BOD.~B.····.··U. .·I·LD;IN,G " - -- - - ANATOM:Y Nick Evans Illustrated by William P. Hamilton ~ Human Kinetics -- .-,- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Evans, Nick, 1964Bodybuilding anatomy / Nick Evans. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-5926-8 (soft cover) ISBN-IO: 0-7360-5926-1 (soft cover) l. Bodybuilding. 2. Muscles--Anatomy. 3. Muscle strength. 1. Title. GV546.5.E822007 613.7'13--dc22 2006013855 ISBN-lO: 0-7360-5926-1 ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-5926-8 Copyright © 2007 by Nicholas A. Evans All rights reserved. Except for use in a review, the reproduction or utilization of this work in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including xerography, photocopying, and recording, and in any information storage and retrieval system, is forbidden without the written permission of the publisher. Acquisitions Editor: Martin Barnard; Developmental Editor: Leigh Keylock; Assistant Editor: Christine Horger; Copyeditor: Jan Feeney; Proofreader: Erin Cler; Graphic Designer: Fred Starbird; Graphic Artist: Francine Hamerski; Cover Designer: Keith Blomberg; Art Manager: Kelly Hendren; Illustrator (cover and interior): William P. Hamilton; Printer: United Graphics Human Kinetics books are available at special discounts for bulk purchase. Special editions or book excerpts can also be created to specification. For details, contact the Speciai Sales Manager at Human Kinetics. Printed in the United States 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I Human Kinetics Web site: www.HumanKinetics.com United States: Human Kinetics P.O. Box 5076 Champaign, IL 61825-5076 800-747-4457 e-mail: [email protected] Australia: Human Kinetics 57 A Price Avenue Lower Mitcham, South Australia 5062 088372 0999 e-mail: [email protected] Canada: Human Kinetics 475 Devonshire Road Unit 100 Windsor, ON N8Y 2L5 800-465-7301 (in Canada only) e-mail: [email protected] New Zealand: Human Kinetics Division of Sports Distributors NZ Ltd. P.O. Box 300 226 Albany North Shore City Auckland 0064 9 448 1207 e-mail: [email protected] Europe: Human Kinetics 107 Bradford Road Stanningley Leeds LS28 6AT, United Kingdom +44 (0) 113 255 5665 e-mail: [email protected] CONTENTS Preface v CHAPTER 1 SHOULDERS ....... 1 CHAPTER 2 CHEST ............ 37 CHAPTER 3 BACK ............ 65 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 LEGS ............ 131 CHAPTER 6 ABDOM I N ALS .... 161 Exerdse Index About the Author ARMS ............ 93 190 192 About the Illustrator 193 m PREFACE W alk into any gym these days and it's like Disneyland for bodybuilders. You'll discover endless rows of exercise machines and free weights for every musde in your body. Your challenge is to navigate through the maze of machines and weights, select the exercises you need, and pump your way across the gym to the finish line. Upside: The winner walks away with a custom-built body. Downside: No instructions, no dues, no map, and no rules. But with no guidance, surely you're doomed to drculate around the gym, stuck in a holding pattern. Then one lucky day, in a moment of darity, you realize a piece of the puzzle is missing. Today is your lucky day! You've found the missing piece: Bodybuilding Anatomy, a book of instructions for every exerdse in the gym. Go ahead and check It out for yourself. Flip open the book and pick a page-any page you want. Now, let's see what you get. Each exerdse is illustrated in amazing detail with a picture that's worth a thousand words, revealing the anatomy under your skin: the main musdes at work and those musdes that assist during the exerdse. Alongside the illustration are step-by-step instructions on how to perfect your exercise technique. What's more, you'll find a list of advanced technical bicks to modify the exercise for maximum effect. You'll leam how to adjust your grip, where to position your feet, and how to position your body. You'll discover how to manipulate exerdse trajectory and range of motion in order to emphasize different sections of the targeted musde. Whatever choice you face at the gyrn-barbells or dumbbells, free weights or machines, wide grip or narrow grip, indine or dedlne, sitting or standing-you'll get all the help you need. No weight plate is left unturned. You can review any exerdse in this book in under five minutes. During that short time, you'll discover and learn everything you need to know to make your workouts more predse. This book will shift your training up a gear, and then some. It's no secret what you want from your workouts: a custom-built body. But in order to change the way you look, you must modify your anatomy. You should skillfully use weights to sculpt your body, not just to indiscriminately pack on pounds of fiesh. The real secret is that to change anatomy, you must first know anatomyl Bodybuilding Anatomy is the ultimate reference, loaded with detalled technical discussions and illustrated with anatomical precision. The book is systematically organized into musde groups, so finding the exercises you need In order to build any musde is easy. What's more, each body part is subdivided even further into target zones, allowing you to select the specific exercises you need to target hard-to-hlt spots In your physique. Chapter 1 serves up shoulders-boulderllke shoulders that form the cornerstones of a great physique. You'll discover the anatomy and develop a strategy to detonate your deltoids. Simply packing the plates on a shoulder press is not enough. When you know shoulder anatomy, you'll realize that each of the three sections of the deltoid musde demands a different exercise. Also, this chapter reveals the secrets to a strong, injury-resistant rotator cuff. In chapter 2, you will discover how to hammer and chisel the chest. You will analyze the anatomy and evaluate the exerdses that you need to plump up your pectorals. You'll work all the angles, change your grip, and manipulate the movements to carve up your chest. With these technically precise exerdses in your chest workout, you'll build a breastplate of armor that would make any gladiator proudl v vi PREFACE Chapter 3 takes you around the back. Three slabs of muscle cover your back. If you train only the lats, your back workout is incomplete. To add thickness across your upper back, you need to target the trapezius. To create a foundation of strength in your lower back, you must work the erector spinae muscles. And when it comes to latissimus dorsi, you'll be shown how to perfect your pulldown and revamp your row to create that athletic V-shape taper. In chapter 4, get ready to arm yourself with a pair of big guns. The triceps make up twothirds of the muscle mass in your upper arm. You'll get all the growth-forging techniques to hammer more size into your triceps and beef up your biceps. You'll also get a grip on the 10 ropelike muscles in your forearms that are on display whenever you wear a shortsleeved shirt. Chapter 5 is all about legs. Whatever your pleasure-a quadriceps teardrop, an outerthigh sweep, thicker hamstrings, bigger calves, or a tighter butt-this chapter teaches you how to adapt any leg exercise to meet your own needs. Chapter 6 is devoted to the development of phenomenal abdominals. You'll get the anatomic treasure map to the three zones of your midsection: the upper abs, the lower abs, and the obliques. Each muscle zone has a different set of exercise requirements. This chapter delivers all the crunches, raises, twists, and turns you need in order to sculpt a sizzling six-pack. You'd better believe it: Knowledge of anatomy is the key for any serious bodybuilder. Muscular proportion and symmetry are created by intelligent exercise choices, not by chance. It doesn't matter how much workout experience you have; this book will help you customize your body with the skill of a master mechanic. The next time you set foot in the gym, you'll have a new set of rules to lift by. And by taking the guesswork out of bodybuilding, your efforts at the gym will be more productive and efficient-maximum results in minimum time! If you are one of the millions of people who work out, this is a book you can't afford to be without. Like having an X ray of each exercise, Bodybuilding Anatomy provides an inside view of your muscles in action. This ultimate bodybuilding reference contains detailed, fullcolor anatomical drawings of exercises that target every major muscle group. Armed with advanced tricks and modifications to isolate specific muscles, you will learn how to tweak your technique and fine-tune your physique. This book is a must for everyone's gym bag! --------------------------------~~~~~~~~~---~~ T he shoulder is a "ball-and-socket" joint between the humerus bone ofthe upper arm Front Deltoid Barbell shoulder press ••••. 4 and the scapula bone (shoulder blade). Six main Dumbbell shoulder press ••• 6 movements occur at the shoulder: flexion, extenDumbbell front raise ...... 8 sion, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, Barbell front raise •••.... 10 and external rotation. During shoulder flexion, td Cable front raise ........ 12 th e upper arm .IS eleva e f orwa~d t ow~d th e face. During shoulder extension, the arm moves Side Deltoid backward behind the plane of the body. During DumbbeJllateral raise .... 14 abduction, the arm moves up and out to the side Cable lateral raise ....... 16 of the body. During adduction, the arm is pulled Machine lateral raise ••••• 18 in toward the side of the body. Horizontal abducBarbell upright row ..••.• 20 tion and adduction occur when the arm moves Rear Deltoid in a horizontal plane at shoulder level, such as Bent-over dumbbell raise .. 22 during chest flys or rear deltoid flys. Bent-over cable raise ..... 24 The deltoid muscle of the shoulder consists of Reverse cable crossover ... 26 three separate sections, or heads, each capable Machine rear deltoid fly ••• 28 of moving the arm in different directions. From Rotator Cuff a broad tendon attachment above the shoulder External rotation •••••... 30 Internal rotation. • . . . . . . . 32 joint, the deltoid's three heads merge into a single IncIlne side raise •••••.•• 34 tendon that attaches to the humerus bone of the upper arm. The anterior deltoid (in front) attaches to the clavicle and raises the arm forward (shoulder flexion). The lateral deltoid (at the side) attaches to the acromion and lifts the arm outward to the side (abduction). The posterior deltoid (behind) attaches to the scapula and moves the arm backward (shoulder extension). The rotator cuff is a group of four musdes that form a protective sleeve around the shoulder joint. Despite being a barely visible muscle group, the rotator cuff is essential for shoulder stability and strength. All four muscles originate from the scapula (shoulder blade) and pass across the shoulder joint to attach onto the humerus bone of the upper arm. The supraspinatus lies above the joint and raises (abducts) the arm up and outward-as when hailing a taxi. Infraspinatus and teres minor are located behind and act to rotate the arm out-as when hitchhiking. Subscapularis is situated in front and rotates the arm inward-as when folding your arms across the chest. 1 Anatomy of the Deltoid, Front View Clavicle bone Lateral part of deltoid ~ Anterior part of deltoid Common insertion on deltoid tuberosity of humerus bone - ---'-; Anatomy of the Deltoid, Rear View Acromion of scapula bone < /Lateral part of deltoid PootorIorport or_ "Insertion of deltoid on deltoid tuberosity of humerus bone 2 Anatomy of the Rota or Cuff, Front View p Acromion process of < r e s , \ CbJVT~n. Coracoid process of s~ula ~ Humerus bone Anatomy of the Rotator Cuff, Rear View Clavicle bone Spine of scapula Infraspinatus Humerus bone 3 Barbell Shoulder Press FINISH Execution 1. Seated on a bench, take a shoulder-width grip on the bar with your palms fadng forward. 2. lower the weight slowly (in front) until it touches your upper chest. 3. Push vertically upward until your elbows lock out Muscles Involved PrImary: Anterior deltoid. Secondary: lateral deltoid, triceps, trapezius, and upper pectoralis. 4 Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: A shoulder-width grip is preferred to target the anterior deltoid. Wider grips on the bar minimize triceps contribution, but as the grip gets wider the risk of shoulder injury increases. Range of motion: A shorter rep terminating the press Just before lockout keeps tension on the deltoid. Positioning: Performing the exercise while seated upright Is a stricter version than standing and prevents cheating the weight upward using momentum generated by the legs. • Machine Shoulder Press Machines provide better stability and safety and offer a choice of handgrlps. A neutral grip (palms facing together) targets the anterior deltoid better than a pronated grip (palms forward). ~ Neutral grip Pronated grip Additional variation: Behlnd-the-neck press: This version places the shoulder in more external rotation, and the risk of shoulder injury is greater when the weight is lifted behind the neck. 5 Dumbbell Shoulder Press FINISH Antartordeltold Trtcepa START Execution 1. Seated on a bench, begin with the dumbbells at shoulder level, palms facing forward. 2. Press the dumbbells vertically upward until your elbows lock out. 3. Lower the dumbbells back down until they touch your shoulders. Muscles Involved Primary: Anterior deltoid. Secondary: Lateral deltoid, triceps, trapezius, upper pectoralis. Anatomic Focus Grip: Changing the orientation of the dumbbells affects hand position (grip). Pressing the dumbbells upward with palms fadng forward (pronated grip) works both the anterior and the lateral heads of the deltoid. Pressing the 6 dumbbells with palms facing together (neutral grip) makes the anterior deltoid work harder, minimizing lateral head involvement Holding the dumbbells with palms facing backward (supinated grip) maximizes anterior deltoid effort. Positioning: Performing the exercise while seated upright Is a stricter version than standing and prevents cheating the dumbbells upward using momentum. Variable-Grip Dumbbell Press This version uses three different hand positions during the repetition. Begin the exercise by holding the dumbbells with your palms facing back (supination). During the press, rotate the dumbbells so your palms face together (neutral grip) at the midpoint, finishing the upward press with your palms facing forward (pronated grip) at lockout. . Additional variation: Alternating one-ann dumbbell press: Perform the exercise by pressing one dumbbell at a time, altematlng right arm then left arm. 7 Dumbbell Fro t Raise Lateral deltoid / Execution 1. Sitting upright on the edge of an exercise bench, hold a pair of dumbbells at arms' length by your sides, thumbs pointing forward. 2. Lift one dumbbell out in front up toward shoulder level, keeping your elbow stiff. 3. Lower the weight back down to the start position, and repeat with the other dumbbell. 8 M uscles Involved Primary: Anterior deltoid. Secondary: Upper pectoralis, trapezius. Anatomic Focus Grip: A neutral grip (palm inward, thumb pointing forward> emphasizes the anterior deltoid. A pronated grip (palm down) allows the lateral deltoid to assist. Variable-Grip Dumbbell Front Raise Begin with a neutral grip (thumb forward), then rotate the dumbbell through 90 degrees during the lift so that your grip is pronated (palm down) at the top. 9 Barbell Fron Upper pectoralis Anterior deltoid Lateral deltoid ~ Posterior deltoid~ 10 • alse /TrapeziUS FINISH Execution 1. Using an overhand shoulder-width griP. hold a barbell at arms' length in front of your thighs. 2. Raise the barbell forward and upward to eye level. keeping your elbows stiff. 3. Lower the barbell back down to your thighs. Muscles Involved Primary: Anterior deltoid. Secondary: Lateral deltoid. trapezius, upper pectoralis. Anatomic Focus Hand spadns: Narrow hand spadng emphasizes the anterior deltoid, whereas a wider grip requires lateral deltoid assistance. VARIATI.O :Ni Single Dumbbell Front Raise Grab a dumbbell with both hands, Interlocking your fingers around the handle. The neutral grip (thumbs pointing forward> and narrow hand spacing target the anterior deltoid, minimizing Involvement of the lateral deltoid. 11 Cable Front Raise Trapezius_---..~ FINISH Posterior ~pper pectDraIIs -------- Execution 1. With one hand, grab the D-handle attached to a low pulley, using a pronated grip (palm down). 2. Facing away from the weight stack, raise the handle In an upward arc to shoulder level, keeping the elbow stiff. 3. Lower the handle back down to waist level. 12 Muscles Involved Primary: Anterior deltoid. Secondary: Lateral deltoid, trapezius, upper pectoralis. Anatomic Focu s Grip: The pronated overhand grip works the anterior and lateral heads of the deltoid. Short Bar Attachment Facing away from the machine with the cable running between your legs, grab the bar with both hands, using a shoulderwidth overhand grip. Additional variation: Rope attachment: Facing away from the machine with the cable running between your legs, grab the rope ends with both hands, thumbs pointing upward. 13 Dumbbell Lateral Raise Anterior deltoid FINISH Execution 1. While standing upright, hold dumbbells at arms' length. 2. Raise arms out to the side in an arc until dumbbells reach shoulder level. 3. Lower dumbbells back down to hips. Muscles Involved PrImary: Lateral deltoid. Secondary: Anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, trapezius, supraspinatus. 14 Anatomic Focus Range of motion: The lateral deltoid performs most of the work as the dumbbells are raised up to shoulder level. The trapezius takes over if the dumbbells are raised higher, so terminating the upward phase at shoulder level keeps tension on the deltoid. Grip: Effort from the lateral deltoid is maximized when the dumbbells are held parallel to the floor. lilting the dumbbells with thumbs up extemally rotates the shoulder and makes the anterior deltoid contribute to the motion, whereas tilting the dumbbells with thumbs down intemally rotates Grip with external or Internal rotation the shoulder, allowing the posterior deltoid to assist. Trajectory: Lifting the dumbbells directly out to the side hits the lateral }I }' deltoid. Raising } J" dumbbells from the In front of the hips with a forward arc makes the anterior deltoid assist. If the arc of motion occurs behind the plane of the body, then the posterior deltoid contributes to the 11ft. In front of the hips or behind the body Resistance: Because of the effect of gravity on the dumbbells, resistance Is lower at the beginning of the movement and gradually Increases to a maximum as the dumbbells are raised to shoulder level. t..V A R I A T ION S Seated dumbbell lateral raise: Performing the dumbbell lateral raise seated on a flat exercise bench Is a stricter version of the standing dumbbell lateral raise, minimizing the use of momentum to swing the dumbbells upward. One-ann dumbbell lateral raise: You can perform this exercise using one arm at a time, stabilizing your torso with your free hand. 15 Cable Lateral Raise FNSH Execution 1. With one hand, grasp the D-handle attached to a low pulley. 2. Raise hand outward in a wide arc up to shoulder level, keeping the elbow stiff. 3. Lower the handle back down to waist level. Muscles Involved Primary: Lateral deltoid. Secondary: Anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, trapezius, supraspinatus. 16 Anatomic Focus Range of motion: Terminating the upward phase at shoulder height keeps tension on the lateral deltoid. If the handle is raised higher, the trapezius takes over the work. The supraspinatus assists the lateral deltoid during the first 30 degrees of the movement. Starting the repetition with your hand In front of the opposite thigh can increase the range of motion by extending the early phase of the movement. A higher finish recruits the trapezius. Trajectory: The lateral deltoid is targeted best when the hand Is raised directly out to the side. Performing the raise in front of the plane of your body activates the anterior deltoid, whereas raising your hand from the rear activates the posterior deltoid. Resistance: Unlike dumbbell lateral raises, where the resistance varies during the lift, the cable pulley provides uniform resistance throughout the motion. 17 Machine Lateral Raise FINISH START Execution 1. Sit on the machine with your elbows against the pads, and grasp the handles. 2. Raise your elbows to shoulder level, upper arms parallel to the floor. 3. Lower elbows back down to your sides. Muscles Involved Primary: Lateral deltoid. Secondary: Anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, trapezius, supraspinatus. 18 Anatomic Focus Range of motion: Machine raises provide a uniform resistance throughout the movement. The supraspinatus assists at the start, and the trapezius assists if the elbows are raised above shoulder level. Grip: A pronated grip (palms down) internally rotates the shoulder and targets the lateral deltoid. A neutral grip (palms fadng in) or supinated grip (palms up) externally rotates the shoulder and Increases the contribution of the anterior deltoid. Changes in shoulder rotation are made easier by gripping the elbow pads and not holding onto the machine's handles. Trajectory: Altering the trajectory of the 11ft changes the relative focus on the deltoid. RaiSing your elbows directly out to the sides hits the lateral deltoid. Performing the raise with your elbows positioned forward on the pads makes the anterior deltoid assist. One-Arm Machine Lateral Raise You can perform this exercise using one arm at a time to improve focus and isolation. Some machines are designed so that you face inward, stabilizing your torso against a chest pad. 19 Barbell Uprig tRow Lateral deltoid Upper pectorals Anterior deltoid FINISH Execution 1. Hold a barbell at arms' length using an overhand shoulder-width grip. 2. Pull the bar vertically upward, raising the elbows to shoulder height. 3. Lower the bar slowly down to the arms' extended position. M uscles Involved Primary: Lateral deltoid, trapezius. Secondary: Anterior deltoid, supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, teres minor. 20 .Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: Taking a wider grip on the bar helps target the deltoid, whereas a narrower grip emphasizes the trapezius. Wide grip Trajectory: Lifting the barbell close to the body targets the lateral deltoid, whereas raiSing the bar through a forward arc away from the body requires assistance from the anterior deltoid. Range of motion: If the elbows are raised above shoulder level, the trapezius takes over the work. Cable upright row: Using a straight bar attached to the low pulley of a cable machine provides steady resistance throughout the movement. Machine upright row: Using a Smith machine provides a single plane of vertical motion that may help focus your effort. 21 Bent-Over Dumbbell Raise Lateral deltoid START Execution 1. Holding two dumbbells at arms' length, bend forward at the waist, keeping your back straight and head up. 2. With palms facing together, raise dumbbells upward to ear level, keeping elbows slightly bent. 3. Lower dumbbells back down to start position. Muscles Involved Primary: Posterior deltoid. Secondary: Lateral deltoid, trapezius, rhomboids, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major. Anatomic Focus Grip: The way you hold the dumbbells influences the degree of rotation at the shoulder joint. Holding the dumbbells using a neutral grip (with thumbs pointing forward) allows the lateral deltoid to work in the exercise. A pronated grip on the dumbbells (with thumbs pointing inward) targets the posterior deltoid because the shoulder is rotated internally and the action of the lateral deltoid is reduced. 22 Resistance: Because of t he effect of gravity on t he dumbbells, the resistance is lower at t he beginn ing of t he movement and gradually increases to a maximu m as t he dumbbel ls are raised. Trajectory: Altering the trajectory of the lift changes the relative focus on the deltoid. W ith your torso f lat and parallel to the floor, emphasis is placed on the posteri or deltoid. If your torso is inclined with your chest upright, the lateral deltoid co ntributes to the movement. Head-Supported Dumbbell Raise You can do this exercise with your forehead supported on the uppermost end of an incline exercise bench. Stand behind and in line with the bench, bend forward at the waist until your head touches the top of the backrest (which should be set at an appropriate height for your torso to be almost parallel to the floor). Supporting your head restricts movement in the spine and prevents swinging the dumbbells upward with momentum. Head-supported dumbbell raise Seated Bent-Over Dumbbell Raise Sit on the end of an exercise bench while bent forward at the waist with your chest resting on the thighs. Note the pronated grip on the dumbbells (thumbs pointing inward), which improves isolation of the rear deltoid . Seated bent-over dumbbell raise 23 Bent-Over Cable Raise Execution 1. Grab the handles attached to two low pulleys Oeft-side handle in right hand, right-side handle in left hand), stand In the middle, then bend forward at the waist with back straight and parallel to the floor. 2. Raise your hands upward in an arc to shoulder level, such that the cables cross over. 3. Lower the handles back down to the start position, your right hand directly in front of the left ankle and your left hand in front of the right anlde. Muscles Involved Primary: Posterior deltoid. Secondary: Lateral deltoid, trapezius, rhomboids, Infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major. Anatomic Focus Trajectory: To target the posterior deltoid, your arms should move directly out to the sides. If your hands are raised In a forward arc In front of your head, the trapezius and lateral deltoid contribute to the exercise. Body position: Isolation of the posterior deltoid is better with your torso parallel to the floor, not in dined with your chest and head uppermost. 24 Range of motion: The range of motion at the start is increased if the hands are allowed to cross over (uncrossing the cables) as the handles are lowered. The added distance and further stretch make the posterior deltoid work harder. Resistance: Unlike dumbbell raises, where the resistance varies during the 11ft, the cable pulley affords a uniform resistance throughout the motion. Grip: The cable handle does not allow you to make changes In hand position or grip. One-Arm Bent-Over Cable Raise You can do this exercise using one arm at a time, allowing you to alter the range of motion by adjusting the start or finish positions. This unilateral version makes it possible to raise your hand higher and get a longer sbetch at the bottom, thereby generating more work for the posterior deltoid. Stabilize your torso by resting your free hand on the thigh. as Reverse Cable Crossover START FINISH Deeper muscles Superftclal muacIee Execution 1. Using a thumbs-up grip, grab the handles attached to two high pulleys (left-side handle in right hand, right-side handle in left hand), stand upright and centrally with pulleys in front of you. (Note: during cable crossovers for chest, the pulleys are behind you.) 2. Pull your hands backward (and slightly down) in an arc, arms nearly parallel to the floor until your hands are In line with your shoulders (forming a n. 3. Return the handles back to the start position where your right hand is directly in front of the left shoulder and your left hand in front of the right shoulder. 26 Muscles Involved Primary: Posterior deltoid. Secondary: Lateral deltoid, trapezius, rhomboids, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major. Anatomic Focus Trajectory: To target the posterior deltoid, your arms should move directly back (and downward slightly) almost parallel to the floor. If the hands are raised through a higher arc to a point above shoulder level, the trapezius and lateral deltoid make a bigger contribution to the movement. Body position: The posterior deltoid is best targeted with your torso upright, not leaning too far forward or back. Range: Crossing your hands over one another (uncrossing the cables) at the start position increases the range of motion and muscle stretch, thereby making the posterior deltoid work harder. Supported reverse cable crossover: You can do this exercise (seated or standing) either with the chest supported on the backrest of an incline exercise bench or with the chest against the pad of a preacher bench. The bench is positioned centrally between two cable pulleys. Whether you sit on the bench or stand over it is optional, but you must be positioned high enough to allow the arms to perform the exercise without obstruction, with the pulleys level or just higher than your head. This variation is easier on your lower back, so you can focus on working the deltoid. 27 Machine Rear Del Fly START Execution 1. Sit facing the rear deltoid machine with your chest against the backrest, and grasp the handles directly in front with arms outstretched at shoulder level. 2. Pull the handles back in an arc as far as possible, keeping your elbows high and arms parallel to the floor. 3. Return the handles to the start position directly in front. Muscles Involved Primary: Posterior deltoid. Secondary: Trapezius, rhomboids, lateral deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major. 28 Anatomic Focus Resistance: Like cable exercises, the rear deltoid fly machine provides a uniform resistance throughout the range of motion. This machine also offers several technical adjustments to grip. trajectory. and range of motion to help isolate the posterior deltoid. Grip: Most modern rear deltoid fly machines provide a choice of handles: one pair horizontal and the other pair vertical. How you hold the handles affects the degree of rotation at the shoulder joint. Using the horizontal handles with a pronated grip (palms down) is the best method of isolating the posterior deltoid because the shoulder is internally rotated . A neutral grip (thumbs up) using the vertical handles allows the lateral deltoid to participate because the shoulder is externally rotated. Pronated grip Trajectory: Altering the trajectory of the lift changes the relative focus on the muscles. The posterior deltoid is worked best when the handles are grasped at or just below shoulder level. with your arms roughly parallel to the floor. If the handles are grasped above shoulder level. with the seat too low. then the trapezius performs a greater portion of the work during the exercise. Range: You can increase the range of motion by performing the exercise with one arm at a time (see Variation section). One-arm variation: Performing this exercise with one arm at a time reduces the relative contribution from the trapezius and the scapular retractor muscles, which thereby aids posterior deltoid isolation. You can also modify the range of motion during the one-arm version by changing your seating position on the machine. Sitting side-on with your inner shoulder against the backrest and performing the exercise using the outermost arm enable you to begin the exercise from a more distant start pOint beyond the opposite shoulder. This adjustment provides a greater stretch of the deltoid and increases the effective range of motion by as much as one third. 29 External Rotation Supraspinatus / ....<: Spine of scap.ula bone Infrasp inatus I Teres minor I Humerus bone FINISH Execution 1. Stand sideways alongside a cable pulley adjusted to waist height, and grasp the handle with your outside hand, thumb pointing up. 2. With your elbow held firmly against your waist, move the handle in an outward arc away from your body, keeping your forearm parallel to the floor. 3. Slowly return the handle to the start position in front of your navel. Muscles Involved Primary: Infraspinatus, teres minor. Secondary: Rear deltoid. 30 Anatomic Focus Trajectory: During this movement, extern al rot ation occurs at he shoulder joint f rom t he combined actio of the inf raspinatus and the t eres minor. Your hand m ves i a horizontal arc w it h t he forearm parallel to the fl oor. The u per arm is vertical, and your elbow is tight against your side. Range: Your hand oves t hrough an arc of approximately 90 degrees, like the hand f a cl ock movi ng between 10 and 2 o'clock. Resista ce: You cannot perform t his exercise with a dumbbell while standing upright , because gravity does not provide resistance for the rotator cuff. , . . - - - - - - - - -- - -- -- - - - - - -- '- --- - -- --, Dumbbell te~ atio Lie across a flat exercise bench resting on your upper back, keeping your elbow in contact with the bench, Begin wit h your forearm vertically upward then lower the dumbbell down in a forward arc t oward your w aist until your forearm is parallel to the floor. Additional variat ion: Lying dumbbell external rotation: lie side-down on a flat exercise bench while holding a dumbbell in your upper hand. 31 Internal Rotation Subscapularis - r--_ Humerus bone START Execution 1. Stand sideways alongside a cable pulley adjusted to waist height, and grasp the handle with your inside hand, thumb pointing up. 2. With your elbow held firm against your waist, pull the handle inward across the front of your body, keeping your forearm parallel to the floor. 3. Slowly return the handle back to the start position. Muscles Involved Primary: Subscapularis. Secondary: Pectoralis major. 32 Anatorni Focus Traj ectory: Durin g t his movement , t he action of the subscapularis causes internal rotation at th e shou lder jOint. Your hand moves through a horizontal arc across t he front of your torso, and the forearm remains parallel t o the floor. The elbow and upper arm are held tight against the side of your body. Range: Your hand moves through a 90-degree arc, like the hands of a clock moving between 10 and 2 o'clock. Resistance: You cannot perform this exercise with a dumbbell while standing upright, because gravity does not provide resistance for the rotator cuff. Du Lie across a flat exercise bench, resting on your upper back with your elbow in contact with the bench. Begin with your forearm out to the side, almost parallel to the floor, and then raise the dumbbell in a forward arc toward vertical. 33 Incline Side Raise FI SH Humerus bone STAR~ Execution 1. Lie sideways on a bench with your torso inclined at 45 degrees supported by your underside arm. 2. With an overhand grip, raise the dumbbell upward to head height, keeping the elbow stiff. 3. Lower the weight back down to waist level. 34 M uscles Involved Primary: Supraspi natus. Secondary: Lateral deltoid, anterior deltoid. Anatom ic Focus Range: The supraspi natus initiates the arm raise, acting as the primary muscle during the first 15 to 20 degrees of abduction. Gravity on the dumbbell in the inclined position causes resistance to be highest during the early phase of the inclined raise, focusing effort on the supraspinatus. Trajectory: The supraspinatus is best isolated when the dumbbell is raised from in front of the hips. Grip: A pronated grip (palm down) works best. Cable Lateral anse This exercise is described on page 16. The supraspinatus initiates the arm raise and is active during the first 60 degrees of the movement. To focus on the rotator cuff muscle, terminate the upward phase when your hand reaches chest level. Additional variation: Dumbbell lateral raise: This exercise is described on page 14. 35 --------------------------------------~~~~~----~~~ T he pectoralis major is a fan-shaped Upper Chest muscle that has two anatomic sections, Incline barbell pn!SS. • • • • 40 or heads. The upper clavicular head arises Incline dumbbell press • • • 42 from the clavicle (collarbone), and the Incline dumbbell fly • • • • • 44 lower sternal head arises from the sternum Low-pulley cable fly. • • • • 46 (breastbone). The two heads pass outward Middle Chest across the chest wall and merge into a single Barbell bench press ..... 48 tendon that attaches to the humerus bone Dumbbell bench press • • . 50 in the upper arm. As the muscle inserts, Dumbbell fty .......... 52 the tendon twists so that the upper head Machine fly ........... 54 attaches beneath the lower head. When Lower Chest the pectoralis muscle contracts, movement DeclIne press. . . • • • • • • • 56 takes place at the shoulder joint. Pectoralis Decline dumbbell fly • • •• 58 major adducts, flexes, and internally rotates Cable aossover . • • . • • • • 60 the arm, thus moving the arm forward and Otest dip •••••••••••• 62 across the chest during movements such as a push-up or a bear hug. Even though the muscle has only two anatomic divisions, functionally it may be considered as having three sections (upper, middle, and lower), depending on the angle through which the arm is moved. As the position of the shoulder joint changes, certain fibers of the chest muscle have a better mechanical advantage to create motion. Other fibers of the chest muscle are still active but are not able to contract as much because of the shoulder position. 37 ) 38 BODYBUILDING ANATOM The side wall of the ch est is formed by the serratus ant erior. This muscle arises f ro m the scapula behind, and it passes forward around t he chest wall to attac to the upper eight ribs. The serrated edge of t his uscle emerges f ro m beneath the outer margin of the pectoralis muscle. The serrat us anterior pulls (protracts) the scapula forward, stabilizing it against the rib cage. The serratus anterior is active during most chest exercises and works especially hard during the lockout phase of a push-up or bench press. The pectoralis minor muscle lies deep beneath the pectoralis major and is not visible. It has only a minor f ctio an d does not co ntribute t o the size of the chest. Anatomy of the Pectoralis ajor Manubrium / Humerus bone ~ Upper pectoralis major - -- -- Sternal part of _~--~- ~::::::::::::::::::::::_ _--;:~~~~ pectoralis major ..... Sternal origin of pectoralis Chest Anatomy, Deep Muscles Pectoralis minor 39 Incline Barbell Press FINISH Upper pecIoraIII major (clavicular head) I I\ Execution 1. While seated on an indine bench, take a shoulder-width overhand grip on the bar. 2. lower the weight slowly until the bar touches your upper chest. 3. Push the bar straight up until your elbows lock out Muscles Involved PrImary: Upper pectoralis major. Secondary: Anterior deltoid, triceps. 40 Anatomic Focus Trajectory: The angl e of incline determines trajectory. As the backrest is raised up and the incline increases, the focus shifts progressively higher up the pectoral muscle. The upper pectoral is best targeted when the backrest is inclined at 30 to 45 degrees to the floor. Steeper Inclines of 60 degrees or more switch the focus to the anterior deltoId. Increased incline shifts f ocus t o higher up the pectoral muscle. Hand spacing: A shoulder-width grip or slightly wider targets all areas of the upper pectoral muscle. Narrow hand spadng emphasizes the inner central portion of the chest and requires more effort from the triceps. Wider grips provide a greater stretch, targeting the outer portion of the muscle, and minimize triceps contribution; but as the hand spacing increases, so does the risk of injury. Range of motion: To maximize pectoral work, flare your elbows out wide as the barbell is lowered. A shorter rep terminating the press just before lockout keeps tension on the pectorals and reduces triceps assistance. Machine Incline press: This provides better stability and safety than the standard barbell press. Many machines offer a chOice of grips. A neutral grip (thumbs up, palms facing together) emphasIzes the pectorals better than a pronated grip (palms forward). 41 Incline Dumbbell Press START Upper pectoralis major (clavicular head) Execution 1. While seated on an incline bench, start with the dumbbells at chest level, palms facing forward. 2. Press dumbbells vertically upward until elbows lock out. 3. Lower dumbbells back down to your upper chest Muscles Involved Primary: Upper pectoralis major. Secondary: Anterior deltoid, triceps. 42 Anatomic Focus Trajectory: The angle of incline determines trajectory. As the backrest is raised up and the incline increases, the focus shifts progreSSively higher up the pectoral muscle. The upper pectoral is best targeted when the backrest is inclined at 30 to 45 degrees to the floor. Steeper inclines of 60 degrees or more switch th e focus to the anterior deltoid. Grip: Dumbbell orientation affects hand position. Grasping the dumbbells with a pronated grip (palms facing forward) affords a greater stretch as the weight is lowered to the start position. A neutral grip (palms facing together) generates a better contraction at the lockout position. ( Range of motion: To maximize pectoral work, flare your elbows out wide as the dumbbells are lowered, Neutral grip and touch the dumbbells at lockout together at the top. A shorter rep terminating the press just before lockout keeps tension on the pectorals. The lower the dumbbells descend, the more the chest muscle stretches. Lowering the dumbbells too far can cause shoulder injury; it is safer to terminate the descent when the dumbbells reach chest level. Variable-grip dumbbell press: Begin the exercise by holding the dumbbells with a pronated grip (palms forward), and rotate the dumbbells during the press 50 your palms face together (neutral grip) at lockout. 43 Incline Dum bell Fly FINISH Stern al pectoralis Upper pectoralis major (clavicular head) Execution 1. While seated on an incline bench, begin with dumbbells directly above your chest, palms facing together. 2. Lower the dumbbells outward, bending elbows slightly as weight descends to chest level. 3. Raise dumbbells back up and together. Muscles Involved Primary: Upper pectoralis major. Secondary: Anterior deltoid. 44 Anatomic Focus Trajectory: The angle of incline determines trajectory. As the backrest is raised up and the incline increases, the focus shifts progressively higher up the pectoral muscle. The upper pectoral is best targeted when the backrest is inclined at 30 to 45 degrees to the floor. Increased indine shifts focus to higher up the pectoral muscle. Grip: Dumbbell orientation affects hand position. The fly exercise works best when the dumbbells are held with a neutral grip (palms facing together), but a pronated grip (palms fadng forward) can also be used as a variation. Range of motion: The lower the dumbbells descend, the greater the pectoral stretch. Too much stretch can cause Injury to the muscle and the shoulder jOint It's safer to terminate the descent when the dumbbells reach chest level. Machine fly: Performing the machine fly (described on page 54) with the seat low and the handles at eye level will target the upper pectorals. Low-Pulley Cable Fly FI NISH Upper pectoralis major , "" / (clavicular head) 7----x Anterior deltoid START / Execution 1. In each hand, grasp a D-handle attached to the low pulleys, and stand upright. 2. Raise your hands up in a forward arc until the handles meet at head height. 3. Keeping your elbows stiff, lower the handles back to the start position. Muscles Involved Primary: Upper pectoralis major. Secondary: Anterior deltoid. Anatomic Focus Trajectory: Standing forward so that the pulleys are slightly behind you affords a better trajectory to target the pectoral muscles. 46 Incline Ca Ie FI Perfo rm th is exercise while lying on an incline exercise bench positioned centrally between t he low pulleys, using similar technique to that of the incli ne dumbbell f ly (described earlier). 47 Barbell Bench Pr ss FINISH Execution 1. While lying on a flat bench, take a shoulder-width overhand grip on the bar. 2. Lower the weight slowly down to touch the middle chest. 3. Push the bar straight up until your elbows lock out. Muscles Involved Primary: Pectoralis major. Secondary: Anterior deltoid, triceps. Anatomic Focus Body position: Your torso should lie flat with your shoulders and buttocks in contact with the bench. Plant your feet firmly on the floor for stability. If your lower back is arched (or your buttocks rise off the bench), the focus shifts to the lower pectorals. Raising your feet off the floor by bending your knees may help target the middle chest, but stability and balance are compromised when your feet are not in contact with the floor. Hand spacing: The ideal hand spacing is shoulder width or slightly wider. A narrow (close) grip emphasizes the inner pectorals and also targets the triceps. Wider grips target the outer section of the muscle and minimize triceps contribution . 48 ) Narrow grip Wide grip Trajectory: The bar should move vertically up and down from the middle chest (nipple area). Flare your elbows out as the bar is lowered to maximize pectoral isolation. Range of motion: A shorter rep terminating the press just before lockout keeps tension on the pectorals and reduces the amount of triceps assistance. Grip: An underhand (supinated) grip on the bar switches the focus to the triceps. Machine Chest Press Machines provide better stability and safety than the standard barbell press. Many machines offer a choice ot grips. A neutral grip (thumbs up. palms facing together) isolates the pectorals better than a pronated grip (palms forward). Additional variation: Close-grip bench press: Perform the exercise with hands spaced approximately 6 inches (15 cm) apart. The narrow grip targets the inner pecs and works the triceps. 49 Dumbbell Bench Press ANISH Execution 1. While lying on a flat bench, start with the dumbbells at chest level, palms facing forward. 2. Press dumbbells vertically upward until elbows lock out. 3. Lower dumbbells back down to middle chest. Muscles Involved Primary: Pectoralis major. Secondary: Anterior deltOid, triceps. 50 Anatomic Focus Grip: Dumbbell orientation affects hand position. Holding the dumbbells with palms facing forward (pronated grip) provides more stretch as the weight is lowered to the start position. Holding the dumbbells with palms facing together (neutral grip) allows a better contraction in the lockout position. Neutral grip at lockout Trajectory: Your torso should lie flat on the bench, and the dumbbells should move vertically up and down from the middle chest (nipple area). To maximize pectoral isolation, flare your elbows out wide during descent and touch the dumbbells together at lockout. Range of motion: A shorter rep terminating the press just before lockout keeps tension on the pectorals and reduces triceps assistance. The lower the dumbbells descend, the more the chest muscle stretches. Lowering the dumbbells too far can cause shoulder injury; it is safer to terminate the descent when the dumbbells reach chest level. Variable-grip dumbbell press: Hold the dumbbells with a pronated grip (palms forward) at the start; rotate the dumbbells as you press so that palms face together (neutral grip) at lockout. 51 Dumbbe I Fly FINISH Execut ion 1. While lying on a flat bench, begin with dumbbells directly above middle chest, palms facing together. 2. Lower the dumbbells out wide, bending elbows slightly as weight descends to chest level. 3. Raise dumbbells together in an upward arc back to the vertical position. Muscles Involved Primary: Pectoralis major. Secondary: Anterior deltoid. 52 Anatomic Focus Grip: Dumbbell orientation affects hand position. The fly exercise works best when the dumbbells are held with a neutral grip (palms fadng together), but a pronated grip (palms facing forward) can also be used for variation. Range of motion: The lower the dumbbells descend, the greater the pectoral stretch, but also the greater the chance of injury. It's safer to terminate the descent when the dumbbells reach chest level. Cable Fly Perform this exercise with the exercise bench positioned centrally between two cable rriachines, and use D-handles attached to the low pulleys. - , ... r-~ I 53 Machine Fly Anterior d Itoid START Execution 1. Grab the vertical handles, elbows slightly bent. 2. Squeeze the handles together until they touch in front of your chest. 3. Let your hands move back to the start position, keeping your elbows up. Muscles Involved Pri mary: Pectoralis major. Secondary: Anterior deltoid . Anatomic Focus Grip: The fly exercise works best with a neutral grip (palms facing together), but a pronated grip (palms facing f orward) can also be used for variation. Keep your elbows stiff and slightly bent throughout the movement. Range of motion: The inner central portion of the pectoral muscle does most of t he w ork as t he handles are squeezed together. To emphasize the inner pees, use a narrow range of motion focusing on the squeeze position. Perform partial reps, in which your hands move th rou gh a short 45-degree arc fro m the 12 o'clock (handles touching) position outward to 10 0' clock on t he left and 2 o'clock on the right side. Keep your elbows straight to 5 · ach ieve max imum sq ueeze The emphasis switches to the outer pecs when your hands move out wide . Do not allow the handles to pass behind the plane of your body, or you will enter the injury zone . It's safer to terminate the stretch phase when your arms are in line with your chest. 10:00 Partial reps target the Inner pectorals. Trajectory: Position the seat so the handles are level with your chest. To maximize pectoral isolation, keep your elbows high (shoulder level) during the movement. Body position: When the seat is low and the handles are held high, the upper chest is emphasized. When the seat is high and the handles are held low, the lower chest is emphasized. Resistance: Unlike dumbbell flys, where the resistance varies during the lift, the machine fly affords a uniform resistance throughout the motion and is an excellent exercise for targeting the inner pees. Pee-Deck Fly The pee-deck fly is a similar exercise using elbow pads instead of handles. Additional variation: One-arm machine fly: You can do this exercise using one arm at a time. 55 Dec· e ress FINISH Anterior deltoid -f-- -+-- - Execution 1. lie on a decline bench and take a shoulder-width overhand grip on the bar. 2. Lower the weight slowly down to touch your lower chest. 3. Push the bar straight up until your elbows lock out. Muscles Invo lved Primary: Lower pectoralis major (sternal head). Secondary: Triceps, anterior deltoid. Anatomic Focus Trajectory: The decline angle determines trajectory. As the bench is tilted head-down and the decline gets steeper, the focus shifts progressively lower down the pectoral muscle. The lower pectoral is best targeted at a decline of 20 to 40 degrees to the floor. Steeper declines shift the focus from the chest to the triceps. Flare your elbows out as the bar is lowered to maximize pectoral isolation. 56 Increased decline shifts focus to lower down the pectoral muscle. Hand spacing: The ideal hand spacing is shoulder width. Wider grips target the outer section of the muscle, afford a greater stretch, and minimize triceps contribution. A narrow (close) grip targets the inner pectorals and requires more work from the triceps. Range of motion: A shorter rep terminating the press just before lockout keeps tension on the pectorals and reduces the amount of triceps assistance. Decline Dumbbell Press Performing the decline press using two dumbbells affords an increased range of motion as the weight is lowered. A barbell stops when it touches the chest, whereas dumbbells can be lowered farther for additional stretch at the bottom of the lift. Additional variation: Machine decline press: Performing the decline press on a machine, such as the Smith machine, affords better stability and safety. 57 Decline Du ' bbell F y FINISH Lower p ctoralis m 'or Execution 1. While lying on a decline bench, begin with dumbbells directly above your chest, palms facing together. 2. Lower the dumbbells outward, bending elbows slightly as weight descends to chest level. 3. Raise dumbbells back up and together. Muscles Involved Primary: Lower pectoralis major (sternal head) Secondary: Anterior deltoid, triceps. 58 Anatomic Focus Trajectory: The decl ine angle determines trajectory. As the bench is tilted head-down and the decline gets steeper, the focus shifts progressively lower down the pectoral muscle. The lower pectoral is best targeted at a decline of 20 to 40 degrees to the floor. Increased decline shifts focus to lower down t he pectoral muscle. Grip: Dumbbell orientation affects hand position. The fly exerdse works best when the dumbbells are held with a neutral grip (palms fadng together), but a pronated grip (palms facing forward) can also be used as a variation. Range of motion: The lower the dumbbells descend, the greater the pectoral stretch, but also the greater the chance of injury. It's safer to terminate the descent when the dumbbells reach chest level. Variable-grip dumbbell fly: As the weight is lowered, hold the dumbbells with a pronated grip (palms forward) at the bottom, and then rotate the dumbbells during the lift so your palms face together (neutral grip) at the top. 59 Cable Cr ss v r Execution 1. Standing upright, grasp the D-handles attached to the high pulleys of a cable machine. 2. Squeeze the handles down together until your hands touch in front of your waist; keep elbows slightly bent. 3. Slowly return to the start position with your hands at shoulder level. Muscles Involved Primary: Lower pectoralis major (sternal head). Secondary: Anterior deltoid, triceps. 60 Anatomic Focus Trajectory: Your torso should be upright or tilted forward slightly at the waist The level at which your hands meet determines the focus on the muscle. A low trajectory, in which the handles meet In front of your hips or waist, targets the lowest fibers of the pectoral muscle. A high trajectory, in which the handles meet at chest level, targets the midsection of the pees. High trajectory targets midsection of pectoral muscle. Range of motion: Crossing over your hands at the bottom inaeases the range of motion and targets the inner, central portion of the pectorals. extending the start position by allowing your hands to pass above shoulder or head height affords a greater stretch but also places unnecessary stress on the shoulder joint. Seated aossover: Newer machines allow you to perform this exercise while seated with a back support. 61 Chest Dip FINISH Triceps Anterior deltoid START Execution 1. Grab the parallel bars, supporting your body with elbows locked straight. 2. Bend your elbows, lowering your torso until upper arms are parallel to the floor. 3. Push yourself back up until your elbows lock out 62 Primary: Low er pecto ralis major (sternal head). Secondary: Triceps, anteri or deltoid. Anatom Trajectory: The position of your torso affects the focus of the exercise. A slight forward tilt is better for targeting the pectorals, and the more you bend forward the harder you work the pectorals. An upright posture shifts the focus to the triceps, and the more you straighten your torso the more you involve the triceps. Flare your elbows out as you descend to maximize pectoral isolation. Grip: A standard grip on the parallel bars with thumbs pointing forward works best when targeting the chest. A reverse grip with thumbs pointing backward shifts the focus to the triceps. Iiting fo ta et - the ectorals. Machine dip: You can perform this exercise while seated on a machine. But since most dip machines restrict torso motion, they tend to target the triceps more than the chest. 63 ------------------------------------~~~~~---~~~ A natomically, the rear torso (back) Upper Back consists of several layers of muscle, Barbell shrug ••..••.••• 68 stacked like a sandwich. Functionally, and Dumbbell shrug. • • • • • .• 70 for bodybuilding purposes, the back is best Barbell upright row • • • •• n considered in three sections, resembling Seated cable row •...... 74 triangular segments of a quilted blanket. Middle Back The upper back is made up of a large triangular-shaped muscle called the trapeWide-gr1p pulldown • • • •. 76 zius. It originates along the upper spine from Oose-grip pulldown. . . •• 78 the skull down to the last rib (that is, all the Barbell row • • . . • • • . • •. 80 cervical and thoracic vertebrae). The upper Dumbbell row • • • • • • • . • 82 fibers of the trapezius (in the neck) attach to Machine row • . . . . . • • • • 84 the outer tip of the shoulder on the clavicle, Lower Back acromion, and scapula. The middle and Lumbar extension • . • • • • 86 lower fibers of the trapezius (in the upper DeadHft. ••••••••••••• 88 back) attach to the scapula (shoulder blade). Good morning 1ft • • • • • • 90 The upper traps elevate the scapula to shrug the shoulders and rotate the scapula to assist shoulder abduction. The middle traps retract the scapula, pulling the shoulders backward; the lower traps depress the scapula downward. Underneath the trapezius are three muscles that anchor the scapula to the spine: the levator scapulae, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor. The levator scapulae muscles assist the upper traps to elevate the scapula. The rhomboid muscles work with the middle traps to retract the scapula. These scapular retractor muscles lie under the trapezius and add muscular thickness to the upper back. ) 66 BODYBUILDING ANATOMY The middle back consists of the latissimus dorsi, a large fan-shaped muscle that arises from the lower half of the spinal column and the rear ridge of the pelvic bone (posterior iliac crest). From its large origin, the latissimus converges into a bandlike tendon that attaches to the upper humerus (next to the tendon of the pectoralis major). When the latissimus dorsi contracts, movement takes place at the shoulder jOint. The latissimus dorsi pulls the upper arm downward and backward (shoulder extension); hence this muscle is targeted by pulldowns, pull-ups, and rows. The latissimus also pulls the arm in against the side of the body (adduction). The lower back is made up of the erector spinae (or sacrospinalis) muscles that run alongside the entire length of the spinal column. In the lumbar region, the erector spinae split into three columns: the iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis. These muscles are the pillars of strength in the lower back that stabilize the spine and extend the torso, arching the spine backward. The trapezius and latissimus dorsi are concerned primarily with movements of the shoulder and arm. It is the sacrospinalis muscles that cause movements of the spine and torso. Exercises that target the back muscles include shrugs, pulldowns, pull-ups, rows, and lumbar extensions. The deadlift is a compound, multijoint exercise that utilizes all of the back muscles (see page 88). Anatomy of the Back Muscles Superficial muscles ~SplenlU8 / L8\I8tor ecapulae ~ Rhomboid minor ~ Rhomboid major / , )("/ 1 ~~~ >1 _~----~~ I~ ~ Teres minor ~Humerus Erector spinae muacIes (aacroapInaIls) ~~proa.~~~--~----­ of vertebrae Pelvis (Ilium) - - - 67 Barbell S r g /Deltoid ./ FINISH START Execution 1. Hold a barbell at arms' length in front of the thighs, using an overhand shoulder-width grip. 2. Keeping arms stiff, shrug your shoulders as high as possible, pulling the bar vertically upward. 3. Lower the bar slowly down to the start position, stretching the trapezius. 68 M Pri mar : Tra eziu s (L pp r and middl fibers) . ec nd r : Levator scapu lae, deltoid, erector spinae, forearms. a d paci g: A houlder-width or narrower grip on the bar emphasizes the t rapezius. A wider grip works the deltoid as well. rajectory: Lift the bar straight up and down. Do not roll or rotate the shoulders. Body position: Performing the shrug while standing vertically upright hits the muscle centrally. Tilting the torso slightly backward at the waist targets the upper trapezius in the neck, whereas leaning slightly forward hits the midsection of the muscle behind the shoulders. Range of motion: The higher the bar is raised, the harder the trapezius works . .......- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- _._ _--- .._.. e Performing the exercise with the barbell behind your hips causes scapular retraction, pulling the shoulders backward to emphasize the middle fibers of the trapezius. ... ~ Additional variation: Machine shrug: This affords a choice of grips-pronated (thumbs pointing in) and neutral (thumbs pointing forward). A neutral grip (thumbs pointing forward) emphasizes the upper trapezius in the neck, whereas a pronated grip (thumbs pointing in) targets the middle trapezius in the back. 69 Dumbbell Shrug Levator scapulae _ - - - - - - - Rhomboid minor ~ Rhomboid major FINISH START Execution '1 . Stand upright with a dumbbell in each hand, hands hanging at your sides. 2. Keeping arms straight, shrug your shoulders upward as high as possible. 3. Lower the dumbbells back down. Muscles Involved Primary: Trapezius (upper and middle fibers). Secon dary: Levator scapulae, deltoid, erector spinae, forearms. 70 Anatomic Focus Grip: A neutral grip (thumbs pointing f orward ) mphasizes the uppe r trapezius i t he n ck, w h r as a pro nated grip (thumbs pointing in) targets the middle t rapezius in t h ba k. Body position: Tilti ng yo ur torso lightly backward at the waist targets the uppe r trapezius , w here lean ing slight ly fo rward hits the muscle lower down te n ck . P rforming the shrug wh ile standing vertically upright hits the up er and middle sect ions of the trapezius muscle. Ra ge of moUo : The hi gher the weight is raised, the harder the trapezius work . The f arther the dumbbells are lowered, the greater the stretch at the bottom. r Retr c ing S r Begin with the dumbbells in f ront, using a pronated grip. Squeeze shoulder blades together during the shrug, finishing with the dumbbells at your sides in a neutral grip. The dumbbells are lifted upward (scapular elevation), working the upper traps, and backward (scapular retraction), working the middle section of the trapezius. I / / ; 71 Barbell Upright o Trapezius FINISH \ scapula ~J START Execution 1. Hold a barbell at arms' length, using an overhand shoulder-width grip. 2. Pull the bar vertically upward until it reaches your chin, raising the elbows as high as possible. 3. lower the bar slowly down to the arms' extended position. Muscles Involved Primary: Trapezius, deltoid. Secondary: levator scapulae, erector spinae, forearms. 72 A Hand paci g: A shoulder- widt h or narrower grip on the bar emphasizes the trapezius. A wider grip works th e deltoid as well. Narrow 9 ip Wide grip Body position: Performing the row while standing vertically upright hits the trapezius centrally. Tilting your torso slightly backward at the waist targets the upper trapezius, whereas leaning slightly forward hits the muscle lower down the neck. Trajectory: To emphasize the trapezius (not the deltoid), raise the bar close to your body during the exercise. Range of motion: The higher the bar is raised, the harder the trapezius works but the greater the risk of shoulder-impingement pain. Cable upright row: Using a straight bar attached to the low pulley of a cable machine provides a steady resistance throughout the movement. Machine upright row: Using a Smith machine provides a single plane of vertical motion that may help focus your effort. 73 Seated Cable 0._ Trapezius Infraspinatus ow ~ FINISH ~ Teres minor Teres major Execut ion 1. Grab the handles with arms extended in front. 2. Pull the handles high toward your chest, keeping your spine straight. 3. Return the handles to the start position. Muscles Involved Primary: Trapezius (middle and lower fibers), latissimus dorsi. Secondary: Rhomboids, rear deltoid. 74 Anatom ic Focus Hand spacing: Spacin g your hands farther apart will target the outer trapezius, whereas placing your hands closer together will focus on th e inner portion of the trapezius. Grip: A pronated (overhand) grip tends to target the upper and middle trapezius, whereas a neutral (thumbs up) grip hits the middle and lower trapezius. A supinated (underhand) grip switches the focus to the latissimus dorsi. Neutral grip Pronated grip Supinated grip Trajectory: To target the trapezius, pull the handles or bar through a high trajectory toward the chest; a low trajectory toward the abdomen works the latissimus dorsi. Body position: Keep your back straight and torso upright. Range of motion: Pull your elbows back and high as far as possible, and squeeze the shoulder blades together to maximize muscle contraction. Machine row: See description of this exercise on page 84. 75 Wide-Grip Pulldown START Execution 1. Take an overhand grip on the bar with hands 6 inches (15 em) wider than shoulder width. 2. Pull the bar down to the upper chest, squeezing your lats. 3. Return the bar to the start position overhead. Muscles Involved Primary: latissimus dorsi (outer section). Secondary: Rear deltoid, lower trapezius, rhomboids. 76 Anatom ic Focus Hand spacing: As the hand spacing gets wider, the focus shifts to the outermost section of the latissimus dorsi under the armpit This portion of the muscle creates width across the back. Grip: An overhand (pronated) grip works best for the wide-grip pulldown. Grasping the angled section at the outer edges of the handlebar affords a better contraction in the lats. Trajectory: When your torso is upright, the bar is pulled vertically downward using shoulder adduction, which emphasizes the outer lats. Leaning your torso back about 30 degrees from the vertical plane creates a trajectory that uses shoulder extension, which emphasizes the Inner lower lats. Range of motion: To maximize range of motion, stretch the lats at the top position, and squeeze the lats at the bottom by pulling the elbows down and back as far as possible. Wide-Grip Pull-Up Pull-ups are similar to pUlidowns, except that resistance is provided by your own body weight. Pull-ups primarily use shoulder adduction and therefore tend to work the outer lats, generating width across the back. Additional variations: Handlebar variations: The angled ends of a Wide-grip pulldown bar offer several advantages over a straight bar: improved trajectory, less stress through the wrist joint, and a few extra inches of motion before the bar touches the chest. Behlnd-the-neck pulldown: Pulling the bar down behind the neck Is a less favorable trajectory that can cause injury to the shoulder joint. 77 Close-Grip Pulldown Rear deltoid --~-TrapezlU8 FINISH Execution 1. Take an underhand (reverse) grip on the bar, with hands spaced 6 to 12 inches (15 to 30 cm) apart. 2. Pull the bar down to the upper chest, squeezing your lats. 3. Return the bar to the start position, arms extended overhead. Muscles Involved Primary: latissimus dorsi (Inner section). Secondary: lower trapezius, rhomboids, rear deltoid, biceps. 78 Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: As the hand spacing gets narrower, the focus shifts to the innermost section of the latissimus dorsi, generating thickness and depth in the middle back. Grip: The close-grip pulldown uses shoulder extension rather than adduction. The arms are pulled down and backward, which emphasizes the inner lower sections of the lats. Trajectory: Leaning your torso back about 30 degrees from the vertical plane improves trajectory and helps isolate the latissimus dorsi muscle. Do not lean back too far or pull the weight down with momentum. Range of motion: Stretch the lats at the top, and squeeze the lats at the bottom by pulling the elbows down and back as far as possible. Handlebar Variation Handlebar attachments allow a neutral grip (palms facing together). This hand pOSition is midway between a pronated (overhand) grip and a supinated (underhand) grip. An overhand grip targets the outer lats, an underhand grip isolates the inner lats, and a neutral grip hits the muscle centrally. Additional variation: Close-grip pull-up: Pull-ups are similar to pLilldowns except that resistance provided by your own body weight is not easily adjusted. 79 ar el Row Trapezius FINISH START Execution 1. Taking an overhand shoulder-width grip on the barbell, bend your torso forward at an angle of 45 degrees to the floor. 2. Pull the bar vertically upward to touch the lower chest, keeping your spine straight and knees slightly bent. 3. Lower the bar down to the arms' extended position. Muscles Involved Primary: Latissimus dorsi. Secondary: Erector spinae, trapezius, rhomboids, rear deltoid. Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: Spacing your hands shoulder-width apart or doser targets the central inner section of the lats, whereas a wider grip targets the outer lats. 80 Grip: An underhand (supinated) grip on the bar facilitates a closer hand spacing, emphasizing shoulder extension and targeting the central inner section of the lats. A greater contribution from the biceps with an underhand grip provides added strength during the row. Trajectory: Pulling the bar up higher toward the chest targets the upper latissimus and trapezius. Pulling the bar through a lower trajectory to touch the abdomen targets the lower lats. Body position: Keep your spine straight The lower back should never be rounded in an attempt to lower the bar farther, because this will provoke injury. Supinated grip I-Bar Row This variation requires less effort to stabilize body position during the row, because one end of the bar piVOts at a flxed point on the floor. Stand facing the loaded end with feet positioned on either side of the bar. With your spine straight and knees slightly bent, 11ft the loaded end using the T-bar attachment Some row apparatus provide an inclined chest pad to support the torso and minimize load across the lower spine. 81 Dumbbell Row Latissimus dorsi / ~ Execution 1. Grasp a dumbbell with palm facing in. Rest the opposite hand and knee on a bench, keeping your spine straight and just above parallel to the floor. 2. Pull the dumbbell vertically upward alongside your torso, raising the elbow as high as possible. 3. Lower the dumbbell down to the start position. Muscl es Involved Primary: Latissimus dorsi. Secondary: Trapezius, rhomboids, rear deltOid, erector spinae, biceps. 82 Anatomic Focus Grip: A neutral grip with the dumbbell parallel to the torso works best. The dumbbell will tend to jam against your torso if a pronated or supinated grip is attempted. Trajectory: Pulling the dumbbell toward the chest works the upper latissimus and lower trapezius. Raising the dumbbell through a lower trajectory toward the abdomen targets the lower lats. Range of motion: Maximize the range of motion by stretching the latissimus at the bottom and raising the elbow as high as possible at the top. Body position: With your torso supported on the bench, stress through the spine is reduced. One-Arm Seated Cable Row Perform a seated low-pulley cable row by grabbing the handle with one hand at a time. Rowing one arm at a time allows the elbow to be pulled back farther, thereby maximizing muscle contraction in the lats. 83 Mach- e Execution 1. Grab the handles with arms extended in front, supporting your torso against the chest pad. 2. Pull the handles toward your upper abdomen, keeping your spine straight. 3. Return the weight to the start position. 84 M uscles Invo lved Primary: Latissimus dorsi. Secondary: Trapezius, rhomboids, rear deltoid. Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: Spacing your hands farther apart will target the outer lats, whereas spacing your hands closer together will isolate the Inner lats. Grip: A pronated <overhand) grip tends to target the upper and outer lats, a neutral <thumbs up) grip hits the central section of the bade, and a supinated <underhand) grip works the lower lats. As the grip changes from pronation to neutral to supination, the elbows move progressively doser to the sides of your body. \ ,\ \ \\ \ Pronated grip Neub'al grip Supinated grtp Trajectory: Pulling the handle through a high trajectory toward the chest targets the upper latissimus and trapezius, whereas a lower trajectory toward the abdomen targets the lower lats. Adjust the seat height to change trajectory. Raising the seat creates a low trajectory, and lowering the seat provides a high trajectory. Range of motion: Pull your elbows as far back as possible and squeeze the shoulder blades together to maximize muscle contraction. Body position: With the torso supported against a chest pad, load across the spine is reduced. Seated cable row: See description of this exercise on page 74. 85 Lumbar Extension FINISH Execution 1. Lie facedown with hips supported on the bench and ankles secured under the pads. 2. Begin with your torso hanging down, bent 90 degrees at the waist. 3. Raise your body up until your torso Is just above parallel to the floor. Muscles Involved Primary: Erector spinae. Secondary: Latissimus dorsi, giuteals, hamstrings. 86 Anatomic Focus Hand position: Hands may be interlocked behind your lower back or folded across your chest. Resistance: Add resistance by holding a weight plate against the front of your chest. Trajectory: You can perform the movement at an incline angle (see Variations section). Range of motion: Your torso should move up and down through an arc of about 90 degrees. Avoid hyperextending your spine. The erector muscles work to stabilize and straighten the spine, while the glutes and hamstrings generate hip extension during this movement Incline Lumbar Extension Performing the movement at an incline with the hips supported high and the ankles closer to the floor makes the exercise easier. The disadvantage is that the inclined position shifts the focus away from the lumbar muscles onto the buttocks and hamstrings. Indlne lumbar extension Machine Lumbar Extension Machine lumbar extension You can also perform the exercise while seated on a lumbar extension machine that provides variable resistance. To avoid Injury, do not flex the spine too far forward or extend too far backward. Dead · /TrapezlU8 latissimus dorsi Gluteus maximus Execution 1. Take a shoulder-width overhand grip on the barbell with arms extended, and squat down, bending the knees and hips. 2. Keeping your spine straight and elbows stiff, stand upright, lifting the bar upward to hip level. 3. Slowly lower the bar back to the floor. Muscles Involved Primary: Erector spinae, gluteals, hamstrings. Secondary: Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, quadriceps, forearms. Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: Hands should be spaced shoulder-width apart so that the arms hang vertical and hands pass along the outer thighs. Grip: An over-under grip with one palm facing forward and the other facing back prevents the bar from rolling. Over- under grip Stance: Position feet directly below the hips, with toes pointing straight ahead. Trajectory: The bar should travel straight up and down, close to the body. Range of motion: The barbell is lifted from the floor up to the top of the thighs, with arms extended and elbows kept stiff. During this movement, the erector spinae muscles work to stabilize and straighten the spine while the glutes and hamstrings generate hip extension. Keep the spine straight throughout the movement; do not round the lower back forward or extend the spine too far backward. Stiff-leg dead11ft: Performing the deadlift with the legs stiff shifts the focus from the lower back to the buttocks and hamstrings (see the stiff-leg dead lift on page 150). Sumo-style deadltft: Performing the lift with a wide stance places the emphasis on the thigh muscles. Cable pull-through: Stand facing away from a low pulley and perform the lift using a short bar with the cable passing between your legs. 89 Good Morning Left START Erector Spinae group Gluteus maxfmus FINISH Hamstrings 90 Execution 1. Stand upright with a barbell resting across your shoulders. 2. Keeping your spine straight and knees stiff (straight or slightly bent), bend forward at the waist until your torso is just above parallel to the floor. 3. Raise your torso back to the upright position . Muscles Involved Primary: Erector spinae. Secondary: Latissimus dorsi, gluteals. hamstrings. Anatomic Focus Straight-leg op' ion ~ Grip: Place hands slightly wider than shoulder-width apart using an overhand grip to secure the barbell across your shoulders. Trajectory: A slight bend in the knees helps execution. Range of motion: Your torso should move up and down through an arc of about 90 degrees. Keep your spine straight and head up, and avoid bending your torso below parallel to the floor. During this movement, the erector spinae muscles work to stabilize and straighten the spine while the glutes and hamstrings generate hip extension. Machine Lift You can perform this while seated with resistance provided by a pad across the upper back. 91 ~"P1"~ ----~~~~ Y our arm is divided into the upper arm and lower arm (forearm). The upper arm consists of one bone, the humerus, whereas the forearm consists of two bones, the radius (located on the thumb side) and ulna (on the little-finger side). The elbow is a hinge joint formed at the junction between the humerus, radius, and ulna. Two movements occur at the elbow joint: flexion and extension. During elbow flexion, the forearm moves toward the upper arm. During extension, the forearm moves away from the upper arm. Movement also takes place in the forearm when the radius rotates around the ulna. Supination (palm up) and pronation (palm down) take place between the radioulnar joints. The wrist joint is the junction between the lower end of the forearm bones and the small bones in the hand. Biceps Barbell curi . . . • • • • . . . . 98 Dumbbell ruri .••••••. 100 Concentration ruri ••••• 102 Cable curl . • • . • • • • • . •104 ~errurl •. •.•••.. 106 Machine rurl •.••••••. 108 Triceps Triceps pushdown .• • •• 110 Dip •...•••••••••.•. 112 Lying triceps extension •• 114 Seated triceps press •••• 116 Oose-grip bench press •• 118 Dumbbell kickback. •••• 120 Foreanns Wrist alrI •••...•.... 122 Reverse wrist aJrI ••••• 124 Reverse barbell aJrI •••• 126 Hammer aJrI ••••••••• 128 93 94 BODYBUILDING ANATOMY Biceps As its name suggests, the biceps muscle has two heads. The short head attaches to the coracoid process, and the long head arises from above the glenoid of the shoulder joint. The two-headed muscle passes down alongside the humerus and attaches about 1.5 inches (4 cm) below the elbow jOint onto a tuberosity on the inside of the radius bone. The biceps causes flexion at the elbow joint, raising the hand toward the face. The biceps also causes supination of the forearm, rotating the hand so the palm faces uppermost, the" get change" position. In addition to the biceps, two other muscles flex (bend) the elbow: the brachialis and brachioradialis. The brachialis muscle lies deep beneath the biceps, arising from the lower half of the humerus and attaching to the ulna bone just below the elbow joint. $0 the brachialis lifts the ulna at the same time that the biceps lifts the radius. The brachioradialis muscle arises from the outer aspect of the lower end of the humerus and then travels down the forearm to attach to the radius just above the wrist jOint. Anatomy of the Biceps CoracoId process ofecapula Humerus .............. I BrachlaliS~ Long head ---1. ofblcepa Brachloradlalis Deep muscles ~ Shorthead ofbicep8 ARMS 95 Triceps The triceps muscle has three heads, or sections. The long head arises from beneath the glenoid fossa of the shoulder joint, the lateral (outer) head arises from the outer surface of the humerus, and the medial (inner) head from the medial and rear surfaces of the humerus. All three heads fuse at their lower ends to form a single tendon that attaches behind the elbow joint onto the olecranon process of the ulna bone. The triceps causes extension at the elbow, moving the hand away from the face. The triceps is the only muscle that straightens the elbow joint, whereas three muscles (biceps, brachialis, and brachioradialis) bend the elbow. All three heads of the triceps muscle cross the elbow joint, but the long head also crosses beneath the shoulder joint. Anatomy of the Triceps Scapula 96 BODYBUILDING ANATOMY Forearm The forearm is a mass of some 20 different muscles. It has two separate muscle compartments: the flexor group on the palm side and the extensor group on the reverse side. The fleshy muscle portions of almost all these muscles are located in the upper two-thirds of the forearm. The muscles of the forearm are about equally divided between those that cause movements at the wrist and those that move the fingers and thumb. Supination, rotating the hand so the palm faces up ("get change"), is performed by supinator and biceps muscles. Pronation, rotating the hand so the palm faces down (" give change"), is performed by the pronator teres and pronator quadratus. Wrist flexors: Palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris. Finger flexors: Flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor po iii cis longus. Wrist extensors: Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris. Finger extensors: Extensor digitorum, extensor pollicis longus and brevis, extensor indicis. Hand supination: Supinator, biceps. Hand pronation: Pronator teres, pronator quadratus. Anatomy of the Forearm Flexors Deep layer ) r Superftclalleyar Middle layer . , Flexor / " dIgltorum profundus • I !d Rexor1{; l) dIgItorum . superflclalla I il /} W ,-!~ :0<: 1J () I # ./ '/ , Anatomy of the Forearm Extensors DeepmuecIM , FIaxor carpi ndaIIa / r. .- r ;''!.J fA I ....... "- Palmaris longus Flalcor carpi ulnarts Barbell Curl FINISH y - - - DeitOld Biceps: ~ Longhead -------r- Short head Execution 1. Hold a barbell at arms' length, using a shoulder-width underhand grip. 2. Curl the bar up to shoulder level by bending your elbows. 3. Lower the bar back down to the arms' extended position. Muscles Involved Primary: Biceps. Secondary: Brachialis, brachioradialis, anterior deltOid, forearm. 93 Hand ci g: A w ide grip focus s ffort on t he inner biceps (short head), whereas a narrow grip arks t he outer biceps (long head). Wide grip Grip: With a straight bar, the underhand grip is fixed in supination (palms upward). Grip may be adjusted using an EZ bar (see Variation section). Trajectory: The bar should move up and down in an arc close to the body. To isolate the biceps, motion should occur at the elbow and not the shoulder. Range of motion: Stopping a few degrees short of full elbow extension keeps tension on the biceps as the barbell is lowered. Body position: Stand upright with the spine straight. Tilting the torso is often used as a method of cheating the bar upward with momentum. Leaning slightly forward makes the initial phase of the curl easier. Leaning slightly backward helps complete the final phase of the repetition. EZ Bar ClI! I Performing the curl with an EZ bar changes the grip. The hands switch from the fully supinated (palms up) grip to a less supinated, nearly neutral grip (palms facing in). This hand position emphasizes the outer (long) head of the biceps and the brachial is, and it is less strenuous on the wrist joint. 99 Dumbbell C . I ~ O.koid FINISH Biceps ~-I-_ BrachioradlaUs Execut"on 1. Hold a pair of dumbbells at arms' length by your sides, thumbs pointing forward. 2. One arm at a time, curl the dumbbell up toward your shoulder, rotating your hand so the palm faces upward. 3. Lower the dumbbell back down, and repeat with the opposite arm. Muscles I vo lved Primary: Biceps. Secondary: Brachialis, brachioradialis, anterior deltoid, forearm . . 00 Grip: T e umb ell curl work t h bic p in two ways: elbow flexion and forearm supi nat ion . e ce, to maximize biceps contraction, supinate the hand (palm u perm ost ) as he dumbbell is raised. Hand spacing: Instead of grasping the dumbbell in the middle of the bar, slide your palm over so your thumb rests against the inside of the plate. This grip change increases the load on the biceps during supination, activating more muscle fibers when the dumbbell is rotated. Trajectory: Position your torso upright with the spine straight. Tilting the torso is often used as a method of cheating the weight upward with momentum. Leaning slightly forward makes the initial phase of the curl easier. Leaning slightly backward helps complete the final phase of the repetition. Range of motion: Use a full range of motion at the elbow. Standing dumbbell curl: This exercise can be performed in a standing position, but this requires muscular effort in the legs. The seated version of the exercise (illustrated) affords better focus. Incline dumbbell curl: When performed while seated on an incline bench, effort is focused on the lower portion of the biceps, near the elbow. 101 Concentration Curl FINISH Biceps--t-- -- "_..-:J Execution 1. Sit on the edge of a bench. Hold a dumbbell at arm's length, supporting your arm against the inside of your thigh. 2. Curl the dumbbell up toward your shoulder by bending at the elbow. 3. lower the dumbbell back down to the start position. Muscles Involved Primary: Biceps. Secondary: Brachialis, brachioradialis, forearm muscles. 102 Anatomic Focus Grip: An underhand grip places the hand in supination and thereby maximizes biceps contraction . Trajectory: The position of the upper arm (relative to the floor) changes the focus of effort. When the arm is vertical (shoulder directly above the elbow), resistance increases as the dumbbell is raised, and effort is focused on the upper biceps (peak). With the arm at an inclined angle (elbow in front of the shoulder), resistance is maximal at the I -I start, so effort is targeted on the lower section of the biceps at the elbow. Range of motion: Resting the Vertical ann position, upper arm against the thigh prevents movement at the targeting upper biceps shoulder and is an excellent way to isolate the biceps. Body position: The torso should remain motionless, supported by your free hand on the opposite thigh. One-ann cable curl: You can also perform a concentration curl while using a D-handle attached to the cable of a low pulley (see the description for cable curl on page 104). 103 Cabl C Deltoid ---,""""'::::--'rI--- Biceps START E ecution 1. Grasp the short bar attached to a low pulley, using an underhand grip with arms straight. 2. Curl the bar up toward your shoulders by bending at the elbows. 3. Lower the weight down to the arms' extended position. Muscles Involved Primary: Biceps. ' econdary: Brachialis, brachioradialis, anterior deltoid, forearm. 1 A ato i Fo us Hand spaci g: A wide r-than -shoulcler-width grip focuses effort on the inner biceps (short head), whe reas a narrow grip works the outer biceps (long head). Grip: With a straight bar, the underhand grip is fixed in supination (palms upward) . Using an EZ bar attachment, grip switches from the fully supinated position to a less supinated, nearly neutral grip (palms fadng in). This hand position is less strenuous on the wrist joint and tends to emphasize the outer (long) head of the biceps and the brachialis musde. Body position: Stand upright with the spine straight. Range of motion: Fixing the elbows against your sides prevents movement at the shoulder and is an excellent way to isolate the biceps. Resistance: Unlike barbell or dumbbell curls where the resistance varies during the lift, the cable pulley provides a uniform resistance throughout the movement. H-gh-Pulley Curl Grasp the D-handles attached to two high pulleys using an underhand grip, and stand midway between the pulleys. With your arms held at shoulder level, curl the handles toward your head. This version emphasizes the long head of the biceps and works the biceps peak. ne-Ar Ca e rl Perform the exercise one arm at a time using a D-handle attached to the low pulley. 105 Preacher Cu I - H\IISH START / I Execution 1. Sit with your upper arms resting on the preacher bench, and take a shoulder-width underhand grip on the bar with arms out straight. 2. Curl the bar up toward your shoulders. 3. Lower the weight back down to the arms' extended position. usc es Involved Primary: Biceps. Secondary: Brachialis, brachioradialis, forearm. n;ttomic oc S Hand spacing: A wide grip focuses effort on the inner biceps (short head), whereas a narrow grip works the outer biceps (long head). 1 r Grip: With a straight bar, the underh and grip is fix d in supina ion (palms upward) 'ou mav adjust the grip using an EZ bar (s Varia ions s ct on) . Trajectory: With t he upper arms suppo d in Ii d angle, resistanc is maximal at th e start, so ffort i t argeted on the lower section of the biceps near th e Ibow Range of motion: ResTing th upper arms on the bench prevents movement at the shoulders and t he reby helps isolate th e biceps, Stopping a few degre s short of f ull elbow e)(-(ension keeps tension on the biceps as the barbe ll is lowered . Body pos 't ion: Adjust th e seat height so th at your armpit is sn ug agai nst the upp r dge of t he pad. D mbbell 'eac. e ' C ' I Performing the exercise one arm at a time with a dumbbell improves focus and isolation, D mbbell preacher curl EZ Bar Preacher Curl Using an EZ bar, the grip switches from the f ully su pinated (palms up) position to a less supinated, nearly neutral grip (palms facing in), This hand position tends to focus effort on the outer (long) head of the biceps and t he brachialis muscle, and it is less strenuous on the wrist joint. EZ b r acher curl 107 Machine C rl FINISH Execution 1. Grasp the bar using a shoulder-width underhand grip. with your elbows resting on the pad and arms out straight. 2. Curl the bar toward your shoulders by bending at the elbow. 3. Return the bar to the arms' extended position. 108 Muscles Involved Primary: Biceps. Secondary: Brachialis, brachioradialis, forearm. Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: A wide grip focuses effort on the inner biceps (short head), whereas a narrow grip works the outer biceps (long head). Grip: An angled handlebar is less strenuous on the wrist joint Trajectory: Depending on the design of the machine, an indine arm pad focuses effort on the lower portion of the biceps, whereas a flat horizontal pad emphasizes the middle-biceps peak. Range of motion: Effort focuses on the lower biceps during the initial phase of the curi, then switches to the middle biceps (peak) as the weight is raised. Resistance: Unlike barbell or dumbbell curls, where the resistance varies during the lift, the machine provides a uniform resistance throughout the movement. Flat-Pad Machine Curl In contrast to an indine arm pad, the trajectory of a flat horizontal arm pad focuses on the biceps peak. Additional variation: One-arm machine curl: Performing the exercise one arm at a time improves focus and isolation. 109 Triceps Pushdown " START 1Hcepe: Lateral head Medial head Long head ) Execution 1. Take a shoulder-width overhand grip on a short bar attached to the high pulley. 2. Begin with the bar at chest level, elbows bent a little more than 90 degrees. 3. Keeping your upper arms stiff, push the bar down until your elbows lock out Muscles Involved Primary: Triceps. Secondary: Deltoid, forearm. Anatom ic Focus Hand spacing: A wide grip focuses effort on the inner triceps (long head), whereas a narrow grip focuses on the outer triceps (lateral head). Grip: Using the straight bar, a pronated grip (palms down) emphasizes the outer lateral head of the triceps, whereas a supinated grip (palms up) 110 focuses effo rt on t he inn er long head. An angled V-shaped bar switches the hands into a neutral grip (th umbs up) that targets all three heads of the triceps equally. Trajectory: With the upper arms perpendicular to the floor. the outer triceps (lateral head) contributes to the movement. If you perform the exercise with your arms raised parallel to the floor. you focus effort on the inner triceps (long head). Range of motion: Fixing the upper arms against your sides prevents movement at the shoulder and is an excellent way to isolate the triceps. Motion should occur through the elbow only. Resistance: Unlike barbell or dumbbell exercises. where the resistance varies during the lift. the cable provides a uniform resistance throughout the movement. Body position: Standing upright with the spine straight is the standard position. Leaning the torso slightly forward at the waist provides better stability when using heavier weights. ., • Rope Pushdown The rope attachment affords a forcible pronation at the wrist. which targets the outer lateral head of the triceps. Rope pushdown Reverse-Grip Pushdown A reverse underhand grip focuses effort on the inner long head of the triceps. Additional variation: Reverse-grip pushdown One-arm pushdown: Performing the exercise one arm at a time with the D-handle, using an overhand or underhand grip. focuses effort and improves isolation. 111 o Ip FINISH TrIceps: Antertor deltoid START Execution 1. Grasp the parallel bars and lift yourself up until your arms are fully extended. 2. Bend your elbows and slowly lower your body until your upper arms are parallel to the floor; keep your torso upright. 3. Push yourself back up, straightening your arms until the elbows lock out. M uscles Invo lved PrImary: Triceps. Secondary: Chest, anterior deltoid, forearm. 112 Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: W hen t he apparatus allows, a wide grip focuses effort on the inner triceps (long head), whereas a narrow grip focuses on the outer triceps (lateral head). Grip: The standard grip, palms facing together with thumbs forward, hits all three heads of the triceps, with an emphasis on the inner long head. Reversing the grip so that the palms face outward with thumbs facing back switches most of the effort to the outer triceps (long head). ,- ' Trajectory: Keeping the elbows close to your sides helps isolate the triceps. Flaring the elbows out wide allows the chest muscles to assist. Range of motion: To isolate the triceps, movement should occur primarily at the elbow, so keep motion at the shoulder to a minimum. Body position: To focus effort on the triceps, keep your body upright. Leaning forward makes the chest muscles do more work. Resistance: Resistance is provided by your body Reverse grip weight and is not easily adjusted. You can add resistance by attaching a weighted belt around your hips. Machine Dip Performing the exercise while seated in the triceps pushdown (dip) machine, where the resistance is adjustable, makes it easier to focus your effort on the triceps. All the tips mentioned previously for the parallelbar dip also apply to the machine variation . 113 Lying Triceps Extension FINISH Triceps: Execution 1. Lying on a flat bench, hold a barbell at arms' length above your chest with a narrow overhand grip, hands approximately 6 inches (15 em) apart. 2. Bend at the elbows and lower the bar down to touch your forehead. 3. Push the bar upward until your elbows lock out. Muscles Involved Primary: Triceps. Secondary: Chest, deltoid, forearm. 114 Anatom ic Focu Hand paci ng: A wid e grip mp hasizes the inner t riceps (long head), whereas a narrow grip targets th e outer t riceps (lateral head). Keep the elbows close , and do not allow them t o flaie outward to the sides. Narrow grip Wide grip Grip: Using a straight bar, you may perform this exercise with an overhand (pronated) grip or an underhand (supinated) grip. Using an EZ bar or dumbbells (see Variations section) requires a neutral grip. An overhand grip works the inner (long) head, an underhand grip emphasizes the outer (lateral) head, and a neutral grip works all three heads of the triceps. Trajectory: The vertical position of the arm stretches the inner (long) head of the triceps, so this exercise targets this section of the muscle. Lowering the bar beyond the forehead toward the bench generates a greater stretch in the long head, favoring its contraction during the movement. Body position: Keep your elbows pointing up and upper arms vertical. Do not lower the bar toward your face or chin, because this causes the elbows to drop and allows the deltoid and pectoral muscles to assist in the movement. Range of motion: To isolate the triceps, motion should occur only at the elbow, not at the shoulder. Dumbbell lying triceps extension: Perform the exercise with a dumbbell in each hand; thumbs should pOint toward your face (neutral grip). Reverse grip: You can also perform the exercise while using a reverse (supinated) grip on the bar to emphasize the outer (lateral) head of the triceps. 115 Seated Triceps Press Triceps: Medial head Long head START Execution 1. Sit upright while holding a barbell in both hands at arms' length above your head; use a narrow overhand grip. 2. Bend at the elbows and lower the bar down behind your head. 3. Push the bar upward until your elbows lock out. M uscles Involved Primary: Triceps. Secondary: Deltoid, forearm. U6 Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: A wid e grip emphasizes the inner triceps (long head), whereas a narrow grip targets the outer triceps (lateral head). Keep the elbows close together, and do not allow them to flare outward. Grip: Using a straight bar, this exercise requires an overhand (pronated) grip. Using an EZ bar or a dumbbell (see the Variations section) requires a neutral grip. An overhand grip works the inner (long) head, whereas a neutral grip works all three heads of the triceps. Trajectory: The vertical position of the arm stretches the inner long head of the triceps, so this exercise preferentially targets this section of the muscle. Range of motion: To isolate the triceps, motion should occur at the elbow only. Safety: The triceps extension exercise poses two safety concerns. First, it places excessive stretch on the triceps tendon; second, it places the shoulder joint in a vulnerable position for injury. Therefore, it is not the best exercise choice for people who have elbow or shoulder pain. Single-Dumbbell ea ed Triceps 55 You may perform this exercise one arm at a time while holding a dumbbell with the palm facing forward to emphasize the outer (lateral) head of the triceps. Additional variation: EZ bar triceps press: Performing this movement with an EZ bar offers a variety of grip choices. 117 Close-Grip ench Press FI ISH Medial head Lateral head Long head Execution 1. Take a narrow (6-inch, or 15-centimeter) overhand grip on the bar. 2. Lower the weight down slowly to touch the middle chest. 3. Push the bar straight up until your elbows lock out. Muscles Involved Primary: Triceps, pectoralis major. Secondary: Anterior deltoid. 118 Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: To t arget the trice ps, hand spacing should be narrower than shoulder width . Grip: An underhand (supinated) grip on the bar also targets the triceps, but this grip requires the hands to be spaced wide apart (see Variation section). Trajectory: Keep your elbows close to your sides to emphasize the triceps, not the chest. Range of motion: A full range of motion (achieving full lockout) is required for maximizing triceps effort. Reverse Grip Bench Press Performing the bench press using an underhand grip (palms facing up) with hands spaced more than shoulder-width apart also targets the triceps. \ ) 119 Dumbbell K ck a k Lateral ead of triceps 11 dial and long heads Of nc~ / _ _ START Execution 1. Grab a dumbbell in one hand, bend forward at the waist, and support your torso by resting your free hand on a bench or on your knee. 2. Begin with your upper arm parallel to the floor and elbow bent at 90 degrees. 3. Raise the dumbbell upward, straightening your arm until the elbow locks out. Muscles Involved Primary: Triceps. Secondary: Rear deltoid, latissimus dorsi. 120 nato ic Fo u Grip: A eutral grip (th umb f orw ard) works all sections of the triceps. Rotating the dum bbe ll so yo ur palm faces up targets the outer (lateral) head. Trajectory: I<eep t he upper arm parallel to the floor and the elbow close to you r side. Range of motion: To isolate the triceps, movement should occur at the elbow, and the shoulder should remain stiff. Resistance: Because of the effect of gravity, resistance is variable and increases as the dumbbell is raised upward. BOdy position: Your torso should be slightly above parallel to the floor. If you stand too upright, you can't perform the exerdse effectively. You can perform this exercise while using a D-handle attached to a low pulley. Unlike the dumbbell version, where the resistance varies during the lift, the cable provides a uniform resistance throughout the movement. 121 Wrist Curl Pronator teres carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus Flexor carpi radialis Flexor digitorum superficialis START Execution 1. While seated on the edge of a bench, grasp a barbell with a shoulder-width underhand grip, and rest the back of your forearms on your thighs. 2. Lower the bar by bending your wrists down toward the floor. 3. Curl the weight up by using wrist motion. Muscles Involved Primary: Forearm flexors. Secondary: Finger flexors. 122 Anatomic Focu Hand pac· ng: The ideal hand pacin g is houlder w idth or slightly narrower. Yo ur hands should be directly in line with your forearms to minimize unnece sary stress in t he wrist joint. Grip: This xe rcise requires an underhand (su pinated) grip with the palms facing upward . Your thumbs may grip under or over t he bar, depending on perso nal preference. One advantage of a " thumbless" grip is that it allows you to lower the bar farther, increasing the range of motion (see the next section). Thu bess 9 up Range of motion: Letting the bar roll down your fingers during the lowering phase of the repetition increases the range of motion. As the bar is curfed upward, the finger flexors work as you finger-curf the bar into your palm, and then the forearm flexors work as you curf the wrist upward. Because the finger flexors make up a significant portion of the forearm muscles, this extended repetition is more effective for building forearm mass. Trajectory: Changing the position of your forearms in relation to the floor alters the resistance and adjusts the focus of the exercise. When your forearms are flat and parallel to the floor, resistance is maximal at the beginning and decreases as the bar is lifted upward. When your forearms make an angle with the floor, such that your elbows are higher than your wrists, resistance is minimal at the start and increases as the bar is curled up. This second variation is more effective at maximizing forearm contraction . Body position: Your forearms may be supported in different positions: 1. Between your legs on a flat bench 2. On top of your thighs while seated on a bench 3. On the incline pad of a preacher bench Dumbbell wrist curl: You can also perform this exercise one arm at a time while using a dumbbell. Preacher bench wrist curl: Perform the exercise with your forearms resting on the incline pad of a preacher bench. 123 Reverse Wris C I Brachioradialis Extensor polllcls: Brevis 1f..//~ FINISH Execution 1. Grasp a barbell using an overhand grip, and rest your forearms on top of your thighs or on the edge of a bench. 2. Lower the bar by bending your wrists toward the floor. 3. Raise the weight up using wrist motion. Muscles Involved Primary: Forearm extensors. Secondary: Finger extensors and flexors. 124 Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: The ideal hand spacing is shoulder width or narrower. Your hands should be directly in line with your forearms. Grip: This exercise requires an overhand (pronated) grip with the palms fating down and your thumbs gripped around the bar. Trajectory: Changing the position of your forearms in relation to the floor alters the resistance and adjusts the focus of the exercise. When your forearms are flat and parallel to the floor, resistance Is maximal at the beginning and decreases as the bar is lifted upward. When your forearms make an angle with the floor such that your elbows are higher than your wrists, resistance is minimal at the start and increases as the bar Is curled up. This second variation is more effective at maximizing forearm contraction. Range of motion: Use a full range of motion to maximize forearm effort. Body position: Your forearms may be supported in different positions: 1. Between your legs on a flat bench 2. On top of your thighs while seated on a bench 3. On the incline pad of a preacher bench 4. Held parallel to the floor (unsupported) in the standing curl position Dumbbell Reverse Wrist Curl You can also perform this exercise one arm at a time while using a dumbbell. , Additional variation: Preacher bench: Perform the exercise with your forearms resting on the incline pad of a preacher bench. 125 Reverse B rbell Curl 8rachloradlalls Extensor carpi radialis: ~--------~~----8~ ~.,L..~""""-- Longus START Execution 1. Hold a barbell at arms' length using a shoulder-width overhand grip. 2. Raise the bar up toward shoulder level, cuning your wrists up and back as you bend the elbows. 3. Lower the bar back down to the arms' extended position, dropping the wrists. 126 Muscles Involved Primary: Forearm extensors, fi nger extensors. Secondary: Biceps, brachioradialis, brachialis. Anatomic Focus Grip: This exercise requires an overhand (pronated) grip with the palms facing down and your thumbs gripped around the bar. Hand spacing: The ideal hand spacing is shoulder width with your hands directly in line with your forearms. Range of motion: To maximize forearm involvement, be sure to achieve a full range of motion at the wrist. Cock the wrist back into full extension as the bar is raised, and flex the wrist down as the weight is lowered. Resistance: Because of gravity, resistance increases as the bar is raised upward. To ensure maximum forearm effort, delay the wrist extension curl until the forearms are parallel to the floor. ull wrist extension Reverse dumbbell curl: You can also perform this exercise while using dumbbells with an overhand, pronated grip. Wrist roller. Attach a small weight plate to the center of a short broomstick using a strong rope. Holding the broomstick out in front of you, wrist-curf the rope around the stick, thereby raising the weight upward. 127 Hammer Biceps ur RNISH Brachlalis Brachioradialis Extensor digltorum Extensor carpi Uln.".::::j:. Extensor carpi radialis brevis ~ Extensor pollicis brevis ~ Extensor pollicis longus Execution 1. Hold a dumbbell in each hand with your palms facing inward (thumbs pointing forward). 2. Curl one dumbbell at a time up toward your shoulder, keeping your palms facing inward . 3. Lower the dumbbell back down to the arm's extended poSition, and repeat with the opposite arm. 128 Muscles Involved Primary: Brachioradialis. Secondary: Brachialis, forearm extensors and flexors, biceps. Anatomic Focu s Grip: This exercise requires a neutral grip with the palms fadng inward, thumbs wrapped around the dumbbell bar. Range of motion: To maximize forearm effort, work your wrist In the vertical plane, cocking your thumb upward as the dumbbell Is raised. Trajectory: To focus effort on the brachioradlalls, raise the dumbbell across the front of your body rather than at your side. Raising the dumbbell aaoss the body to focus on brachloradlalls 129 ~",pr~ ---------.!~-~ ~ he leg is divided into the upper leg (thigh) Quadriceps and lower leg (calf) . The upper leg consists leg extension •••••• •136 of one bone, the femur, whereas the lower leg Barbell squat........ 138 consists of two bones, the tibia (located on leg press .......... 140 the big-toe side) and fibula (on the little-toe Hack squat .... . .... 142 side) . The knee is a hinge joint formed at the lunge ............. 144 junction between the femur and the tibia. Two Hamstrings movements occur at the knee joint: flexion and extension. During knee flexion, the lower leg lying leg curt........ 146 bends toward the back of the thigh. During Standing leg OJrt •...• 148 knee extension, the lower leg moves away Stiff-leg deadllft ..... ISO from the thigh so the leg becomes straight. Calves The hip is a ball-and-socket joint between the Standing calf raise .... 152 upper end of the femur and the pelvic bone. Donkey calf raise ••••• 154 Six main movements occur at the hip joint: Machine calf raise .••• 156 flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, interSeated calf raise ••••• 158 nal rotation, and external rotation. During hip flexion, the thigh bends up toward the abdomen, whereas during hip extension, the thigh moves backward toward the buttocks. The thighs separate apart during hip abduction, and the thighs come together during hip adduction. The ankle is a hinge-type joint between the lower tibia and fibula and the talus bone in the foot. During ankle dorsiflexion, the toes lift off the floor and the foot moves toward the shin. During ankle plantar flexion, the heel lifts off the floor and the foot moves away from the shin. Q uadriceps The quadriceps femoris, located in front of the thigh, has four separate heads: 1. Rectus femoris arises from the front of the pelvic bone. 2. Vastus medialis arises from the inner edge of the femur. 3. Vastus lateralis arises from the outer edge of the femur. 4. Vastus intermedius arises from the front surface of the femur and lies underneath the rectus femoris. 131 132 BODYBUILDING ANATOMY Th e fo ur head s merge together, attach onto the patella (knee cap), and then insert via a single (patellar) tendon onto the tibia, just below the knee joint. The main function of the quadriceps is to extend the knee and straighten the leg. Because the rectus femoris arises from the pelvic bone, contraction of this muscle also flexes the hip joint. Anatomy of the Legs, Front View Tensor fascia lata \~ : ~ . / 2 HIP bone (Ilium) Pubic bone Femur Patella Peroneuslongua Fibula -,;-- Tibialis antertor Tlbla---++·;- Extensordlgltorum LEGS 133 Hamstrings The hamstrings, located behind the thigh, are a group of three muscles that originate from the ischium bone of the pelvis. 1. Biceps femoris passes behind the outer aspect of the thigh to attach to the head of the fibula bone, just below the knee. 2. Semimembranosus passes behind the inner aspect of the thigh, attach- ing to the upper tibia bone behind the knee. 3. Semitendinosus passes behInd the Inner aspect of the thigh, attaching to the upper tibia bone adjacent to semimembranosus. All three hamstrings span both the knee and hlp joints. Therefore, they serve dual functions: flexion of the knee and extension of the hlp. Gluteals The gluteus maximus arises from a large area on the rear of the peMc bone, passes down behind the hip joint, and attaches to the upper femur. This powerful muscle causes hlp extension. Good exercises for building the gluteal muscles are the squat, deadllft, and lunge. Other thigh muscles Indude the following: Hlp adductors (Inner thl&ll): Gracilis; adductor longus, magnus, and brevis Hlp abductors: Tensor fascia latae; gluteus medius and mlnimus Hlp flexors: Sartorius, Iliopsoas, rectus femoris Anatomy of the Legs and Glutes, Rear View IIIoIIbIaI band BIceps f8morta: Short head Long head 134 LEGS 135 Calves The lower leg contains 10 different muscles. The calf comprises two muscles: 1. Gastrocnemius is the visible muscle of the calf. The two heads (medial and lateral) of the gastrocnemius arise from the rear of the femur bone. immediately above the knee jOint. 2. Soleus arises from the rear aspect of the tibia and lies underneath the gastrocnemius. The tendons of the gastrocnemius and soleus fuse to fonn the Achilles tendon that passes behind the ankle jOint and attaches to the calcaneus (heel bone). The calf muscles cause plantar flexion of the ankle. the movement required for standing on tiptoes. The relative contribution of the two calf muscles depends on the angle of knee flexion. The gastrocnemius is the prime mover when the leg is straight. and the soleus becomes more active as the knee bends. Note that the gastrocnemius crosses both the knee and ankle joints. and therefore serves a double function: knee flexion and ankle flexion. The following are other lower-leg muscles: Ankle extension (dorsiflexion): libialis anterior Ankle eversion: Peroneus longus and brevis Ankle Inversion: libialis posterior Toe flexors and extensors: Flexor dlgitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and extensor halluds longus Leg Ex ' • 510 Rectus temorts vastus Intermedius (rectus famorIs I'8n'lOV8d) Femur Patella Fibula Execution 1. Sit on machine and place ankles under the roller pads. 2. Raise legs upward until knees are straight. 3. Lower legs back down to start position, knees bent 90 degrees. Muscles Involved Primary: Quadriceps. Secondary: TIbialis anterior. 136 Anatomic Focus Foot positi on : Pointing your toes directly upward (a) hits all sections of the quadriceps equally. Pointing your toes inward (b) internally rotates the tibia to target the inner quad "teardrop" (vastus medialis). POinting your toes outward (c) externally rotates the tibia to hit the outer quad (vastus lateraJis). Foot positions Foot spacing: There isn't much space on the roller pads to adjust foot spadng, but placing your feet close together will tend to target the outer quad, and a wider spacing will focus a little more on the inner quad. Body position: Adjust the backrest so that the back of your knee fits snugly against the front edge of the seat and your whole thigh Is supported. Leaning your torso backward or raising your buttocks off the seat extends the hip joint stretching the rectus femoris, making this section of the quad work harder during the exercise. Range of motion: The arc of motion should be approximately 90 degrees. ForCibly contract the quadriceps at the top when the knees are fully straight. To avoid excess stress on the patella (kneecap), do not bend the knees beyond 90 degrees. Resistance: Resistance is fairly uniform, but on many new machines the resistance increases slightly as the weight is raised up. less resistance at the start position minimizes stress across the kneecap with the knee bent. One-leg extension: Performing this exercise one leg at a time improves focus. The unilateral leg extension is particularly useful for improving thigh asymmetry or aiding in rehabilitation when one leg is injured. 137 Barbell Squat START FINISH Gluteus rnedus Vastu8 medialis Vastus Intermedius (not visible) Execut io n 1. Stand with a barbell across your shoulders, feet shoulder-width apart. 2. Slowly bend your knees until your thighs are parallel with the floor. 3. Straighten your legs to return to the start (upright) position. Muscles Involved Primary: Quadriceps, gluteals. Secondary: Hamstrings, adductors, spinal erectors, abdomlnals. 138 Anatomic Focus .- .. . . Foot spacing: A narrow stance (a) shifts focus to the outer J . quads (vastus lateralis) and "- - -- "-abductors (tensor fascia latae). A shoulder-width stance (b) targets the whole thigh. A wider stance (c) places more emphasis on \ ' , the inner quads, adductor \ muscles, and sartorius. . I .., : Foot position: Your toes should ~point in the same direction as c your thigh and knee: forward Stance widths or slightly outward. Positioning: Placing a 1-inch (2.5 cm) block under both heels shifts the weight forward, placing more emphasis on the quads and less on the gluteals. This adjustment is also useful for those with less flexible ankles and hips. Positioning the bar lower on the trapezius and shoulders improves balance while shifting focus to the gluteals; it is a technique used by powerlifters to lift more weight. Body position: Keep your spine straight and head up at all times. Ensure your hands are placed eqUidistant from the center of the bar, and maintain a firm grip throughout the movement. InhaJe deeply during the downward phase and exhale on the way up. Do not bend your torso forward, because this can cause back injury. Range of motion: As the weight is lowered, stop when your knees bend to a 90-degree angle and your thighs are parallel to the floor. Squatting below parallel increases the risk of knee and spine injury. ..,--- , - ~ , ~ Front squat Performing the squat with the barbell held across the front of your shoulders shifts the emphasis to the quads, away from the gluteals. The front squat poses a higher degree of difficulty and requires lighter weights. Machine squat Performing this exercise using a machine, such as a Smith machine, helps balance and improves safety. 139 Leg Press Gluteus rnaxlmus Execution 1. Sit in the leg press machine and place your feet shoulder-width apart on the footplate. 2. Slowly lower the weight until your knees bend to 90 degrees. 3. Push the weight back to the beginning position by straightening your legs. Muscles Involved Primary: Quadriceps. Secondary: Gluteals, hamstrings, adductors. 140 Anatomic Focus Faa position: Placing your feet low on the footplate (a) emphasizes the quadriceps. Positioning your feet higher on the footplate (b) switches the focus to the gluteals and hamstrings. Foot spacing: Placing your feet shoulder-width apart targets the whole thigh. A wider foot spacing (a) places more emphasis on the inner quads (vastus medialis), adductor muscles, and sartorius. Placing your feet close together (b) shifts focus to the outer quads (vastus lateralis) and abductors (tensor fascia latae). Trajectory: Pushing the weight up using the balls of your feet and allowing your heels to rise off the footplate as the weight is lowered will target the quads and reduce load across your kneecap. Pushing the weight through the heels of your feet targets the hamstrings and gluteals. Body position: The angle your torso makes with your legs influences muscular focus and the amount of stress through your lower back. When the angle between the seat and back rest is 90 degrees, emphasis is placed on the gluteals and hamstrings, but this acute angle places more stress on your lower back. If the backrest is tilted lower toward the floor, your torso leans back; this places less stress across your lower spine and places more emphasis on the quads. aL-_ _ b~ .....;;;;.,_--.;;;;~_----J ____________ ~ Fooi positions a~ ___________ bL-_________ ~ ~ Foot spacing Range of motion: Stopping a few degrees short of full lockout at the top keeps tension on the quads. Resistance: In comparison with the barbell squat, the seated leg press reduces the axial load on your spine and reduces the risk of backache. Furthermore, the leg press emphasizes the quadriceps, not the gluteals. One-leg press: Performing this exercise one leg at a time is useful in focusing effort on a lagging thigh or protecting a leg when it is injured. 141 Hack Squat FINISH R~smmo~~~~~~n Vastus lateralIs ---++--H"fr~ VuruslmB~edlw~--~~~~~ (deep to rectus mmoris) Vastus medialis Patella START Execution 1. Place your back against the backrest and shoulders under the pads, and stand with your feet shoulder-width apart on the footplate, toes pointing forward. 2. Slowly lower the weight, bending your knees to 90 degrees. 3. Push the weight back to the beginning position by straightening your legs. Muscles Involved Primary: Quadriceps. Secondary: Gluteals, hamstrings, adductors. 142 Anatomic Focus Foot spaci ng: Placing your feet sho ulderwidth apart (a) targets the whole thigh. A wider foot spacing (b) places more emphasis on the inner quads, adductor muscles, an d sartorius. Placing your feet close together (c) shifts focus to the outer quads (vastus lateralis) and abductors (tensor fascia latae). Foot position: Your toes should point in the same direction as your thigh and knee: forward or slightly outward. Placing your feet low on the footplate (close to your body) emphasizes the quadriceps, whereas placing your feet higher on the footplate requires more effort from the gluteals and hamstrings. Trajectory: Pushing the weight using the forefoot and allowing your heels to rise off the footplate as the weight is lowered helps isolate the quads and reduces stress across the kneecaps. a b c Fo t spacing Body position: Keep your spine flat against the backrest. Range of motion: Stopping a few degrees short of full lockout at the top keeps tension on the quads. Resistance: In comparison with the barbell squat, the hack squat backrest provides support to your spine. Furthermore, the hack squat places more emphasis on the quadriceps and less on the gluteals. Dumbbell squat: Squatting while holding dumbbells at arms' length at your sides is a variation that combines elements of the barbell squat and the hack squat, but your grip is the weakest link. Reverse hack squat: Performing the hack squat while facing the machine switches the focus to the gluteals and hamstrings. 143 Anatomic Focus Foot spacing: A stable, shoulder-width stance works best to maintain balance. Foot position: Point your toes straight ahead or slightly outward as you step forward . The back foot stays fixed to the floor in the same spot Trajectory: Take a shorter step (lunge) to target the quadriceps. A larger step places the emphasis on the gluteals and hamstrings. Body position: As you lunge forward, place your body weight on the leading leg. Keep your torso upright and your back straight Range of motion: During the lunge, your knee should bend 90 degrees, with your thigh parallel to the floor. Resistance: The lunge requires a lighter weight than most other leg exerdses. Using a weight that is too heavy may cause pain in the kneecaps. Barbell Lunge Instead of holding two dumbbells at arms' length by your sides, rest a barbell across your shoulders. Compared to barbell lunges, dumbbell lunges make it easier to maintain balance. Additional variations: Walking lunge: Instead of returning to the same start poSition, do a lunge walk. Periormlunges,oneleg after another, so that you walk the length of the gym floor (or a parking lot or field). Smith machine lunge: This is similar to the barbell lunge, but the machine provides stability and balance. 145 Lying Leg Curl FIN ISH Femur I .. : / START Gastrocnemius Execution 1. Lie facedown on the machine and hook your heels under the roller pads. 2. Curl the weight by bending your knees, and raise your heels toward your buttocks. 3. Lower the weight back down to the start position. Muscles Involved Primary: Hamstrings. Secondary: Gluteals, calf muscles. Anatomic Focus Foot position: POinting your toes straight (a) targets all three hamstring muscles. Pointing the toes inward (b) emphasizes the inner hamstrings (semimembranosus and semitendinosus), whereas pointing the toes outward (e) focuses effort on the outer hamstrings (biceps femoris). Keeping your ankles bent at 90 degrees (dorsiflexed) minimizes contribution from the calf muscles and thereby helps isolate the hamstrings. Pointing your feet (tiptoe position) allows the calf muscles to participate in the exercise. 146 a c b Foot posi ions Foo ' sp g: la ing your feet hip-width apart is the standard position. f t spacin g t argets the inner hamstrings <semimembranosus and emitendinosus) , whereas narrow foot spacing emphasizes effort of the ut er hamstri ngs (biceps femoris). Foot spacing is limited by the size of the roll er pad. B C· osi t i : The padded surface of most machines is angled at hip level, bending your t orso forward slightly. This body position tilts your pelvis and stretches the hamstrings, thereby helping isolate the muscles. Keep your spine straight, and do not raise your ch est upward. ange f motion: Bend your knees as far as possible during t he upward phase. Stop a few degrees short of full extension at the bottom to keep t ension on t he hamstrings and minimize stress across the knee jOint. Resistance: Resistance is fairly uniform, but on many new machines the resist ance is lower at the start position, where the hamstrings are fully stret ched and most vulnerable to injury. eated leg curl: The upright backrest of the seated leg curl machine creates a 90-degree hip flexion angle between your torso and thighs. While this body position affords a greater stretch, it prevents the hip extension that is required for a maximum contraction in the hamstrings. 147 Standing Leg Curl Execution 1. Hook one heel under the roller pad, and support your weight with the other leg. 2. Curl the weight by bending your knee, raising your heel toward your buttock. 3. Lower the weight back down to the start position. Muscles Involved Primary: Hamstrings. Secondary: Gluteals, calf muscles. J.48 Anatomic Focus Foot position: Pointing your toes straight down (a) targets all three hamstring muscles. Pointing the toes inward (b) tends to emphasize the inner hamstrings (semimembranosus and semitendinosus), a b c whereas pointing the toes Foot positions outward (c) focuses effort on the outer hamstrings (biceps femoris). Keeping your ankles bent at 90 degrees (dorsiflexed) minimizes contribution from the calf muscles and thereby helps isolate the hamstrings. Body position: The padded surface of most machines is angled at hlp level, bending your torso forward slightly. This body position tilts your pelvis and stretches the hamstrings, thereby helping to isolate the muscles. Depending on the machine design, your supporting leg may take a standing or kneeling position (see the Variation section). Range of motion: Bend your knees as full as possible during the upward phase. Stop a few degrees short of full extension at the bottom to keep tension on the hamstrings and minimize stress across the knee joint Resistance: In contrast to the lying leg curl, the standing leg curl is performed one leg at a time, which helps muscle isolation and focus. Resistance is fairly uniform, but on many new machines the resistance Is lower at the start position when the hamstrings are fully stretched and most wlnerable to injury. Kneeling leg curl: Using this machine, your nonworking leg is supported by kneeling on a pad, and your torso is supported on your elbows. Because your torso is bent forward at the waist, the hamstrings are stretched-an advantage over the exercise on the standing leg curl machine. 149 Stiff-Leg Deadllft FINISH f Execution 1. Stand upright with feet directly below your hips, holding a barbell at arms' length. 2. Bend forward at the waist, lowering the weight down but keeping your lep stiff. 3. Stop before the weight touches the floor, and raise It back up. Muscles Involved Prtmary: Hamstrlnp. gluteals. Secondary: Spinal erectors, quadriceps. Anatomic Focus Foot spadl1l= Position feet directly below the hips. A wide stance places more emphasis on the Inner hamstrlnp. 150 Foot position: Point toes directly forward or slightly out. Grip: Hands should be spaced shoulder-width apart so that the anns hang vertical and hands pass along the outer thighs. An over-under grip with one palm facing forward and the other facing back prevents the bar from rolling. Trajectory: The bar should travel straight up and down, dose to the body. Body position: Knees may be slightly bent but should be kept stiff In order to isolate the hamstrings. Keep your back straight throughout the movement Performing this exercise with the balls of both feet on a half-inch-thlck (1.3 cm) weight plate is a safe way to prestretch the hamsbings. Range of motion: lower the weight until your hamsbings reach full stretch without rounding your spine. There Is no need to perform this exercise while standing on a bench or block as a means of increasing the range of motion. When your pelvis achieves full forward tilt, the hamstrings are at full stretch. Bending your lower spine does not have any effect on the hamstrings or increase the range of downward motion. Rounding your lower spine merely increases the risk of injury. Depending on your flexibility, the barbell should be lowered to a point below your knees or just above the ankles. Resistance: The stiff-leg deadlift for hamstrings requires a lighter weight than that used during the traditional powerlift for strengthening the lower back (see page 88). Dumbbell Stiff-Leg Dead lift You can also perform this exercise while holding a dumbbell In each hand at arms' length. 151 Standing Calf Raise \ \ AchI1les tendon---+11 Execution 1. Stand with your toes on the platform and shoulders under the pads. and lower your heels as far as possible for a full sbetch. 2. Lift the weight by raising your heels as high as possible. keeping your legs straight. 3. Slowly lower your heels back down to the start position. 152 Muscles Involved Primary: Gastrocnemius. Secondary: Soleus. Anatomic Focus Foot position: Pointing your toes straight ahead (a) targets the whole gastrocnemius muscle. Pointing your toes outward (b) emphasizes the inner (medial) head, whereas pointing your toes inward (c) targets the outer (lateral) head. Foot spacing: Positioning your feet hip-Width apart targets the whole gastrocnemius muscle. A wide stance (a) tends to emphasize the inner (medial) head, whereas a narrow stance (b) targets the outer (lateral) head. Body position: Keep your knees stiff and back straight. Keeping your knees locked straight stretches the gastrocnemius, which helps to focus effort on the gastrocnemius and minimizes soleus action. If your knees bend, the soleus is allowed to contribute to the movement. Range of motion: To maximize the range of motion, aim for a full stretch at the bottom and full squeeze at the top. a c Foot posHions b Foot spadng Smith machine raise: You can perform this exerdse at the Smith machine while standing on a thick block of wood. One-leg calf raise: Perform calf raises one leg at a time, holding a dumbbell in your hand on the same side. 153 Donkey Calf Raise Gastrocnemius: MedIal head Lateral head Execution 1. Place your toes on a block, lean forward while supporting your torso on the bench, and lower your heels as far as possible. 2. Lift the weight by raising your heels up as high as you can, keeping your legs straight. 3. Slowly lower your heels down to the start position. 154 M t::ls Involved Pr"mary: Gastrocnemius. Secondary: 01 us. Anatomic Focus Foot po i ion: Poinf ng your toes straight ahead (a) t argets the whole gast rocnemi us muscle. Pointing your toes out (b) emphasizes the inner (medial) head , whereas pointing your toes inward (c) targets the outer (lateral) head. a Foot spaci ng: Positioning your feet hip-width apart targets the whole gastrocnemius muscle. A wide stance emphasizes the inner (medial) head, whereas a narrow stance targets the outer (lateral) head. Body position: Keep your spine straight and torso parallel to the floor. Keeping your knees fully straight helps isolate the gastrocnemius. A slight bend at the knees allows the soleus to contribute to the movement. Range of motion: To maximize the range of motion, aim for a full stretch at the bottom and full squeeze at the top. c Resistance: Have a training partner straddle your hips, as shown in the illustration, so that his or her body weight provides resistance. Machine donkey calf raise: You can perform this exercise while using a machine where the weight is transmitted through a pad resting across your lower back. 155 Machine Calf Raise FINISH Gastrocnemius: Medial head Lateral Execution 1. Place the balls of your feet on the edge of the footplate (such as on a leg press machine), and lower the weight as far as possible. 2. Push the weight up as far as you can, contracting your calf musdes. 3. Slowly lower the weight down to the start position. M uscles Invo lved Primary: Gastrocnemius. Secondary: Soleus. 156 Anatomic Focus Foot position: Point your toes straight ahead (a) to target the whole gastrocnemius muscle. Point your toes out (b) to emphasize the inner (medial) head, or pOint your toes inward (c) to target the outer (lateral) head of the gastrocnemius. a Foot spacing: Positioning your feet hip-width apart targets the whole gastrocnemius muscle. A wide stance emphasizes the inner (medial) head, whereas a narrow stance targets the outer (lateral) head. Body position: In biomechanical terms, this exercise could be called a seated straightleg calf raise. Keep your knees stiff so that movement occurs exclusively at the ankle. Keeping your knees fully straight helps isolate the gastrocnemius. A slight bend at the knees allows the soleus to contribute to the movement. c Foot positions Range of motion: To maximize the range of motion, aim for a full stretch at the bottom and full squeeze at the top. Resistance: On the leg press machine, resistance is transmitted through the footplate. Since the knees are held straight and the torso Is bent at 90 degrees to your legs, this exercise is similar to the donkey calf raise described earlier. Calf-sled machine: This is another way to perform seated straight-leg calf raises. 157 Seated Ca f o alse Gastrocnemius: MedIal head Lateral head Soleus Execution 1. Place the balls of your feet on the platform, place the pads across your lower thighs, and lower your heels as far as possible. 2. Lift the weight by raising your heels up as high as you can. 3. Slowly lower your heels down to the start position. 158 Nl s e Ived P i ary: S leu . Sec ndary: Gastrocnemius. Anatomic Focus Foot osit ion: Pointi g your toes straight ahead (a) targets the whole calf muscle. Pointing your toes out (b) emphasizes the inner calf, whereas pointing your toes inward (c) targets the outer section of the muscle. a Foot spacing: Positioning your feet hip-width apart targets the whole calf muscle. A wide stance emphasizes the inner (medial) head, whereas a narrow stance targets the outer (lateral) head. Body position: Position the pad just above your knees, not too high on the thighs. In the seated position, the bent knee places emphasis on both the soleus and the gastrocnemius. Range of motion: To maximize the range of motion, aim for a full stretch at the bottom and full squeeze at the top. c Foot positions Seated barbell calf raise: Perform the exercise while seated on a bench. Toes are on a block and a barbell rests across your lower thighs. 159 ~",pr~ ---~~~~~ T he abdominal wall can be divided into two separate anatomic parts, each of which functions differently. The front wall consists of one muscle, the rectus abdominis (also known as the "abs"). This muscle arises from the lower margin of the rib cage and sternum and passes vertically downward to attach on the pubic bone. The two rectus abdominis muscles (one on each side) are encased in a sheath of fascia that forms the central demarcation down the middle of the abs, known as the linea alba. Fascia divisions in the muscles are responsible for the "six-pack" appearance. The rectus muscles cause flexion of the trunk, bending the torso forward toward the legs. The motion is carried out by the upper abs, which pull the rib cage down toward the pelvis, or by the lower abs, which lift the pelvis upward toward the chest. Upper Abdomlnals SIt-up .........•.... Crunch ............. Rope aunch .. .. .. ... MachIne aunch • • • . • •• Lower Abdominals InclIne leg raise .. .. ... Hanging leg raise. • • • •• Knee-up ............ Reverse aunch .. • .... 164 166 168 170 In 174 176 178 Obliques Twisting sit-up .•••..•• Oblique aunch .. .. ... Cable obIJque cnmch • •• DII11bbeII side bene!. • •• Dumbbell pullover. . . •. 180 182 184 186 188 161 162 BODYBUILDING ANATOMY The side wall consists of three layers of muscles. The external oblique is the outer visible layer that passes obliquely downward from the rib cage to the pelvic bone. The middle layer is the internal oblique that passes obliquely upward from the pelvic bone to the ribs. Internal oblique lies under external oblique, and the fibers of the two muscles pass at right angles to one another. The innermost layer is the transversus abdominis, which lies horizontally across the abdominal wall. Contraction of the oblique muscles on one side causes the torso to bend sideways. Contraction of the obliques simultaneously on both sides assists the rectus muscle In flexing the trunk and also splints the abdominal wall whenever a weight is lifted. Note that only the outer external oblique is visible. The serratus anterior muscle forms part of the side wall of the chest. This muscle arises from the scapula behind and passes forward around the chest wall to attach to the upper eight ribs. The serrated edge of this muscle emerges from beneath the outer margin of the pectoralis muscle, sending fingerlike projections into the external oblique. The serratus anterior pulls (or protracts) the scapula forward, stabilizing the scapula against the chest wall. The serratus anterior provides an essential accessory function whenever the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles contract. It can also be targeted during exercises that work the oblique muscles. An effective abdominal workout should indude exercises that target all areas of your midsection. For your upper abs select a crunch or sltup. For your lower abs choose from leg raises, knee-ups, or reverse crunches. To complete your workout, target the side wall with a twisting maneuver, oblique crunch, or side bend. Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall Transversus - abdominis Intemal -...........J abdominal \oblique Pubis External abdominal oblique --+- 163 Sit-Up FINISH Rectus abdomlnls ) START Execution 1. Hook your feet under the pad and sit on the decline bench with your torso upright. 2. Lower your torso backward until It is almost parallel to the floor. 3. Return to the upright position by bending at the waist. Muscles Involved Primary: Rectus abdominis. Secondary: Quadriceps, hip flexors. 164 Anatomic Focus Hand position: You may hold your hands together behind your lower back, cross them in front of your chest, or interlock them behind your head. As your hands shift position from your lower back to your chest to your head, the relative resistance increases. Foot position: Secure your feet under a roller pad or comparable support. Body position: Bend your knees to reduce stress on the lower back. Range of motion: Your torso should be vertically upright In the sitting position, with your abdomen almost touching the thighs. Lower your torso backward until it is almost parallel to the floor, about three-quarters of the way down. Do not lean back too far, because when tension is released from the abdominals, stress is placed on the lower back. Trajectory: lilting the bench at a steeper angle makes the exercise more difficult. Resistance: Add resistance by tilting the bench at a steeper angle or holding a weight plate on your chest. Floor Sit-Up You can perform this exercise while seated on the floor with your knees bent and your feet secured on the floor. Additional variation: Twisting sit-up: See description of this exercise on page 180. 165 Cr Rectus abdomlnls Serratus anterior External oblique Execution 1. Lie flat on the floor, hips bent at 90 degrees, with hands behind your head. 2. Raise your shoulders off the floor, crunching your chest forward, keeping your lower back in contact with the floor. 3. Lower your shoulders back to the start position. Muscles Involved Primary: Rectus abdominis (upper). Secondary: Obliques. Anatomic Focus Hand position: You may position your hands at your sides or across your chest, or you may interlock them behind your head. As your hands shift position from your sides to your chest to your head, the resistance increases. 166 Foot position: You may place your feet on the floor close to your buttocks or elevate them on a bench . Resistance is increased with your legs elevated. Body position: Your thighs should be bent at an angle of 90 degrees to your torso. Your lower legs may be supported on top of a flat bench, or your feet can be positioned on the floor close to your buttocks. Legs supported Range of motion: The crunch motion occurs In the upper spine, and your shoulders rise a few inches off the floor. Your lower back remains in contact with the floor, and there is no motion at the hips. this is In contrast to the sit-up, where the movement occurs at the waist and hips. Resistance: You can increase the degree of difficulty by placing your hands behind your head or by elevating your legs on a bench. Reverse crunch: See description of this exerdse on page 178. Oblique crunch: See description of this exercise on page 182. 167 Rope Crune STA RT Serratus anterior FINISH Rectus abdominis Execution 1. Kneel on the floor beneath a high pulley, and grab the rope attachment with both hands behind your head. 2. Crunch the weight downward, curling your torso and bending at the waist. 3. Return to the start position. Muscles Involved Primary: Rectus abdominis. Secondary: Obliques, serratus anterior. 168 Anatomic Focus Hand position: Your hands may hold the rope above your head, on either side of your head, or in front ofyourupperche~. The higher your hands are held, the greater the difficulty. Body position: You may perform this exercise while facing toward or away from the weight ~ck, depending on personal preference. Range of motion: Your torso should move from the upright position to a1mo~ parallel with the floor. Trajectory: If you position yourself a short distance away from the pulley, you will benefit from a greater range of motion when you crunch. Resistance: Alter resl~ce by adjusting the weight stack. Facing pulley Machine rope crunch: A variety of machines replicate the rope crunch, where your back is supported while you sit or stand to perform the exercise. 169 Execution 1. Sit in the seat, grasp the handles, and place your feet under the ankle pads. 2. Crunch down, curling your torso toward your knees. 3. Return to the upright position. Muscles Involved Primary: Rectus abdominis. Secondary: Obliques, serratus anterior. 170 Anatomic Focus Hand position: Depending on the machine's design, your hands grasp handles alongside your head, or your hands simply rest on the chest pad. Foot position: Feet may be positioned on the floor or hooked under ankle pads, depending on the machine's design. Body position: On some machines the handles provide resistance, while on other machines resistance is transmitted via a chest pad. Range of motion: Your torso should move from the upright position to almost parallel with the floor. Resistance: Depending on the machine's design, you move the weight by holding on to handles or moving a chest pad. Adjust the weight stack to vary the resistance. VARIATION , Machine Crunch W ith Chest Pad On some abdominal machines, the resistance is provided by way of a chest pad. 171 Incline L g • Ise Rectus abdominfs Extern al oblique START Execution 1. Lie supine on an inclined abdominal bench with your legs down. 2. Raise your legs at the hips and pull your thighs toward your chest, keeping your knees slightly bent. 3. Slowly lower your legs back down to the start position. Muscles Involved Primary: Rectus abdominis (lower). Secondary: Obliques, hip flexors (iliopsoas, rectus femoris). 172 Anatomic Foc 5 Hand posit ion: Your hands f unction to stabilize your torso by grasping the bench or handles above yo ur head. Foot position : Keep your feet together, knees slightly bent. Body pos ition: Your upper torso should remain in contact with the bench. As you raise yo ur legs up, lift your pelvis off the bench slightly to maximize contraction in the lower abdominals. Range of motion: To maximize muscle contraction on the way up, raise your knees as high as possible toward your chest. To keep tension on the abs, do not lower your legs all the way down or allow your feet to touch the floor. Trajectory: The angle that the bench makes with the floor affects the degree of difficulty. TItling the bench at a steeper angle makes the exercise harder. Resistance: Decrease the incline by lowering the bench to reduce resistance, or increase the incline by raising the bench to increase resistance. Incline l eg Raise With Weigh This exercise can be performed holding a dumbbell between your feet for added resistance. 173 n i g Leg Raise Rectus abdomlnls Rectus femoris FINSH Execution 1. Hang from a chin-up bar using your hands, or place your elbows in a pair of ab slings (these attach to the bar to support your body weight); your legs hang down. 2. Lift both knees, together and slightly bent, toward your chest. 3. Slowly lower your legs back down to the start position without swinging. 174 Muscles Involved Primary: Rectus abdomini s. Secondary: Obliques, hip flexors (iliopsoas, rectus femoris). Anatomic Focus Hand position: Take a shoulder-width overhand grip on the chin-up bar and hang with your arms straight. Altematively, use a pair of supportive upperarm sleeves, like the ab sling device. Foot position: Keep your feet together, knees slightly bent. Body position: Your torso should hang vertical, perpendicular to the floor. Range of motion: Raise your knees as high as possible to maximize muscular effort. As you lower your legs down, keep your knees slightly bent to maintain tension on the abs. Trajectory: As you raise your legs up, lift your pelvis to maximize contraction in the lower abdominals. Resistance: The exercise is harder if you try to keep your legs straight. The more you bend your knees, the easier the exercise becomes. Vertical Leg Raise On this apparatus, your back is supported against a backrest and your elbows rest on pads. This version prevents the legs and torso from swinging. 175 Knee-Up Rectus abdomlnis Psoas major Iliacus Rectus femoris FINISH START 176 Execution 1. Sit on the edge of a flat bench, legs hanging down with knees slightly bent, and grip the bench behind you. 2. Raise your knees up toward your chest, keeping your legs together. 3. Lower your legs back down until your heels almost touch the floor. M uscles Involved Primary: Rectus abdominis. Secondary: Obliques, hip flexors (iliopsoas, rectus femoris). Anatomic Focus Hand position: Grasp the bench behind your hips for support Foot position: Keep your feet together and knees slightly bent Body position: Lean back slightly so that your torso makes a 45- to 6O-degree angle with the bench. Range of motion: Raise your knees up until your thighs almost touch your abdomen. As you lower your legs down, stop before your heels make contact with the floor to keep tension on the muscles. Trajectory: Leaning your torso back allows you to increase the range of motion. Resistance: Hold a small dumbbell between your Side view ankles to add resistance. 177 ever e C unch FINISH Rectus abdomlnls Execution 1. Lie on a flat bench, position your feet so you have a 9O-degree bend at your knees and hips, and grasp the bench behind your head for support. 2. Lift your pelvis off the bench until your feet point to the ceiling. 3. Lower your legs back to the start position. Muscles Involved Primary: Rectus abdominis. Secondary: Obliques, hip flexors (iliopsoas, rectus femoris). 178 Anatomic Focus Hand pos ition: Put you r hand s behind your head and grasp the bench for support. Foot position: In the start position, your thighs should be vertical and your lower legs parallel to the bench so that you have a 9O-degree bend at your knees and hips. I<eep your feet and legs together. Body position: Keep your upper torso in contact with the bench. Range of motion: Contract your lower abs to lift your pelvis up off the bench, raising your legs until your toes point to the ceiling. Hip Flexor Machine Hip flexor machines allow you to perform a supine leg raise variation of the reverse crunch with resistance in the form of a strap across your lower thighs. 179 Twis eng Si - Rectus abdomlnis - :-tElrrHllUS ExlamaJ J anterior otJ.~ START Execution 1. Sit on the decline bench, hook your feet under the pad, lean back, and position your hands behind your head. 2. As you sit up, twist your torso, directing your right elbow toward your left knee. 3. Lower back down to the start; during the next repetition direct your left elbow toward your right knee. Muscles Involved Primary: Rectus abdominis, obliques. Secondary: Serratus anterior, hip flexors. 180 Anatomic Focus Hand position: Position your hands behind your head. Foot position: Your feet must be secured under a roller pad or comparable support. Body position: Knees should be bent to reduce stress on the lower back. Range of motion: Your torso should be vertically upright in the top position, with one elbow almost touching the opposite knee. lower your torso backward until almost parallel to the floor, about three-quarters of the way down. If you lean back too far, tension is released from the abdominal muscles and more stress Is placed on the lower back. Trajectory: Tilting the bench at a steeper angle makes the exercise harder. Resistance: Increase resistance by tilting the bench at a steeper incline or holding a small weight plate behind your head. Broomstick Twist Sit upright on the edge of a flat bench while holding a broomstick behind your neck. Twist your upper body from side to side. When you twist to the right, feel the right oblique muscles contract, and vice versa. 181 b ique Crunch External oblique RNISH Execution 1. Lie on your left side, knees bent together, right hand behind your head. 2. Slowly lift your upper body by contracting your right-side obliques. 3. Lower your torso back down. M uscles Involved Primary: Obliques, rectus abdominis. Secondary: Serratus anterior. A natomic Focu s Hand position: Place your upper-side hand behind your head and rest the other hand over your knee for balance. Do not pull your neck up with your hand. Foot position: Position your feet so that you have almost a 9O-degree bend at your knees and hips. Keep your legs together. 182 Body position: Lie on your left side to work the right obliques, and then switch to lie on your right side to work the left obliques. Perform this exercise on a cushioned exercise mat placed on the floor. Range of motion: Your torso crunches 30 to 45 degrees upward from the floor. Incline Oblique Crunch Use an incline abdominal chair. Secure your feet on the support platform and lean back sideways into the seat, resting on one buttock only. Place your uppermost hand behind your head, and crunch your torso upward. Additional variation: Machine oblique crunch: Perform this while sitting obliquely in the seat of a crunch machine, working one side at a time. 183 Cable Oblique Crunch (\ 1 "- START FINISH Serratus anterior Execution 1. Grab a D-handle attached to the high pulley of a cable machine. 2. Crunch downward, directing your elbow toward the opposite knee. 3. Slowly return to the start position. 184 Muscles Involved Primary: Obliques, serratus anterior. Secondary: Rectus abdominis. Anatomic Focus Hand position: Your hand should grasp the handle above or alongside your head. Foot position: You may perform this exercise while standing, kneeling, or sitting. Body position: You can perform this exercise while fadng toward or away from the weight stack, depending on personal preference. Range of motion: Your torso should move from the upright position to almost parallel with the floor. Resistance: Alter resistance by adjusting the weight stack. Standing Oblique Cable Crunch Stand sideways to the weight stack, grab the D-handle attached to a high pulley with your nearside hand, and crunch downward, directing your elbow to the hip. Additional variation: Rope oblique crunch: Holding the rope attachment with both hands (as described on page 168), crunch with a twist to one side and then the other to work the obliques. The motion is similar to that used during twisting sit-ups. 185 Dumbbell Side Bend Serratus anterior --t---t~ _ ...~-tt---t- Rectus abdomlnls External oblique Executio n 1. Stand upright while holding a dumbbell in your left hand and place your right hand behind your head. 2. Bend your torso to the left side, lowering the dumbbell toward your knee. 3. Straighten your torso upright, contracting the right oblique muscles. 186 M uscles Involved Primary: Obliques, serratus anterior. Secondary: Rectus abdominis, quadratus lumborum Anatomic Focus Hand position: Hold a dumbbell at arm's length by your side In one hand, and place the other hand behind your head. Foot position: Stand with your feet hip-width apart. Body position: When you bend to the right side, you work the left obliques, and vice versa. Range of motion: Your torso should bend approximately 45 degrees or until the dumbbell becomes level with your knee. Trajectory: Your torso should move directly sideways without leaning to the front or back. Resistance: Avoid using a heavy dumbbell for this exerdse. Large overdeveloped oblique muscles will make your waist appear bulky. 'V A R I;AT ION;; Cable Side Bend Use a D-handle attached to a low pulley and stand side-on to the weight stack. 187 Dumbbell Pullover Execution 1. Lie with your upper back resting across a flat bench; hold a dumbbell straight above your chest. 2. Lower the dumbbell down and backward until It reaches bench level, inhaling deeply and stretching your rib cage. 3. Pull the weight back up to the vertical position, exhaling as you do so. Muscles Involved Primary: Serratus anterior, Intercostals, latissimus dorsi. Secondary: Pectorals, triceps. 188 Anatomic Focus Grip: Hold the dumbbell by placing your palms against the inside of the weight plate at one end, making a diamond shape around the bar with your thumbs and index fingers. Body position: Your torso should remain still and parallel to the floor, with your upper back resting on the bench and your feet firm on the floor for stability. Range of motion: The dumbbell moves through an arc of about 90 degrees. Aim for a full stretch in your rib cage as the weight is lowered. Resistance: Do not use a heavy weight, because the shoulder joint is vulnerable to injury during this exercise. This is not an exercise for the oblique muscles. It is included in this section because the serratus anterior is worked during most oblique exercises. Barbell Pullover This is the same exercise using a barbell. Machine pullover is another variation. 189 R e iS E INDEX SHOULDERS Front Deltoi d Rear Deltoid Barbell shoulder press.......... 4 Dumbbell shoulder press ........ 6 Dumbbell front raise ........•.. 8 Barbell front raise ........•... 10 Cable front raise ............• 12 Side Deltoid Dumbbell lateral raise .....••.. 14 Cable lateral raise ........•... 16 Machine lateral raise ......•... 18 Barbell upright row. . . . . . . . . . • 20 Bent-over dumbbell raise •....• 22 Bent-over cable raise •..•....• 24 Reverse cable aossover •••••.. 26 Machine rear deltoid fly .•..... 28 Rotator Cuff External rotation ••••........ 30 Internal rotation ...•.•..•••.• 32 Indine side raise ••....•.•••.. 34 CHEST Upper Chest Indine barbell press .....•..•. 40 Indine dumbbell press ......•. 42 Indine dumbbell fly ......•.•. 44 low-pulley cable fly .......... 46 Middle Chest Barbell bench press .......••• 48 Dumbbell bench press •..•.••• 50 Dumbbell fly •.••.•.•.•••••• 52 Machine fly •••••••••••••••• 54 Lower Chest Decline press • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 56 Decline dumbbell fly. • . • • • . . • . 58 Cable crossover • • • • • • • • . • • . • 60 Chest dip. • • • • • • • • • . • • • . • • • 62 BACK Upper Back Barbell shrug . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . 68 Dumbbell shrug ............• 70 Barbell upright row........... 72 Seated cable row ............ 74 M iddle Back Wide-grip pulldown .•......•. 76 Oose-grip pulldown .......•.. 78 190 Barbell row • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 80 Dumbbell row • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 82 Machine row • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • 84 l ower Back lumbar extension •••••..•..•• 86 Deadlift ••••••••••••••••••• 88 Good morning lift. • • • • • • • • • • . 90 EXERCIS E INDEX 191 AR MS Biceps Barbell curl . . . . ..... . ...... 98 Dumbbell curl . ....... ..... 100 Concentration curl . ......... 102 Cable curl ................ 104 Preacher curl .............. 106 Machine curl .............. 108 Triceps Triceps pushdown ........... 110 Dip ..................... 112 Lying triceps extension ....... 114 Seated tric.eps press . . . . . . . . . 116 Close-grip benc.h press ....... 118 Dumbbell kickback •......... 120 Forearms Wrist c.url. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Reverse wrist c.url ........... 124 Reverse barbell curl ......... 126 Hammer c.url .............. 128 LEGS Calves Quadriceps Leg extension .............. 136 Barbell squat. ............. 138 Leg press ........... . ..... 140 Hack squat................ 142 Lunge ................... 144 Standing calf raise .......... 152 Donkey calf raise ........... 154 Mac.hine calf raise ........... 156 Seated calf raise •........... 158 Hamstrings Lying leg curl .............. 146 Standing leg curl ........... 148 Stiff-leg dead lift . .. ......... 150 ABDOMINALS Upper Abdomi nals Sit-up ................... 164 Crunch .................. 166 Rope crunc.h ............... 168 Mac.hine crunc.h ............ 170 Lower Abdominals Indine leg raise ............ 172 Hanging leg raise ........... 174 Knee-up ........•........ 176 Reverse crunc.h ..••........• 178 Obliques Twisting sit-up .•••.•....... 180 Oblique aunc.h •..••........ 182 Cable oblique crunc.h ........ 184 Dumbbell side bend ......... 186 Dumbbell pullover .......... 188 ABOUT THE AUTHOR Dr. Nick Evans, MD, is an orthopedic surgeon specializing in sports medicine and is a highly regarded authority on strength training, nutrition, and weight-training injuries. He is an expert in musculoskeletal anatomy and has written for numerous scientific publications. A bodybuilder and fitness model, Evans is also the author of Men's Body Sculpting. He writes a monthly" Ask the Doctor" column for Musc/eMag International and is a columnist for Oxygen women's fitness magazine. Evans resides in Los Angeles, California. 192 U TRATOR William P. Hamilton is a medical illustrator with extensive anatomical training and 30 years of experience. He illustrates kinesiology columns In Muscular Development, Fitness Rx for Women, and Fitness Rx for Men, and he has written artIdes and done illustrations for Pure Power magazine. Additionally, Hamilton has more than 40 years of welghtllftlng and bodybuilding experience, having competed in both disciplines. He holds a master's degree (postbaccalaureate certificate, or PBq In medical illustration from The Ohio State University. is a board-certified medical illustrator (eMI), and serves as an active member of the Association of Medical Illustrators, Graphic ArtIsts Guild, and Guild of Natural Science Illustrators. Hamilton resides in Marquette, Michigan, with his wife, Jacqueline. 193
