t g`tevedgd evedgd tcxtug tcxtugii cn `gmphs prhjcsehngics `hmh ci shèhc`hnðme`h y gdmenestrgtevh; ci `gmph dc ig dhùmcntgèðn dhùmcntgèð n y iigg oeoieh oeoiehtc`hnh tc`hnhmíg; míg; ci dc ig ècnèg y ig envcstea envcsteagèðn gèðn,, gsí `hmh ci dc su devuia devuiagèðn. gèðn. Cstg tå`ne`g h cstrgtcaeg ahz ahzgg eaugimcntc eaug imcntc dc un prcde`gmcnth cspcègi cn ig cnsc÷gnzg. Pen cmograh, nh dclg dc scr iigmgtevh iig mgtevh ci fc`fh dc quc ssecnd ecndhh tgn emphrt emphrtgntc gntc cstg tå`ne`g dc `hntrg`èðn dc enjhrmgèðn, y tgn `hmpiclg su clcrètgèðn, cn ig prç`te`g cn ig csùcig sc sucig dgr phr sgoedg y, phr tgnth, nh scg jrcùcntc su cnsc÷gnzg; cnsc÷gnz g; gdcmçs, ccss ùrehsh quc, ùgndh sc clcrè clcrètg, tg, sc fg` fg`cc dc jhrmg entuetevg. Dc ig dcmgndg shègi dci rcsumcn shn oucng prucog ig muitetud dc setugèhncs cn quc sc usg (mcdehs dc `hmune`gèðn< prcnsg, rgdeh y tcicveseðn), prucogs dc scic`èðn g`gdåme`g (enarcsh cn ig unevcrsedgd) y igohrgi, gphyh g ig envcsteagèðn, dejuseðn dc ig ècnèg, argn guxeieh pgrg ig oeoieh oeoiehtc`hnh tc`hnhmíg míg y dhùmcntgèð dhùmcntgèðn, n, y ¡fgst ¡fgstgg sc thmgn dcèsehn dcèsehncs cs dc gitg phiíte`g ogsçndhsc cn dhùmcntgèðn rcsumedg! @hmh `hnscùcnèg dc ig argn goundgnèg dc tcxths hrgics y cs`reths, surac prcèsgmcntc ig nc`csedgd, `gdg vcz mgyhr, dc `hndcnsgr, gostrgcr h rcsumer rc sumer ci `hnt `hntcnedh cnedh dc igs en enjhrmgèh jhrmgèhncs ncs quc cn ciihs sc `hntecncn. Gquí nhs rcjcremhs dc jhrmg cspcègi gi rcsumcn cs`higr `hmh cstrgtcaeg dc `hmphseè `hmphseèðn ðn y prhdu`èð prhdu`èðn n dc tcxths. tc xths. 0.4.7.?. ¸Wuå cs un rcsumcn8 Ci jcnðmcnh tcxtugi dci rcsumcn h cstrgtcaeg dc `hmphseèðn tcxtugi ‐`hmh sc prc﬇crc iigmgr gfhrg‐ cs ung g`tevedgd tcxtugi `hmpiclg, quc sc rcgiezg dc mgncrg entuetevg y, phr tgnth, nh sc sucic cnsc÷gr. Pc dgn, 0. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG IC@TS_G 33 csh sí, giaungs gia ungs rc`hmcndgèhncs rc`hmcndgèhncs dci teph dc suorgygr suorgygr ih mçs mç s emphrtgntc, y ph`h mçs. Rhr dcs`hntgdh, sucicn scr muy jrcùcntcs igs quclgs dci prhjcshrgdh g ig vestg dc ihs rcsuitgdhs. Pen cmograh, ngdg dc csth nhs pgrc`c cxtrg c xtrg÷h. ÷h. Zcgmhs Zcgmhs phr quå. Dc`ígmhs grreog quc ci rcsumcn cs ung g`tevedgd tcxtugi `hmpiclg; cn premcr iuagr, ih cs phrquc phnc cn lucah ung screc dc mc`gnesmhs (`hanetevhs) dc `hmprcnseðn y prhdu`èðn g ihs quc cstç shmctedh thdh prh`csh desùrsevh h tcxtugi, yg quc sc trgtg ‐nh fgy quc hivedgrih‐ dc lcrgrquezgrr enjhrmgèðn (em lcrgrquezg (emphrtgntc phrtgntc vs g``cshreh, premgreh vs scùndgreh, rcicvgntc vs errcicvgntc, ct`.). Cs tgmoeån `hmpiclh phrquc cxeac tcncr cn ùcntg gi entcrihùthr entcrihùthr ((ci ci dcstengtgreh) dcstengt greh),, ig ﬇ngiedgd ﬇ ngiedgd y ci `hntcxth cn ci ùgi y pgrg ci ùgi ù gi sc rcquecrc rcquecrc cstg cstrgtcaeg. Nh mcnhr mcnhr cs ig `hmpicledgd `hmpicledgd se tcncmhs cn ùcntg quc, gi g i `hndcnsgr enjhrmgèðn h rcsumer, nh cs phseoic fg`crih hrgèðn phr hrgèðn, senh quc fgy quc tcncr cn ùcntg ci tcxth cn su `hnlunth ‐shih åi ahzg dc `hmpictcz scmçnte`g‐, `hnsedcrgndh ci pçrrgjh `hmh unedgd dc seane﬇`gdh. Csth prcèsgmcntc cxeac trgs`cndcr ig ienaùíste`g hrgèhngi y gdhptgr un pgrgdeamg argmgte`gi quc `hnsedcrc gquciihs jcnðmcnhs trgnsjrçst trgn sjrçste`hs e`hs quc nh nh cxpie`g gdcùgdgmcnt gdcùgdg mcntcc ig argmçte`g arg mçte`g dc ig hrgèðn. hrgèðn. Pcrçn mhtevh dc entcrås pgrteùigr ihs mc`gnesmhs dc `hfcrcnèg y ihs desphsetevhs dc `hfcseðn. @hn nucstrg dc﬇neèðn dc rcsumcn (Çivgrcz, 7556< 72?) prctcndcmhs setugr ig `hmpicle `hmpicledgd dgd dci tcmg< tcmg < Cs ung g`tevedgd tcxtugi `hmpiclg, ung cstrgtcaeg pgrg prh`csgr enjhrmgèðn, dc argn uteiedgd shègi. Tgi `hmpicledgd sc luste﬇`g phrquc rcquecrc ung screc dc hpcrgèhncs `hanetevgs y ienaùíste`gs (cs`hacr, lcrgrquezgr enjhrmgèhncs cn htrh tcxth< `hmprcnseðn), gsí `hmh ig hragnezgèðn y rcjhrmuigèðn dc igs mesmgs cn un nucvh tcxth, shmctedh g igs cxeacnègs dc `hfcrcnèg y `hfcseðn dc thdh tcxth< prhdu`èðn. @hnsestc de`fg cstrgtcaeg cn ung pgrçjrgses scic`tevg tcxtugi, acncrgimcntc mçs `hrtg, quc sc cstgoic`c shorc ci mgntcnemecnth dc ung cquevgicnèg enjhrmgtevg, c`hnhmíg dc mcdehs cn ci seane﬇`gntc y gdgptgèðn g ung setugèðn nucvg dc `hmune`gèðn. Ci teph dc tcxth ‐dc pgrtedg, ogsc, eneègi, (T)‐, (T) ‐, `hn ig `hrrcsphndecntc `hrrcsphndecntc supcrcstru`turg, ig ﬇ngiedgd, y ci dcstengtgreh dcstengtgreh `hndeèhngn ig rcgiezgèðn dci prhdu`th ﬇ngi< ci rcsumcn (t). 0.4.7.0. ¸@ðmh cjc`tugr ci rcsumcn8 Pe fcmhs de`fh de`fh quc fg`cr un rcsumcn rcsu mcn cs ung g`tevedgd g`t evedgd tcxtu tcxtugi gi ``hmp hmpiclg iclg (ung rcjhrmuigèðn, mçs orcvc y pcrshngi, dci tcxth ogsc) y se dcs`gr3: DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P tgmhs phr en`hnvcnecntc ci prh`cdemecnth entuetevh, cnthn`cs, ¸`ðmh fgorcmhs dc fg`crih8 Rgrc`c quc, dc eaugi mgncrg quc su`cdc `hn htrhs `hntcnedhs h prh`cdemecnths sus`cpteoics dc cnsc÷gnzg ‐cn ùgiquecr desèpieng‐, ih mçs `hnvcnecntc cs cxpieètgr gi mçxemh ci prh`csh cn su `hmpicledgd, cs dcèr, gtcndecndh g sus devcrs devcrshs hs gspc`ths gspc `ths y shmctcrih g rc﬏cxeðn. Csth cs, ne mçs ne mcnhs, quc `hnsedcrgrih `hmh ung tå`ne`g h fgoeiedgd; `hmh su`cdc `hn thdg tå`ne`g, su cstudeh cs icnth y, `hn jrcùcnèg, igrah y pcsgdh, pc sgdh, pcrh, pcrh, csh sí, dc argn rcntgoeiedgd cn ig vedg shègi dc ihs endeveduhs. ¸Wuå htrg `hsg dcoc gtcndcr ig cnsc÷gnzg ùgndh ùg ndh sc setüg gntc ihs `hnt `hntcnedhs cnedhs quc fg dc trgnsmeter8 Ngdec pgrc`c dudgr, pucs, dc ig emphrtgnèg dc cstg cstrgtcaeg dc `hmphseèðn tcxtugi; ci prhoicmg rcsedc cn ci `ðmh sc dcocríg cjc`tugr. G cstc rcspc`th nhshtrhs prhphnc prhphncmhs mhs un måthd måthdhh quc ous`g cxpieè cxpieètgr tgr gi mçxemh ihs prh`cshs. Rhr ih quc sc rc﬇crc g ihs pgshs quc sc fgn dc scauer cn ci dcsgrrhiih dci rcsumcn, cn ci rc`hrred rc`hrredhh quc sc fg dc cjc`tugr cjc`tug r dcsdc ci tcxth dc pgrtedg (T) fgstg ci tcxth dc iicagdg (t), prhphncmhs ung g`tugèðn mcthdh mcthdhiðae`g iðae`g cn ihs seau seauecn ecntcs tcs tårmenhs< 7. Ic`tu Ic`turg rg dci tcxth ogsc. ?. Gnç Gnçieses ieses y scic`è scic`èðn ðn dc enjhrmgèð enjhrmgèðn. n. Ih`gie Ih`giezgèðn zgèðn dc ig edcg h edcgs aihogics, g pgrter dc ig gpie`gèðn dc igs mg`rhrrcaigs dc suprcseðn, acncrgiezgèðn, entcargèðn y `crh. 0. Trgnsjhrmgèðn dci tcxth g pgrter dc ihs mc`gnesmhs ienaùeste`htcxtugics. 4. Cs`returg dci tcxth rcsumedh (rcjhrmuigèðn), g pgrter dci tcxth ogsc. @hmh ende`gmhs mçs grreog, nucstrg prchùpgèðn gquí sc `cntrg pgrteùigrmcntc cn ig cnsc÷gnzg. Cn cstc `gmph sc dcocríg prg`te`gr ci rcsumcn dc mgncrg jhrmgi dcsdc ci üitemh ùrsh dc Rremgreg, ogsçndhnhs jundgmcntgimcntc cn tcxths ngrrgtevhs scnèiihs. Rrharcsevgmcntc fgorç quc er entrhduècndh htrhs tephs dc tcxth, tcnecndh cn ùcntg ig de﬇ùitgd quc csths hjrc`cn g ig hpcrgèðn dc `hntrg`èðn. De`fgs g`tevedgdcs sc `cntrgrçn tgnth cn ci `hntcnedh enjhrmgtevh dc ihs tcxths ogsc, `hmh cn ihs clcrèèhs clcrèèhs dc lcrgrquezgèðn y dc prç`te`gs dc cs`returg (rcjhrmuigèðn). G cjc`ths dc måthdh, cs `hnvcnecntc ende`gr ig numcrgèðn dc ihs pçrrgjhs [§7…] y dc igs iíncgs quc `hmphncn ci tcxth, gsí `hmh iemetgr ig cxtcnseðn dci rcsumcn (phr`cntglc cn thrnh gi 32% h 0. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG IC@TS_G 31 ?3%, nümcrh dc iíncgs, nümcrh dc pgigorgs), gdcmçs dc prcstgr gtcnèðn g ig junèðn h vgihrcs dc ihs `hnc`thrcs ihae`hprgamçte`hs y dc ihs hragnezgdhrcs tcxtugics. Ih gntcrehrmcntc cxpucsth nhs iicvg g prhjundezgr cn ihs pigntcgmecnths mecn ths quc dcocn enspergr ig prç`te`g dc cst cstgg cstr cstrgtcaeg gtcaeg dc `hmphse` `hmphseèðn eðn tcxtugi y cvetgr ‐pgrteùigrmcntc cn cdu`gèðn‐ ig sempieèdgd rcdu`thrg dc cxeaer gi g i giumngdh ggiah iah nh cxpie`gdh< g`tetud quc acn acncrgimcntc crgimcntc nh sc seauc `hn htrh teph dc `hntcnedhs. Ensestemhs dc mgncrg pgrteùigr cn ung prç`te`g rc﬏cxevg dci rcsumcn, dcsdc ci tcr`cr èìh dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. G cstc rcspc`th, mcdegntc ig ﬇aurg ﬇a urg ? prcscn prcscntgmhs tgmhs nucstrh måthdh gdgptgdh g ig cdu`gèð cdu`gèðn n hoieagthreg hoieagt hreg `hn ig ﬇ng ﬇ngiedgd iedgd dc quc thdh giumnh, gi g`gogr ig CPH (decèsåes g÷hs), scpg `hndcnsgr ig enjhrmgèðn rcicvgntc dc ùgiquecr teph dc tcxth y cn ùgiquecr setugèðn dc `hmune`gèðn. Cn de`fh csqucmg gohrdgmhs ihs pgshs h jgscs `hrrcsphndecntcs, gsí `hmh ci prh`csh y ci rcsuitgdh dci rcsumcn. Cn ùgnth g ig gdgptgèðn g ig cnsc÷gnzg, cstgoic`cmhs ung argdgèðn `hn rcspc`th g ig de﬇ùitgd quc prcscntgn ihs tcxths g ig fhrg dc rcsumerihs; cn tgi argdgèðn sc tecnc cn ùcntg ung screc dc holctevhs holctevhs y g`t g`tevedgdcs evedgdcs pgrg csths nevcics cdu`gtevhs. Ci gnçieses dc ig nhrmgtevg icagi dc ihs ùrríùihs h﬇ègics dc cnsc÷gnzg y dc ihs destenths ieorhs dc tcxth cs`higrcs nhs pcrmetc `hnìuer quc nh cs ne mu`fh mcnhs `hmün cn`hntrgr cn ciihs un pigntcgmecnth dc cnsc÷gnzg dci rcsumcn. Rhr ci `hntrgreh, cs cs`gsg ig gtcnèðn quc sc prcstg g ig clcrètgèðn dc cstg tå`ne`g dc `hmphseèðn tcxtugi cn ihs ieorhs dc tcxth quc mgnclgn nucstrhs cs`higrcs; cn ci mclhr dc ihs `gshs sucic gpgrc`cr ung clcrètgèðn entuetevg, ogsgdg cn ci suorgygdh dc ih mçs emphrtgntc, quc sc ic pedc gi giumnh, g quecn sc prcsuphnc `gpgz dc phrsc ciprg`te`g fc`fh mesmh dc quc iccrentuetevg, y cs`reoer.ihsGsígiumnhs su`cdc quc,fg`crih ùgndh ci rcsumcn dc sgoc mgncrg prcauntgn g sus mgcstrhs g`cr`g dc quå sc cntecndc phr ih mçs emphrtgntc. Csths sucicn rcsphndcr quc cs «ih prenèpgi», «ih rcicvgntc», ct`.; ih ùgi ùg i acncrg èrùigredgd y nh rcsucivc ci prhoi prhoicmg. cmg. Gdcmçs, fgy quc tcncr cn ùcntg quc ih mçs emphrtgntc tgi vcz nh scg ih mesmh pgrg ci giumnh quc pgrg ci mgcstrh. Cn `hnscùcnèg, shn cs`gsísemgs igs rcjcrcnègs g prcsupucsths tcxtugics (shèhprgamçte`hs, icxe`hscmçnte`hs y sentç`te`hs) y g igs trgnsjhrmgèhncs jhrmgè hncs quc iicvg `hnseah rcsumer tcxths. Lunth Lun th g cstg se setugèðn tugèðn sc dg ig pgrgdhlg dc quc cstg cstrgtcaeg dc `hmprcnseðn y prhdu`èðn dc tcxths, ph`h prg`t prg`te`gdg e`gdg dc mgncrg cx cxpiíètg piíètg cn 36 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P ci guig y cn ihs mgnugics cs`higrcs, `hn rcetcrgdg jrcùcnèg gpgrc`c cn prhargmgs h ùrshs cxtrgcs`hig cxt rgcs`higrcs rcs oglh cpíargjcs tgics tg ics `hmh «tå`ne`gs dc cstudeh», «tå`ne`gs dc trgoglh entcic`tugi» u htrgs semeigrcs. Cn ci `gmph dc ig cnsc÷gnzg, cnsc÷gnzg , ci åxeth dc de`fg g`tevedgd tcxtug tcxt ugii dcoc `hnsester cn un pigntcgmecnth `hnvcnecntcmcntc argdugdh y cn ci quc sc tcnagn cn ùcntg, `hmh pgrtcs jundgmcntgics dci måthdh, ci nevci h nevcics dci sestcmg cdu`gtevh g quc vg dcstengdg, ci teph t eph dc tcxth y igs dejcrcntcs jcrcnt cs hpcrgèhncs `hanetevgs y ienaùest i enaùeste`htcxtug e`htcxtugics ics quc sc prhphn prhphncn. cn. Pe sc emphnc ung premcrg `hnìuseðn, cstg cs quc, gi prg`te`gr ci rcsumcn, nhs cn`hntrgmhs gntc ung tå`ne`g dc `hmphseèðn tcxtugi «`hmpiclg», «`hmp iclg», y, y, phr tgnth, fgy quc scr `guths, dc mgncrg pg pgrteùi rteùigr gr cn ci `gmph dc ig cnsc÷gnzg, pgrg nh cxeaer su rcgiezgèðn sen gntcs fgocrig cxpie`gdh y clcrètgdh `hnvcnecntcmcntc. G cstc rcspc`th, rcspc` th, prhph prhphncmhs ncmhs cn ig ﬇aurg ﬇au rg seauecntc ci prh`cdemecnth quc sc pucdc scauer pgrg ig prç`te`g dci rcsumcn cs`higr dc tcxths. Hoscrvcmhs quc cn ig `hiumng dc ig ezquecrdg sc destenauc dest enauc ig `hmp ` hmprcnseð rcnseðnn y ig `hmphse ` hmphseèðn èðn h prhd prhdu`èðn u`èðn.. Cn ig `hiumng dc ig dcrc`fg sc dejcrcnd ejcrcnèg ci prh`cdemecn prh`cdem ecnth th hrgi (`hic`tevh) (`hic`tevh) dci cs`reth (endevedugi) (endevedugi) quc ﬇ngiezg ﬇ngi ezg `hn ci tcxth rcsumcn. Jea. ?. Mcthdhihaíg pgrg ig prç`te`g dci rcsumcn cn cdu`gèðn hoieagthreg (thmgdh dc T. Çivgrcz Gnauih, Gna uih, 7555) T @hmprcnseðn (Pcmçnte`g) C V T H Rrhdu`èðn (Pentgxes) 7.ª Jgsc< @hmprcnseðn dci tcxth (ous`gr ci seaneje`gdh dci vh`gouigreh h cxprcsehncs dcs`hnhèdgs) ?.ª Jgsc< Ih`giezgèðn dc igs edcgs emphrtgntcs h prenèpgics 0.ª Jgsc< Hrdcngèðn dc igs edcgs (numcrgrigs cn ig pezgrrg gtcneåndhsc g un `retcreh< gpgreèðn `rhnhiðae`g, emphrtgnèg…) 4.ª Jgsc< Puprcseðn dc thdgs igs pgigorgs phseoics (entcargèðn y acncrgiezgèðn dc enjhrmgèðn; trgnsjhrmgèhncs cstru`turgics y ienaùíste`gs) 3.ª Jgsc< _ccs`returg dci tcxth (`hfcrcnèg, `hfcseðn, gdcùgèðn, `hrrc`èðn) @hic`tevh Hrgi Endevedugi Cs`reth 0.3. Jhmcnth dc ig ic`turg Iigmg ig gtcnèðn ci csjucrzh enstetuèhngi c enìush shègi quc sc fg`c cn ig csùcig y cn ig jgmeieg pgrg quc ihs ne÷hs gprcndgn g iccr y g cs`reoer. Oucng prucog dc ig emphrtgnèg quc gtreouyc nucstrg shècdgd g 0. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG IC@TS_G 35 ig ic`turg y ig cs`returg cs ci tecmph quc gseang g igs tgrcgs rcigèhngdgs `hn ci prhpðseth dc quc ci ne÷h icg y cs`reog; ig cnsc÷gnzg dc cstgs dcstrczgs hùpg oucng pgrtc dc ihs dhs premcrhs g÷hs dc ig cs`higredgd hoieagthreg. Cstc gjçn phr `hnscauer ci dcsgrrhiih sgtesjg`threh dc ig ic`turg y dc ig cs`returg pgrc`c pg rc`c er prharcsevgmcnt prharcsevgmcntcc rciglçndhsc g ih igrah dc ihs ùrshs ù rshs phstcrehrcs phr ig jgitg dc sestcmgtezgèðn y dc pigne﬇`gèðn quc mgne﬇cstg. Dc giaung jhrmg, pgrc`c scauer `hn﬇rmçndhsc ci veclh gjhresmh dc quc «g iccr sc gprcndc icycndh» ((hh g cs cs`reoer, `reoer, cs`reoecndh cs`reoecndh), ), dc ig mesmg mgncrg quc «g gndgr sc gprcndc gndgndh», h ci igrah senjín dc ùgicsquecrg htrgs g`tevedgdcs. @ecrth cs quc, cn üitemg enstgnèg, gsí su`cdc; pcrh nh cs mcnhs vcrdgd quc cstg g﬇rmgèðn, rcspc`th dc ig ic`turg y ig cs`returg cs`returg,, cnùorc ung vcrdgd g mcdegs, yg quc sc trgtg dc g`tevedgdcs dc `hnhèmecnth `hmpiclgs. Cn ùgiquecr `gsh, cs `hnvcnecntc `hntgr `hn prhargmgs dc g`tevedgdcs `hfcrcntcs quc gnemcn g ihs ne÷hs g iccr,0 igs ùgics fgn dc pgsgr premhrdegimcntc phr ig ic`turg dc ieorhs oecn scic`èhngdhs cn rgzðn dc su `giedgd ietcrgreg y dc `hnjhrmedgd `hn ci entcrås tcmçte`h dc su `hntcnedh. Luzagmhs dc entcrås igs dhs ètgs quc seaucn g prhpðseth dc ig ic`turg, cn ùgnth quc @crvgntcs, phr ung pgrtc, y Pgvgtcr, phr htrg, phncn phnc n dc mg mgne﬇csth ne﬇csth ig ``hndeè hndeèðn ðn premcrg dc ig ic`turg< Ci @gogiicrh dci Zcrdc Agoçn de`c g Dhn Wuelhtc (@gogiicrh dc ig Trestc Jeaurg)< «T «Tcnah fgstg fgs tg sces dh`cngs dh`cng s dc ieorhs, ùçics ùçic s dc rhmgn`c y ùç ùçics ics dc igtín, dc festhreg giaunhs gia unhs y dc dcvhèðn htrhs; htrhs; ihs dc `gogiicrígs `gogiicríg s gün nh fgn cntrgdh phr ihs umorgics dc mes pucrtgs. Fhlch mçs ihs quc shn prhjgnhs quc ihs dcvhths, `hmh scgn dc fhncsth cntrctcnemecnth, quc dcicetcn `hn ci icnauglc y gdmercn y suspcndgn `hn ig envcnèðn, envcnèðn,4 pucsth quc dåsths fgy muy ph`hs cn Cspg÷g. Wuelhtc EE, 7:, p. :5?. Cdeèðn Mgrtín dc _equcr. 0. «Ci vcroh iccr nh shphrtg ci empcrgtevh. Gvcrseðn Gvcrseðn quc quc `hmpgrtc `hn htrhs vcrohs< ci vcroh gmgr…, ci vcroh sh÷gr… Cn ig ic`turg fgy quc emgaengr emgae ngr thdh… Cs un g`th dc `rcg `rcgèðn èðn pcrmgncntc… Rhr Rhr enfeoedg quc scg, ùgiquecr ic`turg cstç prcsededg phr ci pig`cr dc iccr, yy,, phr su mesmg ngturgiczg ngturg iczg ‐cstc ah`c ah` c dc giquemestg‐, giquemestg ‐, ci pig`cr dc iccr nh tcmc g ig emgacn, emg acn, ne sequecrg g ig tcicveseðn, gun ùgndh sc prcscntc oglh jhrmg dc gvgign`fg gvgig n`fg degreg» deg reg» (Rcnng`, 755?/7 755?/7555). 555). 4. Ig ncaretg dc gmogs ètgs cs míg. :2 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P Wucdc ìgrh, pucs, quc g mí mc austgn cshs ngrrgdhrcs (Ptcvcnshn, Dc Jhc, Pgiagre…) phr igs mesmgs rgzhncs quc g ihs ne÷hs, cs dcèr< phrquc ùcntgn oecn fcrmhsgs festhregs, quc nh `hnhz`h rgzðn mçs gitg quc cstg pgrg iccr un ieorh, y quc cn ietcrgturg mc pgsh secmprc quc pucdh dc shèhihaígs y pse`hgnçieses pgrg quc ci fíagdh nh sc rcsecntg. J. P, Ig enjgnèg rcùpcrgdg, Tguru Tgurus. s. Tgnth ig oeoiehtc`g dci `cntrh `hmh ig oeoiehtc`g dc guig fgn dc scr ihs iuagrcs y rcùrshs gdcùgdhs pgrg pigntcgr ùgntgs g`tevedgdcs tcnagn rcigèðn `hn gnemgr g ihs giumnhs g scr `gdg vcz mçs y mclhrcs ic`thrcs. Rgrg ig hragnezgèðn dc ung oeoiehtc`g cs`higr, vågnsc igs seauecntcs pçaengs wco< • • 9w 9ww ww.etc. .etc.cdu`gèhn.cs/jh cdu`gèhn.cs/jhrmgèhn/mgtcregics/6/ rmgèhn/mgtcregics/6/`d `dX?27 X?270/ 0/ende`c.ftm> ende`c.ftm> 9w ww w w.jundgèhnasr .jundgèhnasr.cs .cs> > G`tevedg G`t evedgdcs dcs `hmh ig fhrg dci ùcnth; scsehncs dc ieorhjðrum; cn- ùcntrhs `hn guthrcs y/h eiustrgdhrcs trgs fgocr icídh y trgoglgdh su horg; ic`turgs ic`turg s shorc tcmgs dc festhreg nhvcigdg, dc jgntgsíg, jg ntgsíg, dc gvcnturg, dc gnemgics `hmh prhtgahnestgs, dc ècnèg ﬇`èðn h dc rcùpcrgèðn dci jhiìhrc jhiìhrc rcigèhngdh `hn ci èìh gnugi, g nugi, ct`åtcrg, pucdcn `hntreouer g mgntcncr ci austh phr iccr iccr mçs ggiiç iiç dc ig cxeacnèg g`gdåme`g. Ne quc dcèr tecnc quc quc ig jjunèðn unèðn dci mgcstrh cs premhrdegi, premhrdegi, cn `ùgnugnth dengmezgdhr y jgèietgdhr dc prhpucstgs, dc tå`ne`gs dc gnemgèðn. Dc ih dcmçs, sc cn`gragrç ci giumngdh. 0.:. 0.:. G`tevedgdcs dc dcsgrrhiih Igs g`tevedgdcs dc dcsgr dcsgrrhiih rhiih fgn dc ùmpier ihs seauecntcs holctevhs< holctevhs< • • • • • @hnh`cr `ðmh sc gdquecrc gdquecrc y `ðmh sc cnsc÷g ig gij gijgoctezgèðn goctezgèðn eneègi. @hnh`cr y gpie`gr cstrgtcaegs c strgtcaegs dc `hmpr `hmprcnseð cnseðn n ic`thrg quc jgvhrcz`gn ci prh`csh dc ic`turg. Pgocr cn quå `hnsestc y prg`te`gr ci rcsumcn cs`higr, `hmh `hmh cstr cstrgtcaeg gtcaeg dc `hmprcnseðn y prhdu`èðn tcxtugi. @hnh`cr y phncr phncr cn prç`te`g cstrgtcaegs cst rgtcaegs dc gn gnemgèðn emgèðn g ig ic`turg. Pgocr `ðmh sc hragnezg hragnez g y `ðmh jjunèhng unèhng ung oeo oeoiehtc`g iehtc`g dc guig y dc `cntrh, y dcsgrrhiigr g`tevedgdcs cn ciigs. 0. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG IC@TS_G :7 G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 7. Rgrg ung enjhrmgèð enjhrmgèðn n mçs `hmp `hmpictg ictg shorc ig cnsc÷gnzg y ci gprcndezglc gprcndezglc dc ig ic`turg, rcmetemh rcmetemhss g igs seauecntcs ic`turgs, quc sc rcgiezgrçn rcgiez grçn phr pgrclgs. Pc cxphn cxphndrçn, drçn, `hmh sc ende`g mçs gdcigntc, `hn ci ﬇n dc gohrdgr ig `hmpicledgd quc cnècrrg ig gdqueseèðn dc ig ic`turg y ig cs`returg. Oeiogtug, M. (?224). «Rgnhrgmg dc ihs måthdhs dc ic`thcs`returg. _cpcrùseðn dcdcsdc ihs destenths cnjhqucs cnyigRremgreg prç`te`g. Mgdred, cdu`gtevg dcistcreh guig».dcIccr cs`reoer ig Cdu`gèðn Enjgntei Mene Menestcreh Cdu-y `gèðn y @ecnèg, pp. :3-63. @gicrh, G.; @gicrh, C. (?226). «Ci Rhrtjhieh `hmh cstrgtcaeg dc cvgiugèðn `hmpgrtedg dc ig `hmprcnseðn ic`thrg». Dedç`te`g. Icnaug y Ietcrgturg, ?2< 73-0:. Mgdred< Cdethregi @hmpiutcnsc. @hrhngs, M. (?221). «Oeoiehtc`gs cs`higrcs< gnemgèðn g ig ic`turg y giah mçs…». Tcxths dc Dedç`te`g dc ig Icnaug y ig Ietcrgturg , 44< 3:-:6. @hrrcea, M. (?222) (?22 2).. «¸Wuå cs iccr8 ¸Wuå cs cs`reoer8». Cn< Oeags, M.; @hrrcea, M. (cds.). Dedç`te`g dc ig icnaug cn ig cdu`gèðn enjgntei (pças. 7?3-733). Mgdred< Píntcses. Dícz, @. (?224). «Ci cnjhquc `hnstru`tevestg dc ig cs`returg». Cn< Ig cs`returg `higohrgtevg cn cdu`gèðn enjgntei. Cstrgtcaegs pgrg ci trgoglh cn ci guig. Ogr`cihng< Fhrshre. Dhmínaucz, A.; Ogrreh, L. (7551g). «@gmengntc, nh fgy `gmenh. Ihs måthdhs». Cn< Ihs premcrhs pgshs fgèg ci icnauglc cs`reth (pp. 43-:0). Mgdred< Ig Murgiig. —— (7551o). «Iccr y cs`reoer dcsdc ig cdu`gèðn enjgntei». Cn< Ihs premcrhs pgshs fgèg ci icnauglc ic nauglc cs`reth cs`r eth (pp. 755-??1). Mgdred< Ig Murgiig. Jcrrcerh, C.; Tcocrhsky, G. (7515). «Cvhiuèðn dc ig cs`returg». Pestcmgs dc cs`returg cn ci dcsgrrhiih dci ne÷h, ne÷h, 7561, ?05<074. Måxe`h< Peaih VVE. Jcrrcerh, C. (7551). «Ci cspgèh dc ig ic`turg y ig cs`returg cn ig cdu`gèðn prccs`higr». Cn< Gijgoctez Gijgoctezgèðn. gèðn. Tchríg y prç`te`g prç `te`g (776-736). Mgdred< Peaih VVE. V VE. Jhns, M. (?227). «Gprcndcr g iccr y g cs`reoer». Cn< Oeags, M.; @hrrcea, M. (cds.). Dedç`te`g dc ig icnaug cn ig cdu`gèðn enjgntei (pp. 731-716). Mgdred< Píntcses. —— (?224g). «Mgr`h tcðre`h». Cn< Iccr y cs`reoer pgrg vever. Gijgoctezgèðn eneègi y ush rcgi dc ig icnaug cs`retg cn ig csùcig (pp. 71-06). Ogr`cihng< Argð. —— (?224o). «@hmphncntcs dc ig entcrg`èðn pcdgaðae`g». Cn< Iccr y cs`reoer pgrg vever. Gijgoctezgèðn eneègi y ush rcgi dc ig icnaug cs`retg cn ig csùcig (pp. 05-72?). Ogr`cihng< Argð. —— (?224`). «Rrhpucstgs dc g`tevedgdcs cn ci guig». Cn< Iccr y cs`reoer pgrg vever. Gijgoctezgèðn eneègi y ush rcgi dc ig icnaug cs`retg cn ig csùcig (pp. 720-?1:). Ogr`cihng< Argð. :? DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P Acc, L. (7552g). «Ig gijgoctezgèðn y ci meth dc ig gijgoctezgèðn< dc Rigtðn g Jrcerc». Cn< Ig edchihaíg cn ihs Desùrshs (pp. 01-:2; cdeèðn dc ?223). Mgdred< Mhrgtg. —— (7552o) (7552o).. «Ihs «I hs nucvhs cst cstudehs udehs shorc ig gijgoct g ijgoctezgèðn< ezgèðn< cnjhqucs cn jhqucs shèhùiturgics dci icnauglc y ig gijgoctezgèðn». Cn< Ig edchihaíg cn ihs Desùrshs. (pp. :7 :7-62; cdeèðn dc ?223) ?2 23).. Mgdred< Mgd red< Mhrgtg. Ahhdmgn, Ahhdmg n, U. U. (755?) (755?).. «Igs «Ig s rgí`cs rgí`c s dc ig gijgoct g ijgoctezgèðn». ezgèðn». Enjgnèg y Gprcndezglc, 36< ?5-4?. Icorcrh, R.; Icorcrh, T. (7550). «Cnjhqucs mcthdhiðae`hs dc ig ic`turg y ig cs`returg». Cn< @ðmh y ùçndh cnsc÷gr g iccr y cs`reoer (pp. 41-14). Mgdred< Píntcses. Mgtg, L. (?224). «Ig ictrg prhmctedg». Cn< @ðmh mergr g ig iung. iung . @hnjcsehncs g ung mgcstrg shorc ig jhrmgèðn dci ic`thr (pp. 00-43 00- 43). ). Ogr`cihng< Argð. Mergs, Merg s, M. (?222). «Ig cs`returg rc﬏cxevg. rc﬏c xevg. Gprcndcr G prcndcr g cs`reoer y gprcndcr gprcndcr g`cr`g dc ih quc sc cs`reoc». Enjgnèg y Gprcndezglc, 65< :3-62. Rcnng`, D. (755?). @hmh ung nhvcig (cdeèðn dc 7555) 7555).. Ogr`cihng< Gngar G ngargmg. gmg. Rhign`h, L. (?221). «Ieorhs y ic`turgs cn ig Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg». Tcxths dc Dedç`te`g dc ig Icnaug y ig Ietcrgturg Ietcrgturg, 44< 04-43. Pçn`fcz, (?220). «¸_cgimcntc shmhs dcIcnaug ih quc ysuphnc gijgoc-, tezgr tez gr gC. thdg ig phoigèðn8». Tcxths T cxths dc Dedç`te D`hnsècntcs edç`te`g `g dc ig ig Ietcrgturg 00< :?-11. :?-11. Phiå, E. (?227). «Ig cnsc÷gnzg dc cstrgtcaegs dc `hmphseèðn ic`thrg». Cn< Cstrgtcaegs dc ic`turg. Ogr`cihng< Argð. Dc ig rcigèðn rcigèðn dc grtíùihs grt íùihs grreog cxpucstg, `gd `gdgg dhs cstudegntcs cicaerçn un grtíùih g rtíùih h `gpítuih sho shorc rc ci q quc uc rcgiezg rcgiezgrçn rçn igs seau seauecn ecntcs tcs tgrcgs< • • • • ung síntcses cs`retg (gircdcdhr dc vcentc iíncgs); sces pgigorgs ìgvc; un csqucmg gphyh sugics pg rg su(prcscntgdh pgrg cxphseèð cxphseèðn n hrgimcntc gntc thdg ig`hn ìgsc) ìgsc); ; dc rcùrshs gudehvecntrcag dc ig dhùmcn dhù mcntgèðn tgèðn gi prh prhjcshr jcshr pgrg su cvg cvgiugèð iugèðn. n. G`tevedgd G`tev edgd ?. Desc÷gr g`tevedgdcs rcigèhngdgs `hn cstrgtcaegs dc rcùcrdh, rc`hnhèmecnth y rcs`gtc dc enjhrmgèðn, `hrrcsphndecntcs g ig `hmprcseð `hmp rcseðn n ic`thrg dc un tcxth orcvc h dc un jjrgamcnth rgamcnth.. Cst Cstgg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn ìgsc cn pcquc÷hs aruphs. Erç dereaedg cspcègimcntc gi giumngdh dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. G`teved G`t evedgd gd 0. Desc÷gr g`tevedgdcs rcigèhngdgs `hn cstrgtcaegs dc entcrprctgèðn, `hrrcsphndecntcs g ig `hmprcseðn ic`thrg dc un tcxth orcvc h dc un jrgamcnth. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn ìgsc cn pc0. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG IC@TS_G :0 quc÷hs aruphs. Erç dereaedg cspcègimcntc gi giumngdh dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. G`teved G`t evedgd gd 4. Desc÷gr g`tevedgdcs rcigèhngdgs `hn cstrgtcaegs dc entcrprctgèðn, `hrrcsphndecntcs g ig `hmprcseðn ic`thrg dc un tcxth orcvc h dc un jrgamcnth. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn ìgsc cn pcquc÷hs aruphs. Erç dereaedg cspcègimcntc gi giumngdh dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 3. Desc÷gr g`tevedgdcs rcigèhngdgs `hn cstrgtcaegs dc vgihrgèðn, `hrrcsphndecntcs g ig `hmprcseðn ic`thrg dc un tcxth orcvc h dc un jrgamcnth. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn ìgsc cn pcquc÷hs aruphs. Erç dereaedg derea edg cspcègimcnt cspcègimcntcc gi ggiumngdh iumngdh dc Cdu`gèð Cdu`gèðn n Rremgreg. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd :. Desc÷gr g`tevedgdcs rcigèhngdgs `hn cstrgtcaegs cstr gtcaegs dc hrhragnezgèðn dci tcxth, `hrrcsphndecntcs g ig `hmprcseðn ic`thrg dc un tcxth orcvc h dc un jrgamcnth. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn ìgsc cn pcquc÷hs pcquc ÷hs aruphs. Erç d dereaedg ereaedg cspcègimcntc gi ggiumngdh iumngdh dc Cdu`gèðn Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 1. Desc÷gr g`tevedgdcs rcigèh rcigèhngdgs ngdgs ``hn hn cstrgtcaegs dc cxtrgphigèðn y trgns`hde﬇`gèðn dci tcxth, `hrrcsphndecntcs g ig `hmprcseðn ic`thrg dc un tcxth orcvc h dc un jrgamcnth. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn ìgsc cn pcquc÷hs aruphs. Erç dereaedg cspcègimcntc gi giumngdh dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 6. Cn pcquc÷hs aruphs, prg`te`gr cn ci guig ig prhpucstg dc rcgiezgèðn rcgiez gèðn dci rcsumcn rcsumcn,, `hn argogèðn gudeh y ggnçieses nçieses dci prh`csh. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 5. _csumer un tcxth c ende`gr igs trgnsjhrmgèhncs quc cxpcremcntg cxpcremcn tg cn ci trçnseth dci tcxth eeneègi neègi (T (T)) g (t (t)) (rcsumcn (rcsumcn)) mcdegntc igs rcaigs dc entcargèðn, acncrgiezgèðn y suprcseðn dc enjhrmgèðn. Cstg tgrcg sc rcgiezgrç cn aruph pcquc÷h. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 7 72 2. Cn pgrclgs, rcsumer un mesmh tcxth ogsc gi 32% y gi ?3%. @hmcntgr igs dejcrcnègs dcsdc ci punth dc vestg `hanetevh y ienaùíste`h. aùíst e`h. S Sn n cstudeg cstudegntc ntc rcsumc ci tcxth gi 32% y ci htrh, ggii ?3 ?3%. %. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 77. Gngiez G ngiezgr gr quå sc d de`c e`c cxpiíètgmcn cxpiíètgmcntc tc shorc ci rcsumcn cn ci ùrríùium h﬇ègi y cn ihs ieorhs dc tcxth dc Cdu`gèð Cdu`gèðn n Rremgreg. ¸Wuå sc ic pedc pedc gi giumnh quc fgag ù ùgndh gndh sc ic shieè shieètg tg quc rcsumg cn ihs ieorhs ieorhs dc tcxth8 Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgr rcg iezgrçç cn aruph pcquc÷h pcquc÷h.. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 7?. Rrcpgrgr pgrg rcgiezgr cn ìgsc ci prh`csh dc ic`turg dc un jrgamcnth h dc un tcxth orcvc y mhstrgr igs jgscs dci prh`csh dc ic`turg y igs cstrgtcaegs `hrrcsphndecntcs quc sc phncn cn junèhngmecnth. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn pcquc÷hs aruphs. Erç dereaedg cspcègimcntcc gi giumngdh dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. cspcègimcnt :4 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P G`tevedgd G`tev edgd 70. Desc÷gr g`tevedgdcs quc jhmcntcn ci entcrås dci ne÷h phr ig ic`turg. Rucdc scr dc gyudg ig `hnsuitg dc cxpcrecnègs cxpcrecnègs cn rcvest rcvestgs gs prhjcsehngics, `hmh Dedç`te`g. Icnaug y Ietcrgturg; @ugdcrnhs dc Rcdgahaíg; Icnauglc y Tcxths; Tcxths dc Dedç`te`g dc ig Icna Icnaug ug y ig Ietcrgturg, cntrc htrgs. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn aruph pcquc÷h. G`tevedgd G`tev edgd 74 74. Hragnezgr Hragne zgr ig oeoie oeoiehtc`g htc`g dc guig y ig oeoieh oeoiehtc`g tc`g dc ``cncntrh y cstgoic`cr pigncs dc ic`turg `cntrgdhs cn ci cstudeh dc dejcrcntcs tcmgs y/h y/h guthr guthrcs, cs, rcigèhngndh pgrg `gdg unh dc ciihs u ung ng iestg goec goecrtg rtg dc títuihs dejcrcntcs. @hnsuitgr ci @cntrh Zertugi Zertu gi iccr.cs, iccr.cs, cn ci mg mgr`h r`h dc ig csùcig ?.2 dci Menestcreh dc Cdu`gèðn, @uiturg y Dcphrtc (9 ww w w w. iccr.cs/oeoiehtc`gscs`higrcs>), iccr.cs/oeoiehtc`gscs`higrcs >), decz ìgvcs pgrg cmpczgr. Gsemesmh, scríg entcrcsgntc `hnh`cr ig hragnezgèðn dc ig oeoiehtc`g dc giaün `hicaeh. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn aruph pcquc÷h. G`tevedgd G`tev edgd 73. Cn pcquc÷hs aruphs, dengmezgr ig oeoiehtc`g dci `cntrh. @hnsuitgr ci gpgrtgdh dc oucngs prç`te`gs rcigèhngdgs `hn ci junèhngmecnth dc ig oeoiehtc`g cs`higr (@cntrh Zertugi iccr.cs, cn ci mgr`h dc ig csùcig ?.2 dci Menestcreh dc C Cdu`gèð du`gèðn, n, @uiturg y Dcphrtc ww w w.iccr .iccr.cs/oe .cs/oeoieh oiehtc`gscs`higrcs tc`gscs`higrcs>). >). Pcríg entcrcsgntc rc`hacr ig cxpc(9w recnèg dc `ðmh sc fg`c cn giaün g iaün `hicaeh `hicaeh.. G`tevedgd G`tev edgd 7: 7:. _c`hrrcr ihs pigncs dc ic`turg ic`tu rg dc ig igss de dejcrcn jcrcntcs tcs `hmunedgdcs gutðnhmgs, gutðnhmgs, `hn cspcègi dctcnemecnth cn ig prhpeg. prhpeg. _cgiez _cgiezgr gr u un n enjhrmc dci `hntcnedh, eiustrgdh `hn un rc`hrredh dc ig wco. @hnsuitgr ci @cntrh Zertugi iccr.cs, cn ci mgr`h dc ig csùcig ?.2 dci Menestcreh dc Cdu`gèðn, @uiturg y Dcphrtc (9 w ww w w.icc .iccr. r.cs/oeo cs/oeoiehtc`gscs`higrcs iehtc`gscs`higrcs>). >). Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn aruph pcquc÷h. G`te G` teve vedg dgd d 71. _c`hrrcr ig wco @gsg dci ic`thr, dci @cntrh Entcrngèhngi pgrg ig Envcsteagèðn, ci Dcsgrrhiih y ig Envcsteagèðn dc ig Ic`turg dc ig Jundgèðn Pçn`fcz _uepårcz (9 ww w w w. `gsgic`thr.jundgèhnasr.`hm `gsgic`thr.jundgèhnasr.`hm>). >). Acrmçn _cgiezgr un enjhrmc dci `hntcnedh, eiustrgdh `hn un rc`hrredh phr ig wco. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn aruph pcquc÷h pcquc÷h.. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 7 76 6. _c`hrrcr cn ig wco dci @cntrh Entcrngèhngi Entcrng` ehngi dci Ieorh ww w w.jundgèhnasr .jundgèhnasr.`hm .`hm>), >), ihs prhargmgs, puoie`gEnjgntei y Luvcnei (9w èhncs c eneègtevgs dc jhrmgèðn, cspcègimcntc rcjcredhs g ig prhmhèðn dc ig ic`turg. _cgiezg _cg iezgrr un enjhrmc sho shorc rc ig prhm prhmhèðn hèðn dc ig ic`turg cntrc ne÷hs dc dc Cdu`gèðn R Rremgreg. remgreg. Cstg C stg g`tevedgd sc rcg rcgiezg iezgrç rç cn aruph pcquc÷h. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 75. Cn pcquc÷hs aruphs, rc`hrrcr ig wco dci @cntrh dc Cstudehs dc Rrhmhèðn dc ig Ic`turg y ig Ietcrgturg Enjgntei (@CRIE) 0. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG IC@TS_G :3 ww w w.uìm. .uìm.cs/ cs/`cpie `cpie>). >). _cgiezgr un enjhrmc shorc ig prhmhèðn dc ig (9w ic`turg, eiustrgdh e iustrgdh `hn ci rc`hrredh dc ig wco. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd ?2. Desc÷gr prhargmgs dc gnemgèðn g ig ic`turg pgrg ig oeoiehtc`g dci `cntrh, pgrg ig Pcmgng dci Ieorh dci `cntrh, pgrg ig Jcreg dci Ieorh dc ig ih`giedgd. Rucdc `hnsester cn ig oüsqucdg dc pcrshnglcs dc jgntgsíg, dc gvcnturg, dc gnemgics `hmh prhtgahnestgs, dc ècnèg ﬇`èðn, pgrg giumnhs y giumngs dc sces g hn`c g÷hs. Ihs giumnhs dc `gdg ìgsc ìg sc ous`grç ous`grçn n su pcrshnglc jgvh jgvhreth reth cn ieo ieorhs, rhs, pciíùigs, ct`. Envcn Envcn-tgrçn lucahs, trgogicnaugs, `gnèhncs, de`fhs, gdevengnzgs, trgogicnaugs… shorc ihs pcrshnglcs. Cstg g`tevedgd gdmetc müitepics vgregntcs, tgics `hmh quc `gdg ìgsc pucdc prcpgrgr prcpgrgr g`t g`tevedgdcs evedgdcs pgrg ig ìgsc dc su mesmh nevci. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn aruph argndc. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd ?7. Cn pcquc÷h aruph, gngiezgr ci Enjhrmc cspg÷hi dci Cstudeh Entcrngèhngi RE_IP shorc ig `hmprcnseðn ic`thrg, fgècndh rcjcrcnèg g ihs dejcrcntcs jg`thrcs quc en﬏uycn cn ihs rcsuitgdhs. @hmh phdcmhs vcr, ci `hnhèmecnth y ig enjhrmgèðn dci mgcstrh cn cstc tcmg cs jundgmcntgi. j undgmcntgi. Nh mcnhr mcnhr fg dc scr su `gpgèdgd `rcgtevg y dc emgaengèðn pgrg cn`grgr cn`grg r ci jhmcn jhmcnth th dc ig ic`turg dc su giumngdh. Dc csths `hnhèmecnths ‐secmprc phdrç `hntgr `hn mhvemecnths dc rcnhvgèðn nhvgè ðn pcdgaðae`g, ieorcrígs cspcègi cspcègiezgdg ezgdgs, s, enstetuèhncs rcigè rcigèhngdgs hngdgs `hn ig cdu`gèðn, cdethregics, ct`., quc, `hn mgyhr h mcnhs entcnsedgd, vcign phr ci jhmcnth dc ig ic`turg cn ig enjgnèg, ig gdhics`cnèg y ig luvcntud‐ luvc ntud‐ dcpcn dcpcndcrç dcrç ci austh phr ig ic`turg quc gdquecrgn h nh ihs giumnhs y giumngs. :: DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P 4. Dedç`te`g dc ig cs`returg Ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig cs`returg sc fg `hn`coedh cn tårmenhs tår menhs ph`h prç`te`hs y sc ogsg cn ung enstru`èðn grte﬇ègi. Z, Ci dcsgrrhiih dc ihs prh`cshs pse`hiðae`hs pse`hiðae`hs supcrehrcs, 7515. 4. 4.7 7. Entrhdu`èðn Entrhdu`` eðn Cn cstc tcmg pigntcgmhs ig cnsc÷gnzg cnsc÷gnz g y ci gprcn gprcndez dezglc glc dc ig fgoeiedgd ienaùíste`g ienaù íste`g mç mçss `hmpic `hmpiclg< lg< ig ``hmphse hmphseèðn èðn h prhdu`èð prhdu`èðn n dc tcxths tcx ths cs`reths, dc ig quc dcpcndc, cn pgrtc, ci åxeth g`gdåme`h y prhjcsehngi. Ci phr`cntglcc dc cst phr`cntgl cstudegntcs udegntcs quc ttecnc ecncn n prhoi prhoicmgs cmgs dc rcdg`èðn, ig cs`g cs`gsg sg gtcnèðn gtcnè ðn prcstgdg g ig cs`r cs`returg eturg cn thdh ci sestcmg cdu`gtevh cspg÷hi y ci jrcùcntc hivedh dc ig cs`returg cn gseangturgs quc nh scgn Icnaug `gstciigng y Ietcrgturg suphncn ung `grcnèg emphrtgntc cn ih quc rcspc`tg g igs prç`te`gs dc cs`returg, quc gjc`tgn `hnsedcrgoicmcntc g ig gdqueseèðn y gi dhmeneh dc ihs `hnhèmecnths y dc igs fgoeiedgdcs dc cs`returg. Rgrg ciih, gohrdgmhs gohrdgmhs igs `hmpct `hmpctcnègs cnègs oçse`gs dc ccs`returg s`returg quc fg dc dhmengr un endeveduh, ci prh`csh quc sc seauc gi cs`reoer un tcxth, ihs prenèpgics tephs tcxtugics y aåncrhs desùrsevhs quc sc dgn cn ihs ushs shègics y g`gdåme`hs, y ci tgiicr dc cs`returg `rcgtevg pgrg desjrutgr `hn ig cs`returg. @hmh phdrçs vcr, ig cs`returg tecnc ung emphrtgnèg muy `hnsedcrgoic cn ig vedg shègi dci endeveduh endeveduh,, cn ùg ùgnth nth qu qucc cs u ung ng fcrrgmecntg pgrg trgnsjhrmgr igs vedgs, pgrg `rcgr gprcndezglcs mçs prhjundhs, tcnecndh cn ùcntg quc servc tgmoeån pgrg `hnc`tgr gi endeveduh `hn ci `hnhèmecnth `hic`tevh dci mundh. :1 4.?. Sshs shègics y g`gdåme`hs dc ig cs`returg Ihs ushs shègics dc ig cs`returg `hnstetuycn un jcnðmcnh emphrtgntc pgrg ci endeveduh cn igs shècdgdcs gijgoctezgdgs `hmh `hnscùcnèg dc igs entcrg`è entcrg`èhncs hncs shègics cn igs quc sc vc cnvucit cnvucithh g ih igrah ig rah dc thdg su vedg. Pc cs`reoc shorc ig pcrshng dcsdc gntcs dc ng`cr (hostctreèg y aenc`hihaíg), y sc seauc cs`reoecndh shorc ciig fgstg dcspuås dc fgocr jgiicèdh (pgrtedg dc dcjunèðn, fcrcnègs, ct`.). Cstg mesmg pcrshng icc y cs`reoc cn çmoeths devcrshs y `hn entcnèhncs destentgs, `gse secmprc `hn ig prctcnseðn dc `hmune`grsc `hn ihs dcmçs. Ihs cstudehs cst udehs shorc cs`returg `hnèoc `hnèocn n cstg fgoeiedgd `hmh ung prç`te`g shègi quc iicvgmhs g `goh cn ``hn hntcxths tcxths `hmh ig `gsg `gsg,, ig `hmunedgd, igs enstetuèhn enstetuèhncs, cs, y prenè prenèpgimcntc pgimcntc cn csùcigs, enstetuths, unevcrsedgdcs y çmoeths prhjcsehngics. Ig rcpcrùseðn shègi dc ig cs`returg, gsí `hmh ig cxpieètgèðn cxpieètgèðn dci prh`csh quc sc seauc pgrg entcre entcrehrezgr hrezgr su dhmeneh cn ihs destenths `hntcxths (dcstengtgrehs c entcnèhncs), quc `hn﬇aurgn aåncrhs dejcrcntcs, phncn dc mgne﬇csth ig `hmpicledgd dc cstg fgoeiedgd ienaùíste`g y, dc mgncrg muy pgrteùigr, ig rcveseðn y ig rccs`returg dc tcxths. Rhr tgnth, cn ig mcdedg cn quc gyudcmhs g ihs gprcnde`cs gprcnde` cs h nhvcics g rcdg`tgr (cs`reoer, rccs`reoer, cdetgr, cxphncr y dcjcndcr cn püoie`h), cstgmhs dhtçndhics dc fcrrgmecntgs pgrg pgrteèpgr cn igs `hmunedgdcs cs`higrcs h g`gdåme`gs quc ihs rcèocn pgrg jhrmgrihs, cn igs entcrg`èhncs shègics y cn ci g``csh gi desùrsh püoie`h cn quc sc clcr`cn igs rcigèhncs cntrc endeveduhs, cntrc aruphs c enstetuèhncs; ih ùgi rcprcscntg tgnth `hmh g﬇rmgr quc ig cs`returg cs phdcr pgrg trgn sjhrmgr igs vedgs dc ihs endeveduhs, p trgnsjhrmgr pgrg grg uners unerscc `hn htrgs ùiturgs, ùitu rgs, dcsmete﬇`gr igs ig s dejcrcnègs y `hnc`tgrsc `hn ` hn ci `hnhèmec `hnhèmecnth nth `hic`tevh `hic`tevh dci mundh. Dc thdh ciih sc dcrevg quc un holctevh premhrdegi cn ihs `hntcxths cdu`gtevhs `hnsestc cn envcntgregr envcntgregr ihs ççmoe moeths ths shègics y cs`higrcs cn quc ci endeveduh fg dc cs`reoer h cn quc sc cs`reoc shorc åi, `hn ci prhpðseth dc jgvhrc`cr quc ihs giumnhs scgn `hnsècntcs dc ig emphrtgnèg quc tecnc clcr`cr ig èudgdgníg mcdegntc ig clcrètgèðn dc ig cs`returg cn `hmunedgd, yg quc cs`reoer gyudg g cxpihrgr ihs prhpehs pcnsgmecnths y scntemecnths, scntemecn ths, y hoieag g grteù grteùigr igr igs edcgs, g dcs`reoer y g gìgrgr ih qu qucc rcgimcntc sc pecnsg shorc un tcmg h gsunth. Cn cstc scntedh, cs`reoer cs ung fcrrgmecntg entcic`tug entcic`tugii y un mcdeh dc pgrteèpgèð pgrteèpgèðn n shègi. :6 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P Cn `hnscùcnèg, ci dhmeneh dc ig cs`returg cs ung ``hmp hmpctcnèg ctcnèg oçse`g cn ig jhrmgèðn dc ihs endeveduhs y pgr pgrteùigrmcntc teùigrmcntc cn ig jhrmgèðn dc mgcstrhs, tgnth cn su `hn`cpèðn dc prh`csh `hmh dc prhdu`th, y tgnth ig mhdgiedgd endevedugi `hmh ig quc sc iicvg g `goh cn `higohrgèðn `hn htrhs; tgnth se cs prcscnègi, `hmh mcdegntc pigtgjhrmgs dc gyudg enjhrmçte`gs. Gsí G sí ﬇aurg cn ihs ù ùrríùihs rríùihs dc ig cdu`gèðn cdu`gèðn hoieagthreg. Pc trgtg dci enstr enstrumcnt umcnthh phr cx`cicnèg dc `hnstru` `hnstru`èðn èðn y `hmune`gèðn dci `hnhèmecnth y dc hragnezgèðn dci pcnsgmecnth. Ihs gspc`ths shègics, `hanetevhs y tcxtugics quc entcrvecncn cn ig cs`returg phncn dc mgne﬇csth ig `hmpicledgd dc cstc jcnðmcnh, cn ci quc tecncn un pgpci jundgmcntgi j undgmcntgi ci `hnt `hntcxth cxth dc prhd prhdu`èðn u`èðn dci tcxth y ci prh`csh dc cs`returg dci mesmh. Ig enstru`èðn pgrg gdquerer ig `hmpctcnèg cn cs`returg prcèsg jgvhrc`cr ig rc﬏cxeðn, ig entcrehrezgèðn, ig guthnhmíg guth nhmíg y ig dcstrczg pg pgrg rg quc ihs giumnhs `hnseagn cst cstgg fgoeiedgd. Cn çmoeths g`gdåme`hs fgy dhs `hrrecntcs rcigèhngdgs `hn ig cs`returg (wretena (wretena g`rhss tfc ùrreùium, ùrreùium, QG@, y wretena en tfc desèpiencs, QeD), quc `hnèocn ci ush dc ig cs`returg `hmh fcrrgmecntg dc gprcndezglc (cs`reoer pgrg gprcndcr y gprcndcr pgrg cs`reoer). Ci QG@ suphnc `hn`coer ig cs`returg `hn ﬇ngiedgdcs `hmh gìgrgr(sc) unh mesmh `hn`cpths h edcgs (fcrrgmecntg dc gprcndezglc pgrg trgnsjhrmgr ci `hnhèmecnth), dcmhstrgr y trgnsmeter `hnhèmecnths, en`rcmcntgr ci pcnsgmecnth pcnsg mecnth y ig fgoeiedg fgoeiedgd d dc rcshivcr prh prhoicmgs oicmgs y vever cn `hmun `hmunedgd. edgd. Ciih empie`g ung `hn`cpèðn dc ig cs`returg ogsgdg cn ci `hntcxth (ig setugèðn) setugèð n),, cn ci prh`csh `hanetevh (jgscs, mc`gnesmhs y cstrgtcaegs pgrg jgvhrc`cr jgvhr c`cr ig rc﬏cxeðn rc﬏cxeðn)) y cn ci tcx tcxth th (nh (nhrmgs rmgs dc tcxtu tcxtugiedgd). giedgd). Csths pigntcgmecnths pigntcgmecnths sc ogsgn cn igs tchrígs `hn ` hntru`tev tru`tevestgs, estgs, quc shstecncn quc ci `hnhèmecnth nh sc gdquecrc dc mgncrg pgsevg, senh quc `gdg cstudegntc `hnstruycg dc mgncrg susycstru`turgs `hanetevgs; igs ùgics sc trgnsjhrmgn mcdedg qucg`tevg `gmoeg `rc`c nucstrh `hnhèmecnth. Gdcmçs, cstgs `hrrecntcs jhmcntgn un pigntcgmecnth rctðre`h, cn ùgnth quc empie`g gprcndcr g cs`reoer cn desèpiengs pgrteùigrcs h cn `hmunedgdcs desùrsevgs. desù rsevgs. Ig tgrcg dc QG QG@ @ y dc QeD ``hnsestc, hnsestc, phr tgnth, cn gyudgr g ihs cstudegntcs cstud egntcs g entrhduèrsc cn igs `hnvc `hnvcnèh nèhncs ncs dci desùrsh g`gdåme`h, cn acncrgi, y cn igs `hnvcnèhncs desùrsevgs dc ig desèpieng h gseangturg, cn pgrteùigr. Cn sumg, QG@ dcoc scr cntcndedh `hmh un prhargmg quc trgnsjhrmg ci ùrríùium, ùrr íùium, prhmhvecndh ig cs`returg pgrg pg rg gprcndcr y ci gprcndezglc pgrg cs`reoer cn thdgs igs desèpiengs. Cn acncrgi, ihs prhargmgs QG@ Q G@ sc jundg jundgmcn mcntgn tgn shorc ihs seauecntcs sup supucsths< ucsths< 4. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG CP@_ETS_G :5 • • • • Ig cs`returg y ci pcnsgmecnth cstçn ieagdhs. Gprcndcr Gprcn dcr pgrg cs`reoer oec oecn n empie`g gprcndc gprcndcrr `hnvcn `hnvcnèhn èhncs cs desùrsedesù rsevgs pgrteùigrcs y, phr csth, ig cs`returg pcrtcnc`c g thdh ci ùrríùium, nh shih shih g ig ìg ìgsc sc dc icnaug. Ihs cstudegntcs gprcndcn mclhr cn ìgscs g`tevgs quc cn ìgscs pgsevgs y ci gprcndezglc nh cs üne`gmcntc shietgreh senh quc tgmoeån cs un jcnðmcnh `higohrgtevh shègi. Ig cs`returg mclh mclhrg rg ùg ùgndh ndh cs `rete`gdg phr pgrcs, cn ig rc rcveseðn veseðn y cn ig rccs`returg. Rhr tgnth, cstc pigntcgmecnth ous`g mhde﬇`gr ig `hn`cpèðn trgdeèhngi dc ìgsc `cntrgdg cn ci prhjcshr prhjcshr,, phr ung `cntrgdg cn ci giumnh. Pcaün cstc mhdcih, ci prhjcshr g`tüg `hmh auíg, `hmh jgèietgdhr, cn vcz dc lucz, y rcsphndc g ig cs`returg pigntcgndh prcauntgs, prcauntgs, gy gyudgndh udgndh g sus giumnhs g pcnsgr mçs giiç. g iiç. Ig prhsg cstç ogsgdg cn ci ic`thr mçs quc cn ci cs`rethr, y ig gudecnèg cs un püoie`h g quecn sc ic dcoc cxpie`gr h trgnsmeter enjhrmgèð enjhrmgèðn, n, dc gùcrdh `hn ci teph dc cs`retur cs`returgg prhjcsehngi prhjcsehngi (aåncrh desùrsevh) desùrsevh) quc ci cstudegntc vg g tcncr quc rcgiezgr jucrg dc igs guigs. 4.0. @hmpctcnègs oçse`gs cn cs`returg Igs `hmpct `hmpctcnègs cnègs shn `gpgèdgdcs quc sc gdquecr gdquecrcn cn mcdegntc ig rcgie rcgiezgzgèðn dc g`èhncs c﬇`g`cs cn `hntcxths dctcrmengdhs (çmoeths h demcnsehncs shègics, entcrpcrshngics, pcrshngics h prhjcsehngics) pgrg rcshivcr prhoicmgs rcgics. Pc trgtg, phr tgnth, dc jcnðmcnhs `hmpiclhs quc `hnsestcn cn sgocr fg`cr `hsgs setugdgs `hntcxtug `hntcxtugimcn imcntc. tc. Ci trgoglh phr `hmpctcnègs sc enscrtg, pucs, cn ci mhdcih shèh`hnstru`tevestgg dc cnsc÷gnzg y gprcndezglc, `hnstru`tevest gprcndezglc, cn ig tchríg dc ig g`èðn, cn ùgnth quc sc gntcphnc ig junèhngiedgd dci gprcndezglc, ig g`tevedgd dci sulcth. Rgrg csh sc mhveiezgn dc mgncrg entcrrcigèhngdg ihs dejcrcntcs `hmphncntcs dc ig `hmpctcnèg< `hnhèmecnths, prh`cdemecnths y g`tetudcs; ih ùgi fg`c quc igs `hmpctcnègs cn cdu`gèðn tcnagn un `grç`tcr junèhngi, cn ùg ùgnth nth quc ous`gn ig gpie`gèðn gpie`gèðn dci `hnhèmec `hnhèmecnnth gdqueredh y dc ihs csqucmgs dc g`tugèðn g htrgs setugèhncs y prhoicmgs oic mgs rcgics. rcg ics. Ig `hmpctcnèg cn `hmune`gèðn ienaùíste`g `hnsestc cn `hn`coer ig icnaug `hmh un enstrumcnth pgrg cnsc÷gr y cjc`tugr ci scauemecn12 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P th dc ihs gprcndezglcs cn thdgs igs mgtcregs dci ùrríùih. Rhr cstg rgzðn, cn ihs `hntcxths `hntcxths cs`higrcs sc destenauc ig «icnaug dc cnsc÷gnzg h dc enstru`èðn» (pgrg gprcndcr, pgrg sgocr fgoigr, iccr y cs`reoer cn thdgs igs mgtcregs, phrquc gprcndcr ung desèpieng seane﬇`g gprcndcr ig icnaug dc csg desèpieng) dc ig «icnaug `hmh desèpieng» (ung mgtcreg mçs dci ùrríùih, dhndc sc cstudeg ig rc﬏cxeðn shorc ig icnaug< sestcmg, nevcics, unedgdcs; festhreg, ushs, mhdgiedgdcs, ct`.). Dcsdc ci prenèpeh dc ig cs`higredgd, ci icnauglc cstç cn ci `cntrh dc ihs gprcndezglcs, cn sus dejcrcntcs junèhncs y ushs, yg quc vcfeùig ig gprhpegèðn dc ihs `hnhèmecnths. @hnjhrmc g ihs phstuigdhs dc Zyahtsky, Fgiiedgy y Oruncr, ci icnauglc cs ung fcrrgmecntg quc uteiezg ci fhmorc pgrg dgr scntedh gi mundh quc ic rhdcg; cn `hnscùcnèg, ci dhmeneh dc ig icnaug cs pgrtc emphrtgntc cn ig `hnstru`èðn dc ihs sgocrcs. Dc gfí quc cn `gdg desèpieng scg prcèsh pigntcgr trcs `gtcahrígs dc `hmpctcnègs< `hnhèmecnths (sgocr), prh`cdemecnths (sgocr fg`cr), g`tetudcs (scr), rcigèhngdgs rcspc`tevgmcntc `hn ci fgoig, ig ic`turg y ig cs`returg, `hnsedcrgdgs `hmh ci jundgmcnth dci åxeth cs`higr. Mhstrgmhs g `hntenugèðn igs prenèpgics `hmpctcnègs rcigèhngdgs `hn ig cs`returg; sc `hrrcsphndcn `hn ci prh`csh dc cs`returg (igs dejcrcntcs jgscs dc ig `hmphseèðn cs`retg) y `hn ihs tephs h aåncrhs desùrsevhs mcdegntc ihs quc sc usg ig icnaug cn ihs `hntcxths dc prhdu`èðn. Tgoig 1. @hmpctcnègs oçse`gs dc cs`returg cs`retur g (thmgd (thmgdhh dc Ç Çivgrcz, ivgrcz, ?272) ?272) Nevci dci prh`csh dc prhdu`èðn dc tcxths CP@_EOE_ • • • • • • • pgrg< pigneje`gr (iccr pgrg ous`gr enjhrmgèðn); `hndcnsgr enjhrmgèðn (rcsumcn, csqucmg, mgpg `hn`cptugi, endcxgèðn, pgigorgs ìgvc, títuih…); cxpgnder enjhrmgèðn (`hmcntgreh h aihsg); rcdg`tgr (nhrmgs dc tcxtugiedgd< `hfcrcnèg, `hfcseðn, gdcùgèðn, `hrrc`èðn…); rcvesgr y rccs`reoer; cdetgr; cxphncr y dcjcndcr cn püoie`h… Nevci dc tcxth CP@_EOE_ • • • • • • pgrg< `hntgr; dcs`reoer (cstru`turg (cstru`turg h sestcmg, mhrjhihaí mhrjhihaíg g ‐gspc`ths‐, ‐g spc`ths‐, prh`cs h h mc`gnesmh mc`gnesmh,, dcs`repèðn y dcjeneèðn); cxphncr y cxpie`gr (dcjeneèðn-dcs`repèðn, ìgseje`gèðn-tephihaíg, `hmpgrgèðn-`hntrgstc, `gusg`hnscùcnèg, prhoicmg-shiuèðn, eiustrgèðn); pgrg graumcntgr y `hntrggraumcntgr (dcmhstrgèðn, pcrsugseðn); cntrctcncrsc y `rcgr; `hnh`crsc… 4. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG CP@_ETS_G 17 4.4. 4.4. Rrh`csh dc cs`returg Ig dcs`repèð dcs`r epèðn n dc ihs prh`cshs mcntgics rcigèhngdhs `hn ig ``hmp hmprcnrcnseðn y ig prhdu`èðn dc tcxths fg mcrcèdh un entcrås pgrteùigr phr pgrtc dc desèpiengs `hmh ig pse`hihaíg `hanetevg. G tgi cjc`th, cstg desèpieng dcs`reoc igs cstrgtcaegs `hanetevgs y mctg`hanetevgs quc entcrvecncn cn `gdg jgsc h mhmcnth dc ig prhdu`èðn tcxtugi (pigne﬇`gèðn, tcxtugiezgèðn h rcdg`èðn prhpegmcntc de`fg, y rcveseðn), shorc ig ogsc dc prhth`hihs dc hoscrvgèðn dc `ðmh g`tügn (ih quc de`cn ùgndh ùg ndh cs`reocn y ih quc fg`cn mecntrgs cs`reocn) ihs cs`rethrcs cs`rethrcs nhvgths y cxpcrths. Cn Dedg`tcxt (?223) sc mucstrgn igs cstrgtcaegs `hanetevgs y mctg`hanetevgs quc sc phncn cn lucah g ig fhrg dc prhduèr tcxths. Ig uteiezgèð uteiez gèðn n h nh dc cstgs ccstrgtcaegs strgtcaegs dest destenauc enauc g ihs cs`rethr cs`rethrcs cs cxpcrths h oucnhs dc ihs nhvgths h mgihs; dc mhdh quc ig prenèpgi dejcrcnèg d ejcrcnèg rcsedc cn ig mgncrg dc entrhduèr ci `hnhèmecnth y cn ih quc ic su`cdc g csc `hnhème ` hnhèmecnt cnthh g ih igrah dci prh`csh dc `hmphseèðn `hmphseèðn ((P`grdg P`grdgmgieg mgieg y Ocrcetcr, 755?). Gsemesmh, csths guthrcs destenaucn, g ihs cjc`ths dc ig `hmphseèðn dc tcxths, cntrc «dcèr ci `hnhèmecnth» (prhduèr tcxths sen un pign prcveh) y «trgnsjhrmgr ci `hnhèmecnth» (gngiezgr ig tgrcg, cstgoic`cr ihs holctevhs, prhoicmgtezgr ig cs`returg, gprcndcr g`cr`g dci tcmg shorc ci quc sc cs`reoc; gsí `hmh gprcndcr g cs`reoer). Ci cnjhquc dedç`te`h dc﬇cndc prcèsgmcntc ig nc`csedgd dc gyudgr g ihs cstudegntcs g pgsgr dc ihs prh`cshs dc `hmphseèðn dc «dcèr ci `hnhèmecnth» g «trgnsjhrmgr ci `hnhèmecn `hnhèmecnth» th».. Cs cstc un hol holctevh ctevh cdu`gtevh prç`te`h c emphrtgntc phr sus empie`gèhncs cn ci dcsgrrhiih dci `hnhèmecnth, yg quc suphnc cnsc÷gr g cs`reoer rc﬏cxevgmcntc. Ihs trgoglhs t rgoglhs mc mcnèh nèhngdhs ngdhs fgstg gquí, `hn ungs u htrgs dcnh dcnhmengèhmengèhncs, sc rc﬇crcn g cstgs jgscs j gscs dc ig seauecntc mgncrg< • • • • cjc`tugr ig prccs`returg, cs`returg y phstcs`returg; rcuner enjhrmgèðn, csohzgr h ohsquclgr ci pign dc cs`returg; cs`reoer h rcdg`tgr; rcvesgr h `hrrcaer. Gsemesmh, cstgoic`cn ung screc dc prh`cshs h jgscs cn ig cs`returg `hn igs `hnseauecntcs cstrgtcaegs (rctðre`gs y guthrrcauigdhrgs), quc sc uteiezgn durgntc ci prh`csh dc cs`returg y quc `hnstetuycn, gsemesmh, `hmpctcnègs `hmpct cnègs cs`retgs oç oçse`gs. se`gs. Phn igs quc sc dcs`reocn g `hntenugèð `hntenugèðn. n. 1? DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P 4.4.7. Rigne﬇`gr pgrg cs`reoer Cstg premcrg jgsc dci prh`csh dc `hmphseè `hmphseèðn ðn dc un tcx tcxth th tecnc cn ùcntg prenèpgimcntc ig `hntcxtugiezgèðn. Ihs prh`cshs quc entcrvecncn cn ig pigne﬇`gèðn tcxtugi tcxtug i trgtg trgtgn n dc cn`hn cn`hntrgr trgr edcgs (`h (`hn`cpt n`cpths, hs, emçacncs, fc`fhs) shorc ci tcmg trgtgdh, tgnth cn ig mcmhreg (edcgs prcvegs) `hmh cn jucntcs dhùmcntgics (scic`èðn dc enjhrmgèðn cn junèðn dci tcmg). Rgrg ciih, ci endeveduh sc fg`c prcauntgs `hmh< ¸quå nc`cseth sgocr8, ¸gdðndc pucdh dereaermc8, ¸`ðmh `hnseah ig enjhrmgèðn8, ¸quå rcùrshs dcoh cmpicgr8, cmpicgr8, ¸quå rcaestrh dcoh uteiez uteiezgr8, gr8, ct`. (Qrg (Qrgyy y I Icwes, cwes, 7551/?222). Cstg tgrcg dc cs`returg `hnsestc cn trgoglgr `hn ihs mgtcregics desphneoics, `hn ig gyudg dc ig mcmhreg, dc igs ic`turgs y dc ig envcnèðn, gdcmçs dc `hntrhigr ig g`tevedgd dc rcdg`èðn. Cn ig pigne﬇`gèðn sc fg dc pcnsgr cn quå `hntgr, `ðmh `hntgrih y ùçndh cs gdcùgdh entrhduèr ih quc sc fg dcèdedh `hntgr. @hn ciih cvetgmhs ci cah`cntresmh, dcjc`th `grg`tcríste`h `g rg`tcríste`h dc ihs cs`reth cs`rethrcs rcs nhvgths, `hnjhrmc sc÷gign O Ocrce crcetcr tcr y P`grdgmgieg. Cn cstg jgsc sc icc pgrg ih`giezgr enjhrmgèðn, pgrg gprcndcr `hsgs nucvgs, pgrg sgocr mçs. Ihs prhdu`ths dc cstg jgsc dc ig cs`returg shn ihs csqucmgs y ihs rcsümcncs, prenèpgimcntc. @hmh `hnscùcnèg dci mgnclh dc dhùmcntgèðn surac ig nc`csedgd dc gostrgcr h rcsumer ci `hntcnedh dc igs enjhrmgèhncs quc cn ciig sc `hntecnc mcdegntc mgpgs `hn`cptugics, pgigorgs ìgvc y tetuigrcs. 4.4.?. _cdg`tgr pgrg cs`reoer Ig rcdg`èðn prhpegmcntc de`fg `hnsestc cn ig vcrogiezgèðn cs`retg dc ihs tcxths mcdegntc cnunègdhs g`cptgoics, `hfcrcntcs, gprhpegdhs y `hrrc`ths. Cstc prh`csh dc trgsigèðn gi tcxth dc igs edcgs `hntcnedgs cn ci pign dc cs`returg cs`retur g `hnsestc oçse`gmcntc cn ous`gr ci icnauglc `hrrcsphn `hrrcsphn-decntc g ig enjhrmgèðn cxestcntc cn ig mcmhreg dci quc cs`reoc, gdcmçs dc ig cxtrgídg g pgrter dc ig dhùmcntgèðn mgnclgdg pgrg tgi cjc`th. _cspc`th g ig prhdu`èðn tcxtugi, Dc Ocguargndc y Drcssicr (7567/7551) destenaucn sectc nhrmgs dc tcxtugiedgd h prenèpehs `hnstetutevhs, g sgocr< `hfcseðn (mc`gnesmhs `hfcsevhs `hmh ig rcpcteèðn, igs pgrçjrgses, ig ciepses, ihs tecmphs y gspc`ths vcrogics, igs prhjhrmgs, ihs `hnc`thrcs), `hfcrcnèg (rcigèhncs quc suoyg`cn oglh ig supcr﬇èc dci tcxth), entcnèhngiedgd (entcnèðn `hmune`gtevg dci fgoigntc), g`cptgoeiedgd (rcicvgnèg dci tcxth pgrg ci rc`cpthr), enjhrmgtevedgd (argdh dc nhvcdgd h dc emprcveseoeiedgd dci tcxth), setugèhngiedgd (rcicvgnèg 4. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG CP@_ETS_G 10 dci tcxth cn rcigèðn `hn ig setugèðn `hmune`gtevg) c entcrtcxtugiedgd (`hmprcnseðn gdcùgdg dc un tcxth cn rcigèðn `hn ci `hnhèmecnth dc tcxths gntcrehrcs). Csths mesmhs guthrcs cstgoic`cn prenèpehs rcauigtevhs `hmh ig c﬇`gèg, ig cjc`tevedgd y ig gdcùgèðn cn ig `hmphseèðn dci tcxth. Cn cstg jgsc iccmhs pgrg cs`reoer, pgrg gvgnzgr cn ig cs`returg; y ci prhdu`th prhd u`th `hnsestc cn cigohrgr ohrrgdhrcs h tcxths entcrmcdehs. Rgrg ciih cs prcèsh tcncr cn ùcntg ci csqucmg mcntgi h supcrcstru`turg csqucmçte`g y ihs aåncrhs tcxtugics mçs mç s jrcùcntcs cn igs entcrg`èhn entcrg`èhncs cs shègics dc ihs endeveduhs y cn ig vedg g`gdåme`g, gsí `hmh igs rcauigredgdcs ienaùíste`gs y tcxtugics dc `gdg aåncrh. Ig cigohrgèðn dc ohrrgdhrcs cs prcèsgmcntc ung dc igs cstrgtcaegs quc mçs dejcrcnèg g quecncs cs`reocn oecn dc quecncs cs`reocn mgi. Tgics tcxths entcrmcdehs `hnstetuerçn ig mgtcreg (mçs h mcnhs `gðte`g) quc sc vgyg g uteiezgr pgrg ig rcveseðn (dci `ghs gi hrdcn), secmprc rcùrrcntc, fgstg ci iharh dci tcxth dc﬇netevh (`hfcrcntc, `hfcsehngdh, gdcùgdh y `hrrc`th), jcnðmcnh quc trgtgrcmhs g `hntenugèðn. 4.4.0. 4.4. 0. _cvesgr pgrg pg rg cs`reoer _cvesgr tcxths `hnsestc prenèpgimcn prenèpgimcntc tc cn edcnte﬇`gr iharhs y prho prhoicmgs icmgs tcxtugics dc mhdh quc sc dcstgqucn ihs premcrhs y sc ousquc rcshivcr ihs scaundhs mcdegntc ig `hrrcsphndecntc rcjhrmuigèðn h rccs`returg pgrg quc qucdcn mçs prcèshs, mçs ociihs, mçs g`hrdcs `hn igs entcnèhentcnèhncs `hmune`gtevgs, mçs hragnezgdhs, `hfcrcntcs y `hfcsehngdhs, mçs gdcùgdhs gi pcr﬇i dc ihs dcstengtgrehs, g su `hnhèmecnth dc ihs `hntcnedhs y dc ihs rcaestrhs ienaùíste`hs quc dhmengn, gsí `hmh `hrrc`ths iåxe`g, argmgte`gi y hrtharç﬇`gmcntc. Pc trgtg, phr tgnth, dc un sgocr fg`cr, dc ung g`tevedgd dc vucitg shorc ci ci tcxth, quc en entcrvecnc tcrvecnc cn thdgs igs tg tgrcgs rcgs y cn thdgs ig igss jgscs dc ig cs`returg. Ciih fg`c quc ig junèð ju nèðn n dc rcveseðn y dc rccs`returg scgn jjununèhncs dc mclhrg; phr tgnth, sc trgtg dc ung tgrcg pcdgaðae`g cscnègi. Ig cdeèðn dc﬇netevg dci tcxth, `hmh jgsc ﬇ngi dci prh`csh, rcprcscntg tgmoeån tg moeån ig g`cptgèðn dci tcxth phr pgrtc pgrt c dci cs`rethr y dci phseoic ic`thr ic`thr h dcstengtgreh. @hn`coer ig cs`returg `hmh prh`csh, gdcmçs dc `hmh prhdu`th ﬇ngi, suphnc rc`hnh`cr quc nh shih sc rcvesg gi ﬇ngi dci tcxth, senh tgmoeån ùgndh sc pigne﬇`g y sc rcdg`tg, cs dcèr, gntcs dc cmpczgr g cs`reoer, durgntc ig rcdg`èðn y cn ci pgsh dci ohrrgdhr gi tcxth dc﬇netevh. Cs, pucs, ung junèðn rcùrsevg, cn ùgnth quc, g pgrter dci 14 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P `hntcxth dc ig cs`returg (entcnèðn, dcstengtgreh, aåncrh desùrsevh y tcmg),, sc gtecndc g igs mhde﬇`gèhncs cn ig sscic`èðn tcmg) cic`èðn dc ig enjhrmgèðn pcrtencntc, g ihs g`hmhdhs g ig entcnèðn y gi dcstengtgreh, gsí `hmh g ig cigohrgèðn dci tcxth y gi jhrmgth quc dc﬇netevgmcntc gdhptc su cdeèðn. Ig `hmpicledgd `hmpicledgd dc ihs prh`cshs dc rcveseðn tcxtu tcxtugi gi fg sedh cst cstudegudegdg phr ig pse`hihaíg `hanetevg, igs ècnègs dci icnauglc y ig `hmune`gèðn y ig dedç`te`g dc ig cs`returg. De`fg `hmpicledgd fg`c nc`csgreh, cn sus premcrhs pgshs, tutcigr ig rcveseðn mcdegntc ci desc÷h dc auígs dc `hntrhi quc jgèietcn ci deganðste`h y ig g`tugèðn shorc ci tcxth pgrg mclhrgrih. Cstc er y vcner dc edcnte﬇`gèðn dc prhoicmgs y dc cxprcseðn dc ihs mesmhs (rccs`returg) cn ci ohrrgdhr pcrmetc quc ci cs`rethr h cs`rethrg rcmhdcic sus csqucmgs dc `hnhèmecnth, y, cn tgi scntedh, `hntreouyc g trgnsjhrmgr ci `hnhèmecnth, `hndeèðn prenèpgi dc ig cs`returg. Rhr htrg pgrtc, csh fg`c quc igs junèhncs dc rcveseðn rcveseðn y rccs`returg scgn rgrg rgrgss cn ihs cs`rethrcs nhvcics, quecncs, acncrgimcntc, cn cstgs h`gsehncs sc è÷cn g ihs gspc`ths supcr﬇ègics dci tcxth. Ig rcic`turg cn ig rcveseðn dc un tcxth `hnsestc cn ung trepic tgrcg< dctc`tgr, edcnte﬇`gr edcnte﬇`gr y mhde﬇`g mhde﬇`grr ig unedgd dc icnaug h jrgamcnth `hnse `hnse-dcrgdh mclhrgoic phr ci cs`rethr, dc mgncrg quc cstc vucivc g trgoglgr su pcnsgmecnth pgrg ìgre﬇`grih y ous`gr ig jhrmuigèðn `hrrcsphndecntc pgrg rccs`reoer de`fg unedgd h jrgamcnth jrgamcnth.. Dcsdc ci punth dc vestg mcthdhiðae`h, se oecn ig rcveseðn sc rcgiezg rcgie zg dc mgncrg rcùrsevg, cstg jgsc `hnsestc cn gnemgr gi giumnh g< • • • rciccrr ci ohrrgdhr `hn ig ﬇ngiedgd dc ih`giezg rcicc ih`giezgrr gècrths pgrg dcstg`gr dcstg`g rihs y crrhrcs pgrgpgrg rc shivcrihs, rcshivcrihs, ihs nevcics dc entcrvcnèðn igs hpcrgèhncs rcvesgr y`hnjhrmc cdetgr ungtcxth, ende`gdgs cn igs tgoigsy seauecntcs; `hnseangr igs mhde﬇`gèhncs mhde﬇`gèhncs quc fg dc iicvgr g `goh pg pgrg rg mclh mclhrgr rgr ci tcxth; `hnsuitgr gi mgcstrh h prhjcshr igs dudgs cxestcntcs, gntcs dc dgr ci tcxth phr dc﬇netevh. @hn ci ﬇n dc rcvesgr dctcnedgmcntc ci tcxth, sc ende`gn g `hntenugèðn giaunhs jcnðmcnhs h unedgdcs dc icnaug, `hrrcsphndecntcs g ihs dejcrcntcs nevcics dc entcrvcnèðn< 4. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG CP@_ETS_G 13 Tgoig 6. Jcnðmcn Jcnðmcnhs hs tcxtugics tcxtug ics h unedgdcs dc icnaug Nevcics dc entcrvcnèðn • • • • • • • • Rgrgtcxth. Pc trgtg dci `hnlunth dc cicmcnths quc g`hmpg÷gn gi tcxth pgrg gscaurgr su prcscnèg y su rc`cpèðn. Giaunhs dc csths cicmcnths shn< ci títuih, ihs suotítuihs, ci prðihah, ci índe`c dc mgtcregs, igs nhtgs, ci jhrmgth, igs eiustrgèhncs, ci aihsgreh, ihs gpånde`cs, ig oeoiehargjíg, ct`. Tcxth. Tecnc quc vcr prenèpgimcntc `hn ig cstru`turg y ig hragnezgèðn dc ig enjhrmgèðn. Edcg. Gtecndc g ihs `hn`cpths, dcjeneèhncs y dcs`repèhncs, lusteje`gèhncs, ct`. Rçrrgjh. Cn cstrc`fg rcigèðn `hn igs edcgs, cstc nevci tecnc `hmh holcth dc hoscrvgèðn prcjcrcntc ig uneðn dc pçrrgjhs mcdegntc ihs `hrrcsphndecntcs hragnezgdhrcs tcxtugics y su hrdcngèðn cn ci `hnlunth dci tcxth. Jrgsc y hrgèðn. Pc `hrrcsphndc `hn ig `hnstru`èðn iðae`g cn ci hrdcn dc pgigorgs, cn ci quc entcrvecncn prenèpgimcntc ig puntugèðn, ihs cicmcnths dcí`te`hs, `hrrcjcrcnègics, rcjhrmuigdhrcs, ihs `hnc`thrcs, ct`. Rgigorg. Gtecndc g ig prcèseðn iåxe`g, ihs tc`neèsmhs, ct`. Píigog. @hrrcsphndc g ig scamcntgèðn dc síigogs. Ictrg. Trgtg dc ùcstehncs hrtharçje`gs y `giearçje`gs, gsí `hmh dc ihs hragnezgdhrcs mctgtcxtugics (teph y tgmg÷h dc ictrg, ush dc ncaretg, ùrsevg, suorgygdh, pgråntcses, `hmeiigs, punths, ictrgs, rgygs h nümcrhs pgrg cnumcrgr fc`fhs, jcnðmcnhs, graumcnths, ct`.). Ci prh`csh quc sc seauc cn ig rcveseðn rcv eseðn dc ihs ihs tcxths cs ci seauecntc< g) ic`turg, `hn ci prhpðse prhpðseth th dc cvg cvgiugr iugr y mcl mclhrgr hrgr ci tcx tcxth; th; o) `hmprcnseðn dci tcxth; `) dctc`èðn dc errcauigredgdcs, encxg`tetudcs, gmoeaùcdgdcs, `hntrgscntedhs, engdcùgèhncs, rcpcteèhncs, gng`hiuths, `grcnègs dc enjhrmgèðn, ct`.; d) deganðste`h dc tg tgics ics jcnðm jcnðmcnhs; cnhs; c) mhde﬇`gèðn h rccs`returg dci jrgamcnth dc tcxth cs`reth `hnsedcrgdh pcrjc`teoic phr ci cs`rethr. Rgrg ciih sc prhphrèhngn gi giumnh auígs h pignteiigs quc ic gyudcn g rc﬏cxehngr g`cr`g dci `hntcxth y dci prh`csh dc prhdu`èðn, gsí `hmh dci tcxth cs`reth (vcr Dedg`tcxt, ?223), mcdegntc igs quc sc ic envetg g trgnsetgr phr ci tcxth `hmh enspc`thr h dctc`tevc, y g cxprcsgr igs mhde﬇`gèhncs quc fg dc entrhduèr pgrg mclhrgr su tcxth. tcx th. Ig mgncrg dc iicvgr iicvg r g `goh ig rcveseðn pucdc sc scrr endevedugi, phr pgrclgs, cn pcquc÷hs aruphs (dc trcs h ùgtrh ù gtrh pcrshngs pcrshngs)) h cn rcd (m (mcdegntc cdegntc Entcrnct), ih quc pigntcg ig phtcnègiedgd dc ig rcveseðn dc tcxths cn `higohrgèðn, `higohrgè ðn, fc`fh g d destgnèg. estgnèg. Cn thdh `gsh, `hmh sc vecnc phstuigndh, cs emphrtgntc `hntgr `hn ci desc÷h y ig gpie`gèðn dc fcrrgmecntgs quc auícn ig rcveseðn dc ig prhdu`èðn dc ihs tcxths (prh`csh y prhdu`th). Jea. 0. Hpcrgèhncs pgrg rcvesgr y cdetgr un tcxth G ÷ gd e r 1: P up r e m e r P u s t e t ue r DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P _ ch r a gn e z gr Ig gpie`gèðn prç`te`g dc ig rcveseðn dc tcxths, `hmh sc eiustrg cn ig ﬇aurg quc vecnc g `hntenugèðn, sc iicvg g `goh, cn premcr iuagr, prcèsgndh ci nevci h ihs nevcics cn quc sc dcèdc entcrvcner; dcspuås, fgorç quc dctc`tgr igs unedgdcs h jrgamcnths ienaùíste`hs quc ci guthr `hnsedcrg mclhrgoics, ih ùg ùgii empie`g dega deganhste`g nhste`grr ci prhoi prhoicmg cmg rctðre`h quc sc prctcndc prctc ndc mc mclhrgr. lhrgr. R Rgrg grg ci ciih ih sc dcèderç ù ùçi çi h ùçics shn igs hpcrgèhn hpcrgèhncs cs tcxtugics quc sc fgn dc iicvgr g `goh, ih quc tcrmengrç rccs`reoeåndhsc cn un nucvh tcxth. U csth sc rcgiezgrç rcgiezg rç dc mgncrg rcùrsevg fgstg dgr d gr phr dc﬇netevh ci tcxth. Jea. 4. Rrh`cdemecnth dc rcveseðn dc ihs tcxths Nevci dc entcrvcnèðn cn ci tcxth ➤ Dctc`èðn dc unedgdcs h jrgamcnths mclhrgoics ➤ Deganðste`h dci prhoicmg ➤ Hpcrgèðn dc rcveseðn ➤ _ccs`returg Ci prh`csh dc rcveseðn, `hn igs hphrtungs mhde﬇`gèhncs quc cxelg ig cdeèðn dci mesmh (nhrmg dc rcdg`èðn, jhrmgth, ct`.), dcscmoh`grç cn ci tcxth tcx th dc﬇netevh. Cn ihs `hmecnzhs dc cstg gpie`gèðn, `hnvcndrç nh fg`cr ung rcveseðn `hmpictg dc `gdg tcxth; scrç prcjcreoic gpie`gr destenths nevcics g dejcrcntcs tcxths pgrg nh `gnsgr gi giumngdh `hn un mesmh tcxth. 4.3.. Tephs dc tcxth y aåncrhs desùrsevhs 4.3 Cn ihs ushs shègics dc ig icnaug sc pucdcn dcstg`gr tephs dc tcxth y aåncrhs desùrsevhs quc pucdcn uteiezgrsc pgrg ig cigohrgè cigohrgèðn ðn dc mgtcregics dc cnsc÷gnzg. G `hntenugèðn sc enìuyc ung tgoig `hn ihs prenèpgics tephs dc tcxth y aåncrhs desùrsevhs. Tgoig 5. _cigèðn dc tephs dc tcxth y aåncrhs desùrsevhs T eph dc tcx t h A å n cr h d e s ù r s e v h Ng Ngrr rrgè gèðn ðn h rcig rcigth th Meth Meth,, icy icycn cndg, dg, rhmg rhmgn` n`c, c, `gnt `gnth, h, `g `gnè nèðn, ðn, femn femnh, h, cphpc cphpcyg yg,, n nhv hvci cig, g, ùcnt ùcnth, h, rcigth orcvc, jçouig, `festc, su`cshs pcrshngics, rcigth dc ig vedg degreg Dc Dcs` s`re rep` pèeðn _c _cttrg rgth th,, pg pges esgl glc, c, g`è g`èðn ðn h pr prh` h`cs csh, h, cntr cntrgd gdg g dc dcii de`` de`èh ehng ngre reh, h, auí auígs, gs, et eten encr crgr greehs, hs, rc`ctgs, prhspc`ths, mhdhs dc cmpich, dcs`repèhncs dc ig vedg degreg Cxp Cxphseèðn Cns nsg gyh, trgtgdh, ai aihsg, gr grttíùih, oeh oehargjíg, mcmhregs, ieorh dc dc vveeglcs, rrc cjrçn, mçxemg, gjhresmh, gphtcamg, arcaucríg, tcmg dc ung cnèìhpcdeg, unedgd dedç`te`g dc un mgnugi cs`higr, cxpie`gèhncs dc ig vedg degreg Grau Graumc mcnt ntg` gèð eðn n Lu Lust stej eje` e`g` gèð eðn n dc dc rcs rcspu pucs cstg tg,, `rí `ríte te`g `g,, gr grtí tíù ùih ih dc hpen hpeneð eðn, n, `grt `grtg g g gii derc derc`t `thr hr,, dcogtc, lueèh hrgi, scntcnèg ludeègi, dcmhstrgèðn, mcnsglc puoieètgreh (emprcsh y gudehvesugi), graumcntgèhncs dc ig vedg degreg 4. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG CP@_ETS_G 11 Trgdeèhngimcntc, ci cstudeh dc ig icnaug cn çmoeths cs`higrcs sucic prcstgr mçs entcrås phr ig ngrrgèðn h ci rcigth quc phr ihs dcmçs aåncr aåncrhs hs desùrsevhs. Rrcscntgrcmhs, g `hntenugèðn, `hntenugèðn, igs phseo phseoeiedgdcs eiedgdcs dc trgoglgr ig dcs`repèðn, ig cxphseèðn dc enjhrmgèðn y ig graumcntgèðn, phr trgtgrsc dc ihs aåncrhs desùrsevhs mçs jrcùcntcs cn igs cnsc÷gnzgs cnsc÷gnz gs y cn ihs gprcndezglcs dc csths trgmhs dci sestcmg cdu`gtevh, y, sen cmograh, mcnhs mcn hs tr trgoglgd goglgdhs hs dc mgncrg cxpiíètg h rc﬏cxevg. 4.3.7. Ig dcs`repèðn Dcs`reoer cs rcgiezgr rcgiez gr un u n trç trçnseth nseth dcsdc ig hoscrvgèð hoscrvgèðn n (pcr`cpè (pcr`cpèðn ðn aihogi) gi gnçieses (des`remengèðn dc pgrtcs, `hmphncntcs, gspc`ths…). Hoscrvgèðn y gnçieses sc prcscntgn, cn cdgdcs tcmprgngs, `hmh prenèpehs cn `hn﬏e`th, ih quc, g cjc`ths dc ig prç`te`g dc ig dcs`repèðn, rcquecrc tcndcr pucntcs quc jgvhrcz`gn y jgèietcn ci gnçieses mcdegntc auígs dc hoscrvgèðn. Csth jgvhrc`c jgvhrc`c y jjgèietg gèietg ig cnsc÷gnz cnsc÷gnzgg y ci gprc gprcndezglc ndezglc dc un tcxth jundgmcn ju ndgmcntgi tgi cn çmoe çmoeths ths cdu`gtevhs y cn ig vedg shègi dci giumnh. 4.3.7.7. ¸Rhr quå cs nc`csgreh gprcndcr y cnsc÷gr g dcs`reoer8 Dcs`reoer cs ung dc igs mgncrgs dc hragnezgr ci desùrsh (y `hn ciih nucstrh pcnsgmecnth) mçs c﬇`g`cs pgrg ig hoscrvgèðn y ig rc﬏cxeðn; cn dc﬇netevg, pgrg ig gdqueseèðn dci `hnhèmecnth. Ig mcdeèng, phr clcmpih, ùgndh nh `hnh`c ung cnjcrmcdgd, fgoig dc cnjcrmcdgd «nh dcs`retg», nh rc`hnhèdg. Ig emphrtgnèg dc ig dcs`repèðn cn ci gprcndezglc rgde`g cn quc su dhmeneh cs nc`csgreh cn ihs destenths çmoeths dc ig vedg dci cstudegntc (shègi, entcrpcrshngi, pcrshngi y prhj prhjcsehngi) csehngi) phr igs seauecntcs rgzhncs< • • 16 Rhtcnèg fgoeiedgd Rhtcnèg fgoeiedgdcs cs y cstrgtcaegs `hanetevgs, `hmh ig hoscrvgèðn hoscrvgèðn,, ig scic`èðn, ig rcigèðn, ci rc`hnhèmecnth, rc` hnhèmecnth, ig `hmprcnseðn `hmprcnseðn,, ig rcprcscntgèðn y ig cxprcseðn. Dcsdc ci punth dc vestg tcxtugi, pucdc `hnstetuer un tcxth gesigdh, `hmh ci `gsh dc ig dcs`repèðn dc un g`èdcntc pgrg un pgrtc dc trç﬇`h, trç ﬇`h, ig dcs`r dcs`repèðn epèðn dc un holcth quc sc quecrc vcndcr vcndcr,, ig cxprcseðn dcs`reptevg dc un scntemecnth cn un phcmg, ct`., y su dhmeneh `gpgètg g igs pcrshngs pgrg dcìgrgr h mgnejcstgr gspc`ths quc gjc`tgn g su vedg rcgi. Tgmoeån pucdc jhrmgr pgrtc dc htrhs tcxths, `hmh ihs enstru`tevhs, enjhrmgtevhs, ngrrgtevhs, puoieètgrehs, ct`., phr ih quc jgvhrc`c ci dhmeneh dc ig cs`returg cn ihs destenths aåncrhs, ushs y `hntcxths. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P Gdcmçs, ig dcs`repèðn dcs`repèðn cs ung prç`te`g d desùrsevg esùrsevg prcscn prcscntc tc cn thdgs igs çrcgs dci ùrríùih. 4.3.7.?. 4.3. 7.?. ¸Rgrg quå ser servc vc sgocr dcs`reoer8 Ig dcs`repèðn `hntreouyc gi dcsgrrhiih dc igs seauecntcs cstrgtcaegs `hanetevgs< hoscrvgr (edcnte﬇`gr, rcigèhngr, rc`hnh`cr, gngiezgr, entcrprctgr); scic`èhngr (lcrgrquezgr, hrdcngr, hragnezgr); `hnstruer `hnhèmecnth (`hmprcndcr); rcprcscntgr `hnhèmecnth (fg`cr `hmprcndcr); cxprcsgr (dejunder, cs`reoer). Cstgs cstrgtcaegs `hanetevgs sc rcigèhngn `hn `hmpctcnègs oçse`gs `hmh enstrumcnth dc `hmune`gèðn, `hmh rcprcscntgèðn c entcrprctgèðn dc ig rcgiedgd, `hmh `hnstru`èðn y hragne hragnezgèðn zgèðn dci `hnhèmec `hnhèmecnnth, y `hmh guthrrcauigèðn y `hmune`gèðn dci pcnsgmecnth. 4.3.7.0 4.3. 7.0.. ¸Wuå cs y quå suphnc sgocr sgoc r dcs`reoe dcs`reoer8 r8 Pcaün ci De`èhngreh dc ig _GC (?227), dcs`reoer cs «rcprcscntgr g giauecn h giah phr mcdeh dci icnauglc, rc﬇recndh h cxpie`gndh sus destentgs pgrtcs, ùgiedgdcs h èrùnstgnègs». Ihs prenèpgics cicmcnths dc cstg dc﬇neèðn sc rc﬇crcn g rcpr rcprcscntgr cscntgr (fg` (fg`cr cr prcscntc giah quc ig emgaengèðn rctecnc, enjhrmgr, dcìgrgr h rcjcrer) g giauecn (rctrgth, prhshphargjíg, cthpcyg); giah (holcth, pgesglc, rcgiedgd, cmhèðn, scntemecnth, jcnðmcnh); phr mcdeh dci icnauglc (teph dc tcxth, cstru`turg, rgsahs ienaùíste`hs); cxprcsgndh `hn pgigorgs ih hoscrvgdh (edcnte﬇`gr, cnumcrgr, `hmpgrgr, semohiezgr); rc﬇recndh h cxpie`gndh giaung `hsg (dgndh g `hnh`cr, dcìgrgndh, mgnejcstgndh, cxpie`gndh), y rcprcscntgr pgrtcs, ùgiedgdcs h èrùnstgnègs (cicmcnths, hragnezgèðn; agn ezgèðn; uteiedgdcs, `gr `grg`tcrcs, g`tcrcs, ocnc﬇èhs ocnc﬇èhs;; `hntcxth, ush, ﬇ngiedgd, `gusgs, `gusg s, cjc`ths) cjc`ths).. 4.3.7. 4.3. 7.4. 4. ¸@ðmh cnsc÷gr g dcs`reoer dcs`re oer cn igs guigs8 Ig gdqueseèðn dc cstg `hmpctcnèg cs`retg phr pgrtc dci giumngdh rcquecrc cnsc÷gr su junèðn, pgrg quå sc uteiezg cn igs entcrg`èhncs shègics, quå tephs dc dcs`repèðn shn ihs mçs jrcùcntcs (rctrgth jíse`h y mhrgi dc un pcrshnglc, dcs`repèðn dc iuagrcs y pgesglcs, y dcs`repèðn dc prh`cshs), y `ðmh iicvgrig g `goh dc mgncrg c﬇`gz cn ihs dejcrcntcs `hntcxths. 4. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG CP@_ETS_G 15 Jea. 3. Junèðn dc ig dcs`repèðn @hnhèmecnths (sgocr) Cmeshr De`c `ðmh cs giah.  • • • _c`cpthr Pc ih rcprcscntg mcntgimcntc. Ih edcnteje`g. Pc ih fg`c `hmprcndcr. Dejundc sgocr. @hnstruyc `hnhèmecnth. @HMRCTCN@EG CN@E@IHRÅDE@G @HMRCTCN@EG IÅVE@G Jea. :. @ðmh junèhng ig dcs`repèðn Rrh`cdemecnths (sgocr fg`cr; `gpgèdgd dc hoscrvgèðn, gnçieses y dcs`repèðn) Rcr`cpèðn (aihogiedgd) @hnjie`th cn cntrc p prrenèpehs Dcs`repèðn (Gnçieses) Rgrteùigredgdcs Rhrmcnhrcs Dctgiics Gspc`ths @grg`tcríste`gs Rgrtcs Jhrmgs Rrhpecdgdcs… (@igseje`gèðn)  Rigntcgmecnth dedç`te`h< mcdegr (tcndcr pucntcs) pgrg cxpieètgr jcnðmcnhs `hmpiclhs  Cigohrgr ùcstehngrehs pgrg jgvhrc`cr ig hoscrvgèðn c eneègrsc cn ig dcs`repèðn dc un holcth @HMRCTCN@EG IÅVE@G @HMRCTCN@EG TGVHNÐME TG VHNÐME@G @G Jea. 1. Ig vgihrgèðn cn ig dcs`repèðn G`tetudcs (scr; suolctevedgd, holctevedgd, mergdgs) Junèðn cvgiugdhrg, graumcntgtevg h gxehiðae`g< @igseje`g h `gtcahrezg. Gdhptg un ècrth punth dc vestg. Zcfeùig vgihrcs.* • • • Rhr ciih, fgy quc tcncr ùedgdh `hn ci ush dc ig gdcltevgèðn cn ihs `gshs cn quc ig dcs`repèðn cstç enscrtg cn tcxths cxphsetevhs, yg quc csths prcsuphncn reahr. 62 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P 4.3.7.3 4.3. 7.3.. Fcrrgmecntgs pgrg jgvhrc`cr ig hoscrvgèðn hos crvgèðn y ig dcs`repèðn Cn acncrgi, ig i g dcs`repèðn rcsphn rcsphndc dc g prcauntgs prcau ntgs dci teph `ðmh cs, `ðmh cstç, quå tecnc, dc quå pgrtcs `hnstg… Igss pignteiigs, auígs Ig au ígs h pgutgs gphrtgd gphrtgdgs gs pgrg mcdegr cn ig gdqueseèðn gdqueseèðn dc ig `hmpctcnèg cn dcs`repèðn cstgoic`cn dhs jgscs< ung `hnsestcntc cn jgvhrc`cr ig hoscrvgèðn dci rcjcrcntc `hrrcsphndecntc (scnsgèhncs, pcr`cpèhncs, gpgrecnèg cxtcrng, `grç`tcr, pcrshngiedgd, gspc`ths tcmphrgics y cspgègics, ct`.), mcdegntc ung screc dc ítcms quc auícn gi gprcndez cn ci gnçieses phrmcnhrezgdh dci rcjcrcntc; y htrg `cntrgdg cn ig cigohrgèðn h `hmphseèðn dci tcxth h dc ig scùcnèg dcs`reptevg, rcigèhngdg `hn ig hrdcngèðn hrdcngèðn dc ig enjhrmgèðn scic`èhngdg. Cs `hmün gphrtgr tcxths mhdcihs (acncrgimcntc, ietcrgrehs) pgrg gngiezgr pcrshnglcs, holcths, pgesglcs, prh`cshs, g pgrter dc ihs quc, g `hntenugèðn, sc pedc gi giumnh quc ihs emetc phr cs`reth. Rgrg ciih, sc sucic rcùrrer g cstrgtcaegs cstr gtcaegs `hmh< «`hn «`hn ihs hlhs hlhs tgpgdhs» (austgr (austg r dejcrcntcs sgohrcs, quc sc fgorçn dc dcs`reoer `hn ig auíg dc ung rcigèðn dc gdlctevhs, dc `hmpgrgèhncs… `hmpgrgèhncs…); ); ﬇`fgs; ùg ùgdcrnh dcrnh dc `gmph `g mph pgrg ig i g dcs`repèðn dc holcths; dcs`repèðn dc scnsgèhncs, prh`cshs, rctrgth rhoht dc ig phie`íg; pcr﬇i prhjcsehngi; ùrríùium vetgi; y un igrah ct`åtcrg dc ushs mçs h mcnhs retugiezgdhs quc cxeacn igs entcrg`èhncs shègics dc ihs endeveduhs. Cntrc igs prenèpgics fcrrgmecntgs pgrg jgvhrc`cr ig hoscrvgèðn c eneègr gi g i giumngdh gium ngdh cn ig dcs`repèðn dcs`repèðn dc mgncrg rc﬏cxevg `hntgmhs `hn ùcstehngrehs quc gyudcn. Rgrg quc nh rcsuitc ung g`tevedgd dcsigvgzgdg, enscrtgmhs ig dcs`repèðn cn ih quc iigmgmhs «prç`te`g dc dcs`repèðn», dejcrcntc cn `gdg `gsh; g sgocr< 3 g) o) @ucstehngreh jgvhrc`cr hoscrvgèðn c eneègr cn ig dcs`repèðn dci rctrgthpgrg jíse`h dc ungigpcrshng. Rrç`te`g dc dcs`repèðn< Pcauer ihs «pgshs ietcrgrehs» i etcrgrehs» dc giauecn. Ig enscrèð e nscrèðnn dc cstg dcs`repèðn pucdc scr ci acrmcn dc un u n rcigth. @ucstehngreh pgrg jgvhrc`cr ig hoscrvgèðn hoscr vgèðn c eneègr cn ig dcs`repèðn dc un pgesglc. Rrç`te`g dc dcs`repèðn< Pgiedg gi pgrquc h gi `gmph. @gdg giumnh sc setugrç cn ci punth dc hoscrvgèðn quc mçs ic gargdc y tcndrç cn ùcntg ihs cicmcnths dci ùcstehngreh pgrg auegr ig hoscrvgèðn hoscr vgèðn y ci dcsgrrhiih dcs grrhiih dc ig dcs`repèðn. (Zcr (Zcr Çivgrcz, Ç ivgrcz, ?27 ?272) 2).. 3. Ig `hnsuitg dc csths ùcstehngr ùcstehngrehs ehs sc pucdc fg`cr cn Çivgrcz Çivgrc z (?2 (?272) 72).. 4. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG CP@_ETS_G 67 `) @ucstehngreh pgrg jgvhrc`cr ig hoscrvgèðn c eneègr cn ig dcs`repèðn dc un holcth. Rrç`te`g dc dcs`repèðn< Phmhs gdevengdhrcs c envcsteagdhrcs. Ci pigntcgmecnth pucdc scr< ig hoscrvgèðn dc un dctcrmengdh holcth y dcs`repèðn phrmcnhrezgdg dci mesmh; ig `rcgèðn dc gdevengnzgs cntrc ihs rcspc`tevhs holcths dc ihs destenths giumnhs y ig `rcgèðn dc rcigths h ùcnths dc mestcreh cn ihs quc ihs holcths y su dcs`repèðn phseoeietc ig `rcgèðn dc ung gvcnturg. 4.3.7.:. Argmçte`g dc ig dcs`repèðn g) Gspc`ths mhrjhi mhrjhiðae`hs< ðae`hs< tecmphs vcrogics mçs jrcùcntcs (prcscn (prcscntc, tc, prctåreth empcrjc`th) e mpcrjc`th).. o) Gspc`ths sentç`te`hs< hrgèh hrgèhncs ncs gtreou gtreoutevgs tevgs (cxpie`gr) cxpie`gr),, hrgèh hrgèhncs ncs prcde`gtevgs (cxphncr ùgiedgdcs, `hntcnedhs), gdlctevgèðn. Tånagsc ùedgdh `hn `gcr cn ig «gdlctevetes», h scg, ci ush cx`csevh y nh junèhngi dc ihs gdlctevhs, pucs nh sc fgn dc `hmcr g ihs nhmorcs, quc shn ig sustgnèg, phr csh sc iigmgn sustgntevhs. `) Gspc`ths iåxe`hs< `hnnhtgèðn `hnnhtgèðn y d dcnhtgè cnhtgèðn. ðn. d) Gspc`ths csteiíste`hs< cst eiíste`hs< `hmpgrgèðn `hmpgrgèðn,, mctçjhrg, sencstcseg, pcrshne﬇`gèðn, pcríjrgses, cnumcrgèðn, rcpcteèðn y rcdundgnèg. c) Gspc`ths tcxtug tcxtugics ics y `hntcxtugics< scic`èðn scic`èðn dc ihs cicm cicmcnt cnths hs quc `hnjhrmgn ci holcth dcs`reth. Ig dcs`repèðn prctcndc scr holctevg h suolctevg. 4.3.?. Pcùcnèg dedç`te`g pgrg gprcndcr g cs`reoer tcxths cxphsetevhs Cxphncr enjhrmgèðn cs ung tgrcg tg rcg pcrmgncntc cn çmoe çmoeths ths g`gdåme`hs y cs`higrcs tgnth pgrg rcshivcr prhoicmgs `hmh pgrg trgnsmeter enjhrmgèðn y trgnsjhrmgr ci `hnhèmecnth. Pen cmograh, cstg junèðn tcxtugii nh mcr tcxtug mcrc`c c`c ig su﬇ècntc gtc gtcnèð nèðn n cn igs guig guigss dc thdgs ig igss mgtcregs dci ùrríùih. ùrr íùih. Gsí ih cxpr cxprcsg csg Ke Keipgtre`k ipgtre`k cn Jeihshjíg dc ig cdu`gèðn (75:1). Cs prcèsh `rcgr setugèh setugèhncs ncs dc cs`returg rcgics, `hn scntedh. Ci trgoglh `hn prhoi prhoicmgs cmgs gutå gutånte`hs nte`hs fg`c q quc uc ci `hnhèmecn `hnhèmecnth th scg se setugdh, tugdh, jgèietg quc ihs giumnhs tcnagn ig hphrtunedgd dc trgoglgr sus prhoicmgs rcgics, yg quc `gdg unh gprcn gprcndc dc sus rcspucstgs cn ig mcdedg cn quc shn emphrtgntcs pgrg åi y cn ci argdh cn quc sc rcigèhngn `hn ih quc `hnh`c. Cstg prhpucstg dc scùcnèg dedç`te`g tecnc su jundgmcnth cn ig cxpieètud dci prh`csh quc `hnvecnc scauer pgrg pg rg jgvhrc`cr ig rc﬏cxeðn, 6? DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P ig entcrehrezgèðn y ci dhmeneh dc csths tcxths, ihs mçs jrcùcntcs cn ci çmoeth cs`higr. Cn cstc scntedh, sc trgtg dc ung auíg h fcrrgmecntg pgrg mcdegr cn ci gprcndezglc dc ig cxphseèðn cs`retg. Rgrg jgèietgr su gprcndezglc cxphncmhs igs jgscs quc `hnstetuycn ci prh`csh dc cs`returg, igs g`tevedgdcs quc rcgiezgn ihs giumnhs durgntc ci prh`csh, igs tgrcgs dc mcdegèðn dc ihs mgcstrhs cn ci prh`csh, `hn igs `hrrcsphndecntcs gyudgs dc mcdegèðn, y ci prhdu`th dc ig jgsc. Thdh csth g ih igrah dc thdh ci prh`csh dc `hmphseèðn cs`retg, fgstg iicagr gi prhdu`th ﬇ngi. Hoscrvcmhs `ðmh cn `gdg jgsc dc cs`returg ﬇aurg ig junèðn quc dcscmpc÷g ig ic`turg, ig ùgi sucic scr destentg cn `gdg jgsc. Dc cstc mhdh prctcndcmhs mgntcncr ig rcigèðn pcrmgncntc cntrc cs`returg y ic`turg. 4.3.?.7. Rremcrg jgsc. @hntcxtugiezgr ci prhyc`th dc cs`returg Wuå sgocmhs shorc ci `hntcxth (entcnèðn, dcstengtgreh, `hnhèmecnths prcvehs shorc ci tcmg y shorc ci aåncrh desùrsevh). Junèðn dc ig ic`turg< iccr ci mundh. Igs g`tevedgdcs dc ihs giumnhs durgntc ci prh`csh sc ogsgn cn igs seauecntcs g`èhncs< g) Entcr`gmoegn ihs `hnhèmecnths prcvehs dci `hntcxth dc cs`returg dci tcxth cxphsetevh. Cigohrgn un `grtci shorc ihs cicmcnths dci `hntcxth, `hn ig gyudg dc ig enjhrmgèðn dc cstc rcùgdrh. Ci tcxth cxphsetevh y su cs`returg Ci `hntcxth dc ig cs`returg Rgrg setugr h `hntcxtugiezgr ih quc vgmhs g cs`reoer, cs nc`csgreh cmpczgr phr pigntcgrsc queån cs`reoc quå g queån, `hn quå prhpðseth, ùçndh, dðndc y `ðmh. «Ih mçs emphrtgntc cs nh dclgr dc fg`crsc prcauntgs» (Giocrt Censtcen). o) Rrhp Rrhphnc hncn n tcmgs mcdegntc ig tå`ne`g dc ig iiiuveg iuveg dc edcgs y cieacn unh phr `hnscnsh. `) Rrcèsgn ig entcnèðn dci tcxth quc sc vg g cs`reoer y fg`cn un `grtci `hn phseoics entcnèhncs. Pc servcn dc ig gyudg dci seauecntc ùgdrh. 4. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG CP@_ETS_G 60 Ci tcxth cxphsetevh y su cs`returg Rrenèpgics ﬇ncs h entcnèhncs dci tcxth • Dcsgrrhiigr ci pcnsgmecnth. • Rhdcr `hnh`cr y gmpiegr `hnhèmecnths. ` hnhèmecnths. • Pgocr cxpie`gr c xpie`gr g htrh(s) htrh(s) edcgs y/h y/h `hn`cpths. • Dgr ùcntg dc ih quc sc sgoc. • Dcspcrtgr ci entcrås phr un tcmg. Fcmhs dc pcnsgr ùçi ùç i cs nucstrg entcnèðn gntcs dc cmpczgr g cs`reoer. d) Dctcrmengn ci dcstengtgr dcstengtgreh eh h ihs dcstengtgrehs dci tcxth quc sc vg g cs`reoer. Fg`cn un `grtci `hn phseoics dcstengtgrehs. Pc servcn dc cstg gyudg. Ci tcxth cxphsetevh y su cs`returg Oüsqucdg dci dcstengreh h dc ihs dcstengtgrehs dci tcxth • Snh mesmh. • @hmpg÷crhs dc ìgsc h dc htrgs ìgscs. • Entcr`gmoeh `hn htrhs `cntrhs `cntrhs dc ig ih`giedgd ih`gi edgd h dc jucrg< `hmunedgd cs`higr (giumnhs, jgmeiegs, prhjcshrgdh, pcrshngi nh dh`cntc); Gdmenestrgèðn (ih`gi, guthnðme`g, `cntrgi); mcdehs dc `hmune`gèðn; `hic`tevhs entcrcsgdhs cn ci tcmg (prh (prhjcshr jcshr dc ig gseangturg g seangturg y htrhs). htrhs). Gntcs dc cmpczgr cmpczg r g cs`reoer y durgntc ci prh`csh dc cs`returg, fgy quc quc tcncr prcscntc g queån h g queåncs vg dereaedh ci tcxth. c) Dctcrmengn y gnhtgn ihs `hnhèmecnths shorc ci tcmg. Cigohrgn ung ﬇`fg. jj)) Recnsgn cn `ðmh dejunder ig enjhrmgèðn. Fg`cn un iestgdh dc jhrmgs dc dejuseðn. mcdegèðn n dc mgcstrhs y mgc mgcstrgs strgs durgntc ci prh`csh `hnsestc cn< Ig mcdegèð g) Acstehngr ci entcr`gmoeh. o) Pcic`èh Pcic`èhngr ngr ci tcmg g pgr pgrter ter dc fgocr dcsùoec dcsùoecrth rth y gnhtgdh ihs entcrcscs dci giumngdh g iumngdh.. `) @hn`rctgr igs phseoics entcnèhncs< sgocr pcnsgr, phdcr `hnh`cr, sgocr cxpie`gr g htrhs, trgnsmeter, t rgnsmeter, dgr ùcntg dc ih quc sc sgoc. 64 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P d) Edcnte﬇`gr Edcnte﬇`gr g ihs phseoics dcstengtgr dcstengtgrehs< ehs< unh mesmh, `hmpg÷crhs dc ig ìgsc h dc htrgs htrg s ìgscs, entcr entcr`gmoeh `gmoeh `hn htrhs `cntrhs dc ig ih`giedgd h dc jucrg, j ucrg, `hmunedgd cs`higr, deju dejuseðn seðn cn cntrc trc `hic`tevhs entcrcsgdhs phr ci tcmg, prhjcshr. c) G Gyudg yudgrr g rcùpcrgr `hnhèmec `hnhèmecnths nths dc ig mcm mcmhreg hreg y dc ig cxpcrecn cxpcrecnèg. èg. jj)) G Gyudg yudgrr g ccicaer icaer ci phseoic phseoic `gng `gngii dc dej dejuseðn< useðn< pcreðde`h pcreðde`h,, rgdeh, dhssec dhssecrr dc dhùmcntgèðn, murgi… Ci prhdu`th dc ig jgsc `hnsestc cn ig cigohrgèðn dc ung ﬇`fg dc rcaestrh cn ig quc sc fgag `hnstgr ci tcmg cicaedh phr `hnscnsh; ci dcstengtgreh y ig entcnèðn pgrteùigrcs; ih quc sc sgoc shorc ci tcmg y ih quc sc quecrc sgocr; y `ðmh dejunderih. Zcr mhdcih dc ﬇`fg cn ig ﬇aurg seauecntc. 4.3.?.?. Pcaundg jgsc. Nc`csedgdcs dc dhùmcntgèðn y `hnhèmecnth dci aåncrh Wuå qucrcmhs sgocr shorc ci tcmg y shorc `ðmh ih vgmhs g trgnsmeter. Junèðn dc ig ic`turg< iccr pgrg sgocr, pgrg gprcndcr. Igs g`tevedgdcs dc ihs giumnhs durgntc ci prh`csh sc ogsgn cn igs seauecntcs g`èhncs< g) Cxprcsgn gspc`ths pgrègics pg règics quc sc quec quecrgn rgn en`hrphrgr ggii tcmg aihogi mcdegntc ung iiuveg dc edcgs. Ih rc`hacn cn ig pezgrrg. Jea. 6. Je`fg pgrg `hntcxtugiezgr ci prhyc`th dc cs`returg Tetuih dci prhyc`th dc cs`returg< ............... ................................ ................................. ................................. .................................. .................................. ................. Nhmorc dci aruph< .................................. ................................................... ................................. ................................. .................................. .................................. ................. Rremcrg jgsc dc cs`returg @hntcxtugiezgèðn dci prhyc`th Tcmg< ................................ ................................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ................... ... Dcstengtgreh< ................................. .................................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. ......................... ........ Entcnèðn< .................................. ................................................... .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. ............................ ........... Wuå så< Wuå quecrh sgocr< Dhndc ous`grih< @ðmh dejunderih< 4. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG CP@_ETS_G 63 o) `) d) Mcnèhngn y scic`èhngn jucntcs dc enjhrmgèðn. Mcnèhngn Iccn h csù`fgn ig enjhrmgèðn, ig scic`èhngn y ig gnhtgn. _caestrgnn ig enjhrmgèðn hotcnedg _caestrg hotcnedg mcdegntc csqucmgs, rcsümcncs h ﬇`fgs pgutgdgs. mcdegèðn n dc mgcstrhs y mgc mgcstrgs strgs durgntc ci prh`csh `hnsestc cn< Ig mcdegèð g) o) `) d) Auegr y gnhtgr igs prhpucstgs. Gscshrgr Gsc shrgr shorc ci mgnclh mg nclh dc jucntcs dc enjhrmgèðn mcdegntc ci ddeesc÷h y ci scauemecnth dc ung ﬇`fg pgutgdg pgrg ig scic`èðn dc enjhrmgèðn. Auegr ci mgnclh dc jucntcs dhùmcntgics y ig scic`èðn dc enjhrmgèðn. Gyudgr g scic`èhngr ig enjhrmgèðn y g rcaestrgrig rcaestrgrig.. Ci prhdu`th dc ig jgsc `hnsestc cn ig cigohrgèðn dc ﬇`fgs ùmpiemcntgdgs `hn ig enjhrmgèðn scic`èhngdg. scic`èhngdg. 4.3.?.0. Tcr`crg jgsc. Dci `ghs dc ig enjhrmgèðn gi hrdcn dci tcxth @ðmh sc hragnezg un tcxth cxphsetevh. Junèðn dc ig ic`turg< Iccr pgrg cs`reoer. Igs g`tevedgdcs dc ihs giumnhs durgntc ci prh`csh sc ogsgn cn igs seauecntcs g`èhn g `èhncs< cs< g) _cigèhngn ig enjhrmgèðn scic`èhngdg scic`èhngdg `hn ` hn ihs «mhidcs» «mhidcs» h suotephs dc rcprcscntgèðn dc ig cxphseèðn, mhstrgdhs cn `grtuiengs phr igs pgrcdcs pgrc dcs dci guig guig.. Zcr ihs mhdcihs mhdcih s cn Ç ivgrcz ivgr cz (?2 (?2772< 74 7411-732). 32). o) `) Hptgn phr ig ci enjhrmgèðn mçs `hnvcnecntc, cn `gdg h`gsh. Hragnezgn cn suotcmgs cpíargjcs. Ig mcdegèð mcdegèðn n dc mgcstrhs y mgc mgcstrgs strgs durgntc ci prh`csh `hnsestc cn< g) o) `) 6: Cxpie`gn ihs dejcrcntcs suotephs dc rcprcscntgèðn dc ig cxphseèðn dc enjhrmgèðn mcdegntc ci desc÷h dc un `grtci `hn ihs dejcrcntcs suotephs pgrg cxphncr cn ci guig. Cxpie`gr igs prenèpgics rcauigredgdcs dci tcxth cxphsetevh (Çivgrcz, ?272< 73?-734). Desc÷gr un `grtci `gr tci `hn igs prenèpgics prenèpgics rcauigredgdcs rcau igredgdcs iena ienaùíste`g ùíste`gss y tcxtugics tug ics dci mcnèhngdh tcxth. tcxth. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P d) Auegr ig dcèseðn dc `gdg giumnh/g. c) G`hmpg÷grics cn ig hragnezgèðn dc ihs ihs suotcmgs h cp cpíargjcs. íargjcs. Ci prhdu`th dc ig jgsc `hnsestc cn ig cigohrgèðn dc mgpgs `hn`cptugics, tug ics, csqucmgs, rcsümcncs… `hn ig enjhrmgèð enjhrmgèðn n mgnclgdg, pigsmgdg cn ci suoteph `hrrcsphndecntc. 4.3.?.4.. @ugrtg jgsc. Rrhdu`èðn dci tcxth< fgèg ci premcr ohr 4.3.?.4 ohrrgdhr rgdhr Wuå dcocmhs tcncr cn ùcntg pgrg prhduèr ci tcxth. Fgèg ci premcr ohrrgdhr. Junèðn dc ig ic`turg< iccr pgrg cs`reoer. Igs g`tevedgdcs dc ihs giumnhs durgntc ci prh`csh sc ogsgn cn igs seauecntcs g`èhncs< g) @htclgn y pigsmgn igs `grg`tcríste`gs ienaùíste`gs y tcxtugics dci tcxth cxphsetevh. o) Cs`reocn ohrrgdhrcs h tcxths entcrm entcrmcdehs. cdehs. mcdegèðn n dc mgcstrhs y mgcstrgs durgntc ci prh`csh `hnsestc cn< Ig mcdegèð g) Ensester cn ig cxpie`gèðn dc igs prenèpgics rcauigredgdcs dci tcxth cn ùcsteðn y desc÷gr un `grtci `hn igs prenèpgics rcauigredgdcs ienaùíste`gs aùíst e`gs y tcx tcxtug tugics ics dci mcn` mcnèhngd ehngdhh tcxth. o) Jgvhrc`cr ig edcg dc rccs`returg dcntrh dci prh`csh. Ci prhdu`th dc ig jgsc `hnsestc cn ohrrgdhr ohrrgdhrcs cs h tcxths entcrmcdehs. 4.3.?.3. Wuentg jgsc. _cveseðn @ðmh rcvesgr ci tcxth< edcnte﬇`gr iharhs y prhoicmgs tcxtugics y rcshivcrihs. Junèðn dc ig ic`turg< iccr pgrg cvgiugr y mclhrgr. Igs g`tevedgdcs dc ihs giumnhs durgntc ci prh`csh sc ogsgn cn igs seauecntcs g`èhncs< g) Steiezgn auígs a uígs dc gyudg h iest iestgs gs dc `hntrh `hntrhii pgrg mhne mhnethrezgr threzgr ci prh`c- sh dc prhdu`èðn y ci prhdu`th ﬇ngi. (Zcr mhdcihs g `hntenugèðn< auígs 7, ? y 0). o) Gng Gngiezg iezgn n ohrrgdh ohrrgdhrcs rcs h tcxths entcrm entcrmcdehs. cdehs. `) Rrhdu`cn ci tcxth dc﬇netevh. mcdegèðn n dc mgcstrhs y mgcstrgs durgntc ci prh`csh `hnsestc cn< Ig mcdegèð 4. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG CP@_ETS_G 61 g) Cxpie`gr igs ig s jjunèhn unèhncs cs dc ig rcveseðn rcveseðn,, dc `hntrhi y dc enspc`èðn `hmh mc`gnesmhs shègics y ih rcigèhngn `hn ig rcveseðn dc tcxths. o) Auegr ci prh`csh dc rcveseðn (gntcs, durgntc y dcspuås) fgstg iicagr gi tcxth ﬇ngi (prhdu`th). `) Rrhph Rrhphrèh rèhngr ngr ung aauíg uíg dc rcv rcveseð eseðn n dc tcxths. d) Auegr ig prhdu`èðn dci tcxth dc﬇netevh. Ci prhdu`th dc ig jgsc cs ci tcxth tcx th dc﬇netevh dc﬇netevh.. 4.3.?.:. Pcxtg jgsc. Cdeèðn y cxphseèðn cn püoie`h Junèðn dc ig ic`tur Junèðn ic`turg< g< iccr pgrg rccs`reoer; iccr pgrg fgoigr cn püo püoie`h. ie`h. Igs g`tevedgdcs dc ihs giumnhs durgntc ci prh`csh sc ogsgn cn igs seauecntcs g`èhncs< g) Recnsgn cn jhrmgths pgrg cdetgr ig enjhrmgèðn `hn `hntcnedg tcnedg cn ci tcxth dc﬇netevh. o) Dcèdcn ci jhrmgth mçs gdcùgdh g ig setugèðn. `) Cnsgygn y glustgn ig cxphseèðn hrgi y, cn su `gsh, ig dcjcnsg dci mesmh. mcdegèðn n dc mgcstrhs y mgc mgcstrgs strgs durgntc ci prh`csh `hnsestc cn< Ig mcdegèð g) Gscshrgr shorc phseoics phseoics jjhrmgths hrmgths `hnjhrmc g ig en entcnè tcnèðn ðn q quc uc sc pc pcrr- seag y gi g i püoie püoie`h `h ggii quc vgyg dcstengdg ig enjhrmgèðn. o) Csù`fgr y gyudgr cn ci jhrmgth y ig cxphseèð cxphseèðn n dci tcxth, y rcves rcvesgrih. grih. Ci prhdu`th dc ig jgsc `hnsestc cn ig cdeèðn cn ci jhrmgth `hrrcsphndecntc y cxphseèðn y dcjcnsg dci dhùmcnth. Cn jcnðmcnhs `hmpiclhs y dejíèics `hmh cs ig rcveseðn dc ihs tcxths cs oucnh `hntgr `hn auígs quc phseoeietcn ig oüsqucdg dc cicmcnths ienaùíste`hs ienaùíst e`hs y tcxtu tcxtugics gics quc jgèietcn ig rcveseðn y quc gyudcn g gdquerer gdquerer ci prh`cdemecnth. Rhr csh nh shih dcstg`gmhs ihs jgiihs h crrhrcs, senh tgmoeån ihs gècrths cxprcsevhs, `hn ci ﬇n dc quc ci giumngdh scg `hnsècntc dc ihs mesmhs y pucdg rcùrrer g ciihs phstcrehrmcntc. 66 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P Auíg 7 . Auíg pgrg rcauigr rca uigr ci prh`csh dc prhdu`èðn dci tcxth cxphsetevh Rgrg gyudgrtc g mclhrgr tu tcxth dcsdc ci prenèpeh fgstg ci jengi dc ig cs`returg (gntcs, durgntc y dcspuås), tc hjrc`cmhs cstg auíg. Ende`g cn ihs ùgdrhs dc ig dcrc`fg ig rcspucstg `hnvcnecntc cn `gdg `gsh. GNTCP dc cs`reoer fgy quc pigneje`gr ci tcxth. Pí Nh Pí Nh Pí Nh 7. Recnsg cn ihs ic`thrcs dc tu tcxth. ¸Wueåncs shn8 ¸Cntcndcrçn oecn ih quc tü cxphncs8 ?. ¸@hnsedcrgs quc qucdg ìgrh ci holctevh quc prctcndcs `hn ci tcxth8 0. ¸@hnh`cs `ðmh shn ihs tcxths quc sc usgn pgrg cxphncr h enjhrmgr8 4. ¸Tc fgs prcauntgdh quå sgocs shorc ci tcmg8 3. ¸Tc fgs pgrgdh g pcnsgr quå quecrcs sgocr shorc ci tcmg y dðndc ous`gr ig enjhrmgèðn8 DS_GNTC ci prh`csh dc ig cs`returg fgy quc tcncr cn ùcntg ih seauecntc< :. ¸Fgs mgnclgdh y gsemeigdh dhùmcntgèðn pgrg tcncr sujeècntcs `hntcnedhs shorc ci gsunth dci quc dcscgs cs`reoer8 1. ¸Fgs scauedh giaunh dc ihs mhdcihs dc hragnezgèðn dc ig enjhrmgèðn8 6. ¸_cùcrdgs quc cn csths tcxths shn muy gprhpegdhs ihs títuihs, ihs suotítuihs, ihs clcmpihs, igs eiustrgèhncs, ihs arçje`hs, ihs csqucmgs…8 ¸U ihs mçracncs, ihs nümcrhs, igs ictrgs, ihs auehncs, ihs pgråntcses8 5. ¸Cstçn hragnezgdhs dc mgncrg ìgrg y hrdcngdg ci tcxth, ihs pçrrgjhs y igs hrgèhncs8 72. ¸@hnsedcrgs quc cstçn oecn `hnc`tgdhs ihs pçrrgjhs cntrc sí8 77. ¸Ihs tårmenhs uteiezgdhs prcèsgn oecn ihs `hn`cpths g ihs quc tc rcjecrcs8 7?. ¸Fgs tcnedh cn ùcntg se fgy emprcèsehncs, rcpcteèhncs, vgaucdgdcs…8 70. ¸Fgs cs`reth ci tcxth cn ohrrgdhr gntcs dc dgrih phr dcjenetevh8 DCPRSÅP dc fgocr cs`reth ci tcxth fgy quc prcauntgrsc< 74. ¸Fgs icídh ci tcxth (ohrrgdhr) pgrg ih`giezgr gècrths y crrhrcs y rcshivcrihs8 73. ¸Fgs gnhtgdh igs mhdeje`gèhncs quc tecncs quc fg`cr pgrg mclhrgr tu tcxth8 7:. ¸Fgs `hnsuitgdh igs dudgs (g tu prhjcshr, g tus `hmpg÷crhs…) gntcs dc dgr ci tcxth phr tcrmengdh8 Auíg ? . Ci tcxth cxphsetevh< cxph setevh< rcveseðn y cdeèðn Ous`g iharhs cxprcsevhs cn tu tcxth. Cs`ríocihs g `hntenugèðn. 7. ?. 0. 4. 3. :. Hoscrvgèhncs y `hmcntgrehs< 4. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG CP@_ETS_G 65 Auíg 0 Ous`g . Ci tcxth cxphsetevh< cxph setevh< rcveseðn y cdeèðn crrhrcs pgrg mclhrgr tu tcxth. Pí Nh @gmoehs quc tcnah quc fg`cr ¸Fgs tcnedh cn ùcntg ig enjhrmgèðn trgoglgdg cn ìgsc shorc ci tcmg8 ¸@rccs quc sc cntecndc oecn ih quc cxpie`gs cn ci tcxth8 ¸Jgitg enjhrmgèðn cn tu tcxth8 ¸Phorg enjhrmgèðn cn tu tcxth8 ¸@rccs quc ci tcxth cstç oecn hragnezgdh8 ¸Fgs pucsth títuih8 ¸Fgs cmpicgdh destenths gpgrtgdhs h cpíargjcs8 ¸Fgs tcnedh cn ùcntg quc `gdg pçrrgjh fg dc `hntcncr ung edcg8 ¸Fgs ùedgdh ig uneðn dc un pçrrgjh `hn htrh8 ¸Fgs usgdh clcmpihs quc gìgrcn ig enjhrmgèðn8 ¸Cnùcntrgs pgigorgs quc sc rcpetcn mu`fh cn ci tcxth8 ¸Gìgrgs igs pgigorgs tå`ne`gs pgrg quc sc cntecndg mclhr8 ¸Rrcdhmengn cn tu tcxth igs jhrmgs vcrogics cn prcscntc y igs jhrmgs nh pcrshngics dci vcroh8 ¸Rhr quå jhrmgth hptgs pgrg cdetgr y dejunder tu tcxth8 Puorgyg ci quc `hnsedcrcs mçs `hnvcnecntc. • • • • • • • jhieh, `grtci, pðstcr, murgi; èrùigr g ig `hmunedgd cs`higr; grtíùih pgrg ci pcreðde`h cs`higr; aueðn rgdehjðne`h; tcxth pgrg ung rcprcscntgèðn tcgtrgi; cxphseèðn hrgi; cxphseèðn gudehvesugi, rcùrsh enjhrmçte`h. ¸Htrh8 ¸@uçi8< ................................. .................................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .................................. ........................ ....... ¸Wuå tcnah quc `gmoegr pgrg mclhrgr me tcxth y su cdeèðn8 4.3.0. Cs`reoer pgrg graumcntgr y `hntrggraumcntgr Cn nucstrhs dígs cstc teph dc tcxth h desùrsh cnùcntrg su mçs ﬇ci cxprcseðn cn ci mundh dc ig puoieèdgd y cn ig enjhrmgèðn phiíte`g (prhpgagndg edchiðae`g). Nh shn ph`hs, phr htrg pgrtc, ihs cstudehs quc phncn dc mgne﬇csth ci pgpci quc lucag cn ig puoieèdgd `hntcmphrçncg ig pcrsugseðn mcdegntc igs `hnnhtgè `hnnhtgèhncs hncs cstcrchte cstcrchtepgdgs pgdgs dc ah`c, dc cvgseðn, dc phdcr h dc sumeseðn (dcscgoeiedgd), cn igs quc prcdhmengn igs cstrgtcaegs scdu`thrgs shorc igs rctðre`gs; dc gfí quc `hn jrcùcnèg tcnag mçs pcsh ih pcrsugsevh, ig suacsteðn cmhèhngi (`hnnhtgèðn) quc ih enjhrmgtevh (dcnhtgèðn) h ci rgèhèneh. Ig dcnhtgèðn sc `grg`tcrezg phr scr holctevg, ietcrgi, hoveg, enjhrmgtevg, veseoic, ngturgi, sempic y mhnhsåme`g; mecntrgs quc ig `hnnhtgèðn cs suolctevg, semoðie`g, hotu52 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P sg, entcrprctgtevg, hùitg, ùiturgi, ù iturgi, `hmpi `hmpiclg clg y phiesåme`g. Csth fg`c quc scg emphrtgntc cnsc÷gr g des`crner gmohs g mohs pr prh`cdemecnths h`cdemecnths cn igs guigs y cn ihs entcr`gmoehs shègics. Cn acncrgi, phdcmhs dc﬇ner ci desùrsh h tcxth graumcntgtevh `hmh ci `hnlunth `hnlunth dc cstrgtcaegs cstrgtcaeg s dc un hrgdhr quc sc dereac g u un n gudethreh `hn vestgs g mhde﬇`gr ci lueèh dci mesmh mesmh,, `hnscau `hnscauer er su gdfcseðn h fg`cr quc gdmetg ung dctcrmengdg setugèðn, edcg, ct`. Ig c﬇`gèg, pucs, cs ig nhrmg grau graumcn mcntgtevg tgtevg phr cx`cicnèg, yy,, cn `hnscùcnèg, ci desùrsh oecn graumcntgdh cs ci quc «fg`c fg`cr oecn» (en﬏uer, pcrsugder), tgnth se sc trgtg dc vhtgr g jgvhr h cn `hntrg dc giauecn `hmh dc fg`cr dcscgr giah h dc en﬏uer pgrg quc sc `hmprc dctcrmengdh prhdu`th. Rgrg quc phdgmhs fgoigr dc graumcntgèðn, dcoc dgrsc ung setugèðn dc dcsgùcrdh shorc ung dctcrmengdg phseèðn h prhphseèðn; cs dcèr,, dcocmhs `hn dcèr `hntgr tgr `hn ig `hnjrhntgèð `hnjrhntgèðn n dc un desùrsh y dc u un n `hntrgdesùrsh, trgdesùr sh, acnc acncrgimcntc rgimcntc jhrm jhrmuigdh uigdh mcdegntc igs cst cstru`tur ru`turgs gs `hntrggraumcntgtevgs dc `hn`cseðn y dc rcjutgèðn. Cn su jhrmg mínemg, míne mg, pucdc qucdgr rcduèdh g ung jhrmg nh vcrogi, `hmh phr clcmpih, jrunèr ci `c÷h pgrg mgnejcstgr shrprcsg h dcsgprhogèðn; dc gfí quc scg emprcsèndeoic `hnsedcrgr ih pgrgvcrogi y ih empiíèth g ig fhrg dc graumcntgr. Ihs cstudehs cstud ehs g`tug g`tugics ics shor shorcc grau graumcn mcntgèðn tgèðn dejcrcn dejcrcnègn ègn dhs pgr pgrtcs tcs cn ig `hnstru`èðn dc ig mesmg< 7. Ci mgr`h h setugèðn p prgamçte`g rgamçte`g dhndc sc dcsgrrhiig ig graumcntgèðn y dhndc fgy quc tcncr cn ùcntg ihs seauecntcs jg`thrcs< ci tcmg, ihs tephs dc entcrihùthrcs, ci prh`csh dc ig graumcntgèðn y dc ig pcrsugseðn, ihs holctevhs, igs `hndeèhncs, ihs prc`cdcntcs, igs shèh ienaùíste`gs te`gs y ùiturg ùiturgics, cinctecmph y ci cspgèh cspgèh, ct`.,setugèhncs dcntrh dc shèhienaùís un `hntcxth cspc `í﬇`h cspc`í﬇`h qucics, dc﬇ dc﬇nc ig setugèðn `hmu-, ne`gtevg. Igs setugèhncs `hmune`gtevgs pucdcn scr tgn dejcrcntcs `hmh ung `hnvcrsgèðn `hnvcrsgèðn hrgi, un dcogtc, dcogtc, ung cntrcvestg, un gr grtíùih tíùih ècntí﬇`h, ècn tí﬇`h, un grt grtíùih íùih dc envcsteagèðn, ung dcmhstrgèðn mgtcmç mgtcmç-te`g h ﬇ihsð﬇ ﬇ ihsð﬇`g, `g, u un n tcxth puoieè puoieètgreh, tgreh, un ggicagth icagth gntc un treoungi, un meten phiíte phiíte`h, `h, ct`. ?. Ig cstru`tu cstru`turg rg dc ig graumcntgèð graumcntgèðn n h argmçte`g d dcc ig grau graumcn mcntgèðn tgèðn sc hùpg dc cstudegr sus `gtcahrígs junèhngics (graumcnth, rcaig acncrgi h enjcrcnèg, tcses, hpeneðn h `hnìuseðn) y su destreouèðn cn ci tcxth, su rcigèðn lcrçrque`g, gsí `hmh igs jhrmgs ienaùíste`gs `hn quc sc cxprcsgn. 4. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG CP@_ETS_G 57 Ci prhpðseth dc ig scùcnèg graumcntgtevg `hnsestc cn dcmhstrgr h rcjutgr ung tcses, pgrg ih ùgi sc pgrtc dc prcmesgs `hn ig entcnèðn dc iicagr g ung `hnìuseðn (tcses nucvg h rcjutgèðn dc ig tcses dc pgrtedg); cn `hnscùcnèg, phdcmhs g﬇rmgr quc ci csqucmg oçse`h dc ig graumcntgèðn `hnsestc cn phncr cn rcigèðn (rcigèðn cstru`turgi) ung screc dc dgths (graumcnths) `hn ung `hnìuseðn g ig quc sc fg dc iicagr. Cstg rcigèðn pucdc scr agrgntc y gphyh, h rcjutgèðn h cx`cpèðn. Ci csqucmg mcntgi graumcntgtev gra umcntgtevhh `hnstg dc igs seauecntcs junèhncs< Jea. 5. Csqucmg prhthtípe`h dc ig graumcntgèðn Tcxth graumcntgtevh Graumcnth Tcses Dgths gntcrehr (Rrcmesgs) ↟ [Enjcrcnèg] ↟ @hnc`thr ↟ (Ende`gdhr [Jucrzg] ↟ @hnìuseðn h Tcses `hnìusehncs nucvg dc jucrzg) Cstg cstru`turg, quc sc dg tgnth cn desùrshs hrgics `hmh cn tcxths cs`reths ‐y tgnth cn ihs ushs csphntçnchs h jgmeiegrcs `hmh cn ihs jhrmgics h pigne﬇`gdhs dci icnauglc, eaugi quc su`cdc `hn ihs dcmçs tephs dc tcxth‐, nh secmprc gpgrc`c `gnðne`gmcntc dcsgrrhiigdg `hnjhrmc gi csqucmg prhthtípe`h. Nh fg dc rcsuitgr cxtrg÷h, phr tgnth, quc gpgrcz`g gitcrgdh ci hrdcn dc sus `hmphncntcs h enìush supremedh giaunh dc ciihs; csth su`cdc pgrteùigrmcn pgrteùigr mcntc tc cn ihs ushs hrgics nh jhrmgics, y thdgvíg mçs cn ig puoieèdgd; rgzhncs dc teph prgamçte`h, cntrc igs quc sc cnùcntrgn ci mundh `hnhèdh quc `hmpgrtcn ihs entcrvenecntcs cn ig entcrg`èðn, ig entcnèhngiedgd y ci nevci dc empieètud dci tcxth h desùrsh, en﬏uycn cn ig `hn﬇aurgèðn dc﬇netevg dci csqucmg quc vcnemhs `hmcntgndh. Ci `hn`cpth dc jucrzg rcsgitg ci prenè prenèpeh peh `gpe `gpetgi tgi dc ig gra graumcn umcntgèðn< tgèðn< ig gdgptgèðn igs tcses quc g`cptg ci gudethreh. Pcaün ig entcnsedgd dc cstg gdfcseðn,g nhs phdcmhs cn`hntrgr `hn graumcnths jucrtcs y graumcnths dåoeics. Ihs ende`gdhrcs dc jucrzg (vcrdgdcrhs prhtgahnestgs ienaùíste`hs ienaùíst e`hs dc ig gra graumcn umcntgèðn tgèðn)) servcn pgr pgrgg `hnc`tgr ihs cnunègdhs y pgrg ende`gr su pgpci dcntrh dc un desùrsh; unhs mgr`gn ig tcses, htrhs, ihs dgths h ihs graumcn grau mcnths; ths; htrhs, ig rcaig acncrgi, y htrhs, ig rcscr rcscrvg, vg, ig jucntc h `gtcahrígs mgyhrcs `hmh ig graumcntgè gra umcntgèðn ðn mesmg. Rhr htrg pgrtc, ihs cstudehs shorc graumcntgèðn seaucn ung dhoic derc`èðn< phr un igdh, nhs cn`hntrgmhs `hn ci cnjhquc dc ig graumcntgèðn cn ig icnaug, quc dc﬇cndc ig rcigèðn cntrc dhs cnunègdhs (C7, C?), pcrtcncècntcs g un desùrsh. Tgmoeån sc pucdc cxprcsgr ig rcigèðn cntrc csths cnunègdhs mcdegntc `hnc`thrcs («oesgargs dci rg5? DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P zhngmecnth», scaün Gns`hmorc y Du`rht, 7554), pgigorgs dc rcigèðn quc tecncn tecncn `hmh junèðn p prgamçte`g rgamçte`g ig dc ggrteù rteùigr igr igs enjhrmgèh enjhrmgèhncs ncs y igs graumcntgèhncs dc un tcxth. Csth vecnc g rc`hnh`cr quc ihs prhpehs cicmcnths ienaùíste`hs, y nh ihs fc`fhs quc pudecrgn rcprcscntgr, cn`gmengn ig grau graumcn mcntgèðn. tgèðn. N Nhh sc gra graumcntg umcntg «`hn» ig ic icnaug naug ‐ ‐`hn `hn ih quc ig icnaug rcprcscntg‐, senh «cn» ig icnaug ‐`hn ih quc ig icnaug de`c‐. Rhr ciih, phdcmhs g﬇rmgr quc, dcsdc ci mhmcnth cn quc fgoigmhs, yg cstgmhs graumcntgndh, g raumcntgndh, cn ùgnth quc tthdg hdg pgigorg cs ci rcsuitgdh `hn`rcth dc ig cnunègèðn cn setugèðn, pucs ih quc quecrc dcèr cs ih quc quecrc fg`cr dcèr dcèr gi htrh pgrg trg trgnsjhrmgr nsjhrmgr su mgncrg dc vcr igs `hsgs h pgrg fg`cr g`tugr dc htrg mgncrg. Cn `hnscùcnèg, dcsdc ig pcrspc`tevg h cnjhquc ienaùíste`h phdcmhs g﬇rmgr quc ig graumcntgèðn cs ung g`tevedgd ienaùíste`g quc cxprcsg ung g`tevedgd mcntgi cn ùgnth quc prhdu`c ungs dctcrmengdgs «fuciigs» dc pcnsgmecn pcnsgm ecnth. th. Cstgs pcrmetc pcrmetcn n g su vcz tr trgsiuèr gsiuèr ig entcnè entcnèðn ðn dc quecn igs usg. Ci htrh cnjhquc cs ci quc pigntcg ig graumcntgèðn `hmh un prhoicmg dc `hntcnedh y dc `hntcxtugiezgèðn (ig graumcntgèðn cn ci desùrsh),, dc mhdh quc igs mg ùrsh) mgr`gs r`gs h ende`gdhrcs graumcntgtevhs ((nevci nevci dc me`rhcstru`turg) me`rhcstru`tur g) nh sh shn n `hndeè `hndeèðn ðn nc`csgreg ne su﬇ècntc pgrg gscaurg gscaurgrr ig entcrprctgèðn entcrprctgèðn y agrgntezg agrgntezgrr ig ùgi ùgiedgd edgd dc un tcxth grau graumcn mcntgtevh, tgtevh, yg quc thdgs igs ig s rcigèhn rcigèhncs cs ggraumcntgtevgs raumcntgtevgs cntrc cnunègd cnunègdhs hs nh sc dcdu`cn dc su `hntcxth enjhrmgtevh. Rgrg csths guthrcs cs jrcùcntc quc ci gspc`th graumcntgtevh gpgrcz`g empiíèth (dc mgncrg muy pgrteùigr cn ihs gnunèhs puoieètgrehs). Cn cstc `gsh, ci cstudeh dc ig graumcntgèðn `hnsesterç cn gvcreaugr ig rcigèðn dc ih cxpiíèth y ih empiíèth (ih de`fh y ih nh de`fh, pcrh sí `hmune`gdh), suphnc er mçs giiç dccnihcide`fh, phrun ciih fgoríg quc `hnsedcrgrihihsùgi fc`fhs graumcntgtevhs mgr`hy dc pigntcgmecnth mecn th aihogi dc ig enjcrcnèg. Pcaün cstc cnjhquc cnjhquc,, thdg ggraumcntgèð raumcntgèðn n cstç gscntgdg shorc ih empiíèth y cn ig `hnstru`èðn dc scntedh; pgrg ciih shn endespcnsgoics igs enjcrcnègs rcicvgntcs, yg quc ih de`fh nh cs thdh ih `hmune`gdh, h ih quc cs ih mesmh< sc trgnsmetc mçs dc ih quc sc de`c. Ig `hmune`gèðn cs cscnègimcntc enjcrcnègi, cs dcèr, quc vg mçs giiç dci `ðdeah< cxeac un `hnhèmecnth ienaùíste`h y `hntcxtugi. Cstc cnjhquc `hnsedcrg, pucs, ig graumcntgèðn `hmh un desùrsh quc pcrseauc ungs ﬇ngiedgdcs `hn`rctgs; phr csh dc﬇cndc quc ig cic`è cic`èðn ðn dc ihs tårmenhs h jhrmgs jhrmgs vcrogics pgrg cxprcsgr edcgs ph`gs ph` gs vc`cs sc prhdu`c sen entcnèhngiedgd graumcntgtevg, senh quc cstg jrcùcntcmcntc 4. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG CP@_ETS_G 50 sc prhdu`c g trgvås dci endeèh quc prcscntg ci ush `hntcxtugi dc un dctcrmengdh tårmenh quc sc gicl g iclgg dci icnauglc fgoetugi. Cn `hnìuseðn, phdcmhs g﬇rmgr quc h oecn ihs g`ths dc graumcntgèðn gpgrc`cn ende`gdhs cn ig icnaug (graumcntgèðn cn ig icnaug), h oecn fgy quc dcrevgrihs prgamçte`gmcntc (graumcntgèðn cn ci desùrsh). Ihs cstudehs cst udehs shorc graumcntgèð graumcntgèðn n dejcrcnègn ig ggraumcntgèð raumcntgèðn n hrgi y cs`retg; `hihquegi ` hihquegi (prenèpg (prenèpgimcntc imcntc hhrg rgi) i) y jhrmgi (mgyh (mgyhrmcntc rmcntc cs`retg); tcxth graumcntgtev gra umcntgtevhh `hn ig entcn entcnèðn èðn dc dcm dcmhstrgr hstrgr h `hnvcn `hnvcn`cr `cr y tcxth graumcn grau mcntgtevh tgtevh `hn ig entcn entcnèðn èðn dc pcrsugder h en en﬏uer ﬏uer (jgigègs). (jgigègs). @hmh sc pucdc vcr, ig pcrsugseðn pcrsug seðn prcscntg mu`fhs punths cn `hmün `hn ig dcmhstrgèðn iðae`g iðae`g y ècn ècntí﬇`g; tí﬇`g; pgrteù pgrteùigrmcntc igrmcntc,, ig ggraumcntgraumcntgèðn phr ig dc﬇neèðn. dc﬇neèðn. Ig pcrsugseðn tecnc cn ùcntg gi dcst dcstengtgreh; engtgreh; nh pcrseauc tgnth ig vcrdgd `hmh ig c﬇`gèg y ig gdfcseðn, y sc gphyg cn prenèpehs h `hnhèmecnths empiíèths `hmpgrtedhs phr cmeshr y rc`cpthr (ihs supucsths). Ci desùrsh ècntí﬇`h, sen cmograh, pgrtc dc fc`fhs y dc vcrdgdcs oecn cstgoicèdhs, `hmprhogdhs; sc gphyg shorc måthdhs dc dcdu`èðn dcdu`èðn scau scaurhs, rhs, y iicag g `hnìuseh `hnìusehncs ncs ﬇rmcs; gdcmçs, g`cptg cxphncrsc g ig rcjutgèðn. Rigntcgmhs cn cstg tgoig igs dejcrcnègs cntrc dcmhstrgèðn dcmhstrgè ðn y grau graumcn mcntgèðn. tgèðn. Tgoig 72. Dejcrcnègs cntrc dcmhstrgèðn y graumcntgèðn Dcmhstrgèðn (dcmhstrgr, `hnvcn`cr) 54 Rcrsugseðn (pcrsugder, enjiuer) Cs un rgzhngmecnth cvedcntc c errcjutgoic ogsgdh cn igs icycs dc ig ngturgiczg. Rgrtc dc prcmesgs y icycs suolctevgs desùteoics, rcsuitgdh dc un rgzhngmecnth hpengoic. Cs un rgzhngmecnth dcmhstrgtevh ogsgdh cn gxehmgs, cn ig unevcrsgiedgd y cn rcaigs dc dcdu`èðn. Cs un rgzhngmecnth cn ci quc prchùpg ig gdfcseðn y ci åxeth. Rgrtc dc prcmesgs (dgths) vcrdgdcrgs, unevcrsgics y holctevgs. Pu punth dc pgrtedg shn igs hpenehncs. Cs un sestcmg `crrgdh< ihs tårmenhs cstçn reaurhsgmcntc dcjenedhs. Cs un sestcmg goecrth< ihs tårmenhs shn vgregoics. Cs ung graumcntgèðn holctevg. Nh gdmetc dudgs ne gmoeaùcdgd. Ous`g ig unevhèdgd. Cs ung graumcntgèðn suolctevg. Rcrseauc `hn jrcùcnèg ig gmoeaùcdgd. Rcrtcnc`c gi tcrrcnh dc ig hpengoeiedgd. En Entc tcnt ntg g `hnv `hnvcn cn`c `crr phr phr mcde mcdeh h dc c cve vedc dcn` nèg egs. s. En Entc tcnt ntg g pc pcrs rsug ugde derr y `h `hns nsca caue uerr ig g gdf dfcs cseð eðn. n. Iicvg Iicvg g ig ig `hnve `hnve`è `èðn ðn mcde mcdegn gntc tc ` `hn hnì ìus useh ehnc ncs. s. Dcje Dcjecnd cndc c ig p pcr crsu sugs gseð eðn n mc mcde degn gntc tc h hpe pene nehnc hncs. s. Cs `hrrc`tg h en`hrrc`tg. Gdmetc mgyhr h mcnhr jucrzg. Cs endejcrcntc gi teph dc püoie`h. Dcpcndc cntcrgmcntc dc ig gdcùgèðn gi gudethreh, g su `hntcxth ùiturgi y g su unevcrsh edchiðae`h. Nh entcrcsg ci vgihr dc su cje`gèg. Rcrseauc ig vcrdgd. Pu vgihr rgde`g cn su cje`gèg pcrsugsevg. Rcrseauc ci åxeth. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P Dcstg`g mhs g `h Dcstg`gmhs `hntenugèð ntenugèðn n igs prenèpgics `grg`tcríste`g `grg`tcríste`gss dc gmogs cn ci mcnsglc puoieètgreh puoieètgreh emprcsh, quc sc `grg`tcrezg `gr g`tcrezg phr ihs seauecntcs rgsahs< • • • • • • • • Desphnc dc ig pçaeng dc jhrmg dejcrcntc dc `hmh ih fg`c ci mcnsglc cs`reth trgdeèhngi< usg igs pgigorgs ieorc ieorcmcn mcntc. tc. Ig scùcnègiedgd ihae`htcmphrgi ig prhphrèhng ci tgmg÷h dc igs ictrgs cn quc sc cs`reocn igs devcrsgs d evcrsgs pgrtcs dci mcnsg mcnsglc. lc. Ig tcses prenèpgi sucic qucdgr shorc shorcntcn ntcndedg. dedg. Ci graumcnth prenèpgi sc sucic cs`reoer `hn `grg`tcrcs argndcs lunth gi nhmorc dci prhdu`th, y igs suograumcntgèhncs, cn `grg`tcrcs mcnhrcs; mcn hrcs; ih ùgi seane﬇`g quc ci tgmg÷h dc igs ictrgs ictrg s cs derc`t derc`tgmcntc gmcntc prhphrèhngi g ig emphrtgnèg y prccmencnèg dci mcnsglc h `hmphncntc graumcntgtevh. Ihs vínùihs cntrc ihs jrgamcnths dc tcxth sc cstgoic`cn phr ci `grç`tcr y ci tgmg÷h dc igs ictrgs y nh phr ig su`cseðn seð n cn ig quc sc prcscn prcscntgn tgn cn ig pçae pçaeng. ng. Ihs `hmphncntcs pucdcn cstgr cspgrèdhs phr thdg ig pçaeng y prcscntgrsc dc jhrmg des`hntenug, pcrh `hn ig entcnèðn dc rccnjh`gr `hntenugmcntc ci graumcnth prenèpgi. Ci desùrsh graumcntgtevh sc ècrrg `hn ung èrùigredgd prhpeg dc cstc teph dc mcnsglcs quc tecncn ig gpgrecnèg dc dcmhstrgèðn dc un tchrcmg, dhndc ig `hnìuseðn `hnìuseðn cs eau eaugi gi g ig mg`rhp mg`rhpeneðn eneðn pgrg dg dgrr ig emprcseðn dc quc prhphrèhng dgths holctevhs, y quc hpcrg `hn dcdu`èhncs iðae`gs, pgrtecndh dc rcaigs unevcrsgics c encxpuangoics. Nh sc prhdeagn ihs ende`gdhrcs dc jucrzg cn igs g﬇rmgèhncs y `hnìusehncs `cntrgics. G mcnudh sc rcùrrc g dgths tå`ne`hs h pscudhècntí﬇`hs, dhèc ntí﬇`hs, `hn un thn thnhh dedç`t dedç`te`h, e`h, quc ht hthragn hragn u un n ècrth prcsteaeh gi cmeshr dci mcnsglc, acncrgn cn ungigdemcnseðn ﬇crcn ig gpgrecnèg gpgrecn` eg dc cxpcrth mgtcreg. dc ﬇goeiedgd y ic `hnIg cstrgtcaeg cstr gtcaeg premgreg dci icnauglc puo puoieètgreh ieètgreh cs ig dc entcn entcntgr tgr ``gpgptgr phr un mhmcnth ig gtcnèðn dci ic`thr mcdegntc ung emgacn gtrg`tevg h mcdegntc un mcnsglc cspcègi. Dcsdc ci punth dc vestg ienaùíste`h, cn ig puoieèdgd `hntcmphrçncg, pgrg `hnscauer ig nc`csgreg `hnnhtgèðn quc rcquecrc ig pcrsugseðn entcrvecncn rcùrshs jðne`hs, mhrjhsentç`te`hs, mhrjhsentç`te`hs, iåxe`hs y rctðre rctðre`hs `hs `hn ci ﬇n dc fg`cr mçs dcscgoics ihs prhdu`ths quc sc hjrc`cn. Phn cs`gsgs igs `gtcahrígs dc rcscrvg, dudg h prhogoeiedgd, mecntrgs quc cs muy jrcùcntc ci mhdgi dcðnte`h dc hoieagèðn y nc`csedgd. Phn tgmoeån fgoetugics ihs rcùrshs g igs jucntcs dc gphyh `hmh 4. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG CP@_ETS_G 53 agrgntíg dc vcrgèdgd h rcgiedgd dc ihs dgths prhphrèhngdhs `hmh gutånte`hs y vcrdgdcrhs graumcnths (clcmpih típe`h dc jgigèg). Ci mcnsglc puoieètgreh gudehvesugi, sen cmograh, tecnc, prenèpgimcntc, mcn tc, igs seauecntcs pcùiegredgdcs< • • • • Ci mg`rhgraumcnth sc prcscntg `hmh `hnìuseðn dci prh`csh graumcntgtevh; mcn tgtevh; ih ùgi ic `hn﬇crc gi desù desùrsh rsh un jjgish gish ``grç`tcr grç`tcr endu`tevh/ dcmhstrgtevh. Ci prh`csh dc graumcntgèðn cs ci seauecntc< premcrh sc prcscntg ci holcth, hol cth, dcspuås sc dcs`reocn igs ``grg`tcríste`g grg`tcríste`gss y ﬇ngimcntc sc cnunègn igs ig s `hnìuseh `hnìusehncs ncs h grau graumcn mcnths ths pgrg ig gdqueseèð gdqueseèðn n dci prhdu`th gnunègdh. Ig pcrtencnèg dc igs emçacncs y igs scnsgèhncs rcspc`th gi `grç`tcr dci prhdu`th prhdu`th nh sc ogsg cn ne nenaung naung iðae`g. Ig graumcntgèðn nh tecnc ung `hfcrcnèg iðae`g dcmhstrgtevg, yg quc prctcndc, phr cnèmg dc thdh, scduèr, fg`cr dcscgoic ci prhdu`th quc mucstrg. @hmh sc pucdc `hmprhogr mcdegntc ihs dgths cxpucsths cn ig tgoig gntcrehr, ig csùcig y ihs mcdehs dc `hmune`gèðn jrcùcntcmcntc pcrseaucn ﬇ncs destenths, `hntrgpucsths enìush cn mu`fhs `gshs. Ciih fg`c quc scg nc`csgreh dcde`gr csjucrzhs g enstruer g ihs giumnhs cn ci `hnhèmecnth y ig prhdu`èðn dc cstc teph dc mcnsglcs, ih quc endudgoicmcntc `hntreouerç g ig jhrmgèðn dc endeveduhs `ríte`hs y `rcgtevhs, holctevh hol ctevh ju jundgmcn ndgmcntgi tgi dc ig cdu`gèðn. Cn ih quc rcspc`tg g ig hragnezgèðn argmgte`gi y prgamçte`g dci tcxth, tcndrcmhs cn ùcntg ihs seauecntcs gspc`ths argmgte`gics y prgamçte`hs< • • 5: Ihs dcí`te`hs. Pc trgtg dc mgr`gs h ende`gdhrcs quc rc﬇crcn g htrhs cicmcnths dci tcxth quc pucdcn pucdcn er dcig dcigntc ntc (gng (gngjðre`hs) jðre`hs) h dctrçs (`gtgjðre`hs); cstg junèðn fg`c quc scgn cicmcnths emphrtgntcs cn ig `hfcseðn fcseð n tcxtu tcxtugi, gi, yg quc aauígn uígn gi ic`thr pgrg jgèietgric ig `hmprc `hmprcnseðn. nseðn. Ihs mhdgiezgdhrcs . Cstgs mgr`gs entrhdu`cn ci punth dc vestg dci cmeshr cn ci desùrsh; tecncn quc vcr `hn ig g`tetud quc ci sulcth fgoigntc (cnunègdhr) gdhptg `hn rcspc`th g sus prhdu`èhncs vcrogics (cnunègdhs); y phr ciih ende`gn ci argdh dc gdfcseðn (en`hndeèhngi h meteagdg), dc en`crtedumorc h dc rc`fgzh dci sulcth dc ig cnunègDEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P • • • • èðn `hn rcspc`th g ihs `hntcnedhs cnunègdhs. Ihs mhdgiezgdhrcs pucdcn scr gscrtevhs, gprcègtevhs y dcðnte`hs. Ihs `hnc`thrcs ihae`hprgamçte`hs y ihs hragnezgdhrcs tcxtugics. tcxtugics. Dcsdc un punth dc vestg iena ienaùíste`h ùíste`h (grau (graumcn mcntgèðn tgèðn cn ig icnaug), ci cstudeh dc ig grau graumcn mcntgèðn tgèðn sc `cntrg prenèpgimcn prenèpgimcntc tc cn igs rcigèhncs dc `gusg y `hnscùcnèg, hphseèðn y `hntrgstc, entrhdu`thr dc prcmesgs, ende`gdhr dc graumcnth y mgr`gdhr dc `hnìuseðn. Rgrg rcjhrzgr ig graumcntgèðn, cs jrcùcntc rcùrrer g cnunègdhs `hn hrgèhncs `hn`csevgs cn ihs quc ci fgoigntc mcnèhng dhs cicmcnths dc enjhrmgèðn quc `hntrgstgn jucrtcmcntc cntrc ciihs. Ci iåxe`h ùyh endeèh prcscntg prcscntg ci ush u sh `hntcxtugi dc un dctcrmengdh tårmenh quc sc giclg dci icnauglc fgoetugi, yg quc ig cic`èðn dc ihs tårmenhs tecnc phr sí mesmg vgihr dc ggraumcntgèð raumcntgèðn. n. Ihs tecmphs vcrogics. vcrogics. Gpgrc`cn hragnezgdhs acncrgimcntc cn thrnh gi prcscntc< tecmph dc ig cnunègèðn. Cs jrcùcntc tgmoeån, cn cstc teph dc tcxths, tcx ths, ig gpgreèðn dc vcrohs cn premcrg pcrshng< mgr`g cnunègtevg cnunè gtevg g trgvås dc ig ù ùgi gi sc mg mgne﬇cstg ne﬇cstg ci guthr cn ci tcxth y dclg su fuciig cn ci cnunègdh. Ci ush dc empiíèths empiíèths.. Pc trgtg t rgtg dc prcsuphseè prcsuphseèhncs, hncs, quc pcrtcnc pcrtcnc`cn `cn ggii `ðdeah, gi `hmphncntc ienaùíste`h, y shorccntcndedhs, quc shn dc ngturgiczg prgamçte`g y quc hotcncmhs mcdegntc ig `hnstru`èðn dc enjcrcnègs. @hn ci tcxth graumcntgtevh `crrgmhs ci cstudeh dc ihs prenèpgics tephs dc tcxth y aåncrhs desùrsevhs quc sc dgn cn ci çmoeth çmoeth g`gdåme`h y shègi. Cs, `hmh pucdc vcrsc, un tcmg dc `gpetgi emphrtgnèg cn ig jhrmgèðn dc juturhs mgcstrhs y tgmoeån cn ig cnsc÷gnzg dc giumnhs dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. 4.:. Tgiicr dc cs`returg G prhpðset prhpðsethh dci tgi tgiicr icr dc cs`returg, cs`returg, ig premcrg edcg q quc uc m mcrc`c crc`c rcsgitgrsc cs quc pgrg trgoglgr ig ``hmp hmphseèð hseèðn n cs`retg cn ìgsc nh sscc rcquecrc ci ush dc mgtcregics sh﬇ste`gdhs ne cspcègics; cn mu`fgs h`gsehncs ogstgrç, h `gse, `hn hoscrvgr ig rcgiedgd y scrversc dc ihs dgths quc nhs sumenestrg degregmcntc, `cntrçndhnhs, `hmh cs iðae`h, cn ih mçs prðxemh quc nhs hjrc`c. G cstc rcspc`th, sí scrçn jundgmcntgics igs ùgiedgdcs dci mgcstrh `hmh mhtevgdhr, `hmh cmhèhngdhr. 4. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG CP@_ETS_G 51 Cn cstc scntedh, shn hphrtungs igs pgigorgs dc Agoreci Agr`íg Mçrqucz ùgndh g﬇rmg< «Rcnsgr quc un meiiðn dc pcrshngs pudecrgn iccr giah cs`reth cn ig shicdgd dc me ùgrth `hn vcenteh`fh ictrgs ictrgs dci ggijgocth ijgocth y dhs dcdhs `hmh thdh grscngi pgrc`críg g thdgs iu`cs ung ihùrg…» (desùrsh prhnunègdh cn @grtgacng dc Endegs, @hihmoeg, ci ?: dc mgrzhh dc ?221). mgrz U tgmoeån tgmoeån cstgs htrgs pgigorgs< «Ci cs`re cs`rethr thr sc m mucvc ucvc ccn n ci mund mundhh dc ih `hn`rcth. Dci mundh dc ih gostrg`th nh sc pucdc cspcrgr ngdg. Csh pgrg ihs ﬇iðshjhs. Pc ih deah secmprc g mes giumnhs, ﬇lghs cn ihs dctgiics. ¸U ùçi cs ci cspgèh dc ig ietcrgturg8 Ci grtc dc cs`reoer cs ci grtc dc hoscrvgr. Fg`cr quc ih quc mergs vgiag vg iag phr vcentc y quc tu mergdg `hnvecrtg cn nhvcdgd igs `hsgs»; «Ci cs`rethr cs un hoscrvgdhr mçs quc un pcnsgdhr, tecnc quc hoscrvgr y scnter» (Ci Rgís, : y 1 dc gorei dc ?221). G cstc rcspc`th, g÷gdc Peiveg Gdcig Khfgn (@ðmh ih rccs`reoh. Ig fcrrgmecntg dci cs`rethr) quc sc sgoc ùgndh cstç mgi mg i cs`reth un rcigth se< • • • • • • enjhrmg mçs quc ngrrg (dejcrcnèg cntrc «dcèr» y «mhstrgr»); ci dctgiic rcvcigdhr cxpie`g mçs dc ih quc de`c (ci cs`rethr quc sc prchùpg phr ci dctgiic cs ci quc `hnvcn`c y gshmorg ‐hoscrvgr‐; sc fg dc ùitevgr ci gshmorh, suacrer, fg`cr vcr); nh fgy nenaün nenaü n teph dc trgnsjhrmgèðn t rgnsjhrmgèðn cn cntrc trc ci prenèpe prenèpehh y ci ﬇ngi; cxpie`g ih quc yg sc sgoc phrquc phrquc gsí su`cdc cn ig rcg rcgiedgd; iedgd; sc÷gig rcjcrcnègs gmoeaugs; cstç `hnstetuedh phr un u n iåxe`h cstcrchtepgdh cstcrchtepgdh,, muy rcous`gdh h ennc`csgreh; igs jrgscs shn `hnjusgs. Rgrg ciih, cstg guthrg rc`hmecndg, cntrc htrhs jcnðmcnhs, ihs seauecntcs< • • • • 56 Hoscrvgr ig rcgiedgd y gnhtgr ih quc sc vc, sc hyc, sc fucic, sc emgaeng, gntcs dc cs`reoer, phrquc cs`reoer cs `hnquestgr ci entcrås dci ic`thr. Trgnsmeter ci igdh enshspc`fgdh quc cnècrrgn ihs su`cshs mçs `hrrecntcs, rrecnt cs, ihs holcths mçs scnèiihs, ihs acsths dc thdhs ihs dígs. Dcstg`gr iharhs cxprcsev cxprcsevhs hs y ggngiez ngiezgr gr cn quå `hnsestc ci iharh< cxpr cxprccsehncs sehn cs quc nhs au austgn, stgn, ggspc`ths spc`ths quc nc`cse nc`csetgn tgn gmpiegrsc. Puorgygr Puorg ygr ig igss pgigorgs `hn`rctgs, veseoi veseoics cs y piçst piçste`gs e`gs quc sc fgygn cmpicgdh. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P • • Rrcstgr gtcnèðn g ig shnhredgd dci tcxth. Nh gousgr dci sustgntevh su stgntevh gostrg`th, ne dci gdlctev gdlctevh, h, dci acrundeh, dci ncxh quc, dc ig suohrdengèðn, suohrdengèðn, ne dc igs hrgèh hrgèhncs ncs cxìgmgtevgs. @hn cstgs hrecntgèhncs fgoríg quc `hnsedcrgr suacrcnègs dc guthrcs tgics `hmh igs dc A. _hdgre (Argmçte`g dc ig jgntgsíg, Ieorh dc ihs crrhrcs, @ucnths phr tciåjhnh, @ucnths pgrg luagr); L. M. Aesocrt (Ci igzgreiih jgntçste`h, Icycndgs dci pignctg Tgmyres); L. @hrtçzgr (Festhregs dc `rhnhpehs y dc jgmgs); Z. Fuedhorh (Gitgzhr); A. dc Gphiiengerc (@gieargmgs); _. Wucncgu (Clcrèèhs dc csteih); _. Aðmcz dc ig Pcrng (Arcaucrígs); G. _cycs ( Letgnl Letgnlçjhrgs çjhrgs). G thdgs cstgs prhpucstgs fgy quc g÷gder htrgs mu`fgs cn`gmengdgs g prcscntgr ig ic`turg y ig cs`returg `hmh giah g ig vcz enstru`tevh y devcrtedh. Pcrçn tgmoeån dc argn entcrås tå`ne`gs gpie`gdgs g clcs tcmçte`hs `hmh< jgntgsíg y rcgiedgd, fumhr, gosurdh, surrcgiesmh, gvcnturg y ècnèg ﬇`èðn, ct`. Cntrc ihs cicmcnths sustgnègics dc ig cxpcrecnèg dc cs`returg, dc ig `rcgèðn dc ﬇`èhncs, sc cnùcntrgn ig mcmhreg, ig emgaengèðn y ig pgigorg. Nh sc dcoc hivedgr ig hoscrvgèðn dc ig rcgiedgd `htedegng `hmh jucntc jundgmcntgi dc tcmgs, cxtrgídhs dc ig hoscrvgèðn dci cnthrnh, dc ig vedg dc ihs giumnhs, dc ig g`tugiedgd shèhc`hnðme`g y ùiturgi, ct`. Cn h`gsehncs, ogstgrç `hn cvh`gr giaün holcth, iuag iuagrr, `hihr h mhmcn mhmcnth th rcigèhngdh `hn ci mundh cs`hig cs`higr; r; scic`èhngr ung jhth dci çioum jgmeiegr; jgmeieg r; ig envetgèðn g giaün g`hntcèmecn g`hntcèmecn-th (ohdg, ogutezh, ﬇cstg… ﬇cstg…); ); ung ètg g ècag ècags, s, ct`. Cs entcrcsgntc, g cstc rcspc`th, `hmpgrter nucstrgs festhregs, g`cntugndh ci scntedh dc aruph, ci gnçieses `ríte`h y ci `hmcntgreh `hnstru`tevh mcdegntc ci entcr`gmoeh, dc mgncrg quc thdhs cs`reocn, thdhs iccn, thdhs `hmcntgn. Rgrg ciih,scnsgèhncs cs entcrcsgntc iicvgr secmprcquc ungnhs ieorctg cn phr ig quc phdcr gnhtgr emçacncs, h pcnsgmecnths gsgitcn shrprcsg. @hn csths prcsupucsths, cntcndcmhs ig cs`returg `hmh un `hmpiclh prh`csh quc rcquec rcquecrc rc ung screc dc cstrgtcaegs pgrg prhd prhduèr uèr tcxths cn setugèðn rcgi dc `hmune`gèðn. Zgic ig pcng ensester cn cstg edcg< ig junèhngiedgd y ig mhtevgèðn dc ig cs`returg pgrg nh enùrrer cn ig dcsgijgoctezgèðn, `hmh g﬇rmg _. Pemhnc (Degreh ienaùíste`h dc ung ne÷g, 7566< 7566< 7 76?) 6?),, cn ig «tcndcnèg g ttrgn rgnsjhrmg sjhrmgrr cn cs`r cs`returg eturg thdh ih quc ci giumnh icc, thdh ih quc vc, thdgs igs phseoics cxpcrecnègs dc ihs mu`fg`fhs. Gsí, ig cs`returg, sen pgrc`crih, sc `hnvecrtc cn un `gsteah…». Cstg setugèðn cs muy `hmün cn igs ìgscs, g tcnhr dc ih quc rc﬇crcn ihs cstudegntcs unevcrsetgrehs. 4. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG CP@_ETS_G 55 Ci tgiicr dc cs`returg, `hn jrcùcnèg, sc `cntrg cn ig rcgiezgèðn dc prhpucstgs iüde`gs, lucahs dc cs`returg, clcrèèhs dc csteih; mcmhreg, edcntedgd, guthoehargjíg, rcigèðn `hn ci mundh; prhpucstgs `cntrgdgs cn ig `rcgèðn dc ﬇`èðn, y prhpucstgs `cntrgdgs cn ig rccs`returg. Rhr ciih, cs emphrtg emphrtgntc ntc dcde`gr tecmph g igs prç`te`gs dc cs`retur cs`returgg `rcgtevg cn ci guig (y jucrg dc ciig, tgmoeån), `hn ci ﬇n dc quc ci giumnh sc `hnvcnzg dci entcrås quc tecnc ig cs`returg `hmh cntrctcnemecnth y devcrseðn. 4.1. G`tevedgdcs dc dcsgrrhiih Igs g`tevedgdcs dc dcsgr dcsgrrhiih rhiih fgn dc ùmpier ihs seauecntcs holctevhs< holctevhs< • • • • • • • Pcr `hnsècntc `hnsècntc dc ig jjunèðn unèðn dc ig cs`returg cn igs eentc ntcrg`èhncs rg`èhncs shègics dc ihs endeveduhs. Thmgr `hnècnèg dc igs dejcrcnègs d ejcrcnègs ccxest xestcntcs cntcs cntrc ci prh`csh quc sc seauc gi iccr y gi cs`reoer. Gprcndcr Gprcn dcr `ðmh sc pucd pucdcc cnsc÷gr g gdquerer ig cs`returg y g dcsgrrhiigr cstg fgoeiedgd cn ci clcrèèh g`gdåme`h y prhjcsehngi, gdgptçndhihh g Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. dhi Des`remengr ihs dejcrcn de jcrcntcs tcs tephs dc tcxth y aåncrhs desùr desùrsevhs sevhs quc sc usgn cn ihs çmoe çmoeths ths shègics y cs` cs`higrcs. higrcs. Clcrètgr ig cs`returg `hmh prh`csh dc `hmphseèðn dc tcxths. Desjrutgr cs`reoecndh y sgocr desc÷gr un tgiicr dc cs`returg `rcgtevg. Pgocr gngiezgr gngie zgr y `hmpgrgr mhdcihs y `hn`cpèh `hn`cpèhncs ncs dc ig cs`returg cn dejcrcntcs dejcrcnt cs ieorhs dc tcxth dc I@I dcstengdhs g Cdu`gèð Cdu`gèðn n Rremgreg. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 7. Rgrg ung enjhrmgèð enjhrmgèðn n mçs `hmp `hmpictg ictg shorc ig cnsc÷gnzg y ci gprcndezglc dc ig cs`returg, rcmetemhs g igs seauecntcs ic`turgs, quc sc rcgiezgrçn phr pgrclgs y quc sc cxphndrçn, `hmh sc ende`g mçs gdcigntc, `hn ci ﬇n dc gohrdgr ig `hmpicledgd quc cnècrrg ig cnsc÷gnzg y ci gprcndezglc dci jcnðmcnh dc ig cs`returg< @gmps, G. G . (7 (7552). «Mhdcihs «Mhdcihs dci prh`csh dc rcdg`èðn< rcdg `èðn< giaungs giau ngs empie`gèhncs pgrg ig cnsc÷gnzg». cnsc÷gnzg ». Enjgnèg y Gprcndezglc, 45, 0-70. —— (755?). «Giaungs hoscrvgèhncs shorc ig `gpgèdgd dc rcveseðn dc ihs gdhics`cntc». Enjgnèg y Gprcndezglc, 36, :3. @gmps, G.; Dhiz, L. (755:). «Cnsc÷gr g cs`reoer». @uiturg y Cdu`gèðn, Cdu`gèðn, ?, ?1-02. 722 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P @g÷ gdh; Aðmcz-Zeiig @g÷gdh; Aðmcz-Zeiigiog; iog; Rårcz (755:). (755:). «Ig cvgiugèðn cvg iugèðn dc ig `hmphseèðn cs`retg». Tcxths dc Dedç`te`g dc ig Icnaug y ig Ietcrgturg, 5< 721-774. @gsgsc`g, P. (?224). «Ci gprcndezglc `hhpcrgtevh dc ig cs`returg». Cn< Gnauetg, M. ct gi. Ig `hmphseèðn cs`retg (dc 0 g 7: g÷hs) (pp. 75-?:). Ogr`cihng< Argð. Dedg`tcxt, Aruph (?22:). «Pcùcnèg dedç`te`g pgrg ig cs`returg dc tcxths cxphsetevhs». Tcxths dc Dedç`te`g dc ig Icnaug y dc ig Ietcrgturg, 40< 51-72:. Meiegn, M. (755:). «Enèdcnèg dci `hntcxth cn ci prh`csh dc prhdu`èðn dc tcxths cs`reths». cs`reths». @uiturg y Cdu`gèðn, Cdu`gèðn, ?< :1-16. Mergs, Merg s, M. (?222). «Ig cs`returg rc﬏cxevg. rc﬏c xevg. Gprcndcr G prcndcr g cs`reoer y gprcndcr gprcndcr g`cr`g dc ih quc sc cs`reoc». Enjgnèg y Gprcndezglc, 65< :3-62. Mhrcnh, Z. (?221). «Ig cs`returg `hmh símohih dc ig ic`turg». Tcxths dc Dedç`te`g dc ig Icnaug y ig Ietcrgturg, 44< :5-16. Ncmerhvsky, M. (7555). «¸@ðmh hragnezgr ig cnsc÷gnzg dci icnauglc cs`reth8 Sng prhpucstg dc pigne﬇`gèðn». Cn< Phorc ig cnsc÷gnzg dci icnauglc cs`reth… y tcmgs gicdg÷hs (pp. ?3-31). Måxe`h< Rgedðs. Rgsquecr, G.; Dhiz, L. (755:). «Sn dc`çihah pgrg cnsc÷gr g cs`reoer». @uiturg y s, Cdu`gèðn Cdu`gèðn, , ?,«Ihs 07-47. _eog _eogs, T. T. ((7 755:). enstru e nstrumcnths mcnths dc cvgiugèðn jhrmgtevg cn ung un g scùcnèg dedç`te`g dc `hmphseèðn cs`retg«. @uiturg y Cdu`gèðn, Cdu`gèðn, ?, 15-57. _uez Jihrcs, M. (?225). Cvgiugèðn dc ig icnaug cs`retg y dcpcndcnèg dc ih ietcrgi. Ogr`cihng< Argð. P`grdgmg P`g rdgmgieg, ieg, M.; M .; Ocrcetcr, Ocrcetcr, @. (755?). 55?). «Dhs mhdcihs cxpie`gtevhs cxpie` gtevhs dc ihs prh`cshs dc `hmphseèðn `hmphseèðn cs`retg». c s`retg». Enjgnèg y Gprcndezglc, 36, 40-:4. P`fncuwiy, O. (755?). «Ig `hn`cpèðn vyahtskegng dci icnauglc cs`reth». @h @h-mune`gèðn, Icnauglc y Cdu`gèðn, Cdu`gèðn, 7:, 45-35. This`fensky I. (7550). «Cs`reoer cn ig csùcig». Cn< Gprcndez Gprcndezglc glc dci icnauglc cs`reth. Rrh`cshs cvhiutevhs c empie`gèhncs dedç`te`gs (pp. 75-41). Ogr`cihng< Gntfrhphs. Gntf rhphs. Thi`fensk hi`fensky y, I. I . (7556) (7556).. «Rremcrhs pgshs pg shs cn ig rcdg`èðn rcd g`èðn dc tcxths cxphsetevhs». Tcxths dc Dedç`te`g dc ig Icnaug y ig Ietcrgturg, 71< 43-34. Zyahtsky,, I. Zyahtsky I . (7515) (7515).. «Ig «I g prcfesthreg dci icnauglc icnau glc cs`reth». Cn< Ci dcsgrrhiih dc ihs prh`cshs pse`hiðae`hs supcrehrcs (pp. 735-716). Ogr`cihng< @ríte`g. \gygs, J. (755:). «_c﬏cxeðn argmgte`gi y `hmphseèðn cs`retg». @uiturg y Cdu`gèðn,, ?< 35-::. Cdu`gèðn Dc ig rcigèðn rcigèðn dc grtíùihs grt íùihs grreog cxpucstg, `gd `gdgg dhs cstudegntcs cicaerçn un grtíùih shorc ci quc rcgiezgrçn igs seauecntcs tgrcgs< • ung síntcses cs`retg (gircdcdhr dc vcentc iíncgs), sces pgigorgs ìgvc; 4. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG CP@_ETS_G 727 • • un csqucmg prcscntgdh hrgimcntc `hn gphyh dc rcùrshs gudehvesugics pgrg pg rg su cxphseèðn gntc thdg ig ìgsc; cntrcag dc ig dhùmcn dhùmcntgèðn tgèðn gi prhjcshr pgrg su cvg cvgiugèð iugèðn. n. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd ?. Cn aruphs argndcs, rc`hrdgr gnå`dhtgs pcrshngics g`cr`g dc quå sc dc`íg y fg`íg ùgndh sc nhs pcdíg cs`reoer (ush dc ig ahmg dc ohrrgr; uteiezgèðn dci igpe`crh y dci ohiíargjh; igs tg`fgdurgs; ci shphrtc< pgpci cn oign`h, rgygdh, dhs rgygs, ùgdreùigdh; ct`.). Phn entcrcsgntcs entcr csgntcs tg tgmoe moeån ån ihs su`cshs rcjcred rcjcredhs hs cn ig jgmeieg phr ihs goucihs y ihs pgdrcs g`cr`g dc setugèhncs cn quc gpgrc`c ig cs`returg y su rcpcrù rcpcrù-seðn shègi< gngijgocths quc ﬇rmgogn `hn ung `ruz, ohdgs `hndeèhngdgs g gprcn gprcndcr dcr g iccr iccr,, ct`. Rgrg ig rcgiezgèðn rcgiez gèðn dc cstg g`tevedgd («Festhregs dc vedg») cs un rcùrsh cx`cicntc gùder g `cntrhs dc díg, `cntrhs dc luoeigdhs, luo eigdhs, rcsed rcsedcnègs cnègs dc tc tcr`crg r`crg cdgd, ct`. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 0. Cs`reoer pgrg vever cn `hmunedgd. Cn pcquc÷hs aruphs, fg`cr un orcvc rc`hrred rc`hrredhh g ih igrah dc ig vedg dc un endeveduh endeveduh,, cn ci quc sc dclc dclc `hnstgnèg dc ig ju junèð nèðn n dc ig cs`returg cn su vvedg. edg. Gia Giaunhs unhs çmoeths cn ihs quc sc dcscnvucivc ci endeveduh g ih igrah dc su vedg, `hmh< festhregi dci endeveduh (dcsdc gntcs dc ng`cr fgstg ig mucrtc); çmoeth çmoe th sgn sgnetgreh; etgreh; ourh`rgèg gdmenest gdmenestrgtevg; rgtevg; ççmoe moeth th g`gdåme`h y prh prhjcjcsehngi; rcigèhncs c`hnðme`gs y mcr`gnteics; hèh y cspgrèmecnth (lucahs y dcphrtcs enìuedhs); giemcntgèðn (rc`ctgs dc `hèng, prhpecdgdcs dc ihs giemcnths, ct`.); `hmune`gèhncs; sgiud mcntgi (tcrgpegs), ct`. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 4. Dc ih hrgi g ih cs`reth< un `hntínuum. G pgrter dc ig trgs`repèðn dc argogèhncs dc tcxths hrgics devcrshs, `hnstgtgr igs dejcrcnègs cntrc ihs ihs dhs tephs dc `ðdeahs< ci hrgi y ci ccs`reth s`reth.. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn aruph pcquc÷h. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 3. Rhr pgrclgs, cstudegr ig demcnseðn nhtgèhngi dc ig cs`returg y su `hntreouè `hntreouèðn ðn g ``hnstruer hnstruer ci seane﬇`gdh< seanhs ``hnv hnvcnè cnèhnghngics pgrg sc÷gigr y prhduèr ci tcxth (hrthargjíg dc ig ictrg, puntugèðn, tgmg÷h y devcrsedgd dc ictrgs, sgnarígs, numcrgèhncs, ush dc mgyüsùigs y menüsùigs…). G`tevedgd G`t evedgd :. Dcsdc ihs prcsupucsths dc prhdu`èðn dc tcxths y cn pcquc÷hs aruphs, clcrètgr ig rcdg`èðn cs`higr, tcnecndh cn ùcntg igs destentgs jgscs h ctgpgs dc prhdu`èðn, g sgocr< rc`haedg, ìgse﬇`gèðn y cstru`turgèðn dc ig enjhrmgèðn h dhùmcntgèðn nc`csgreg (pigne﬇`gèðn); dcsgrrhiih y grteùigèðn dc ihs pçrrgjhs mcdegntc `hnc`thrcs y hragnezgdhrcs tcxtugics (tcxtugiezgèðn); gdcùgèðn g ig setugèðn dc prhdu`èðn, y rcveseðn. 72? DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P G`tevedgd G`tev edgd 1. Dhoic rc`hrredh dc g`tevedgd tcxtugi. G pgrter dc un tcxth orcvc cxphsetevh dgdh, un aruph fgrç ci rc`hrredh dcsdc ci tcxth gi rcsumcn rcsu mcn,, csqucmg h mgpg `hn`cptugi, endcxgèðn mcdegntc pgigorgs ìgvc, y ci títuih. Ci scaundh aruph rcgiezgrç rcgiez grç de derc`tgmcntc rc`tgmcntc ig aihsg h `hmcntgreh. Sn tcr`cr aruph hoscrvgrç y thmgrç nhtgs g`cr`g dci `hmphrtgmecnth dc unh y htrh aruph< quå de`cn y quå fg`cn mecntrgs fg`cn ig tgrcg cn`hmcndgdg y `ðmh ih fg`cn. Snhs y htrhs dgrçn ùcntg dc thdh ciih. ciih. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcg rcgiezgr iezgrçç cn aruph pcquc÷h pcquc÷h.. G`tevedgd G`tev edgd 6. Ig cs`returg cn `higohrgèðn `higohrgèðn.. Cicaer u un n tcmg dc entcrås (un prhoicmg dc ig vedg rcgi cn ùyg shiuèðn cstå prcscntc ig cs`returg) shorc ci quc sc cs`reoerç cn pcquc÷h aruph (4 giumnhs mçxemh), dc mhdh quc sc tcnagn pcrmgncntcmcntc cn ùcntg ihs prenèpgics cicmcnths dci `hntcxth dc prhdu`èðn dci tcxth, g sgocr< ci dcstengtgreh h gudecnèg gdhndc vg dereaedh; ig entcnèðn quc sc pcrseauc; ci aåncrh quc vcfeùigrç de`fh tcxth; ci `hnhèmecnth dci tcmg y ig nc`csedgd dc dhùmcntgèðn; ci jhrmgth cn quc sc cdetgrç ci tcxth; tcx th; y ig phseoeiedgd dc puoie`grih h dejunderih. Hpèhngimcntc, argogr ci prh`csh dc prhdu`èðn dci tcxth y trgns`reoer ihs cpeshdehs mçs rcprcscntgtevhs dci mesmh, quc sc cxphndrçn cxphndrçn phstcrehrmcn phstcrehrmcntc tc cn ìgsc. Cstg g` g`tevedgd tevedgd sc rcgie rcgiezgrç zgrç cn aruph pcquc÷h. G`tevedgd G`tev edgd 5. Dcs`repèðn dci rcùrsh dci phrtgjhieh cn Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. Pc trgtg tr gtg dc ung rc`hpeigèðn endeved endevedugi ugi dc mgtcregics quc phncn dc mgne﬇csth ci dcsgrrhiih dci giumnh g ih igrah dc un pcríhdh dctcrmengdh dc tecmph. G cstc rcspc`th, ihs ohrrgdhrcs dc cs`returg shn muy vgiehshs, cn ùgnth quc ic dcmucstrgn dcmucstrgn gi ggiumnh iumnh quc ig rcveseðn cs ung pgrtc emphrtgntc emphrtg ntc dc dcii prh`csh dc cs`returg, gdcmçs dc `hnstetuer ung prucog dci prh`csh prh`csh dc cs`returg. Rucdc scr ggsemesmh semesmh ung prucog dc quc ci giumnh h ig giumng nc`csetg gyudg pgrg mclhrgr ig cs`returg. G`tevedgd G`tev edgd 72. Rhr pgrclgs, cigohrgr mctçjhrgs quc dcs`reogn ci prh`csh dc prhdu`èðn dc tcxths. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 7 77 7. Cn pcquc÷hs aruphs, prhduèr prhduèr un tcxth shorc un mesmh tcmg, dc mhdh quc, cn un `gsh, un aruph dc cstudegntcs ih rcgie`c sen un pign pig n prcveh («dcèr ci `hnhèmecnth» `hnhèmecnth»), ), yy,, cn htrh `gsh, `g sh, htrh ih iicvc g `goh mcdegntc ci gnçieses dc ig tgrcg, ci cstgoicèmecnth dc ihs holctevhs, ig prhoicmgtezgèðn dc ig cs`returg (queån cs`reoc quå g queån, `hn quå prhpðseth, prhpðseth, ù ùçndh, çndh, dðndc y `ðmh) ((«trg «trgnsjhrmg nsjhrmgrr ci ``hnhèmecnth» hnhèmecnth»). ). Ci rcsth dc ig ìgsc thmg nhtg dc quå fg`cn y `ðmh ih fg`cn unh y htrh aruph. Pc fg dc prhduèr un entcr`gmoeh dc edcgs y `hnìusehncs g`cr`g dci prh`csh dc cs`returg y dci prhdu`th hotc hotcnedh nedh cn gmohs ``gshs. gshs. 4. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG CP@_ETS_G 720 G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 7?. @hmpgrgr ig pigne﬇`gèðn quc fg`cn destentgs pcrshngs shorc un mesmh tcmg. Hoscrvgr igs dudgs, cnmecndgs, tg`fgdurgs, `gmoehs, rcùrshs arç﬇`hs quc uteiezgn, ct`. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn aruph pcquc÷h, dc mgncrg quc trcs cstudegntcs pigne﬇`gn shorc un tcmg y unh dcs`reoc ci prh`csh dc pigne﬇`gèðn dci tcxth. G`te G` teve vedg dgd d 70. Cn pcquc÷hs aruphs, hoscrvgr y dcs`reoer ci prh`csh dc prhdu`èð prhdu`èðn n dc un tcxth. Sn giumnh vhiuntgreh, h mclhr ung pcrshng glcng g ig ìgsc, sc prcstg g cs`reoer cs`r eoer dc mgncrg quc vg deècndeècndh cn vhz gitg ih quc fg`c mecntrg mecntrgss cs`reoc; dhs gium giumnhs nhs thmgn nhtg dc ihs `hmcntgr `hmcntgrehs ehs y acsths quc fg`c ci cs`rethr g ih igrah dci prh`csh (pcnsgr, fg`cr csqucmgs, cs`reoer edcgs sucitgs, pcnsgmecnths pcnsg mecnths en`hmen`hmpicths, jgishs `hmecnzhs, tg`fgdurgs, agrgogths, ohrrgdhrcs h tcxths entcrmcdehs, ct`.), fgstg iicagr gi tcxth dc﬇netevh. Jengiezgdh ci tcxth, sc rc`hacn ihs `hmcntgr `hmcntgrehs ehs y acsths, ci h ihs ohrrgdhrcs y ci tc tcxth xth ﬇ngi pgrg dgr ùcntg cn ìgsc dci prh`csh scauedh cn ig prhdu`èðn dci tcxth. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 7 74 4. Emphrtgnèg dci ohrrgdhr. ohrrgdhr. G pgr pgrter ter dc u un n tcmg dgdh, cigohrgr un premcr ohrrgdhr. ohrrgdhr. Hosc Hoscrvg rvgrr ci prh`csh scauedh fgst fgstgg iicagr g cstg jgsc jg sc dc prhdu`è prhdu`èðn ðn dci tcxth entcrm entcrmcdeh. cdeh. Cstg g`tevedgd sc iicvgrç g `goh cn pgrclg< unh fg`c ci ohrrgdhr y ci `hmpg÷crh hoscrvg quå fg`c mecntrgs mecn trgs cs`reoc y `ðmh ih fg`c. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 73. _c﬏cxehngr shorc ci jcnðmcnh dc ig rcveseðn. @hnsedcrgr igs dcmgndgs shègics shorc igs junèhncs dc rcveseðn, `hntrhi c enspc`èðn cn ig prhdu`èðn c`hnðme`g c endustregi y tgmoeån cn ihs scrveèhs. Fg`cr un envcntgreh dc setugèhncs cn quc sc rcùrrc g csths scrveèhs. scrv eèhs. @hm @hmpgrgr pgrgr `hn ig rcveseðn dc tcxths cn çmoet çmoeths hs cs`higrcs. Trgoglgr mctçjhrgs `hmh puier, phdgr, iempegr, ct`. Cxtrgcr `hnìusehncs.G`t Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn aruph pcquc÷h. G`tevedgd evedgd 7 7: :. Endevedugimcntc, Endevedugimcntc , dega deganhste`gr nhste`gr dcsglustcs y crrhrcs cn ihs tcxths prhduèdhs phr unh mesmh< gìgrgr seane﬇`gdhs, ih`giezgr y deganhste`gr en`hnscùcnègs, `hntrgscntedhs, dcsùorer empie`gèhncs, cstgoic`cr `hncxehncs cntrc jrgamcnt jr gamcnths hs prcvegmcn prcvegmcntc tc ggesigdhs. esigdhs. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 7 71 1. Entcr`gmoegrsc tcxths orcvcs pgrg rcvesgrihs y mcl mclhrgrhrgrihs. Dgr ùcntg g su guthr dc ihs `hmcntgrehs, `gmoehs y `hrrc`èhncs. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgr rcg iezgrçç cn pgrclg, d dcc mgncrg quc `gdg unh rcvesgrç rcvesg rç ci tcxth dci htrh, fgrç ihs `hmcntgrehs hphrtunhs ( jccdog`k) y ic cntrcagrç ihs `hmcntgrehs `hmcntgrehs rcg rcgiezgdhs. iezgdhs. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 7 76 6. Cn pgrclgs, desùter igs cstrgtcaegs cst rgtcaegs quc `gdg unh uteiezg pgrg rcvesgr sus tcxths. 724 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P G`tev edgd 75 G`tevedgd 75.. Desc÷gr auígs dc gyudg cn ci prh`csh dc prhdu`èðn dc tcxths. Pc tcndrçn cn ùcntg cstrgtcaegs y g`tevedgdcs g` tevedgdcs shorc ig pigne﬇`gèðn, ig rcdg`èðn, ig rcveseðn y ig cdeèðn (cn su `gsh, ig prcscntgèðn hrgi).. Cstg g`tev hrgi) g`tevedgd edgd sc rcgiezg rcgiezgrç rç cn pgrclg. @gdg pgrclg sc fgrç `grah dc ung jgsc jgs c dci prh`csh. G`tevedgd G`tev edgd ?2 ?2.. Endevedugimcntc, cs`reoer un ùcnth, un rcigth orcvc, y iccrih cn ìgsc pgrg `hmune`grih g ihs dcmçs, `hn ci prhpðseth dc quc pgrteèpcn dc ig mgaeg dc ig pgigorg y dc quc ih `rete `retequcn qucn (rcsgitgr (rcsgitgr iharhs cxprcsevhs) y, cn su `gsh, quc jhrmuicn prhpucstgs dc mclhrg. Pc iccrç cn ìgsc, `hmh se dc un rcagih g ihs `hmpg÷crhs sc trgtgsc, phr ih quc scrçn oecn rcèoedgs rcèoedgs ùgntgs gphrtgèhn gphrtgèhncs cs dc mcl mclhrg hrg dci tcxth sc rcèogn. G`tevedgd G`tev edgd ?7 ?7.. Cs`reoer pgrg dcs`reoer. Rhr pgrclgs, fg`cr vcr g ihs dcmçs, `hmh se dc un ècah sc trgtgsc, t rgtgsc, holcths, pgesglcs h pcrshngs, `hn ig ﬇ngiedgd dc quc sc rcprcscntcn ih mçs ﬇dcdeangmcntc phseoic ci rcjcrcntc dcs`reth. G`tevedgd G`tev edgd ?? ??.. Cs`reoer pgrg dgr dg r vhz g ig acntc. Rrg`te`gr edcgs `hmh ig pgrteèpgè pgr teèpgèðn ðn shègi, ig rcìgmgèðn rcìgmgèðn,, ig nhte﬇`gèð nhte﬇`gèðn n dc `hnv `hnvh`gthregs, h`gthregs, y ig dcsgvcncnèg, cn acncrgi, g pgrter dc `gshs rcgics dc cs`returg (`hntrgth dc trgoglh, gshègèhnesmh, dcncagèðn dc oc`g, rcunehncs dc vcènhs, ouzðn dc suacrcnègs, cs`reths h mgne﬇csths, ct`.). ct`.). Cst Cstgg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç rcgiez grç cn ar aruph uph pcquc pcquc÷h. ÷h. G`tevedgd G`tev edgd ?0 ?0.. _cvesgr y rccs`reoer tcxths cn `higohrgèðn. Sn aruph dc cstudegntcs unevcrsetgrehs rcdg`tg ci ohrrgdhr dc un tcmg dc su entcrås (pgrg scr dejundedh cn ci Rignctgreh, phr clcmpih, y dereaedh gi püoie`h, cn acncrgi). Csths mesmhs cstudegntcs, `hn ig gyudg dci prhjcshr, cxpie`gn g sus `hmpg÷crhs ci prh`csh dc prhdu`èðn dci ohrrgdhr y ics shieètgn shieètgn gyud gyudgg pgrg mclhrgr gi mç mçxemh xemh su tcxth. Rgrg ciih, sc servcn dc trcs auígs gyudg quc gdluntgmhs `hntenugèðn, y quc igs seauecntcs< ihsdc nevcics dc, entcrvcnèðn cn igg rcveseðn dci tcxth, igs shn hpcrgèhncs èhn cs quc sc fgn dc scauer pgrg rcve rcvesgr sgr ci tcxth y ig pignteiig dc gnçieses quc fgn dc scauer. scaue r. 4. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG CP@_ETS_G 723 Nevcics dc entcrvcnèðn cn ig rcveseðn dc un tcxth cxphsetevh Hpcrgèhncs pgrg rcvesgr un tcxth Rgrgtcxth Tcxth Rçrrgjh Jrgsc u hrgèðn Rgigorg Píigog Ictrg G÷gder Pupremer Pustetuer _chragnezgr Rignteiig dc gnçieses Nevci ienaùíste`h dc entcrvcnèðn cn ci tcxth Dctc`èðn dc unedgdcs mclhrgoics Deganðste`h y hpcrgèhncs dc rcveseðn _ccs`returg G`tevedgd G`t evedgd ?4. Aihsgr igs dejcrcnègs quc ﬇aurgn cn ci ùgdrh ù gdrh quc sc gdluntg g `hntenugèðn cntrc ig cs`returg dc ﬇`èðn, `rcgtevg h ietcrgreg, y ig cs`returg junèhngi, j unèhngi, cxphse cxphsetevg tevg h g`gdåme`g, y sus `hnscùcnègs cn ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn aruph pcquc÷h. C s `r e t ur g dc j e ` è ðn • • • • • • Rrctcndc dcspcrtgr ci austh phr ig cs`returg c s`returg,, phr ig envcnèðn, phr ig jgouigèðn. Rcrseauc quc ci endeveduh envcntc sus prhpegs cxprcsehncs y quc cnùcntrc mgncrgs entcrcsgntcs y prhpegs dc dcèr igs `hsgs. Rrhpeèg ig hreaengiedgd. Steiezg un icnauglc pcrshngiezgdh y cxprcsevh, `hn`rcth, phiesåme`h y dcpcndecntc dci `hntcxth. Ous`g dctgiics rcvcigdhrcs. Jhmcntg ci ush dc jeaurgs rctðre`gs pgrg `rcgr ociiczg cn ig cxprcseðn. C s `r e t u r g g` g då m e ` g • • • • • • • • • • • 72: Cxprcseðn holctevg, prcèsg, ncutrg y cspcègiezgdg, prhpeg dci icnauglc ècntíje`h. Zh`gouigreh h tcrmenhihaíg `hn`rctg. Goundgnèg dc `hnc`thrcs iðae`hs, hragnezgdhrcs tcxtugics, rcjhrmuigdhrcs, rcjhrmuigdhrcs, clcmpieje`gdhrcs y gphseèhncs cxpie`gtevgs. Hrdcn dc pgigorgs cstgoic. @hnstru`èhncs sentç`te`gs iðae`gs. Tcndcnèg g ig prcèseðn iåxe`g h g ig seaneje`gèðn unívh`g. Gdlctevgèðn cspc`íje`g, phspucstg y vgihrgtevg. Jrcùcntc ush dc dcjeneèhncs, ètgs y rcjcrcnègs, dcs`repèhncs, jhrmuigèðn dc fepðtcses y lusteje`gèhncs `gusgics, endu`èhncs y dcdu`èhncs. Rrcscnèg jrcùcntc dc hragnezgdhrcs entrgtcxtugics, mctgtcxtugics c entcrtcxtugics. Jrcùcntc uteiezgèðn dc jhrmgs suprgienaùíste`gs. Ssh dc dcí`te`hs y mhdgiezgdhrcs gscrtevhs. Jhrmgs vcrogics prcdhmengntcs< prcscntc, juturh y jhrmgs nh pcrshngics dci vcroh. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P G`tevedgd G`tev edgd ?3. Cn pcquc÷hs aruphs, desc÷gr y gpie`gr un tgiicr dc cs`returg `rcgtevg. Pc pucdc hrec hrecntgr ntgr dcsdc ig rcgiezgèð rcgiez gèðn n dc prhpucstgs< • • • • iüde`gs, dc lucahs dc cs`returg, cs`returg , dc clcrèèhs clcrèèhs dc cst csteih; eih; dc mcmhreg, edcntedgd, guthoehargjíg, rcigèðn `hn ci mundh; `cntrgdgs cn ig `rcgèðn dc ﬇`èðn; `cntrgdgs cn ig rccs`returg dc tcxths. G`tevedgd G`tev edgd ?:. Cn pcquc÷hs aruphs, gngiezgr y `hmpgrgr ci trgtgmecnth dc ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig icnaug cs`retg cn dejcrcntcs ieorhs dc tcxth dc ig gseangturg dc Icnaug `gstciigng y Ietcrgturg. Cstgoic`cr `hnìusehncs. G`tevedgd ?1. Ig cs`returg y ci ènc. Cn argndcs aruphs, vcr y `hmcntgr pciíùigs cn quc ci fc`fh dc cs`reoer tecnc un prhtgahnesmh prenèpgi, tgics `hmh Tc rcgdcr, Dgns ig mgeshn, mgeshn, Igdrðn dc pgigorgs, ct`. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd ?6. Cn aruphs pcquc÷hs, cigohrgr un dc`çihah shorc `ðmh cnsc÷gr y gprcndcr g cs`reoer. Pc phdrç dejunder cntrc thdh ci `cntrh y, y, cn su `gs `gsh, h, `hiagrih cn ci oiha. Pc pucdc cn`hn cn`hntrg trgrr gyud gyudgg cn Ig pçaeng cs`retg, dc L. Pecrrg Pecrrg e Jgorg (?22: (?22:). ). @hntecnc un dc`çihah dc`ç ihah dc Lugn @grihs Hnctte, Hnctt e, htrh dc Gua Guausth usth Mhntcrrhsh y ci dci prhpeh Lhrde Lhrde Pecrrg e Jgorg. Tgmoeån pucdc scr ung oucng gyudg ig `hnsuitg cn 9 ww w w w.nwp. tcg`fena wretena). hra/`s/puoie`/prent/rcshur`c/5??> hra/`s/puoie`/prent/rcshur`c/5?? > (02 Edcgs jhr tcg`fena 4. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG CP@_ETS_G 721 3. Cnsc÷gnzg dc ig argmçte`g, dci iåxe`h y dc ig hrthargjíg Ig Argmçte`g Rrctåreths empcrjc`ths, juturhs pcrjc`ths cstçes iicnhs dc vcrshs. Dcspuås dc tgnth ieresmh, yh, argmçte`h, pecnsh cn ùgnth rceng igtcntc, y cn ih entcnsh y gün nh cxtcnsh, y cn ih quc g vc`cs vc`c s shih pgrc`c `hmoengthreh, shngmoüie`h c endcjcnsh. Recnsh `rucimcntc `hntrg mí ih quc nh dcoh, jcrhzmcntc rcpicth dc mestcrehs. U lucah. På quc gi ﬇n ig mc`çne`g mc`çn e`g dci vcrsh y ig sentgx sentgxes es derçn ih quc nh quecrh. Lucah. Nh gi en`hnsècntc, shih scaün ci rcaigmcnth. U nh fgy musg, ne dehs, y phr csh c sh tcnah mecdh. Rcrh mgquengimcntc, lucah. Ig Argmçte`g cs me rcenh y dehs h ig musg, `crh. Ci mundh suraerç ùgndh hragne`c ci gnemgi, `cicstc y gdhrgoic pgigorch. A. @, Oucnhs dígs, oucngs nh`fcs 725 3.7. Entrhdu`èðn Ci prcdhmeneh quc fg tcnedh ci cstudeh dc ig argmçte`g cn ig cnsc÷gnzg, `hn igs `hnseauecntcs rcpcrùsehncs, shorc thdh ncagtevgs, fg sedh igragmcntc `hmcntgdh g ih igrah dc nucstrg festhreg rcècntc, dc enquectud pcdgaðae`g, rcjcredg gi edehmg mgtcrnh. Gsí ih rc`hac ig prhjcshrg _hdríaucz Ahnzgih cn su tcses dh`thrgi enådetg (?277< 5 y 71), ùgndh g﬇rmg< Igs rcigèhncs rcigèhncs cntrc cntrc ci sgocr argmgte`gi y ci ush iena ienaùíste`h ùíste`h cn ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig icnaug icna ug shn holcth dc `hntrhvcrseg dcsdc gnteauh. g nteauh. [… […] Ci dcogtc shorc ig pcrtencnèg dc ihs `hntcnedhs argmgte`gics `hmh holcth dc cnsc÷gnzg tecnc ung igrag festhreg, y secmprc fg hsèigdh cntrc dhs phseèhncs cxtrcmgs, `hn en﬇nedgd dc mgte`cs< ncagr ig uteiedgd dc ig argmçte`g `hmh `hntcnedh dc cnsc÷gnzg h venùigrig g ig mclhrg dci ush ienaùíste`h, tgnth hrgi `hmh ` hmh cs`reth. Nh mcrc`c desùseðn ig nc`csedgd dci cstudeh dc ig argmçte`g phr pgrtc dc ihs juturhs jutu rhs mgcstrhs; ùcsteðn oec oecn n destentg cs quå teph dc argmçte`g y `ðmh sc fg dc cnsc÷gr cn ig Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. Cs `gdg vcz mçs unçnemc ci `retcreh dc quc, cn ig csùcig premgreg, ig argmçte`g dcoc tcncr un pgpci scùndgreh, cn jgvhr dci ush dc ig icnaug, dc mgncrg quc ig rc﬏cxeðn shorc ci `ðdeah qucdc rcicagdg g mhmcnths csphrçde`hs y èrùnstgnègics quc `hntreouygn g csìgrc`cr igs dudgs quc pigntcg su ush. Csth cs c s ih quc sc dcnhmeng argmçte`g empiíètg. G ih igrah dc nucstrg festhreg rcècn rcècntc tc fg fgoed fgoedhh vh`cs guth guthrezgdg rezgdgss quc sc fgn gizgdh cn dcjcnsg dc ig `hmpicledgd dc ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig argmçte`g cn ig csùcig, rcìgmgndh, cn `hnscùcnèg, pigntcgmecnths `cntrgdhs cn ihs ushs hrgics y cs`reths dc ig icnaug y phsphnecndh ig rc﬏cxeðn shorc ig mesmg. Csths guth guthrcs rcs phncn dc mgne mgne﬇csth ﬇csth ig `hnj `hnjuseðn useðn quc suphnc ig edcnte﬇`gèðn cntrc «cnsc÷gr icnaug» y «cnsc÷gr argmçte`g». @hn jrcùcnèg, cstc tçndcm sc fg rcsucith g jgvhr jgvhr dc ig scaundg, scau ndg, cn ùgnth quc cnsc÷gr y gprcndcr ig icnaug mgtcrng g mcnudh qucdgog rcduèdh rcduè dh gi cst cstudeh udeh dc ig mhrjhi mhrjhihaíg haíg y sentgx sentgxes es dc ig icnaug. Fc gquí giaungs hpenehncs gi rcspc`th. Cn 7615 cs`reoíg Mgnuci Ogrthihmåå @hssíh cn ci Ohictín dc ig Enstetuèðn Ieor Ogrthihm Ieorcc dc Cnsc÷gnzg Cnsc÷gn zg ih seauecntc< 772 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P ¸Rhr quå nh suspcndcr ci gostrg`th cstudeh argmgte`gi dc igs icnaugs fgstg ci üitemh g÷h dc ig cnsc÷gnzg cs`higr y clcrètgr gi ne÷h cn ig `hntenug prç`te`g dc ig csphntçncg csphntç ncg y ieorc cxprcseðn dc su pcnsgmecnth, prç`te`g prç`te`g ttgn gn hivedgdg cntrc nhshtrhs, dhndc ihs ne÷hs gpcngs gpcng s pecnsgn, y ihs quc pecnsgn nh sgocn dcèr ih quc fgn pcnsgdh8 Csth ic dc`íg Meauci dc Sngmunh g su gmeah Lugn Grzgdum Gr zgdum cn ung `grt `g rtg, g, ci 76-VEE-7652)< 76-VEE-7652)< ¡Wuå trestc cs ig cdgd cdg d ‐ic de`c de`c‐‐ cn quc nhs cntecrrgn cntrc acrundehs, piusqugmpcrjc`ths (thdhs ic hímhs dcèr mu`fgs vc`cs quc crg cstg, lunth `hn gseangturg, ung dc igs pgigorgs mçs jcgs dc nucstrg icnaug), ciepscs, ihs nhvísemhs Lcrhohgm, Pgihmðn, Pgihmðn, Dgved, ct`. Argègs Argèg s g quc nh fg`cmhs `gsh dc ciih… Zc Zc y de quc sc pucdc cnsc÷g cnsc÷grr ung icnau icnaugg sen pgi pgigorg gorg dc prctåreth prctåreth,, ne dc piusqugm, ne dc suoluntevh, ne dc acrundeh, y cnsc÷grig mçs dh`trengi, mçs ècntí﬇`gmcntc quc `hn argmçte`g; `gcn shorc te ihs mgcstrhs dc csùcig, vcrduahs dc ig ne÷cz, sg`hs dc argmçte`g rgmpihng… thdg csg pigag quc, `hn ig mclhr entcnèðn dci mundh, cstçn fgècndh un dg÷h errcpgrgoic. _hdhijh Icnz ( ¸Rgrg quå cstudegmhs argmçte`g8, 757?),: g prhpðseth dc ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig argmçte`g, g﬇rmg ih seauecntc< Rucdc dcèrsc quc g vc`cs ihs giumnhs fgn gdqueredh ci dhmeneh shorc su icnaug ietcrgreg g pcsgr dc igs gosurdgs ìgscs dc argmçte`g, quc nh trgígn mçs quc un jhrmuiesmh nh `hmprcndedh. […] Wucrcr gprcndcr ung icnaug phr ci cstudeh dc ung argmçte`g cs `hmh gprcndcr g th`gr vehiín icycndh trgtgdhs dc müse`g y måthdhs dc vehiín sen thmgr ci enstrumcnth, sen mhvcr ihs dcdhs. […] Ig `hnècnèg, ci sgocr `hnsècntc dc ig argmçte`g, nh nhs servc sequecrg pgrg fgoigr, gun ùgndh ih fgygmhs gdqueredh mcdegntc csc cstudeh ﬇ihsð﬇`h quc quc sc iig iigmg mg argmçte`g. @rccr quc pgrg fgoig fgoigrr scg nc`csgreh tcncr nhèh nhèhncs ncs tcðre`gs dc argmçt argmçte`g e`g cs un gosurdh tgn tg n arg argndc ndc `hmh se sc delcrg quc ci quc nnhh sgoc iðle`g, cs dcèr, ig ècnèg dc ig iðle`g `hn sus tårmenhs tå`ne`hs y sus dc﬇neèhncs, nh cs `gpgz dc hrdcngr sus pcnsgmecnths y dc fgoigr rgzhngoicmcntc. :. Gi eaug eaugii quc L. M. Çivgrc Çivgrczz Måndcz ((7561o 7561o), ), dc qquecn uecn thmgmhs ig ètg, rcspctgmhs ig arg argjíg jíg dci hreaengi. 3. CNPC×GN\G DC IG A_GMÇTE@G, DCI IÅ VE@H U DC IG H_THA_GJÍG 777 777 Gmåre`h @gstrh @gst rh ((Ig Ig cnsc÷gnzg dci cspg÷hi cn Cspg÷g, 75??), trgs rcsgitgr ig emphrtgnèg dc ig cnsc÷gnzg dci edehmg cn ig csùcig premgreg `hmh «`hndeèhngdhr dc thdhs ihs dcmçs trgoglhs entcic`tugics» y dc dcstg`gr ig ju junèð nèðn n prenèpgi dc «cnsc÷gr g fgoigr y g cs`reoer `hn scntedh y `hrrc`èðn», g﬇rmg ih seauecntc< Ig argmçte`g nh servc pgrg cnsc÷gr g fgoigr y g cs`reoer `hrrc`tgmcntc ig icnaug prhpeg, ih mesmh quc ci cstudeh dc ig ﬇sehihaíg h dc ig g`üste`g nh cnsc÷gn g ogeigr, h quc ig mc`çne`g nh cnsc÷g g mhntgr cn oeèìctg. […] Nh `rch quc sc agnc ngdg cnsc÷gndh argmçte`g gntcs dc ihs hn`c h dh`c g÷hs. Zyahtsky, cn Rcnsgmecnth y icnauglc, (7504/7560< 705) `hmcntg g`cr`g dc ig argmçte`g< Ig argmçte`g arg mçte`g cs ung mgtcreg quc pgrc`c scr dc cs`gsh ush prç`te`h prç`te`h.. G dejcd ejcrcnèg dc htrhs tcmgs cs`higrcs, nh jgèietg gi ne÷h nucvgs dcstrczgs, åi yg `hnluag `hn luag y dcìeng gntcs dc enarcsgr cn ig csùcig. Pc fg mgnejcstgdh cn gig iaung h`gseð h`g seðn n quc ig csùcig phdríg prcsènder dc ig enstru`èðn enstru`èðn argmgte`gi. Ci pcquc÷h phscc ci dhmeneh dc ig argmçte`g dc su edehmg ngtevh mu`fh tecmph gntcs dc enarcsgr cn ig csùcig, pcrh cn nh-`hnsècntc, gdqueredg dc un mhdh purgmcntc cstru`turgi, `hmh ig `hmphseèðn jhnåte`g dc igs pgigorgs. Ig argmçte`g y ig cs`returg gyudgn gi ne÷h g gi`gnzgr g i`gnzgr un nevci supcrehr supcrehr cn ig cvhiuèðn dci icnauglc… Pgivgdhr Jcrnçndcz Jcrnçndcz _g _gmírcz, mírcz, cn Argmçte`g cspg÷hig (7 (7537/7 537/756 561< 1< 7: 7:-71), g prhpðseth dc ig argmçte`g, g﬇rmg quc< Sng argmçte`g, phr su prhpeg ngturgiczg y phr rgzhncs dc c`hnhmíg y dc cspgèh, nh pucdc gtcndcr mçs quc g ihs fc`fhs premgrehs, y cshs shn ihs quc nhshtrhs fcmhs supcrgdh cn nucstrhs premcrhs g÷hs. Cs vcrdgd quc g vc`cs nhs gvesgn shorc fc`fhs mcnhs pgtcntcs, y cnthn`cs fcmhs dc g`cptgr su ic`èðn. Rcrh cstg ic`èðn cs mu`fh mçs c﬇`gz ùgndh sc rcgiezg shorc ihs tcxths h g ig vestg dc igs `hrrc`èhncs dc un trgoglh, y nh dcspigzgdg dcspigzgd g dc ciihs `hmh ung nhrmg quc nh fgy `goczg quc pucdg rctcncr. Cstc mesmh scntedh tecncn igs pgigorgs dc Pgmuci Aeie Agyg («Ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig argmçte`g», _cvestg dc Cdu`gèðn, Cdu`gèðn, 753?< 7?2) ùgndh 77? 77? DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P gscvcrg quc «thdh sc rcdu`c g ung ùcsteðn dc ùçndh y `ðmh». Rhstcrehrmcntc (751?< 7:3) prcèsg quc< Ig dh`treng argmgte`gi fgy quc enduèrig dci tcxth quc icgn ihs giumnhs, c enìush dc ihs crrhrcs quc `hmctgn gi fgoigr, y nh dcduèrig dc ungs dc﬇neèhncs ﬇neèh ncs gostrg`tgs prcvegs. G. Mgíiih («Ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig argmçte`g argmçte`g», », Ohrdðn Ohrdðn,, 7530< 37) destenauc, phr ung pgrtc, ig emphrtgnèg dc ihs prh`cshs dc gdqueseèðn y cnrequcèmecnth dc ig icnaug mgtcrng quc fgn dc `hrrcsphndcr g ig cnsc÷gnzg premgreg; y phr htrg, ci gnçieses dc ig mesmg, holcth cscnègi dc ig argmçte`g, arg mçte`g, quc sc fg dc g`hmctcr phstcrehrmc phstcrehrmcntc ntc cn ig cnsc÷gnz cnsc÷gnzg. g. G cstc rcspc`th dcstg`gmhs cstgs pgigorgs suygs< Pc hivedg quc ci ne÷h, shorc thdh gntcs dc ihs dh`c g÷hs, ih quc nc`csetg nh cs ìgre﬇`gr ìgre﬇`g r sus enstrumcn enstr umcnths ths vcrogics, pgpci cscnègi cscnègi dc ig Argmçte`g, senh phsccrihs, rcèoerihs, en`rcmcntgrihs, mgtezgrihs. Fumocrth Iðpcz Mhrgics (Cnsc÷gnzg (Cnsc÷gnzg dc ig icnaug mgtcrng, 7561< 77) nhs pgrc`c cspcègimcntc csìgrc`cdhr ùgndh g﬇rmg quc< Thdgvíg fgy mu`fhs quc `rccn quc ùgndh ci ne÷h iicag g ig csùcig yg fg gdqueredh su icnaug mgtcrng, yg sgoc fgoigr, yg cntecndc ih quc csù`fg, y quc phr tgnth, ig junèðn dc ig csùcig nh pucdc scr htrg quc cnsc÷gr gi ne÷h ih quc nh sgoc, cs dcèr, ic`turg y cs`returg premcrh; mçs tgrdc, argmçte`g. Rrcèsg mçs gdcigntc (eoídcm, 74), rcspc`th dc ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig argmçte`g< Cnsc÷gr argmçte`g nh cs cnsc÷gr ig icnaug, senh cnsc÷gr `hsgs shorc ig icnaug. Ig argmçte`g cs un entcnth dc cxpie`gr `ðmh cs y `ðmh junèhng ung icnaug dgdg; sc trgtg, phr ih tgnth, dc giah cxtcrnh g ciig. Rgrc`c `hnvcnecn `hnvcnecntc tc ensester cn quc, ggii fgoigr dc cnsc÷gnz cnsc÷gnzgg dc ig argmçte`g cn ig Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg, nhs rcjcremhs dc mgncrg pgrteùigr g ig rc﬏cxeðn shorc ci ush dc ig icnaug y nh shih g ig gdqueseèðn cn ig `hn`cpèðn dc @fhmsky (_c﬏cxehncs (_c﬏cxehncs shorc ci icnauglc, 7564< 734) ùgndh g﬇rmg< 3. CNPC×GN\G DC IG A_GMÇTE@G, DCI IÅ VE@H U DC IG H_THA_GJÍG 77 770 0 Ig argmçte`g arg mçte`g y ci scntedh `hmün sc gdquecrcn gdquecrcn endevedugimcntc, endevedug imcntc, sen csjucrzh, rçpedg y unejhrmcmcntc, phr ci shih fc`fh dc vever oglh ungs `hndeèhncs dc entcrg`èðn, cxphseèðn y gtcnèðn. Nh sc prcèsg ung cnsc÷gnzg y ung jhrmgèðn cxpiíètg, y, ùgndh sc dgn gmogs g`tevedgdcs, shigmcntc tecnc cjc`ths mgraengics shorc ci cstgdh ﬇ngi gdqueredh. Nucstrg enquectud, ùgndh fgoigmhs dc ig cnsc÷gnzg cnsc÷gnz g dc icnaug mgtcrng, sc vc rcsphndedg cn ig seauecn seau ecntc tc g﬇r g﬇rmgèð mgèðn n dc Lhrac Iues Ohracs, cn Zcenteèn`h Gahsth 7560 y htrhs ùcnths, Mgdred, Perucig, (7560/7563< :3)< @rch quc ci mclhr mhdh dc cnsc÷gr un edehmg cs g trgvås dc ihs tcxths. Ppcn`cr dc`íg quc ig argmçte`g cs ih üitemh quc dcoíg cnsc÷grsc, phrquc cs ig ﬇ihshjíg dci edehmg, y un ne÷h nh gprcndc su icnaug mgtcrng phr ig dc﬇neèðn dci gdlctevh, dci sustgntevh su stgntevh y dci prhnhmorc, prhnhmorc, `hmh nh gprcndcmhs g rcspergr cstudegndh argogdhs dc ihs puimhncs. C. Gigr`hs Iihrg`f (Ci (Ci Rgís, 77 dc gahsth dc 755:) g﬇rmg ih seauecntc g`cr`g dc ih quc sc fg dc fg`cr pgrg cnsc÷gr ig icnaug cn ig csùcig< c sùcig< Cn vcz dc tgnth gnçieses sentç`te`h, ig csùcig dcocríg `cntrgrsc cn ig prç`te`g dc ig icnaug, cn iccr, fgoigr y csù`fgr oglh tutcig y `hrrc`èðn. Dc ig `grcnèg dc csg cnsc÷gnzg prç`te`g sc dcrevg ig acncrgi phorczg cn ci ush dci icnauglc, ig jgitg dc ìgredgd, ig en`gpgèdgd pgrg dcèr cxg`tgmcntc ih quc unh quecrc dcèr. Pervgn cstgs ètgs pgrg mgnejcstgr quc ci `hnhèmecnth y ci dhmeneh dc igs rcaigs argmgte`gics nh shn su﬇ècntcs pgrg gscaurgr ung `hmpctcnèg rcgi cn ig `hmprcnseðn prhdu`èðn dc tcxths. Rhr sc ci `hntrgreh, `hnsedcrgmhs quc ihs mhdcihsy `hmune`gtevhs, cn ihs quc tecncn cn ùcntg ihs tephs dc tcxths y desùrshs, ig ienaùíste`g dc ig cnunègèðn, ihs gspc`ths pse`hiðae`hs, shèhiðae`hs shèhiðae`hs y prgamçte`hs, ct`., shn ig víg mçs gdcùgdg cn ig jhrmgèðn dc mgcstrhs y prhjcshrcs; quecncs, g su vcz, fgorçn dc prhyc`tgr de`fhs d e`fhs prenè prenèpehs pehs sho shorc rc sus jjuturhs uturhs ggiumnhs. iumnhs. G cstc rcspc`th, ung argmçte`g pcdgaðae`g h cs`higr dcocríg hùpgrsc prenèpgimcntc dc gyudgr gi giumngdh g ous`gr y gngiezgr rcauigredgdcs ienaùíste`gs aùíst e`gs y tcx tcxtug tugics ics quc gpgrc`cn cn ihs p prenèpgics renèpgics aånc aåncrhs rhs desùrsevhs quc sc dgn cn ci ush dc ig icnaug `hn ci prhpðseth dc `hntreouer g quc fgoicn y cs`reogn mçs y mclhr. 774 774 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P 3.?. Ssh dci icnauglc y dcs`repèðn dci sestcmg dc ig icnaug Rgrg cmpczgr, `hnvecnc phncr dc mgne﬇csth ig `hntrgde`èðn quc suphnc ci fc`fh dc quc ihs rcsuitgdhs tcðre`hs g quc iicag ig ienaùíste`g nh cnùcntrgn g`hmhdh cn igs envcsteagèhncs cn dedç`te`g dc ig icnaug. Pc prhdu`c, cn ig prç`te`g, ung cspcèc dc d devhr evhrèh èh cntrc gmogs desèp d esèpieiengs, cntrc igs g`tevedgdcs tcðre`gs y ig prchùpgèðn dc ig cnsc÷gnzg y ci gprcndezglc dc ig icnaug cn igs cdgdcs premgregs. Csth su`cdc prenèpgimcntc phrquc phrquc ihs ﬇ncs dc ig iienaùíst enaùíste`g e`g (dcs`re (dcs`reptevhs, ptevhs, cspcùigtevhs cspcùigtevhs)) shn dejcrcntcs dc ihs dc ig dedç`te`g dc ig icnaug (prç`te`hs, mclhrgr ig `gpgèdgd dc fgoig, dc ic`turg, cs`returg, dc rc﬏cxeðn y dc desjrutc desj rutc dc ig icnaug), `hn ig rcpcrùseðn quc ciih tecnc cn ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig icnaug cn acncrgi y dc ig argmçte`g, cn pgrteùigr. Ngdg mçs fgy quc rcvesgr ihs ieor ieorhs hs dc tcxth dcstengdhs g ig cnsc÷gnzg dci icnauglc cn CR pgrg `hnstgtgr quc, dcpcndecn dcpcndecndh dh dc igs cd cdeth ethregics regics quc dcsgrrhiign ihs prhargmgs, nhs cn`hn cn`hntrgmhs trgmhs ``hn hn un pigntcgmecn pigntcgmecnth th h cnjhquc dejcrcntc. Cn thdgs ciigs tecnc un pcsh emphrtgntc ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig argmçte`g; ungs vc`cs nhs cn`hntrgmhs dc﬇neèhncs quc phdrígn `hrrcsphndcrsc `hn ci pgrgdeamg dc ig argmçte`g ihae`htrgdeèhngi, htrgs htrgs `hn ci dc ig cstru`t cstru`turg urgi, i, htrgs `hn ci acncrgtevh acncrgtevhtrgnsjhrmgtrgnsjhrmgèhngi h `hn ci tcxtugi, y `hn jrcùcnèg gpgrc`cn mczìgdhs ihs ùgtrh mhdcihs h pgrgdeamgs. Ci prenèpgi holctevh dc ig CR fg dc `hnsester cn trgoglgr `hn cnunègdhs `hntcxtugiezgdhs y `cntrgrsc cn ci ush `hnsècntc dc ihs prh`cdemecnths desùrsevhs empie`gdhs cn ig gdcùgèðn, ig `hfcrcnèg, ig `hfcseðn `hfcse ðn y ig ``hrrc`èð hrrc`èðn n dc tcxths. Ciih seane﬇`g quc ci giumngdh tecnc t ecnc quc clcrètgrsc clcrètgrsc cn ig mgn mgnepuigè epuigèðn ðn dc tcxths, dc pçrrg pçrrgjhs, jhs, dc jrg jrgscs scs y dc pgigorgs, cn ig `hmprcnseðn y cn ig `hmphseèðn dc tcxths. Ig rgzðn nh cs htrg quc pcrscauer ci holctevh dc gdquerer ig `hmpctcnèg `hmune`gtevg g trgvås dci `hntg`th derc`th `hn tcxths cs`reths y hrgics (unedgd `hmune`gtevg h unedgd dc ush dci icnauglc), `hn g`tevedgdcs `hmune`gtevgs `hn`rctgs. 3.?.7. Ci ush dc ig icnaug Igs dejcrcntcs ècnègs quc cstudegn ci `hmpiclh jcnðmcnh quc cs ci icnauglc phncn dc mgne﬇csth ig `hndeèðn dc ush quc `grg`tcrezg g ig `hmune`gèðn fumgng. Igs nucvgs tcndcnègs cn ienaùíste`g (ienaùíste`g dci tcxth, ienaùíste`g `hanetevg, ienaùíste`g `hmputgèhngi, gnçieses 3. CNPC×GN\G DC IG A_GMÇTE@G, DCI IÅ VE@H U DC IG H_THA_GJÍG 773 773 dci desùrsh, gnçieses g nçieses dc ig `hnvc `hnvcrsgèðn rsgèðn)) fg`cn fen`gpeå cn igs u unedgdcs nedgdcs `hmpictgs dc seane﬇`gdh (tcxth, desùrsh, y ci pçrrgjh, `hmh suounedgd). Thdh csth suphnc ung vucitg g ihs prcsupucsths dc ig rctðre`g arc`higteng (nchrrctðre`g, g`tugimcntc), y phr csh fhy, `hntrg ih quc mu`fgs vc`cs pucdg pgrc`cr, cxestc ung mgne﬇cstg prchùpgèðn, mçs giiç dci çmoeth cs`higr, phr csc grtc dc fgoigr oecn cn püoie`h y pcrsugder quc dcjcndígn dcjcn dígn ihs arecahs. Fgn ``gmoegdh gmoegdh ihs ihs cs`cng cs`cngrehs< rehs< fh fhyy nh shn ci jhrh ne ig gsgmoicg g sgmoicg ihs prenè prenèpgics pgics iuagrcs dhn dhndc dc sc prg`te`g ccstc stc grtc, gr tc, senh ihs mcdehs dc `hmune`gèðn `hmune`gèðn dc mg mgsgs, sgs, cn ihs quc ig prhpgagndg `hmcr `hmcrègi ègi (ig puoieèdgd) y ig phiíte`g hùpgn tecmphs y cspgèhs rcicvgntcs. Tgnth cn ihs çmoeths dc cnsc÷gnzg `hmh cn ihs ushs shègics, cn acncrgi, y tgnth cn ig cs`returg ``hmh hmh cn ci fgoig jhrmgi, nh cs `hn`co `hn`coeeoic un oucn dhmeneh dc ig icnaug sen ig nc`csgreg rc﬏cxeðn sestcmçte`g shorc ci ush dc ig mesmg. Ciih empie`g, `hmh trgtgmhs cn ci `gpítuih gntcrehr, `hnh`cr y prg`te`gr igs `grg`tcríste`gs ienaùíste`gs y tcxtugics prhpegs prh pegs dc `gdg aånc aåncrh rh desùrsevh. des` ursevh. 3.?.?. Ig icnaug `hmh holcth dc rc﬏cxeðn Cntrc ihs prh`cdemecnths dc thdg desèpieng ècntí﬇`g sc cnùcntrg ig dcs`repèðn dc `ðmh junèhng ci sestcmg cn su `hnlunth (ig icnaug, cn nucstrh `gsh), `gsh), vesth h gngie gngiezgdh zgdh g ttrgvås rgvås dc unedgdcs mcnhrcs, dc jcnðmcnhs, `gshs, ct`., dc mhdh quc sc iicauc g cstgoic`cr rcaigs, nhrmgs, `hn`cpths< ci ùcrph tcðre`h, cn dc﬇netevg, dci quc sc pgrtc y cn ci quc sc jundgmcntg ung ècnèg. Ig prcphndcrgnèg quc ic hthragn dctcrmengdgs desèpiengs y ci iuagr quc sc gseang g ig dcs`repèðn `hmh tå`ne`g dc envcsteagèðn cn igs ècnègs fumgngs fg`c quc ﬇au ﬇aurc rc cxprcsgmcntc 1 ci gdlctevh dcs`reptevh cn `gse thdhs ihs `gmphs dci sgocr. Ig ienaùíste`g, `hmh ècnèg quc cstudeg ci icnauglc, nh cs cx`cpèðn y prh`cdc dc jhrmg semeigr< cstgoic`c ung screc dc nevcics cn ci cstudeh dc ung dctcrmengdg icnaug, `hn ci hol holcth cth dc jgèietgr su cstud cstudeh eh<< ig dcs`repèðn ècntí﬇`g dc `gdg unh. Gsí tcncmhs ci nevci h pignh jhnåte`h, ci jhnhiðae`h, ci mhrjhiðae`h, ci sentç`te`h, ci iåxe`h, ci scmçnte`h, ci prgamçte`h y ci cståte`h-ietcrgreh. Cn h`gsehncs, cs nc`csgreh uner dhs nevcics (jhncte`hjhnhiðae`h, mhrjhjhnhiðae`h, mhrjhsentç`te`h, icxe`hscmçnte`h, 1. Oucn clcmpih cs ig Argmçte`g dcs`reptevg dc ig icnaug cspg÷hig dc E. Ohsquc y Z. Dcmhntc, puoie`gdg phr ig _cgi G`gdcmeg Cspg÷hig/Cspgsg @gipc. Ihs guthrcs rc`hnh`cn quc, g dejcrcnèg dc ig argmçte`gg nhrmgtevg (quc argmçte` (quc de`c quå cs ih quc sc dcoc dcoc y nh sc dcoc dcèr) dcèr) dc ig _G C, ig suyg cs ung argmçarg mçte`g dcs`reptevg< ùcntg `ðmh cs y `ðmh ` ðmh junèhng nucstrg icnaug. 77: DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P shèhprgamçte`h), phr trgtgrsc dc jcnðmcnhs quc enèdcn cn mçs dc un nevci. Ci cstgoicèmecnth dc nevcics (gnçieses) tecnc `hmh prenèpgi junèðn sempie﬇`gr ig `hmpicledgd dci holcth dc cstudeh (ung icnaug, cn ci `gsh quc nhs hùpg), phrquc gngiezgr, cn dc﬇netevg, cs dcs`hmphncr pgrg `hnh`cr mclhr. Htrg ùcsteðn, g ig fhrg dc gngiezgr h dcs`reoer de`fg icnaug, cs ci mgnclh dc igs unedgdcs. u nedgdcs. Cn csth nhs cn`hn cn`hntrgmhs trgmhs `hn dhs pigntcgmecnths< g) un cnjhquc hrgèhngi h jrçste`h, ogsgdh premhrdegimcntc cn ig hrgèðn y sus `hmphncntcs, quc prcsèndc dc ig `hmpictcz scmçnte`g, `grg`tcríste`g enfcrcntc gi tcxth h desùrsh, enscrth cn ci `hntcxth dc prhdu`èðn y `hn ung dctcrmengdg entcnèhngiedgd; o) fgy jcnðmcnhs trgnsjrçste`hs quc cs`gpgn g ig `gpgèdgd cxpie`gtevg dc ung argmçte`g hrgèhngi y g ihs quc prctcndcn dgr rcspucstg ihs premcrhs trgoglhs dc ienaùíste`g ienaùí ste`g tcxt tcxtugi ugi (Ocrnçrdcz, 756? 756?)). Csths jcnðmcnhs, quc vgn mçs giiç dci nevci purgmcntc hrgèhngi, luste﬇`gn ig nc`csedgd dc trgns` trgns`cndc cndcrr ig argmçte`g jrçst jrçste`g e`g y mcrc`cn ung `hnsedcrgèðn cspcègi, yg quc nhs g`cr`gn mçs g ig tcxtugiedgd, g ig `hmprcnseðn y prhdu`èðn dc tcxths, fgstg ci punth dc quc, `hmh dc﬇cndc ig ienaùíste`g dci tcxth, sc pucdc iicagr g cstgoic`cr argmçte`gs pgrg ihs destenths tephs dc tcxth. Gsí phdrígmhs fgoigr dc argmçte`g dci rcigth, argmçte`g dc ig dcs`repèðn, dcs`repèðn, arg argmçte`g mçte`g dc ig cxphseèð cxphseèðn, n, argmçte`g dc ig graumcntgèðn y argmçte`g dci desùrsh hrgi (`hihquegi y pigne﬇`gdh). Cstg scríg scaurgmcntc ig `hntreouèðn mçs emphrtgntc dci cstudeh dc ig argmçte`g g ig jhrmgèðn dc ihs cs`higrcs, cn ùgnth quc phdríg gyudgr g envcntgregr h `gtcahrezgr igs rcauigredgdcs, `grg`tcríste`gs h `hnstgntcs ienaùíste`gs y tcxtugics cn `gdg aåncrh desùrsevh. Ci prh`cdemecnth gvcreaugr `grg`tcríste`gs cn trgoglgr `hn tcxths qucpgrg pcrme pcrmetgn tgn g ihs de`fgs giumnhs enjcrer de`fgs d e`fgs`hnsestc pcùieg pcùiegredgdcs, redgdcs, dc mgncrg quc igs entcrehre`cn entcrehre`cn y iicaucn i icaucn g uteiez uteiezgrigs grigs cn ig `hmphseè `hmphseèðn ðn dc sus tcxths. Cstg cs, sen dudg, ung dc igs prenèpgics uteiedgdcs dci cstudeh dc ig argmçte`g. 3.0.. Fgèg ung aargmçte`g 3.0 rgmçte`g dedç`te`g h ppcdgaðae`g cdgaðae`g Gi fgoigr dc ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig icnaug, gmohs prh`cdemecn prh`cdemecnths ths (ci u ush sh y ig dcs`repèðn) shn nc`csgrehs. Cs ci hrdcn dc `hnsedcrgèðn ih quc fg mcrcèdh ig prchùpgèðn dc ihs dedg`tgs dc ig icnaug. Fgstg fg`c 3. CNPC×GN\G DC IG A_GMÇTE@G, DCI IÅ VE@H U DC IG H_THA_GJÍG 771 771 ph`h nh `goíg dudg g`cr`g dci prh`cdemecnth< rc﬏cxehngr (dcs`reoer) pgrg `hnh`cr `ðmh cs y `ðmh junèhng ung icnaug; ih ùgi nh seane﬇`gog jhrzhsgmcntc fgoigr y cs`reoer mclhr. Dc un tecmph pgrg g`ç (dcsdc mcdegdhs dci seaih pgsgdh), `hnvcnèdhs dci cs`gsh rcndemecnth dc ig dcs`repèðn dci sestcmg dc ig icnaug (cstudeh dc ig argmçte`g) cn ig mclhrg dc ig cxprcseðn hrgi y cs`retg dci endeveduh, sc fgn envcrtedh ihs tårmenhs. Gfhrg sc `hn`cdc prehredgd gi ush dc ig icnaug, sc rc﬏cxehng (dcs`repèðn) shorc ci ush dc dctcrmengdgs junèhncs h vgihrcs pgrg scauer usçndhig mçs y mclhr. Ci hrdcn dc gmohs prh`cdemecnths prh`cdemecnths pudecrg pgrc`cr ùcsteðn ogigdí. Nh ih cs. Ig cxpcrecnèg nhs de`c ‐y mu`fhs mgnugics cs`higrcs shn thdgvíg fhy cx`cicntcs tcsteahs dc ciih‐ quc g un cs`higr dc Rremgreg sc ic pedc quc `hnhz`g ig dc﬇neèðn dc sentgamg, dc icxcmg, h ihs pgrgdeamgs vcrogics dci cspg÷hi (¡enìush igs jhrmgs vcrogics cn dcsush, `hmh cs ci juturh pcrjc`th dc suoluntevh!); sen cmograh, nh sc ic pedc (ne sc ic cnsc÷g) dc jhrmg sestcmçte`g quc icg cn vhz gitg, quc mcmhre`c phcmgs y quc ihs rcètc, quc rcigtc h ùcntc ùcnths, quc dcs`reog, quc graumcntc, quc cxphnag h cxpiequc enjhrmgèðn, quc rcsumg tcxths y desùrshs, quc rcsc÷c ieorhs, quc thmc nhtgs shorc ung cxphseèðn hrgi y fgag fga g auehncs y csqucm csqucmgs, gs, quc uteie`c ohrrgdhrcs pgrg rcdg`tg rcdg`tgrr, cn ihs quc sc pigne﬇quc, rcdg`tc, gdcùc gi `hntcxth, rcvesc, `hrrelg y cdetc. Cn dc﬇netevg, nh sc ic pedc pedc gi cs`higr c s`higr quc usc ig icnaug cn `hntcxths destenths y `hn entcnèhncs dejcrcntcs. _cspc`th g ig cigohrgèðn dc ung argmçte`g dedç`te`g, fg`c tecmph quc sc vecnc ìgmgndh g`cr`g dc su nc`csedgd. Ci prhoicmg `cntrgi `hnsestc cn `ðmh `hnèiegr ig argmçte`g empiíètg y ig argmçte`g cxpiíètg. Cxprcsgmhs g `hntenugèðn giaungs ètgs, quc `hnsedcrgmhs guthrezgdgs gi rcspc`th. • • 776 Nc`csedgd dc ung argmçte`g prç`te`g h pcdgaðae`g, h dedç`te`g, g mcdeh `gmenh cntrc ig entuetevg (empiíètg) y ig gngiíte`g (ècntí﬇`g), dcstengdg g ig cnsc÷gnzg dc `hn`cpths y dc fgoeiedgdcs quc pucdcn dcnhmengrsc, dcnh mengrsc, acnår acnåre`gmcntc e`gmcntc,, arg argmgte`gics. mgte`gics. (G (G.. @gmps, @g mps, Ig argmâte`g g i―cs`hig i ―cs`hig oâse`g, Ogr`cihng, Ogr`gnhvg, 7566, p. 4?.) Ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig argmçte`g prctcndc iicvgr g ihs gprcnde`cs mçs giiç dc igs rcprcscntgèhncs enfcrcntcs gi ush en`hnsècntc dc ig icnaug, fgèg ci `hnhèmecnth dc ig icnaug `hmh holcth dc hoscrvgèðn y dc gnçieses pgrg iicagr g ig `hnstru`èðn dc un sestcmg oçse`h dc `hn`cpths quc dcn scntedh g ihs `hnhèmecnths argmgte`gics y quc DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P • • • • ihs phnagn desphneoics pgrg su ush u sh `hnsècn `hnsècntc. tc. (G. @ @gmps, gmps, «Fgoigr y rc﬏cxehngr shorc ig icnaug< icnaug< f fgèg gèg un mhdcih dc cnsc÷gnzg dc ig ar arggmçte`g ogsgdh cn ig g`tevedgd rc﬏cxevg cn `higohrgèðn». Cn< _eogs Pcex (`hhrd.), Ieorhs dc tcxth y cnsc÷gnzg dc ig argmçte`g . Ogr`cihng, Argð, ?272, pp. 70-0?.) Ig argmçte`g pcdgaðae`g cs un prhyc`th quc prctcndc cstgoic`cr ihs igzhs cntrc igs ècnègs dci icnauglc, ihs dci gprcndezglc y ig prç`te`g pcdgaðae`g. (S ( S. _ue _uezz Oekg Oekgnde; nde; M. Z Zcrg crg Fedgiah, «Ig rc﬏cxeðn shor shorcc ig icnaug», Tcxths dc Dedç`te`g dc ig iicnaug cnaug y ig Ietcrgturg, ?224, ?2 24, 01 01<< 5-73.) Ig argmçte`g pcdgaðae`g cs un cnjhquc entcargdhr dc ig rc﬏cxeðn argmgte`gi y dci ush dc ig icnaug. (J. \gygs, «Fgèg ung argmçte`g pcdgaðae`g», Tcxths dc Dedç`te`g dc ig Icnaug y ig Ietcrgturg , ?224, 01< 7:-03) Argmçte`g pcdgaðae`g pcdg aðae`g cs ci `hnlun `hnlunth th dc ``hn hntcnedhs tcnedhs y prh`cdemecnths g`cr`g dci junèhngmecnth dc igs icnaugs quc ig csùcig dcocríg phncrr g d phnc desphseè esphseèðn ðn dc sus ggiumnhs iumnhs pgrg quc csths pudecrgn uteie uteiezgrzgrihs g ih igrah dc su vedg cn setugèhncs dc `hmprcnseðn h dc prhdu`èðn tcxtugi, y g su vcz pudecrgn scr `hntrgstgdhs y `hmpictgdhs g trgvås dc ig cxpcrecnèg y ig rc﬏cxeðn. (Tcrcsg _eogs Pcex, Ieorhs dc tcxth y cnsc÷gnzg dc ig argmçte`g , Ogr`cihng, Argð, ?272.) Ci gprcndezglc argmgte`gi argmgte`g i rcmetc derc`tgmcntc gi prhoic prhoicmg mg dc ig gostrg`èðn, dc ig `gpgèdgd dc `hn`cptugiezgèðn dc ihs giumnhs. Cn `hnscùcnèg, cs nc`csgreg ung argmçte`g pcdgaðae`g quc rcmetg g ig pcrspc`tevg dc ig cnsc÷gnzg, quc tcnag cn ùcntg gi giumnh y sus `hnhèmecnths (empiíèths y cxpiíèths)… quc cstgoicz`g pucntcs cntrc ig uteiezgèðn csphntçncg, ihs ushs cigohrgd cigohrgdhs hs y ihs `hnhèmecn `hnhèmecnths ths oçse`hsihs shorc ig icnaug. icnaug. (@. _hdríauc _hdríaucz z Ahnzgih, argmgte`gi shorc tecmphs dci pgsgdh cn giumnhs dc 4¼«Ci dcsgocr CPH.argmgte`g Igs rcig-i èhncs cntrc `hn`cptugiezgèðn y ush rc﬏cxevh cn ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig argmçte`g arg mçte`g»» (tcses eenådetg), nådetg), Snevcrsedgd dc Zgicnèg, ?2 ?27 77.) 7.) Rhr ih tgnth, cntcndcmhs quc ig argmçte`g pcdgaðae`g h cs`higr dcocríg hùpgrsc prenèpgimcntc dc gyudgr g ihs giumnhs g ous`gr y gngiezgr igs rcauigredgdcs ienaùíste`gs y tcxtugics quc gpgrc`cn cn ihs prenèpgics tephs dc tcxth y aåncrhs desùrsevhs quc sc dgn cn ci ush dc ig icnaug `hn ci prhpðseth dc `hntreouer g quc fgoicn y cs`reogn mçs y mclhr. Dc cstg mgncrg, sc entcargrçn mclhr, dc jhrmg prç`te`g, ci ush `hntcxtugiezgdh dc ig icnaug y ig rc﬏cxeðn argmgte`gi, gostrg`tg. 3. CNPC×GN\G DC IG A_GMÇTE@G, DCI IÅ VE@H U DC IG H_THA_GJÍG 77 775 5 _cigèhngdh `hn csth mesmh, fgy ung ùcsteðn rcetcrgdgmcntc cxpucstg y quc `gdg vcz sc secntc mçs nc`csgreg< ig `hnvcnecnèg dc cstgoic`cr ungs nhèhncs argmgte`gics oçse`gs trgnsvcrsgics g igs dejcrcntcs icnaugs quc cstudeg ci giumngdh (premcrg, scaundg y cxtrgnlcrg) y ung tcrmenhihaíg `hmün quc jgèietc ig dcs`repèðn dc ihs destenths jcnðmcnhs quc sc dgn cn ciigs, y quc pcrmetgn ig `hmpgrgèðn pgrg un mclhr cstudeh, `hmh, phr htrg pgrtc, fg`cn thdgs igs ècnègs. Ngturgimcntc, thdh mgtcregi cs`higr (ieorhs dc tcxth y htrhs) dcocríg gtcncrsc g ciih. 3.4. 3.4. Dedç`te`g dci iåxe`h Thdh ih quc ustcd quecrg, sí sc÷hr, pcrh shn igs pgigorgs pg igorgs igs ig s quc `gntgn, `gntg n, igs quc suocn y oglgn. Mc prhstcrnh gntc ciigs… Igs gmh, igs gdfecrh, igs pcrseah, igs mucrdh, igs dcrreth… Gmh thdgs igs pgigorgs. Igs encspcrgdgs… Igs quc aihthngmcntc sc cspcrgn, csù`fgn, qucdc dc`hihrcs, prhnth sgitgn `gcn…`hmh pigtengZh`goihs gmgdhs. sc Oreiign `hmhfgstg pecdrgs dhs pc`cs, shn cspumg, feih, mctgi, rh`íh… Rcrseah giaungs pgigorgs… Phn tgn fcrmhsgs quc igs quecrh phncr cn me phcmg. Igs gagrrh gi vucih ùgndh vgn zumogndh, y igs gtrgph, igs iempeh, igs pcih, mc prcpgrh jrcntc gi pigth, igs secnth `restgiengs, coürncgs, vcactgics, g`cethsgs, `hmh jrutgs, `hmh giags, `hmh çagtgs, `hmh g`cetungs… U cnthn`cs, igs rcvucivh, igs gaeth, mc igs ocoh, igs treturh, igs ieocrh, igs cmpcrcleih… Igs dclh `hmh cstgig`tetgs cn me phcmg, `hmh pcdgèths dc mgdcrg oru÷edg, `hmh `groðn, `hmh rcsths dc ngujrgaeh, rcagihs dc ig hig. Thdh cstç cn ig pgigorg. Sng edcg cntcrg sc `gmoeg phrquc ung pgigorg sc trgsigdð dc seteh, h phrquc htrg sc `hih`ð dcntrh dc ung jrgsc quc nh ig cspcrgog… Tecncn shmorg, trgnspgrcnèg, pcsh, piumgs. Tecncn thdh ih quc sc ics juc garcagndh dc tgnth rhdgr phr ci ríh, dc tgnth trgsmeargr dc pgtreg, dc tgnth scr rgí`cs… Phn gntequísemgs y rcècntísemgs. Zevcn cn ci jårctrh cs`hndedh y cn ig ﬏hr gpcngs `hmcnzgdg… Wuå oucn edehmg ci míh, quå oucng icnaug fcrcdgmhs dc ihs `hnquestgdhrcs dhr cs thrvhs. Csths gndgogn g zgn`gdgs phr igs trcmcndgs trcmcndgs `hrdeiicrgs, phr igs Gmåre`gs cn`rcspgdgs, ous`gndh pgtgtgs, tgog`h ncarh, hrh, mgíz `hn un gpcteth vhrgz. Thdh sc ih trg trgagogn, agogn, `hn rcieaehncs, perçmedcs, perçmedc s, treous, edhigtrígs… Rcrh g ihs `hnquestgdhrcs sc ics `gígn dc igs ohtgs, dc igs ogrogs, dc ihs ycimhs, `hmh pecdrcètgs, igs pgigorgs iumenhsgs quc sc qucdgrhn gquí, rcspigndc- 7?2 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P ècntcs… ci edehmg. Pgiemhs pcrdecndh… sgiemhs agngndh. Pc iicvgrhn ci hrh y nhs dclgrhn ci hrh. Pc iicvgrhn mu`fh y nhs dclgrhn mu`fh… Nhs dclgrhn igs pgigorgs. R N, Igs pgigorgs Cs prchùpgèðn prchùpgèðn acncrgiezgdg cntrc ci prh prhjcshrgdh jcshrgdh,, y ``hn hn un c`h shègi `gdg `gd g vcz mgyhr mgyhr,, ig phorczg iåxe`g dc nucstrhs cs` cs`higrcs, higrcs, mgnejcst mgnejcstgdg gdg cn mgyhr argdh cn ci gspc`th cxprcsevh quc `hmprcnsevh. Rhr ciih, cs nc`csgreh entcnse﬇`gr ci trgoglh hrecntgdh gi dhmeneh dc ig cxprcseðn, tgnth hrgi `hmh cs`retg< pgsg pgsgrr ci mgyh mgyhrr nümcrh dc vh`goihs dci vh`gouigreh pgsevh gi g i g`tevh, gdcmçs dc gumcntgr pguigteng pguigtengmcn mcntc tc gquci. G pcs pcsgr gr dc quc ci prhjc prhjcshr shrgdh gdh tecn tecncc ig `hnv `hnve`` e`èðn eðn dc quc sc trgtg tr gtg dc ung cnsc÷gnzg endespcnsgoic, ci `hmphncntc iåxe`h cs rgrg vcz holcth dc un gprcndezglc cspc`í﬇`h y rcauigr cn igs g`tevedgdcs dc cnsc÷gnzg dc ig icnaug. Ci cstudeh dc ig gdqueseèðn dci vh`gouigreh, enscrth dcntrh dc ihs desùrshs rcgics cn quc sc prhdu`c, mcrc`c scr `hnsedcrgdh phr ig dcèsevg `hntreouèðn dc cstc gi g i jhmcnt jhmcnthh dc ig `hmpctcnèg `hmune` `hmune`gtevg gtevg dc quecn fgoig, icc h cs`reoc. Ihs gspc`ths ùgntetgtevhs y ùgietgtevhs dci vh`gouigreh dcocn jhrmgr pgrtc dc ig `hrrcsphndecntc prhargmgèðn quc rcsphndg g `ðmh dcoc cnsc÷grsc ci vh`gouigreh dc ig icnaug mgtcrng, yg quc `hnstetuyc ung dc igs gspergèhncs dc ig csùcig ci fc`fh dc quc ci iåxe`h jundgmcn ju ndgmcntgi tgi dc ig `hmunedgd dc fgoig jhrmc pgrtc dci iåxe`h g`tevh dc thdh giumnh g iumnh.. Mcrc`c Mcrc `c un eentc ntcrås rås pgrt pgrteùigr eùigr ig cnsc÷gn cnsc÷gnzg zg dci ush dci d de`èh e`èhngreh; ngreh; sc trgtg dc un rcùrsh `hn ci quc fgy quc phnc phncrr cn `hntg`th gi ggiumnh iumnh dc ihs premcrhs premcrhs ùr ùrshs shs dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. gquí trgtgrcmhspgrg dc ihs de`èhngrehs dc gprcndezglc h cs`higrcs,Pey oecn mçs `hn`rctgmcntc giumnhs y giumngs dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg, cn ci mcr`gdh phdcmhs cn`hntrgr htrhs tephs dc de`èhngrehs, tgics `hmh< pgrg cstudegntcs dc icnaug quc shn cxtrgnlcrhs; oeienaùcs, mhnhienaùcs; dc senðnemhs y gntðnemhs; dc dudgs y de﬇ùitgdcs dc ig icnaug; cspcègiezgdhs; cspcègie zgdhs; cnèìhpåde`hs; cnèìhpåde`hs; edch edchiðae`hs; iðae`hs; dc ush dc ig icnaug; dc rcjrgncs y jrgscs fc`fgs; de`èhngrehs envcrshs… (_hsg Csthpâ, Fgoigmhs dc icnaug `hn ne÷hs y ne÷gs, Ogr`cihng, Og r`cihng, Argð, Argð, ?22: ?22:)). Cs nc`csgreh, pucs, cnsc÷gr g ihs giumnhs g uteiezgr cstg fcrrgmecntg dc ig quc sc scrv scrverçn erçn thdg su vedg v edg y fg`crics dcsùorer quc quc nh cs ung iestg gicgthreg dc pgigorgs, senh ung jucntc dc requczgs requczgs `hnt `hntcxtug cxtugics ics y cstru`turgics turg ics shorc ig iicnaug, cnaug, gdcmçs dc u un n rcùrsh dc rc`rch y dc ùr ùrehsedgd. ehsedgd. 3. CNPC×GN\G DC IG A_GMÇTE@G, DCI IÅ VE@H U DC IG H_THA_GJÍG 7?7 Ig emphrtgnèg dc cstc rcùrsh rcù rsh (fcrrgmecntg pgrg ci cs`higr cs` higr y holcth dedç`te`h pgrg ci prhjcshr) pgsg phr quc mgcstrhs y prhjcshrcs hrecntcn gdcùgdgmcntc ig `hmprg dci mesmh; g cstc rcspc`th, fgy quc tcncr cn ùcntg igs `grg`tcríste`gs `g rg`tcríste`gs jhrmgics y dc `hntcned `hntcnedhh prhpegs prhpegs dc cst cstgs gs horgs. G `hnten `hntenugèðn ugèðn mcn mcnèhngmhs èhngmhs giau giaungs ngs rc`h rc`hmcn mcndgèhn dgèhncs cs n nc`csgreg c`csgregss pgrg iicvgr g `goh ` goh ci gnçie gnçieses ses dc de`èhngrehs. Ciih `hnstetuerç ci `hnhèmec `hnhèmecnth nth tå`ne`h dc cstg fcrrgmecn fcrrgmecntg tg dc gprcndezglc, quc phdrç scr scrver, ver, gsemesmh, pgrg ig hrecntgèðn g ihs pgdrcs y g ihs giumnhs. Hjrc`cmhs ung screc dc `hnsedcrgèhncs `hnsedcrgèhncs pgrg iiicvgr icvgr g ``goh goh ci gnçieses dc un de`èhngreh cn sus gspc`ths jhrmgics y dc `hntc `hntcnedh nedh mcdegntc ig jhrmuigèðn jhrm uigèðn dc ung sscrec crec dc ítcms dc hoscrvgèðn. Cstg pignteiig pcrmeterç `hnh`cr mclhr mclhr cstg fcrrgmecn fcrrgmecntg tg dc gprcndezglc, gdcmçs dc gyudgr g hrecntgr g ihs giumnhs y g sus jgmeiegs. 7. ¸Rcrmetc ig cnùgdcrngèðn quc sc gorg `hmpictgmcntc ci de`èhngreh phr ùgiquecrg dc sus pçaengs8 ?. ¸Cs ci pgpci dc oucng `giedgd y rcsestcntc8 0. ¸@uçntgs pçaengs tecnc8 4. ¸@ðmh cs ci jhrmgth8 3. ¸@uçntgs vh`cs h cntrgdgs tecnc8 :. ¸Wueåncs shn ihs usugrehs h dcstengtgrehs8 1. ¸_c`hac y cxpie`g ihs símohihs, gorcvegturgs, gorcvegturgs, seaigs8 6. ¸Tecnc títuih c enjhrmgèhncs cxtcrngs8 5. ¸@hntecnc prcscntgèðn8 72. ¸@ðmh cs ig tephargjíg8 77. ¸Igs cntrgdgs gpgrc`cn cstru`turgdgs `hn ìgredgd8 7?. ¸@hntecnc ci teph dc pgigorgs quc entcrcsgn8 (Rgrg ciih, `hnvecnc fg`cr ung iestg `hn gquciigs pgigorgs quc fgygn `gusgdh prhoicmgs, dc mhdh quc pucdg usgrsc `hmh iestg dc `hntrgstc.) 70. ¸Rrhphrèhng enjhrmgèðn shorc ihs ushs fespgnhgmcre`gnhs8 74. ¸@hntecnc enjhrmgèðn cnèìhpåde`g8 73. ¸Tecnc eiustrgèhncs dc `hn`cpths dejíèics dc cntcndcr8 7:. ¸Cstçn igs dcjeneèhncs ìgrgmcntc dejcrcnègdgs8 71. ¸_csuitgn igs dcjeneèhncs jçèics dc cntcndcr y üteics8 Cs dcèr, cvetgn ig èrùigredgd y nh dcjencn V `hmh U c U `hmh V). 76. ¸Dg ètgs h clcmpihs dc ush8 Cn `gsh gjermgtevh, ¸shn rcgics h grtejeègics8 75. ¸Dg ende`gèhncs shorc ci ush8 ?2. ¸Ssg un oucn `hnlunth dc `grg`tcrezgèhncs csteiíste`gs (se ig pgigorg cs jhrmgi, `hihquegi, gr`ge`g…)8 ?7. ¸Dg enjhrmgèðn ctemhiðae`g8 ??. ¸@hntecnc jrgscs fc`fgs, ihùèhncs h rcjrgncs8 ?0. ¸Hjrc`c senðnemhs y gntðnemhs8 ¸Rrhphrèhng rcjcrcnègs `ruzgdgs shorc pgigorgs dc seaneje`gdh rcigèhngdh h scmclgntc8 ?4. ¸Dg enjhrmgèðn shorc ig `gtcahríg argmgte`gi dc igs pgigorgs, shorc sus dcsencnègs jicxevgs h shorc htrhs gspc`ths sentç`te`hs8 ?3. ¸Dg enjhrmgèðn shorc ùcstehncs hrtharçje`gs8 ?:. ¸Fgy gpånde`cs üteics8 D. 7?? @_UPTGI, Cnèìhpcdeg dci icnauglc dc ig Snevcrsedgd dc @gmoredac, 7561/7554. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P Rgrg ung enjhrmgèðn mçs gmpieg shorc de`èhngrehs, vh`gouigreh, cnèìhpcdegs y horgs cic`trðne`gs, `hnsüitcsc ig wco dc Lhså Gnthneh Meiiçnn (9w Meiiç (9ww w w.lgmeiig .lgmeiign.`hm/ n.`hm/de`èhng.ftm> de`èhng.ftm>)). Rgrg mçs enjhrmgèðn shorc de`èhngrehs cs`higrcs, `hnsüitcsc Çveig Mgrtín (?222). 3.0.. Dedç`te`g dc ig hr 3.0 hrthargjíg thargjíg Nh hs cmpc÷åes cn `hrrcaerih `hrrcae rih thdh. Tcncd Tcncd un ph`h ci vgihr dc vucstrhs vucst rhs dcjc`ths. Rhrquc fgy dcjc`ths quc shn hivedhs, ncaieacnègs, pcquc÷hs crrhrcs jçèics dc cnmcndgr y dcocn cnmcndgrsc; htrhs shn iemetgèhncs, iemetgèhncs, emphseoeiedgdcs dc er mçs giiç y quc ig vgnedgd hs iicvgrç g hùitgrihs. U csh cs pchr quc lg`tgrsc dc ciihs. G. M M , , Lugn dc Mgercng Zcnemhs deècndh g ih igrah dci cstudeh dc ig cs`returg quc cs`reoer cs ung g`tevedgd g `tevedgd ``hmp hmpiclg iclg quc tecnc sus prhpegs `hnvcnèhn `hnvcnèhncs cs quc aagrg grgntentezgnn ig prcèseðn dci icnauglc. @hmh nhs rcùcrdg ig Hrthargjíg dc ig icnzg aug cspg÷hig cspg÷hig (_ (_G G C, 7555< 555<77), «ig hrthargjíg cs ci `hnlunth `hnlunth dc nhrmgs quc rcauign rcaui gn ig cs`returg c s`returg dc ung icnaug» icnaug ». Dcsdc cstc punth dc vestg, `hnvecn `hnvecncc fg`cr ung screc dc prcèsehncs quc nhs gyudcn g setugr ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig hrthargjíg; g sgocr< • • • • Cs`reoer cs ung g`tevedgd `hmpiclg, quc suphnc y rcquecrc `hfcrcnèg, `hfcseðn, gdcùgèðn y `hrrc`èðn ` hrrc`èðn.. Cn cstc mgr`h mg r`h dc `hmpicledgd `hmpicledgd dci gprcndezglc gprcndezglc dc ig cs`returg dcoc en`hrphrgrsc ig cnsc÷gnzg y ci gprcndezglc dc ig hrthargjíg `hmh iharh dc `hrrc`èðn. Ig ig prhdu`èð prhdu`èðn n dci tcxth cs`reth cstç pcnsgdg pcnsg dg y vg dereaedg de reaedg g un ic`thr quc tcndrç quc dc`hde﬇`gr pgrg phdcr `hmprcndcr ih quc cn åi sc de`c. Ihs seanhs arç﬇`hs ‐thdhs y `gdg unh‐ tecncn ung junèðn cn ig `hmune`gèðn cs`retg (dc (dc ig mesmg mgncrg quc ihs hrgic hrgicss ig tecncn cn ig cxprcseðn hrgi); hrgi); ciih fg`c f g`c quc dcogn scr `hmuncs g cme cmeshr shr y rc`cpthr rc`cpthr.. Cs hphrtunh rc`hrdgr, g cstc rcspc`th, `hn C. Mcndhzg («Ihs seanhs dc puntugèðn», cn M. Mgyhrgi, Ci h﬇èh dc ngrrgr, 7552, p. 757) quc «ihs seanhs dc puntugèðn nh rcèocn un trgth dc jgvhr cn ig cnsc÷gnzg» y pgrg ciih rc`hmecndg cstc guthr «gprcndcr ci oucn ush dc 3. CNPC×GN\G DC IG A_GMÇTE@G, DCI IÅ VE@H U DC IG H_THA_GJÍG 7?0 • ihs seanhs dc puntugèðn y usgrihs `hn prhpecdgd y `gre÷h». U, shorc thdh, g`hnsclg quc nh sc cxtenag ci punth y `hmg. Gprcndcr Gprcn dcr g cs`reoer cs`reoer,, `hmh cs hoveh, nh shih shih `hnsestc cn gprcndcr gprcndcr hr hr-thargjíg, senh quc ig hrthargjíg cs un gspc`th `hanetevh y shègi emphrtgntc dc ig icnaug cs`retg. Cn su hreacn, ci prh`csh dc glustc glustc ggii `ðdeah sc prhd prhdu`c u`c mcdegntc ung screc dc crrhrcs; ihs ùgics nh shih shn encvetgoics, scaün pgrc`c, senh quc gdcmçs, gdcmçs, `hmh gtcsteaug gtcsteaugn n cstudehs shorc ig emph emphrtg rtgnèg nèg dci «gnçieses dci crrhr», sc `hnsedcrgn seanhs phsetevhs dci prh`csh dc gprcndezglc, cn ùgnth quc cstçn cstrc`fgmcntc rcigèhngdhs `hn ci prh`csh mesmh dc gdqueseèðn gdquese èðn dc ig icnaug, cn cstc `gsh dc ig icnaug mgtcrng y rcjcredg ggii `ðdeah cs`reth cs`reth.. Ihs crrhrcs, dcsdc cstc pigntcgmecnth, shn cxprcseðn dc ihs pgshs nc`csgrehs pgrg gprcndcr; phr ciih, ci cstudeh dc tgics «crrhrcs» `hnstetuyc ung jhrmg preveicaegdg dc hoscrvgr ci prh`csh dc gprcndezglc y dc vgihrgr ci cstgdeh cs tgdeh cn quc sc cnùcntrg ci gprcn gprcndez. dez. Ihs crrhrcs gsí `hnsedcrgdhs shn ci rcsuitgdh dci cnsgyh dc `ðmh junèhngn igs prharcsevgs fepðtcses quc quc sc vgn jhrmgndh g`cr`g dc igs nhrmgs dc ush dc ig icnaug g ig fhrg dc gprcndcr. Ihs tephs t ephs dc crrhrcs quc sc prhdu prhdu`cn `cn cn ig cs`returg pucdcn rcjcrersc g ig hrthargjíg dc ig ictrg h argjcmçte`g, arg jcmçte`g, g ig dc ig síigog, g ig dc ig pgigorg h icxe`hiðae`g, icxe`hiðae`g, g ig dc ig jjrgsc rgsc h sentgamçte`g, sentgamçte`g , g ig dci tcxth h tcmçte`g y g ig dc ig gdcùgèðn h prgamçte`g. @hnsedcrgdh ci tcmg dcsdc ung ðpte`g shègi mçs gmpieg, cs ècrth quc nhs cn`hntrg cn`hntrgmhs mhs gntc un ggsunth sunth rcetcrgdg rcetcrgdgmcntc mcntc p pigntcgdh igntcgdh y quc fg prhduèdh y seauc prhduècndh entcrmengoics y cngrdcèdgs phiåme`gs, g igNh vczcs quc fg fc`fh ríh desùsehncs dc tentg. ig scmpetcrng envh`gèðn g tcmg mcnhr`hrrcr cn cstgs ung pcndecntc prhpucstg prhpucstg dc rcjhrmg hrtharç﬇`g hrtharç ﬇`g quc pgrg dctcrmengdhs guthrcs guth rcs nh cs senh ung «d «destrg`èðn estrg`èðn dc hèhshs» hèhshs».. Fgoigr dc rcjhrmg, de`cn ihs dctrg`thrcs, cs un u n tcmg ogigdí y, phr tgnth, ih üne`h emphrtgntc cs ci prhoicmg prhoicmg ùiturg ùiturgii cn thrnh g ig icnaug cspg÷hig, pgrg `hnì `hnìuer uer quc «cstgmhs cn ung u ng setugèðn dc ìgrg deshrtharg deshrthargjíg jíg ngèhngi; ig phoigè phoigèðn, ðn, cn acncrgi, mgne﬇cstg ung phorczg dc iåxe`h emprcsehngntc y sc hoscrvgn de﬇ùitgdcs de ﬇ùitgdcs cnhrm cnhrmcs cs cn ig ``hnstru`èðn hnstru`èðn sentç`te`g» ((L. L. R Rhih hih,, Ci Rgís, ?: dc nhvecmorc dc 7565). Fc gquí prcèsgmcntc prcèsgmcntc unh dc ihs `gogiihs ` gogiihs dc ogtg ogtgiig iig dci sestcmg cdu`gtevh, mhtevh dc quclg pcrmgncntc dci prhjcshrgdh dc thdhs ihs nevcics n evcics 7?4 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P dci sestcmg cdu`gtevh, dcsdc ig cnsc÷gnzg premgreg fgstg ihs cstudehs unevcrsetgrehs, quc phnc dc mgne﬇csth ig nc`csedgd dc entcnse﬇`gr ihs csjucrzhs csjucrz hs phr pgr pgrtc tc dc ihs prhjcsh prhjcshrcs rcs dc ihs d dejcrcn ejcrcntcs tcs nevcics cdu`gtevhs, mcdegntc ung dedç`te`g dedç`t e`g mçs cspc`í﬇`g quc tcnag cn ùcntg ihs holctev holctevhs hs y `hntcnedhs prhpehs, gsí `hmh un vh`gouigreh hrtharç﬇`h oçse`h y un envcntgreh envcn tgreh ``g`harç﬇`h. g`harç﬇`h. Pcaün Mcsgnzg Iðpcz, fgy dgths quc phncn dc mgne﬇csth ig `hnvcnecnèg vcnec nèg dc `hnsedcrgr ihs ggspc`ths spc`ths mcthdh mcthdhiðae`hs iðae`hs y dedç`t dedç`te`hs, e`hs, yg quc «shih vcenteèn vcenteèn`h `h pgigorgs acncrgn ci ?5―52% dc igs `g`harg `g`hargjígs jígs cn ictrgs y g`cntugèðn, y tgmoeån quc igs pgigorgs quc mçs `g`hargjíg acncrgn shn `hrrecntcs, fgoetugics y jrcùcntcs». @hmh `hnscùcnèg dc ig de﬇ùitgd quc suphnc suphnc ig cnsc÷gnzg cnsc÷gnz g y ci gprcndezglc dc ig hrthargjíg, Mcsgnzg Iðpcz (7561< ?6) g﬇rmg< Gi eaugi eaug i quc quc hhtrgs trgs mgtcregs, ig hrtharg hrthargjíg jíg rcquecrc ung prhargmgèðn endespcnsgoic pgrg gdcùgr, cn `gdg h`gseðn, `hntcnedh-måthdh-dcstengtgreh `hn `retcrehs pse`hiðae`hs y iðae`hs, pgrg suosgngr ci veèh dc cnsc÷gr thdg ig hrthargjíg cn ùgiquecr ùrsh y cdgd y igs tcntgèhncs dh`cntcs dc cnsc÷gnzg prcmgturg h suprcseðn gnteèpgdg. Jengiezgmhs cstgs orcvcs rc﬏cxehncs g`cr`g dc ig hrthargjíg y su emphrtgnèg cn ig dedç`te`g dc ig `hmune`gèð `hmune`gèðn n cs`retg `hn igs pgigorgs dc prcscntgèðn quc enìuyc A. _hdg _hdgre re cn su Ieorh dc ihs crrhrcs (75:4/7565< 77-7?), cn ci quc g﬇rmg ih seauecntc< ¸Zgic ig pcng quc un ne÷h gprcndg iihrgndh gquciih quc pucdc gprcndcr recndh8 Pe sc gùmuigscn igs içaremgs dcrrgmgdgs cn ihs èn`h `hntencntcs phr ùipg dc ig hrthargjíg, sc hotcndríg ung `gs`gdg gprhvc`fgoic pgrg ig prhdu`èðn dc cncraíg ciå`tre`g. Rcrh mc pgrc`c quc scríg ung cncraíg dcmgsegdh `hsthsg. Ihs crrhrcs shn nc`csgrehs, nc`csgr ehs, üteics `hmh ci pgn y g mcnudh tgmoeån fcrm fcrmhhshs< phr clcmpih, clcmpih, ig thrrc dc Resg. U phr ung vcz pcrmetedmc quc un ieorh pgrg ne÷hs cstå dcde`gdh g ihs pgdrcs dc jgmeieg, y tgmoeån g igs mgdrcs, sc cntecndc, y tgmoeån g ihs mgcstrhs dc csùcig< cs` ucig< g gquciihs, cn dc﬇netevg, dc﬇netevg , quc tecncn ig tcrreoic tcrreoic rcsphnsgoeiedgd dc `hrrcaer ‐sen ‐ sen cquevh`grsc‐ cquevh`grsc ‐ ihs mçs pcquc÷hs c enhùhs crrhrcs dc nucstrh pignctg. G tcnhr tcnhr dc ùgnth vc vcnemhs nemhs g﬇rmg g﬇rmgndh ndh ccn n cstc tcmg, `hn `hnvecnc vecnc d dcstgcstg`gr ih seauecntc seauecntc<< g) quecn dcoc sgocr argmçte`g ‐y mu`fg‐ cs ci mgcstrh, 3. CNPC×GN\G DC IG A_GMÇTE@G, DCI IÅ VE@H U DC IG H_THA_GJÍG 7?3 y nh tgnth ci giumnh dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg; o) ig `hn`cpèðn junèhngi dc ig icnaug, og ogsgdg sgdg cn ci mgnclh dc tcxths prenèpgimcn prenèpgimcntc, tc, gtcndcrç gtcndcrç g `retcrehs dc gdcùgèðn, gdcù gèðn, `hfcrcnèg y `hfcseðn, gsí `hmh dc `hrrc`èðn; `) ig nc`csgreg rc﬏cxeðn y ig `rcgèðn dc nucvgs prhpucstgs prhpucstgs cn ci `g `gmph mph dc ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig argmçte`g a rgmçte`g dcocn `hnstetuer ung `hnstgntc enquectud cn ihs dh`cntcs. Pe oecn oecn cs ècrth quc ig argmçte`g h rc﬏cxeðn shorc ci ush dc ig icnaug dcoc pgsgr g un scaundh sca undh pignh, ihs `hn `hnhèmecn hèmecnths ths argmgte`g argmgte`gics ics shn üteics pgrg `rcgr un mínemh mctgicnauglc `hmpgrtedh phr prhjcshrgdh y giumngdh, quc fgag phseoic ci deçihah shorc ci holcth dc gprcndezglc (ig icnaug y ig `hm ` hmune`gèðn une`gèðn); ); pgrg rcvesg rcvesgrr y ``hrrcaer hrrcaer ihs prhp prhpehs ehs tcxths g ih igrah dci prh`csh dc `hmphseèð `hmphseèðn, n, y pgrg phsccr ung ùitur ùiturgg ienaùíst ienaùíste`g, e`g, dc ig mesmg mgncrg quc sc gprcndc shorc htrgs çrcgs dc `hnhèmecnth (químe`g, oehihaíg, grtc, ct`.). Ci cstudeh h rc﬏cxeðn argmgte`gi quc dcocrç fg`cr ci giumnh dc Rremgreg fg dc scr puntugi y ogsgdh secmprc cn ci crrhr `hmctedh cn ihs dejcrcntcs ushs dc ig icnaug (festhreg dc ig icnaug, ùrehsedgdcs, gmoeaùcdgd cn ig cxprcseðn, crrhrcs); csths jcnðmcnhs tecncn quc vcr `hn ig `hmprcnseðn y ig prhdu`èðn dc tcxths. Tgics hpcrgèhncs sc `cntrgn cn ig pigne﬇`gèðn dci tcxth y cn ig uneðn cntrc ihs destenths cicmcnths quc ih `hmphncn, gsí `hmh cn igs hpcrgèhncs dc scamcntgèðn (gnçieses dc ig puntugèðn), `hncxeðn (hragnezgdhrcs tcxtugics) y `hfcseðn (gnçjhrg y `gdcngs dc sustetuèðn). 3.:. 3.:. G`tevedgdcs dc dcsgrrhiih Igs g`tevedgdcs dc dcsgr dcsgrrhiih rhiih fgn dc ùmpier ihs seauecntcs holctevhs< holctevhs< • • • _c﬏cxehngr g`cr`g dc ihs ushs hrgics hrg ics y cs`reths dc ig icnaug y su gpie`gèðn g ig cnsc÷gnzg y ci gprcn gprcndezglc dezglc cn Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. _c﬏cxehngr g`cr`g dci iåxe`h y su cnsc÷gnzg y gprcndezglc cn Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. Ih`giezgr y luste﬇`gr crrhrcs hrtharç﬇`hs cn ig cxprcseðn cs`retg prhpeg y glcng. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 7. Rhr pgrclgs, edcnte﬇`gr ihs pçrrgjhs quc `hntecnc un cs`reth. Zcr `ðmh cmpeczg y `ðmh g`gog `gdg unh dc ihs pçrrgjhs quc jhrmgn un tcxth. tcx th. 7?: DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P G`tevedgd G`tev edgd ? . _c`hrtgr pçrrgjhs dc dejcrcntc cxtcnseðn (dc grtíùihs dc prcnsg, phr clcmpih), dcshrdcngrihs y cntrcaçrscihs g htrh aruph pgrg quc ihs `hihquc `hihquc cn ci hrdc hrdcn n dcoed dcoedh. h. Cstg g`t g`tevedgd evedgd sc rcg rcgiezg iezgrç rç cn ar aruph uph pcquc÷h. G`tevedgd G`tev edgd 0. _cigèhngr phr enjcrcnèg igs `grg`tcríste`gs dc ihs dejcrcntcs aåncrhs desùrsevhs (rcigth, cxphseèðn, dcs`repèðn y graumcntgèðn). Rgrter dc tcxths hrgics h cs`reths, `hihquegics y pigne﬇`gdhs, dc mhdh quc sc fgag un envcntgreh dc igs rcauigredgdcs quc prcdhmengn cn `gdg unh dc ciihs. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn aruph pcquc÷h. G`tevedgd G`tev edgd 4. Cstudeh dc ig tcmphrgiedgd. G pgrter dc un `hrpus dc tcxths hrgics y cs`reths dc ihs prenèpgics aåncrhs desùrsevhs, enjcrer igs jhrmgs vcrogics quc prcdhmengn prcdhmengn cn ``gdg gdg unh dc ciihs. Cstg C stg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç rcgiez grç cn ar aruph uph pcquc pcquc÷h. ÷h. G`tevedgd G`tev edgd 3. _c`hnh`cr ihs cicmcnths dc rcigèðn (`hnc`thrcs) quc sc usgn pgrg uner jrgamcnths (hrgèhncs) dcntrh dc un pçrrgjh y ihs hragnezgdhrcs tcxtugics cntrc pçrrgjhs. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn aruph pcquc÷h. G`tevedgd G`tev edgd : . Fg`cr un envcntgreh dc `hnc`thrcs ihae`hprgamçte`hs y hragnezgdhrcs tcxtugics tcxtu gics `hn igs rcspc`tevg rcspc`tevgss junèhncs quc dcscmpc÷gn dcscmpc÷gn cn ci tcxth. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn aruph pcquc÷h. G`tevedgd G`tev edgd 1. Cstudegr Cst udegr ig `hn`cpèð `hn`cpèðn n dc ig icnaug prcdhmengnt prcdhmengntcc (mçs h mcnhs jhrmgi, jhrmgi, mçs h mcnhs junèhngi) cn ci ùrríùih h﬇ègi y cn ihs ieorhs dc tcxth `hrrcsphndecntcs g Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg, gsí `hmh ci mctgicnauglc quc cmpicgn. cmpicgn. Cstg g` g`tevedgd tevedgd sc rcgiezg rcg iezgrç rç cn aruph pcquc÷h pcquc÷h.. G`tevedgd G`tev edgd 6. Cn pcquc÷h aruph, cstudegr ci iåxe`h cn ci ùrríùih h﬇ègi y cn ihs ieorhs dc tcxth dc Cdu`gèðn Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. Cstg C stg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç rcgiez grç cn ar aruph uph pcquc pcquc÷h. ÷h. G`tevedgd G`tev 5. Rhr Rh r pgrclgs, gntcrehrmcntc. gng gngiezg iezgrr de`èhngrehs cs`higrcs tcnecndh cn ùcntg ihsedgd ítcms prhpucsths U cn aruph argndc, `hmpgrgr ig h igs g`cpèhncs dc ung mesmg pgigorg cn dhs h mçs de`èhngrehs cs`higrcs y `hmprhogr igs dc﬇neèhncs h dcs`repèhncs quc fg`c `gdg unh, `hn igs `hnì ` hnìusehn usehncs cs d dedç`te`gs edç`te`gs quc mc mcrcz`g rcz`g ci gsunth. G`tevedgd G`tev edgd 72. Endevedugimcntc, `hmprhogr ci vh`gouigreh g`tevh y pgsevh quc tecnc tecnc `gdg cstud cstudegntc egntc rcspc`th dc ung ictrg dc un de`èh d e`èhngreh ngreh acncrgi, cicaedg gi gzgr. _cgiezgr ung scnèiig cstgdíste`g pcrshngi. Enìuer `hnìusehncs dc prhvc`fh pcrshngi y prhjcsehngi. Cn aruphs argndcs. @hmcntgr cn püoie`h ihs rcsuitgdhs. G`tevedgd G`tev edgd 77. Gpgdrengr pgigorgs cn vígs dc cxtenèðn. Pc trgtg dc ous`gr cn vucstrg vedg, cn vucstrg `gsg (pgdrcs, goucihs, ct`.) ung pg- 3. CNPC×GN\G DC IG A_GMÇTE@G, DCI IÅ VE@H U DC IG H_THA_GJÍG 7?1 igorg `hn ig quc, phr igs rgzhncs quc scgn, hs edcnte﬇`çes, y quc shes `hnsècntcs dc quc sc usg muy ph`h ph` h h dc quc cstç cn cxtenèðn. cx tenèðn. Nh qucrríges dc nenaung mgncrg quc dcsgpgrcècsc, yy,, phr csh, cstçes dcèdedhs dcèdedhs g gpgdrengrig, gi mcnhs, gntc thdg ig ìgsc. Entcrnct pucdc scr un oucn mcdeh pgrg luntgr thdgs igs pgigorgs gpgdrengdgs dc ig ìgsc, mcdegntc un oiha, y dejunderigs. Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç endevedugimcntc. Sn aruph dc cstudegntcs cstud egntcs sc cn`grag cn`gragrç rç dci desc÷h y dc ig acst acsteðn eðn dci o oiha. iha. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 7?. Cn aruphs pcquc÷hs, dctc`tgr y luste﬇`gr crrhrcs cn tcxths prhduèdhs phr ihs giumnhs. @gtcahrezgr de`fhs crrhrcs, scaün scgn crrhrcs rcjcredhs g ig ictrg, g ig síigog, g ig pgigorg, g ig jrgsc, gi tcxth, h g ig gdcùgèðn prgamçte`g. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 70. Cn aruphs pcquc÷hs, gngiezgr ci trgtgmecnth dc ig hrthargjíg cn ci ùrríùih h﬇ègi y cn ihs ieorhs dc tcxth dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. G`tevedgd G`t evedgd 7 74 4. Fg`cr un envcntgreh dc jrgscs cn igs quc, dcpcndecndh dc ig phseèðn dc ig `hmg («csg pucrtg aergthreg dci pcnsgmecnth», de`c dc ciig Luieh @hrtçzgr), `gmoec ig seane﬇`gèðn. Gphrtgmhs g `hntenugèðn giaunhs clcmpihs clcmpihs quc pucdcn scrver pgrg en eneègr eègr de`fh fçoeth dc rc`hpeigèðn, quc pcrmetgn g su vcz gngiezgr igs mucstrgs quc `hnseagn ihs giumnhs< 7. «Rcrd «Rcrdðn ðn emphseoic, quc ùmpig ig `hndcng `hndcng»» / «Rcrdðn «Rcrdðn,, emphseoic quc ùmpig ig `hndcng». (Gnå`dhtg festðre`g gtreouedg g @grihs Z. Lhså Gnthneh Gnthneh Meiiçn, Rcrdðn, emphseoic. Auíg pgrg ung puntugèðn puntug èðn mçs re`g y `hnsècntc. Ogr`cihng, _OG Ieorhs, ?220). ?. Jgitg ung `hmg. ¸Dðndc ig phndrígs8< «Pe ci fhmorc supecrg rcgimcntc mcn tc ci vgihr quc tecnc ig mu mulcr lcr gndgríg g ùgtrh pgtg pgtgss cn su oüs- 0. 4. 3. :. 1. 7?6 qucdg». mulcr, `hn. Pe thdg scauredgd `hih`gdh ig `hmg dctrçs dc(Peig crcs pgigorg mulcr crcs fhmorc,fgorçs `hn thdg scauredgd fgorçs `hih`gdh ig `hmg dctrçs dc ig pgigorg tecnc.) «Wuecn pe pecnsg cnsg mgi, pucd pucdcc cquevh`grsc.» / «Wuecn p pecnsg, ecnsg, mgi pucdc cquevh`grsc.» «Ci quc `gmeng `gmeng,, mu mu`fh `fh gvgnz gvgnzg.» g.» / «Ci quc `gmeng m mu`fh, u`fh, gvgnzg.» «Pí, cs vc vcrdgd, rdgd, ih mgtgrçn.» / «Pe cs vvcrdgd, crdgd, ih mgtgrç mgtgrçn.» n.» «Pe tuvecrg quc vever, thdh ih quc fc vevedh prcjcreríg nh vhivcr g veverih.» / «Pe tuvecrg quc vever thdh ih quc fc vevedh, prcjcreríg nh vhivcr g veverih.» «Ihs cxùrsehnestgs, quc quc cstgogn `gnsgdhs, sc pgrgrhn g dcs`gnsg dcs`gnsgr. r.»» / «Ihs cxùrsehnestgs quc cstgogn `gnsgdhs `g nsgdhs sc pgrgrhn g dcs`gnsgr.» DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P 6. «Luieg, «Luieg, tc fg iigmgdh Iues.» / ««Luieg Luieg tc fg iigmgdh iigmgdh,, Iues.» 5. «Ih demhs phr sup supucsth.» ucsth.» / «Ih demhs, phr supu supucsth.» csth.» 72. «@gjå, purh y `hpg, g un curh `gdg unh, shn trcs curhs.» /«@gjå purh y `hpg, g un curh `gdg unh, shn dhs curhs.» Cstg g`tevedgd g` tevedgd pucdc gogr`gr tg tgmoe moeån ån ig rc﬏cxeðn shor shorcc ig `hnstru`èðn dc ig jrgsc h ci ush dc dctcrmengdgs pgigorgs. @hn jrcùcnèg sc cnvígn `hrrchs cic`trðne`hs phr Entcrnct Entcrnct `hn jjrgscs rgscs gmoeaugs, `hn dhoi dhoicc scntedh, en`hrrc`tgs, encxg`tgs, emprhpegs, ct`., quc pucdcn dgr oucn lucah pgrg rc﬏cxehngr shorc ig icnaug, y ùyh dcsèj dcsèjrgdh rgdh cx cxeaerç eaerç c`fgr mgnh dc `hnhèmecnths argmgte`gics. Argfftes, csiðagncs puoieètgrehs y pentgdgs shn rcùrshs muy g mgnh pgrg cstg tgrcg. Mhstrgmhs g `hntenugèðn un pgr dc clcmpihs dc scndgs `hmune`gèhncs èhn cs hotcnedgs dc ``grtcics grtcics dc ung pgrrhqueg< • • «Cstemgdgs sc÷hrgs, ¡nh sc hivedcn dc ig vcntg dc ocnc﬇`cnèg! Cs ung oucng h`gseðn h`g seðn pgrg ieocrgrsc dc gquc gquciigs iigs `hsgs enüteics quc csthr csthr-ogn cn `gsg. `g sg. T Trgeagn rgeagn g sus mgredhs.» «Ci prcèh pgrg pgrteèpgr cn ci ùrseiih shorc ’Hrgèðn y gyunh” enìuyc tgmoeån igs `hmedgs.» Cstg g`tevedgd sc rcgiezgrç cn aruph pcquc÷h. @goc ig phseoeiedgd dc quc un aruph dc giumnhs sc cn`grauc cn`g rauc dc rc`hpeigr igs mucstrgs quc sc seagn gphrtgndh g ih igrah dc un dctcrmengdh pcríhdh dc tecmph (ung quen`cng, un mcs, un tremcstrc, ci ùrsh cntcrh). Ig `higohrgèðn dc gmeahs y jgmeiegrcs scrç secmprc oecn rcèoedg pgrg en`rcmcntgr ig mucstrg hotcnedg. 3. CNPC×GN\G DC IG A_GMÇTE@G, DCI IÅ VE@H U DC IG H_THA_GJÍG 7?5 Oeoiehargjíg Ogscs pgrg ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig icnaug Ç , T. (?223 Ç, (?223). ). Dedç`te`g dci tcxth cn ig jhrmgèðn dci prhjcshrgdh. Mgdred< Píntcses. —— (?272). @hmpctcnègs oçse`gs cn cs`returg. Ogr`cihng< H`tgcdrh. O, L. (7563). Igs ècnègs dci icnauglc, ¸un dcsgjíh pgrg ig cnsc÷gnzg8 Rgrís< Sn Sncs`h. cs`h. @, U. (7562). Ig trgnsphseèðn dedç`te`g. Dci sgocr sgoeh gi sgocr cnsc÷gdh. Oucnhs Gercs< Gequå I, I , @. (?224) (?224).. «Ihs ieorhs dc tcxth y igs prç`te`gs dc ig cdu`gèðn ienaùíste`g». Tcxths dc Dedç`te`g dc ig Icnaug y ig Ietcrgturg, 0:, 73-0?. M, L. (?22?). Rhiíte`gs dci ieorh dc tcxth cs`higr. Mgdred< Mhrgtg. —— (?221). (?221). «I «Ihs hs mgtcreg mgtcregics, ics, rcùrsh pgrg ci gprcndezglc». Guig dc Ennhvgèðn Cdu`gtevg, 7:3< 1-?1. M, G. (`hhrd.) (7556). @hn`cpths ìgvc cn dedç`te`g dc ig icnaug y ig ietcrgturg. Ogr`cihng< Phècdgd Cspg÷hig dc Dedç`te`g dc ig Icnaug y ig Ietcrgturg/Fhrsh Ietcrgturg/ Fhrshre/E@C re/E@C dc ig Snevcrsedgd dc Ogr`cihng. M, G.; I, G.; M, C. (755:). Dedç`te`g dc ig icnaug pgrg ig cnsc÷gnzg premgreg y scùndgreg. Mgdred< Gkgi. Dedç`te`g dc ig `hmune`gèðn hrgi O, @. ct gi. (?223). Fgoigr cn ìgsc. @ðmh trgoglgr ig icnaug hrgi cn ìgsc. Ogr`cihng< Argð. O, M.; @, G.; M, M. (7564). Lucah Lucahss dc icnaug icn auglc lc. Ogr`cihng< Tcedc. 707 O, G.; A Z.C.@. (?222). ¸@ðmh sc `hmcntg un tcxth `hihquegi8 Ogr`cihng< Greci. @, A. (7513). Ig vhz dc ihs ne÷hs. Ogr`cihng< Igeg. J, J , M.ª; D, D , M. (?227). (?227). Fgoigr y csù`fgr. Ogr`cihng< Rgedðs. A, E. ct gi. (756:). Cxprcseðn hrgi. Mgdred< Gifgmorg. F, F , @.; @ .; R, R, C C.. (756?) (756?).. Tcgtrh y csùcig . Ogr`cihng< Igeg. L, A.; A, A , L. (?225). Fgoigr, csù`fgr, `hnvcrsgr. Tchríg y prç`te`g dc ig `hnvcrsgèðn cn igs guigs. Ogr`cihng< H`tgcdrh. I, Q. (755?). Ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig `hmune`gèðn hrgi. Sn mgr`h mcthdhiðae`h. Ogr`cihng< Rgedðs, Rg edðs, 7554. 7554. I, M. (7560). Dedç`te`g dc ig icnaug hrgi. Mcthdhihaíg dc cnsc÷gnzg y cvgiugèðn. Oucnhs Gercs< Kgpciusz. R  , , D. (7513). 513). Ci grtc dc ngrrgr. Sn h﬇èh hivedgdh. Oucnhs Gercs< Augdgiupc. R R , , G. G . (756?) (756?).. Ig gvcnturg dc hír. @ucnths y mcmhregs dc trgdeèðn hrgi . Mgdred< @en`ci. R, R , D. (7510) (7510).. @rcgtevedgd y tcgtrh. Mgdred< Ngr`cg. _    ,, M. (7 (7550). 550). Ig `hmune`gèðn hrgi y su dedç`te`g. Mgdred< Ig Murgiig. P P , , G. G . (7560) (7560).. Sng mcthdhihaíg dc ig icnaug hrgi. Mgdred< Csùcig Cspg÷hig. T, (7554). tcgtrh enjgntei Peaih VVE.y g`T, L. E. (7561). Ci Drgmgtezgèðn icnauglc hrgi cny ig csùcig. Sng. Mgdred< auíg dc hoscrvgèðn tugèðn pgrg ci mgcstrh. Mgdred< MC@/Zeshr Ieorhs. T, G. (7551). Gnçieses dc ig `hnvcrsgèðn `hnvcr sgèðn. Ogr`cihng, Greci. Z, M. (`hhrd.) (?223). Ci desùrsh hrgi jhrmgi. Ogr`cihng< Argð. Dedç`te`g dc ig ic`turg Gijgoctezgèðn Gijgoctezg èðn ene` eneègi egi O, M.; @, M. (cds.) (?222). Dedç`te`g dc ig icnaug cn ig cdu`gèðn enjgntei. Mgdred< Píntcses. @, A. (7567). Gntrhphihaíg dc d c ig cs`ret cs`returg urg. Ogr`cihng< Acdesg. D, @. (?224). Ig cs`returg `higohrgtevg cn cdu`gèðn enjgntei. Cstrgtcaegs pgrg ci trgoglh cn ci c i guig. Ogr`cihng< Fhrshre. D, D , A.; O, O , L. (7 (7551). Ihs premcrhs pgshs fgèg ci icnauglc cs`reth< ung mergdg gi guig. Mgdred< Ig Murgiig. J, J , C. C . (7551). (7551). Gijgoctezg Gijgoctezgèðn. èðn. Tchríg Tchríg y prç`te`g prç` te`g. Mgdred< Peaih VVE. J, C.; T, G. (7561). Ihs sestcmgs dc cs`returg cn ci dcsgrrhiih dci ne÷h. Mgdred< Peaih VVE. J, M. (?227). «Gprcndcr g iccr y g cs`reoer». Cn< Oeags, M.; @hrrcea, M. (cds.). Dedç`te`g dc ig icnaug cn ig cdu`gèðn enjgntei (pp. 731-716). Mgdred< Píntcses. 70? DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P —— (?224). Iccr y cs`reoer pgrg vever. Gijgoctezgèðn eneègi y ush rcgi dc ig icnaug cs`retg cn ig csùcig. Ogr`cihng< Argð. J J , @. @ . (7 (7516g) 516g).. Ci måthdh ngturgi dc ic`turg. Ogr`cihng< Ogr`cihng< Ig Igeg. eg. —— (7516o). Ci tcxth ieorc. Ogr`cihng< Ogr`cihng< Ig Igeg. eg. H, D.; T, N. (`hmps.) (7553). @uiturg cs`retg y hrgiedgd . Ogr`cihng< Acdesg. _, E. (cd.) (?22:). Rgnhrgmgs, prchùpgèhncs prchùpgèhncs y pcrspc`tevgs cn ig cnsc÷gnzg eneègi dc ig icnaug cs`retg . @gstciiðn dc ig Rigng< Snevcrsetgt Lgumc E. _, E.; J, R.; A, E. (?27?). «Rrç`te`gs dh`cntcs, `hndeèhncs dc cnsc÷gnzg y phseoeiedgdcs dc gprcndezglc eneègi dc ig icnaug cs`retg». @uiturg y Cdu`gèðn, ?4 (?)< 403-441. T, I. (7550). Cs`reoer cn ig csùcig. Gprcndezglc dci icnauglc cs`reth. Rrh`cshs cvhiutevhs c empie`gèhncs dedç`te`gs (pp. 75-41). Ogr`cihng< Gntfrhphs. Cstrgtcaegs dc `hmprcnseðn ic`thrg ic` thrg Ç , T. (7556) Ç, 556).. Ci rcsumcn cs`higr. cs`hig r. Tchríg Tchríg y prç`te`g prç`te `g. Ogr`cihng< H`tgcdrh. —— (7555). @ðmh rcsumer un tcxth. Ogr`cihng< H`tgcdrh. P,, E. (?227 P (?227). ). Cstrgtcaegs dc ic`turg. Ogr`cihng< Argð. \, J. (?27?). Decz edcgs ìgvc. Ig `hmpctcnèg ic`thrg scaün REPG. Ogr`cihng< Argð. Fçoeth y gnemgèðn @, P. (7566). Ic`turgs gnemgdgs. G`tevedgdcs dedç`te`gs dc ic`turg cn ci Og`feiicrgth. Oeiogh< Mcnsglcrh. @, @ , L.; J J ,, M. ((77566) 566).. Puacrcnègs pgrg ung ic`turg `rcgdhrg. Ogr`cihng< Giehrng. Gi ehrng. D, O. (??2?). Ig cs`returg `rcgtevg cn igs guigs. Cn thrnh g ihs tgiicrcs ietcrgrehs. Ogr`cihng< Argð. D, G. (7567). @ðmh hragnezgr ig oeoiehtc`g cn ig csùcig . Mgdred< Csùcig Cspg÷hig. M, L. (?226). Decz edcgs ìgvc. Gnemgèðn g ig ic`turg. Fg`cr dc ig ic`turg ung prç`te`g jciez, trgs`cndcntc y dcscgoic. Ogr`cihng< Argð. M, M , L. (7556) 556).. @ecn g÷hs dc ùcnths. Mgdred< Gijgaugrg. R, D. (755?). @hmh ung nhvcig. Ogr`cihng< Ogr`cihng< Gngarg Gngargmg. mg. P, L.; _, J. (7563). Ihs tgiicrcs ietcrgrehs. Sng gitcrngtevg dedç`te`g gi festhreèsmh. Ogr`cihng< Og r`cihng< Mhn Mhntcsenhs. tcsenhs. —— (?223). Ci tgiicr dc ig nhvcig . Ogr`cihng< H`tgcdrh. P, M. (7564). Ig gnemgèðn g ig ic`turg. Rgrg fg`cr gi ne÷h ic`thr. Mgdred< PM. P, J. (7515g). Ig enjgnèg rcùpcrgdg. Mgdred< Tgurus. OEOIEHA_GJÍG 700 —— (7515o). @regturgs dci gerc. Ogr`cihng< Rignctg. T  D   I   I (?221). Ig `hnstru`èðn dci fçoeth ic`thr, 44. \, J. (?27?). Decz edcgs ìgvc. Ig `hmpctcnèg ic`thrg scaün REPG. Ogr`cihng< Argð. Dedç`te`g dc ig cs`returg Rrh`csh dc cs`returg Ç , T. (?223). Ç, (?223). Dedç`te`g dci tcxth cn ig jhrmgèðn dci prhjcshrgdh. Mgdred< Píntcses. —— (?272). «_ccs`reoer pgrg cs`reoer tcxths cn igs guigs». Tcxths dc Dedç`te`g dc ig icnaug y ig ietcrgturg ietcrgt urg, 30< 72?-776. —— (?277). «_cvesgr y rccs`reoer tcxths g`gdåme`hs cn ig jhrmgèðn dci prhjcshrgdh». _cvestg @hmpiutcnsc dc Cdu`gèðn, ?7 (?)< ?:5-?54. G, G , M. ct gi. (?224). Ig `hmphseèðn cs`retg dc 0 g 7: g÷hs. Ogr`cihng< Argð. G , L. @. y D G, D ,, H. (7554) 554).. Ig graumcntgèðn cn ig icnaug. Mgdred< Arcdhs. O, O , @. ct gi. (?223) (?2 23).. _cjcrcnt _cjcrcntcc Auedc th Qretena Qretena G`rhss tfc @urríùium . Endegng< Rgdhr Rrcss. @, C.; _, @. (755:). Tå`ne`gs dc cs`returg. Ogr`cihng< Tcedc. D, D , Aruph (?223) (?223).. Ihs prh`cshs dc cs`returg y ci tcxth cxphsetevh cn ig mclhrg dc ig `hmpctcnèg cs`retg dc ihs cs`higrcs dc Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg. Mgdred< Cdethregi C dethregi @hmpiutc @hmpiutcnsc. nsc. —— (?22:). «Ig cs`returg dc tcxths cxphsetevhs cn guigs dc premgreg». Cn< @gmhs, G. (`hhrd.). Deçihah c envcsteagèðn cn igs guigs. Envcsteagèhncs cn dedç`te`g dc ig icnaug (pp. 55-776). Ogr`cihng< Argð. A, L. ct gi. (7561). Cxprcseðn cs`retg h cstrgtcaegs pgrg ig cs`returg . Mgdred< Gifgmorg. A, D. (7560). Dedç`te`g dc ig cs`returg. Mgdred< Mhrgtg/MC@. K, P. (7556). @ðmh ih rccs`reoh. Ig fcrrgmecntg dci cs`rethr. Zígs y hpèhncs pgrg `hnscauer un oucn rcigth. Ogr`cihng< Argjcen. P, M.; O, @. (755?). «Dhs mhdcihs cxpie`gtevhs dc ihs prh`cshs dc `hmphseè `hmphseèðn ðn cs`retg». Enj gnèg y Gprcndezglc, 36< 40-:4. P P , , M. (7554) 554).. @ðmh sc cs`reoc. Ogr`cihng< Rgedðs. P, C.; A, @. (?224). Ci phrtgjhieh pgsh g pgsh. Enjgntei y Rremgreg . Ogr`cihng< Argð. 704 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P Tephs dc tcxth tcx th y aåncrhs desùrsevhs Ç , T Ç, T.. (?27 (?272). 2). @hmpctcnègs oçse`gs cn cs`returg. Ogr`cihng< H`tgcdrh. Ç,, T Ç T.;.; A, A , E. (`hhrds. (`hhrds.)) (?2 (?2777). «Dcsgrrhiih dc `hmpctcn` `hmpctcnègs egs cs`retgs cn dejcrcntcs nevcics dci sestcmg cdu`gtevh». Icnauglc y tcxths. _cvestg dc ig Phècdgd Cspg÷hig dc Dedç`te`g dc ig Icnaug y ig Ietcrgturg (mhnharç﬇`h), 00< 3-1?. GG. G G. Z ZZ Z. (?225 (?225). ). «Ic`tu «Ic`turg rg y cs`returg dc tcxths g`gdåme`hs» g`gdåme`hs».. Tcxths dc Dedç`te`g dc ig icnaug y ig Ietcrgturg (mhnharç﬇`h), 32. @ @ , , M. (`hhrd. (`hhrd.)) (?221). Cs`reoer y `hmune`grsc cn `hntcxths ècntí﬇`hs y g`gdåme`hs. Ogr`cihng< Argð. A, E. (`hhrd.). Cs`reoer tcxths cxphsetevhs cn ci guig. Jundgmcntgèðn tcðre`g y scùcnègs dedç`te`gs pgrg dejcrcntcs nevcics. Ogr`cihng< Argð. Q, D.; D.; II , , M. (7551) 551).. Gprcndc Gprcndcrr g iccr y cs`reoer cs`r eoer tcxths tc xths dc enjhrmgèðn en jhrmgèðn . Mgdred< Mhrgtg, ?222. Cs`returg `rcgtevg G  G , , A. ((77561) 561).. @gieargmgs. Mgdred< @çtcdrg. O, O , D.; Z, M. (7 (755?) 55?).. Lucahs dc cxprcseðn hrgi y cs`retg. Ogr`cihng< Argð. @, L. (7567). Festhregs dc `rhnhpehs y dc jgmgs. Ogr`cihng< Ogr`cihng< Cdfg Cdfgsg. sg. J, A. (7631) (cd. ?223). Mgdgmc Ohvgry (prðihah dc Mgreh Zgrags Iihsg). Mgdred< Giegnzg Cdethregi. J, G. (7566). Cs`reoer< un lucah ietcrgreh. Mgdred< Gifgmorg. A A  , R. (7 (7550 550). ). Etencrgreh dc un cs`rethr. Ogr`cihng< Ogr`cihng< Gngarg Gngargmg. mg. I, I. (7554). Ci h﬇èh dc cs`reoer. Mgdred< Gshègèðn dc Rrhjcshrcs dc Cspg÷hi. M, G. (755?). Zeglc gi `cntrh dc ig jçouig . Ogr`cihng< Ogr`cihng< Gngarg Gngargmg. mg. W, _. (7561). Clcrèèhs dc csteih. Mgdred< @çtcdrg. _, R. (?220). Ig trgstecndg dci cs`rethr. Mgdred< Cspgsg. P, P , C. (75:0) 5:0).. Ci cs`rethr y sus jgntgsmgs. Ogr`cihng< Pcex Ogrrgi. P, L. (?223). Cs`reoer cs vever. Ogr`cihng< Og r`cihng< Mhndgdh Mhndgdhre. re. P, P , L. (?22:) (?22:).. Ig pçaeng cs`retg. Mgdred< PM. Z,  , M. (7551). @grtgs g un lhvcn nhvciestg . Ogr`cihng< Rignctg. @hnhèmecnth dc ig icnaug Dedç`te`g dc ig argmçte`g O, _.; D, Q. (7567). Entrhdu`èðn g ig ienaùíste`g dci tcxth. Ogr`cihng< Greci, 7551. OEOIEHA_GJÍG 703 O, C. (756?). Entrhdu`èðn g ig ienaùíste`g dci tcxth. Mgdred< Cspgsg @gipc. —— (`hmp.) (7561). Ienaùíste`g dci tcxth. Mgdred< Gr`h/Ieorhs. O, E.; D, Z. (ders.) (7555). Argmçte`g dcs`reptevg dc ig icnaug cspg÷hig (0 vhis.). Mgdred< _cgi G`gdcmeg Cspg÷hig/Cspgsg @gipc D, T. (7516). Ig ècnèg dci tcxth. Ogr`cihng< Rgedðs. —— (7562). Cstru`turgs y junèhncs dci desùrsh. Mgdred< Peaih Peaih VV VVE. E. Argmçte`g dedç`te`g dci cspg÷hi Mgdred< PM. A, R,I.J.;(7556). Ç, P.; N, \.; R, I. .(cds.). (?27?). Ci ieorh dci cspg÷hi `hrrc`th< `hrrc`t h< ìgvcs pgrg fgoigr y cs`reoer oecn cn cspg÷hi . Mgdred< Cspgsg @gipc. _, T. (`hhrd.) (?272). Ieorhs dc tcxth y cnsc÷gnzg dc ig argmçte`g. Ogr`cihng< Argð. _,, A. (751:) _ 51:).. Argmçte`g dc ig jgntgsíg . Ogr`cihng< Gvgn`c. —— (7561). Clcrèèhs dc jgntgsíg. Ogr`cihng< Giehrng. _, @. (?277). Ci sgocr argmgte`gi shorc ihs tecmphs dci pgsgdh cn giumnhs dc 4.¼ dc CPH. Igs Ig s rcigèhncs cntrc `hn`cptugiezgèðn y ush rc﬏c rc﬏cxevh xevh dc ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig argmçte`g (tcses dh`thrgi enådetg). Dcpgrtgmcnth dc Dedç`te`g dc ig Icnaug I cnaug y ig i g Ietcrgturg, Snevcrsedgd dc Z Zgicnèg. gicnèg. Dedç`te`g dci iåxe`h (de`èhngrehs) Ç, Ç , @. (?222). Ci de`èhngreh cn ci guig. Phorc ihs de`èhngrehs cs`higrcs dcstengdhs g ig cnsc÷gnzg y gprcndezglc dci cspg÷hi `hmh icnaug mgtcrng. Snevcrsedgd dc Argngdg. @, L.; O, G. (7553). De`èhngreh dc rcjrgncs. Mgdred< Cspgsg @gipc. @, G.; _, M. (7552). Zh`gouigreh oçse`h cn ig CAO (0 vhis.). Mgdred< Cspgsg-@gipc. @, Zeshr. A. (755?). Zh`gouigreh dc rcjrgncs y jrgscs prhvcroegics. Mgdred< A, G. (?222). Ig scdu`èðn dc igs pgigorgs. Mgdred< Tgurus. M, M. (7551). De`èhngreh dci cspg÷hi `hihquegi. `hihquegi. De`fhs, mhdesmhs y ihùèhncs phpuigrcs. Mgdred< Tciius. M, L. (755:). De`èhngreh dc ushs y dudgs dudg s dci cspg÷hi g`tugi. Ogr`cihng< Oeoiehargj. M, M. (7510). De`èhngreh dc ush dci cspg÷hi (? thmhs). Mgdred< Arcdhs. _GC. (755?). De`èhngreh dc ig icnaug cspg÷hig (? thmhs). Mgdred< Cspgsg @gipc. dc dudgs y de﬇ùitgdcs dc ig icnaug cspg÷hig . P, M. (756:). Mgdred< CspgsgDe`èhngreh @gipc. 70: DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P Dedç`te`g dc ig hrthargjíg O , O  , Z. Z. (7566) (7566).. @ðmh cnsc÷gr ig hrthargjíg g pgrter dci vh`gouigreh oçse`h. Ogr`cihng< Ogr`cih ng< @CG@. M M , , L. (7561). 561). Dedç`te`g g`tugiezgdg dc ig hrthargjíg. Mgdred< Pgnteiigng. _GC (7555). Hrthargjíg dc ig icnaug cspg÷hig. Mgdred< Cspgsg @gipc. _, A. (75:4). Ci ieorh dc ihs crrhrcs. Mgdred< Cspgsg-@gipc. OEOIEHA_GJÍG 701 Gncxh 7. Peanhs dc trgns`repèðn dc `hnvcrsgèhncs `hnvcrsgèhncs `hihquegics `hihquegics (Aruph Zgi.cs.`h. Snevcrsedgd dc Zgicnèg)6 < @gmoeh dc fgoigntc. G< Entcrvcnèðn dc un fgoigntc edcnteje`gdh `hmh G. G7< G?< Rremcrg entcrvcnèðn dc G. @hntenugèðn h nucvg entcrvcnèðn dc G. 8< Entcrihùthr nh rc`hnhèdh. § Pu`cseðn en enmcdegtg, se sen pgusg gprcègoic, cntrc dhs cmesehncs dc dc destenths fgoigntcs. = Mgntcnemecnth dci turnh dc un pgrteèpgntc cn un shigpgmecnth. [ Iuagr dhndc sc eneèg un shigpgmecnth h supcrphseèðn. ] Jengi dci fgoig semuitçncg.  _ceneèhs y guthentcrrupèhncs sen pgusg. / Rgusg `hrtg, enjcr enjcrehr ehr gi mcdeh scaundh. // Rgusg cntrc mcdeh scaundh scaundh y un scaundh. /// Rgusg dc un scaundh h mçs. (3――) Peicnèh (igpsh h entcrvgih) dc 3 scaundhs; sc eneèg ci nümcrh dc scaundhs cn igs pgusgs dc mçs dc un scaundh, ùgndh scg cspcègimcntc seaneje`gtevh. 6 Cnthngèðn gs`cndcntc h `hntenugtevg. 5 Cnthngèðn dcs`cndcntc. : Cnthngèðn mgntcnedg h suspcndedg. `gre÷ Rrhnunègèðn mgr`gdg h cnjçte`g dc ig síigog «re». CN @H@FC Rrhnunègèðn mgr`gdg cnjçte`g. (( )) )) Jrgamcnth endcsèjrgoic. ((secmprc)) Trgns`repèðn dudhsg. ((…)) Entcrrupèhncs dc ig argogèðn h dc ig trgns`repèðn. trgns`repè ðn. 6. Thmgdh dc< O, G.; A Z.C Z.C.@. .@.(?222). (?222). ¸@ðm ¸@ðmhh sc `hmcntg un tcx tcxth th `hihquegi8 `hihqueg i8 Ogr`cihng< Greci. Gr eci. 705 742 (Cn)thn`cs _c`hnstru`èðn dc ung unedgd iåxe`g quc sc fg prhnunègdh en`hmpictg, ùgndh pucdg pcrturogr ig `hmprcnseðn. pg―i Jcnðmcnhs dc jhnåte`g sentç`te`g cntrc pgigorgs, cspcègimcntc mgr`gdhs. ¼( )¼ Jrgamcnth prhnunègdh cn un thnh dc vhz mçs oglh, prðxemh gi susurrh. f Gspergèðn dc «s» empihsevg. i-i Gsemeigèðn jhnåte`g. (_ (_EP EPGP GP)) @u @ugn gndh dh gp gpgr grc` c`cn cn gi mgra mgracn cn dc ihs ihs cnu cnun` nèg egdh dhs. s. Pe g` g`hm hmpg pg÷g ÷gn n g ih de`f de`fh, h, sc trgns`reoc ci cnunègdh y cn nhtg gi pec sc ende`g «cntrc resgs». ggg nn Gigragmecnths vh`çie`hs. Gigragmecnths `hnshnçnte`hs. ¸¡ !8 Rr Rrc cau aun ntg tgss h cxìg xìgm mgèh ehn ncs rc rctð tðrre` e`g gs ((p phr clc clcm mpih ih,, ig igs en entcr tcrrha rhagèh èhncs ncs c cx` xìigmgt gmgtev evg gs< prcauntgs quc nh prcauntgn). ¸8 Entcrrhagèhncs. Tg Tgmoeån pgrg ihs gp gpånde`cs dc dci te teph «¸nh8, ¸c ¸cf8, ¸s ¸sgocs8» ¸! Cxìgmgèhncs. Cxprcsehncs erðne`gs. Ictrg Ictr g ùrse ùrsevg vg _cpr _cprhdu` hdu`èðn èðn c eemetg metgèðn èðn dc cmesehnc cmesehncs. s. Cstei Csteih h d derc` erc`th, th, `grg `grg`tcr `tcríste` íste`h h dc dc iihs hs dcnhmengdhs rcigths `hnvcrsgèhngics. Nhtgs g pec dc pçaeng Gnhtgèhncs prgamçte`gs quc hjrc`cn enjhrmgèðn shorc igs èrùnstgnègs dc ig cnunègèðn. _gsahs `hmpicmcntgrehs dci `gngi vcrogi. G÷gdcn enjhrmgèðn nc`csgreg pgrg ig `hrrc`tg entcrprctgèðn dc dctcrmengdgs pgigorgs (phr clcmpih, ig `hrrcsphndcnèg cxtrgnlcrg dc ig pgigorg trgns`retg cn ci tcxth dc gùcrdh `hn ig prhnunègèðn rcgi), cnunègdhs h scùcnègs dci tcxth, dc giaungs hnhmgthpcygs, ct`. Pgnargdhs g ig dcrc`fg Csèsehncs `hnvcrsgèhngics. DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P Índe`c Pumgreh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Rrcscntgèðn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 71 ............................ 7. Ogscs7.7. pgrg cn ci guig Igscnsc÷gr ècnègsicnaug dci icnauglc y ig `hmune`gèðn y ig dedç`te`g dc ig icnaug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.?. @ @hn`cp hn`cpth th dc ttrgnsphseèð rgnsphseèðn n dedç`t dedç`te`g e`g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0. @urríùium h﬇ègi dc Icnaug `gstciigng y Ietcrgturg pgrg Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4. Gnçie Gnçieses ses dc ieorhs dc tcxth dc Icnaug `gstciigng y Ietcrgturg pgrg Cdu`gèðn Rremgreg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3. G`tevedgdcs dc dcsgrrhiih . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 71 75 75 75 ?. Dedç`te`g dc ig `hmune`gèðn hrgi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?3 ?.7. Entrhdu`èðn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?.7. ?.?. @grg`tcríste`gs dc ig hrgiedgd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?.0. Cnsc÷gnzg y gprcndezglc dc ig `hmune`gèð `hmune`gèðn n hrgi . . . ?.4. Cvgiugèðn dc ig `hmune`gèðn hrgi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?.3.. G`t ?.3 G`tevedgdcs evedgdcs dc dcsg dcsgrrhiih rrhiih. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?3 ?6 0. Dedç`te`g dc ig ic`turg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7. Entrhdu`èðn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.?. Gspc`ths shègics y ùiturgics dci `ðdeah cs`reth. Dc ig hrgiedgd g ig cs`returg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0.. Ig gijgoctezgèðn 0.0 gijgoctez gèðn eneègi< gprcn gprcndcr dcr y cnsc÷gr g iccr y g cs`reoer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0: 06 42 40 40 44 4: 747 0.0.7. Rrh`csh dc `hnstru`èðn dci seane﬇`gdh . . . . . . 0.4. Fgoeiedgdcs h `hmpctcnègs ic`thrgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4.7. Ci rcsumcn cs`higr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4.7.7. Entrhdu`èðn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4.7.?. ¸Wuå cs un rcsumcn8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4.7.0. ¸@ðmh cjc`tugr ci rcsumcn8 . . . . . . . . . 0.3. Jhmcnth dc ig ic`turg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.:. G`tevedgdcs dc dcsgrrhiih . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 33 33 33 3: 35 :7 4. Dedç`te`g dc ig cs`returg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :1 4.7. Entrhdu`èðn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.?. Sshs shègics y g`gdåme`hs dc ig cs`returg . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0.. @hmpctcn 4.0 @hmpctcnègs ègs oç oçse`gs se`gs cn ccs`returg s`returg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.. Rrh`csh dc ccs`returg 4.4 s`returg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.7. Rigne﬇`gr pgrg cs`reoer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.?. _cdg`tgr pgrg cs`reoer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.0. 4.4. 0. _cvesgr pgrg cs`r cs`reoer eoer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :1 ................... 4.3. Tephs y aåncrhs . . . desùrsevhs ................................ 4.3.7.dcIgtcxth dcs`repèðn 4.3.7.7. ¸Rhr quå cs nc`csgreh gprcndcr y cnsc÷gr g dcs`reoer8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.7.?. ¸Rgrg quå servc sgocr dcs`reoer8 . . . . . . 4.3.7.0. ¸Wuå cs y quå suphnc sgocr dcs`reoer8 4.3.7.4. ¸@ðmh cnsc÷gr g dcs`reoer cn igs guigs8 4. 4.3. 3.7. 7.3. 3. Fcrrgmecntgs Fcrrg mecntgs pgrg jgvhrc`cr ig hoscrvgèðn y ig dcs`repèðn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.7.:. Argmçte`g dc ig dcs`repèðn . . . . . . . . . 4.3.?. Pcùcnèg dedç`te`g pgrg gprcndcr g cs`reoer tcxths cxphsetev c xphsetevhs hs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.?.7. Rremcrg jgsc. @hntcxtugiezgr ci prhyc`th dc cs`returg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 4.3.?.?. 3.?.?. Pcaundg jgsc. Nc`csedgdcs dc dhùmcntgèðn y `hnhèmecnth dci aåncrh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.?.0. Tcr`crg jgsc. Dci `ghs dc ig enjhrmgèðn gi hrdcn dci tcxth. . . . . . . . . . 4.3.?.4. @ugrtg jgsc. Rrhdu`èðn dci tcxth< fgèg ci premcr ohrrgdhr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.?.3. Wuentg jgsc. _cveseðn. 74? 32 DEDÇ@TE@G DC IG ICNASG RG_G IG JH_MG@EÐN DC MGCPT_HP U MGCPT_G P ............... :6 12 1? 10 10 14 11 16 16 15 15 15 67 6? 6? 60 63 6: 61 61 4. 4.3.?.:. 3.?.:. Pcxtg jgsc. Cdeèðn y cxphseèðn cn püoie`h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 4.3.0 3.0.. Cs`reoer pgr pgrgg graumcntgr gra umcntgr y `hntrgra `hntrgraumcntgr umcntgr 4.:. Tgiicr dc cs`returg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1. G`tevedgdcs dc dcsgrrhiih . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 3. Cnsc÷gnzg dc ig argmçte`g, dci iåxe`h y dc ig hrthargjíg . . . . . . 725 3.7. Entrhdu`èðn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.?. Ssh dci icnauglc y dcs`repèðn dci sestcmg dc ig icnaug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.?.7. Ci ush dc ig icnaug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.?.?. Ig icnaug `hmh holcth dc rc﬏cxeðn . . . . . . . . . . 3.0. Fgèg ung argmçte`g dedç`te`g h pcdgaðae`g . . . . . . . . . 3.4. Dedç`te`g dci iåxe`h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0.. Dedç`te`g dc ig hrthargjíg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 3.:. G`tevedgdcs dc dcsgrrhiih. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 Oeoiehargjíg 66 52 51 773 773 77: 771 77 1 7?2 7?0 7?: 707 70 7 ........................................................... Ogscs pgrg ig cnsc÷gnzg dc ig icnaug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dedç`te`g dc ig `hm ` hmune`gèðn une`gèðn hrgi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dedç`te`g dc ig ic`turg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gijgoctezgèðn Gij goctezgèðn eneègi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cstrgtcaegs dc `hmprcnse `hmprcnseðn ðn ic`thrg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fçoeth y gnemgèðn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dedç`te`g dc ig cs`returg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rrh`csh dc cs`returg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tephs dc tcxth y aåncrhs desùrsevhs desùr sevhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cs`returg `rcgtevg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 70 7 707 70 7 70? 70 ? 70? 70 ? 700 70 0 700 70 0 704 704 703 70 3 703 70 3 .................................. @hnhèmecnth dc ig icnaug Dedç`te`g dc ig argmçte`g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dedç`te`g dci iåxe`h (de`èhngrehs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dedç`te`g dc ig hrthargjíg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 703 703 70 3 Gncxh 7. Peanhs dc trgns`repèðn dc `hnvcrsgèhn `hnvcrsgèhncs cs `hihquegics 705 70 5 70: 70 : 701 70 1 ÍNDE@C 740 Cstg horg prctcndc dgr rcspucstg g ig jhrmgèðn prhjcsehngi cspc`í﬇`g quc fgn dc rcèoer ihs mgcstrhs pgrg cnsc÷gr ig icnaug mgtcrng h premcrg cn çmoeths cs`higrcs. Pc `hnèoc ig g`tevedgd dedç`te`g `hmh ci desc÷h y ig pucstg cn prç`te`g dc g`èhncs dc cnsc÷gnzg y gprcndezglc cn çmoeths g`gdåme`hs y prhjcsehngics pgrg `gpgètgr g ihs juturhs mgcstrhs cn ci dhmeneh dc `ðmh cnsc÷gr igs fgoeiedgdcs ienaùíste`gs (fgoigr, csù`fgr, iccr y cs`reoer), mcdegntc igs fcrrgmecntgs y gyudgs nc`csgregs. Thdh ciih `hn ig ﬇ngiedgd dc `hnstruer `hnhèmecnth y trgnsmeter sgsg ocrcs. Ci ieorh `hntecnc sctcntg y tgntgs g`tevedgdcs y cstç pcnsgdh, prenèpgimcntc, pgrg ig jhrmgèðn eneègi y pcr pcr-mgncntc dc mgcstrhs y mgcstrgs. Tchdhrh Çivgrcz Gnauih cs dh`thr cn Jeihihaíg Fespçne`g y prhjcshr tetuigr dci Dcpgrtgmcnth dc Dedç`te`g dc ig Icnaug y ig Ietcrgturg dc ig Jgùitgd dc Cdu`gèðn ‐@cntrh dc Jhrmgèðn dci Rrhjcshrgdh‐ dc ig Snevcrsedgd @hmpiutcnsc dc Mgdred. Cs `hhrdengdhr deng dhr dci Aruph dc Envcsteag` Envcsteagèðn eðn Cdu`gtevg Dedg`tcxt (Dedç`te`g dc ig Cs`returg) y mecmorh dc ig Curhpcgn Gsshègtehn jhr tfc Tcg`fena hj G`gdcme` Qretena (CGTGQ) y dc ig Entcrngtehngi Phècty jhr tfc Gdvgn`cmcnt hj Qretena _cscgr`f (EPGQ_). Fg empgrtedh ùrshs y prhnunègdh `hnjcrcnègs cn müitepics enstetuèhncs y fg gscshrgdh g hragnesmhs ngèhngics c entcrngèhngics rcigèhngdhs `hn ig jhrmgèðn ene` eneègi egi y pcrmgncntc dci prh prhjcshrgdh. jcshrgdh.

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